Month: December 2022
Adnan Syed should have been Found Innocent for the Murder of Hae Min Lee
In my opinion, Adnan Syed should not have been found guilty under his circumstances. He was wrongfully convicted for the murder of Hae Min Lee and should be exonerated. Adnan was wrongfully convicted because he was found guilty simply on the basis of reasonable doubt, had been exploited by his defense lawyer, and was provided with ineffective counseling by Christina Gutierrez...
The main source of evidence that the prosecutors used against Adnan was Jay, who by himself was not a credible informant. There were many inconsistencies in Jay's testimony, and his side of the story changed each time he was interviewed. As well as Jay's claims, there were many statements pointing to Adnan's religious background being a motive for him murdering Hae Min Lee. These two factors were the main reasons contributing to Adnan's conviction, both of which do not extend beyond a reasonable doubt. As a result, Adnan was indeed wrongfully convicted for the murder of Hae Min Lee, because the standard evidence required to validate a criminal conviction must exceed a reasonable doubt. The Fifth and Fourteenth Amendment states to "[protect] the accused against conviction except upon proof beyond a reasonable doubt of every fact necessary to constitute the crime with which he is charged." (Legal Information Institute). By convicting Adnan of Hae Min Lee's murder based on the little evidence they have, the prosecutors, judge, and jury have acted against the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendment. The only evidence which would normally have exceeded reasonable doubt would be Adnan's fingerprints in Hae Min Lee's car, but it was not particularly strong proof, as since Adnan and Hae used to date and were friends, Adnan has been in her car multiple times and fingerprints last more than 6 weeks on a surface.
When Adnan was arrested and interrogated back in 1999, his family hired a highly recommended public defender; Christina Gutierrez. In her prime, Gutierrez had a reputation in her field for her relentlessness and being at the top of her game, and was called a "pitbull on the pant leg of justice". Later in her career, however, things started to change. She would demand high sums of money in cash from her clients for legal services that would never transpire. This also happened in Adnan Syed's case. When he was arrested, he received tremendous support from the mosque. They actively participated in his court sessions as well as raised monetary funds to assist Syed's family with the financial costs of the case. Syed's mother, when being interviewed for serial podcast, claimed that towards the end of the trial, Gutierrez began to "bully" them for money, and that money would be the only topic that she would talk about. Instead of doing her job and finding evidence to defend Adnan against the prosecutors, Gutierrez was exploiting him, the Syed family, and the muslim community.
Apart from the financial controversy, Gutierrez had also failed to investigate both the alibi provided by Asia McClain and a potential plea deal; both of which would have had Adnan out of prison by now. Soon after Adnan was arrested, Asia sent Adnan a letter. In it, she writes about seeing Adnan in the library around the time Hae Min Lee was said to have been murdered, and encourages his defense to look for the security footage in the library. She also says "...More importantly I'm trying to reach your lawyer to schedule a possible meeting with the three of us." This letter validated that McClain did have an alibi for Adnan, which was the most important thing he was missing. She also displayed her keen interest in meeting up with not only Adnan but his lawyer (Gutierrez) to further clarify the details of when she had seen him on the day of his girlfriend's death. Hae Min Lee's boyfriend, Don, was just as much a suspect as Adnan was. However he was soon acquitted because his boss verified that he was working in LensCrafters that day. If Gutierrez had pursued McClain's alibi, Adnan, like Don, would be acquitted of the crime. Adnan Syed had also requested for the possibility of getting a plea bargain. This would diminish his jail time by a lot, and he would have been out by now. Gutierrez, on the other hand, failed to seek or look into the possibility of getting a plea bargain. Syed's family and friends were aware of Gutierrez's ineffective defenses, and accused her of throwing the trial on purpose in order to further extend her services. A reason for this could be because of her deteriorating health, and she needed money to pay for her medical bills.
In conclusion, Adnan Syed was wrongfully convicted for the murder of Hae Min Lee because of the lack of evidence beyond reasonable doubt, the manipulation by Christina Gutierrez, and failure to pursue information that could have acquitted Adnan or diminished his punishment. He should be both exonerated and be provided compensation for half of his life that he wasted in jail.
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Adnan Syed Should Have Been Found Innocent for the Murder of Hae Min Lee. (2022, Dec 08).
Retrieved November 4, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2022/12/page/8/
A Case Study on the Conviction of Adnan Syed for the Murder of Hai Min Lee
A conviction is a formal declaration that someone is guilty of a criminal offense, made by the verdict of a jury or the decision of a judge in a court of law. In February of 2000, 17 year old Adnan Syed was convicted of first-degree murder and sentenced to life in prison plus 30 years. Adnan Syed was a 17 year old boy attending Woodlawn High School in Baltimore, Maryland. He was tried and convicted of killing his ex-girlfriend, Hae Min Lee.
Was Adnan Syed wrongfully convicted or did actually commit the murder? The courts had no physical evidence linking Adnan to the crime scene and a classmate of Adnan, Asia McClain, provided an alibi for him. Without the courts having any physical evidence to connect Adnan to the crime; they relied solely on the testimony of Jay Wilds. Jay's testimony changed every time it was told, therefore making him a non-credible source. Since Jay's testimony was not completely credible; I believe that Adnan was wrongfully convicted for a crime he did not commit.
The day Hae Lee was murdered, Asia McClain, a classmate of Adnan, remembers seeing and talking to him in the library. According to Serial (2014) Asia McClain tells Sarah Koenig, the host of the podcast, that she remembers seeing Adnan around 2:30 that day, yet she was never contacted by his lawyer during the trial. Sarah tells Asia that the time she's saying she saw him at the library is also the same time "they're saying he was in the car with her" right before she was murdered" (Koenig, Serial, Eps. 1). Something is not adding up if Asia is saying she saw him and talked to him at that time, while the state is saying that's when she was murdered. According to Serial (2014) Sarah tells Asia "If you're saying that you saw him on this say at that time, that means the state's timeline for their whole theory of the case doesn't make any sense." If Asia says that she saw Adnan at the time he supposedly killed Hae, then that automatically rules him out. With Asia establishing Adnan's presence anywhere near the crime scene; there's no way possible that he should have been convicted of her murder. Since Adnan was not present at the scene of the murder, and he had an alibi the he was falsely convicted.
Those who believe that Adnan got the conviction he deserved, may say that Jay's testimony was enough to help convict Adnan, Jay Wilds, an acquaintance of Adnan, tells detectives that Adnan told him about his plan to kill Hae. He tells detectives that Adnan had told him he was going to kill Hae, but Jay did not think much of it. According to Jay, Adnan left his cellphone and car with Jay so Jay could pick him up after he killed Hae. He says that Adnan calls him from a phone booth outside of Best Buy. That's not possible because when Sarah Koenig and Dana Chivvis went to go look for the phone booth, they did not find one. In fact they even looked at the blueprints for the store and there is no phone booth anywhere on it. In the podcast, Serial, "They dug up a photo of the store, from 2001, no phone booth or payphone....They looked up the blueprints for the store when it was built in 1995, nothing" (Koenig, Serial, Eps. 5). If there was no phone booth, how would Adnan have been able to call Jay to pick him up? Another flaw in this argument is that Jay's story is inconsistent; it changes every time he tells it. When he first tells detectives what happened the day Hae was murdered, he says that he helps Adnan bury Hae. Later on when he retells his story, he tells detectives that he was not with Adnan at all when he buried Hae. If Jay's story is inconsistent, then he's not exactly credible. The jury used a non-credible source, Jay Wilds, to convict Adnan. Adnan should not have been convicted from a testimony that is not even credible.
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A Case Study on the Conviction of Adnan Syed for the Murder of Hai Min Lee. (2022, Dec 08).
Retrieved November 4, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2022/12/page/8/
Proving Adnan Syed’s Innocence
On January 13, 1999 a young girl named Hae Min Lee disappeared, her body was later found buried in Leakin park on February 9, 1999. Her ex boyfriend Adnan Syed was arrested on February 28, 1999 for her murder. The podcast Serial hosted by Sarah Koenig had been following his case and pointing out some questionable things in the state's story against Adnan.
Adnan Syed is innocent, there's barely anything that even connect him to her murder. And multiple things in the state's case don't add up. Like Jay's story and how it's constantly changing over and over again. Or the cell phone records, Jay claims they were one place but the cell phone is pinging a cell tower miles away. Or how about the fact that the state has kept Adnan locked up for nearly 15 years all because of a non consistent story Adnan's alleged "friend" told them. Let's start with Jay's story. "Jay claimed in his first police interview that, after dropping Adnan off at track, he went home to wait for Adnan to call to pick him up once practice was over. In Jay's second police interview, however, and in his testimony at the first trial, his story changes. Jay claims that after dropping Adnan off at track practice, he went to Cathy's house, where he hung out with Cathy and Jeff for half an hour or so, until Adnan called him to ask to be picked up"(TheViewFromLL2.com,Susan).So if Jay wasn't telling the truth and Adnan actually did kill Hae, wouldn't he remember what he did that day much more specifically?
Another odd thing about Jay's story would be the cellphone records. Adnan's call to ask Jay to come pick him up happened at 4:58pm and Jay's first story made sense with the time and the cell tower, but his second story about being at Cathy's is impossible. The tower that was pinged is L654C which lines up perfectly with Jay's house. However Cathy's apartment is on the other side of town and is completely out of range."As you can see, Jay's house is easily in range of L654C. Cathy's apartment, on the other hand, is absolutely not" (The ViewFromLL2.com,Susan)
Then there's the state of Maryland that's basically ignoring and overlooking the obvious signs that they shouldn't trust a thing Jay says. And there's no way they're that stupid, so to jump straight to the point racial profiling has a lot to do with why they've kept him locked up for all these years. Adnan is American but the prosecution repeatedly calls him Pakistani. The prosecution also points out a pattern of Pakistani men killing women then fleeing the country. Now once again Adnan is American, he was born and raised in America. It's even been said that they're scared to release him in bail because they think he'll run off to Pakistan and live with his shady uncle who knows how to "make people disappear".
So to wrap up this migraine of a trial, Adnan is innocent. He's been locked up for nearly 15 years because of a stoners non consistent lies. Irrelevant and incorrect phone records. And because of his foreign ancestry.
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Proving Adnan Syed's Innocence. (2022, Dec 08).
Retrieved November 4, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2022/12/page/8/
A Case Study of the Murder of Hae Min Lee by her Ex-Boyfriend Adnan Syed
In a 2014 Serial Podcast, Sarah Koenig investigated the 1999 murder of Hae Min Lee, an 18-year-old student at Woodlawn High School in Baltimore, Maryland. She was last seen at about 3 p.m. on January 13, 1999. Her body was discovered on February 9 in Leakin Park and identified two days later. The case was immediately treated as a homicide. Lee's ex-boyfriend, Adnan Syed, was arrested on February 28 at 6 a.m. and charged with first-degree murder. Syed's first trial ended in a mistrial, but after a six-week second trial, Syed was found guilty of Lee's murder on February 25, 2000, and given a life sentence. People say he did it but in my opinion, I don't think he did. I say this because the stories don't really line up.
Adnan and Hae's parents didn't approve of dating so they hid their relationship in secret. Hae then broke it off and her parents thinks the breakup had caused Adnan to either be cool with it but sad or rage with anger and want to kill her. Although Adnan confessed he was heartbroken but not enough to want to kill her. He loved her and would never hurt her. If Adnan has witnesses saying that he loved her, then he wouldn't have killed her. Their love was a fairytale romance so it was impossible to have killed even though Hae broke up with him.
An anonymous caller leads detectives to check Adnan Syed's cell phone records. As a result, the detectives discover calls to Jen, who is a friend of one of Adnan's acquaintances, a weed dealer named Jay. Detectives interview Jen and then Jay, who says Syed told him he killed Lee, and then forced him to help bury her body. This happened for four interviews although, every interrogating changing every time. Koenig and the rest of her crew test drove the prosecution's route and timeline of Lee's murder between 2:15, when school let out at the high school, and 2:36, when Jay said Syed called him for pick up in the Best Buy parking lot and then showed Jay Lee's body in the trunk of her car. While that timeline seems possible, though just barely, evidence from the call logs and records of cell tower pings do not quite align with Jay's testimony about the rest of the afternoon.
I'm just saying that by the lack of evidence of Adnan actually doing it, it's impossible, he could have done it. Although the routes are possible to have committed the murder, what motive would he have if he did if he was madly in love with Hae even though she broke up with him. Overall, I would say that although there are more evidence as to if Adnan didn't do the 1999 murder or if Jay did it, there isn't enough good clear evidence as to if he did do it so you can't proceed to a statement as to the decision of his case.
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A Case Study of the Murder of Hae Min Lee by Her Ex-Boyfriend Adnan Syed. (2022, Dec 08).
Retrieved November 4, 2025 , from
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The Skills Parents and Students Can Learn in Brainology by Dr. Carol Dweck
Dr. Carol Dweck, a psychology teacher, is one of the leading researchers in the field of motivation. She wants education and learning and also trainee's success, "I have actually constantly been deeply relocated by impressive achievement and saddened by wasted possibility". In "Brainology", her research verifies that a development state of mind is much more advantageous than a dealt with way of thinking. Moms and dads and also trainees can learn a number of abilities that can be utilized academically and later in life by checking out "Brainology".
It is crucial to understand what sort of way of thinking a trainee has. As it verifies in "Brainology" that it has an influence know grades and also self-actualization. "Those with a development state of mind were a lot more interested in finding out than in simply looking clever in school. Pupils with a fixed frame of mind care a lot about exactly how wise they will certainly show up that they usually deny discovering possibilities" (pg.2). A pupil can alter from a fixed to a growth state of mind by establishing goals as well as accomplishing them with effort. In addition, students have different ideas on initiative. Development attitudes recognize that intelligence is grown by hard work as well as getting rid of obstacles. Those who do not have a development mindset believe that intelligence comes normally and does not need effort. And if a challenge needs initiative, it makes them feel foolish that they can not answer today. Knowing what type of attitude the student has will certainly permit her to alter her future success.
One more ability found out in "Brainology" is potential. A trainee does not fully comprehend their potential up until they are tested. Through difficulties a development mindset gets rid of a trouble and also learns from their mistakes. On the other hand, a dealt with way of thinking gives up when confronted with a strange topic. When they fall short, it is extremely frustrating and also avoids the trainee to become engaged. "It makes errors and also failings bastardizing because they believe that such obstacles show severely on their level of knowledge" (Pg. 1). This reveals the importance on how potential holds a terrific amount of self-respect as well as why all trainees ought to press to their full capabilities.
Similarly crucial relapses obstacles. Dr. Dweck stated in her article, "You can make a strategy of favorable activity that can remedy shortage" (pg. 3). On top of that, growth minds advance positively. Pupils with a development state of mind is not afraid of a challenge yet instead studying more challenging to comprehend what is holding them back. Unlike a set mind, that sheds motivation as well as hesitates of effort. Not just does this influence a pupil's capacities in institution but in the adult years also. She will certainly discover to quit when something becomes too difficult later on in life. Such as, taking on added duties at the workplace for a promo. Finally, Dr. Dweck explains it completely in "Brainology", "It is idea that intelligence can be established that opens students to a love of understanding, an idea in the power of effort and also constructive, figured out reactions to obstacles" (pg. 3).
There are effective and also non-effective ways of giving a praise. As a trainee, any favorable praise is undoubtedly a boost to their self-worth. Yet it can influence them in an unfavorable method if it isn't praised in a certain method. For example, "The children praised for their intelligence shed their self-confidence as soon as the issues obtained more difficult" (pg. 4). Repaired attitude appreciation cultivates the idea that she is clever without hard work. She will certainly after that think that she can do anything because is wise. Then when she is faced with a challenged and can not do, she will merely give up and also fail. On the other hand, "Those applauded for their initiative preserved their self-confidence, their motivation, and also their efficiency" (pg. 4), this development attitude appreciation is sure to set a trainee for success. Due to the fact that it shows her that she will succeed by striving and also placing in initiative. For that reason, it is very important to be careful on just how trainees are commended by their teachers and moms and dads.
Therefore, any trainee or parent can learn many skills from reviewing "Brainology". Additionally, relocate from a dealt with attitude to a development mindset. Their effort, determination, appropriate appreciation, and skills found out will motivate any pupil to reach their complete capacity. As a result, an increasing number of
trainees with a growth frame of mind will certainly be very taken part in their school job and in their future decisions. Dr. Dweck as soon as said, "Educate them that by taking on challenges, making mistakes, as well as putting forth effort, they are making themselves smarter" (pg. 7).
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The Skills Parents and Students Can Learn in Brainology by Dr. Carol Dweck. (2022, Dec 08).
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An Argument against Pro Life (Abortion) because Killing a Fetus is Morally Wrong
Before arguing for the case of abortion, I will contend against it. Arguments against prohibiting abortion are based on the basic assumption of considering a fetus as a human being[Pet16]. It is a universal law that killing an innocent person is morally wrong[App16]. Since fetus has life and entails a personhood, rights and a moral worth, and it is morally wrong to deprive someone of their moral worth[Don89]. Therefore, abortion is tantamount to killing which is morally wrong[Law13].
On the contrary, some philosophers challenge the status of the fetus as a person on the grounds that there is no distinct point of declaring a fetus a human being[Bai01]. Also, there are some cases when there is no moral harm in terminating fetus even if its personhood is determined in some arbitrary way[Phe09]. For example, if the life of a woman is in danger due to a fetus, abortion is morally right[Mar73]. Moreover, a woman is free to choose for herself if she wants an abortion or wants to carry through[Kat14]. Therefore, for the reasons mentioned above, it is cogent to let the women decide for herself on the question of abortion and allow her if she wants to proceed with abortion or otherwise[Ber12].
As far as my opinion is concerned, the argument for abortion seems more plausible to me. Since women are masters of their own bodies and have exclusive rights over them, therefore, they should be allowed to decide whatever they deem fit for themselves and the society[Jud71]. Moreover, there are some specific situations when even anti-abortionist agrees for abortion. Therefore, abortion is supported by all on basis of circumstances and it is mere a matter of settings and choices. A common myth is that if abortion were outlawed, all of the unwanted children would be adopted. The cold hard fact is that unwanted children would cause more problems for our society. This statement is one that no one wants to hear. The idea of unwanted children scares many Americans, and thinking of what unwanted children must live through is even scarier.
In summary, anti-abortionists assume fetus as a human being with moral worth and claim against abortion as abortion equals killing of a human being. However, those who contend for abortion argue that personhood argument is flawed and women must be given a choice over the issue. One view that pro-life may feel is that pro- choice means pro-abortion.
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An Argument Against Pro Life (Abortion) Because Killing a Fetus is Morally Wrong. (2022, Dec 08).
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Pro-Choice and Pro-Life Views of Abortion in the United Kingdom
Abortion has become one of the most questioned subjects in the U.K. Abortion is the destruction of the unborn child while it is still in the womb. There are several perspectives towards abortion, the two groups of people suggesting are Pro-life, who are those versus abortion, and, Pro option, those that think it is the female s right to chose if she wants to have a discontinuation.
The Pro-choice, group think that ladies must have the ability to delight in, like guys, the right to make a decision whether they want to end up being a parent. A man can take out from a connection as soon as he learns about a pregnancy, as well as can pick whether to approve duty for their child, it is argued that women should have the option of abortion so they as well can pick duty.
Pro-choice advocates believe that as contraceptives can fall short, and due to the fact that they are not constantly offered or feasible to use, abortion is essential so individuals can establish whether as well as when to birth a child. A solitary parent or a pair can make this decision. Pro-choice say, couples need to have the choice of abortion so they can start or increase their families when they really feel prepared and also able to look after a brand-new child.
Pro-choicers argue that abortion makes it feasible for people to select the variety of children they desire, and also to develop the kind of family life they want. Maternity and childbirth can avoid ladies from maintaining tasks, feeding their family members, as well as from offering others in methods they consider required and also ideal. Pregnancy may identify whether a woman gets to complete her education. This will influence her capacity to support herself as well as her family members; it is suggested ladies must be permitted to have an abortion so this doesn t occur.
Pro-choice individuals state that all people are provided some inalienable right ensured by the constitution. Among those opportunities is the right to handbag happiness. Having a kid can often interrupt a woman s joy. Even if she decides to give the child up for fostering she still has the burden of bring it for nine months. These individuals believe that eliminating this right would be invading a female s constitutional liberty, and that having the option to opt for an abortion can avoid unneeded hardship or misery.
Pro-choicers specify that the undesirable child endures which this is unfair. Several mothers of undesirable children are very young as well as unskilled or too inadequate to deal with the youngster. As a result, the child can usually be malnourished, have no medical care, as well as will certainly get really little focus or love. Often an unwanted child has an inadequate education and learning due to the lack of interest and also discipline it obtains. Kids like these usually grow up to be unsuccessful and lots of get associated with medicines as well as criminal offense. These individuals can be violent and doing not have in principles as a result of the small amount of care they got. In the long run not just does the child experience yet additionally culture, who have to tolerate the human s fierce actions and also crimes. The pro-choicers think, having the alternative to carry out an abortion can conquer that challenge.
Nevertheless, pro-life, protestors bring a solid disagreement as well. A fertilized egg is not just a mass of cells, it is alive. Observations of the fetal motions in abortions indicate that the fetus experiences pain as it passes away. As a result a live kid is being killed. This is called murder. It is immoral to kill, for that reason abortion is immoral. Many pro-lifers state there is a far better means to address our troubles than by killing kids. They feel a fertilized egg is one of the most gorgeous, innocent being we might ever before produce, and also can retrieve also the most awful of our mistakes.
Pro-life, believers think, if a lady decides to have sex, what takes place after the event is her obligation. And if you are going to select to join this risky as well as harmful technique after that you need to prepare to face the repercussions.
Ultimately pro-life believe abortion can leave a psychological strain on a lady. Many become confused and also overwhelmed by feelings they assumed they would never ever have. Lots of women assumed that an abortion would solve their issues, but after they understand they are changed by one more set of predicaments.
Usually ladies go into deep anxieties, this is one of the worst side effects of having an abortion, and the majority of females don t believe it will happen to them since they are as well hectic trying to deal with the instant trouble.
In summary, a female s right to pick might validate abortion, yet it could be outlawed due to the fact that it is an immoral act. Females have been offered the right to have an abortion, yet the pro-life groups that remain to defend the right of the unborn youngster are still opposing.
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Pro-Choice and Pro-Life Views of Abortion in the United Kingdom. (2022, Dec 08).
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https://studydriver.com/2022/12/page/8/
The Debate about Whether Pro Life (Abortion) is Justified
The discussion rages on - is abortion warranted? And under what circumstances? It refers which takes priority over the various other; the right to live or the right to pick. The psychological position to take would certainly be that life is precious and should be protected in all prices as well as any type of efforts to strike this right is immoral. Nevertheless, upon closer examination of the real issue handy, it may become clear to any logical individual that, under a lot of scenarios, abortion is reasonably moral. There are, obviously, no apparent yes or no response to whether abortion is ethical yet considering the medical and social aspects, the various other troubles associated with casual sex as well as the ungrounded arguments presented by the pro-life lobbyists, abortion can not be thought about immoral.
There are flawlessly justified medical factors for abortion. A large portion of all children birthed in a population will certainly be affected with some type of birth defect or an additional. This certainly does not mean that the kid ought to be terminated because of minor flaws. Nevertheless, it does not really make sense to bring youngsters with extreme mental retardation or conditions right into an unforgiving world. Some youngsters may be born with incurable and incurable condition. Rather than permitting the youngster to die gradually as well as painfully, eliminating the fetus before it can begin really feeling discomfort makes more feeling. Significant issues throughout the birth procedure, which can bring about the fatality of both mom and also child, can additionally be stayed clear of using abortion.
Though there is little debate related to clinical factors for abortion, social factors depend on a grayer area. Indeed, it is often tough for women to justify an abortion outside of clinical premises. Nonetheless, it is unfair for females to be forced to proceed maternities produced by rape or incest. Even if the kid is not born with birth defects, he or she will undoubtedly lack a father figure as well as the love of a mother. In many cases, she or he will certainly be absolutely nothing greater than a consistent suggestion to the mom of the abhorrent criminal activity dedicated against her years ago. In poorer societies where there is a scarceness of welfare for orphans and clingy, alienation from typical society is unavoidable. A lot of abandoned kids are not likely to overcome the shocking chances, for this reason the high death price in such societies. Surely, consequently, extreme suffering for both the mother and the youngster can be significantly reduced by abortion.
The core of the issue is really civils rights. The right to live has been globally accorded to all people regardless of citizenship, race or ideological background. In spite of the clinical as well as social reasons, several feel that deliberately murdering a human being for whatever reason can not be justified. This is possibly the grayest location of all, can the fetus be considered human? If so, why or if not, why not? Extensive research study for both doctors and researchers has aided to alleviate this quandary rather. It has actually been accepted by doctors as well as scientists worldwide that the foetus can not be considered human till twenty-eight weeks after conception, as till after that, the heart, nervous system and also lungs are not yet developed. The capability to feel, believe and have an unique life of our own is what makes us human, hence it might not be right to accord human rights to a fetus. Taking its life under special situations can, consequently, be ethically warranted.
There are many others arguments versus abortion from different quarters. Some really feel that abortion is immoral due to the fact that it takes away the sense of obligation they feel every person ought to have when it come to sex. They really feel that promiscuous women leave too very easy by aborting accidental youngsters prior to resuming their everyday regimens. These people do not understand that abortion is a serious penalty unto itself. Lots of females that have actually undergone abortion, also for medical factors, have needed to go with intensive mental treatment to treat symptoms of anxiety, trauma along with recurring problems of infants taken in blood. Hence abortion can provide women an opportunity to start life anew without making it any easier for them, in contrast to what several believe. The threat of Sexually transmitted diseases is also ubiquitous as well as any type of street-smart as well as cautious lady would hesitate prior to taking part in casual sex anyway.
The other significant debate versus abortion is the worry of playing God. Pro-life supporters like The Christian Union advise against playing God and also the threatening effects of doing so. From a logical viewpoint, this disagreement is unwarranted due to the fact that we have actually been playing God ever since the birth of modern technology centuries back. Technology and also scientific research have actually always been the ways whereby people take things right into their very own hands and also make things feasible, hence, all points considered, there is absolutely nothing incorrect with playing God for the appropriate objective.
Nevertheless, under certain circumstances, abortion is absolutely unethical. Often, traditional pairs terminate female kids. It is also undesirable to terminate children that are more than twenty-eight weeks old as studies show that the nerve system, heart and also other significant body organs enter being at this point, making the child human adequate to be accorded the right to live under all circumstances. It is required, therefore, for females to make the tough decision as early as possible.
Abortion is the lower of two evils. It definitely can not be taken into consideration completely moral or simply to terminate incipient life but all points taken into consideration, it is the recommended option. Obdurate entrance hall groups may succeed active laws versus abortion however much from healing the problem, they would just be driving it underground. Prior to the birth of modern technology and tidy techniques of abortion, ladies consulted quacks or, worse still, took radical actions to accomplish abortion themselves. It was not uncommon for many to deliberately drop flights of staircases, consume poisonous substance or insert sharp items right into their uterus in a hopeless attempt to terminate the child. Females will certainly terminate if they intend to. It is, consequently, a moral activity on our part to support clinically approved means of abortion under rigorous guidance to prevent malpractice.
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The Debate About Whether Pro Life (Abortion) Is Justified. (2022, Dec 08).
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Criminal Justice and the Media Biases and Misrepresentations
As I walk down the street and also spot a policeman, I suddenly attempt to serve as typical as feasible and also obtain anxious, fearing the officer will certainly stop me just for being questionable. Many of my fears of the cops stem from their representation by the media as strict by the book enforcers and brutal abusers of pressure. While police gets such a negative photo that is not constantly real, they serve an essential function in our neighborhood.
As a nation, we elect to have laws that control the limits to our behavior. However, if these regulations are unenforced, they are inadequate. As an approach to deter criminal activity, we create punishments that individuals run the risk of if they go against a regulation. Part of a policeman's job entails such enforcement of the law-they may release a penalty such as a ticket to a person that runs a red light. This responsibility of a policeman contributes to the unfavorable sight the American culture offers the police as they are related to punishing as well as quiting people to apply the law. Taking into account countering our sight that police are exclusively available to provide penalties, Inciardi states that their peacekeeping activities also consist of "areas of civil service such as routing traffic, resolving conflicts ... as well as delivering infants" (Inciardi 182). Hence, it is safe to claim that we choose our police officer for activities that broaden a lot additionally than just decreasing crime.
Putting police working does not come without an expense to our civil liberties. For instance, the security activity of a police officer horns in my personal privacy as I walk along the sidewalk. It gives the police authority over exclusive people that may or may dislike losing their autonomy. This is demonstrated when Inciardi mentions a police onlooker that gives an example that demonstrates this loss of autonomy-the individual in the example would call the cops rather than firing the individual that is trying to lower his tree, hence he loses his right to use pressure and also gives it up to the police (Inciardi 184-185).
Via approaches of prejudice, the media can skew our sight of cops towards the extra adverse view of doing not have control of their use force. A clear example of this remains in an article created by Michael Snyder specifying: "Just this week, there have actually been stories regarding cops killing a child deer at an animal sanctuary, about police eliminating a 95-year-old World War II veteran in a retirement home ..." (Snyder). This bias by omission intends to provoke a popular opinion disregarding the many more favorable payments such as keeping the streets secure that the police given during the week. One more vital element to the media's coverage of law enforcement is that it prejudices in order to favor earnings. With the George Zimmerman as well as Trayvon Martin instance, according to Jaime Ortega, the media "turned the entire instance right into a racially prejudiced solo prosecution to promote his shame and sponsor an anti-Zimmerman project that would certainly last for over a year" (Ortega). This emphasis prejudices the case by spin as well as noninclusion of facts such as Trayvon Martin's past record, preferring a one sided view that Zimmerman must be punished. By doing so, the issue can be blown up right into a much hotter subject that raises money for the news as well as protestor teams sustaining Trayvon. Attaching this back to police circumstances, the authorities eliminating a child deer is an instance of an abnormal act that is even more interesting than a story that a police officer succeeds in directing traffic on an active road, hence it will increase even more money for the media.
Police with its defense of our safety and also peacekeeping certainly does even more great than harm. It is just our misunderstandings and prejudices that the media provides that make us really feel as it is the other way around.
Works Cited
- Inciardi, James A. Criminal Justice. Boston: McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2010. Print.
- Ortega, Jaime. "Media Bias: The Case of Trayvon Martin and Chris Lane."Thedailyjournalist.com. The Daily Journalist, 30 Aug. 2013. Web. 23 Oct. 2013.
- Snyder, Michael. "Why Have Police In America Turned Into Such Ruthless Thugs?"Infowars.com. N.p., 9 Aug. 2013. Web. 22 Oct. 2013.
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An Argument that the Media and the World Focuses Differently on Matters of Pro Life (Abortion)
The dispute on abortion has turned into one of the most divisive and irrationally controversial issues of our time, developed into a legal and also political power battle with no long-term resolution in sight. Every argument that the media and the world focuses on is the distinctions, rather after that the common ground. This subject is a very sensitive subject to lots of people, even more towards females though. I select to write about how do we or ought to we translate moral absolutes in a pluralist democracy regarding the subject of abortion. When one thinks about this subject numerous concerns emerge. The many concerns that develop contain what is thought about human, is an unborn child inside the mommies womb just a glob of cells, or should it be considered an infant?
There are a lot of concerns that both sides use to debate. There are 2 sides to this discussion, pro-choice as well as pro-life. What makes one think that abortion is right, as well as what makes one believe that abortion is wrong. Many pro-life as well as pro-choice supporters can not even precisely mention the opposites' placement; and lots of people can not even specify their very own setting in a manner they would certainly fit with after even just a couple of inquiries that get them to reflect on it.Before deciding if one is pro-choice or pro-life you would certainly need to specify the preferred inquiry, when does human life begin? There are 3 various concepts people look from. There is the theological or religious belief confidence, philosophic, as well as biologic theories.
The religious beliefs can be broken down right into three statements. The first declaration is that people think that there is god, as well as every heart developed by god is human. The 2nd declaration people may think is that they additionally rely on god but that a human is not developed till birth. The third declaration individuals might think is that they do not count on god, or spirits. The philosophic theory thinks that a human is developed when a heart beat exists, or when there is mind function. The biologic theory is one where individuals believe that an unborn child is considered human when conception or fertilization happens. The front runner that I am going to blog about would need to be pro-choice.
Pro-choice individuals believe that the fetus that is creating in the motherâEURTMs womb is not a human, but a mass of cells. A mommy should have the selection, nevertheless it is her body, and if she wishes to have an abortion then let her because she need to control what is done to her body. Pro-choice thinks that having abortions done lawfully manages the amount of people go into back alleys and also have it done unlawfully. This typically causes the fatality of the mother. If abortion is lawful, and a woman has this treatment done, then it will certainly aid the variety of abused children decrease. One of one of the most over used subjects that the pro-choice followers utilize is the truth regarding rape. They think that when an individual is raped, she must have the right to have an abortion.
The pro-life followers believe that even if a lady is raped, that the unborn child should not have to pay. Many pro-choice people believe that adolescent sex is wrong, or having sex before marriage is wrong. These are the point of views of individuals. There are no regulations mentioning that you canâEURTMt make love before marital relationship, and that you canâEURTMt make love when you are a teen. Pro- life ideas are different, much different. When one is pro-life, they are for life. They donâEURTMt rely on abortions and also believe that it is morally and morally wrong. Some pro-life ideas and pro-choice ideas that they can actually settle on is that the ovum, spermatozoa, hair follicle, skin cell, etcâEUR ¦ are all types of human life since the egg as well as spermatozoa live.
They all have human DNA. Although the egg as well as spermatozoa are not human they still consider it to be to life. They can both concur that a newborn is human and that it is entitled to protection.Back to the popular inquiry, when is a human life created. This is where the two teams truly have their differences. Pro life followers believe that a baby is created at perception, as well as professional choice followers believe that a human is created when either a fetus loses it gill slits as well as begins to resemble animal, fetus begins to look human,, can endure outside the mommies womb, or at birth. These issues will certainly never be cleared up between both groups.
My side of the discussion is that I am professional life. Abortion, in my point of view, is murder. This topic is extremely touchy to me thinking about that I just lately had an infant, as well as I couldnâEURTMt think of life without her currently. Abortion is just incorrect. If someone makes love, they should need to pay the consequences. There are a lot of couples available that intend to take on children. If a lady doesnâEURTMt believe she can elevate a child, she might put them up for fostering. That is a far better choice, after that to simply terminate. Consequences-based argument regarding abortions.
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The Three most Common Diseases in Ethiopia: Pneumonia, HIV/AIDS, and Malaria
Ethiopia is a country that is very populated in Africa that struggles with income. This country is part of a land group called the Horn of Africa. It is “a peninsula in the East African region, that protrudes from the eastern edge of the continent of Africa. It lies South of the Gulf of Aden and Southwest to the Red Sea” (Maps of World). Trade is something that this peninsula takes advantage of by exporting products that other parts of the world may want in order to make money. This country is surrounded by land, but there is still an abundant water supply throughout some parts of Ethiopia. There are a few different things that this country ships like coffee, vegetables, animals, electrical machinery and footwear (World’s Top Exports). These exports make Ethiopia have a higher income than other countries in Africa. Although there is money coming into the country, Ethiopia is still considered a low-income country because 24% of the people living there are below the poverty line. Ethiopia also happens to be the second most populated in Africa, so there are a lot of things this country needs to have in order for all of the citizens to have a good immune system. There are some fairly healthy people living within the borders, but this is not quite as good as it may seem. While there is a high amount of healthy citizens for such a low-income country, there are still plenty of health conditions that are present today. Even with the increase in overall health among the population, health risks are still highly present. The three main health concerns that affect Ethiopia today are pneumonia, HIV/AIDS, and malaria. Although there are some organizations to help with the health concerns, they are still very common and improving the prevention rate from increasing is important with the overall health of the country.
Most diseases that are contracted in third-world countries could have easily been prevented with good healthcare, money, and the right supplies. Pneumonia no different. According to Mayo Clinic, pneumonia is a disease that fills a person’s lungs with liquid and as a result makes it difficult to breath; chest pain is present along with coughing up the fluid in the lungs. Pneumonia is not very common in high-income countries because treatment is very expensive and recovery is usually very fast. Poverty is the main reason this disease is as such a high rate with the cost of strong vaccines being very high. According to UNICEF pneumonia mostly affects children under five, “accounting for 15 per cent (sic) of deaths, or approximately 940,000 children per year – but deaths from the disease have declined by 44 per cent (sic) since 2000.” Although the decline of pneumonia has gone down almost half, there is still a huge amount of deaths with children. With an underdeveloped healthcare system in Ethiopia that is not able to fully support the whole country. There have bepneen some improvements with how many people can be treated, but with half the country below the poverty line, finding affordable health care is difficult for most. There are organizations like Human Extension Workers or HEW who offer free healthcare to people who need basic things like “emergency services, inpatient hospitals and physician care” (US Legal). “As of 2015 there were more than 38,000 HEWs like Ms. Muluemebet working in over 16,000 health posts across the country. Each health post serves around 5,000 people, meaning the vast majority of Ethiopia’s population of 99 million are within reach of free, basic health care.” Having posts that offer free healthcare is an important step to take in order to help people. With the huge amount of people to care for, there are some issues with preventing these diseases again. The access for this kind of healthcare is more manageable than having to go to a hospital because it’s free, and they are spread out.
While pneumonia is a common problem, there is also another big health issue that’s not just specific to Ethiopia; HIV and AIDS is also a major health concern. AIDS is common all throughout the world, but is especially found in third world countries like Ethiopia.
The last health concern that is most prevalent in Ethiopia is malaria. Malaria is transferred by mosquitoes to humans or other animals. The symptoms include an enlarged liver, reduced red blood cells, fever and an enlarged spleen.
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Pathophysiology of Community Acquired Pneumonia
Pneumonia is acute infection of the lung, that can be caused by an infectious agent such as bacteria, fungus, virus, or parasitic (Franco, 2017, p. 621). These infectious agents reach the lungs through several ways, either through aspiration, inhalation, or hematogenous spread from other infection in the body (Lewis et al., 2017, p. 500).
Pneumonia can be classified as community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), or hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP). To be categorized as CAP, patient that has the pneumonia should not been hospitalized or resided in long-term care facility within the last 14 days from onset. For HAP, patient has the pneumonia within 48 hours after hospitalization, non-intubated and the symptoms was not present when patient was admitted (Lewis et al., 2017, p. 501).
Types of microorganism that causing CAP are almost bacterial, but about five to ten percent of the cases are caused by virus. The most common bacteria that causing CAP is Streptococcus pneumoniae, a gram-positive bacteria (Franco, 2017, p. 624). CAP also can be caused by fungal infection, and according to Central for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), CAP that caused by fungus is on the rise in southwestern United States, like California or Arizona. The disease is named Coccidioidomycosis, or more well known as valley fever.
Despites of pneumonia types and different organism that causing it, the disease process is almost the same. After the infectious agent infiltrate the lungs, it triggers inflammatory reaction from the body. During the inflammation, the blood flow and the vascular permeability are increase. This increasement activates the neutrophils, type of white blood cells that engulf the microorganism. Since more and more neutrophils attracted to inflammation site, it causes edema in the airway and the fluid from the capillaries and the tissue goes to the alveoli. Alveoli that has fluid in it cannot do its job to exchange gas properly. This condition causes ventilation – perfusion mismatch (V/Q mismatch), leading to hypoxia, low oxygen level on tissue level (Lewis et al., 2017, p. 502). The condition which the alveoli is inflamed and filled with fluid is called congestion. The next progression of pneumonia is consolidation stage, where neutrophils, red blood cell and fibrin (exudates) fill the alveoli. Furthermore, in advance stage of consolidation, the fluid with red blood cell, fibrin and pulmonary cells in the alveoli forming a solid mass (Franco, 2017, p. 623).
Manifestation of pneumonia associated with bacterial infection or fungal infection are cough (either productive or nonproductive), fever, fatigue, pleuritic chest pain, shortness of breath, crackles on lung sounds, tachycardia, tachypnea, dyspnea (Lewis et al., 2017, p. 502). RS complaint of shortness of breath, cough and chest pain when she arrived in ASVH emergency room, which reflecting the pneumonia symptoms.
Common diagnostic studies that used to diagnosed pneumonia is chest radiography (chest x-ray). Since pneumonia causing inflammatory exudate, the x-ray will show opacification on the lobe(s) of the lung (Franco, 2017, p. 628). In RS’s chest x-ray result, there was several spots of opacification on left lower lobe shown, which conform the diagnosis, CAP on left lower lobe. From the x-ray result, physician also able to know that she did not have any complication from CAP, such as pleurisy (inflammation of pleura), pneumothorax, or pleural effusion (collection of fluid in pleural space).
Throat culture, blood culture and computed tomography (CT scan) also used to determine the cause agent of the pneumonia. Since RS was not responded to empiric antibiotic treatment (Azithromycin) on outpatient basis, CT scan result is very important to determine the right treatment. From the CT scan result, numerous nodules with ground glass opacification are noted on both lungs, which represent the congestion process of pneumonia. On the left lobe, CT scan noted nodular opacification that indicate consolidation stage. Atelectasis also seen on RS’s both lung bases. The CT finding could represent infection disease that can be caused either fungus or bacteria. Thus, RS’s physician and pulmonologist also diagnosed her with suspected valley fever while waiting for the culture resulted.
The main treatment for pneumonia is antibiotic therapy. For CAP, empiric antibiotic should be prescribed as soon as possible to prevent complication. For healthy people without comorbidities and has no allergy to azithromycin, macrolide (erythromycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin) is the first drug of choice. Tetracycline also can be used to treat CAP without comorbidities if patient has allergy to macrolide. RS reported that she had finished the azithromycin antibiotic prior hospitalization without any improvement in her condition. Based on CT result, RS than treated with treated with antifungal medication (Fluconazole) and antibiotic ?-lactam (Piperacillin-Tazobactam).
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Antibiotics should be Used Sparingly: the Risk of not Curing Pneumonia and other Diseases
Antibiotics: More Harm Than Good
The innovation of anti-biotics was done to deal with immensely solid diseases and not to be overdiagnosed. This overuse of antibiotics has actually influenced people overall tolerance to them, fending them useless in events. Overusing prescription antibiotics will create them to adjust and also expand stronger, just the reduced use of them can stop their advancing.
Anti-biotics are being excessive used for conditions as well as are advancing faster than we can discover a remedy for them. An example of a disease is pneumonia, an instance of it has developed so much that not antibiotic can treat it. "Apparently, this brand-new "superbug," MRSA, was suddenly causing pneumonias as well as significant bone and also skin infections so hazardous that children were dying as a result of a lack of a reliable antibiotic" (CBS News). Excessive using prescription antibiotics are triggering deaths and there is no other way to save them. It is not feasible to turn around the impacts of overusing prescription antibiotics, people can only avoid this by not visiting a medical professional over infections or a tiny case of strep throat. "Another instance of excessive using anti-biotics is a youngster named Nicholas. He went from a sprained shoulder to a respiratory failure that numerous prescription antibiotics might not treat. Ultimately Nicholas was provided a strong antibiotic called vancomycin that is utilized as an antibiotic of last resource. Today it is being utilized a lot more regularly when it is not required" (CBS News). Anti-biotics can not used as typically as one day there will certainly be no remedy to anything, the globe will be full of superbugs.
Not only are antibiotics being overused in illness, but in our food supply too. Anti-biotics are most frequently discovered in our meat and was examined to be located in thousands of livestock. "Separately, scientists at the Agriculture Department and the Department of Health and Human Services reported that testing of hundreds of animals and retail meats turned up the very same colistin-resistant microorganisms in a sample from a pig intestinal tract in the United States"( The Washington Post). Farmers are offering prescription antibiotics to their animals to help them grow much faster and be larger available. Making money is more crucial than the health of the nation to them. These diseases are being passed indirectly. "We may soon be dealing with a world where CRE infections are untreatable"( The Washington Post). Just ending the use or reducing of antibiotics in animals can reduce or stop this procedure..
Superbugs are advancing and also there is no other way that we can cure them with more prescription antibiotics. Anti-biotics were designed just sixty years back and disease has actually currently evolved past our new inventions." The antibiotic age is really only 60 years of ages, yet as we get more and more resistance taking place, it acts an increasing number of like the pre-antibiotic era, says Daum"( CBS News). Over one hundred as well as fifty million dollars were offered to the Central Disease Department and were used to enhance regional wellness divisions (CBS News). If brand-new anti-biotics are not able to be developing after that there is only one choice left, to quit using them as typically and also when not needed. Refraining from unneeded antibiotic use can quit the advancement of superbugs.
Antibiotics must merely be made use of for dealing with harmful services as well as not for immune system curable viruses. Animals must be treated with less or no antibiotics to help lower the quantity of indirect contact with a disease. Superbugs can not be quit as well as they can not be turned around, but they can be utilized to slow their development. By decreasing their growth this might trigger researchers to find a more powerful and reliable treatment.
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Frederick Griffith Formulating New Vaccine for Pneumonia Begins Testing in Mice
Biology Assignment
Frederick Griffith is a scientist that was attempting to find an injection for pneumonia. The reason for his experiment was to see if injections of warmth eliminated virulent microorganisms would kill the mice. He discovered that the mix of online non-virulent bacteria as well as heat-killed microorganisms would certainly eliminate the computer mice. The result would certainly be live encapsulated infective microorganisms. This experiment came to be known as makeover that was named the transforming variable.
Together With O.T. Avery at Rockefeller university. He understood that the work that they found out that from one gene of a varieties or germs cell could be handed down or could be inherited. By his exploration they found that DNA is composed of nucleotides each consisting of a Nitrogen base, a deoxyribose sugar, and also a phosphate group.
His exploration was slowly acknowledged. As a result of germs, they were considered prokaryotes and were thought about lower as well as different. They assumed that it was too basic that DNA contained just 4 various nucleotides.
In 1952 Alfred D. Hershey as well as Martha Chase found out what genetic info directs the syntheses of new infections within microorganisms cells. The experiment were two separate stages one with DNA labeled the other with the healthy protein labled. They found that 35s had actually remained outside the microbial cells with the viral coats vacant. For the 32 p had gotten in the cells, contaminated them and caused the new item of viral fragments. That left DNA the only genetic product of bacteriophage.
Alfred Mirsky discovered that somatic cells of a types contain equal quantities of DNA. But the cremates, nonetheless did not carry as much DNA as somatic cells they lugged the # of somatic cells. Erwin Chargaff made a 2nd payment to Mirshys exploration. Chargaff analyzed the nitrogen bases of various living things and also discovered that, the nitrogen bases do not happen equal. They differ from species to types. In his research study of purines and pyrimidines the adenine and thymine were extremely close as well as guanine and cytosine.
Linus Pauling in 1950s clarified that proteins create in a helix and is held by hydrogen bonds. Yet later discovered by X ray studies by Rosalind Franklin and also Maurice Watkins. They verified that it was a giant helix. So Pauling was appropriate in finding it was a helix.
James Watson as well as Francis Crick established the helix structure called Watson crick version. Offered in 1953 it created 4 nitrogen bases. Adenine, guanine and also thymine and cytosine. Each containing one set of bases. X-ray diffraction photos of DNA by Rosalind Franklin showed their experiment or information.
Rosalind Franklin was I really feel the bases of the Watson crick model. It was her information that was utilized and also they place it together to create the design. Without her knowledge Watson as well as crick would never completed what they did without her searchings for. To now some individuals have said that she had nothing to do with the data in the Watson Crick version. Some have claimed that her work was taken or plagiarised by Watson as well as Crick.
It was while Friedrich Miescher was servicing pus cells at Tubingen in 1869 where he made his fundamental discovery. It was thought that such cells were made mainly of proteins, but Miescher noted the existence of something that can not belong amongst any one of the healthy protein compounds recognized hitherto. In fact he had the ability to show that it was not protein whatsoever, being untouched by the protein- absorbing enzyme pepsin. He also revealed that the new compound was stemmed from the core of the cell alone as well as a result called it nuclein. Miescher was quickly able to show that nuclein could be acquired from other cells as well as was unusual in having phosphorus in addition to the usual ingredients of organic molecules-carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen. It was not up until 1871 that Misters paper, delayed by Hoppe-Seyler was released. In it he introduced the existence of nonprotein phosphorus containing molecule in the cores of a bigger number of cells.
The role of the particle played in the cell was not revealed up until the framework of nucleic acid, as Richard Altmann renamed it in 1889, was announced by James Watson and also Francis Crick in 1953. Miescher remained to work on the nuclein extracted from the sperm of the Rhine salmon for the rest of his life. He spent a great deal of time on the chemistry of fertilizing. However Miescher failed to follow up his idea, to check out physical models of fertilization. However, other chemists excitedly used up his work with the nuclein, as well as by 1893 Albrecht Kossel had actually been successful in acknowledging 4 nucleic acid bases.
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An Understanding of the Pro-Choice and Pro-Life of Abortion
Abortion the pros and cons, peoples ideas, pro-choice and also pro-life decisions. Pro-choice people suggest that ladies have a fundamental right to end their unwanted pregnancies, as well as a lot of pro-life people believe that the fetus is a human and also to have an abortion is murder. Presently there are no regulations in Connecticut that ban abortion. There is no age limit as well as no waiting duration. It is lawful in Connecticut to have an abortion. In the 1973 the Supreme Court regulationed in Roe v. Wade that having an abortion throughout the onset of pregnancy is a constitutional right. There are two placements on the issue. Pro-choice and also Pro-life. The question is not are you for or versus it is climate or otherwise a fetus is or is not a human going to the time of conception. Numerous pro-life supporters claim that the solution is conception. The minute when a mans sperm and also a womens egg. are joined. "Then the fetus is formed as an unique person that is enabled to create easily. would expand to operate separately." So abortion is wrong. Many pro-choice supporters argue that human life starts at viability, the moment when a fetus can endure outside the mommies womb. That is why they believe abortion is a fine decision to make.
Pro-life supporters think that an infants life begins at fertilization. They state "That right to be bom overrides the mothers right to choose concerning her body since her choices to abort affect the life of another person, the coming child." To them abortion is "murder." They claim that "Its not a choice its a youngster." Pro-life advocates say "That there are other options other than abortions theres adortion, or family parenting." "To eliminate an inocent baby is just wrong."
Pro-choice supporters think that every ladies has a right to end her undesirable pregnancies. They believe that "every females has a standard right to make decisions that effect her body without disturbance from the Federal government. "They believe that the human life begins when the unborn child is able to live outside the mommies womb. In that instance life begins when the lungs, kidneys, as well as various other vital body organs are established. In Roe v. Wade they suggest that the state can restrict abortion only after fetal stability. Pro-choice strongly sustain that. This is what I believe that is in the best intrest of the females. I have to include that I am pro-choice but just in particular cases. For a ladies to use abortion as a form of contraception after that I do not concur. For a women that has been raped, remains in danger of death if she has the baby, or if insest is entailed is the only time that I agree with abortion. I do not think that they must outlaw abortion I think that they should place a limitation on it. If someone is available in to get an abortion just because they do not want the baby then that is murder, if they have a very resonable factor then I think it is right.
If I were to have to do something regarding the problem I would create letters to the state as well as tell them exactly how I really feel. I would certainly place a tale in the newspaper allowing people know my viewpoint. I might even most likely to an abortion facility and observe the pickiters as well as right here there viewpoints and be open minded towards them.
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The Classification, Causes and Treatment of Bronchiolitis Obliterans Organizing Pneumonia
Bronchiolitis Obliterans Organizing Pneumonia: BOOP. The quality of organizing pneumonia is the look of granulized cells in the distal bronchioles. BOOP can be classified by 1) its cause 2) the reason is undetermined 3) its cryptogenic arranging pneumonia (idiopathic kind). Concerning half of all instances of BOOP are idiopathic. BOOP on x-ray can also be puzzled with chronic eosiniphillic pneumonia (CEP). The distinction between both is that BOOP has debt consolidation in the lower lobes of the lung as well as CEP combination is found in the top lobes. The definitive diagnosis of BOOP boils down to cells biopsy. Conditions that create BOOP are radiation therapy, infections, drugs/toxins, connective tissue illness, immuno-supressed states, and also various problems. When there is a cancer cells in the bronchi or breast cancer and also the ipsilateral lung develops BOOP, the radiation treatment causes BOOP.
The only usual sort of infection that triggers BOOP is pseudomonas aeruginosa. The various other kinds are coxiella burnetili, mycoplasma, pneumocystis carinii, flu A, measles, HIV, Parvovirus, chlamydia as well as plasmodium B19. When BOOP takes place together with drugs/toxins the usual medicine reasons are minocin, cephalasporins, acebutolol, sulfasalazine, macrodantin, cordarone, tegretol, Dilantin, and also betapace. The toxins include L-tryptophan intake, sauropus androgynous vegetable poisoning, gold, paint aerosols, nylon flock employees and also silo fillers disease, free-base cocaine, as well as smoke breathing. Connective cells diseases include rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, ulcerative colitis, Crohn condition, systemic lupus, biliary cirrhosis and also thyroiditis. The immuno reduced causes are commonly due to body organ hair transplant, aids, cancer and also ards. Among the assorted root causes of BOOP is menstruation and pregnancy relevant. Medically, BOOP influences ages 40-70 yet has actually been reported in children.
The program frequently complies with a flu-like signs and symptoms, disease long-term 1-4months with consistent non effective coughing, dyspnea on physical effort, low quality despair, pyrexia as well as weight loss. When there is no response to prescription antibiotics, boop can be thought over pneumonia. There are lung crepitations, and PFT will show a limiting pattern with decreased DLCO and also workout associated hypoxemia. Breast x-ray is a great indicator yet CT scan is shorter. The only therapy for BOOP are steroids and all various other treatments are encouraging (i.e. Oxygen, ventilator).
When BOOP is believed, bronchoscopy is a common procedure. When a biopsy is taken there is generally a rise in the normal amount of lymphs 20-40%, eosinophils 5%, neutrophils 10% as well as macrophages present. Breast x-ray will reveal bilateral/unilateral patchy alveolar consolidation in the lower wattles. The debt consolidation is non-segmental and concerning 2-6 cm in location with the existence of blemishes 3-5 mm seen in half of all instances. CT check discloses patchy ground-glass opacities, reciprocal basal airspace combination, bronchial wall thickening and also cylindrical extension. Although both of these diagnostic strategies are detailed they can be puzzled with other interstitial, neoplastic or inflammatory illness as well as biopsy is truth indicator of BOOP.
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An Essay on Pro Life Versus Abortion
Daily, an overwhelming quantity of human beings' lives are ended. The offender: undesirable pregnancies. Many woman are (not voluntarily), becoming pregnant as a result of harmful sex, rape, as well as other points. So what is one to do when they discover that they're expecting? They have some choices: (1) have the child as well as elevate it (2) have the youngster, then provide it up for fostering (3) obtain an abortion. Regretfully, numerous ladies choose different 3, unaware of what they're getting themselves into. Abortion is very terrible to the infant as well as even harms the mommy. It is murder!
There are several treatments for abortions, all terrible and pain bring upon on the child. Suction Goal (vacuum cleaner curettage) makes up for 98% of very first trimester abortions. The cervix is first expanded. Then a suction tube with a sharp cutting edge is placed which rips the child to items. It after that draws out all the remains. If the mother waits till the 3rd trimester (when the child is a lot more developed), after that she has to have Partial Birth Abortion. Making use of Ultra-sound, the medical professional orders the child's legs and also displace all but the head. Scissors are then obstructed into the back of the skull and also opened up, producing a bigger hole. A suction tube sucks the minds out, triggering the skull to collapse. After that the dead child is gotten rid of.
Believe it or not, the mother is likewise hurt. In Suction Aspiration, if any tissue is left inside, it'll end up being contaminated. For Methoxotrexate Shot, an additional sort of abortion, Methoxotrexate can produce unwell adverse effects such as anemia, nausea or vomiting, cancer cells, lung disease, and heavy blood loss. Simply consider the mental injury the mom is also feeling. She has the forever-guilty principles of being accountable for her very own child's death. Lots of mothers say, "I'll regret it for the rest of my life."
"I feel like crawling into an opening and also dying," claims one more mommy after the operation.
An usual disagreement is that abortion isn't murder because the child isn't alive. However however: life begins at fertilization. After just 18 days, the heart is formed, as well as after 20 the mind, spine, as well as nervous system are establishing. A simple 4 days later on, the heart starts pounding. Is abortion murder though? According to the Webster Dictionary, abortion is to end a maternity since the infant is not efficient in living. Murder is to kill another person. A human is defined as a participant of the species Humankind, that includes embryos, fetuses, adults, and every person with comparable hereditary coding. As a result, if a baby is practical, after that it's murder, not abortion, because abortion is when the baby isn't efficient in living.
With any luck in the future, even more people will certainly recognize the ruthlessness of abortion as well as the numbers will certainly go down. Rather, try single-parenting or giving him/her up for fostering. There are currently 400,000 couples in America attempting to take on. Maintain others familiar with this dreadful treatment. Spare a life.
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An Essay on Pro Life Versus Abortion. (2022, Dec 07).
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How i Finished in Hospital with Pneumonia
It's crazy how your world can be turned upside down in the blink of an eye. One day it seems you're perfectly healthy going about your daily routine, and then the next day you're laying in a hospital bed with the constant sound of machines beeping all around you. This is exactly how I spent my last weekend of summer before school started, all cooped up in a hospital bed constantly being disturbed by a respiratory therapist and nurses checking oxygen levels, blood pressure, and temperature while also being tethered to IV-fluids and antibiotics. Only days before being admitted to the hospital I was out running 6 miles every day. I had worked all summer ever since the state track meet was over to prepare myself for a successful cross country season.
I began my summer training the day after state track was over to prepare myself for an AAU track meet in Eldorado the following Saturday. I was entered to compete in the 400, 800, and 1500-meter race. So I set myself to work putting in the miles and speed workouts that would condition my body for the races. When the Saturday of the meet arrived, my mom and I hit the road at four o'clock in the morning and head to Eldorado. When we arrived at the meet we checked in and got the schedule of events. We had a long day ahead of us, which culminated in qualifying times for all three events for the Missouri Valley Championships in Joplin, Missouri. I unfortunately was unable to attend the championships in Joplin due to time constraints and expense.
I continued to run every day and began to workout in the weight room. After weights I would go home and sleep for two to three hours and then go mow lawns in the evening. Mid-way through June my running habits changed and it became hard for me to motivate myself to get up in the morning and put in the miles I needed to be a successful runner. Since I hadn't been feeling well and had been sleeping a lot I saw my doctor at the beginning of July and was diagnosed with hyperthyroidism and Hashimoto's Thyroiditis, a condition where your body is destroying your thyroid gland. The doctor decided to have me start thyroid medication in mid-July, after I got back from a KU cross country camp.
At the cross country camp we stayed in the college dorms and ran three times a day. The KU coaches would take us down to the track or out to the KU Rim Rock Farms cross country course to run. One of the days when we went out to Rim Rock Farms the coach had us sit in the grass and ask questions that we wanted to know about running in college. While we were all were asking questions, there were ticks and spiders climbing all over us from running through the tall grass. Following the KU cross country camp I began taking two different thyroid medications to help replace my T4 and T3 thyroid.
After I started thyroid medication I continued my running, and at the beginning of August my family and I went on a trip to Kansas City. We stayed in a motel, visited the Starlight Theater and the World War I Museum. At the museum I became very anxious and irritable, which was out of character for me. The following weekend I ran a 5K at Victoria, Kansas. During the race my legs felt heavy and my breathing was hard to control. The following Tuesday I went on a short 3 mile run and what would have been completely easy for me was incredibly difficult. I was gasping for air and had to walk about every other block. It was a hundred degrees outside that day and I had to bundle up in sweats because I was having chills and couldn't get warm. My hands and feet became ice cold but at the same time I was sweating. That night I began having night sweats and would wake up with my pillow and blankets soaked with sweat, and every hour I was having frequent urination throughout the night.
On Wednesday my mother made an appointment for me at the clinic to see a nurse practitioner in the afternoon. At that appointment, the nurse practitioner made orders for me to have my blood drawn and as an outpatient to receive 1500 mL plus another 500 mL of IV fluids. The IV fluids made my hands and ankles swell up, but after receiving the fluids I felt much better. Wednesday evening I started Omnicef, a broad- spectrum antibiotic and continued to spike fevers along with night sweats and frequent urination.
Thursday I started to develop an awful crackling sound when I tried to breathe and when I coughed, I would cough up slimy reddish-brown worm looking mucus from my lungs. This mucus later turned tan to green then back to tan with blood in it. Concerned, my mother called the clinic to report the changes and they said to continue Ibuprofen and acetaminophen along with the antibiotic and to see a different nurse practitioner on Friday. The Ibuprofen and acetaminophen made me feel better for a while until they wore off, then I felt awful again. Thursday night I continued to worsen and spike temperatures at 103 in just a matter of minutes, mom used ice packs and I took tepid showers to bring the fever down.
After several calls Friday morning, I was able to get in and see the nurse practitioner. They immediately sent me to the radiology department of the hospital to do chest x-rays. The radiologist that took my x-rays had finished processing the films when she then came out of the x-ray room and approached my mom and I where we were waiting. The radiologist had a very concerned look on her face and she asked me if I was feeling all right. I responded "I'm a little under the whether and having some difficulty breathing." The radiologist led my mom and I back to the clinic side of the hospital so I could then have a doctor read my chest x-ray. When the nurse practitioner finally saw us he brought with him Dr. Hineman. When Dr. Hineman walked into the room she seemed very serious and said that I had pneumonia. She took us back into her office and brought up the image of my chest x-rays on the computer. She described my x-rays as "very impressive" because where we should have been able to see my heart we couldn't because of the fluids in my lungs.
Dr. Hineman told me that they were going to admit me to the hospital and keep me over night, and then if all went well I would get to go home the next day. I felt my hopes fall knowing I'd being cooped up in the hospital during the last weekend of summer. I wanted to be out running, hanging out with my friends at the pool, or doing anything that didn't require me to lay in a bed all day. I was led to the patient output services where they placed a white hospital wristband with my name on it around my wrist, and then was led down to the nurse's station to get checked into my hospital room. Once I was situated in my room the nurses had me cough up the mucus from my lungs so they could do a culture on it in the lab. Next one of my nurses came in to start an IV on me so I could receive the antibiotics Rocefin and Zithromax along with fluids. She had a hard time trying to find a good vein to start the IV because I was dehydrated. The nurse stuck the IV into my forearm two times but was unsuccessful so she called in the head nurse to start the IV. The head nurse was able to start an IV in the fold of my left arm, which disabled me from bending my elbow.
I appeared to be doing well that Friday afternoon and into the evening and a respiratory therapist had started coming in to give me treatments. It wasn't until later in the evening when I started to shake and became really cold. The nurse came in and took my temperature, which read normal, and my mom asked if we could get me some ibuprofen but the nurse wanted to see if I could get through the night without any. Then almost immediately after the nurse left as I lay there trying to go to sleep the chills stopped and I began to feel very warm, so warm that I had to kick off the covers. It had only been three minutes since my nurse had checked on me but I knew I had spiked a fever so we hit the call button for the nurse. The nurse took my temperature again and saw that I was running a fever of 103.8 degrees, the CNA and the nurse went to get ibuprofen and ice packs to put on my body to lower my temperature along with a call to Dr. Cupp that led to blood cultures being drawn again to try to catch what might be causing the fever during the spike. After a little while my temperature came down to normal so the nurses left me to sleep until midnight when Dr. Cupp who was on call, came in. Dr. Cupp, my mother, and I discussed my symptoms and Dr. Cupp said that he would keep me another twenty-four hours until I did I was fever free.
On Saturday, the respiratory therapist came in to give me percussion and nebulizer breathing treatments four times a day. The respiratory therapist had me using an Albuterol nebulizer that helped open up the airways in my lungs, and then the therapist would use a very strong machine that vibrated on my back. This was used to help break up the mucus in my lungs. I was allowed to get up and start walking around the hospital to try and help build my stamina. I became winded very quickly and the Albuterol used in my nebulizer was causing me to have adrenaline type reaction and mild hallucinations. Dr. Cupp ordered that I switched from Albuterol to Levalbuterol, a drug that wasn't quite as strong.
Along came Sunday morning and I had been fever free for twenty-four hours and had high hopes that I would be going home. After a short visit from Dr. Cupp, he released me with a nebulizer and prescriptions for Levalbuterol, Albuterol rescue inhaler, and seven days of Zithromax, along with continuing the antibiotic Omnicef, which I had started prior to be admitted to the hospital.
My total mileage running for the summer was 281 miles; all my hard work was suddenly gone and I had to be patient and accept that it was going to take time until I would be physically able to compete. It took me three days until I was able to join the cross country team in practice. At first I was only allowed to ride my bike as the team ran and when I was allowed to run I was unable to keep up with the team, nor complete the entire workout. As the season progressed I was able to build up my stamina and could compete at a competitive level and run just as far and further than before I got sick.
I don't know what gave me get pneumonia, if it was breathing in dirt and bacteria from mowing lawns, running at Rim Rock Farms with ticks and spiders, or maybe I had picked something up in the college dorms. Maybe I had had pneumonia for along time and had been walking around with it. What I do know is that I am healthy and that good health isn't to be taken for granted and you should be grateful for what you can do even if it's not much.
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The Six Common Deadly Illnesses of Soldiers in the Civil War: Dysentery, Typhoid Fever, Measles, Pneumonia, Tuberculosis, and Malaria
Medicine During the Civil War
The Civil War had more deaths than all previous wars combined. Most people think those soldiers in the Civil War died of wounds or amputations, but the truth is that most died from common diseases that they never had been exposed to. Disease cost ten times as many soldiers' lives than those soldiers who died in battle and of wounds (Heidler 1303). Although there were many different diseases that killed soldiers, there were six common ones.
Dysentery was considered the worst and harshest of all the diseases. Dysentery is an intestinal infection that is most commonly caused by bacteria or parasites. It is defined as diarrhea which contains blood, pus and mucus. There are two types of dysentery. One is amoebic dysentery or intestinal amoebiasis which is caused by a parasite within the large bowel. The other type is bacillary dysentery and this is caused by an invasive parasite (Thomas 1). The causes of dysentery are parasites as well as bacteria. Some of the symptoms include cramps, bloating, fevers, and around three to eight stools a day. These symptoms are not just limited to mild cases. In severe cases, more of the symptoms include pain when touching the abdomen, ten or more stools a day, nausea, and vomiting. It is also common for weight loss to occur. Although there are many symptoms, they vary from the severity of each, for example, a soldier could go from just having abdominal pain to chronic diarrhea. The symptoms typically come to the surface around seven to twenty-eight days after the infection has occurred (Thomas 2). The soldiers used whiskey during the Civil Complaints of the bowel were treated in different ways. For an open bowel, they used a plug of opium. However, for a closed bowel, they treated it with "Blue Mass". Blue mass was a mixture of mercury and chalk. Some other treatments included strychnine, castor oil, laudanum, camphor, turpentine, calomel, lead acetate, silver nitrate, quinine, whiskey, ipecac, and even cauterization of the anal opening (Civil War Medicine 2).
Another disease that caused many deaths was Typhoid fever. Typhoid fever is a bacterial disease which is spread through contaminated foods and water. Most of the time, the symptoms occur one to three weeks after initial exposure. Early symptoms include a fever reaching up to 104 degrees, weakness and fatigue, muscle aches, sweating, dry cough, weight loss due to appetite loss, abdominal pain, constipation, rash, and an extremely swollen abdomen. Without treatment, Typhoid state occurs. This is where one lies motionless while barely being able to open the eyes. The soldiers with Typhoid fever also became delirious. The bacteria that causes this is Salmonella Typhi. The most serious complication was internal bleeding and holes in the digestive tract (Mayo Clinic 1). This was a fatal disease so there was not a good treatment. By 1864, the fatality rate was 60%. They used remedies such as turpentine, quinine, brandy and quinine sulphate, or hygienic measures to try and treat it (PBS 2).
Pneumonia is a disease present today, but during the Civil War it was responsible for the death of 20,000 Union and 17,000 Confederate troops. About 1 in 6 men who were infected with pneumonia, had it as a fatality (Civil War Diseases 1). Stonewall Jackson died of pneumonia. Pneumonia is defined as an infectious disease which inflames the air sacs located in one or both lungs. Various things cause it, including viruses, bacteria, and fungi. This disease can range from mild and then quickly go to life-threatening. Some of the symptoms include, but are not limited to, chest pain when a person breathes or coughs, confusion or changes in mental awareness (in adults age 65 and older), fatigue, fever, sweating, shaking chills, lower than normal body temperature (in adults older than age 65 and people with weak immune systems), nausea, vomiting or diarrhea, and lastly shortness of breath. Many people have heard the term walking pneumonia, but that is not the correct name. This type of pneumonia is actually caused by bacteria-like organisms. The most common cause of pneumonia is bacteria. The bacteria's scientific name is Streptococcus pneumoniae. During the Civil War, this type of pneumonia came after the common cold or flu. The fungi that caused pneumonia was found in soil and bird droppings, but it varied upon the geographical location where it was found. The viruses that caused the common cold and flu were also the viruses that caused pneumonia. Many men in the Civil War smoked, and that was one of the risk factors for pneumonia (Mayo Clinic 3). To treat pneumonia in Stonewall Jackson's case, they injected him with mercury and antimony to use as a laxative and induce vomiting. Before his injuries and illness, Stonewall had the common cold, and as said above, pneumonia was often associated with the common cold. They used cupping and blistering agents to drain his lungs of the pneumonia, for that is what they thought they were doing. Like other diseases, they used opium in the form of morphine to manage the pain (Civil War Monitor 2).
Another disease that killed many soldiers was measles. Measles was a major problem for soldiers, especially young ones, during the Civil War. One gathering of ten thousand new recruits was hit by measles and by the end of the week 40% of them had contracted the disease (Murphy 89). Measles is caused by the rubeola virus. Measles is an epidemic disease, which means it is always present within society. Scientists have researched and found that there are 21 different strains of the measles virus. It takes about one to three weeks after being infected for the measles to show. A term that goes along with measles' symptoms are the 3 C's. These are cough, coryza, and conjunctivitis. Coryza is a runny nose. Conjunctivitis means swollen eyelids and inflamed eyes. It is said that no matter what, a fever always occurs. Other symptoms include dry hacking cough, watery eyes, sensitivity to light, sneezing, a reddish-brownish rash, body aching and Koplik's spots. Koplik's spots are very small grayish-white spots with bluish-white centers in the mouth, insides of cheeks, and throat. One can assume that many of the men in the Civil War had vitamin deficiencies because there were limited ways to get these vitamins. Vitamin deficiencies were one of the risk factors for measles. Complications included diarrhea, vomiting, eye infection, respiratory tract infections, such as laryngitis and bronchitis, difficulty breathing, ear infections, which could lead to permanent hearing loss, and febrile seizures. A febrile seizure is a seizure that is caused by a spike in the body temperature. Another complication is of measles was hepatitis. Encephalitis, an inflammation of the brain that can be fatal, affects around 1 in every 1,000 patients with measles. It is an inflammation of the brain that can sometimes be fatal. It may occur soon after measles, or several years later. Thrombocytopenia, or low platelet count, affects the blood's ability to clot so the patient may bruise easily. Squinting, eye nerves, and eye muscles may be affected. Complications that are very rare but possible include Neuritis, which is an infection of the optic nerve that can lead to vision loss, Heart complications, Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis is a brain disease that can affect 2 in every 100,000 people, months or years after measles infection. Convulsions, motor abnormalities, cognitive issues, and death can occur. Other nervous system complications include toxic encephalopathy, retrobulbar neuritis, transverse myelitis, and ascending myelitis. There are two types of measles. Measles is the standard form caused by the rubeola virus. Rubella, or German measles is caused by the rubella virus (Christian Nordqvist 1) Measles usually lasts about three to four weeks under normal conditions. Most of the time it does not cause lasting effects, but in Army camps during the Civil War, it was usually fatal. It was usually due to improper care of the disease and poor sanitation. A lot of times, measles would come after one was infected with pneumonia. Surgeons and doctors during the Civil War would try and treat this by prescribing whiskey. They also used rest, proper care, and time because that was said to be the only true cure, although many men died of this disease (Measles 1). One gathering of ten thousand new recruits was hit by measles and by the end of the week 40% of them had contracted the disease.
Tuberculosis killed about 14,000 soldiers during the Civil War. Once a person gets this disease, it is in the person's body for life. Tuberculosis is an infectious bacterial disease characterized by the growth of nodules (tubercles) in the tissues, especially the lungs (Civil War Diseases 2). Tuberculosis is caused by bacteria spread through tiny microscopic droplets that are released into the air. This happened during the Civil War when soldiers with the untreated, active form of tuberculosis coughed, spoke, sneezed, spit, laughed, sang or did anything verbal. This means that tuberculosis was highly contagious in the soldiers' camps. Some of the risk factors included diabetes, severe kidney disease, certain cancers, Crohn's disease and psoriasis, malnutrition, and very young or advanced age. Another risk factor was medical care one received, or more accurately, the lack thereof. Substance abuse was a risk factor as well; alcohol abuse weakened the immune system which caused one to be more vulnerable to TB. Tobacco use was also a risk factor. Using tobacco greatly increased the risk of getting tuberculosis and dying of it. There were many different complications that came from tuberculosis. Some examples included spinal pain and joint damage. Swelling of the membranes that cover a person's brain was a complication as well. This can cause a lasting or intermittent headache that occurs for weeks. Mental changes also are possible. Liver or kidney problems are common. A person's liver and kidneys help filter waste and impurities from the bloodstream. These functions become impaired if the liver or kidneys are affected by tuberculosis. Rarely, tuberculosis can infect the tissues that surround one's heart, causing inflammation and fluid collections that may interfere with the heart's ability to pump effectively. This condition, called cardiac tamponade, can be fatal and cause death immediately. The symptoms of tuberculosis vary on which organs and parts of the body are contaminated. There are two stages of tuberculosis. The early stage is Latent TB. In Latent TB, one can have a TB infection, but the bacteria remain in the body in an inactive state and cause no symptoms. Latent TB, also called inactive TB or TB infection, is not contagious. Latent tuberculosis can then turn into Active TB. Active TB makes a person sick and is very contagious. It can occur in the first few weeks after infection with the TB bacteria, or it is possible for it to occur years later. Symptoms of active TB include coughing that lasts three or more weeks, coughing up blood, chest pain, or pain with breathing or coughing, unintentional weight loss, fatigue, fever, night sweats, chills, and loss of appetite (Mayo Clinic 2). During the Civil War, they treated TB by sending the troops and infected for some so-called "fresh air" or they would perform surgery to decrease the lung capacity (Diseases 2).
Malaria was another fatal disease that took the lives of many men during the Civil War. Malaria is a fever caused by a protozoan parasite that invades the red blood cells. The parasite is transmitted by mosquitoes in many tropical and subtropical regions. There are two different types and severities of malaria. Uncomplicated malaria symptoms include a sensation of cold with shivering, fever, headaches, vomiting, seizures, sweats, followed by a return to normal temperature, and tiredness. Usually these symptoms last six to eight hours. Severe malaria symptoms include fever and chills, impaired consciousness, prostration, or adopting a prone position, multiple convulsions, deep breathing and respiratory distress, abnormal bleeding and signs of anemia, clinical jaundice and evidence of vital organ dysfunction. When an infected mosquito bites a human host, the parasite enters the bloodstream and lays dormant within the liver. The host will have no symptoms for an average of 10.5 days, but the malaria parasite will begin multiplying during this time. The new malaria parasites are then released back into the bloodstream, where they infect red blood cells and multiply further. Some malaria parasites remain in the liver and are not released until later, resulting in recurrence (Mayo Clinic 3). During the Civil War, they treated malaria with quinine (Civil War Medicine 2). Quinine was discovered by Spanish explorers and conquerors. They are in fact the very people who carried malaria to South America. In the 1630's a monk by the name of Antonio de la Calancha wrote, "A tree grows which they call the fever tree in a country of Loxa, whose bark, of the color of cinnamon, made into powder amounting to the weight of two small silver coins and given as a beverage, cures the fevers and tertian [Malaria]; it has produced miraculous results in Lima." Quinine is extracted from the bark of the cinchona tree, which grows in the Andes (Rooney 111).
While bullets and gun shells accounted for many injuries during the Civil War, more soldiers were killed due to sickness and disease. The sanitary conditions of the camps and prisons were deplorable. Drinking water and food were often contaminated. In addition, this was the first time these men experienced living with such large groups. This caused fever and sickness to spread more rapidly and easily. The six main diseases that killed the most soldiers were dysentery, Typhoid fever, measles, pneumonia, tuberculosis, and malaria. Each disease was different in its own way, but all had one thing in common. Each disease made the soldier population go down, due to death.
Bibliography
- "Civil War Diseases." Civil War Academy - American Civil War, www.civilwaracademy.com/civil-war-diseases.
- "Civil War Medicine: An Overview of Medicine." Civil War Medicine: An Overview of Medicine | EHISTORY, ehistory.osu.edu/exhibitions/cwsurgeon/cwsurgeon/introduction.
- "Diseases." Civil War Medicine, civilwarmedical history.weebly.com/diseases.html.
- Heidler, David S., editor. Encyclopedia of the American Civil War. J-Q ed., vol. 35, ABC-CLIO, 2001.
- MEASLES, www.wtv-zone.com/civilwar/measles.html.
- Monthly, Military History. "War Culture - Military Drinking." Military History Monthly, 12 July 2012, www.military-history.org/articles/war-culture-military-drinking.htm.
- Murphy, Jim. The Boys' War: Confederate and Union Soldiers Talk about the Civil War. Sagebrush, 1993.
- Nordqvist, Christian. "Measles: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments." Medical News Today, MediLexicon International, 15 May 2017, www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/37135.php.
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The Six Common Deadly Illnesses of Soldiers in the Civil War: Dysentery, Typhoid Fever, Measles, Pneumonia, Tuberculosis, and Malaria. (2022, Dec 07).
Retrieved November 4, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2022/12/page/8/
The Clinical Causes, Symptoms and Treatment of Pneumonia
Pneumonia
Pneumonia is an inflammatory lung infection that largely influences the alveoli (tiny air cavities in the lungs) irritating them with fluid as well as a result making breathing tough. When in healthcare facility, one can acquire pneumonia in daily life at work or at institution or also. It usually starts by inhalation of germs right into the lungs frequently likely to take place after a cold or the flu that leaves the lungs unpredictable to infections.
Causes of pneumonia
Pneumonia is mainly caused by pneumococcal infection caused by the germs Streptococcus pneumoniae that has the capability to happen on its own after having a cold or influenza, the sort of pneumonia caused by this germs usually affect one part of the lobe, a condition known as lobar pneumonia Other bacteria-like microorganisms such as Mycoplasma pneumoniae can additionally create pneumonia yet with moderate symptoms. Infections causing flu as well as cold can likewise cause pneumonia mainly in children under 5 years, it can likewise be caused by inhalation of huge amounts of fungis found in soil or bird droppings.
The signs and symptoms of pneumonia
The signs and symptoms of pneumonia differ from mild to serious depending on the sort of bacterium causing the disease, age as well as health of a person. The adhering to are the signs and symptoms.
Symptoms and signs of severe pneumonia.
- Difficulty in breathing
- High high temperature
- Shaking chills
- Coughs that generate phlegm (bloody sputum).
- Upper body discomforts when breathing or coughing.
- Nausea or vomiting and also vomiting.
- Rapid heart prices.
- Bluish colors on lips and also nails.
- Tiredness or fatigue.
- Loss of appetite.
Unusual signs and symptoms of strolling pneumonia (light pneumonia).
- Aching throat.
- Diarrhoea.
- Rash.
New-borns are probably not to show any signs of infections, they might just show up uneasy, exhaustion and also high temperature while individuals over 65 with weak immune systems may have a body temperature level lower than normal. Nonetheless, when one creates the signs and symptoms above, it is a good idea to look for clinical attention from a medical professional.
Types of pneumonia.
The following are the major sorts of pneumonia: Bacterial pneumonia, fungal pneumonia, Aspiration pneumonia, Mycoplasma pneumonia, Hospital-Acquired pneumonia, Eosinophilic pneumonia and viral pneumonia.
Microbial pneumonia.
It is caused by Streptococcus bacteria which primarily emerges in individuals with existing lung infections, individuals who have nutrition problems, have deteriorated immune system as well as older adults. Once contaminated with this kind of pneumonia, the lungs continue to be vulnerable to various other bacteria because it weakens the immunity of the lungs. Anyone can be infected with this kind of pneumonia however those with weak immune systems, consume alcohol exceedingly or are post medical procedures are the most at risk groups. This condition is usually accompanied by significant upper body pains, fever, cools, quick heart price, blue lips, chattering teeth, mental confusion and ecstasy in some cases.
Therapy and control of microbial pneumonia.
Microbial pneumonia can be included by the adhering to techniques.
- Pneumovax and Pnu-Immune vaccines.
- Anti-fever drug such as ibuprofen.
- Fluid hydration (taking of plenty non-alcoholic drinks).
- Use of antibiotics.
- Evasion of cigarette smoking.
- If need develops, hospitalization.
Viral pneumonia.
It is brought on by respiratory infections. Generally occurs in elderly adults as well as young children. The primary infection that triggers this infection is the respiratory syncytial infection (RSV) or at times the flu influenza type A or B virus. It has the exact same signs and symptoms as bacterial pneumonia including coughs which may feature mucus, muscular tissue pains, frustration, wheezing as well as chills. It can be extremely deadly primarily to individuals with heart and also lung infections and also pregnant ladies if left neglected. Sometimes, it can cause bacterial pneumonia.
Therapy as well as control of viral pneumonia.
- Hydration.
- Use anti-flu medicines like Amantadine, Rimantadine, Zanamivir (Relenza) and also Oseltamivir.
- Therapy with acyclovir or a comparable antibiotic.
- When treatment is done at house, follow ups.
- Prevention injections for chickenpox.
- Use steroids. Meant to open air flows to easen breathing.
- Plenty of rest when recuperation procedure starts.
- Cleansing of surfaces usually touched like doorknobs and countertops.
Mycoplasma pneumonia.
Is caused by mycoplasma characterized both as a virus and germs though it is neither.It usually takes place outside the lungs and also is usually during cold seasons. It is transmittable and can influence individuals in any way age braces. It is generally symbolized by relentless and also extreme coughings.
Treatment and also control of mycoplasma pneumonia.
- Antibiotic therapy.
- Covering of mouth and also nose when sneezing.
- Positioning secondhand cells in waste baskets.
- Regular cleaning of hand and nose with soap for at least 20 seconds - Use of alcohol based hand emphasizes situation water as well as soap is not available.
Fungal pneumonia.
Is an infection to the lungs triggered by fungis that get into the lungs via breathing of their spores or by the awakening of unrealized infection. The fungi causing this infection can either be native to the island or opportunistic or even a mix of both. It is usually identified by cools, tiredness and also fever just like in bacterial pneumonia.
Therapy as well as control of fungal pneumonia.
- Use antifungal medications.
- Surgical debridement.
- Use azoles e.g. variconazole.
- Cardiothoracic surgery.
- Avoiding tasks that increase direct exposure to fungal spores for clients most likely to have actually prolonged neutropenia.
Eosinophilic pneumonia.
Is caused by build-up of eosinophil (a type o red cell) in the lungs leading to interruption of the alveoli. The primary reason for this accumulation of eosinophil in the lungs is not known however others like smoking, use certain medicines like aminosalicylic acid, exposure to chemical fumes as well as bloodsuckers are understood. Its most typical signs and symptoms of consist of: difficulty in breathing, cough, high temperature, basic feeling of health problem and also evening sweats.
Therapy and also prevention of Eosinophilic pneumonia.
- For light cases, the patients frequently recover without treatment.
- Management of prednisone for persistent Eosinophilic pneumonia.
- Use anti-inflammatory drugs.
- Use medications to expand the air passages.
Desire pneumonia.
Is brought on by ambition of foreign things right into the lungs like food and also beverages bring about formation of pus and also inflammation of the lungs. The organisms behind this inflammation as studies have disclosed are: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenza as well as Staphylococcus aureus. It often cause breathing troubles, ingesting and a decline in trick response. Most influenced by ambition pneumonia are those of older age, individuals that make use of alcohol and also drugs, individuals under sedation drug as well as individuals put under anaesthesia. However, in some cases, inhalation of international materials may not cause ambition pneumonia however will aggravate the condition by enhancing the level of acidity of the product.
Avoidance as well as treatment of ambition pneumonia.
- Evasion of use of alcohol and drugs.
Hospital-Acquired pneumonia (nosocomial pneumonia).
This kind of pneumonia is acquired throughout medical facility keeps and also is of the deadliest as well as serious type owing to the microorganisms connected with its tightening and also the damaged body immune systems at the time of contraction. Though it can strike people of every ages, it is usually usual in problem drinkers, elderly and those with damaged immune systems. It is defined by loss of nausea, hunger and vomiting, lowered high blood pressure, fast heart beat price, fever, cools, general pain, uneasiness, malaise, coughs with bloody spit as well as lack of breath.
Avoidance as well as therapy.
- Use ventilator (breathing machine to support breathing).
- Shot of prescription antibiotics with veins to deal with the lung infection. The antibiotic battles the germs in the client's sputum society.
- Washing of hands by family members checking out clients in hospitals.
- Maintaining immunizations as much as date.
- Use of kinetic beds in medical facilities.
- Use of red cell transfusions.
- Making certain cleanliness of the setting.
- Use of prophylactic antifungal agents throughout building work.
- Legionella control.
- Use of anaesthetic makers and breathing devices.
Complications brought on by pneumonia.
Pneumonia issues are mainly typical in young kids, the senior and people with existing health problems. The following are the issues related to it.
- Pleurisy. Is the inflammation of the flank (the cellular linings in between the lungs and also the ribcage). Fluids accumulate in the area in between the lungs and also the chest placing extra pressure on the lungs.
- Lung abscess. It is a puss cavity that establishes inside the cells of the lungs resulting in coughing as well as manufacturing of undesirable scenting phlegm. Is primary but unusual in individuals with history of existing ailment and alcoholic abuse.
- Blood poisoning (septicaemia). When it occurs in pneumonia individuals, is really significant yet unusual. Frequently identified by loss of consciousness, modification in mental behaviour, minimized pee flow and heat fever over 38 ° C. Consequently, other organs of the body like mind (external layers of the meningitis), joints (septic joint inflammation) as well as abdominal area lining (peritonitis).
- Fatality. Though the majority of people totally recoup from pneumonia, to some in special cases, it is fatal.
- Cardiovascular events e.g. cardiac arrest that occurring throughout the recuperation duration and also continues for a number of years even after complete recuperation.
- Breakout and diarrhea. Frequently develop as a negative effects of medication.
Reasons that pneumonia individuals need care.
Pneumonia causes exhaustion and unfamiliarity of the damaged clients. Most of these patients are commonly damaged by the disease and also are in need of much rest and treatments the majority of the moment, as such every individual requires a personal team that will certainly see him/her with the recuperation process.
Members of a medical care team.
Apart from the primary health care company in hospital, pneumonia individuals will need the complying with additional participants, diet professional that will examine the very best food for the patient considering nutrition requirements as well as swallowing problems, volunteers to offer friendship to the client, specialists, a registered nurse, medical professional that will certainly be checking the person's development along with prescription of medicines, a nursing aide who will be in charge of giving personal like the person as well as family members who will certainly use mental assistance to the person as well as informing the clinical group of modifications in the patient's symptoms.
Care for pneumonia clients.
- Oxygen treatment. Primarily applicable when the doctor in charge of the person.
- really feels that the individual's body cells are not obtaining sufficient oxygen.
- Liquids intake with capillaries when patients can not drink due to shortness of breath.
- Breathing therapy incorporating breathing workouts and also postural water drainage to remove mucus from the lungs.
- Upper body physical rehabilitation entailing striking of the breast with a shaking device to help loosen mucus in the lungs.
- Adult cigarette smoking cessation suggestions to clients who have a veteran prognosis after stopping cigarette smoking to help them reduce the threat of contracting pneumonia again.
- Prescription antibiotics management within 6 hours of arrival to patients that have microbial pneumonia.
Daily personal care for pneumonia people in the house.
- Take sufficient time to rest, have sufficient sleep in the night and also take naps throughout the day.
- Consume lots of water to prevent dehydration, no quantity is recommended yet thirst is an indicator of even more fluids required. The water helps in loosening mucus on the wall surfaces of the lungs.
- Attempt not to stop your cough unless it complicates breathing.
- Take acetamin ophen such as aspirin to lower high temperature.
- Take the recommended medications as per the physician's standards. Do not discontinue from taking the prescribed drug for pneumonia without informing the medical professional. Even if you feel better, the whole the whole course of antibiotics need to be diminished to prevent a possible resurgence of the disease.
- Rigorous following of one's healthy nutritional plan.
- Be careful with medicines, check out and comply with the tag instructions acutely.
- Keep interaction and also follow ups with your medical professional for evaluations to examine your renovations and also identify whether even more medication is required as well as likewise to examine the possibilities of problems emerging.
- When expectant, preparing to obtain pregnant or breastfeeding, do not take any type of medicines as they may damage your baby. Allow your physician recognize your scenario and also recommendations you on what to do.
Pneumonia Severity Index (PSI).
This is the first step that pneumonia people should absorb checking their pneumonia. The Pneumonia Severity Index rating identifies the extent of pneumonia and is the essential determiner as to whether a client need to be hospitalized or not. The tools for Pneumonia Severity tests are available at the Agency for Healthcare Research and also Quality (AHRQ), as such, one must make efforts to have the extent of his pneumonia checked as well as the very best mode of treatment selected.
Respiratory support.
Clients ought to visit their medicine centres for breathing treatment incorporating breathing workouts and also postural drain to aid eliminate mucus from their lungs. While at home, they need to prevent strongs however have adequate remainder and also sleep.
Document temperature level adjustments.
If the patient is a child, the parent ought to regularly take analysis of the temperature every early morning and also alert the medical professional if it goes above 38.9 ° C. The parent should also inspect the lips and fingernails of the youngster to ensure they are rosy as well as pink, else, if they turn bluish, its a sign that the lung are not obtaining adequate oxygen and also such, the medical professional needs to be called instantly.
Frequent follow-ups visits with the doctor.
Every six weeks after treatment, the patient should make follow ups and maintain communication with the medical professional for assessment on improvements, even more prescriptions, extra drug and also evaluations on the possibities of complications developing.
Work cited
- TYPES OF PNEUMONIA. (1929). Science, 69(1789), p.x-x.
- Woods, A. (2010). Pneumonia. Nursing, 40(10), p.46.
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The Clinical Causes, Symptoms and Treatment of Pneumonia. (2022, Dec 07).
Retrieved November 4, 2025 , from
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The Star Symbol in the Novels One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest by Ken Kesey and the Hunger Games by Suzanne Collins
"...only when it is dark enough can you see the stars." said by the famous activist Martin Luther King Jr. What can be analyzed from this quote is, when times become their hardest and most difficult, the good things in life are more noticeable and cherished. The stars represent the good in those dark times of life. I agree with Martin Luther King Jr, the best times come to be seen when the worst times are upon an individual. The literary works, "One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest" by Ken Kesey and "Hunger Games" by Suzanne Collins; are two very good novels that have great representations of the quote states above.
The novel "One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest", showed terrible conditions at a mental institution. Residents there were mistreated and unhappy, they had no hope for change anymore. Then a man named McMurphy was admitted into the hospital, he wasn't necessarily the most honest or nicest human being in the world; but the men that have been the hospital were able to see how good a man he is and can be. They depended on him as their savior because he was able to stand up against their darkness who went by Ms. Ratched [the head nurse]. The nurse was the most manipulative and controlling person of the story, the antagonist to be specific. The nurse was the representation of the men's darkness and when McMurphy came to the hospital, he became their star. McMurphy motivated them to stand up and make conditions of the hospital better, the men gained a confidence that they did not have under the complete power of nurse Ratched. McMurphy showed the men that hiding from the world is not going to fix problems, facing them and trying to do something can make a change. He went so far as to sacrifice his life and independent mind for the patients by ripping the clothes off of the head nurse to show the men what they fear is just a simple woman, who can be destroyed. McMurphy was depicted as a good soul underneath his rough and tough attitude, he tricked other patients out of their money but in turn he taught them lessons that would probably stay with the patients for life. He was so influential that even after his death people from the hospital searched for something better than the horrible conditions they were facing. McMurphy was the star in the darkness the men faced, no other man who came into the hospital were able to drag the men out of the safe place until he did.
"The Hunger Games" had a protagonist named Katniss, she was so powerful and headstrong that she became the star symbol of all the districts. Most of people were living in a post-apocalyptic world of garbage and complete control. The capital maintained their control by having each district give up two children to fight other children to the death. Katniss happened to end up being one of the children chosen to fight to the death. This annual child war was called the Hunger Games, she was the most rebellious person during this time. The people of the many suffering districts saw how her rebellion changed history; more than one child survived. Katniss became a shining star among everyone because she showed them that no one truly had to listen to the corrupt powers above them. She became an idol for children and the beginning of a revolution for adults, Katniss was the hope to bring the world out of darkness. After her survival in the ring against some of the best fighters of all the districts, she travelled around giving hope to people with her signature sign of kissing two fingers and raising them up to the sky. No matter how hard the capitol tried to shut the oncoming revolution down the more people began to rebel and shine more light onto the better world. Katniss was a selfless character, she knew the possible risks of contradicting the capital and she did it anyway because she felt the world deserved better. Her actions of rebellion and justice was the star in the darkness and her little star became the sun.
Suzanne Collins and Ken Kesey wrote incredible books about how a little spark of hope can change many lives. Both novels were great supporters of Martin Luther King Jr.'s quote, in the darkest times can you see the stars. Without the protagonist's mentions above, there would have never been a change or a revolution, these stars gave people hope and the confidence to strive for better.
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The Star Symbol in the Novels One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest by Ken Kesey and The Hunger Games by Suzanne Collins. (2022, Dec 07).
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A Review of Madness in One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest, a Novel by Ken Kesey
One Flew Over The Cuckoo's Nest: A Study in Madness
While madness is not a topic unique within Ken Kesey's One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest, one character's apparent madness plays a significantly more crucial role than the others. Randle McMurphy demonstrates irrational behaviors that suggest a lack of a sense of self-preservation, as well as other confusing behaviors. However, McMurphy's seemingly unfounded decision to support a group of ward patients are rooted in love, and perhaps to a minor extent greed, but on the whole, McMurphy achieved a symbolic status within Kesey's novel that represented the time old struggle between weak and strong in an entirely new light.
Although McMurphy may not really be described as mad in a conventional sense like his fellow ward patients, his behavior of putting those patients before himself do determinedly - especially considering his personality - seems irrational. McMurphy, upon entering the asylum, appears to be an entirely conceited individual. Later on, he fights to improve the standard of life for others while he suffers. His shift to a good-Samaritan state of mind does seem outwardly irrational. After all, McMurphy's "cowboy bluster and [his] sideshow swagger" (66) behavior certainly does not meet the traditional temperament guidelines of a sanguinary person. Yet, he proves again and again, from impromptu fishing trips to enduring electro-shock therapy "long after his humor had been parched dry between two electrodes" (318), that he is putting the ward patients before himself simply because he cares for them. Why someone so self-conceited would care for a group of mentally ill patients is confusing; however, by examining McMurphy's motives, his behaviors became clear.
By combining his final gift along with his absence, McMurphy achieved his goals as well as serving as the catalyst to the destruction of the Big Nurse's "therapeutic" regime. Patients left the ward, gaining the autonomy that McMurphy encouraged them to seize. The main doctor resigned. As for the remaining patients, their lives changed for better or for worse,can't that had been his goal all along, using his 'irrational' love as a weapon. On a less literal level, Kesey's use of faux madness within an asylum offers a new perspective on authority versus rebellion, and the resulting success of the underdog, which is a common trope among stories. Additionally, his false madness served as an excellent example of juxtaposition between himself and the narrator, Chief Bromden. The sane and cocky man who strolled through the asylum doors died as a mindless shell of his former self. Chief Bromden, who had learned courage and became a dynamic character directly because of McMurphy escapes through the hospital window and forged onward into a new life. Thus, because McMurphy achieved his selfless goals, he won his conflict even as he lost himself. In short, if McMurphy had not loved the patients as much as he did - which was his unfortunate madness - life on the ward would have gone on, placid and unperturbed.
Initially, McMurphy's determinedness to improve the patient's lives appears innocently benevolent. He opens up a game room for them, organizes a fishing trip, and on a deeper level, served as a source of hope and courage to the patients. However, his ventures were not without criticism. The Big Nurse attempts to defame him numerous times, bringing up money as a key motivator for him. As she points out, he earned nearly three hundred dollars by gambling and, regarding the fishing trip, he received "quite a few other benefits without having paid a nickel.." (265) His love for the patients was intertwined from the money he earned from them. Or at least, that is the image that the Big Nurse paints of him; though true towards the beginning of his stay, several events occur that contradict her perception of him. Throughout the novel, McMurphy offers the patients glimpses of life outside the asylum for them "to live... For all of [them] to dream [themselves] into" (258) to foster a new curiosity for the upside world that they might later pursue. Not only that, but McMurphy also served as a role model for them. He gave them a sense of "hardboiled strength" (243) that cracked like eggshells after he left, which wasn't often. It's difficult to provide people with emotional strength without genuinely caring for them and their well-being. And while significant, the dreams and sense of false bravado he gave them pale to the final and most profound gift he had to give. Monetary interest aside, love was the single driving factor behind McMurphy's decision; "it was [their] need that was making him push himself" (381) to attack the Big Nurse following Billy Bibbit's suicide. It was an act that earns him a lobotomy and ultimately cost him his life. And yet, McMurphy makes it out of vengeance and out of grief, knowing full well of the consequences. But by sacrificing himself in order to exact revenge for the death of a boy he platonically loved, his selfless acts to the rest of the group no longer seem irrational. McMurphy acted only out of love, not a romantic one, but a love that a parent might have for their child. In the end, McMurphy's greatest significance arose after his lobotomy and subsequent death.
For this reason, Randle McMurphy's madness serves as the most influential kind, even within an asylum. His unnaturally caring attitude toward the ward patients reflects the love he had for them, which was the main cause for his actions, and by successfully destroying the Big Nurse he was the sole contributor to the biggest plot twist in the novel. So yes, perhaps McMurphy was the maddest man in that ward, and although he proffered so much of his mad advice to the patients, his finest piece of advice he gives them is that one has to laugh "just to keep the world from running [them] plumb crazy" (250), which is fine advice to fictional patients and readers alike.
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A Review of Madness in One Flew over the Cuckoo's Nest, a Novel by Ken Kesey. (2022, Dec 07).
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The Changes in the Power Hierarchy Caused by the Arrival of McMurphy in One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest, a Novel by Ken Kesey
Before McMurphy came to the ward, Nurse Ratched has the power over everyone, but below her lies a power structure between staff and patients and of patients and patients. After McMurphy, he takes over the power from her patients and she is left only with her army of staff.
When McMurphy arrives at the ward and the doctor is explaining to him how things are supposed to run, he notices there's something fishy going on "... something strange about the way they all knuckle under to that smiling flour faced old mother there with the too red lipstick and the too big boobs." (Kesey 43). He points out that Nurse Ratched is controlling them all, even the doctor. She has total control over all the staff and the patients. Bromden is the one who describes the relationship between the patients. "One side of the room younger patients, known as Acutes because the doctors figure them still sick enough to be fixed, practice arm wrestling and card tricks where you add and subtract and count down so many and it's a certain card."(Kesey13). "Across the room from the Acutes are the culls of the Combine's product, the Chronics. Not in the hospital, these, to get fixed, but just to keep them from walking around the streets giving the product a bad name. Chronics are in for good, the staff concedes. Chronics are divided into Walkers like me, can still get around if you keep them fed, and Wheelers and Vegetables. What the Chronics are or most of us are machines with flaws inside that can't be repaired, flaws born in, or flaws beat in over so many years of the guy running head on into solid things that by the time the hospital found him he was bleeding rust in some vacant lot." (Kesey 14). The Acutes are higher up on the power spectrum than the Chronics because they are able bodied and seen by the nurse to hold more power against each other that she can harness.
The Acutes exert their power by giving the nurse secrets about the others in the log book "They spy on each other. Sometimes one man says something about himself that he didn't aim to let slip, and one of his buddies at the table where he said it yawns and gets up and sidles over to the big log book and writes down the piece of information that he heard..." (Kesey 14). The staff exerts the power by making the patients do things they don't want to like making Bromden shave (Kesey 6) and trying to make McMurphy take a shower and let them take his temperature (Kesey 11). The Nurse just exerts her power over everyone using the fact that she controls when they leave and whether they are tortured or not and just her general scariness to intimidate the staff and patients.
The consequences of the staff and patients' powers are that ultimately they give the Nurse more power. The consequences of the Nurse's power are that she has control of everyone and is a tyrannous dictator in the ward. However with McMurphey in the ward there is a constant game of tug o war between the Nurse and the patients for power. By the end, the Nurse loses all power over the patients, and ultimately loses all the patients in the ward except for a couple of patients who are incapable of checking themselves out.
The patients are scared of the Nurse, hate the staff, and are cautious around each other and everyone is constantly on their toes except for the Nurse. They feel anxious that the Nurse has all the power because she's terrifying and rules with a cold fist. The staff themselves, are in fear of the Nurse. She uses manipulation tactics to keep them from acting out of her favor, leaving them powerless. Once McMurphy is introduced and takes over the ward, the patients are much happier with him being in control but with the Nurse trying to take back her power, they go back and forth between trusting McMurphey.
They feel the Nurse is abusing her power and would rise up and rebel against her if there weren't such drastic consequences. McMurphey only uses his power over the inmates to have fun. He constantly cons them in games as tells them that he's conning them, but defends them in other situations. With this, the patients feel free in the ward, and become less afraid.
The dynamic between the Nurse and everyone else makes all the other power structures look like a facade. The Nurse really has all the power and can change the structure of things any time she would want to. She's decided what the current power structure is and everyone else is a puppet to her. Her power can ruin all the other power structures in the ward. When Mcmurphey is introduced he threatens the Nurse's hierarchy. Between him and the staff there is a struggle for power. The Nurse can still manipulate the system but it has become much more difficult and will progress to be near impossible in the book. The dynamic between the patients and McMurphey weakens the one between the Nurse and everyone within the ward.
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The Changes in the Power Hierarchy Caused by the Arrival of McMurphy in One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest, a Novel by Ken Kesey. (2022, Dec 07).
Retrieved November 4, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2022/12/page/8/
