GEPT: General English Profiency Test HP: Higher proficiency LP: Lower proficiency HETC: Harvard Education & Training Center Rationale Hammadon (1991) says: “Reading comprehension is not just understanding words, sentences, or even texts, but involves a complex interartion of the reader’s prior knowledge, language profiency and their learning strategies” (p.30). So reading strategies are very important […]
In the past a Memorandum of Association was seen as vital in providing information relating to the external affairs of a company. The importance of this document diminished over time with legal developments. Its worth will be limited further in consequence of the Companies Act 2006 content. Discuss the accuracy of the above statement and […]
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Get startedA Study of EU Supremacy and Member States Introduction Each of the member states of the European Union have a constitution of some sort; whether it’s written or otherwise. Most of them have a written constitution (with the United Kingdom being one of the few who doesn’t), and this can cause a great many problems […]
THE BASIC HUMAN RIGHTS In Malaysia, there are a set of rules that safeguards our freedom, the basic human rights of Malaysian is compiled under the Federal Constitution. This compilation of laws are supreme as mentioned under Article 4 of the Federal Constution. This means that even the Syariah Law of Malaysia can not go […]
“If a home grown Bill of Rights was adopted, fundamental rights and freedoms would be afforded better protection.†Even prior to re-entering office in 1997 and overseeing the enactment of the Human Rights Act 1998, the Labour Party was constitutionally committed to the enactment of a Bill of Rights[1]: “The incorporation of the European Convention […]
“Power to do Complete Justiceâ€: Can Judiciary override Statutory Provisions? Introduction The Constitution of India is the central rule that everyone has to follow from which all different laws determine their power and with which they must adjust. All powers of the state and its diverse organs have their source in it and must be […]
Relevant law: Section 198 (C) and 201 J of the Corporations Act 2001 (Cth) provides that out of several directors in a company, the company is empowered to appoint any director as the managing director of the company along with conferring any such powers to him, which a director can exercise. Moreover, the courts have […]
Constitutional law in the UK is a varied and interesting topic, largely because of the peculiarities of the UK constitutional system. This essay will consider the issues surrounding constitutions, their definition, purpose and specifically whether the UK can be considered to have a constitution. There are several versions of the definition of ‘constitution’ in a […]
“…the description of British government as an elective dictatorship is no longer appropriate.†(V. Bogdanor The New British Constitution (2009) Oxford, Hart). Discuss, considering in particular Bogdanor’s argument that the separation of powers has been strengthened within the British Constitution in recent years. Britain is described as not having a written constitution, instead it is […]
Introduction Constitutional interpretation has been frequently discussed in many parts of the world, particularly Australia, which will be the main focus of the article. Generally, constitutions play a vital part in federal systems. Some theories of constitutional interpretation have been applied throughout a period of time until further reflection highlighted its shortcomings.[1] The debate over […]
2.2Privet Law Public law controls public bodies acting in a public capacity. Sometimes it is obvious what is a public body, for example a local authority or a government department 2.1.1Law of Constitutional Constitutions may be ‘written’ or ‘unwritten’, and unlike the majority of states, the British constitution is largely unwritten and uncondified. Allied to […]
Is it necessary for a Country to be governed by a Constitution? Discuss Table of Contents 1Introduction 1.1Objectives 2Written and Unwritten Constitutions 2.1Kenya’s Perspective 2.2Criticisms of a Written Constitution 2.3UK’s Outlook on the Unwritten Constitution 3Conclusion 4Bibliography 4.1Primary Sources 4.2Secondary Sources 5Appendix 5.1Images of the Code of Hammurabi 5.2Preamble of Kenya’s Constitution, 2010 5.3Research Techniques […]
JUDICIAL DECISION-MAKING AND SOCIAL JUSTICE I INTRODUCTION The judiciary’s collective reputation for impartiality and independence is vital in maintaining the perceived legitimacy of judges’ decisions. According to Sir Owen Dixon, this necessitates judges to accept that they should exercise their power via the techniques of legal reasoning.[1] Despite the general consensus on the importance of […]
Introduction As legal disputes arise by the day, litigants seek different avenues to solve their matters. One of the ways is by instituting these matters before a court. However, the basic and most important step is to go before a court of competent jurisdiction. According to the Black’s Law Dictionary, “jurisdictionâ€is the power and authority […]
1. Explain the Doctrine of the Separation of Powers and how it operates in Australia. (350 words) The doctrine of the separation of powers is a political system used in Australia, where the institutions of government are divided into three main branches. These include the executive, legislative, and judicial(Greenfeld, 2012). The legislature includes the parliament […]
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.1BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY Human rights loosely refer to moral principles or norms that describe certain standards of human behaviour, and are regularly protected as legal rights in national and international law.[1] In the words of Udombana[2], human rights are claims which an individual makes against or on society deliberately by virtue […]
The constitution in the codified, or widely known as written form is said to promise entrenched liberties compared to the unwritten constitution. No amending powers can affect the stipulated status if the fundamental rights of citizen. However, it is indeed theoretical in nature when we have clear examples of the violation of citizens’ right in […]
For the purpose of making project in the subject Administrative Law, a very distinct and important topic has been taken as the central issue of it. The “Doctrine of Substantial Ultra Vires” which is the present issue in concern is a substantial principle of administrative law having its own importance and influence in the legal […]
It is not about taking sides in the Syrian conflict, not about invading, not about regime change or working closely with the opposition, but it is about the large scale use of chemical weapons and our response to war crime, nothing else, said the Prime Minister David Cameron in a debate held in the parliament […]
Two sides of the same coin: Evaluating 74th Constitutional Amendment Act Abstract: To strengthen the position of urban governance in a more organized manner, the government of India took a pivotal initiative through the enactment of the 74th Constitution Amendment Act. In this paper I attempt to analyse the role of 74th constitutional amendment in […]
“In most modern democracies, the government’s only powers are those granted to it by a written constitution or by the legislature. A distinguishing feature of the British constitution is the extent to which government continues to exercise a number of powers which were not granted to it by a written constitution, nor by Parliament, but […]
Based on the views of the two it is clear that they provide it based on whether or not the founding father were democratic reformers at all. Between this two arguments, the young case gives out a more convincing evidence based on the same matter. John p. Roche on the other side opposes that the […]
Federalism is a division of power between a central government and smaller regional government. Both levels of government share authority over their citizens. In the United States federalism can be seen in the distribution of powers between the federal government and state governments (Magleby, Light and Nemacheck, 2015). This duality is mandated and protected by […]
Federalism is frequently promoted as the appropriation of intensity in an association, for example, an administration between a focal specialist and the constituent. On account of the unified states federalism is spoken to as the division of intensity between the states and the national government itself. Inside this division of forces comes points of interest […]
The American Revolution The Occurrence American Revolution was justified as it had tremendous ramification on different spheres of the American nation. The revolutionary war affected the politics, economy and democratic advancement and contributed to the emancipation of the American people from the oppressive rule of the British. The fact that the American Revolution led to […]
At the end of the 18th century, France was in ruins. The treasury was empty. The commoners were starving. The King, Louis XVI, the Queen, Marie Antoinette, and many high-ranking nobles lived a lavish lifestyle in a palace called Versailles. Versailles was set apart from the rest of France and because of this, the King […]
The Bill of Rights as a document experienced the ratification process, which brought about several state legislatures, who showed their concern for the lack of individual liberties protection. Concerning this, twelve amendments to the Constitution were passed by the first Congress, where ten of them were ratified by the states and ended up becoming collectively […]
The United States’ legal system is made of the legal principles drawn from the case decisions that make up the case laws and the state and federal constitutions. These two are the sources of the fundamental principles and rights of the citizens in the US. First, looking into the US Federal Constitution, we have the […]
The Constitution was a document created in 1787 that is the supreme law of the United States. It was established to spell out the rights of the people, ensure their general welfare, and ensure checks and balances within the three branches of the government. The Constitution also explains specific limits in the power of the […]
The Louisiana Purchase constituted many advantages and disadvantages for President Thomas Jefferson and for the country. Some of the moral dilemmas included were, whether to purchase Louisiana and turning on what the constitution says. Jefferson believed in strict constructionism meaning he found ways to incorporate ideas for certain instances into the constitution’s laws that weren’t […]
