Wet cleaning” for the aquatic environment Degradation of TCE and EDB using the CYP2E1 protein in transgenic duckweed Clean water is essential to the life of all organisms. Because the environment contains toxins and xenobiotics, many organisms have evolved enzymes to degrade such harmful species to less damaging forms. In mammals, cytochrome P450s serve as […]
Hoofdstuk 1: Inleiding Om als organisme te kunnen groeien is er celdeling nodig. Deze celdeling wordt gereguleerd door middel van de celcyclus en zal hier kort uitlegd worden. De celcyclus is in twee delen opgedeeld. De interfase en de M-fase. Tijdens de interfase groeit de cel en verdubbelt het zijn chromosomen. De interfase is ook […]
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Get help with your assigmentAbstract We have previously shown that anandamide and its metabolically stable analog, methanandamide, produces vasorelaxation via the production of nitric oxide in rabbit aortic ring preparations, acting on a Gi-coupled, endothelial non-CB1/CB2 putative “anandamide receptor” (Mukhopadhyay et al., 2002). Recently we have demonstrated that anandamide activates endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) via the activation of […]
Abstract Alternate splicing in exon 47 of the Purkinje cell calcium channel generates a splice variant with a five base pair insert (ggcag) before the stop codon in rat. This five base pair change the open reading frame of the exon 47 for resulting in an extended C-Terminal. Novel protein interaction at this region was […]
The immune privilege of tissue engineered articular cartilage derived from mouse adult mesenchymal stem cells and the potential of tissue engineered cartilage as a gene delivery method Chapter 1 Stem cell biology 1.1 Categorization of stem cells Stem cells are generally defined as cells possessing the following 3 characteristics: (1) self-renewal, (2) the ability to […]
1 Introduction 1.1 Motivation The gene is the basic unit in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) which contains the required information to carry heredity. The expression of genes is a process in which a functional gene product is synthesized from DNA using gene information. In gene expression, transcription factors play a very important role. Transcription factors are […]
Abstract: Mitochondrion is the primary site of energy and ATP generation so it is called “power house” of the cell. Mitochondria are composed of two different types of membranes like an outer membrane, an inner membrane and a protein-rich matrix. Protein kinases can localize to specific cytoplasmic sub compartments and mediates many important processes like […]
INTRODUCTION Cancer is a complex lethal disease that is only now being understood on the molecular level. Primarily due to the variety and complexity of tumors, cancer treatment has previously been approached only through direct therapies aimed at blocking proliferation or inducing apoptosis of any rapidly dividing cell population. However, rapid advances in cancer research […]
Chapter-1 Introduction 1.1Overview To have life on the earth food, drinking water and fresh air are the basic requirement. Without these life is not possible. The way population is increasing, demand of these basics also increasing. Every country has to find the new sources of these 3 basic requirements otherwise it is difficult to cope […]
Influenza Virus Human Chapter 1 Introduction Influenza Influenza virus is an important human pathogen. The virus causes epidemics annually resulting in an estimated 250,000 to 500,000 deaths worldwide (WHOa). In the USA alone, 5-20% of the population become infected every year resulting in an estimated 200,000 influenza related hospitalisations and 36,000 deaths (CDC). Influenza virus […]
Introduction Innate immunity is the ancient defence system against infection that is conserved in most of organisms including prokaryotes and invertebrates throughout evolution. Among the cells that participate in the early innate immune response, natural killer (NK) cells occupies special positions, not only owing to its unique cytotoxic ability but its role between the innate […]
Review of Literature Plants as therapeutic agents Plant medicines are the most widely used medicines in the world today. The use of herbs and plants as the first medicine is a universal phenomenon. Every culture on earth, through written or oral tradition, has relied on the vast variety of natural chemistry found in healing plants […]
State of the art in sperm assessment using flow cytometry Abstract Flow cytometry is emerging as an important tool in the field of modern andrology for routine analysis of spermatozoa. Recently, application of flow cytometry in the artificial insemination industry especially for pig is a new approach. Until very recent, semen sample analysis was routinely […]
INTRODUCTION The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a dynamic structure that contains a complex mixture of molecules, including elastin, collagens, laminins, fibronectin, proteoglycans and other insoluble molecules. The ECM not only provides a structural framework to support cells and divide tissues (Klein et al. 2004a;Mott & Werb 2004), but also acts as a reservoir for biologically […]
Fibroblast Growth Factors (FGFs) in neural induction Abstract Neural induction represents the first stage in the formation of the vertebrate nervous system from embryonic ectoderm. Fibroblast Growth Factors (FGFs), initially identified for their mitogenic and angiogenic roles in bovine brain extracts, are now known to have many developmental roles in particular that of neural induction, […]
State of the art in sperm assessment using flow cytometry Abstract Flow cytometry is emerging as an important tool in the field of modern andrology for routine analysis of spermatozoa. Recently, application of flow cytometry in the artificial insemination industry especially for pig is a new approach. Until very recent, semen sample analysis was routinely […]
The Role of Glucocorticoid Receptor in the Regulation of Drug Metabolism Introduction Glucocorticoids are extremely important in our life due to their pivotal roles in maintaining homeostasis and coping with stress. Tremendous attention has focused on glucocorticoids because of their wide usage in the treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases and their implications to the […]
HPV Vaccines: Will They Prevent Cervical cancer Introduction Human papilloma viruses (HPV) belong to the papillomaviridae family, they are double stranded DNA viruses. HPV is the most common sexually transmitted infection (STI) in the world (Urman et al. 2008). HPV is strongly associated with cervical cancer; more than 99% what are the other causes/factors please???????? […]
Introduction Innate immunity is the ancient defence system against infection that is conserved in most of organisms including prokaryotes and invertebrates throughout evolution. Among the cells that participate in the early innate immune response, natural killer (NK) cells occupies special positions, not only owing to its unique cytotoxic ability but its role between the innate […]
Characterisation of prostate cancer stem cells Abstract Background Advances in the study of cancer cells with stem cell characteristics may enable the development of new and improved cancer therapies. Stem cell marker expression can be investigated by QPCR and this sensitive method has been used to characterise prostate cancer stem cells. Methods Prostate cancer cell […]
Abstract Recent advances in DNA sequencing technologies have led to efficient methods for determining the sequence of DNA. DNA sequencing was born in 1977 when Sanger et al proposed the chain termination method and Maxam and Gilbert proposed their own method in the same year. Sanger’s method was proven to be the most favourable out […]
Contemporary Developments in Business and Management: Case of GlaxoSmithKline Summary: GlaxoSmithKline’s major strength is its huge resource base and capital as the world’s largest pharmaceutical company. Whilst the company remains a success in a market that is constantly growing, the company is threatened by the reduction in patent lengths which have traditionally been the basis […]
Last time this market had a major wave of innovation was over a decade ago which started with big technological advances due to new funding for new ventures, but resulted in the rise of a sole technologies provider who dominated the market and stunted technological advancement. Now, the emergence of a new wave, the Next […]
Recent advances in science and technology have delivered sophisticated techniques for almost all the fields for solving versatile problems of human being. One of them is the genetic modification (GM) technology, it is the process of changing genetic constitution of an organism with the help of biotechnology, the organisms produced with the help of GM […]
TAIWAN: MAJOR INDUSTRIES The major industries in Taiwan are electronics, petroleum refining, armaments, chemicals, textiles, iron and steel, machinery, cement, food processing, vehicles, consumer products, pharmaceuticals. We can have a look at the major industries one by one and then do an analysis on the investment opportunities on one of them. SEMICONDUCTOR INDUSTRY Taiwan has […]
Whilst prokaryotes do not have a structured nucleus and other composite cell organelles found in eukaryotic cells, prokaryotic beings allocate the some general features with eukaryotes with the knowledge of cell division is, For instance, they both reproduce DNA in a semi traditional manner, and the separation of the lately formed DNA molecules can transpire […]
The issue of biotechnological innovations in many respects represents a substantial challenge to law.[1] The provisions in the European Patent Convention 2000(EPC) and the Biotech Directive are lacking in managing this challenge, in light of the fact that they are vague and can’t be utilized to reject indecent advancements. Opinions on patents in the field […]
Enzyme was introduced by Kiihne in 1878, even though the first observation of enzyme activity in a test tube was done by Payen and Persoz in 1833. Enzymes are specialized proteins that make cellular work possible in all cells by helping chemical reaction to occur. these chemical reaction speed up the chemical activity by increasing […]
Introduction The oral route is still the most desired route for the administration of medicinal products1 due to the ease and lack of inconvenience associated with this administration route, in comparison to others such as the pulmonary route or the more invasive intravenous route. The pharmaceutical industry has developed considerably over the past 40 […]
1. Introduction 1.1 DNA Structure DNA is a polymer made of subunits called as nucleotides. Each nucleotide consists of a deoxiribose sugar, a phosphste, and a nitrogenous base (Genetics from Genes to Genomes). Watson and Crick proposed the structure for DNA (shown schematically in Figure 1 a). This is the presence of two polynucleotide strands […]
