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Pathophysiology & Pharmacology of Cardiac Disease

The Heart The heart is a muscular organ the size of a fist, whose function is to continuously pump blood around the body. It is located in between the lungs, towards the left side of the chest. In humans, it is divided into four chambers. The heart pumps blood with a rhythm known as the heartbeat. A healthy human heart beats about 72 times per minute. The heart receives deoxygenated blood from the systemic circulation, which enters the right chamber […]

Introduction of Sleep

One-third of a person’s life is spent on sleeping. Since the beginning of a person’s life sleep becomes vital. A newborn sleeps 16 to 18 hours a day, according to Colten (2006). This is essential in life, not only does a person need sleep to perform daily tasks, but it is important for a person to get energy. Many people find it okay to get only a few good hours of sleep. However, little do they know that death can […]

Advanced Functional Biomaterials for Stem Cell Delivery in Regenerative Engineering and Medicine

Biomaterials for stem cell delivery in cardiovascular regeneration Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are disorders of the heart and the blood vessels which are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide and related with 31% global deaths every year.[64] Although pharmacological and interventional treatments are well-established to relief the symptoms and complications (e.g. arrhythmia) to prevent sudden cardiac death, these strategies mainly delay the death with a poor long-term prognosis rather than provide functional recovery of cardiovascular system.[1b, 65] Due to […]

The Effects of Exercise on Hydration Status of College Athletes

With human body mass being made up of about 60% water, proper hydration with exercise is essential (6). According to Mayo Clinic, fluid replenishment before, during, and after exercise is necessary for accurate body performance (6). Pervious research has shown that dehydration of 2% to 3% body mass loss or more is connected with impaired exercise performance and other crucial body functions (4). Dehydration becomes a concern for athletes that are not replenishing water intake when participating in sport specific […]

Fitness Trainer Course

The two types of training I am going to discuss today are aerobic, and anaerobic. It is important to know the difference between these two types of training.The first type isaerobic which”occurswith the use of oxygen, or requiring oxygen” (Hatfield, 2018, p. 108). The second one is anaerobic which is the opposite of aerobic and it “occurs without the use of oxygen” (Hatfield, 2018, p. 109). When you are performing an exercise it is either aerobic, or anaerobic training your […]

Knowledge on Blood Pressure and Workout Plan

Systolic(top number)pressure as defined in the text would be the “aspect of a blood pressure reading which indicates the maximum arterial pressure occurring during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart” (Hatfield, 2018, p.398). Diastolic (bottom number) pressure as defined in the text is the “pressure exerted on the walls of the blood vessels during the refilling of the heart” (Hatfield, 2018, p.398). Many factors can influence blood pressure ranges. If you have a client who meets the criteria […]

Physiological Characteristics of Soccer Athletes

Physiological Characteristics of Soccer Athletes The development of sport and exercise research has provided scientific and practical support for the total evolution in this field. The constant overcoming of limits and records gives the competitive sports scene a need for in-depth knowledge in order to increase the understanding and possibilities of planning of all aspects involved in the sport. The exercise physiology, through the techniques of anthropometric, physiological, cardiovascular, and neuromuscular evaluation, constitutes a singular and important basis in corroboration […]

The War Agaisnt Heart Failure

The human body is an amazing creation, probably one of the most amazing yet fragile natural machines in the world. Within this incredible machine, lays two core components that make everything else function, the heart and brain. The heart pumps gallons of blood throughout the body nonstop until death, in order for it to functions, while the brain tells what parts of the body to do what, while processing any given information or sensation. Both capable of amazing feats, and […]

Molecular Characterization of NS-1 with Robust Growth and Enhanced Phenotypic Properties

Basic research for neurodegenerative disease largely relies on cell line studies, which also act as the primary platform for drug screening in translational medicine. Neuroscreen-1 (NS-1), is a sub-clone of PC12, a noradrenergic cell line that shows dopaminergic properties are widely used in neurobiology, neurotoxicology, and drug discovery studies [1,2]. 1,2 Differentiation of PC12 by NGF is well documented. NGF treatment on PC12 cell leads to cessation of cell division, induction of neurite outgrowth, and production of electrically excitable cells […]

Sodium Intake

Sodium is a mineral that is present only in small quantities in most natural foods, but salt is added, often in large amounts, in food processing and by cooks to enhance flavor. Sodium is the predominant ion in extra cellular fluid. Sodium (Na) is the predominant cation in extra cellular fluid and its concentration is under tight homeostatic control. Excess dietary sodium is excreted in the urine. The kidney very efficiently reabsorbs the mineral when intakes are low or losses […]

Multisystem Case

Running head: MULTISYSTEM CASE Multisystem Case Scenario Demis Russu Section Instructor: Josanne Christian Florida Hospital College of Health Sciences July 22, 2010 Abstract Mr. Jones presents to the ED with a complex combination of symptoms. Clinicians must swiftly evaluate and treat his conditions. Air way protection as well as hemodynamic stability is extremely important. Mr. Jones’s case requires rapid intervention as his condition has been worsening for the past week. Pathology and treatment options are explored to enrich the educational […]

Warming Up, Working Out, & Cooling down

Assignment #5: Warming Up, Working Out,&Cooling Down 1. List five warm-up activities that would be appropriate for the sport/activity you are doing. Warm-up activities that would be appropriate for running include slow jogging, walking lunges, power skipping, running carioca, and running butt kickers. 2. List five cool-down activities that would be appropriate for the sport/activity you are doing. Cool-down activities that would be appropriate for running include a jog, light walk, static stretching of major muscle groups, such as chest […]

The Law of Evidence

Smooth muscle is one of three muscle fiber types found in animals. Unlike skeletal and cardiac muscle cells, smooth muscle cells are not striated, and have single nuclei. Smooth muscles are typically under control of the autonomic nervous system, and do not contract voluntarily. Smooth muscle contracts slowly, and does not exhibit the characteristic twitch seen in skeletal muscle. In addition, smooth muscle is not prone to muscle fatigue, making it an ideal component of sphincter muscles. Smooth muscle is […]

Renal Function Test

Introduction: Kidney is a part of group of organs that constitute the urinary tract system which consists of two kidneys, two ureters, bladder and urethra. The kidneys do the major function of the urinary system. The other parts of the system are mainly passageways and storage areas. The kidneys are reddish, bean-shaped structure and located just above the waist between the peritoneum and the posterior wall of abdomen. A typical kidney in an adult is 10-12 cm long, 5-7 cm […]

The Function of the Human Body

Exercise represents one the highest levels of extreme stresses to which the body can be exposed. Exercise physiology is the study of the function of the human body during various acute and chronic exercise conditions. These effects are significant during both short, high intensity exercise as well as with prolonged strenuous exercise such as done in endurance sports like marathons, ultramarathons, and road bicycle racing.In exercise, the liver generates extra glucose, while increased cardiovascular activity by the heart, and respiration […]

Physiology Essays