The Resons why some Christian Schools Ban J.K. Rowling’s Harry Potter Book Series

There have been many reasons within multiple countries why J.K. Rowling's famous Harry Potter book series has been banned. Most of which link back to the fear of witchcraft, the darkness of the events that unravel in the book, and the encouragement of negative acts. The infamous Landover Baptist Church made a satirical comment that "true Christians only touch a Harry Potter book when they are throwing it onto a fire". Believe it or not, this burning hatred rang true for many Christian institutions.

St. Mary's Island Church of England school found the books offensive due to its content. They stated that the Bible says that witchcraft and demons are very real and that Harry Potter does nothing but make something dangerous seem fun. Due to this belief, the fear that the portrayal of good witches and wizards will lead children to view the Bible not as strongly as before. Carol Rockwood, the head school teacher, ended up banning the book from the school in order to maintain the strength of the Bible.

There are some that believe that the dark events portrayed in the books is enough to leave children with frightening "nightmare" images that could influence their outlook on, not only the Bible, but other everyday things. Harry was an orphan whose parents were violently killed and grew up in a verbally abusive household only to find out his first year of school that his parent's murderer still exists only to murder Harry. Many of these concepts, if not all, are commonly found in small children's nightmares and many of the creatures described in the books could potentially be in the nightmares as well.

Many people also claim that the Harry Potter books encourage negative behavior. They claim that Harry lies, defies authority, and ignores laws which could potentially influence children to fall into the same behavioral pattern. This is a common belief within parents of families with young children. Most of the time, this challenge has not spawned any banning of the book. R. Wolf Baldassarro claims that the book has been banned due to violent behavior or witchcraft in "Bend, Oregon; Cedar Rapids, lowa; Salamanca, New York; Whittier, California; Pace, Florida; Arab, Alabama; Fresno, California; Bristol, New Hampshire; and Ontario, Canada".( These are only a few of the locations where the books themselves have been challenged. Harry Potter is a fictional book series that many do not agree with due to the use of witchcraft, Harry's delinquent behavior, and the dark creatures and happenings.

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Riots, Rebellions, Revolutions, Segregation

The Harlem race riot of 1935 occurred on March 19th to the 20th, that took place in what was known as the capital of black America, Harlem, New York. It was known as the first modern race riot because it dealt with the destruction against property instead of people being against other people. Around this time frame, thousands of African Americans from the rural South migrated to Northern and Midwestern states where they were promised work and great prosperity; escaping segregation, severe Jim Crow laws, and economic hardships due to the emancipation of their slavery and starting a new life. However, due to the Stock Market Crash of 1929, the unemployment rate dropped approximately 30 percent and those who were already in absolute gruesome conditions were doing worse and tension grew within the country.

The underlying conditions of the riot was fueled by racial injustice, police brutality and economic hardship and the unemployment crisis of the Great Depression. The riot itself commenced due to rumors that circulated of the murder of 16-year-old black Puerto Rican, Lino Rivera; Who was caught stealing a penknife from S.H. Kress dime store across from the Apollo Theater on West 124th Street. A group of people gathered around the store to see what happened and then a rumor broke out that the police killed Lino, when on the contrary the store owner told the police to let Lino go, and he left through the store’s back door. Since the crowd outside didn’t see Lino come out from the store, they assumed that the police killed him. Afterwards, activist groups such as the Young Communist League and the Young Liberators ascended a rally; over 10,000 residents marched the streets to protest. The protest turned into a riot once objects were being thrown breaking the windows of local stores and businesses. As police tried to stop the crowds, the rioters fought back. When the riot ended, there were at least 125 arrests, three deaths, and 200 stores vandalized with a total of $2 million dollars of property damage.

Fiorello La Guardia, who had been in the position as mayor of New York for slightly more than a year, appointed a biracial commission to investigate the riot. Later that year, the commission issued the report of the Harlem Riot, but Mayor La Guardia suppressed the report because it illustrated a grim picture of the conditions among the black residents of New York. Yet, La Guardia remained popular with African American leaders and voters because he advocated to further expand the opportunities for African American residents within the city’s government as well as integrate city hospitals and improve sanitation, health care, and police protection and fired some police workers as well. Despite the attempts to improve conditions, La Guardia was very limited in easing the abiding problems facing Harlem’s residents.

Unfortunately, the riot of 1935 was not Harlem’s last. The cultural neighborhood of Harlem had two more riots in 1943 and in 1964, both due to racial tensions between African Americans residing in New York City and the police. Similar to the riot of 1935, the riot of August 1st, 1943 started with a dispute between an African American WWII veteran and a police officer, James Collins, that shot and wounded the veteran Robert Bandy. Bandy was trying to provide aid for an African American woman who was being restrained by Officer Collins in a hotel lobby. After being shot by the rookie cop, rumors spread that Bandy was dead, thus having rioters raid the city causing $5 million in property damage and six deaths. The riot was ultimately a result of the disappointment of the African American community which was because the expectations for their service in World War II were rather high, in hopes of gaining equal amount of respect from white Americans. However, they were continuously tormented by Jim Crow laws and other forms of racial inequality on both the economic and social levels.

Eventually the riot of 1964, which was the longest riot lasting from July 16th to the 22nd, was based on a factual incident of the death of a 15-year-old African American male, James Powell, who shot by white off-duty Officer Thomas Gilligan. The officer’s statement towards the incident is that Powell lunged at him with a knife, so he reacted fast for his own protection. What started off as a peaceful protest turned into a rebellious outcry when protesters gathered at Harlem Police Station to convince them to terminate Officer Gilligan. Things got violent once police officers guarded the building and the crowd began to throw rocks, glass bottles, and bricks at the officers. The disturbance lead to different boroughs of New York City and there were more than 100 injuries, 450 arrests, one death and around $1 million in property damage. September of that year, Officer Gilligan was cleared of any wrong doing by the grand jury and all charges were dropped. The irony of this riot is that two weeks prior of the uprising President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the 1964 Civil Rights Act which outlawed discrimination based on race, color, sex, religion, and nationality. Yet African Americans still were discriminated against due to the socioeconomic systems and structures that were grandfathered in the country. Multiple riots were taken place the summer of 1964, heightening the Civil Rights Movement, what is known as one of the most influential movements in U.S. history.

A sociologist known as Allen D. Grimshaw analyzed the riot of 1935 in his work “Racial Violence in the United States” (1969). Throughout his observation, Grimshaw described the riot to be the first demonstration of a 'modern' form of racial rioting. Three unique factors that he states made it different from previous cases of urban racial conflict. It was due to the violence that was directed primarily against property, which in previous circumstances of public racial disputes usually dealt with mobs of white Americans attacking African Americans or by clashing between both groups of races. Another distinctive problem was the absence of clashes between racial groups, and the antagonism between African American residents in poverty and law enforcers.

To summarize crucial matters, the pattern of the Harlem riots was an uprising against racial discrimination, segregation, police brutality, economic and social injustice. Interestingly enough, most of the riots erupted due to rumors and the deaths of the black youth in Harlem. Giving them a boiling point to fight back against the maltreatment and oppression. Today Harlem subliminally is still represented as the capital of black America, growing rapidly with the population of 112,000; and growing more culturally diverse each day, neighboring boroughs such as Little Senegal, Spanish Harlem, Little Italy, and Chinatown.

Citations:

(1935).', '. R. (2018). Harlem Riot (1935). Retrieved November 30, 2018, from https://www.encyclopedia.com/economics/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/harlem-riot-1935

Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. “Harlem Race Riot of 1935.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 12 Mar. 2018, www.britannica.com/topic/Harlem-race-riot-of-1935.

“Harlem Race Riot (1935).” Boley, Oklahoma (1903- ) | The Black Past: Remembered and Reclaimed, blackpast.org/aah/harlem-riot-1935.

“Disasters.” A Faculty Guide to Student Academic Integrity - Baruch College, 3 Dec. 2018, www.baruch.cuny.edu/nycdata/disasters/riots-harlem_1943.html.

Boley, Oklahoma (1903- ) | The Black Past: Remembered and Reclaimed, 14 Dec. 2018, blackpast.org/aah/harlem-race-riot-1964.

“Population of Harlem, New York, New York (Neighborhood).” Educational Attainment in the United States - Statistical Atlas, 17 Dec. 2018, statisticalatlas.com/neighborhood/New-York/New-York/Harlem/Population.

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The Functions of Colors in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix

The use of color in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix is prevalent throughout the entire film. One of the ways that color functions in the film is through the use of irony. For instance, light and dark colors symbolize good and evil, respectively. But some of the characters have opposite colors; people on the good side yet have dark colors, or people on the bad side might have light colors. Other colors that could also symbolize good or evil are in ironic areas as well [Pet12]. The fact that colors can be used in all of these ways could suggest a closer look at the characters depicting those colors.

The character known as Mad Eye Moody is continuously wearing a thick black cloak and is often in shadow, such as in the scene "The Advance Guard," suggesting that he is a mysterious and potentially bad person. But in reality, Moody is an extremely good person who has been through a lot, but still stands tall and still cares about people. The next scene, "Number Twelve, Grimmauld Place," has Remus Lupin, who frequently seems mysterious and withdrawn, similar to Moody, as if he is hiding something malicious. He is often in shadow throughout the film and wears dark shabby clothes, which could resemble negative ideas. Remus is, in fact, hiding something bad; however he himself is far from an evil person. Lupin is a form of "Lupus" which means wolf in Latin [Wai08]. Remus's name symbolizes what he suffers with.

Another set of characters that have the ironic use of color are the horse-like creatures shown in this film, known as Thestrals. Thestrals appear dark and foreboding. The only people who can see them are those that have seen someone die and thoroughly understand what happened [htt12]. So naturally, Thestrals are avoided and shunned. But even though they seem evil, and are connected to death, they are actually gentle and loving, shown in the scene called "Thestrals and Sympathy," where all they graciously accept Luna's offerings, as well as her company (See Figure 1). They later prove to be helpful too, as shown in the scene "Fight and Flight," where Harry and his companions ride the Thestrals to the Ministry of Magic. Kind creatures are generally recognized as beautiful and enjoyable to be around, yet Thestrals are often regarded as awkward and uncomfortable to be around.side, and has a white beard, a color considered to be good, yet is showing a potential dark side to him, could be considered ironic. His anxious and hurried auras in the scenes he is shown avoiding Harry contradict his usual actions toward Harry, and the symbolic color of his hair and beard.

Two characters contradict color together in a scene that starts when Voldemort sends Harry a vision to trick him in the scene known as "O.W.L.S.," the scene shows Voldemort torturing Harry's godfather, Sirius Black. Sirius is on his knees, his face in shadow, while Voldemort is standing above him. Sirius has dark hair, and Voldemort has pale white skin. The fact that Sirius is in shadow and has dark hair could be thought of as portraying him as an evil person, and Voldemort's pale skin could be considered good, since white is supposed to be a pure color. But in this case the colors are flipped around. Voldemort, with his pale skin, is the evil one, supposedly torturing an innocent man for his own gain. Sirius, even though his hair is dark, and his face in shadow, is a good man (See Figure 2), with good intentions; especially in this case, where he is withholding information that Voldemort wants to know in order to pursue his evil goals.

Similar to the scene showing Voldemort and Sirius, Harry and Lucius Malfoy stand face to face in the Department of Mysteries. Harry has dark hair, and Lucius has pure, snow-white hair. Lucius has malicious intentions in this scene, known as "The Department of Mysteries." He wants Harry to give him the prophecy, but not for a good reason. He tries to sound compassionate and trustworthy, while in fact he is plans to harm Harry. The reason Harry came to the Department of Mysteries was to save his godfather. The ironic colors of each of these characters stand out with this idea. Harry has dark hair and is on the good side with good intentions, while Lucius has a deceivingly white color of hair and is a Death Eater on the dark side with evil intentions.

A perfect example of the use of color in irony is Dolores Umbridge. She is always seen wearing pink, with a fake smile and an interest in kittens, perceived as innocent and adorable creatures. She often enjoys wearing a "sweet” smile; she pretends to have a giggle that makes her seem like she is "cute and lovely," and her pink clothes could suggest a pleasant personality too. But her true personality is evil, disgusting, and repulsive. For example, in the scene "Preserve, Perfect and Prune,” she talks about "being friends” with all the "bright, happy faces,” when in reality, she hates all children.

When Hagrid comes back to Hogwarts and takes the Trio to meet his half-brother, Grawp, he immediately seems dangerous. Grawp is tall, large, standing in the shadows of the Forbidden Forest, which naturally looks dark and sinister, and therefore sometimes makesanything dwelling in it seem evil as well. But Grawp proves that he is the opposite. He is actually just a bored, curious oaf. He is basically still a toddler, so he stumbles around, being childish (see Figure 3). But when a behemoth jumps around and tries to play, it seems a little too much, so it looks menacing.

During the scene named "The Lost Prophesy," Voldemort and Harry are in the Atrium of the Ministry of Magic at the same time. This is similar to the vision in "O.W.L.S.” because Harry and Sirius both have dark hair, and they both look all shadowed and rather menacing, while Voldemort is in the light with his pale skin. But at the same time, Harry and Voldemort are not complete opposites, but have similarities, which tie them together. However, their actions, choices and opinions are what pull them apart. If they had each switched paths, and chosen what the other chose, they would have switched roles, which make them similar. The fact that they did not do that is what makes them opposite[Ang12]. That is why more than a quick glance at a person is important in order to truly understand them.

In the scene known as "House of Black," Sirius says, “...the world isn't split into good people and Death Eaters. We've all got both light and dark inside us. What matters is the part we choose to act on. That's who we really are." The appearance of anyone and anything may sometimes show who they are, but often looks are deceiving.

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Movements for Civil Rights and against Racial Segregation

In the mid-20th century, various civil right movements were being held in the United States to focus on specific political or social issues. Two of the most influential movements were the Feminist and Civil Rights movement. Toni Morrison seems to have been inspired by the two movements because she voices the treatment of African-Americans throughout literature.

In Toni Morrison’s Sula, the context of the novel takes place between the 1920s and 1940s. During this time, racism was a major issue in the United States. African Americans were looked down upon from the majority of white people because they did not look like them or act like them. Morrison's writing style concentrates on rural African-American communities and how they are perceived by others. She explores these ideas with vivid details and vocabulary indicating vast knowledge or experience on the topic. For instance, in Sula African Americans were represented as the lowest social class because of the community that they lived in which was called the Bottom. The fact that their roles and expectations have been internalized by the gender roles in society explains how hard it much have been for them. In addition, African-American women were not given the same opportunities as men or white people. Sula is an unfortunate, yet excellent example of how black women were perceived in the mid-20th century by the United States. The Civil Rights movement was active from 1954 to 1968. It was a mass popular movement to secure African Americans equal access to and opportunities for the basic privileges and rights as white Americans.

One of the most influential leader of the movement was Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. who wrote his famous letter, “A Letter From Birmingham Jail” responding to the criticism demonstrated by eight prominent white clergy man. His letter defends the strategy of nonviolent resistance to racism. Also, Dr. King says that people have a moral responsibility to break unjust laws and to take direct action for the injustice that is present rather than waiting for the change to just happen. Dr. King says in the letter, “Moreover, I am cognizant of the interrelatedness of all communities and states. I cannot sit idly by in Atlanta and not be concerned about what happens in Birmingham.

Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere” (King Jr. 1). He means Americans cannot conceive themselves as separate from all the other people in the world. If Americans allow something wrong to happen in one place, then they set the foundation for it to happen anywhere. In the United States of America, a democratic society is based on the idea that everyone is equal, which means all citizens of America have to take the view that anyone subject to injustice is being treated as unequal. In which breaks down the foundation of societal development and well-being as a whole. During Dr. King’s life, the way African-Americans were treated was horrible because they were not given the same opportunities and rights as white Americans. During his time in jail, Martin Luther King Jr. believed that in order for African-Americans to gain the same rights as whites they must protest in order to show the whites that it is important to create that “noise” to show that this matter is really important.

Aside from the Civil Rights movement, the feminist movement of the 1960s rose and it focused on inequality in culture and law, more options for women, and dismantling workplace inequality between men and women. Feminist leaders were also inspired by the Civil Rights movement, through which many of them had gained civic organizing experience. One of leaders named Betty Friedan stood up for women rights and was a voice for all women against the majority to gain the same rights and privileges as men in the mid-20th century. Friedan wrote an article in 1964 titled, 'Woman: The Fourth Dimension” in which she talks about how the tradition women has three roles be wife. Mother, and housemaker for the family. But, the “fourth dimension” Friedan talks about is what the women’s identity is and what she wants to do with her own time and desires. This was a very important article because more and more women decided to follow their own aspirations and will power to do what they want rather than tending to the men and their needs. Friedan says, “These women use their abilities.

They are growing with a changing world. And they find that they now move with new serenity and freedom in the three other dimensions” (“Woman: The Fourth Dimension). Friedan means as the woman start learning more about themselves and doing things they want to do new appreciation and satisfaction is given when they return back to their family lives. This can be interpreted as the family members sees the value of the wife/mother to be more superior to the husband/father because the man does not know how to handle the family aspect of life better than the woman. Friedan's spoke to an audience of women, and her work had such an impact that it is credited with sparking the 'second wave' of the American feminist movement. Toni Morrison was exposed to racism by her parents when her parents moved to the North to escape the problems of southern racism. Morrison writes Sula (1973) to show the injustice how racism and sexism is presented in black women. The novel talks about the experiences of two black woman named Sula and Nel through their stages from childhood to adulthood. The women joined by a common issue which is a sense that they will be denied things since they are neither male nor white. Sula is all about perceptions meaning how others look at Sula and Nel and see their actions to be either “good” or “evil”. Morrison theme of “good vs. evil” is well-presented in Sula as well alongside the themes of racism and sexism.

Morrison was influenced by the two movements to develop a literature that can capture the majority and bring attention to the issues at hand that was facing African-American/ African-American women. In the Sula, there are several depictions how racism/sexism is being displayed throughout the novel. For example, a passage in the novel states, “You can't do it all. You a woman and a colored woman at that. You can't act like a man. You can't be walking around all independent-like, doing whatever you like, taking whatever you want, leaving what you don't” (Morrison 133). The dialogue was exchange between Nel and Sula about the desire and willingness for Sula to do what she wants, but Nel reminds her she is black woman living in system where they have no voice. This passage tells us some things about the oppression of women in Sula. Black women are perceived as the inferior minority because they are not men and do not have any freedom to do as they wish. Also another passage states, “. . . I know what every colored woman in this country is doing.' 'What's that?' 'Dying” (Morrison 133).

This part of the novel is Sula’s response to Nel about not able to do as she wish to do with her life. Sula talks about how she knows what is happening to every black women in the country that is dying, not able to live life the way they want to live it. Sula assures Nel that she is going to die one day, but she is going to live life to the fullest as she wants. Sula's statement shows the system of racism is a serious issue. She is saying that women of color are struggling to survive in the United States, and losing the struggle. Toni Morrison was inspired to write Sula because during the time period racism and sexism was major issues which caused unfairness and injustice for all African-Americans. Toni Morrison depicts the setting of the Bottom to show the living conditions African-Americans were succumb to. The Bottom has an unfinished tunnel that is constant reminder of the racism people of the Bottom is force to live with. The people were looking forward to the completion of the tunnel because that means the renovation of the Bottoms allows work for the people to obtain. Unfortunately, that never came into reality because it seems the white people want to keep the African-Americans jobless and not have opportunity to get any money.

Just from the setting alone racial segregation is present and in mid-20th century similar scenarios were depicted. For instance, Elizabeth Abel writes an article, “Bathroom Doors and Drinking Fountains: Jim Crow’s Racial Symbolic”, which examines the racial segregation that is displayed through segregated bathrooms and water-fountains. Abel says, “Jim Crow signs on bathroom doors and drinking fountains (which reinstate a simpler binary) constitute a racial symbolic that stabilized itself by appropriating, and thereby inadvertently destabilizing, the structure of sexual difference” (Abel 442). The Jim Crow act is the name of the racial caste system which operated primarily1877 and the mid-1960s. Black people would normally get the less-lavish drinking water and bathrooms to the white people. Just as in Sula, the African-Americans was given a community that was less attractive than living in the valley where the white people lived in. Racial segregation is lifestyle that people had to live with on a daily basis and a reminder to African-American population they were the inferior ones in country where everyone should be equal.

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The Different Literary Devices Used in Hills Like White Elephants

Hills Like White Elephants is an expressive and symbolic short by Hemingway, which portrays a failing relationship, caused by a mysterious "operation”. The author illustrates the inevitability of the characters' separation and the deterioration of their past romance through the use of multiple symbols, images, and other literary devices. This story was creatively composed by Hemingway through his description of setting, as he skillfully applies it to the theme. Overall, the author created a very symbolic and meaningful piece, especially because of the blending of realistic and allegorical elements. Hemingway's work Hills Like White Elephants communicates several political viewpoints—such as abortion and nationalistic inferiority—and conveys conflict through the use of imagery, symbolism, point-of-view, and setting.

In the beginning of the short passage, Hemingway presents multiple images to set the mood. First, he describes a brown and dry landscape, as well as blazing, hot weather and annoying flies. These images all reinforce the implied conflict between the two main characters and even figuratively represents their relationship: dry and dying. Even the bamboo curtain and the shadow of the building provide a sense of boundaries, seclusion, and "walls” that have been metaphorically put up between the couple. “Close against the side of the station there was the warm shadow of the building and a curtain...It was very hot...”.

Another literary device utilized by Hemingway is symbolism. In the story, the man is specifically called an American, however, the girl's nationality is left unknown. This seems to be an intentional and significant observation by the narrator. The man is thoroughly characterized throughout this piece as an irresponsible, yet perhaps rational, person. Nevertheless, the mentioning of the man's nationality proves important as he seems to represent America, or the United States in general. This may have been a political message by Hemingway, to show his dissatisfaction with the States. One of the most important symbols the author presents, however, is the "white elephants". This phrase represents the couple's discontent and awkwardness toward each other, as they begin to drift apart the more the story progresses. However, these “white elephants” do not only stand as the embodiment of the couple's dissensions, but also as a metaphor of a fetus. The mountains are being described this way intentionally, as it is significant to the “operation”. “White elephants” are connoted as being a useless possession, or something not wanted. Also, the word “elephant” could refer to the phrase, “elephant in the room”. This points toward abortion—and the couple's avoidance of the topic—which is the implied operation.

An interesting technique Hemingway demonstrated was point of view. Point of view can be exceptionally significant, as it can reveal the thoughts and feelings of characters, if the story is third-person objective, which does not reveal the thoughts of any character. The narrator can only express the characters' actions and speech. Writing this short story in third-person objective has a purpose, nonetheless. This type of point of view does not reveal the emotions and opinions of the characters, which, first of all, supports the theme of misunderstanding. This also means that the dialogue between the characters cannot be superficial—although it may seem that way—and have to be deeper than normal in order to express their thoughts. Hemingway accomplishes this as it is understood that the dialogue represents the couple's quarrels and disagreements. For instance, the following excerpt indicates the character's opposing opinions and conflicts that pertain to the operation”, “They look like white elephants,' she said. I've never seen one,' the man drank his beer. 'No, you wouldn't have.'

Setting is yet another literary element evident in the short story. The two main characters are situated at a train station, in between two major cities: Barcelona and Madrid. This can signify a moment of decision-making, in which a person can choose one direction or another. This ties in with the theme of the story as Jig must decide whether or not to have the baby. The train station being in between two cities can also represent being torn between two choices, or to be in a dilemma, mostly like what Jig is in.

Ultimately, it can be said that the short story Hills Like White Elephants indeed has literary merit, considering the fact that the author brilliantly combined realistic and symbolic elements, while also expressing his personal and political viewpoints. Hemingway proficiently uses setting to reinforce the theme, as well as his use of point of view to establish a sense of deep, but silent, thought. His work Hills Like White Elephants reveals portrayals of conflict and political philosophy through the use of symbolism, imagery, setting, and point of view, which, overall, contributes to make the story so creative and insightful.

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A Comparison of the Similarities in the Central Theme between Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire and Arthurian Literature

Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire was published in 2000, and is the fourth and middle book of the Harry Potter series. It is considered the turning point in the series, as the reader finds a more grown up Harry and much more serious tone in the book. The Goblet of Fire is the central book in the Harry Potter series, as the Quest for the Holy Grail is a central theme in Arthurian literature. This is one of the many similarities found between the fourth Harry Potter book and the Arthurian legend. There are also many similarities in story line between the two stories.

These similarities are shown consistently throughout the book, and are important to the story as a whole because it allows readers a more in-depth understanding to the story itself. Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire is a significant book in the Harry Potter series that has many similarities to the quest of the Holy Grail of the Arthurian legend.

The Triwizard Tournament and the Quest for the Holy Grail have many similarities that are strung together. The Triwizard Tournament is a magical competition held between the three largest wizarding schools in Europe: Hogwarts, Durmstrang, and Beauxbatons. One "champion" is chosen to represent each school, and they compete against each other in a series of three tasks.

In the end, the true winner and the one who is "worthy" receives the Triwizard cup, 1,000 galleons, and eternal glory. This is similar to the Quest for the Holy Grail, which is an expedition for the cup used by Jesus at the Last Supper, and was also used by Joseph of Arimathe a to collect Jesus' blood at the cross. The Holy Grail was lost, but it was prophesized that a descendant of St. Joseph would one day rediscover the Grail. This knight would be named the best knight in the land, and be bestowed with the honor of eternal glory. Each quest ended with glories many sought after, but were only given to those "worthy" of the rewards. Before the quests began though, the champions of each own had to first be chosen.

The Triwizard tournament began with the Goblet of Fire, which is a simple wooden cup that is stored in a great wooden chest encrusted with jewels" (254). The Goblet chooses the champions by spitting out their names in a rush of red flames. Cedric Diggory is chosen at the Hogwarts champion, Fleur Delacour as Beauxbatons, and Viktor Krum as Durmstrang champion. Once the champions name has been chosen, there is no turning back. This becomes problematic for Harry Potter, when his name is mysteriously chosen as a champion. He is forced to participate, and Harry begins his quest alongside three others for the Triwizard cup. Likewise, the Quest for the Holy Grail began with a cup. There are a multitude of stories depicting different Holy Grails, but in some, the Holy Grail was believed to be a simple wooden cup that was housed in a chest of gold and precious stones. The connection between the Goblet of Fire and the Holy Grail goes beyond signifying the start of the quest. They are both magical objects that seem to have a mind of their own. The Goblet of Fire is able to identify who is worthy of being a champion, just as the Grail only reveals itself to a worthy knight. In the old Arthurian legend of the quest, all of the knights of Camelot met at the round table, and were joined by Sir Galahad, Lancelot's son. As Sir Galahad took his seat, an image of the Holy Grail appeared floating over the table, signifying the beginning of the quest for the Grail. Sir Galahad, Sir Bors, and Sir Perceval set out on their quest for eternal glory.

The tasks of the Triwizard tournament were considered to be taxing, dangerous, and could only be completed by those who were extremely gifted wizards. Likewise, the Holy Grail could only be sought out and found by a knight unlike any other. The first task of the Triwizard tournament, the champions have to rescue a golden egg from a mother dragon armed only with their wand. They are awarded points for how quickly and effectively they can compete the task. Defeating a dragon is extremely difficult, which can be shown in Arthurian Legend because a knight is considered great if he defeats a dragon. Furthermore, dragons are prominent themes of the Arthurian Era, and King Arthur's father Uther Pendragon's name derives from the word "dragon." After some incredibly quick thinking, Harry Potter summons his broomstick, and is able to successfully retrieve the egg from the dragon, completing the first task. Harry's chosen method of defeating the dragon was a broomstick, which is important because Harry is an amazing seeker in the game of Quidditch. A seeker's goal is to catch a small golden snitch (a ball with wings). The golden snitch is seen a parallel to the Sorcerer's stone, which is furthermore a parallel to the Holy Grail because the Sorcerer's Stone and the Holy Grail are believed to give eternal life to the carrier. Harry is usually on his broomstick seeking the golden snitch, but during the first task Harry is seeking the golden egg, which can then be said to be a parallel to the golden snitch, thus the Sorcerer's Stone/Holy Grail.

In the second task of the Triwizard Tournament, each champion has to rescue the person most important to him or her. Harry sets out on his quest to rescue Ron Weasley, his best friend. On his journey, he has to fight grindylows and merpeople, but eventually reaches Ron, only to find that Fleur's sister still remained with no savior in sight. Harry displays chivalry similar to that of King Arthur and his knight's, and unnecessarily rescues Fleur's sister. In the third and final task, Harry and the other champions must wander through a maze while fighting a collection of creatures. This was Harry's final quest, and in the end of the maze, the champion who finds the Triwizard cup is the champion. Harry's story has finally caught back up with Sir Galahad and his knights, as they were now on their final pathway to the finding the winning cup.

At this point, the Triwizard cup can be seen as a "second" Holy Grail. After battling creatures such as sphinxes, acromantulas, blast-ended screwts, and a boggart, Harry reaches the middle of the maze and finds the Triwizard Cup in all of its glory. Harry and the other Hogwart's champion, Cedric Diggory, reach the Cup at the same time, and decide to share the winnings.

However, when they went to grab the Triwizard Cup, it transported them to a graveyard whereHarry watched the rebirth of Voldemort. The Cup appeared to be a portkey, transporting them from one place to another. This is similar to the finale of the quest for the Holy Grail. When Sir Galahad arrives at the Grail Chapel, he allowed entry and was able to retrieve the great cup. Upon touching the Holy Grail, Sir Galahad is ascended into Heaven. Harry witnessed the rebirth of Voldemort, which is significant because it can be seen as his next life of fighting the villain. This is parallel to Sir Galahad being lifted into heaven with the Grail, into his next life of eternal glory.

Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire and The Quest for the Holy Grail have many similarities that can lead to a greater understanding of each story. J.K. Rowling used the Holy Grail story throughout the fourth book to add a greater in depth understanding of the story. Harry is believed to be worthy of the Cup, just as Sir Galahad was, but they both have to fight long and hard to reach the main goal. The Triwizard Tournament as a whole is a quest, but each task is it's own micro task. This shows that while one quest can end, there will always be another quest to be completed.

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Issues Segregation and Vel Phillips Impact on Milwaukee

Introduction In the mid 20th century, the United States was in a state of racial turmoil and segregation. In particular, African Americans in Milwaukee, Wisconsin faced numerous disadvantages in their day to day lives. Segregation separated blacks from whites in the most public scenes. Areas in the public eye such as schools, restaurants, and bathrooms were kept separate from blacks and whites alike. Additionally, segregation had even made its way into the Milwaukee legislation. Unfair housing laws prevented blacks from moving outside of the northside neighborhoods as their community kept expanding. This kept African Americans in the North and whites in the South. Due to segregation in place, it was argued that both sides were separate but equal. This simply was not the case as it was evident that most whites held an inferior lifestyle and level of comfort compared to the African American community. According to the Southeastern Wisconsin Regional Planning Commission, “Implementation of fair housing practices would help ensure that all households have an opportunity to reside near their existing or potential workplace and near community facilities such as schools, health care centers, parks, and areas offering shopping and other services” (sewrpc.org).

One may ask, how inconsiderate is it to separate people based on nothing but the pigment of their skin? This is a question that many struggle to find the answer to especially those who lived through it. Amidst the racial tension of Milwaukee, there was one of many unlikely heroes who stepped out of their comfort zone to make an enduring change to the city. Her name was Vel Phillips and her impact would last more than a lifetime and for generations to come. Early Life During a cold night on February 18th, 1924, Velvalea Hortense Rodgers was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. She was named after her aunt by her parents Russell and Thelma Rodgers. Vel was the middle child of 3 girls in a loving and supportive family. Growing up, Vel and her sisters’ mother, Thelma, had a major influence on them. Thelma would hold strict no-tolerance rules. These rules included things such as, no smoking, drinking, or speaking loudly to be “ladylike”. Vel was described as a well-spoken and simple child (Early, 2015). Her parents also were hard workers. Russell Rodgers owned a small restaurant and a garage unit to support the family. They resided in the upper East side of Milwaukee; about 2.5 miles away from the University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee campus. Vel grew up during a time when African Americans made up a little above 0.5% of Milwaukee’s population (Gurda, 2017).

She was well aware of the disadvantages of being a minority. Despite the hardships most African Americans faced, she described her lifestyle as “comfortable, but by no means rich” (Miner, 2018). Mr. and Mrs. Rodgers were friends with a man named James Dorsey. Dorsey was an African American lawyer who ran for Alderman in 1936 but unfortunately lost 3 consecutive times. Vel used to eavesdrop on his conversations with her parents. Hearing these conversations and experiencing her mom working the polls on election day sparked Vel’s interest in politics. In an interview with Milwaukee Magazine, Vel talks about how her mother once asked, “Your sister is going to be a dietician. What do you have in mind?” with which Vel replied she wanted to be a lawyer. Her mother was very supportive, but also warned her that it would be hard since there were not a lot of female lawyers. Instead of changing her mind, Vel let this obtainable goal motivate her. Education The Rodgers always encouraged their daughters to pursue an education. Vel attended North Division, a major public high school in Milwaukee. It was here that she entered a national speaking contest. Impressively, she won the contest and was awarded a scholarship to a university of her personal choice. In 1943, she chose to attend Howard University in Washington D.C. in pursuit for a Bachelor of Arts degree. After graduating from Howard University, she returned to Milwaukee and began to volunteer at the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).

“Having a comfortable middle-class upbringing, Phillip’s volunteer work in the impoverished sections of the inner city was sobering and motivated her to work for change” (Cohen, 2015). Here, she grew an understanding of the oppressed conditions countless African Americans faced. One night, while attending a party, Vel met a man named Dale Phillips. He was a World War II veteran and according to a newspaper article, “He was impressed that, honoring her mother's code, she refused to drink or smoke” (Hagerty, 2018). Vel and Dale quickly got married on September 12, 1948. They both attended the University of Wisconsin-Madison law school where they experienced racism at the student housing facilities. At their housing facility named Badger Village, students who lived near them created a petition to segregate black students from white. Vel and Dale were crushed by this unfair occurrence. This experience was a major motivation for Vel to keep fighting for equality. Finally, in 1951, Dale and Vel became the first African American couple to graduate from The University of Wisconsin - Madison Law School. Vel was also the first African American woman to graduate from here. Even though this was a major accomplishment, Vel knew that she had much more to achieve. Early Career After graduating from law school, Vel and Dale moved back to Milwaukee to start a family. There, they opened a law firm called Phillips and Phillips and began to work. They became “the first husband-wife attorney team admitted to the federal bar in Milwaukee” (Miner, 2018).

Vel still knew that she wanted to make a bigger difference in the city, though. She thought that the best way to cultivate change for Milwaukee was in an elected position. She then decided to run for a seat on the school board in 1953. She was the first black woman to win the primary election but ultimately lost. Thankfully, this did not deter Vel from continuing her political career. In 1956, a new Ward district was opening up in Milwaukee. Vel decided to run for the Alderman position for this district. In the 2nd Ward, there were both black and white neighborhoods. This meant that it was necessary to obtain white votes as well as black ones. Strategically, Vel ran under the name “Vel Phillips” to hide the fact that she was a woman. Additionally, when campaigning in the district, she would hand out personalized cards with her information on it. The cards that were handed out in the black community would have a picture of her face on them, while the cards handed out in the white community did not. She needed every vote she could possibly get in this election.

On April 3rd, 1956, it was announced that Vel Phillips had won the election and was granted a position on the Milwaukee Common Council. She was officially named “Madam Alderman” and officially the first African American and woman to be elected on the all-white all male council. While in office, Vel was treated very poorly by her fellow aldermen. She experienced racism, segregation, and none of the Milwaukee aldermen wanted to share an office with her. This was very hard on Vel, but she kept pushing through. She spoke up when she knew she had to and got her points across even when it seemed as if the rest of the council was against her. It was also during this time that the black population was steadily growing, but it had nowhere to grow to. According to Cohen, “Post World War II migrants seeking jobs in Milwaukee’s booming industries contributed to a sharp rise in the city’s African American population, from 13,000 in 1945 to 21,772 in 1950” (2015). The unfair housing laws in Milwaukee were prohibiting the black community from residing outside of the Inner Core and prohibited them from buying homes in the city’s wealthier neighborhoods. Vel continuously fought for the equal rights in the public eye as the Civil Rights Movement was in full swing.

In 1962, Vel first proposed a fair housing law to resist Milwaukee’s segregation policies even though she knew it was highly unlikely to be passed. The ordinance stated, “It is to be the policy of the city of Milwaukee to assure equal opportunity to all persons to live in decent housing facilities regardless of race, color, or national origin” (Vel Phillips: Dream Big Dreams, 2015). This ordinance was rejected unanimously four times in a 20 to 1 vote in a span of five years. Marching with Father Groppi In August 1967, racial tensions were at an all-time high. Over 200 NAACP activists marched across the 16th Street viaduct in Milwaukee to peacefully protest the unfair housing laws. When the marchers crossed the bridge, they were met by over 2,000 angry white supremacists. This resulted in mass chaos and violence. The following day, Milwaukee mayor, Henry Maier installed a 30-day ban on the marches to reconstruct order. One day later, the marchers were ready to march again led by Father Groppi and Vel Phillips.

Groppi was a Catholic Priest who fought alongside Vel for the equal rights of African Americans. Being in an elected position, Vel was hesitant to march. Despite the possible outcomes, she decided to march as a prominent leader of Milwaukee’s Civil Rights Movement. During the march, Vel was immediately arrested. She was released the next morning and marched again at night. This choice truly shows us who Vel Phillips was. She knew that what she believed in was right and she would do anything in her power to make a change. At this time, the nation’s eyes were on Milwaukee and it was an embarrassment for the city to have an Alderman arrested. A news article once stated that “Ms. Phillips told the city council: 'You are aware, gentlemen, that the eyes of the nation, indeed the eyes of the world, are on Milwaukee' (Hagerty, 2018).

Open housing activists continued to march, though. For 200 nights consecutively, they marched. Vel Phillips remained on the council and aggressively fought for open housing. With this brought mass amounts of media attention. Vel would often receive letters filled with hate and racial slurs. She also obtained numerous anonymous phone calls threatening her and her family’s safety. One night, someone fired a gun through the front window of her house. Luckily, the bullet hit anyone inside. It was at this moment that Vel decided to send her two sons to California to live with her mother, Thelma. Late Career Shortly after the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr., President Lyndon Johnson and Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1968. This Act included legislation that outlawed housing segregation in all of the United States. Due to this historical feat, Milwaukee had finally passed a city-wide open housing ordinance.

After 6 long years of introducing this open housing ordinance, Vel Phillips had earned what she was fighting for. After serving 15 respectful years on the Common Council of Milwaukee, Vel decided to leave her position. Even though she had won this battle, there was much more war to fight. In 1971, Governor Patrick Lucy appointed Vel Milwaukee County Children’s Court Judge. In a PBS interview, Vel said, “I just thought I would have a chance to help shape someone’s life to really make a difference” (Vel Phillips: Dream Big Dreams, 2015). She became the first African American Judge to serve in Wisconsin history. Here, Vel was able to help in particular, African American families who were often disproportionately represented in court. In 1978, Vel Phillips decided to run for the Wisconsin Secretary of State.

On November 7th, she won the election as the Democratic nomination. She was the first African American to be elected to a statewide office position in Wisconsin and the first African American woman to be elected to a statewide executive office in American history. In this position, she was able to public speak in front of large crowds and began to inspire and influence people all around Wisconsin and the United States. She lost the following election in 1982. Impact in Retirement In 1988, Vel was considering running for Congress, but when she received the news that her husband, Dale, had passed away due to an unexpected heart attack, she decided to retire from elected offices. This did not change the fact that she was a woman of justice and social change. Vel realized the magnitude of her accomplishments and used her status and influence in the community to continue to fight for equality in her later years.

Organizations in the community and across the state of Wisconsin asked Vel to speak or attend functions they were hosting in order to create buzz with their campaigns. Certain leaders claimed that merely attaching Vel’s name to an organization or event was enough to get people's attention and help get the movement off the ground. Vel contributed and aligned with organizations such as the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), the Wisconsin Association of African American Lawyers (WAAL), Wisconsin Conservatory of Music, and the American Black Holocaust Museum. Her work specifically with the WAAL provided scholarships to young African Americans pursuing careers as lawyers. This offering was incredibly substantial to many of the students due to the fact that many of them chose a career in law based on Vel’s accomplishments and success. Vel was all about fighting for the underdog and using her platform to provide a voice for the voiceless and disenfranchised.

When it came to education, housing, job opportunities, or social justice reform, one could be assured that Vel would be there to lead the way. She believed it was not enough for her to be an example of black excellence in the community, but to also be one of the leaders helping lift up others along the way. Vel was eventually able to establish the Vel Phillips Foundation in 2006. Her foundation is responsible for a multitude of scholarships, grants, and other forms of financial support for minorities. Its mission is, “To help establish equality and opportunity for minorities through social justice, education, equal housing opportunities, and jobs”. The foundation also makes an effort to bring together all races and ethnicities for a greater sense of community. Vel was recognized and honored for her breakthroughs and community impact by having her name put on buildings from community centers, to judicial centers and college halls. In 2011, The University of Wisconsin - Madison named a hall in her name.

Vel Phillips continued to fight for what she believed in until the age of 95 years old. Impact After Death On April 17, 2018, Vel Phillips passed away in Mequon, Wisconsin. Even though she is gone, her accomplishments will last forever. Milwaukee North 4th Street was named Vel Phillips Avenue after her death to commemorate her efforts to provide equal opportunities to African Americans in Milwaukee. Students all across the country learn about her journey. It is important to remember who Vel Phillips was even though her feats were so immense. Vel was a daughter, a sister, a mother, and a wife. All she ever wanted was to make a small difference in the world and she did just that. Even in our current state of racial turmoil, any of us can be influenced by Vel’s courage and step up as a leader to cultivate change. It is one notion to recognize what is right and what is wrong, but it is a completely different mission to take action towards an impactful change.

Conclusion In conclusion, Vel Phillips created an everlasting change in the city of Milwaukee. Without her humble upbringings through struggle and hardships of being an African American woman, she would not have left the impact that she did. She gave younger minority generations hope that anything can be possible if you put your mind to it. If you truly believe in your heart that it is right, it is possible for one person to make that step towards change. It is inspiring to learn about Vel’s journey. She easily could have quit when others told her no. She stuck true to her guns and pressed on. From winning a national scholarship to becoming the first African American woman to be elected to a statewide executive office in American history, Vel has influenced a countless number of people. Without her, Milwaukee would not have become the city it is today. Even though it is still segregated, she took the first steps towards equality for all minorities alike.

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The Biblical Allusions in Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban

In 1999, J.K. Rowling released her third book in the Harry Potter series, which has become a global sensation. Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban is the third book out of a series of seven, and although it is not the middle book in the series, there is a certain turning point in the third novel and the series becomes darker and more serious. The themes of this novel are graver than the former novels, some of the prominent ones being deceit, time, good vs evil, and compassion/forgiveness. The characters grow up a little, and start to face problems that the older generations can relate towards. The Prisoner of Azkaban has many biblical allusions hidden in plain sight throughout the 435 pages. The events and characters in Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban have many allusions to the biblical story of Jesus' betrayal and crucifixion on the cross.

In the third Harry Potter novel, Harry receives information that an escaped prisoner -Sirius Black - who is accused of killing James and Lily Potter is hunting him down to kill him. In the end of the story, it is revealed to Harry that Sirius is his godfather, and he was also the original secret keeper of the whereabouts of James and Lily. However, Sirius did not believe he was fit for this responsibility, and the job was passed onto Peter Pettigrew. When James and Lily died, it was because Peter betrayed his best friends, and told Voldemort where their secret location was so they could be killed. This story is a biblical allusion to the story of Jesus' betrayal. At the Last Supper, Jesus confides in his Apostles that he was to be betrayed that very night by one of their own. A few hours later, while Jesus and his Apostles were praying on the Mount of Olives, Judas approaches with soldiers, kisses Jesus, and in turn betrays him to the chief priest. Jesus was then sentenced to death, and was killed on the cross.

These two stories have many similarities that directly parallel them against each other. Peter Pettigrew and Judas were both responsible for protecting the secret of their friends' location. However, they both deceived their friends, and revealed the information for the sake of their own good. Peter betrayed James and Lily out of fear, Judas betrayed Jesus out of greed. In the beginning, Peter was fighting Voldemort with the good guys, but as Voldemort began to become more powerful, Peter began to believe that good could not conquer evil, and that it would be best to join the dark side in the interest of his own life. Peter says "The Dark Lord... he-he has weapons you can't imagine... he was taking over everywhere... w-what was there to be gained by refusing him” (page 374)? He chose his friends' death over his own, which is the ultimate act of betrayal. Furthermore, Judas betrayed Jesus because there was a monetary reward for turning him over to the high priests. Matthew 25:16 states: "And said unto them, What will ye give me, and I will deliver him unto you? And they covenanted with him for thirty pieces of silver. Judas gave out Jesus' secret location for a mere 30 pieces, showing that his main reason for betrayal was greed for money.

This biblical allusion shows that Judas is the parallel to Peter Pettigrew, and Jesus is the parallel to James and Lily. Peter Pettigrew fully represents Judas; and although their reasons behind the betrayal were different, in the long run they had very similar actions. After Judas betrays Jesus, he becomes consumed with guilt and hangs himself. Likewise, in the 7th novel Peter begins to feel what seems as a shadow of guilt or duty, and strangles himself. While Judas and Peter embody each other, the parallel between Jesus and James and Lily is not as absolute. They definitely have similarities, but James and Lily do not fully represent their biblical mirror. Jesus, James, and Lily all died for the greater good. They all wanted the world to be a better place, and they had to die in order for changes to be made. In Jesus' case, he died so that the gates of heaven could be open. James and Lily had to die in the war against Voldemort so that their love and protection would give their son the power to defeat their murderer. However, Harry Potter is more of an allusion to Jesus, as he is "the Chosen One" who can be the only one to defeat Voldemort and bring light back into the world. Due to this parallel, it makes the allusion between Jesus/James and Lily less absolute.

The parallel between the biblical story of Jesus' betrayal and death are very significant in not only the third Harry Potter book, but also the whole series. It adds a dimension to the books that allow for a deeper understanding to the reader. Jesus was betrayed and sentenced to death, but his death was a sacrifice to all of human kind. Likewise, James and Lily died for their son, who in turn saved the wizarding world. This parallel brings a dimension of the fight between good and evil in the Harry Potter series, as well as adds tones of human love, sacrifice, and the good of all humans.

Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban has two characters who were very wrongly accused, but who were both sentenced to death. As mentioned earlier, Sirius Black was accused of killing James and Lily Potter, but was also believed to have killed Peter Pettigrew along with 12 muggles. Sirius had confronted Peter about the death of James and Lily, but Peter caused an explosion, which killed 12 muggles who were standing by at the scene. Peter than transformed into a rat (as an animagus) and Sirius was left to take responsibility. He was then sentenced to life in Azkaban, and after 12 years, he escaped and sought revenge. Sirius Black was a wrongly accused criminal, and was never able to prove his innocence while alive. Furthermore, Hagrid has a pet hippogriff by the name of Buckbeak who was also wrongly accused. Hagrid's first lesson as a professor took a turn for the worst when Draco Malfoy improperly handles Buckbeak and is pawed by the animal. After speaking with his father, Lucius Malfoy pulls some strings and has Buckbeak sentenced to death. Buckbeak is a wrongly accused criminal because he did not permanently hurt Draco, and the accident was actually Malfoy's faultbecause Hagrid had told the class how to properly handle a hippogriff. In the end, Sirius escapes on Buckbeak, and the two innocent criminals ride off into the sunset.

There is undoubtedly a huge biblical allusion of the betrayal of Jesus in the Prisoner of Azkaban. The parallel between the characters add depth and dimension to the story, and gives the reader intellectual clues into the personality of each person. Furthermore, the stories themselves are intertwined, and deception, betrayal, and lies are a driving force behind the scenes. This particular biblical allusion creates a pattern of dark and light, good and evil, and the obstacles one has to battle to reach salvation.

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Comparison Racial Segregation between the European Society

When studying the European culture, you can connect evidence and information in three ways; connections, comparisons, and globalization. Understanding these connections is a good way to broaden your understandings of the European movement and what their motivations were. When dealing with connections, evidence shows relations with the industrial revolution and the growing need for raw materials and agricultural products. Comparison is dealing with racial segregation between the European society and lastly globalization is dealing with significance of education and religion. The connections the Europeans society had were huge. The industrial revolution gave a rise to new economic growth. The enormous productivity the industrial technology and Europe growing now gave the need for extensive raw materials and agricultural products. “This now changed the patterns and economic social life of the countries and their origins.” Europe now needed to sell their own products. “In 1840, for example, Britain was exporting 60 percent of its cotton-cloth production, annually sending 200 million yards to Europe, 300 million yards to Latin America, and 145 million yards to India”.

The Indian Home Rule stated briefly about how the effects Europe had in today’s society. India adopted many civilizations from the European society. For example, “people ploughed their lands mainly by manual labor. One man can plough a vast tract of lands by means of steam engines and thus amass great wealth.” “Men were once slaves under physical compulsion. Now, they enslaved by temptation of money and the luxuries that money can buy”. “Civilization is that mode of conduct which points out to the man the path of duty.” “Performance of duty and observance is mortality are convertible terms. To observe mortality is to attain mastery over our mind and our passions.” 6 To observe mortality is to attain mastery over our mind and our passions. “Between 1910 and 1913, Britain was sending about half of its savings overseas as foreign investments.” “Wealthy Europeans also saw social benefits to foreign markets, which served to keep Europe’s factories humming and its workers employed.”

There have been many comparisons dealing with the European colonial empires. “In East Africa, for example, white men expected to be addressed as bwana (Swahili for “master”) whereas European regularly called African men “boy”.Practical subjects were more popular than scientific and literary studies. Europeans were reluctant in allowing even the most highly educated Asians and Africans to enter the Colonial Civil Service. The article that I found most in comparison to this topic is, The White Man’s Burden. The White Man’s burden touches on the racial superiority after the defeat of Spain in the Spanish-American War. In this poem, he only wants the best which are white men. He comes off that white men are the better race. When he quotes,” heavy harness”, he is talking about how he needs strong horses to carry a huge load. He also believes that natives are just a bunch of uncivilized people and need the saving of white men.

Colonies that had large European settler population, but racial separation was more prominent because most places were already settled and had few whites. “The racial system provided for separate “homelands”, education systems, residential area, public facilities, and much more.” “Nineteenth century European colonizers were extraordinary as well in their penchant for counting and classifying their subject people.” The colonial government collected a vast number of information, used to manage the unfamiliar, complex, varied and fluctuating societies. “In India, British found in classical text and Brahmin ideology an idealized description of the caste system”. “Within the African colonies Europeans identified, and sometimes invented, distinct tribes, each with its own clearly defined territory, language, customs, and chief.” “It reduced the enormous complexity and fluidity of African societies to be a more manageable state and thus made colonial administration easier.” “Gender entered the European in efforts to define both themselves and their new people. European colonizers are mostly male. The colonial policies of Europeans contradicted their own core values and their practices at home to a usual degree.” In the nineteenth-century Britain and France became more democratic.

The process of globalization has been prominent for many European societies. First way globalization was prominent is dealing with education. “Education was provided through missionary or government schools.” “Education was a means of “uplifting native races”, a paternalistic obligation of the superior to the inferior.” The Azamgarh Proclamation is the bounden duty of all the wealthy people in India, especially those who have any sort of connection with any of the Muslim royal families and are considered the pastors and masters of their people, to stake their lives and property for the wellbeing of the public. Bahadur Shah pledged that he would liberate and protect the poor helpless people over groaning under their rule. The British government have been making land settlements and have been imposing exorbitant amount of taxes. They put up their estates for public auctions for rent. This is significant to globalization in a way that it shows the influence of authority. Education provided social mobility and elite status within their own communities. Another way globalization was through religion.

Religion provided a new or transformed identities during the colonial era. Christianity took place widely in the Pacific Oceania and especially non-Muslim Africa. Christianity was widely associated with education. Mission schools were the primary education of Western colonies. “Missionary teaching and practice also generated conflict and opposition, particularly when they touched on gender roles.” Many converts believed their old gods and spirits were evil and sought destruction. The Rhodes Colossus was about how the primary European rivalries for territory. Great Britain occupied Egypt in 1881. France came in control of Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, and Italy. Italy then seized Libya in 1912. 20 The European society showed connection, comparison, and globalization in many ways.

Understanding these connections is a good way to broaden your understandings of the European movement and what their motivations were. They show connection through the industrial revolution and the growing need for raw materials and agricultural products. Dealing with comparison of the European society is touching mostly on racial segregation. Globalization is mostly dealing with education and religion and how they effect and influence European society. We can easily show evidence documented of events that have relation to these topics. All having an impact on the European movement and the motivations involved.

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Segregation and the Making of the Underclass in United States

In this paper, I will discuss C. Wright Mills’ work, “The Power Elite,” which highlights the power structure in the United States. The second work I will examine is Barbara Ehrenreich’s’ “Nickel &Dimed” which took place during the welfare reform and was a portrayal about how she attempted to survive with low wage rates for a period of time. The last work I will discuss is Massey & Dentons’ “American Apartheid” which entails the segregation and the making of the underclass. All of these works tie into one another and affect the political, social and economic structures in society today.

The main premise of Mills’ work examined the power elite, which is a small group of people who rule policy making in America. This group are politically, militarily or economically dominant and protect their own power even if the decisions may not be good for everyone in society. Although this was written in 1956, it is still as relevant today as it was then due to the power elite withholding its power. Mills addresses that the National Upper class own most of Americas wealth, own majority of the banks and corporations, and are in high positions within the government and court systems. It is so powerful that there is little to no competition therefore usually receiving what they want. Mills argues:

“People with advantages are loathe to believe that they just happen to be people with advantages. They come readily to define themselves as inherently worthy of what they possess; they come to believe themselves 'naturally' elite; and, in fact, to imagine their possessions and their privileges as natural extensions of their own elite selves.”

I agree with Mill’s statement regarding those who already have advantages feel worthy of them. Furthermore, I believe that since there are numerous people born into wealth, they automatically feel that they are entitled to have more power or authority over someone else. For example, if someone who was in the upper class got in trouble with the law and had to go to court it could potentially be taken care of. Most of those who are in the court systems are in the upper class and would be able to help this person out through connections. Whereas if someone from the lower class were to be in trouble with the law this would not happen and they would have to go through the normal process of the court system. Being, that this happens it portrays the idea that Mills is explaining in his work due to the fact that the power resides in the structures of our society to this day. This ideology that was written about almost sixty years ago seems to be true in our society to this day. Another statement that Mills argues is:

“If we took one hundred most powerful men in America, the one hundred wealthiest, and the one hundred most celebrated away from the institutional positions they now occupy, away from their resources of men and women and money, away from the media of mass communication that are now focused upon them- then they would be powerless and poor and uncelebrated.”

I think that this statement brings about a better understanding as to how our country is ruled by such a small amount of people being the political leaders, major corporate owners and high-ranking military officers. Mill’s statement amplifies the fact that by containing wealth and power it is much easier to be part of institutions and obtain these experiences. If national issues were not only decided by those in power and instead equally, then the power elite would be nonexistent. This could potentially lead to the idea that the decisions made would be that of which we agree upon.

In Ehrenreich’s work, she reflects the power structure in society, being that she explains firsthand her experiences and hardships from the change from originally being a middle-class journalist to becoming a lower-class low wage worker. She experiments whether the welfare reform programs are aiding women in poverty properly by carrying out the experience as a low wage worker in America. Ehrenreich states “I’d been feeling pretty smug by my 500$ efficiency, but of course it was made possible only by the 1300 I had allotted myself for start-up costs when I began my low wage life.” If Ehrenreich had not had this start-up money, she would most likely be homeless since it had paid for her first month’s rent. This makes it clearer that those in poverty are more likely to stay in it and struggle working jobs day in and day out and are maybe just getting by.

I feel that the power structure of the united states has a major role as to why there is poverty. It is an endless cycle because of the fact that low income families are controlled by the numerous obstacles that society brings. It is immensely difficult for lower class people to obtain skilled jobs therefore they resort to unskilled jobs with lower pay because they may not have the correct education that may require too much money. Even if they have multiple jobs it is hard even then to support their families and even themselves. Although we are a democracy after reading Ehrenreich’s work it made it much more apparent that we are not. There are many people suffering in the working class just trying to get by and still struggling to do so. If we were a true democracy, these people would be receiving the medical aid deemed necessary as well as housing if need be. This goes back to the power structure of the united states.

Massey and Dentons’ work also outline the effect of the power structure of the United States. They do this by explaining how the whites formed the black ghetto in order to isolate the growing black populations therefore creating residential segregation. Massey and Denton state

“Because of racial segregation a significant amount of black America is condemned to experience a social environment where poverty and joblessness are the norm, where a majority of children are born out of wedlock, where most families are on welfare, where educational failure prevails and where social and physical deterioration abound".

Due to being in this environment, the structure and conditions create a reduction in black chances for economic and social success. Therefore, I think that it is immensely hard to be surrounded by poverty and become successful. It does occur but it is far easier to become successful if you are born into it. Economic disadvantages already alter your ability to obtain a better education which then can lead to a better paying job. This becomes almost impossible to achieve. Massey and Denton argue that “Until policymakers, social scientists, and private citizens recognize the crucial role of Americas own apartheid in perpetuating urban poverty and racial injustice, the United States will remain a deeply divided and very troubled society.”

I could not agree more with this statement, I believe that until policies are put into action and someone stands up for this endless cycle than it will continue for a long period of time. Even though we have come a long way from segregation in the past, residential segregation is also an issue that should be stopped entirely.

In conclusion, I have summarized the ideas of the power structure of the United States and its dominance in the issues of those in the working class as well as those who are racially segregated. There should be policies created in order to change the power structure in society so that citizens have more of a say in what should be done which could potentially create more of a democratic relationship between the upper class, the middles class and the working class.

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History of Slavery, Segregation Ang other Issue African Americans

Most painful history of this young United States of America is its long history of slavery, impact on human rights and treatment of indigenous peoples. No matter how hard we try to work through the world’s issues, our own failures as a country still haunt us. Ever since slavery and slave trade started in 1444, our country was one of the last ones to abolish it, allow equal human rights to African Americans and give them full civil rights under the protection of the Constitution that we all hold dear.

Tragedy of slavery still haunts us today in many ways. Current political climate just brought it to the forefront, fresh, raw and ripped the healing wounds wide open or did it just expose the illusion of what we have all been secretly ignoring and hiding? As we go through our daily lives, we cannot help but be reminded how racism, spawn of slavery, still resides and has a strong hold on our society today. Imagine, all these years later, people still fear individuals of melanin rich skin tone, that somehow if allowed they will ruin our world, our society and take away our freedom, create havoc and destruction in our communities and our country and world at large. Sad part is, one thing that makes us unique, that can make us stronger and more beautiful is used against us and may shake the foundations of this country forever.

Author’s name and Publication detail:

Modlin, E. A., Jr. (2008). Tales Told on the Tour: Mythic Representations of Slavery by Docents at North Carolina Plantation Museums. Southeastern Geographer, 48(3), 265-287

The Annotation Details:

In this article, Modlin (2008) talks about misrepresentation of African Americans as slaves on the plantations and museums in North Carolina, specifically how they idealized the past of wealthy and white plantation owner while ignore long history of slavery on those plantations thus minimizing existence and impact of slavery. History is being blatantly revised by some plantations/museums through symbolic annihilation of presence of African-Americans all together from their history, through minimization and segregation of the story of enslaved and in some cases the story of enslaved is just barely mentioned just to satisfy certain historical standards. Main proposal to rectify this issue and promote more socially responsible and accurate representation of history at these sites is put forward by including African Americans at these sites through operation and administration. However this may be difficult to implement since African Americans are not a monolithic group but a complex and vibrant one. Additionally groups representing the plantation/museums may fear that the plantation will be seen in a sinister and negative way as well as most importantly, a reluctance of African Americans in participating on these plantation tours may bringing up trauma of slavery. I can see the issue with the latter, finding the balance at the site, character and bias of visitors as well as personal deep-rooted feelings on slavery and segregation would make a huge challenge to those participating and working in these places.

Author’s name and Publication detail:

Oconnell, H. A. (2012). The Impact of Slavery on Racial Inequality in Poverty in the Contemporary U.S. South. Social Forces,90(3), 713-734.

The Annotation Details:

In this study Oconnell (2012) advances the literature on racial inequality and the Southern legacy of slavery by examining slavery’s relationship with inequality in poverty. Her research suggests that slavery had direct impact on racial inequality and even with changes in our system, disparity in social and economic success by race is persistent in our society today. Furthermore she suggests that disparity in poverty between blacks and non-Hispanic whites is greater in southern states and more specifically worse in areas of previously high concentrations of slaves compared to rest of the state/south. Most impactful variations of black-white poverty gap are: demographic and economic conditions, racial threat, wealth accumulation and the legacy of slavery. Oconnell suggests that “slavery’s social structural legacy differentially affects life outcomes to the disadvantage of blacks through adherence to social expectations of blacks’ racial inferiority.” (p. 715)

We know the disadvantage African Americans face when it comes to wealth, access to health care, education, better living conditions etc. This article supports the view that the legacy of slavery among blacks puts them at distinct disadvantage in our society exactly because of slavery and its impact even though slavery ended 150 years ago. All those issues that are still talked about, of coercive systems of social and economic control developed in response to abolition such as Jim Crow laws are still felt today.

Author’s name and Publication detail:

Gordon-Reed, Annette (2018). America's Original Sin Slavery and the Legacy of White Supremacy. Foreign Affairs, 00157120,, Vol. 97, Issue 1

The Annotation Details:

Gordon-Reed (2018) in her article reflects on the effects of slavery on African Americans today but also the conscious or unconscious racism that still exists and is propagated through continuation of white supremacy and complacency of our citizens. She states that in order for us to understand current problems of wealth inequality of African Americans, which is a fraction of white wealth in comparison, police brutality with racialized law enforcement maneuvers as well as failures of our constitution to protect our African American citizens, as discussed earlier in previous postings, stems from slavery itself but it also from another lasting legacy, a legacy of white supremacy, that we have ignored for the longest time but which has reared its ugly head now in this era of new racial tensions and “loss of civility” as our senators reminded us last week. Complacency by white Americans, our government, elected officials, to allow for this to escalate and divide country and polarize it for political gain is un-American. It took everyone in post civil rights movement from across the country to start the change on white supremacy, and today forward we can use the same principles and reverse what is happening in our country.

Author’s name and Publication detail:

Quillian, L. (2006). New Approaches to Understanding Racial Prejudice and Discrimination. Annual Review of Sociology,32(1), 299-328. doi:10.1146/annurev.soc.32.061604.123132

The Annotation Details:

In his work, Quillian (2006) defines the basis for prejudice, reflects on discrimination and racism in the United States and its continuing effects on the society today. He primarily focuses on recent work on the measurement of discrimination, especially audit methods; theories of new prejudice and racism following the Civil Rights movement and subsequent changes to the laws and enforcement of them as well as research on implicit prejudicial attitudes. All this is characterized through a multidimensional understanding of prejudice and/or the use of experimental methods. Many argue that due to changes in our law to be inclusive of African Americans rights, new and subtle forms of prejudice are taking form. Especially can be seen in todays issues such as hostility and racism when it comes to kneeling in the NFL, how through social media expression of such feelings are easily conveyed and all under the guise of First Amendment. Current social and racial tensions, in the form of #metoo as well as Black Lives Matter movement are stemming from that new prejudice Qullian talks about.

Author’s name and Publication detail:

Berlin, I. (2004). American Slavery in History and Memory and the Search for Social Justice. Journal of American History,90(4), 1251. doi:10.2307/3660347

The Annotation Details:

One of the prolific work of Ira Berlin looks back on issues of slavery and resurgence of interest in the history of it in the late 1990’s early 2000’s with the creation of movies such as Amistad, Color Purple etc. His view is that the injustice of slavery, profound effects on African American lives through lack of access to wealth, healthcare access, education, following Civil Rights movement and its effects in 2000’s need to be reconciled with the memory of slavery and history. He felt that history over memory would make the past irrelevant in twenty-first century and if memory trumped history, then past would become just a reflection of the present with no real purpose, just a wish fulfillment. In his opinion, slavery will continue in both history and memory. Embracing them both just may create a collective past that honors forebears and acknowledges that connection between past and present. “And perhaps by incorporating slavery’s memory into slavery’s history and vice versa, Americans – white and black – can have a past that is both memorable and, at last, past.” (p. 1268)

References

Berlin, I. (2004). American Slavery in History and Memory and the Search for Social Justice. Journal of American History,90 (4), 1251. doi:10.2307/3660347

Gordon-Reed, Annette (2018). America's Original Sin Slavery and the Legacy of White Supremacy. Foreign Affairs, 00157120,, Vol. 97, Issue 1

Modlin, E. A., Jr. (2008). Tales Told on the Tour: Mythic Representations of Slavery by Docents at North Carolina Plantation Museums. Southeastern Geographer,48(3), 265-287. doi:10.1353/sgo.0.0025

Oconnell, H. A. (2012). The Impact of Slavery on Racial Inequality in Poverty in the Contemporary U.S. South. Social Forces,90(3), 713-734. doi:10.1093/sf/sor021

Quillian, L. (2006). New Approaches to Understanding Racial Prejudice and Discrimination. Annual Review of Sociology,32(1), 299-328. doi:10.1146/annurev.soc.32.061604.123132

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Segregation and Another Racial Issues Afro American in “The Colors of Law” by Richard Rothstein

The Colors of Law by Richard Rothstien was a very interesting, but engaging book to read. Starting out the book was very confusing. This book went through spirals of different subjects. It was based on how whites made the lives of African Americans hard. Whites would do anything to prevent the integration of African Americans. This book brought to life many hardships that seemed to be forgotten about African Americans and what they faced even after slavery. The white population was all for keeping things in segregation and they did not like the idea of integration. They would do anything that would fight against that. That's where the main subject seems to be about racial aspects.

There were a couple key parts of this book that definitely stood out. One was the talking about Mr.Stevenson's life and how because he was African American he only had a couple options to do things. Another key part was the talking about the private agreements and how only whites could buy houses, but African Americnas could not. The third key element that stood out was when it talked about the suppressed income and how Africcan Americans were forced to give up their money that they earned. The last key element was how respected officials such as the government would do anything to be unfair to the African Americans. Yes, there were many other things to consider to talk about from this book, but these are the four parts that caught the attention of this reader.

To start off, the first chapter was definitely the hooker to keep reading the book. It started out with a place called San Francisco and how it was inferred that San Francisco had racial policies in its environment in the twentieth century. Reading on, it continued to talk about a guy named Mr. Stevenson who was one out of seven of his brothers who couldn't continue school due to segregation. Looking at his story he explained that they did not have to work for white farmers.That was because he went to school and because his dad could grow all his own crops, raise his own farm animals and hunt for his own food which back then seems very rare, just from learning about slaves. To read that Mr. Stevenson was told that because he is black, he is just expected to work on a farm for someone else is very harsh. They do not care whether or not he finishes school, it is all on him to work for people. Because of how the rules were, Mr.Stevenson did not get the chance to go to high school. He instead had to follow his brothers and go to work. His jobs only consisted of being reserved for African Americnas only. With this there are many things that can be pointed out and one being school. Back then it seems that only whites could go to high school, but now anyone starting from however old can attend a public school, no matter race, gender, culture or religion. Imagining being put in that position where the choice is to not work or have to work for someone else and potentially get no money is hard to come by. If only they gave them more encouraging things to do and let them finish school would have been way better then them having to go off to work at 12 years old.

Another key part that stood out was in chapter five when it talked about private agreements. To learn that there were actual neighborhoods where they were exclusive to only one color is beyond crazy. Trying to understand why such things were happening is very confusing. What comes from this chapter is that the FHA was okay with people not selling houses to African Americans. People would actually put a race to their house thinking that it would sell for higher and they would get more money. Think about it. Putting a race on a house. Telling people that because they are African American whether they have the money to buy the house or not doesn't matter. Not only that but if it happened that the homeowner decided to sell to an African American, the neighbor could actually sue that family and get them kicked out of their home, just because they are not white. Why was this okay? Well it was a time period that people were still not okay to the fact that there are other people that are not white, it still doesn't make what happened okay. Lessons that can be taken away from this is that African Americnas really had to hold their own. It is astonishing how much they were willing to not change the way African Americans were living. Not only was segregation happening in residential areas, but also schools. They did not want their white children being exposed to black children. The extent to segregation was a never ending thing. With no other choice the blacks had to locate in bad neighborhoods where things were literally falling apart. These places included the ghettos areas or slums. The president named Richard Nixon even took the time to decide that the white communitesties shouldnt be forced to live with African Americans since they did not want their white communities to turn into crime and ugly neighborhoods. That's why African American houses were low quality compared to whites.

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Racial Segregation in America

Racism is a term defined in many different ways depending on who you ask. According to Dr. Tatum racism is a system of advantage based on race. Prejudice can be a way to refer to racism, “a preconceived judgement or opinion, usually based on limited information about something or someone. (p.85)” Racism is an issue that has been around from the beginning of time. Historically racism can be related to slavery between blacks and whites. While our nation has gotten a lot better with racism as a whole, “some patterns of segregation still persist, predominately in schools and neighborhoods.(p.3)” But how many people do actually talk to their children and the importance of not being racist and prejudice towards others simply because the color of their skin. Dr. Tatum wants to express the importance racism plays in everyone’s life from a young age and how parents shouldn’t be afraid to talk to their children about race to help prevent racism.

Dr. Tatum effectively backs her points on why racism is so important. People of different races may see racism differently. Talking to our children from a young age of how multi-cultural our society is can help minimize racism and acceptance of all. Instead of being afraid and being prejudice one should be inclusive and not see others as white privileged. Racism can be started from a young age with disintegration. While prejudice and racism are inevitable helping build children’s, racial identity plays a huge role in how bias a child may grow up being against another race/gender. Children’s racial identity should begin being made from a young age, so they fully understand what a diverse nation we live in and its ok to accept everyone for who they are no matter where they came from. A great example was that of young Africa-American Trayvon Martin mistaken for an intruder being fatally shot by George Zimmerman. This young man was simply walking to his father’s fiancée’s home when he was seen as up to no good because he was a different race and wearing a black hoodie. This event unfortunately led to the death of Trayvon and a verdict of not guilty that brought up how even as a nation with a black president we still have a lot of racial segregation.

Conflict theory is based on class conflict and that laws tend to reflect the interest of the powerful. This is a theory were money and material issues affect everyday life. Dr. Tatum refers to the white privileged and how being privileged is an advantage to many. Then there are those who live in not the best conditions and are typically those of other races and how they are automatically judged from where they come. From a young age we see the separation of advantages schools in different neighborhoods. From a young age a child begins his or hers identity development. It’s how exposed they are to it that they will be able to achieve a strong identify and not be so judgmental. Even into adulthood, “on predominantly white campuses, black students express their sense of alienation, hostility, racial discrimination, and lack on integration. (p.169)” This has a lot to do with not achieving ones identity development and relates to conflict theories where those of lower income neighborhoods probably never interacted with those more privileged races and once in adulthood the prejudice continues.

One can consider how Dr. Tatum may have been biased in her book, simply by reading the title of the book. Further into the book you realize the book is not only focusing on whites being racist against blacks. She talks about all races and how we all can encounter racist or racial prejudice. Not all whites are racist some are more passive racist, “ laughing when a racist joke is told, and avoiding difficult race-related issues. (p.91)” While passive racism is not a bad thing, she tries to move on to a more positive way in which we can move towards active antiracism. As a Hispanic I can relate to, “having Spanish speaking parents stripped away from their native language in school and asking parents to speak only English to their children at home. (p250-251)” This happened to my mother whose first language was Spanish but once she went to school and Spanish was not an accepted language her Spanish went away. While she still understands it, she no longer remembers how to speak it.

Affirmative action was introduced by President Lyndon Johnson in 1965. This is an executive order I didn’t know existed. This order , “obligates all contractors who employ more than fifty workers to ensure all their employees are treated equally during employment without regard to their race, religion, sex, or nationality. (p.215)” She goes on to explain the process a bit more and how even a qualified white person may not be hired and feel disappointed. While affirmative action is an act to ensure bias isn’t being made and everyone is given an equal opportunity this is just another act to show bias will always be in place. In most cases the best qualified person for the job will be a person of the dominant group. I can personally agree with this action firsthand in the environment I work in it doesn’t matter how qualified you are, or what your race or even gender are but more of who you know.

Racism or racial prejudice is something that has been around for ages. Slavery was one of the biggest issues our country has had to go through. How we control it and present it to our children can help with there being less racial division. While we as a whole cannot get rid of racism, we can work together more so to ensure inclusion of all. Also, as more and more multi-racial families come along, we can see I can see how it may be hard for some to accept because of their beliefs but this will open up a lot more peoples mind to inclusion and growing a racial identity. Dr. Tatum gives multiple examples from the beginning of time how we’ve experienced racism but also overcome many obstacles that bring us just a little closer to being antiracism. While the fear of violence and institutional racism will always be present it is our responsibility to help minimize it by not being afraid and speaking up.

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Advanced Generalist Practice: Paper of Intersectionality

Contents

Cultural Needs & Strengths
Spiritual Needs & Strengths
Ethnic Values and Beliefs
References

Population: Identify the chosen population and discuss research-based knowledge of the client population, including the needs and strengths of their cultural, spiritual, and ethnic values and beliefs (include a minimum of 2 references).

I chose to focus on the Black and African American population. I realize it may seem odd to say Black and African American as most people see them as the same, however I wanted to make a point to recognize that not all Black people consider themselves to be African American. For the purposes of this paper, I will use the term African American. I feel that this group has continued to cycle where its worth is concerned, in the eyes of society. In my opinion African American lives have never been viewed as valuable to many within the dominant race, especially those who hold law making power. Society has yet to see the great value of African American individuals, which has brought this population to advocate for our lives to be viewed as equal to every other race, as we did during the civil rights movement in the 1950’s. Oppression and discrimination is nothing new to this vulnerable population, the recent killings of innocent black men, women, and children over the past few years, has reminded many of a time not so long ago when this kind of oppression was common place. There is an enormous amount of documentation depicting both past and present atrocities that this population has endured. As a social worker, the National Association of Social Workers (2017), tells us that it’s important to challenge social injustice. “Social workers pursue social change, particularly with and on behalf of vulnerable and oppressed individuals and groups of people. Social workers' social change efforts are focused primarily on issues of poverty, unemployment, discrimination, and other forms of social injustice.” (NASW (2017).

Cultural Needs & Strengths

In my research, the topic of respect seemed to be a common theme for this vulnerable population. Komen states, African Americans strongly value showing respect to elders and authority figures and traditionally have treated their elders with great respect. The father or mother can take the role of the decision maker. (Komen 2015). The flexibility of this population to have either parent take a lead role in the family, allows for a normalcy and resilience if a two-parent home becomes a one parent home, or another family member has to take over the care of the children. Over the past few years, with the blatant disregard for the lives of African Americans, this population has begun to publicly speak out against authority figures such as law enforcement and politicians. Inn result making advocacy a strength within this community, having the courage to speak up when people are being killed for doing so should not go unnoticed.

Spiritual Needs & Strengths

Komen (2015) depicts the core of African American culture as being rooted in faith, prayer and religious affiliations. Many African Americans attend regular religious services, have an unwavering belief in God and miracles. (Komen 2015). Having a spiritual foundation and believing in something bigger than yourself, can help take the pressure off of having to be in total control and or having the answers for life’s tragedies and mishaps.

Ethnic Values and Beliefs

Komen (2015) also references the African-American culture, grandparents are generally revered with high regard. Non-blood relatives, such as Godparents and close friends are often thought of as family and these connections are very important. It is common to hear this population identify and refer to these non-blood relatives as family. (Komen 2015). This population operates under a communal value system, which expands their support system. As an oppressed population, this value system can create a sense of belonging, trust, security, understanding and support.

“The Black man has no rights which the White man is bound to respect. . . . He may justly and lawfully be reduced to slavery . . . and treated as an ordinary article of traffic and merchandise…” (Goff, Eberhart, Williams, Jackson 2008). I believe that this statement is reflective of society’s common historically acceptable views of this population. It’s a well-known fact that during slavery, slaves were required to work harder than anyone else. Slaves were also expected to care for their slave master’s children from birth and cook their meals. Despite all of this, slaves were characterized as lazy, backwards, untrustworthy and dishonest. The following are pictures I obtained from Bing images, represent some additional historical stereotypical bias for this population.

In my opinion, the two most noticeable areas where African Americans have challenged historical and present-day stereotypes, are in the areas of political engagement and representation and the sports arena. Former President Barack Obama turned the world upside down with his historic win in 2009. However, he was not the first African American individual to be a successful politician. According to a political timeline on Black History in America, in 1870 Hiram Revels a Republican from Mississippi became the first African American to a part of the United States Senate. 1992 Carol Moseley Braun, a Democrat from Illinois, is the first African-American woman elected to the Senate. Black History in America There are many African Americans who paved the way for former President Barack Obama’s great success. (Black History in America). This population has also successfully navigated the sports arena, African Americans have stood on Olympic podiums from 1936 to 2018. In fact, according to Tuakli (2018), seven Blacks made Olympic history at the 2018 PyeongChang Winter Olympics. These athletes set records and medaled in short track speed skating, men’s and women’s long track speed skating, bobsled, and hockey. (Tuakli 2018).

Discuss personal biases and values regarding this population and provide at least two examples that address what you can do to mitigate your own or others’ biases that are clearly connected to this client population (include a minimum of 1 reference).

I am a member of the African American population, and I chose to do this paper on my population because, I would like to make my colleagues aware of my discoveries. Engaging with this population has been a current topic in my work environment and I believe that sharing information and resources is the only way to create allies within society. My personal biases within this community, is that we are an amazing group of people that have contributed greatly towards the development of this nation. I also believe that we have experienced decades of compound trauma that has had catastrophic consequences on how we have developed as Colored, Negros, African Americans, which were names that identified who we were on birth certificates, depending on the year you were born. I have seen family member’s birth certificates who have been identified in all of these racial categories. I find great value in this population as I believe that having a communal mindset, can create a healthy support system. It also creates a closeness and loyalty that promotes a desire to care for our elderly. I also value the various shades of our blackness and the variations of cultural experiences that we have based on our regional experiences. One of the ways to help address implicit biases is to take “The Implicit Attitude Test” (IAT). Project Implicit (2011), has developed a platform to address implicit biases and one can take an anonymous test that measures attitudes toward or beliefs about certain racial, ethnic, gender, religious groups and much more. You may be surprised at your results, causing a sense of joy or disappointment, but the most important thing, to me is to create awareness. (Project Implicit 2011).

Personally, I have taken the race test and have learned a great deal from my results. Being aware of your own implicit biases, helps individuals make changes accordingly. Another way to address racial bias as an African American woman, is to be willing to answer questions, share experiences and educate those who want to learn about what it means to be Black or African American in America. Allies are the key to change. Cultural Humility: Describe how to engage clients and constituencies as experts of their own experiences, and provide a clear example of what this may look like (include at least one reference).

This population has historically been perceived as being less than and have experienced being discounted and disbelieved. As a social worker, I recognize the need to build rapport and would start by describing my time with them, as them being the director and star of their own play and I am just their supporting cast. Although I come from the same group and may have had similar experiences, it is imperative to understand that everyone’s experiences are unique to them. To think that because I am African American, I know what the entire Black or African American community thinks and feels about their individual situations would be a huge mistake. My research led me to the following examples by (Atkin 2007), which I believe would be helpful for every social worker to practice in an effort to develop cultural humility:

“Examine your cultural and family beliefs and values. For example, childhood experiences. Your relationship with your parents. How did your parents or grandparents relate to one another within their relationships? What childhood experiences would you like to pass on to your children?
What is you culture/identity: ethnicity, age, experience, education, socio-economic status, gender, sexual orientation, and faith or spiritual beliefs.
How does your identity define who you are today?
How has your beliefs and value changed over the years?
Are you aware of your biases towards other who don’t align with your beliefs?
For example, do you find it hard to relate to some program participants? Can you identify participants who are resistant to confide in you versus the way you colleagues do?
Question and explore your beliefs, that you values are the “norm.”
Identify a time when you knew you were different from other people.” (Akin, 2007).

Oppression and Discrimination: Describe and discuss at least one form of oppression and discrimination that this population experiences at each of the following levels:

Micro - I have heard many times and have watched as a black man walks past a white woman and she grabs her purse tighter and moves a little faster to get past him. These kinds of macroaggressions, imply that black men are thieves and or should be feared and these actions are contagious and learned behavior, passed down from one generation to the next.
Mezzo - Work place discrimination is another oppression that this population faces. Hadden, cited in a U.S. Equal Opportunity Commission report, biases against African Americans effect employment decisions in the federal sector. (Hadden 2010). Hadden, also gives the following example “There is a practice that African Americans are not considered, groomed, or selected for high level positions because of the stereotypical view (or unconscious bias) that those positions are considered nontraditional for African Americans.” (Hadden 2010).
Macro - Economic discrimination and the glass ceiling is a real barrier for this population and according to Devega (2016), if the economy continues in its current progression, it will take the average black household 228 years to gain equal wealth as their white counterparts, making it impossible to seal the gap if major policy changes do not occur soon. (Devega, 2016).

Social Justice: Apply understanding of social justice by describing and discussing one evidence based method social workers can use to advocate for human rights for each of these levels: individual, group, and community, for this identified population, and provide at least one example for each of these advocacy methods that addresses social justice (include at least one reference).

Micro: At this level I would use the Strengths Perspective to address the effects of oppression and discrimination. This method is meant to empower the individual and to focus on their strengths, identifying the good rather than focusing on the negative.
Mezzo: At this level, I would engage with community organizations, encouraging them to use Continuous Quality Assurance Evaluations, to assess whether, they are operating within the identified best practices when engaging with this population.
Macro- At this level, one thing a social worker can do, is to join legislative advocacy groups, advocating for change in laws that negatively impact this population. Fighting for change in unjust policies is part of what social work is all about.

Economic Justice: Apply understanding of economic justice by describing and discussing one evidence-based method social workers can use to advocate for human rights for each of these levels: individual, group, and community for this identified population with at least one example for each of these advocacy methods that addresses economic justice (include at least one reference). The method I would use, would be to explore the current status of family services, taking into consideration that my population is most likely disproportionately affected in these areas.

Micro - According to Kirst-Ashman and Hull, when advocating for social and economic justice, generalist practitioners should evaluate five things that affect a families’ well-being: “employment, direct provision of income or substitutes for income, health care, homelessness, and day care.” (Kirst-Ashman, Hull 2018).
Mezzo - Considering the above things that affect a family’s well-being, at this level I would want to meet with community partners, to access the deficits that our community face in each area and determine how and who will take on each deficit.
Macro: At this level, I would advocate for the money needed to meet the needs of those in my community.

Environmental Justice: Apply understanding of environmental justice by describing and discussing one evidence based method social workers can use to advocate for human rights for each of these levels: individual, group, and community for this identified population with at least one example for each of these advocacy methods that addresses environmental justice. (include at least one reference).

Micro - Engaging in meaningful dialogue with the oppressed population, specifically regarding their experiences with environmental justice at my agency and within our community.
Mezzo - Creating and leading a task group to evaluate environmental justice within my agency.
Macro - Joining State and National task-oriented advocacy groups to advocate for environmental justice. Focusing on the fact that all humans should have equal and fair rights regardless of race or any other factor, is the target topic of my advocacy.

I started out with the intent of researching information that would be helpful to others outside of the African American race, however I too learned a lot, about how to utilize critical thinking skills, to apply evidence based methods when engaging with this population.

References

Komen, Susan. (2015). Cultural Norms and Strategies for Communication. From, http://komentoolkits.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Applying-Culturally-Responsive-Communication-in-Black-and-African-American-Communities-B-AA-Comm.pdf

Greer, Gregg. (2016). The Oppression and Mass Execution of African American Men will Cripple America. From, https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/the-marginalization-oppression-and-mass-execution_us_57e6f41de4b05d3737be5ec8

Wikipedia The Free Encyclopedia. (2019). Critical Race Theory. From, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_race_theory

Goff, P., Eberhardt, J., Williams, M., Jackson, M. (2008). Not Yet Human: Implicit Knowledge, Historical Dehumanization, and Contemporary Consequences. From, https://web.stanford.edu/~eberhard/downloads/2008-NotYetHuman.pdf

Williams, M. Ph. D. (2011). African Americans and Pathological Stereotypes Assumptions about race can lead to wrong conclusions and prejudice. From, https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/culturally-speaking/201112/african-americans-and-pathological-stereotypes

Black History in America. (2019). African American Politicians. From, http://www.myblackhistory.net/Politics.htm

Tuakli, Foluke. (2018). Seven black athletes making history at the 2018 PyeongChange Winter Olympics. https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/winter-olympics-2018/seven-black-athletes-making-history-2018-pyeongchang-winter-olympics-n845471

Nesbit, J. (2015). America, Racial Bias Does Exist. Study after study demonstrates Americans have racial biases. It's time to fix that. From, https://www.usnews.com/news/blogs/at-the-edge/2015/01/13/america-racial-bias-does-exist

Project Implicit. (2011). Implicit Attitude Test. From, https://implicit.harvard.edu/implicit/404page.html

Akin, M. (2007). Developing Cultural Humility: Self Reflection Exercises. From, https://www.fatherhood.gov/toolkit/work/cultural-competence/reflection

Devega, C. (2016). White privilege as economic reality: It would take African-Americans 228 years to reach the same level of wealth as whites. From:

https://www.salon.com/2016/08/21/white-privilege-as-economic-reality-it-would-take-african-americans-228-years-to-reach-the-same-level-of-wealth-as-whites/

Hadden, C. (2010). U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. African American Workgroup Report. From, https://www.eeoc.gov/federal/reports/aawg.cfm

Kirst-Ashman, K; Hull, G. (2018). Empowerment Series: Understanding Generalist Practice. (Page 415). Cengage Learning. Kindle Edition.

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An Assessment of the Contours of Work and Ideology in American Society and the Impact of Racism

The polarization of American society has accumulated throughout decades. Though what causes this polarization? Is it the divisions of finance governing our nation? Is it the different religious perspectives of our fellows? Is it the political raisings of our neighbors or the biological differences that man and woman do not share? Can it be a mix of all these things that create what we know as the differential opportunities given by society. That one born into wealth may have more power and opportunity than someone born into poverty. All of these are factors into which has shaped American society into what is today. It is what has birthed social class formed racism, sexism, and other means of segregation.

Social class is defined as groups within society defined by possession of different amounts of wealth and power.” (Hodson, 2012). Social class is a large indicator of inequality. Theorists Karl Marx made the argument that there would primarily be a division between classes-the upper class and a large class. The upper class would be in control of means of production, while the larger class worked for their wages. Theorist Max Weber argued in addition to means of production or economic power, social class was also defined by political power and inherited status. Weber implied that in addition to a working class and a higher class, there was a middle-class society who had some means of power. These sociologists have proposed theories that we have gained a better knowledge of today.

There is the big underlying question that we are all trying to still wrap our minds around- “Why does social inequality matter so much?” As well as why are there such differential economical outcomes between people? There are two abstract answers to this being from a functionalist answer and a conflict answer. Functionalists stress the useful outcomes. Inequality motivates people to strive and to perform at their best (Turner, 2001). During the Cultural Revolution, China experimented with completely ending pay differentials between skilled and unskilled workers, and managers made employment decisions based on the assumption that skills were irrelevant, and anyone could be assigned to any task with a minimum of training. The results were economically disastrous, with sustained declines in productivity and manufacturing output (Lynch, 2004). The functionalist answer thus appears to have much to recommend it; differential rewards appear necessary for the effective functioning of a modern economy with widely differentiated tasks.

The conflict theory, however, only finds that some inequality is deemed necessary, but this does little to explain why in industrially advanced societies, those in top positions receive so much more than those in lesser positions- sometimes many thousands of times more. Conflict theorists argue that the answer lies in differential power (Bartos and Wehr, 2002). In a sense, both the functionalists and the conflict theorists are right: Some inequality is required but not nearly as much as exists. Sociologists explore useful concepts for understanding this complex reality: skills, technology, markets, and power. Also exploring in greater detail the actual degree of inequality evidenced in society and some of the key trends in inequality.

Every year, in January, the Census Bureau begins to conduct state and local area data from the Economic Census. According to the United States Census Bureau, in 2019 of September, the First Look report from the 2017 Economic Census was released. It showed that businesses employed over 126 million workers, with the Health Care and Social Assistance sector accounting for 20.6 million of these workers (USCB, 2019). In 2019, Kentucky’s population was estimated by the USCB to be approximately 4,467,673 people. Of this in the civilian labor force, total, percent of population ages sixteen and older, between the years of 2014-2018 was 58.9%. Furthermore, in the civilian labor force, females of the percent of population ages sixteen and older, between the years of 2014-2018 was 54.7%. From surveys who carry such large data like the Census, give sociologists a way to compare data and societal norms and behaviors between geographical locations. This includes residential segregation, racial inequality, social changes, patterns of inequality, and more.

One means of surveys and polling, being from the now present COVID-19 pandemic. This has taken our Nation and world at a toll as it has shed many lives and turned many upside-down. Everyone has been affected by the pandemic in some way. Whether it be through unemployment, a change in classes, medical bills, housing, financial, a loved one being more at risk, or other ways. Our health care workers and first line has been on edge as cases come rolling in. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), on the 30th day of April, there were a total of 1,031,659 cases and a total of 60,057 deaths.

From a personal perspective, I can see how this virus has affected not only myself and family, but the community around me. Living in Kentucky, we are ranked number for the fastest responding rate. I have seen when entering hospitals for appointments the many screening protocols and the precautions taken in the lobbies as there are duct tape X’s and chairs six feet apart. Grocery stores are now setting times for specific ages to shop and masks are being implemented as community protocol. Who thought we would live in a pandemic such as this? My mother works for the state for Child Protective Services, considered an essential employee and has to contact many police forces for her work. Counties over, they have shut the doors of police stations, hanging a sign to read “only call in case of emergency.” They are not sending officers out unless so and I foresee the crime rate to Many crimes continue to grow as quarantine continues. These crimes consist of assault on medical workers and law enforcement, domestic and family violence, price coughing, financial scams, vehicle theft, burglary of commercial business left vacant, hate crimes, and defying stay-at-home orders and restrictions on public gatherings (Edwards, Rebecca, 2020). Many of these actions I have seen through media postings expressing how individuals refuse to wear masks and use other safety precautions. As well have I seen videos of individuals being cruel to health faculty and rioting, price coughing and spitting on nurses. According to Safewise, in Kentucky, shootings in cities such as Louisville have continued to rise, despite COVID-19 safety precautions. “Since orders were put in place on March 16, the city has seen 46 shootings, resulting in 11 dead,” (Edwards, Rebecca, 2020). The number of days of quarantine are unknown as we continue to gain knowledge if it’s being. As for this crime rates may continue to rise, and citizens continue to follow advised safety precautions.

In Carter County, Kentucky, my home county, there has been updated surveillance of COVID-19 of our residents. A total of 437 individuals have been tested, while 425 have been negative and four tests are currently pending. There is a total of eight positive case reports. These numbers are all as of the 30th of April, 2020. (Carter County Health Department, Grayson KY). Seeing these numbers makes one consider all the vulnerabilities that are truly in your life that COVID-19 could strike. Since the virus has erupted, my family has little to none get out of the house, except for absolutely needed times. We have all taken turns bringing groceries to my granny’s porch, not putting her at risk. My church has made all our services online and we try to remain active and normal as possible. We recorded church services for my granny on a disk so she can still watch service.

As school has switched online, many of us students have had to try to adapt and be flexible. Many students have lost jobs at the sight of campus shutdowns. From Business Insider, many students report how COVID-19 has affected their education, housing situations, financial income, health care resources, educational resources and more. Husumi states, “As an international student, I do not have a place to stay here, and, currently, I'm in a pretty sticky situation. My visa was rejected this week, so I literally do not have a place to go back right now. And my only choice is to stay here in America, and hopefully Georgetown.” (Imam, Medha). Students like Husami look to little to no options.

Though we hope that the day that this virus lets up, we will be able to return to our beautiful campuses and see our friends, shake our professors hands, give tours, laugh in our organizations, and eagerly learn new material. COVID-19 is a cancer to society and one that I hope and pray a solution to find and society’s eyes to notice.

Bibliography

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). Coronavirus Disease 2019; Case in the US. Retrieved https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/cases-updates/cases-in-us.html

Edwards, Rebecca. (April, 2020). Crime and the Coronavirus: What You Need to Know. Retrieved https://www.safewise.com/blog/covid-19-crimes/

United States Census Bureau. (2019). Quick Facts Kentucky. Retrieved https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/KY#

Lynch, Sarah N. (02 Apr. 2020). Death toll from COVID-19 at Oakdale prison in Louisiana continues to climb. Retrieved https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-prisons/death-toll-from-covid-19-at-oakdale-prison-in-louisiana-continues-to-climb-idUSKBN21K2D4

Hodson, Randy., Sullivan, Teresa A. (2012). The Social Organization of Work. Location: Linda Schreiber-Ganster.

Imam, Medha. (03, Apr. 2020). 15 College Students on How COVID-19 Derailed Their Lives. Retrieved https://www.businessinsider.com/college-students-coping-covid-19-coronavirus-2020-4

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The General Concept of Racism and the Formation of Civilizations

Contents

Racism, a result of Othering:
Racism against the Northeast:

Edward Said’s in his book, “Orientalism” propagated the idea of Orientalism to define the West's condescending representations of the East, especially the Islamic world

in which people from “the Orient” were portrayed as barbaric and less civilized than the Europeans. The West was always portrayed as the dominant and civilized culture as compared to the East or any other cultures in the world (Said 1978 ). Clearly, there is a clear division of ‘othering’ of people based on whether one belongs to the West or to the East. The foundation of this ‘Othering’ was laid on the basis of the concept of “us and them” or “ours and theirs”. The West distinctly defined the East as the ‘other’ who are barbaric, irrational, uncivilized and cause of all problems based on their pre-concieved notion and prejudiced assumptions.

Since then, the term “Othering” has spread in usage, and today it forms the basis of almost all overwhelming challenges and problems in the world. The problem of the twenty-first century is the problem of “othering.” Literally, every conflict, wars, territorial disputes, communal riots are wrapped around the differences of one group from another group. In this paper, I shall discuss Racism as a result of othering and Corona as a new onslaught of Racism against the Northeast Indians during the Pandemic.

Racism, a result of Othering:

Racism as defined by Carlos Hoyt Jr. is “a particular form of prejudice defined by preconceived erroneous beliefs about race and members of racial groups.” (Hoyt 2012) One can see that racism is nothing more than building assumptions and stereotypes about someone or a group people with the wrong knowledge formed in ones head.

More so, racism is not simply a prejudiced viewpoint but also the work of “a dominant group which systemically categorizes other groups to its own advantages and power” (Wellman 1993) The mechanism of othering one group by another based on prejudiced views and then using these formed stereotypes to their own advantage becomes the basis for ‘Racism’. ( Shouhayib 2015)

Clearly, Racism is a result of othering of a dominant group that tries to identity oneself to a superior group and belittle other groups to inferior status.

Racism against the Northeast:

Northeast Indians have been subjected to discrimination and racism in India for quite sometime now, specifically because of their Mongoloid features and distinct culture. Racial discrimination against Northeasterns is not a new phenomenon which we see happening only during this corona pandemic. From the horrifying death of Nido Tania, a 20 year old student who was killed by a group of thugs because of his hairstyle and look in 2014, to the mass exodus of Northeasterners from Bangalore in 2012 (Baruah 2014). The list of such racism cases which have resulted to deaths are numerous. One of these cases which is very personal to me was the death of my former High School Geography teacher who was beaten to death by a group of five thugs in south Delhi’s Kotla Mubarakpur on a early Monday Morning back in 2014 (Sharma 2014). The CCTV footage of the brutal attack is horrifying and merciless. Incidents like these are just some of the few cases that caught the attention of the media and came to public light.

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A Review of American Films on the Manifestation of Racism

John Berger in the essay, ‘Ways of Seeing” (1972), argues that “a class cut off from its past is far less free to choose and to act as a people or class that has been able to situate itself in history.” Berger supports his argument by describing how hierarchies create lower classes through the mystification of history, especially the history of art. The author's apparent purpose is to bring awareness to reproduction, to the regime and to art history that has been manipulated by the upper class through mystification. Berger’s intended audience is the majority who have no clue that they have been removed from the past by those in power. Hence, Andy Wachowski's The Matrix run parallel with Berger’s “Ways of Seeing.' Agent Smith, the antagonist, represents the art historian whose job is to implement the design of the upper class or AI. In the first place, Agent Smith’s role was similar to the art historian, because their tasks were to keep the masses bling with the bill pill mentality. Secondly, by doing so, the masses were locked into the reproduction through the mystification that has/had them drunk with business as usual. Morpheus and Trinity continued the search for the One; who was Neo. Subsequently, he was the one who would follow the rabbit as Trinity suggested through an encrypted message. Eventually, Neo would fight to bring awareness to the masses that, AI or upper class, had created a system of reproduction, more importantly, keeping the masses cut off from the reality of their present conditions by the blue mentality and mystification.

Berger’s “ art historian.” is seen in many present-day institutions, above all, it is the representation of the capitalistic ruling class that dominates all levels of society, that being the case, Agent Smith appeared to be all-powerful, but in reality, he to was a subject of the powers to be. Hence, Berger’s art historian was and is under the control of the same forces. Therefore, he would explain away the true meaning that the artist intends to provoke. By denying the real purpose of the painting, the narrative is being changed to support the story the upper class or powers to be desires. Berger implied that the art historian perspective was a control mechanism of those in authority to change history to fit their agenda. Therefore, the true meaning of the painting has distortions. Meaning the art historian has also manipulated the tone and context. Agent Smith represents the art historian by managing the past to serve the present. In doing so, the massed continue living inside the web of deception. This deception is the fuel that keeps the upper class in power.

Agent Smith is the primary antagonist of The Matrix and like the art historian a tool to manipulate present realities of the masses. With that said, Trinity was Agent Smith’s first antagonist whose primary goal was to remove Neo from the environment of the comformist; she was also the best hacker in the resistance. With said skills, she knowingly guided Neo to Morpheus for training, because Morpheus believe he was the one that would be willing to learn the truth. The blue pill people are the conformist; they comply no matter what. Isaiah Lavender, argues that “Supremacy means the belief of one group's supreme authority or power, and it develops from prejudice. Prejudice leads to discrimination, where one group discerns and acts oppressively on those differences categorically rather than individually.” Is this not the case of the art historian as well as Agent Smith. Being the tools of the powers to be and or AI. Trinity and Morpheus were in the struggle against supremacy and prejudice, that run parallel with the forces behind the distortion of the art historian deceptions and The Matrix and mystification.

John Berger argues, knowing art is decisive for our knowledge of the past, which alter the way we are involved in the present. The reality that paintings can be mystified or their intent can get convoluted due to “study assumptions” and influential figures telling us what to think concerning stated pictures becomes a more significant event than just perplex art but mystifying our lives and our beliefs on the past. Those tools of supremacy and prejudice are equal to the blue pill and red pill. Both Berger and Morpheus sounded the alarm to the oppressed class with the hope of empowering them, Berger went even further and explained the dangerous effects of mystification by stating that “the powers to be used the art of the past to change history for a privileged ruling class.” Berger used the term art historian, but in reality, the system is White Supremacy Racism. It not all-inclusive, but those three-words justifies the mystery. This system was created about 500 hundred years ago along with the distortion in art painting to rob the majority from the history that is rightfully theirs.

However, not understanding that White Supremacy Racism is a financial system base on lies for a small minority; the masses suffer from the blue pill mentality. Like in The Matrix many stay willingly ignorant of the myths that entrapped them. Agent Smith made such a statement; the masses go about their daily live ignorant to the fact that they are the energy that fuel system of supremacy. It is this participation of the masses which allow the mystification to continue, because of the blinder’s each choice to accept. Morpheus on the other is the leader of the resistance and his continued belief that he would find the one who would be willing to see The Matrix for what it indeed was. Suppression. This run parallel with mystification creating the misunderstanding of what artists were trying to convey. The Matrix support Berger statement, because one could be the conformist: who surrenders their ability to analyze and appreciate art, yet the conformist unknowing assist the “privileged minority” who can instead mystify the truth and “invent a history which can retrospectively justify the role of the ruling class”.

Berger, as well as Wachowski, provides evidence that White Supremacy Racism, along with AI are the tools that keep the ruling class in power. Berger has shown the readers’ that art is manipulated by the ruling class to invent the history they desire to further the agenda of conformity. And Wachowski demonstrates through his characters in The Matrix that only a white guy could be the savior, to justify the system of white supremacy racism as one of the many tools in the arsenal of the ruling class. Morpheus, the painter, has painted a belief that he would find the one who would be willing to listen to what is real and care the message to others. Now, Cypher another non-white character decides to turn on the messages and return to the life of comfort and conformity. Berger “Ways of Seeing’ alert the masses to such conditions and behaviors of the ruling class.

Berger and Wachowski illustrate the idea that higher class manipulate societies (middle/lower class) perception of art (history), to keep people oppressed from their ideas with the use of mystification. Though these classes are kept in a mystified state to govern and maintain their power, they held over the other classes. Like Berger’s art historian Agent Smith in The Matrix promotes mystification and reproduction as an act of conforming history to serve the machines and their false world. The false world maintains the structure of classes in society in both Berger’s and The Matrix. With the change of perspectives, one can bring change to reality and history, one free reproduction and an oppressed society made by mystification. With that said, Hope Reeves questions, “whether life is real or an illusion and who is responsible for the actions of individuals people themselves or some higher power?”

In The Matrix, the AI needed the code that Morpheus had for the human underworld (Zion) where the humans lived unconnected from the machines. Berger sounded the alarm about the upper class and its systems of manipulating the masses by using humans as fuel for reproduction. And this reproduction is a tool in itself because it allows the individual to assume a fake part in the decision making. But as Agent Smith character would demonstrate, one is part on the Supremacist tracking devices of machines.

Berger and Wachowski see reproduction as hyperreality, Berger considers the original art or painting as an accurate reflection of the past that rightfully belongs to the masses. However, this original has distortions. Wachoski’s Agent Smith appetite for viral replication as a queer form of reproduction. Suggesting that the heteronormative reproduction is the black family while indicating that queer sexuality resides in the body of a white gay man. Berger argument that this type of duplication of art devalues the imagery and provides a different context that highlights the distortions and changes of the artwork. The camera allows masses to see paintings that were once removed by the masses, and by such reproduction, it fragments the uniqueness of the image, by removing it from its original time and space.

Once the historical and social connection, as well as the meaning and value, is reduced, then the context within the art only serves the small minority. For instance, Agent Smith alluded to the recessive gene in a particular group of human that was their downfall, because they overused the resource available and natural section demands any group that does this they must, in the end, be wiped out. However, to exit the virtual world, one first needs to know where he has been. One has to chart the territory already covered, from the first stammerings of infography and “computer-generated images.” “Reproduction] destroys the uniqueness of its image. As a result, the meaning changes. Or, more exactly, its meaning multiplies and fragments into many meanings,” Berger puts very beautifully, although the notion most likely saddens the author.

“Way of Seeing” demonstrates how falsehood and truth strangely mix. First, the aristocracy creates a system of White Supremacy Racism, then pretends that it is all inclusive, to attract other whites, then they instill the idea that they are better than people of color and the womenfolk. Now the art historian goes to work duplication the plan of the aristocratic system who fuel are those who lack the knowledge of the real meaning. Wachowski’ s Agent Smith was the primary example of this type of mystification whose goal was to serve the false narrative and justify it with force when necessary. White Supremacy Racism is a capitalistic system of power and control, and with the use of the current mediums of reproduction, the comfort zones reach into every aspect of society. This type of falsehood maintains the status quo of class and hierarchy in Berger’s and or in the case of The Matrix it cements control of the masses. The capitalistic mechanism of reproduction is a significant argument for Wachowski and Berger who understood that reproduction served the falsehood of the ruling class through the arts as well as to justify the destruction and or depletion of the natural resources through propagation.

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Historical Aspects of Racism and its Relationship to Mortality Among Black Women in America

Contents

Black Maternal Mortality Crisis in the Developed United States
History
Racism
Economy, Education and Class.
Up-Stream Efforts.

This paper explores the Black Maternal Mortality Crisis as it stands in the United States. In this paper I will also briefly explain both the definition of Black woman regarding this piece of work as well the history of childbirth in the United States for Black women. The purpose of this paper is to identify the crisis that Black women face in this country as well as the factors that have led to this maternal crisis. This crisis leaps over socioeconomic, class, educational barriers that one might think would be tell-tale factors to systemic healthcare access. This even reaches beyond mothers and pregnant women who are active drug users. In this melting pot that is named the United States of America we are sold on this “American Dream”, this dream which embodies the idea that we are afforded the same opportunities regardless of what we look like or where our parents came from. Such a marvelous idealist way of thinking. Now what happens when we as a people have different birthing experiences? How does that impact our parenting, the way we raise our children and our level of trust in this country. Furthermore, I’ll delve into what we as a community can do, what caregivers can do, and what changes I’ve found through research need to be made to combat this issue.

Black Maternal Mortality Crisis in the Developed United States

Black women are in crisis in the United States with a maternal mortality rate at the highest of any developed nation. Black women in the United States as it relates to maternal mortality rate is comparable to that of poor nations like Iran and Sri Lanka. Between 700 and 1,200 black women die each year from pregnancy and/or childbirth complications in the United States. Black women are 250% more likely to die from childbirth than white women. Black mothers who are normal weight are more likely to die during childbirth than white mother who are obese. Black women who received prenatal care in the first trimester are more likely to have complications during childbirth than white women who haven’t receive prenatal care (. Maternal mortality spans from the time of conception to up to a year postpartum or post-birth. This fact is essential in being able to understand the timeline and being able to recognize that a mother’s care needs. In this work I was able to study and interview both women who have had traumatic birthing experiences but also on the opposite side, care givers and the system of superiority that engulfs hospitals. Delving into racism and the huge effect that racism has on the Black woman, the generational stress she carries and what those affects have had on the physical structure of our DNA. Throughout this reading black women and African American women will be used interchangeable but have the same meaning for the purposes of this analysis. Racism has been engrained on the DNA of black women in this country and that inherently affects her maternal mortality, infant mortality and this orbital generational curse of maternal health.

History

African American women were not considered full citizens with the abilities of citizenship until the mid 1960’s, approximately 50 years ago. Even then there were still roadblocks to black women being able to vote without discrimination and institutionalized barriers. African American women in birth. There is a notion in our American culture and in birth culture that African American women have not made contributions to childbirth. In reality the contributions that black women have made include but not limited to Midwifery as when white women birthed their babies, they called their black slaves, for generations (Mason). This was instead of going to hospitals or having private Midwives. In hospitals at the time there were white male doctors that practiced barbaric methods such as restraints during contractions (Gaskin, 2003). For generations and generations Black women birthed their own babies with the help of their mothers. And in that time before it was normalized to go to the hospital and birth was a medical event that required medical interventions, we had a lesser percentage of women dying and babies dying in the birthing process then now with all of these technological and medicinal advancements.

Racism

Racism is a social construct. Race is not genetic by design. According to an article published in The Journal or Perinatal Education, African American women quite frankly are made to feel marginalized and stereotyped because of racism and the institutionalized barriers placed in the care and education of black women, before during and after pregnancy (Abbyad, 2011). Studies have shown that doctors have an implicit bias when it came to women of color. Other studies have shown that racial bias with some believing that African American women have a higher tolerance for pain and so under-treat the women in their care (Ashton et. Al. 2003).

Dr. Arline Geronimus a researcher and professor at the University of Michigan Institute for Social Research released a study on “Weathering” which simply put took a look at cumulative stress as a result of socioeconomic status and social status she found that these stressors were endured at a higher rate in black women than in white women. She found the telomeres of women of the same age yet different race aged by seven years for black women in comparison to white women. The conclusion being that systematic racism is literally killing black women (Geronimus, 2006). The data shows that trauma literally alters the DNA specifically the telomeres

The Public Rights/Private Conscience Project (PRPCP) is an organization whose mission is to, “bring legal academic expertise to … religious liberty rights conflict with [fundamental] rights to equality and liberty”. This organization recently came out with a report that examined Catholic hospitals and their impacts on Black women. This study found that women of color disproportionately. relied on Catholic hospitals for care in relation or comparison to white women. More specifically black and Hispanic women, currently 44 states have Catholic hospitals. This in part is a result of a lack of access to healthcare. Catholic hospitals and Catholic providers follow a set of directives known as the Ethical Religious Directives drawn from the Church’s moral and theological teachings (United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, 2018). Laurie Bertram Roberts Co-founder of the Mississippi Reproductive Fund illustrates her experience as a 17-year-old mother in her second pregnancy and how close she came to death a result of a Catholic hospital’s unwillingness to save her life. After multiple attempts of seeking medical help as her pregnancy miscarried and eventually hemorrhaged and lost consciousness. Her experience is so much like so many experiences of mothers, how these women are untreated sent home and left to suffer and more often die as a result of this lack of care. The standard of care needs to be apparent and taught to all. There needs to be a standard of the level of care and attention a person receives when they go to a hospital and entrust their care, the care of their unborn child to these medical professionals.

Economy, Education and Class.

The assumption that is made when discussing this issue is that it’s a class issue, or a socioeconomic issue or a lack of education issue. In reality that’s just not true. In reality a black college educated, “upper-class” woman is more likely to die from childbirth in American than a white woman who doesn’t have a high school degree and is considered the lower class that relies on public assistance. I have the amazing privilege of serving as a Doula. As a doula my role is educational, physical and spiritual support that begins at the time of conception well after baby is born. My role as a doula has allotted me the opportunity to speak to and service very young and economically challenged women. I’ve also been given the opportunity to speak to and know other doulas and connect with them. The overarching theme with the doulas who serve women who aren’t able to necessarily afford care is this notion that their economic status should rightly affect the level and quality of care that they receive. It’s shocking to hear from women who genuinely believe that they deserve less care because of their lack of money. Pregnancy is an amazing and tumultuous journey to the beginning of motherhood. This journey sets the tone for the entirety of one’s experience as a mother. This is especially true for the women and young girls who were not prepared to become mothers but have chosen to carry their pregnancies to fruition. A traumatic beginning i.e. a negative provider, negative birth experience can set the tone for a women’s sense of confidence in herself as a mother. Later in the up-stream interventionist section I’ll delve further into doula work and the work being done to combat and equalize the settings for all women to have a good experience.

Up-Stream Efforts.

Our country is built on the entrenched ideals of Blacks being lesser than. It’s in the original framework that founded this nation. It’s built into our institutions and how we put our policies together. Our healthcare system thrives on the inequities that are within these racial disparities.

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Review of King’s Book on Racism in America

After reading chapters 4-6 there were things that stuck out greatly to me. In Chapter 4 they discuss slavery and how to overcome the effects from these. They also discussed how African Americans live in ghettos away from white people and are sheltered and get less privileges then them. It also talks about how whited fear African Americans moving into there neighborhoods and also how African Americans are going to have to face racism in the neighborhoods they move into. It discussed the pain of racism and the effect that it left on African Americans because of all the pain they have dealt with.

In Chapter 5 it talks about ending racism through boycotts, labor movements, building organizations to fight racism, and electing leaders that benefit African Americans in fighting racism. King also discusses how consumer boycotts that discriminated African Americans were a important part to Southern campaigns and how they are powerful in fighting racism. King discusses that everyone needs to be educated on racism with discussion and reading about it. King also looks at the political power of alliances and the future on ending racism forever. King also discusses how racism effects poverty and ending this will change poverty because of this. In this chapter it discussed on how to end racism through collaborative action among all groups of people.

In Chapter 6 King discusses the civil rights movement and the struggle to fight racism, poverty, and militarism. King disccuses even if African Americans gain equality with whites it does not mean it will ultimately benefit them. King discussed using nonviolence and how we need to extend beyond capitalism and communism and build a socially conscious democracy. It discusses how nonviolence and fighting racism is a better way and how war is not always the answer as it takes away innocents life’s.

Reading these chapters I learned things about King I never knew before. One thing that I learned in Chapter 4 is how the ghettos are not actually cheap. I learned that there was a color tax, which makes it harder for them being poor to have any political power. A second thing I learned in Chapter 5 was how education can help people understand the effects of racism more, and how teaching racism can help stop it as a whole. In Chapter 6 I learned if African Americans gain freedom from war it doesn’t ultimately benefit them. I feel these three things are things people would of not knew or necessarily though about when you think about racism and King.

Reading Chapter 4-6 it helped me to understand M.L.K and learn more about racism as a whole. I learned in Chapter 4 the fight of racism and how to overcome the effects from these. It discusses how African Americans are effected and the struggles they deal with every day. In Chapter 5 they discuss how to create groups and end racism. It discusses on building power through boycotts, strengthening labor movements, building strong organizations, and electing leaders who will help fight racism. In Chapter 6 it discusses gaining freedom from nonviolence methods. It discusses if African Americans gain freedom from war it may not ultimately bnefit them.

A reading that I feel is relevant today is one I found is on Donald J. Trump at a gathering he had in Charlottesville, Virginia he discusses 32 year old Heather Heyer who was struck by a a car. He says “ I condemn all types of racism and acts of violence” (Trump). Trump was disussing the the marches between white nationalists and neo Nazis who marched with tiki torches to defend the statue of Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee from removal. This statement caused controversy as Gen. Robert E. Lee fought for the continued enslavement of black bodies. I feel this article relates to these Chapters because of racism and how things people say are not always true. Trump said this about the riots in Charlottesville, Virginia but clearly didn’t understand racism fully.

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Racism in Sports in American and Another Country

Contents

Introduction
Review of literature

When sport is practiced between various ethnic groups it leads to the feeling of stranger-hood, especially among minorities and other discriminated groups. It is in this way that racism finds itself in sports. With time there has been consistent efforts to confront racism and its different forms. Racism was best defined as a global inferiority and superiority hierarchy on the human line and one that has been culturally, economically and politically reproduced (Ramon). The critical race theory, is a viewthat helps challenge racism inequalities in the society and has been used as an antiracism theory in sports. There have been multiple racisms forms in sport. One of the most commonly described being racial abuse. Gardiner (2003) defined racial abuse as a dehumanizing practice where the victim is both objectified and reconstructed according to the day to day fantasies and myths. Although, racial abuse is the most rampant, it isn’t the only racism form in sports, other racism forms are also present in other diverse forms and are experienced in the print media, in boardrooms, in television, on the pitch and in the sidelines. While racism is a serious issue, it has multiple times been put down and ranted as being just part of the game. This isn’t the case.

This paper aims at explaining race and racism through a review of literature with the aim of achieving a more effective antiracist society. The critical race theory is utilized to survey the ideas that underlie contemplations of racist’s behaviors.

Introduction

Just as widespread arguments regarding racial differences and racism have contributed to several racist beliefs regarding various individual abilities in sports, so have several similar arguments contributed to specific race explanations in the sociology of sport. Specifically, there has been the advancement of common points of view precisely that sport; is conservative and it plays a part in consolidating racism, patriotism and nationalism, it possesses some characteristic properties that makes it an instrument that enable harmonious race relations and also incorporates integration, it is a kind of cultural politics that has been key to the imperialism in various parts of the word, it has been a contributor to the unique political fights that ethnic minorities including blacks have been victims of, it has produced prejudices, myths and stereotypes regarding ethnic minorities that have been a contributor to both underrepresentation and discrimination of ethnic minorities in specific sports.

The existence of these opinions might have contributed to several sociological arguments that have their basis within certain cultural, political and social thoughts. Specifically, such explanations have made a contribution to a better understanding of the sport and racism on specific three ways. 1. They have underlined how institutional racism transpires in sports. 2. How racism comes up in sports. 3. Have given insight that a sociological theory can be used to explore racism in sports. It is the existence of sociological arguments and prevalent opinions that have led to my sociological imagination that, through a review of literature, race and racism can be given thought and also through the critical race theory racist behaviors and the consequences that antiracism brings can both be explained.

Review of literature

Racism in sports has been a phenomenon over a long period of time and one which has drawn much attention among scholars both nationally and internationally. Scholar, Back et al. (1998) specifically asserted that sports arenas have provided one of the most vulnerable avenues in which racism has been seen openly. It is in this view that the concept of racism in sport has been subject to a wide and varied debate among policy makers, in the larger sports community and in the media (Kevin). In recent times scholars have studied sports, ethnicity and racism with the aim of analyzing racism and possibly eliminate it through the adoption of antiracism tendencies and behaviors. (Jarvie 1991) argues, that racism in sports arenas and as a concept has multiple problems. The scholar attributes, the success that black sport women and men have experienced in sports activities throughout the world, such as the seven gold medals that athletes from Kenya attained in the Rio Olympics to racism. Jarvie argues that when minorities perceive that they are discriminated against, they tend to work extra hard to beat the odds. Stam, Shohat and Mercer (1994) on the same issue note that the high achievements, may be due to the fact that positive stereotype possess negative consequences. Where racism may be seen to be having some positive consequence, this may not be the case. Instead, when black women and men excel in different sports, individual of non-minority backgrounds may want to know why what was once seemingly an inferior race is now outperforming a superior one. This is a crucial factor that may further escalate racism as they would want to maintain the former status quo.

Some scholars have supported the practice of antiracism behaviors. They have specifically through their studies demonstrated the growth of antiracists tendencies by demonstrating that racism is on the decline. Scholars and sport enthusiast Guha(1997) and Bairner (1996), specifically explored the issue. Supporting antiracist tendencies, they argued that compared to the other societal examples such as politics, sports is fairly free from racism enjoying a substantial degree of quality and democratization. A conspicuous illustration of antiracism on play. This has positive values as all races get involved in sporting activities, enabling the interchange of ideas and abilities amongst different races. Cashmore (1982), Maguire (1991), Howe (1976) performed a qualitative research on racism in English football concentrating on antiracist tendencies amongst the players. Although the study has been criticized for concentrating on top-level black players only. The study forms a great basis for proving that antiracist tendencies are on the rise in these teams. Black players specifically acknowledged that they have recently been allowed to take part in these teams as opposed to the earlier days and that the pitch is now more minority friendly. Although this study seems promising, Hoberman, 1997 criticizes it stressing that more studies at lower level teams are crucial if racism as a concept in sports is to be followed as it is in reality. He asserts that this is crucial as race relation realities could be more real at lower sports levels than the top polished levels owing to its less nature.

Horne (1996) Echoed the necessity of investigating racism in low level sport stating that this may be helpful in understanding the diverse forms of identification and attachment to sports by black players as understanding their everyday sports culture could be important as far as combining and transforming racists attitudes. He added that examination of different soccer levels is crucial if ethnic minority involvement in sports are to be appreciated and understood better. It is clear from this literature review that racism is a crucial issue and if the society is to develop an antiracists culture, then it has to be adapted by everyone to prevent the negative consequences of racism.

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Subliminal Racism in the Selection of Job Candidates in America

I chose to write my research paper on colorism. My research question is what effect does colorism have on darker skinned applicants during the job selection process? As a woman of color, I personally have faced effects of colorism at the workplace and at school. Even though, I have not directly found evidence that I may not have gotten a job based on how dark-toned I am, this is an issue that is prevalent across the country and world. I want to educate myself on this topic and others. Colorism is “a form of prejudice or discrimination in which human beings are treated differently based on the social meanings attached to skin color.”1 In this paper, I will highlight the history of colorism, my hypothesis, addressing my research question with supporting materials, and explaining my findings.

Colorism is sometimes known as the “light skin versus dark skin issue.” African-Americans’ skin colors vary in shade. The hues can range from an extremely light caramel color to a deep, dark blackish-brown. My hypothesis is that dark skinned African Americans are less likely to be hired during the job selection process than lighter skinned African Americans. We can see that as proof today: from our prominently white media, to our employers, and hearing negative connotations of darker skin from family and friends. However, understanding the roots of colorism will help hiring managers recognize how it affects people of color today looking for employment.

Colorism first arose during the slavery period in America. Dark-skinned slaves, who were likely of pure African ancestry, were given the more physically demanding tasks in the fields, while lighter skinned slaves (who had lighter skin because of their biracial status, as it was common for slave masters to have nonconsensual and consensual sexual relationships with their female slaves) were given more enviable and esteemed positions (Keith & Herring, 1991).2 Having lighter skin was an envious trait that many dark skinned slaves wanted. This caused massive divisions but, created notions that lighter skin is better than darker skin. This mindset that “lighter was better” became engrained in their minds and in their beliefs, which then has been passed down for generations to come. A signifying example of this is when CNN news anchor, Wolf Blitzer, referred to the displaced African Americans in the Hurricane Katrina as very black and poor. But behind his comment was a physical fact about the people appearing on television sets across the country; those left behind were the darkest as well as the poorest of their race.3

Preferential treatment for Whites (and/or lighter skin) exist in this country today. A combination of our country’s vast history with racism and slavery plus an ever changing workforce is leading to this colorism issue faced by African Americans. The Hughes and Hertel’s (1990) findings found that it should be assumed that colorism has significant implications in the workplace. If an individual associates light skin more so with White skin, and White skin is thereby associated with higher levels of competence and ability, then lighter skinned Blacks are viewed as being much more appealing applicants and employees to White employers (Hunter, 2002).

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Deforestation as a Future Threat of Endangered of Certain Types of Trees under

Emalee Barr and Avigal Elyakim January 9, 2019 Dry Forest Research Paper Tropical dry forest is considered to have a long dry season with little to no rainfall during certain seasons. These dry forests are most common in places such as southern Mexico, southeastern Africa, central India, and on the coasts of Ecuador and Peru. Dry forest tends to be treated and the species that live in them are often endangered. All species that live inside a dry forest must adapt to the low amount of water that they will receive from being in this area and the very dry climate.

During most seasons, the temperature can range from 75 degrees to 63 degrees Fahrenheit, but these areas are very dry. Animals that live in the dry forest are normally smaller animals such as many frogs. Certain frogs that are found in many of the dry forests have adapted to living off of the smallest trickle of water during the driest seasons. Coyotes are also found in a dry forest because they are able to feed off of Jaliscan Cotton rats during the dry season and will feed off of fruits such as papayas during the wetter seasons when they are available for them. Dry forest actually produces crops like tomatoes and beans which are helpful to the animals that eat them and humans who will go harvest them. Inside dry forests, their abiotic factors would consist of the temperature, soil, and fire. The biotic factors that would often be found can be thorny shrubs and consumers such as deer, jaguar, and typically small carnivores. The thorny shrubs or even spiny tree are dominant plants in the forest.

All biotic factors, which are the living things in an environment, in a dry forest must have to become adapted to the lack of water and warm temperature to be able to thrive in the forest. For example, trees that have adapted to living in these conditions have thicker bark, smaller leaves, and longer roots. Being able to adapt to this type of forest is critical for this type of species to be able to exist. Dry forest tends to be endangered because of human activity.

Humans cause deforestation and because of this species die and the forest becomes harmed. In some regions of the world, a dry forest is more threated than rain forests. Humans will clear out the land and because of the climate they will try and grow more crops and create farmland to help themselves. Dry seasons are about 4 to 7 months long, while the rainy season will last around 2 months with about 3 feet worth of rain. During the times when it rains, animals and plants that live in these regions take in as much water as their body can contain. Trees will drop their leaves during this time to conserve as much water as they can. Tropical dry forests make up the majority of tropical forests on the earth, but yet almost none of the dry forest are protected. There could be about 224 different plant species in these dry forest which were all able to change and adapt to the environment.

There are also almost 2,000 different scorpion species that can be found. The dry forest has one of the most unique ecosystems compared to almost any other ecosystem. Interestingly enough, less than 2% of the original dry forests remain in Ecuador and still to this day people are trying to get them protected especially in Costa Rica. In Costa Rica, the dry forest is very well known and take up most parts of their land because of the type of climate Costa Rica has itself. These tropical dry forests are more common than people might believe and need more help being able to keep them alive.

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A Project to Preserve an Environment Suitable for Endangered Species by Protecting the Land

The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service) is proposing to acquire, protect, and manage 6,712 acres of land and remove 6,878 acres from the current acquisition boundary. The proposed additions include critical habitat, such as mature longleaf pine forests, riparian corridors, blackwater and tidal forested wetlands, managed wetlands, and the largest Carolina Bay in Georgetown County. The proposed subtractions include former upland buffers that have been developed into golf courses and residential communities, the Woodbury Wildlife Management Area (owned by South Carolina Department [SCDNR] of Natural Resources and unavailable for refuge acquisition), and a parcel that is currently being developed into an industrial marine complex (owned by Grand Strand Water and Sewer Authority)(Figure 1). The purpose of this project is to mitigate future flood events, expand recreation areas, and preserve habitat that is suitable for threatened and endangered species by protecting land that is at risk of development.

The scope of this Decision Report is limited to the proposed modification of the acquisition boundary of Waccamaw National Wildlife Refuge. This report is not intended to cover the specific method(s) of land acquisition that may be used, nor the development and/or implementation of specific programs for the administration and management of said lands. The refuge will update its existing management plans to incorporate new properties as they are acquired. The updated management plans will subsequently be reviewed by X in accordance with the requirements set forth in the Departmental and National Environmental Policy Act.

II. LOCATION AND SIZE

Waccamaw NWR was established on December 1st, 1997, to protect habitat for the wetland-dependent wildlife associated with the floodplain basins of the Waccamaw and Great and Little Pee Dee Rivers. The refuge acquisition boundary encompasses 54,767 acres located in Georgetown, Horry, and Marion counties (Figure 2). The diversity of the wetlands within the refuge distinguishes it from similarly protected areas along the coast. Habitats include historic tidal rice fields and the blackwater and alluvial forested wetlands of the Waccamaw and Great Pee Dee Rivers. These tidal freshwater wetlands are among the most biologically diverse ecosystems in North America, and they provide important habitat for a variety of migratory birds and several threatened and endangered species.

The refuge’s Approved Acquisition Boundary (AAB) is divided into three management units. Each unit is defined by habitat type and requires unit-specific management strategies and objectives. Unit One is approximately 39,819 acres and consists of blackwater and alluvial forested wetlands. Unit Two totals 12,046 acres and encompasses the tidal forested and emergent wetlands and longleaf pine forest on Sandy Island. Unit Three is 2,902 acres and includes several historic tidal rice fields, many of which remain intact and are managed for wintering waterfowl. The refuge currently owns or leases approximately 35,000 acres within the boundary.

III. DESCRIPTION OF HABITATS

The properties within the proposed Minor Boundary Modification (MBM) include mature longleaf pine forests, riparian corridors, blackwater and tidal forested wetlands, managed wetlands, and the largest Carolina Bay in Georgetown County. The wetlands within the proposed MBM meet the assessment threshold criteria of the National Wetlands Priority Conservation Plan. Accordingly, they are listed as part of the Winyah Bay Wetland System in the Service’s Regional Wetlands Concept Plan for the Southeast Region (USFWS, 1997). Furthermore, riparian and bottomland hardwood forested wetlands were recently identified as a nationally threatened ecosystem, having experienced a 70-84% decline.

A. Longleaf Pine

The historical range of longleaf pine forests spanned over 90 million acres; however, as a result of development and logging, it is estimated that less than 3 million acres remain (North Carolina Forest Service [NCFS], 2012). Surpassed only by tropical rainforests, longleaf pine forests are considered the second-most species-rich ecosystem in North America (USFWS, n.d.a). Approximately half of the 1,630 plant species found in the Southeastern U.S. are only found within longleaf pine ecosystems (NCFS, 2012). In addition, longleaf pine is the preferred cavity site of the federally endangered Red-cockaded woodpecker (RCW). Area Two includes 432 acres of newly restored longleaf pine. Additional opportunities to restore longleaf pine exist along the upland rims of the Carolina Bays in Area Three, and in Area Four, which contains unmanaged longleaf pine.

B. Riparian Corridor

A riparian zone is the area along a river or water body that functions as an interface between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Riparian corridors serve as connectors between habitats and as migration routes for a variety of species, including American black bears and waterfowl. In addition, this type of habitat reduces downstream flooding and decreases nonpoint source pollution by storing and recycling nutrients (Natural Resources Conservation Service, 1996). There are approximately XX miles of riparian corridor in Areas One and Two.

C. Forested Tidal Wetland

Forested tidal wetlands serve as an interface between coastal marshes and fluvial bottomland forested wetlands (United States Geological Survey [USGS], n.d.). In addition to supporting a wide range of biodiversity, these wetlands also provide several important ecosystem functions, including flood mitigation, sediment trapping, and carbon sequestration (USGS, n.d). Common trees include swamp tupelo (black gum), bald cypress, swamp chestnut oak, cherry bark oak, sweet gum, river birch, and red maple. There are 63 acres of forested tidal wetlands in Area Two. These forested wetlands constitute a large portion of the Sandy Island/Great Pee Dee floodplain.

D. Blackwater Forested Wetland

Blackwater forested wetlands are located along the Waccamaw and Little Pee Dee Rivers. This habitat contains slow-moving water that is acidic and tea colored as a result of tannins leaching into the water from decaying vegetation. Because of the acidity of the water, these habitats often support organisms that are not found in nearby, less acidic wetlands. There are approximately 1,690 acres of blackwater forested wetlands in Area One.

E. Managed Wetland

The proposed MBM includes former rice fields that have been impounded by levees. The hydrology of the impoundments is manipulated to encourage the growth of emergent vegetation, such as smartweed, panic grass, wild millet, red root, water shield, spikerush, arrow-arum, white water lily, southern naiad, Asiatic dayflower, soft-stem bulrush, wild rice, and water grass. This type of vegetation provides food for a variety of waterfowl species. Area Two contains 58 acres of managed wetlands. These wetlands are controlled by the refuge and will provide opportunities to conduct wetland research and administer educational programs.

F. Carolina Bay

Carolina Bays are isolated, elliptical depressions that provide upland wetland habitat for a variety of species, including American black bears. In 2001, the Supreme Court issued a decision to reduce protections for isolated wetlands under the Clean Water Act (Sharitz, 2003), thus leaving Carolina Bays vulnerable to development. Carvers Bay, located in Addition Area Three, is the largest Carolina Bay in Georgetown County and is considered one of the most important black bear conservation areas in South Carolina. In addition to Carvers Bay, Area Three also includes Vandross Bay. These two bays total XX acres. The remaining acreage is upland buffer that serves as a wildlife corridor between the bays.

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An Analysis on Luna Lovegood from Famous Book “Harry Potter”

In the field of psychology, there are innumerable theories on personality and motivation. Digging deep into what makes a person who they are and inspires them to do the things they do is not a new concept. Evolutionary theory, Big 5 personality traits, psychodynamic perspective, Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, as well as Person/Situation interaction will all be discussed in detail. The subject of our discussion, for the purpose of exploring these theories, will be Luna Lovegood Luna Lovegood is a young witch in the Harry Potter series written by J.K. Rowling. She is a Ravenclaw student one year behind the famous Harry.

She was nicknamed “Loony Lovegood”(Rowling, 2003) because she is seen as being eccentric, and a bit dotty. Her mother passed away from an experiment gone wrong when Luna was nine years old and she was raised solely by her father after that. She becomes part of Harry Potter’s core group of friends, the only non-Gryffindor amongst them. She has compassion for people and creatures. In the Order of the Phoenix installation of the Harry Potter series, Luna and Harry unexpectedly meet in the hallway before heading back home for the summer. Harry asked her why she was not in the feast and she responded, “Well, I’ve lost most of my possessions. People take them and hide them, you know. But as it’s the last night, I really do need them back, so I’ve been putting up signs”(Rowling, 2003). At this point in the story, Harry had just witnessed his godfathers untimely death and was not in the mood to socialize, but felt a rush of empathy for Luna. When he told her that they should not do that and asked if she needed help, she turned the focus from herself onto Harry

Instead of accepting help finding all of her belongings, she chatted with him about his godfather and her mothers passing. Then she promptly headed off for the feast, trusting that her things would make their way back to her. Darwin’s Evolutionary Theory does not appear to come into play with Luna Lovegood or this scenario. We do not see any sexual selection or finding of mates, though perhaps Luna’s individual traits may be due to evolutionary natural selection. Taking a look at the Big 5 traits, a few are obvious right away. Luna Lovegood would be rated exceptionally high in openness to experience. Luna is widely known for believing in the wizarding version of conspiracy theories and outrageous ideas. She is always willing to go with the group on any dangerous, insane adventure. Not to mention she adorns herself in bizarre accessories and fashion.

In terms of conscientiousness, Luna would land medium-low on the rankings. While she is not viewed as the most organized person, she was sorted into Ravenclaw. Ravenclaw house is centered around the value of intelligence and discipline, which means that Luna is implied to have a certain degree of these traits. I would classify Luna under medium extraversion. While she is excited and happy to be around her friends, she is often seen doing solitary activities. When she is not spending time with Ginny, Neville, or the rest of the group, she is reading magazines or caring for exotic, misunderstood creatures. Luna is always agreeable, putting her at the very top rating for agreeableness. She is friendly to everyone that she meets and she does not make a fuss when other students bully her, whether through name-calling or hiding her belongings. She is loyal to her friends and she is consistently shown comforting the main character, Harry Potter, through his times of difficulty. Despite the fact that Luna faces persecution and judgement from not only peers, but adults, she is almost never seen to display negative emotions or instability.

The only time Luna is witnessed angry is when someone insults her fathers’ magazine, The Quibbler. When all of her shoes are stolen from her and hidden, she merely accepts that they would eventually show back up. She would rank low, to nonexistent, on neuroticism. In terms of a Psychodynamic approach, it would appear that Luna’s Id is being well controlled by a strong ego. While she often says things that many people wouldn’t, she is a well-behaving, conscientious young adult navigating through the world. Though, perhaps her super-ego isn’t incredibly functional. In regards to the Psychosexual Theory, Luna does not appear to have any fixations with the particular stages, meaning her growth was normal and pleasant in each of those areas. When discussing her mothers’ passing, she does not seem to be using any coping or defense mechanisms. We can assume that she properly processed through her grief. If we were to take a look at the Myers-Briggs assessment, modeled after Carl Jung’s ideas, we can try to sort Luna.

In the Big 5, we have established she is more extraverted than introverted. When it comes to sensing or intuition, intuition is first choice as Luna is more about possibilities instead of reality. For our third category, I instinctively wanted to say that luna was feeling, instead of thinking due to her eccentric beliefs. The more time I spend considering, the more I believe that Luna, despite her outrageous values, has come to her conclusions through what she believes is logical with the information that she has. Last, but not least, Luna is a go-with-the-flow type of witch, placing her as perceiving instead of judging. This means that Luna, by my calculations, would fall under ENTP. Luna appears to have reached self-actualization. She has physiological and safety needs met, as she lives at home with her father who provides for her. While she has her father, she also finds belonging at Hogwarts. Harry, Neville, and Ginny form close friendships with Luna over their adventures together. Luna is seen as “dotty” by many of her peers, but her self-esteem is fully in-tact. She is confident in her beliefs and who she is. Last, but not least, she exhibits creativity and self-expression. For these reasons, I feel secure in saying that Luna Lovegood would have reached Maslow's idea of self-actualization.

To figure out if the person or situation were impacting the behavior heavier, let us first look at the situation. Luna is looking for her missing articles of clothing, hoping to get them back before heading home. She sees her friend who recently lost a loved one and brings that subject up in conversation. Then she abandons her search for her clothing and goes to enjoy the feast while she can. We have already established that Luna is an incredibly agreeable and kind person. We also know that she is often bullied and that missing clothing is common for her.

If Harry had not shown up, we have reason to believe that Luna still would have gone on to the feast as usual because her missing clothing is not an extraordinary situation for her. I would conclude that Luna’s comforting her friend amidst her own trial and then leaving it up to fate is more a reflection on her personality than the situation at hand.

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Classic Movies Middle Schooler should See: Mary Poppins, Harry Potter, Christmas Vaction

Contents

Mary Poppins
The Sandlot
Harry Potter
Elf
Christmas Vaction
Pirates of the Carrabin
Singing in the Rain

Mary Poppins

A musical that has been rembered ever scince it came out. Not only is the soundtrack great with song like, “supercalifragilisticexpialidocious” and “Chim Chim Churre” but the story of a Nanny who takes too weathly kids on fun adventures and teaches them fantsiacl thing is a movie and stroy to remeber.

The Sandlot

This is a great movie over all. Its not only funny but relatable. A young boy moves to a town with his mother his step father who has no time for him. Soon he finds himslef in a ragtag group of boys who play baseball everyday and get into many fun but troublesome prediments is a classic that will be rember. There are few who do not about the sandlot and there are many who love it.

Harry Potter

Much like the books, the Harry Potter movies are loved all over the world. With many movies the book-to-film adaption does not go over well with tha loyal fans. Tjis was not the case for The Harry Potter movies who gets it right. The CGI is exxelcent for a time where it was not adveance and hard to ger right. The acter who bring the beloved characters alive did a exxelnt job mirroring the characters personalitys. Its truly a saga to rember.

Elf

Christmas movies are awlays a joy to wacth. The happimness and fun of christmas brought to life on the big screen is a great way to spend time wih the familey right around Decmber. But “Elf” is one of the best. The many funny remarks and predicments through out the film are only one of the many great parts of this movie. Buddy, a man raised by elfs goes to New York to find his father without knowing anything about the people is a classic still wacthed 15 years after it relase.

Christmas Vaction

Rignt up there with “Elf”, Christmas Vaction is a halriou mobie wacth and laughed at by many. A man who wants his familey christmas to be perfect is bombsred by problems and funny (but unwanted) relatives is a Christams Comdey loved and wacthed by many every yhear.

Pirates of the Carrabin

Sword fights, a witty captain, and genuis plot. What more be said? Pirates of the Carbbin is a classic with Johnny Debt as the Witty and funny captin, Jack Sparrow. There may be many of these movies but the new and countud humor of the movies had people watching ot years after the first ones relase.

Singing in the Rain

A old but wonderful musocal. Singing in the Rain tells atrhe story of an actor and his best friend as the era of talkies come about. Don Lockwood adn nhis bes tfreind Cosmo have been ion the movie busniess for a long time, so long that Don has become a legend with he less than likable Co-Star Lina Lemount. As movie turn from silent to talking problem arise inn the ofrm of music love and annoyiing Co-stars. With songs such as “Make’ wm laugh” ton”Singing in the rain” and intese dance numbers, this movie is nbeing wacth long after the actor are gone. This is truly a wonderfula dn Classic film.

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Endangered Red Snapper and Bluefin Tuna

This is a HUGE problem but few people know about it. The Caribbean an amazing place, teeming with life. It used to be one of the most diverse marine ecosystems in the whole world. It still has a number of coral reefs in many areas but the use of large gill nets are starting to wipe out the population of many species of fish including the endangered red snapper and the endangered bluefin tuna that live in these areas. Not only that but those are ALSO the ones being targeted by fishermen in these parts. These may not seem like important fish, but these, especially the tuna, are the staple diet of most birds, dolphins and other animals here. Now what the TUNA AND SNAPPERS eat, are bait fish that live in these areas. These include ballyhoo which is eaten by almost every predatory fish and seabirds in these areas. Ballyhoo are taken from the wild for bait, but in very small numbers and are not in much trouble because the plants and zooplankton they eat are not endangered. The gill nets used to harvest the fought after fish, have holes the perfect size for what they are meant to catch, and are usually too big to catch the ballyhoo.

Not just Tuna!The nets used to capture the fish work something like shown below. This is a diagram to show how it catches fish. It is VERY effective, even better than rod and reel setups in some cases. But one can easily tell that if a protected fish or a baby dolphin or something got stuck, it was the end. This makes a problem because the fish often die in the net so when it is pulled out, you cannot save it. There are laws protecting species and saying if they are caught, they have to be thrown back. But you cannot help them being caught. also, if it is dead, even if you throw it back it won’t help. The reason the fish die is because it gills them( which means their gills get stuck in the net). Fish are very sensitive in their gills and putting aside the fact that many people gill fish to land them, it is still a very bad thing to hold a fish from its gill. If a fish’s gill can’t open and close easily then it will most likely not survive long. If a dolphin, whale or porpoise is stuck in a gill net, it will not be able to breathe and will also die. Most people don’t consider that birds too, can get stuck in these nets. If a bird like a gull or a tern sees the fish stuck in the nets, they will think it is food and dive to get it. In the process it will get it’s wing or beak stuck in the net, and unable to reach the surface to breathe, it will die. To add to this awful cause, birds hang AROUND these fishing boats to eat leftover or “scrap” fish.Not Just the snappers are snapping about it!

People are actually trying to help, by raising these fish indoors, but these “hatcheries” as they call it, make more money selling these beautiful fish to pet stores, then they do releasing them into protected areas where they can’t legally be hunted. People are trying to help these fish, but it is really hard. The governments who own these reefs can’t just BAN gillnet fishing altogether. People would fight against that, but we can protect more of these sights so gillnet fishing can’t happen there. A coral reef is a supersight. A supersight is a place where more wildlife can live there than a normal area. “We know that well-managed marine protected areas can increase the resilience of marine species in the Caribbean and the Pacific in the face of mounting threats. In an extremely species-rich region dominated by small island states, intergovernmental cooperation between countries should be boosted to ensure protected areas are managed effectively, and destructive fishing practices are minimised,” says Kent Carpenter, manager of the IUCN Marine Biodiversity Unit. We can help too. If we buy the right kind of pet fish, the demand will lower and overfishing will stop. When getting a fish, ask where it was taken from, and only buy captivity bred ones. As long as we take care, the Reefs will be fine. But, it is not just the Caribbean that is being majorly overfished, the great barrier reef and other places are probably even worse than these islands. It is our choice, what we do with the world. We can deplete it, or we can conserve it. And what we are doing now, is depleting it. But that can change. If we are careful, then we will be able to save this beautiful sea!

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The Main Components of Sigmund Freud’s Theory Using the Example of the Movie “The Grinch who Stole Christmas”

This assignment was required to watch the documentary “The Grinch Who Stole Christmas”, and to explain the theoretical perspective that was assigned to us. The two theoretical perspective that will be talked about more in depth in this essay is psychoanalytic theory and trait theory. Sigmund Freud was a neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis and created a new approach to the understanding of human mind and personality. Freud’s theory suggests that our personality is made up of three components that consisted of: the id, ego, and superego. Ego helps develop the young child response to the real world.

Id’s unconscious energy that is constantly strives a type of satisfaction to basic sexual and aggressive drives. Superego is a part of the personality that, represents internalized ideals and provides types of judgement standards. Our conscious awareness is like the part of an iceberg that floats above the surface. Beneath our awareness is like the larger unconscious mind, with its thoughts, wishes, feelings and memories. Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic theory proposed that childhood sexuality and unconscious motivations influence personality. Trait theories examine characteristic patterns of behavior.

Summary of Behavior The personality of the Grinch is defined as a mean and cold-hearted wicked character who lives far away from the Whoville on a top of a high mountain in a cave with his dog Max. The Grinch is known very well for hating Christmas and plans on ruining Christmas by stealing presents and vandalizing the Whoville’s houses. In the beginning of the documentary the Grinch is an unpleasant “who-hating” with a bad temper and bad attitude, as well as a heart that’s two sizes too small beating in him. When he meets a little girl named Cindy Lou Who one night, she takes part of interest in him and wants to bring him back to Whoville redeem himself. The Grinch stole all the presents and tress and Christmas decorations from the houses and puts them in a bag to throw over a cliff. When the Whoville awoken with no presents, they continued to celebrate the holiday of Christmas instead of being sad they gathered in a circle and continued to sing. The Grinch grew this feeling of happiness inside him that he had never felt before and gets into the Christmas spirit. He feels guilty for what he had did and stops the presents from falling over the cliff.

The day of Christmas that the Grinch had ruined, he then vowed to ruin their Christmas by stealing the Who’s presents. He goes from someone who hated Christmas to actually loving Christmas at the end of the movie. How Theory Explains Personality One other perspective different from the one that was assigned to me is Social-cognitive theory. Its different from the other ones that were assigned to me because it explores the interaction between people’s traits and their social content. Albert’s Bandura’s theory believed that we learn many of our behavior either through conditioning or by observing and imitating others. Social-cognitive is similar with trait theory by Sigmund Freud because they both involve patterns of behavior influenced by others around you. Standards of Assessment and Evaluation A good test defines three important properties of any good psychological test are validity, reliability, and standardization. The number of questions you answer correctly, on an intelligence test would reveal almost nothing.

To know how well you performed, you would need some basis for comparison. The scores help the next testing group by helping future groups compare different results throughout the year or month. If you take the test following the same procedures, your score will be meaningful when compared with others. This process is called standardization. Knowing your score in comparison to the stadardization group still won’t tell you much unless the test has reliability. A reliable test gives consist scores, no matter who takes the test or when they take it. To check a test’s reliability, researchers test people many times. The higher the correlation, the higher the tests reliability. High reliability does not ensure a test’s validity the extent to which the test actually measure’s or predicts what it promises. Using a miscalibrated measure can cause bad results. Your results can be very reliable depending in the score you get. Testing the Grinch The test I would use in my office with my client would have to be the IQ test. Not only is it for children but its also for adults and scores individual’s intelligence and verbal comprehension, memory and processing speed.

The Humanistic theory focuses on our inner capacities for growth and self-fulfillment. The Grinch strongly disliked the Whos but they decided to accept the Grinch for who he is towards the end of the movie even after he stole their presents. The Grinch regained his self-esteem and regained the trust of the Whovilles. Information that was gathered throughout the movie consisted of kindness, acceptance, and forgiveness. The Grinch experiences this at the end of the movie and changes his perspective on Christmas due to the kindness of one special person that helped him change his mind.

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The main components of Sigmund Freud's theory using the example of the movie "The Grinch Who Stole Christmas". (2022, Oct 05). Retrieved November 3, 2025 , from
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Sigmund Freud’s Place Among Outstanding Psychological Researchers

Contents

Developmental Theorist

Developmental Theorist

In life we have people that are like us, and some that are completely different than us. The five theorists; Freud, Erickson, Piaget, Kohlberg and Abraham Maslow all have different views on the human; however, have some similarities in certain aspects. Each theorist has a stage in life and truthfully we could all have different views on our stages based upon our background and experience, even one can be a theorist if he or she wanted to. I will explain the theorist’s stages in life and what that phase means to them. Lets start with our well-known Sigmund Freud.

Sigmund Freud

Freud made some good points to understanding the personality development. He had three components that he believed were pertained to the mind which where the id, the ego and the superego. The Id referred to the body’s primitive urges, the satisfaction of pleasure or libido (Polan & Taylor, D. 2017). The ego was the most realistic part of the mind. The superego is a more in-depth of the ego. It judges, controls and judges (Polan & Taylor, D. 2017). Freud developed five stages of psychosexual developments; which were the oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital. The oral stage is eating, breast feeding and weaning(Polan & Taylor, D. 2017). If the parents are not careful, we may take pleasure in refusing food or turning to food to calm one down. The next is the anal phase, which is essentially what it, sounds like; it is toilet training. When the parents teach us what to do and where to go, we also learn to test the limits of our parents or authority. If authority is not compassionate enough, we may choose to act out of disobedience.

The next phase of Freud’s stage is the phallic stage. The phallic stage stops around 6 years old. Freud insists that children have sexual feelings; however, it is directed to the mother or the adult taking care of them because they are around them more. The next is the latency phase where the energy shifts to physical and intellectual actives such as education and learning to please ones self and how we must deal with feelings of modesty and shame. The last stage is the genital stage, which starts through puberty to adulthood where Freud believed that we must create a healthy sexual relationship, or displaces the energy into a creative and socially accepting and rewarding behavior. Once this stage starts, they tend to become more distant with parents but still have love for them. These are the stages of Sigmund Freud. The next theorist to speak on is Erik Erickson.

Erick Erickson

Erick Erickson had 8 stages of life and they started with Trust versus mistrust. Trust versus mistrust is when we are infants and depend on another to take care of us until we are able to do it our self. Once we develop trust, we are able to trust others in the future. The next stage is autonomy versus shame and doubt. In this stage we ask ourselves if it is okay to be who we are and do what we want to do, and if not that is when doubt comes into play. Initiative versus guilt; at this stage we take initiative and try out new things such as playing with toys, and we ask if it okay to be doing what we are doing. If is okay to be doing what we are doing, then we continue, if not then that is when doubt comes to our mind.

The fourth stage is industry versus inferiority; In this stage we learn that we can do things ourselves and that we are different than others. If we start to receive praise and recognition, then we start becoming more industrious, and if not, we become more inferior if we get too much negative feedback. The next stage is identity versus role confusion, which starts in adolescence; we learn that we have different social roles such as, friends, children and citizens. In this stage we go into an identity crisis, if the parent allows the child to go out and do their own thing, they are able to find their identity. If we are forced to follow in our parent’s footsteps, we may be subject to role confusion.

The sixth stage is intimacy versus isolation, we start to wonder who we are and if we are able to love, if we do find out who we are and fall in love, then we become happy and intimate; however, if we cannot find our love or soul mate, then we become isolated. The next stage is generativity versus stagnation, this stage starts around 40 and we become creative and start to contribute to society and we start to think if we are able to lead the next generation in this world, if we are then we are happy; however, if we don’t resolve conflicts, we become stagnant. Stage eight is ego integrity versus despair. We start to look at our life and think of all that we have done , if we think we have done well then we are proud of ourselves and feel complete, if not then we become regretful and begin to despair. This was Erick Erickson’s theory. The next theorist is Jean Piaget

Jean Piaget

Jean Piaget believed that our development was in 4 different parts; the first part starts at 0-2 years called the sensorimotor stage. Sensorimotor meaning the eyes, smell, touch and hearing are in effect and the motor part comes because they learn to move their bodies and walk around and use our sensory parts. In this stage, the child is object permanent, meaning if an infant sees a cookie and the mother hides it behind their back—to the baby, that cookie disappeared and the infant focuses on something new. The next stage starts at around age 2-7 years called the preoperational stage. In this phase, this is when children start to engage and pretend play and begin to use symbols to make a meaning.

They are also very egocentric meaning if they hide, they believe they cannot be seen or heard. The next stage starts at age 7-11 years old called the concrete operational stage. In this phase, this is where children understand and learn conservation; meaning, if you fill water into a bowl equally into two same size bowls, they will understand that the bowls has the same amount of water; however, if you put the same amount of water into a taller bowl and the small bowl, the child will say the taller bowl has the most. The last stage is considered at the age of 12 or greater called the formal operational stage. In this phase the child learns about abstract, actions and consequences of said action. Piaget also believed that moral reasoning began to take place. The next theorist to speak on will be Lawrence Kohlberg.

Lawrence Kohlberg

Kohlberg developed the moral theory of development. His theory was based on cognitive development; he looked at the person at how they develop their morals other than the emotional. He looked at children for this developmental theory. Out of this research, Kohlberg developed 3 distinct levels of moral reasoning. The first stage is the preconvention stage. In this stage, he believed that the children understood right from wrong and understood the consequences should they make a wrong decision. Also in this stage, he learned children develop individualism and exchange meaning children recognize that there is not just one right view from an individual. once they develop these two morals of that stage, he found there is another stage called the conventional stage where the third phase takes place called the interpersonal concordance phase and in this stage the child does good in order to be seen as good by other people.

Law and order is the fourth phase of the second stage; meaning the child becomes aware of the wider rules of society. Once we pass the conventional stage, we reach the post conventional stage, which Kohlberg believes some people do not reach in life, and in this stage we have social contract and universal ethical principle. Social contract meaning the individual becomes aware that the laws exist but those that reach this level understands that some laws may need to be broken in some cases. In the universal ethical principle phase, the people make their own set of law and protect it and lives by it. The last theorist is what I know the best, which is Abraham Maslow.

Abraham Maslow

Abraham Maslow wanted to assess if we had a different behaviors that we had the option to choose to engage in and what made us think in one behavior over the other. Maslow began to think that our behavior was driven by what our needs were in five stages. The first stage is the physiological needs stage and in this stage he believed that this was what we needed to sustain life; such as food, water, and shelter. The next stage is security and safety needs. In this stage, he believed that our behavior is driven by security; for example, if someone does not pass nursing school, their behavior will be driven on trying to fulfill and read the text books to pass all the classes to become a nurse, and if not, their security needs are not meant and may go out and start to look for another program.

The next stage is social needs, in social needs Maslow believed that we had a need of belonging to someone such as a loved one or some particular group. The next stage is the esteem stage. In this stage Maslow believed that this certain stage was driven by desire to feel good an complete about ourselves and its satisfied by prestige; such as a good job or house size. The last stage is the need for self-actualization meaning that we are reaching our full potential of our self and this is different varied upon the person. My self-actualization need would be to become a nurse; someone else may want to be an architect or a contractor. These are the stages of Abraham Maslow.

Conclusion

To finish, as we can see there are many views that these theorist had and still all are used every day and some we can even see in ourselves. Everyone on earth has developed or is going to develop at least one of these theorists’ stages in life and they each will be unique in a different view. If a person decided to think back to when they were a kid, he/she would look at one of these theorists’ and understand why that theorist researched and came up with that theory, because the person’s child has developed it or they have personally. Understand that everyone is different, but also everyone is equal according to all of these stages.

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Controversiality of the Views of Sigmund Freud in Comparison with other Psychological Researchers

Wundt blames human internal experience as being the problem with psychology along with philosophy as human experience varies between living, emotions, reactions, and a list of many other factors (Wundt 1912; 1-5). With this in mind, Wundt taught structuralism. Breaking down cognition into parts, in a biological standpoint, in order to understand ‘how’ the mind functions. This was the first major step in the psychological sciences field, others do not consider it a science.

Wundt was an avid believer in Aristotle’s words when he said, “The whole is greater than the sum of its parts.” This expedition explains Wundt’s psychological approach as he tried to dive the conscious mind into its most basic elements in order to achieve understanding. Just like the approach’s definition, it was made into the seed that flourished and branched into other psychological approaches.

After Wundt, views in psychology changed as a psychologist began researching topics, they specialized in. Such being Herman Ebbinghaus who studied human memory capacity. He created a what is now known as a nonsense syllable in which random letters are placed together, in addition, to the participant is told to recite them after they are gone.

It is with Sigmund Freud where things get incomprehensible to most as it is a heavy topic, he, in some ways, represents. The psychoanalytical, or psychodynamic, approach of psychology concentrates on human development. The approach says growth and personally, development comes from conflicts experienced throughout a lifetime (Erdelyi 1985). Even then this approach goes on further as it goes into detail with ideas such as memory, bias, structure, and consciousness.

Freud believed in something he called the subconscious. He expresses that during development if a traumatic experience were to occur, the mind would suppress these memories by placing them into our subconscious. Although the experience does not concisely control one’s life, the mind will drive one into a path it feels is safest. The effects of trauma vary from person to person, furthermore, it is often shown later in life. Furthermore, Freud explained false memories as being created to fill the void of repressed memory. He explained in using the analogy of forgetting someone’s name, moreover, replacing it with another mentally, people do this in order to feel satisfied with knowing something even if that is incorrect (Fraud 1938; 1-14).

In opposition of structuralism, aforementioned, functionalism was created after the previous psychoanalytical approach. Functionalism is based on the ideals of understanding how something works regather then what it is made of. It focuses on the emotional development humans experience based on environmental changes (James 1890; 6-18). This approach was based on the teachings of William James, who believed “…no mental modification ever occurs which is not accompanied or followed by a bodily change.” (James 1890; 6-18). He did not consider himself a functionalist, however, his teachings are similar to what is now as functionalism.

A concept many people relate to psychology is the ability to change someone’s behavior in order to accommodate to some else’s desires. Unbelievably, this is a psychological approach called behaviorism. As its name may suggest, this approach seeks to understand how to change someone’s behavior, or their actions, using two methods (Watson 1970; 3-18).

The first method is as classical conditioning, being introduced a new stimulus to induce the same reaction a natural stimulus does. Ivan Pavlov shows this in his experiment in which involves calling dogs to dinner by ringing a bell. At first, the dogs salivated because of the food presented, after some time, they began to salivate when they heard the bell ring. Pavlov introduces a new stimulus that evokes the same response as the “neutral” stimulus did (Pavlov 1928).

The second Conditioning method is called operant conditioning. With this method, a behavior is being changed based on a punishment or reward system. B. F. Skinner used this method with his infamous box dubbed Skinner’s Box. In this box, there was a lever that, if pushed, would give the rat placed in the box food, therefore, rewarding the rat for pushing the lever. The most effective use of this method is to utilize our basic human desires, being sex, food, thirst, and shelter. Knowing this, Skinner experimented with rats effectively changing their behaviors.

The history of psychology continues until it reaches our current day. Although views of these approaches have changed over time, they were the foundation of what is known today.

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Sigmund Freud’s Contribution to the Studies of the Subconscious

In the article Dangerous Dreamers, Randall provides statistics, examples, and facts on the dangers of people with Parasomnia. Parasomnia is a sleeping disorder in which the transition between REM and non-REM sleep aren’t smooth. The dangers consist of: sleepwalking, losing conscious and judgment while sleepwalking, and damages the midtemporal cortex. With Parasomnia the brain's ability to make proper judgments and the right decision become challenging. A person with Parasomnia can sleepwalk with their eyes wide open and be aware of their surroundings, but they have no conscious and they can’t make logical decisions.

Dangerous Dreamers an article speaking about the dangers of Parasomnia and the toll it takes on the human brain and nervous system. While speaking on the dangers of this disease he also explains how non-REM and REM is incorporated in Parasomnia. REM sleep and non-REM sleep are the different phases the body transitions to during sleep. This transition happens on average about 6 times during an 8 hour sleeping period. REM sleep is when the brain is the most active, this results in dreams or nightmares. During REM sleep this is when your blood pressure is the highest, and your breathing is increased and sometimes irregular. Non-REM sleep is the complete opposite, but varies. Sometimes a person might be asleep but the sleep is so light that the person won’t even realize he is sleeping. On the other hand, the sleep can be so overwhelming that a person might be easily irritated and annoyed. In Randall’s article he believes that non-REM and REM sleep are the leading problem with Parasomniac people, which is why it connects to the violent acts that these people perform. In my opinion, I believe that these reasons make perfect sense. Having Parasomniac sleeping disorders can alter the judgment and decision making in your head. In the article there is more than enough evidence proving so. One example would be Kenneth Parks. After recently being fired from his job for embezzling money, one night he got off the couch drove to his mother-in-laws house and murdered her. After, he went to the police station and confessed killing her. This is strange because he was far closer with his in laws than he was with his own parents. While on trial his lawyer argued saying he can’t be acquitted with these charges because he didn’t make that choice, he was unconscious. Studies have shown that the major cause of these tragic events is because they are being provoked, Park’s wouldn’t harm somebody who doesn’t mean any harm to him without reason.

Unconscious Processing effect behavior and the brain in many ways. Sigmund Freud had a major contribution to this topic. His experiments are what made parasomniac popular. A person’s behavior is affected dramatically, according to Freud unconscious processing was our bodies defense mechanism for things such as nightmares and disturbing ideas. He believed that the unconscious part of the brain contained thoughts and feelings that we aren’t aware of. The unconscious part of the brain was really a storage room for your ideas until they became a reality or reach the conscious mind. Freud believed that our conscious while also defending us from these things would also tend to find it’s way out (dreams).

The part of the brain responsible for a patients sleeping disorders is the Thalamus. The brain can disrupt a person’s sleep in many ways. It affects their cognitive skills, their emotions, and their judgment. All which are needed in our everyday lives. Violent behaviors can easily be explained by your sleeping behaviors and patterns. Just think of the last time you went to bed really late. When you wake up you are most likely very irritable, annoyed, and anxious. Now picture having a sleeping disorder and not having the right amount of sleep. Things would get out of hand fairly quickly. In the cases of Kenneth Parks and Brian Thomas, people ended up losing their lives. What makes Parasomnia and sleeping disorders even more concerning is that you don’t know what is happening until it happens. Unfortunately Brian lost his wife, and he didn’t even realize until the deed was done. In my opinion people aquitted for crimes because of sleeping disorders shouldn’t be charged. They don’t make these choices, they are sleeping. Instead, we need to do further research and provide help and medication for those who suffer from these horrible disorders.

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Sigmund Freud’s Contribution to the Studies of the Subconscious. (2022, Oct 05). Retrieved November 3, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2022/10/page/4/

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