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Inflation Affect on the Function of Money

Explain how inflation affects the functions of money. Inflation is the general increase in the price level over a period of time. Money is something that is generally acceptable in the exchange of goods and services. When inflation occurs, the value of money decreases as the same amount of money can’t buy the same amount of products like before. The purchasing power of money decreases. If the inflation rate is high and unanticipated, lots of problems can occur. People can […]

The Functions of the Deutsche Bundesbank

THE FUNCTIONS OF THE DEUTSCHE BUNDESBANK 1. The bank of issue Only the Bundesbank is entitled to issue banknotes denominated in Deutsche Mark (monopoly of the issue of banknotes). These banknotes are the only legal tender for any amount in Germany. Any person to whom money is owed must accept them in unlimited amounts in settlement of his claim. Coins, by contrast, are legal tender to only a limited extent. The banknotes issued by the Bundesbank therefore constitute the foundation […]

Microfinance in Philippines

COUNTRY ANALYSIS UNIT FEDERAL RESERVE BANK OF SAN FRANCISCO JANUARY 2010 Microfinance in the Philippines uring the last few years, the volume of microfinance activity has grown considerably in the Philippines and an increasing number of financial institutions have engaged in retail microfinance operations. While this sector has been traditionally dominated by rural banks, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and finance cooperatives, in 2009 a number of commercial banks sought entrance into the retail microfinance market. This Asia Focus report reviews the […]

Hypothecation

Hypothecation: Under this mode of security, loans are provided against the security of movable property, usually inventory of goods. The goods hypothecated, however, continue to be in the possession of the owner of these goods (i. e. , the borrower). The rights of the lending institution (hypothecatee) depend upon the terms of contract between the borrower and the lender. Although the lender does not have physical possessions of the goods, it has legal right to sell the goods to realize […]

Walt Disney Yen Financing

1. Should Disney hedge its yen royalty cash flow? Why or why not? If so, how much should be hedged and over what time period? Yes, Walt Disney Company should hedge its royalty cash flow to protect against currency fluctuations. The company has revenues in Yen and does not have expenses in Yen. Thus it would be converting the Yen to Dollar and so is exposed to foreign exchange risk. The value of Yen has declined recently and it is […]

Factors Governing Cash Reserves

Each day we are involved in a number of transactions that involve trading, exchanging, buying, selling, receiving and spending, that are centred around money or other forms of currency . Finance is the spine of the present day economy, and the banks act as the branches of the same. The term ‘bank’ finds its roots in Italy and France and has several functions to perform. Apart from the traditional functions of dealing in money by accepting deposits and advancing loans, […]

An Examination of the Laws Guiding Aircraft Financing and Leasing

Chapter 1 Introduction The airline industry became known in the 1920s but its full development started after the Second World War 11. During the 1950s, aircrafts began to be used for leisure trips as well as for business trips. Due to this expansion of global and domestic air transport system, the aviation industry has made the global economics and cultures cross-fertilized and caused markets to proliferate in number and to grow in size and wealth. Recently, the aviation industry is […]

The too Big to Fail Problem

“Too big to fail” was a very regular term we all heard during the Great Recession of 2008, but did we truly understand the term? To understand this overused term, we must first define what it means to be a firm that is “Too Big to Fail”. According to Stern and Fieldman, ” ‘too big to fail'(TBTF), a term describes the receipt of discretionary government support by a bank’s uninsured creditors who are not automatically entitled to government support.” (8). […]

The Role that Company Regulators Play

Since the 2008 global financial crisis, there is a great impact and effects on both developed and developing countries by the financial crisis. Australia Governments have taken active measures to tackle the financial crisis. In developed countries, Australia was the first to recover in short time from the global economic recession. In 2009, the economy in Australian would rebound quickly, as the world’s fastest growing economies in the developed countries. First, the Australia government take timely, accurate and effective measures […]

The Monetary Policy

Monetary Policy is the best available tool for the countries to averse the effect of any thing worse happen like financial crisis. Mr. Ben Bernanke, who is the President of the United States Federal Reserves, also announced a monetary policy to stabilize the biggest economy of the world. In order to write about the applicability of monetary policy in US, we must have a very good idea regarding the imposition of such policy. Obviously the current financial constrain is the […]

The Impact of Financial Crisis on Certificate of Deposit

A certificate of Deposit or CD is a time deposit, a financial product equally offered to consumers by banks, thrift institutions, and credit unions. CDs are similar to savings accounts in that they are insured and thus virtually risk-free; they are money in the bank. They are different from savings accounts in that the CD has a specific, fixed term and, usually, a fixed interest rate. It is intended that the CD be held until maturity, at which time the […]

Sources of Finance for Industry in Italy

The Industries in Italy are very much developed and modernized. These are also one of the main sources for the GDP of Italy. Also they provide the highest employment opportunities. The main sources of finance for the industry are the subsidized loans, medium term loans. These loans are provided by the govt. as well as the different banks at variable and fixed rates. Evolution of Banking in Italy The firstA banksA were probably the religiousA templesA of the ancient world, and were probably established […]

Short Term and Long Term Debt Financing

The aim of this paper is to propose two sources of short term and long term debt for Ditchling Ltd. The paper will seek to identify the reasons of finance in the company and suggest the most appropriate sources based on those reasons. 2.0 BUSINESS BACKGROUND Ditchling Ltd is a Residential Care Service which is registered and regulated by the Care Quality Commission. It delivers professional high quality support services to adults with learning disabilities and associated challenging behaviour in […]

Financial Institutions in India

Financial sector plays an indispensable role in the overall development of a country. The most important constituent of this sector is the financial institutions, which act as a conduit for the transfer of resources from net savers to net borrowers, that is, from those who spend less than their earnings to those who spend more than their earnings. Ok, now before continuing to explain the role of financial institutions in the development of industries, let’s take a little bit brief […]

Progress Interest-free Banks in Pakistan

Introduction: This chapter high light the concept, principle and future of the Interest-free banking around the world particularly and importantly in Pakistan, which is officially; “The Islamic Republic of Pakistan” (www.pakistan.gov.pk). World is experiencing a large-level of growth in Interest-free banking and finance not only in Muslim countries but also in economically big Non Muslim countries like UK , USA and AUSTRALIA where Muslims are in minorities. The attraction which interest-free banking has, encouraging the world. It’s unique concept of […]

Purpose and Goals of Factoring in Business

FactoringA is aA financial transactionA whereby a business sells itsA accounts receivableA (i.e.,A invoices) to a third party (called aA factor) at aA discountA in exchange for immediate money with which to finance continued business. Factoring differs from aA bank loanA in three main ways. First, the emphasis is on the value of theA receivables (essentially aA financial asset), not the firm’sA credit worthiness. Secondly, factoring is not aA loanA – it is the purchase of aA financial assetA (theA receivable). Finally, a bank loan involves two parties whereas factoring involves three. Factoring is a method used by a […]

Mortgage Home Buyers

Introduction: Buying a home depends on a person financial capability whereby if one is financially stable one can own a large and well designed house. Many people are now using mortgage system to buy homes. Mortgage is a legal agreement by which a bank or an organization lends money to a person in order to buy a house and then the individual must pay the money back over a given period of time with interest. This paper focuses on the […]

Liquidity Risk

What is liquidity risk and how managers deal with it? COMMERCIAL AND INVESTMENT BANKING 1. Introduction Technological progress and internationalization has led to rapid innovations in financial markets and regulations. This changing environment in which banks find themselves presents great opportunities but also a wide range of risks while operating. Such risks are interest rate risk, market risk, credit risk, off-balance-sheet risk, technology and operational risk, foreign exchange risk, country or sovereign risk, liquidity risk and insolvency risk. In this […]

Inter-Market Arbitrage

Finance 1 Inter-Market Arbitrage The question posed is to examine whether a trader with $1 million can profit from inter-market arbitrage. The following facts are available: – New York Citibank: $ 1.2223/ London Barclays Bank:$ 1.8457/A£ Frankfurt Deutsche Bank: 1.5100/A£ To resolve the question, the commencement of the process is to begin with calculating the a cross rate, which is arrived at by calculating the ratio of the exchange rate of currency A to the dollar divided by the exchange […]

Internship Evaluation of Muslim Commercial Bank Limited

The word "BANK" is derived from Latin word "BANKO/BANCUS" which means a bench at which the money changers used to change one kind of money into other. Adam Smith also point out another feature of earliest banks that is "to make loans to and float loans. The Bank of Venice founded in 1157, was the first public banking institution. Founders of Commercial Bank There are three founder of commercial bank the merchants, the money lenders and the goldsmiths. Merchants The […]

Internship Report on MCB Kuthery Chowk Gujrat

MCB was incorporated in 1997 and was subsequently privatized by the Government of Pakistan. The Nishat Group bought the mainstream shares of the bank and so got the rights to handle the banks operations. In view of the fact that the privatization of the bank, MCB has execute different policies to make it one of the most excellent banks of Pakistan, which incorporated introducing innovative products and services and enlarge its operations by opening new twigs in Pakistan. I did […]

The Importance of Credit Risk

Credit risk implies a potential risk that the counterparty of a loan agreement is likely to fail to meet its obligations as per the original loan agreement, and may eventually default on the obligation. Credit risks can be classified into many forms such as options , equities , mutual funds , bonds , loans and other financial issues as well , which in extensions of guarantees and the settlement of these transactions. (International Auditing Practice Statement 1006 Audits of the […]

HSBC and Financial Deregulation in the UK

A little over five years later, HSBC appears to be weathering the banking storm as the unofficial ‘Last Bank Standing’ of the UK banking system, whilst the CEO of RBS has lost his job and the bank itself has had to accept recapitalisation on terms that could concede a majority equity stake to the UK government Following the extensive financial deregulation in the UK throughout the 1980s, many banks began rapidly growing their product portfolios, taking advantage of the deregulation […]

How Central Banks Control Money

How Central Banks Control Money Definition of Money Supply: The whole supply of coin and other fluid instruments in a nation’s economy. The money supply may incorporate money, coins and parities held in checking and investment accounts. Financial specialists investigate the cash supply and make arrangements flowing around it through controlling premium rates and expanding or diminishing the measure of cash streaming in the economy. Money supply information is gathered, recorded and distributed occasionally, ordinarily by the national bank and the […]

Global Financial Crisis-causes and Remedies

Introduction After the collapse of the twin towers and the tech bubble the American economy was in dire need of a stimulus. The Fed under Alan Greenspan reacted to this crisis by pumping liquidity into the system. This response would have worked well under normal circumstances, since it helps in the growth of the economy, however since due to previous overinvestments in the economy the extra money was not put to productive use. The central role that finance plays in […]

Expansion of Knowledge in the Modern Era

Owing to the rapid changes and explosion of knowledge we have to combat with the modern era. Research is the basic requirement of this and for the forthcoming challenges of the commercial and materialistic world. So understanding phenomena and making my mind practically explore. I joined FBL Arifwala and collected some data of the bank and compiled this report in such away that a salient feature to be highlighted for the researcher and concerning people of the bank. The division […]

Factoring Accounts Receivables into Business Finance

In short term financing, factoring forms an important part. Factoring is a financial transaction whereby a business sells most of its accounts receivable to a third party who is called a factor at a discount in exchange for immediate money with which to finance continued business. In pledging accounts receivables, the firm retains title to the receivables whereas in factoring of account receivables are transferred titles by selling them. Factoring differs from a bank loan in 2 main ways. First, […]

The Danger of Giving your Personal Guarantee

In order to support a borrowing request, the directors of a limited company may offer to provide personal guarantees. What issues should you be aware of when taking these guarantees and how would you address any concerns? The support for guarantees provided by directors has changed a lot since the early days of banking. Whilst it used to be acceptable for a level of trust and a personal relationship to be enough for security for a bank, these days the […]

Electronic Dealer Financing Scheme

ELECTRONIC DEALER FINANCING SCHEME: The scheme provides for financing purchases of dealers from corporate/industry Majors With whom tie-up has been entered. It is completely web based solution with customised MIS provided to the shareholders. The industry major enjoys timely availability of funds. The dealer can make effective utilization on working capital funds. Both industry major and dealer can make use of improved cash flow forecasting. SME LIABILITY PRODUCTS FOR DEPOSIT AND TRANSACTION BANKING: There are different types of deposit and […]

Euro Currency and Bonds

Introduction…..5 Euro Currency……..5 Euro Currency Market Institutional Settings First Principle Deposit Rates Euro Deposit Risk Euro Bonds Market Dimension and Currency Composition Dimensions Currency Composition Regulatory and Institutional Features Primary Market Competitive Market Grey Market Pricing of Euro Bonds Problems and Risk Arbitrage Opportunity Global Bond Firms with and without Currency Hedging References Introduction Financial crisis is one of the most if not the most disruptive shock to an economy. It results into a steep and rapid devaluation in asset […]

Banking Essays