To what extent is the EMU hampered by inflexible SGP rules 1.0 Introduction: The Stability and Growth Pact (SGP) The Stability and Growth Pact is designed to ensure sound public finances and acts as a pre-requisite in achieving long term economic growth. This economic growth can only be achieved through sound monetary and fiscal policies. […]
Inflation & exchange rate are two main factors of macro-economics. Inflation is an increase in the level of prices of goods & services in an economy by the passage of time. Exchange rate is very important factor in economic which impact imports & exports of country. A country does not always want the exchange rate […]
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Get startedIreland’s Economic Boom 1 Comparison of Ireland’s (1987-2007) Economic Growth to that of Luxembourg (1985-2001). CHAPTER 1 1.1 Abstract Ireland’s economic transformation from a mere third world agricultural economy to a world-class hi-tech economy remains an issue worth analyzing. As compared to the economic growth of its counterparts in the European Union -for instance Luxembourg […]
INTRODUCTION Fiscal policy refers the setting of the level of government spending and taxation by the government policy makers. It is the combination of taxes and public expenditure to help dampen the swing of the business cycle and contribute to the maintenance of a growing high-employment economy free from high or volatile inflation. In the […]
THE INEFFECTIVE & UNWORKABLE STABILITY & GROWTH PACT Abstract The paper presented provides a discussion and evaluation of the functioning of the fiscal discipline instrument; it was designed in the early 1990’s for inclusion in the Maastricht Treaty, refined in 1997 with the creation of the Stability & Growth Pact (hereafter, ‘SGP’), and reformed in […]
Introduction However, due to the US housing credit crunch and turbulence in financial markets all over the world immediately took into effect and global economic growth slowed towards the end of the year (O’Brien et al., 2007). Given this basic premise of the current financial crisis, this literature review will be guided by exploring studies […]
Abstract This paper analyses and explains the effects of central bank independence on a country’s inflation rates and its economic performance thereafter. It deals with the benefits believed to come along with independence and the delegation of monetary policy to the central bank, the determinants and accuracy of the index of central bank independence (CBI), […]
CHAPTER 1 Background Finance plays an increasingly important role in economic growth and development of nations around the world. These roles are in many different forms, they include but not limited to channelling savings towards investment. The level of sophistication of a financial system is important and to a large extent determines the overall level […]
CHAPTER 1 Stock market plays an important role in the economic development of a country. Stock exchange performance has attained significant role in global economics and financial markets, due to their impact on corporate finance and economic activity. For instance stock exchanges enable firms to acquire capital quickly, due to the ease with which securities […]
Abstract This paper endeavors the relationship and the positive effect between exchange rates and interest rates in Pakistan by utilizing the foreign exchange market and current scenario of increasing interest rates because of increasing exchange rates to represent the economic position of Pakistan. The data by the researcher is all on daily basis for the […]
This paper uses real world application of exchange rate fluctuations, its causes and impact on the economy, risks associated with it and their management, in terms of Chinese economy to show the importance on these financial concepts and their requirement of understanding one to understand the other, all in wake of gaining he knowledge that […]
With the development of capital market and the innovation of finance，asset prices have taken a more prominent role in financial economy．Meanwhile，financial crisis and economy turbulences arouse by abnormal assets price fluctuation appear in many countries．Currently, China is confronted with the reality of asset prices inflation．Asset prices rapidly fluctuation bought gigantic impact to monetary policy, therefore，study […]
Financial crisis swept over the world rapidly last three years. The globalisation and the developed of the derivatives have dramatically changed the whole financial market. The rate of global economic growth was continuing decrease. The economy, particularly financial services sectors suffered a critical strike, which a few investment bank, such as Lehman Brothers Holdings went […]
Revisiting The Fisher Hypothesis: The Case Of India CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION 1.1 CONTEXT OF THE STUDY In 1930 Irving Fisher investigated the relationship between the nominal interest rate, the real interest rate and expected rates of inflation. He discovered that a long-run equilibrium relationship existed between the nominal rate of inflation and expected rate […]
Monetary policy is the regulation of the interest rate and money supply of a country by its Central Bank or Federal Reserve in other to achieve the major economic goals which include price stability, full employment, economic growth etc.A A The stock market on the other hand is often considered a primary indicator of a country’s […]
ABSTRACT The 2008 Financial Crisis has established itself as one of the most significant phenomena to have befallen the human race in recorded history. Not since the Second World Was had the entire globe shared the bitter-sweet broth of calamity and even the Great War had not consequences as far reaching, as damning as those […]
This study empirically examines the relationship between inflation and stock returns in Nigeria during 1997-2006. The study focuses on different econometric models to investigation this relationship using monthly data of the All Share Price Index from the Nigerian Stock Exchange and Nigerian Consumers Index. The simple OLS regression result suggests that the residuals are stationary, […]
INTRODUCTION: The main purpose of this study is to provide an economic evaluation of Turkish economy in the context of requirements of The European Union which accepts new members with decisive criteria. Enlargement process of The European Union is complex issue and consists of several political and economic arguments. This study organized as follows. The […]
Is low inflation desirable and sustainable? Introduction In business, financial and political circles, inflation is one of the most commonly discussed economic subjects, with arguments regarding the optimum levels appropriate for national and international economies. From the research available, it would appear that the majority of experts, including banking executives, agree that low inflation provides […]
Outcomes Covered Outcome 1 Identify the mission, objectives and responsibilities of an organization with in its environment Outcome 2 Investigate the economic, social and global environment in which organization operate PURPOSE OF THE ASSIGNMENT This assignment was assign to us with certain objectives in mind. The purpose and objectives were to study the working of […]
Gold was first discovered as yellow shining pieces and it became the part of human culture. Its brilliance, natural beauty and luster, its great malleability and resistance to tarnish made it enjoyable to work with. Gold’s early uses were ornamental, and its brilliance and permanence linked it to deities and royalty in early civilizations. Power, […]
Unexpected changes in money supply can be due to tax actions, changes in interest rates, changes in discount rates among other factors. Stock returns are generally positive or negative. In this essay, the motive is to find whether the statement, ‘unexpected changes in money supply and stock returns are inversely related,’ holds ground or is […]
The article on commodities has focused on price co-movements and their roles in conveying information about the macroeconomic. The gold and silver are those precious metals that mainly focused by the existing research. The previous research do not examine precious metals’ shock and volatility cross effects, therefore there is a main weakness if one considers […]
The project involves understanding of Foreign Exchange and Currency Hedging related to Indian Economy. This basically will deal into studying various factors leading to currency movements both domestic as well as international. To understand the importance of Currency Hedging to corporates and business houses, advantages and various shortcomings that they face. The project aims to […]
Persistence problems in the U.S. deal with the sluggish employment growth, the slowdown of household consumption, and the limitations in furthering the fiscal policy. Also, a combination of excessive liquidity, low interest rates, high leverage, poor risk management, excessive risk-taking had possibly let too many assets, emerging market debt prices. Even though the US is […]
The financial crisis which broke in August 2007 hit the world’s economy significantly, leading to a widespread and continued recession. Specifically in the UK, the GDP growth rate experienced a drastic decrease from 2.4% in the third quarter of 2007 to the bottom of -5.9% in the second quarter of 2009. The consumer price index […]
This book analyses the Indonesian economy and financial sector since 1968, with special emphasis on the 1971-79 period. The study covers macro-economic developments, financial structures and monetary policies. After thoroughly analyzing the Indonesian formal financial institutions and monetary instruments to control money supply and credit, and interest rate policies, the book develops a short-run monetary […]
Banks are of central importance for economic growth, credit allocation, financial stability, and the competitiveness and development manufacturing and service firms. The structural features of Sweden banking systems have changed significantly over the past 20 years. The increased availability of credit has been the corollary of the dismantling of barriers of trade in Sweden financial […]
Exchange rate is the rate of one currency into another. In other words, it has the value of the currency of another country than their own. If you are traveling to another country, you need to “buy”local currency. Like any asset prices, the exchange rate is the price, you can buy that currency. If you […]
Capital Markets play a vital role in the financial sector of each economy. The primary role of the capital market is to raise long-term funds for governments, banks, and corporations while providing a platform for the trading of securities. An efficient capital market can promote economic growth by attracting domestic and foreign capital. 1.1.2 Karachi […]
