Month: September 2022
The Impact of the Cold War on American Society
American Society in the Cold War teaches us that conformity is society's response to the changes in social beliefs or behaviors by conforming to the group pressures to gain approval from the majority. The real definition of the word conformity is, “A type of social influence involving a change in belief or behavior in order to fit in with a group” (McLeod, 2007). Psychologist Kelman distinguished three different types of conformity. The three were compliance (group acceptance), internalization (genuine acceptance of group norms), and identification (group membership). Compliance is seen in The Catcher in the Rye, Atomic Café, Zinn 16, and The Baby Boom. Compliance occurs when a person agrees with an influence with hopes to achieve a positive reaction from another person or group. They accept the induced behavior because they assume that they will gain rewards or approval and therefore avoid punishment or disapproval by conforming (McLeod, 2007). During the Cold War time period, American society conforms to societal norms in times of fear and pressure to feel safety and gain approval, while nonconformists believe that if they change their beliefs to fit the norms, their independence is being stripped.
Due to the governments stature and ability to enlist fear, they have the ability to force Americans to conform to the ideas that are put upon them. Zinn 16 focused on conformity that was driven by the power of authorities. After the atomic bomb was dropped, the United States figured out how much power they actually had. The bomb was just a tactic to scare Japan into surrendering and it worked. Government authorities conformed to the idea that war solves problems of control through the instances of the atomic bombing, WWll, Korean War and the Cold War. Communism is something that the U.S. looks down upon. Americans conformed to the idea that war was going to solve the problem of communism and other threatening countries. Another example is with the Truman Administration when they worked to create an atmosphere of crisis. Truman’s power established a climate of fear with Americans. He created the Order 9835, otherwise described as the loyalty order, which was designed to filter out disloyal Americans. This influenced the U.S. Federal Government to weed out communist believers found in the United States government. Truman’s tactic was to pressure Americans into being loyal and to fear the punishment that came if they were to go against the law.
During this time period, the norm was to be a loyal American citizen and adapt the idea that war solved control problems. Fear of severe punishment combined with pressure from government and majority ultimately drove Americans to conform. The Catcher in the Rye is a prime example of how society’s disapproval is so powerful that even a non-conformist might conform to the social norm in order to be accepted. Holden is viewed as a non-conformist and independent. He sees conforming to society as evil. This action of being independent causes Holden to become isolated and an outsider. The more encounters with people that happen, the more betrayal and isolation he feels. The examples about to be used are situations where Holden goes against the norm and gets punished or disapproved. At the start of the book he is getting expelled from his fourth school and wants to say goodbye to a teacher. This teacher ends up scolding him for his poor academics and not trying in school like normal students. Once in Manhattan, he goes to the bar underage and demands a drink but won’t get served while trying to flirt with women much older then him. The women take him as a joke for thinking he had a chance and leave him because it is not normal for older women to take home minors.
When Holden invites the prostitute up, he ends up not wanting to engage in sexual activities but pays her anyways. She becomes mad that he doesn’t want to have sex and demands more money. Once he gets beat up and gets his money stolen he yet again is left alone and becomes more isolated. He also had an encounter with Carl Luce while they were getting drinks and Holden said juvenile remarks about homosexuals and Luce’s Chinese girlfriend. He gets left again because he didn’t conform to the social norm of being respectful and watching one’s words to another. This non-conformist becomes so isolated that he was going to run away and never come back again, but after watching his little sister on the carousel he is shook with happiness. Non-conformity has the ability to isolate someone so much that seeing the importance of acceptance from people can push them to conform to society. In the Atomic Café, the power of conformity through fear was shown through society’s response to unknown atomic bomb effects. Fear is a weakness that many people let influence their decisions.
Due to citizens looking to leaders to provide information and answers about the expressed fear, this was an easy way for authority figures to pressure society to conform in a certain way. For example, in Eisenhower’s Speech he states, “Fear should not control a great country.” Americans feared the unknown effects of the atomic bomb. Eisenhower tried to convince people the atomic bomb was peaceful and glorious. He wanted people to know that America’s power was used to ensure a peaceful world for all. This information given to the public helped people not worry and change their view, hence they conformed in order to feel safe. Then, Senator Lyndon B. Johnson talked about having a hydrogen bomb. This struck fear in the eyes of America, but the Senator ensured if they followed the rules for bomb protection then they would be safe. A lifestyle that stems from fear is an easy way for government officials to swoop in with encouraging words of safety to get society to conform to a belief that surpassed the people’s fears. During the baby boom, a sense of uniformity pervaded American Society. Conformity was normal, as people of all ages followed group norms rather than taking individual roles. During the cold war people took on non traditional roles such as women were working while men were away fighting and having less kids.
When the war ended, a dramatic reduction in fear from communism and having a strong economic outlook created a movement towards conformity, the sense of creating larger families, and life in a normal fashion. Many people feared not having the American dream because they wanted to fit in and conform to this new time. The American dream was prosperity through hard work, determination, and initiative. The Baby Boomers reacted out the fear of not having all of this. Conforming to this standard of life was much harder to come at as increases in population resulted in less opportunity. Fear of not living up to the traditionalist generation resulted in the conformity of the baby boom generation. The expectation post this era was that the future generations would conform to this behavior. is was their expectations. Conformity can be expressed in many ways as shown in the examples above. The act of conforming to social norms is what gives people the feeling of approval and acceptance. The feeling of approval and acceptance by conforming to norms is something that happens naturally, maybe without realization. On the flip side, it can also be forced or pressured with the feelings that one has to conform in order to fit in with society. During the Cold War period, most conformity stemmed from fear and pressure but it gave people a feeling of safety and approval. When people wanted to be independent from others, known as nonconformists, they often received punishment and disapproval from the majority. There is never a right or wrong choice on what to conform to, it just depends on how someone wants to be perceived by society.
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A Cold War Approach to Future US-Russia Arms Control
High strung tensions of a possible nuclear war were a major fear portrayed throughout the Cold War. Cooperation between Americans and Soviets seemed inconceivable and many believed the constant conflict would never end. When relations looked like a turn for the worst, a monumental change occurred in 1985. Mikhail Gorbachev became the new leader of the Soviet Union and the unimageable became possible. Gorbachev would take control of a dying political and economic state of the Soviet Union. In response, he implemented a dual policy of “perestroika” and “glasnost” for domestic issues and a “new thinking” for foreign relations. Gorbachev’s ideas provided textbook example of GRIT and spurred a cooperative relationship with the United States. U.S.-Soviet relations would be turned around by new policies and eventually lead to the end of the Cold War.
What is GRIT? U.S. psychologist, Charles E. Osgood, proposed a strategy called “Gradual Reciprocation in Tension Reduction”[footnoteRef:1] in 1962. His strategy consisted “that if one state could make significant unilateral concessions, this might trigger reciprocation by the other, leading to a virtuous cycle of tension reduction and confidence building.”[footnoteRef:2] It begins when a state publicly announces a series of unilateral concessions where the intent is clear. Purposely, being transparent and straightforward will hopefully lead to the goals of GRIT. The first objective is to reverse the conflict spiral and begin de-escalation. Second is to reduce tensions and ease hostility into a détente and repair strained relations. Lastly, the most important aspect is to create mutual trust in order to make negotiations easier. Without trust the strategy will not have any hope of success and must take carefully executed steps to ensure it is not jeopardized. GRIT is a patient action and it does not need to wait for a real policy to be implemented in order to give into concessions. It may take several small concessions to make an impact on the other side.
GRIT will always follow by the initiating party announcing an intention to cooperate with the other side and make a unilateral concession. Additionally, they must communicate an expectation that the concessions will be reciprocated by the opposing party. This will allow the parties to open deliberations until an agreement is reached. GRIT will only work if there is a clear, credible, and consistent actions. Multiple unilateral concessions will be needed over an allotted time. In response, good behavior will be rewarded, and the norm of reciprocity will be acknowledged by the other side. Public opinion will be evoked and eventually lead to a changed relationship. Overall, GRIT has the ability to change relationships and allow opponents to seek friendship and a path of cooperation. [1: Booth, Ken, and Nicholas J. Wheeler. The Security Dilemma: Fear, Cooperation, and Trust in World Politics. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010, 90. ] [2: Booth, 90.]
Osgood’s strategy of GRIT foreshadowed the thinking of Gorbachev’s policies towards the United States from 1985 – 1989. After taking the reins in 1985, Gorbachev called for a “fresh start”[footnoteRef:3] as the Soviet Union encountered many challenges. Internationally, the Soviets faced a tragic war in Afghanistan and a period of isolation with a hostile U.S. administration, political unrest in Soviet Satellites, and rising tensions with China. Domestically, the crisis at home was stagnating as the standard of living was 40% of the American level and faced starvation[footnoteRef:4]. Military overextension, mismanagement of a planned economy and lack of competition lead to a political and economic state of near collapse[footnoteRef:5]. In an effort to recover from this situation, Gorbachev began by initiating new policies at home with perestroika and glasnost which were restructuring and openness ideas. His most important change was the “new thinking” policies abroad as it launched a monumental change in the Cold War. Gorbachev realized that the Soviet Union would not be able to compete with the U.S. in an arms race as they drastically fell behind technologically and financing the race would collapse their economy. A highly developed economy would be needed and that was not a feasible option for the Soviets. Gorbachev decided to pursue arms control agreements in an effort to allow peaceful relations to focus on reviving and restructuring the economy. [3: Lauren, Paul Gordon, Gordon Alexander Craig, and Alexander L. George. Force and Statecraft: Diplomatic Challenges of Our Time. New York: Oxford University Press, 2014, 112. ] [4: Larson, Deborah Welch. Anatomy of Mistrust: U.S.-Soviet Relations during the Cold War. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1997, 200. ] [5: Lauren, 111. ]
On 8 April 1985, the Soviet Union would begin their cooperative path as they initiated conciliatory policies. Gorbachev enacted on the strategy of GRIT and publicly announced a freeze on the development of intermediate range missiles which was also extended to the U.S. and was in favor of a summit in Pravda. This concession was the first step in seeking cooperation as the freeze was rejected by the U.S., but it opened a door that has been shut since the start of the Cold War. President Ronald Reagan and Gorbachev began a series of letters discussing different proposals and concessions. In July 1985, Gorbachev agreed to a summit at Geneva and publicly announced that Eduard Shevardnadze would be replacing Andrei Gromyko as prime minster. Gromyko was an inflexible communist hardliner who served for twenty years[footnoteRef:6]. Shevardnadze’s taking over reflected new and unconventional soviet foreign policy. In the same month of Shevardnadze’s appointment, Gorbachev announced he was unilaterally suspending nuclear test until the end of the year and was willing to extend the moratorium if the U.S. followed suit.
Reagan’s administration did not find it valuable to pursue this as more intensive testing could take place after it expired. It was remembered that the moratorium of 1958-1961 followed with the “Tsar Bomba”[footnoteRef:7] which was the largest nuclear weapon ever constructed and tested. In response, the U.S. wanted to make a statement to make sure they wouldn’t be lulled to sleep by Gorbachev’s public relations. Reagan decided to test an antisatellite weapon which violated a previous precedent of not to target satellites as they were essential in, “arms verification and prevention of surprise attacks.”[footnoteRef:8] Up to now, Gorbachev’s GRIT strategy has been uneventful in securing a détente and creating mutual trust. Much of the distrust resulted from the U.S. belief that Gorbachev’s efforts to mitigate were solely based on Soviet’s failing economy and were unable to compete militarily with the U.S. [6: 'Andrei Gromyko: Veteran Soviet Diplomat.' UPI. September 23, 1984. Accessed February 27, 2019. https://www.upi.com/Archives/1984/09/23/Andrei-Gromyko-veteran-Soviet-diplomat/9735464760000/.
] [7: 'The 'Tsar Bomba' on 30 October 1961 - the Most Powerful Man-made Explosione Ever.' 1 March 1954 - Castle Bravo: CTBTO Preparatory Commission. Accessed February 28, 2019. https://www.ctbto.org/specials/testing-times/30-october-1961-the-tsar-bomba.] [8: Larson, 202. ]
“For trust is an especially sensitive thing…”[footnoteRef:9] Gorbachev is quoted on how well he understood the importance of trust. He became frustrated when he failed to reach any agreements with the U.S. He would argue to his party that the “most serious challenge the soviets face was no longer the class struggle against capitalism, but rather the immense danger of the arms that threatened humankind itself with mutual destruction”.[footnoteRef:10] He also declared that the Soviet Union no longer sought to maintain exact numeric parity in strategic armaments but instead would shift to new and less threatening policy of “Strategic sufficiency”[footnoteRef:11]. On 27 September 1985, the Soviets proposed a reduction of 50% of nuclear missiles that could strike the other’s side territory[footnoteRef:12]. This resulted in a key cornerstone of Gorbachev’s GRIT strategy as it opened up negotiations. Reagan’s administration was pressured with making compromises as the Soviets’ offer was warrant on the agreement to not deploy ‘Strategic Defense Initiative’ (SDI)[footnoteRef:13]. Gorbachev feared the SDI would give the U.S. a “first strike capability”[footnoteRef:14]. Reagan was not willing to give up SDI for Soviet arms reduction and the debate would continue to headache both parties. [9: Larson, 201.] [10: Lauren, 112. ] [11: Lauren, 112.] [12: Larson, 203.] [13: Larson, 194.] [14: Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. 'First Strike.' Encyclopædia Britannica. January 02, 2014. Accessed February 27, 2019. https://www.britannica.com/topic/first-strike.]
“We have a historic opportunity to free the world from the uncivilized doctrine of assured destruction”[footnoteRef:15]. Reagan told this to Gorbachev at their first summit meeting in Geneva on 19 November 1985. Both parties were in serious negotiations of disarmament and SDI would be become the focus point of the meeting. Gorbachev would be unsuccessful in accomplishing a deal that would prohibit SDI, but he would gain a greater victory in his GRIT strategy. The Geneva summit restored regular meetings between the parties as they both agreed on a second and third summit in which it would be held in the host’s country (Washington and Moscow). [15: Larson, 204.]
It also opened communications between the parties that was shut off previously in the war. At the end of the conference, Reagan and Gorbachev both stated, “a nuclear war can never be won and must never be fought”[footnoteRef:16]. Additionally, the parties agreed on a “50% reduction in nuclear arms and an interim agreement of intermediate-range nuclear forces (INF)”[footnoteRef:17]. After the meeting, Gorbachev started to build mutual trust with Reagan and realized he could use American public opinion to sell his idea of nuclear disarmament. Reagan was very keen on a nuclear free world, but the Department of Defense believed heavily in the idea that nuclear weapons, “maintained the peace in Europe for more than forty years. In a world without nuclear weapons the Soviet Union would have the world’s largest conventional military”[footnoteRef:18]. Gorbachev proposed a three-stage program of disarmament on 15 January 1986. Reagan spoke very prominently on the proposal as it was the first indication the U.S. received that the Soviets were willing to work towards zero nuclear weapons. The deal would not be made, and the U.S. lost out on an opportunity to on-site inspections, zero option for INF’s, and destroy chemical production facilities and weapons.[footnoteRef:19] [16: Larson, 205.] [17: Larson, 205.] [18: Larson, 207.] [19: Larson, 208.]
Patients and consistency would be Gorbachev’s strongest traits throughout his efforts to reach agreements with the U.S. In 1986, Gorbachev would not give up on making unilateral concessions and would later meet with Reagan at the summit of Reykjavik. On 11 October 1986, the gentlemen would further discuss elimination of nuclear weapons. Gorbachev would have a historical breakthrough proposal of complete nuclear disarmament by the year 2000 but an obstacle stood in his way that could not be hurdled. “Reagan’s instance that nuclear disarmament proceed in tandem with the development of SDI”[footnoteRef:20]. The SDI would be the biggest factor in why Gorbachev could not ultimately reach a deal with the U.S. Reagan had the military advantage over Gorbachev and could not let the Soviets have a chance at nuclear superiority. Trust was needed to keep GRIT strategy afloat and “Gorbachev insisted that there was no alternate but to make further conciliatory moves”[footnoteRef:21]. “Two months after the summit, Moscow sought to further improve relations by releasing many prisoners of conscience”[footnoteRef:22]. This was a major step in acquiring trust and also promised to leave Afghanistan in what would be a build up to the INF Treaty of 1987. [20: Booth, 150. ] [21: Booth, 151.] [22: Booth, 151.]
On 8 December 1987, Gorbachev’s hard work finally payed off and earned a major victory in his strategy. The INF treaty was signed and signified the first treaty to eliminate an entire category of weapons. Gorbachev was successfully able to create a détente and people began to start trusting him. “The American people overwhelmingly favored both the INF Treaty and Gorbachev himself…62% expressed approval of the treaty”[footnoteRef:23]. Gorbachev gained Reagan’s trust and his announcement of withdrawing from Afghanistan signified a great accomplishment for Gorbachev’s strategy. In March 1988, Reagan met at the summit of Moscow, which he once called, “the evil empire” and replied to Gorbachev in Moscow with “That was another time, another era”[footnoteRef:24]. One of the greatest turning points in Gorbachev’s GRIT strategy began with a serious friendship with Reagan and created successful cooperation with the U.S. [23: Larson, 220.] [24: Booth, 152. ]
To further strengthen his relationship with Reagan, Gorbachev made more unilateral concessions to accelerate and ensure his trust. He announced that the Soviet Union, “would work as partners in cooperation with the international community.”[footnoteRef:25] This led to Gorbachev’s announcement of reducing soviet conventional weapons and troop strength. “cutting Soviet military forces unilaterally by 500,00.”[footnoteRef:26] Additionally, in July 1989, Gorbachev publicly announced he would not use force to preserve soviet influence. “the exclusive affair of the people in that country and is their choice.”[footnoteRef:27] Renouncing their influence on eastern Europe and supporting freedom of choice for all nations would lead to the demise of the Cold War. This was very surprising and costly news as the Communists states behind the Iron Curtain, “either changed its political orientation or was overthrown by popular uprisings.”[footnoteRef:28] A new era was beginning to form, and Gorbachev’s GRIT strategy worked. [25: Lauren, 112.] [26: Larson, 223. ] [27: Larson, 227. ] [28: Lauren, 112.]
Ultimately, Gorbachev’s GRIT strategy succeeded as his main motion was to improve the Soviet’s image and end the Cold War peacefully. His concessions were very costly to communist hardliners, but he knew how important it was to repair relations and create a new Soviet image with the West. George H. W. Bush met with Gorbachev in December of 1989 at the Malta Summit. Gorbachev told Bush, “We don’t consider you an enemy anymore”. Bush Replied, “We stand at the threshold of a brand new era of U.S.-Soviet relations”.[footnoteRef:29] This signified that the Cold War was over and Gorbachev was successful in restructuring the old ideas of soviet relations with the U.S. “Rarely in history, has such a sweeping reorientation of political, economic, and military power taken place so swiftly without military conquest or bloodshed.”[footnoteRef:30] Mikhail Gorbachev would continue to flash his unprecedented reforms and win Time’s Man of the Decade. In conclusion, Gorbachev is the reason behind the peaceful end of the Cold War and diminished the idea of a nuclear holocaust. [29: Booth, 156.] [30: Lauren, 113.
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A Cold War Approach to Future US-Russia Arms Control. (2022, Sep 11).
Retrieved November 4, 2025 , from
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The New Cold War with China
For China, 1840 was the start of a century of “national humiliation.” The British started a war with China over trade, a few rebellions sprung up during the 1850s, and the Qing dynasty started weakening. All these rebellions - which mostly were caused by anger at foreign interference - were usually shut down by Western powers, making China loathe the West even more as they took advantage of their position with unfair treaties and extraterritoriality. Eventually, the KMT, eventually a failed attempt at a democratic government, sprung from the Xinhai Revolution in 1911. The people - notably students - continued to become agitated as other powers took advantage of their country. Thus, the CCP was formed, calling for a revolution against the KMT. After a few years of civil war and alliances between the CCP and KMT, the CCP created the People’s Republic of China and the KMT retreated to Taiwan.
Mao Zedong was the ruler of the CCP, and he made a lot of changes that the people usually liked, but Mao would eventually scale them up too much or retract these changes. Mao ruled like a dictator, and when he eventually took a backseat after causing a famine, he came back with a full cultural revolution led by students. After a civil war ended, the cultural revolution & mandatory appreciation for Mao and the CCP continued until Mao’s death in 1976. Deng Xiaoping then became the leader of the CCP, claiming only 30% of the Mao years were bad, and reformed the Chinese economy. In 1989, the Tiananmen Square Massacre took place as people protested against hardship and government corruption. This crackdown established the political freedoms the CCP is willing to give its people. During the 2008 economic crisis, China funded many infrastructure projects to increase GDP growth, create jobs, and increase the consumption of Chinese goods. Since 2012, Xi Jinping has become president, cracked down on freedoms, removed his competition, established himself as 'President for Life,” and increased China’s global economic impact.
For decades, the U.S. has worked under the assumption that Beijing would eventually embrace democracy. However, every time the U.S. has expected China to do something, it has done the exact opposite. Of all the times Washington thought they had figured China out, they were proven wrong. The U.S. assumed market liberalism would eventually lead to political liberalism. We aided in their growth by facilitating technologies, hoping they would adopt our ideas - but they only became more opposed to them than ever before. Not even the U.S. military was able to persuade Beijing to allow the continuation of the U.S.-led security order in Asia - while they initially abided by our hopes, their ambitions and insecurities made them fear the U.S. would impede their growth as a nation. From here, there are only really three options for what to do next: we can learn to live with China as a growing power & dictatorship, start another Cold War, or begin the U.S.-China war of the 21st Century. As democracy is not required to have a stable and functioning government that works for the people, I think the U.S. should focus on improving the lives of those under despots rather than trying to remove them from power.
One of the solutions may be to allow the power of despots to grow. This strategy combines two past foreign policies: the George W. Bush administration’s, who wanted to remake the countries into America’s image, and the Obama administration’s, which did not impose anything on other countries yet demonstrated the benefits of democracy. However, both of these foreign policies are flawed - we have not been able to remake countries such as Vietnam and Afghanistan into our image, and allowing other countries to do their own thing ignores the dangers of today, where a few can kill thousands of people easily. The sweet spot is between these two, a policy that focuses on keeping the country safe, adopts policies that would improve other nations, and accepts that a good government is better than a democratic one. This, in turn, could lead to a wealthy & large middle class that improves the chances of democratic liberalism. To do this, the U.S. would have to strategically support the right local leaders in the countries with the most likelihood of becoming democracies - around 19 countries fit this requirement. More importantly, we’d need to favor government stability over origin and system of government - little can be done in places such as Afghanistan and Iraq, but we can still help their people. In China, this would mean allowing the CCP to prosper while somehow making sure its people aren’t oppressed or murdered and not angering the Communist party.
Another option is a Cold War with China. Some argue Kennan’s The Sources of Soviet Conduct should be updated for a U.S.-China Cold War. Both the USSR and China sought predominance and viewed the U.S. as the enemy. With the USSR however, democracy and the U.S. had to lose for them to win - China only sees Washington as an obstacle in their path for success, and does not think we need to be destroyed for it. China’s society is more similar to America’s than the Soviets’ ever was as well, but a majority have never seen war, which makes talk of war easier among those that have never experienced it. A Cold War would allow other powers to catch up while the U.S. and China become weaker - which could be considered a good thing, as many no longer see the U.S. as a reliable and stable partner. China also comes ahead on popular issues, where their stance on climate change, trade, and inequality makes them more favorable than the U.S., who does not lead in any of these areas.
Lastly, we could start an all-out war with China. In 2015, neither Obama or Xi Jinping thought war was a good idea - it was seen as unlikely and unwise. However, today, some argue it is way more likely than we think. If we continue our relationship with China, we could have another instance of Thucydides’s Trap - which reminds of the dangers when a rising power rivals an existing power, and can result in large-scale conflict if the threat is not acknowledged. The two main drivers for conflict would be a growing entitlement in China, and increasing fear and insecurity regarding the status quo for the U.S. In the past, conflict that has risen from this traphas often ended badly, with only 4 cases out of 16 in the last 500 years that did not result in war - but required a large attitude change to avoid it. China wants to become rich and powerful, and hold influence over the lands which the U.S. has provided peace to for most of the past century. We need to remind ourselves that China sees themselves as the rightful ruler after the century of exploitation and humiliation, and be careful of what that can mean.
As China is very involved in the global landscape, the U.S. should redirect its focus from the Chinese government to the government’s impact and treatment of its people, and solve whatever problems arise there. War against China would most likely end badly for both them and the U.S., and a Cold War would greatly affect the global economy, as China continues to lead in manufacturing. China will not be able to maintain a higher GDP growth than the U.S. in the long term, and the decades of exceedingly high economic growth will stop at some point soon. A Cold War against China would reflect poorly on the U.S. because the economic effect would be greater than the Soviet Cold War after WWII, as the Soviets didn’t join the global economy, and would lower the U.S.’s already-low standing in the world. Washington needs to learn to live with despots in order to protect its interests and keep the road for democratic liberalization open. Providing assistance to these potentially democratic countries is the best alternative to forcing democracies in conditions where they often fail. Nobody can be angry at the U.S. for offering humanitarian aid - as long as it’s solving the people’s issues and not causing further conflict.
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Lessons Taken from the Cold War
The Cold War differed from the normal combat that had existed in almost every prior war in that the two countries involved never engaged in direct physical fighting with each other. The term represented a standoff with words, however, it was a war much larger than words. It was a war of ideologies, a war of preparation for wars, and a war of covert activities. The Cold War led to many changes. People were fearing for their lives every day, precautionary drills were in effect, proxy wars became the latest battle technique, and politics became a larger theoretical discussion at the dinner table. My mother’s boss and family friend, James Michael Williams (Mike), was born during 1953, a time during which the Cold War prevailed. Having grown up in a small, isolated town in eastern New Mexico called Lovington, his Cold War experiences were slightly different than those who lived in larger metropolitan cities. Mike looked at every event that occurred with an open mind and attempted to base his opinions off logical reasoning and historical evidence. Despite the popular views and fears upheld by most Americans during the Cold War, Mike developed opposing perspectives and acquired knowledge that allowed him to stifle his fears during this time.
Adopted at a young age, Mike was raised in a family that had previously gone through the horrors and experiences of World War II. At the time, his 17-year-old mother lived to tell the story of the Battle of Dunkirk. Many of his perspectives on the Cold War and the different ideologies came from the background and lessons through which his mother endured. Mike’s awareness of the conflict between the East and the West began to occur in early grade school. Mike recalled having been taught when and how to properly hide under the desks and get low to the floor, or as the media called it- duck and cover. He remembered his third-grade teacher explaining the importance of getting yourself to the lowest point possible, such as a cellar if there was one nearby. During his school years, there was discussion of the nuclear weapons used in WWII, but there was no teaching of it. However, Mike still took an interest in physics, particularly studying the nuclear energy and the difference between what was in the atomic bomb, such as those dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and the thermonuclear bomb. He was going over to the library to study these things by himself, something that not many of his fellow classmates did. His science and math-based curiosity as a child encouraged him to earn a bachelor’s degree in applied mathematics with two minors in math and physics. His current job is to calibrate weighing and laboratory instruments, dealing with the same type of uncertainties in calculations for local acceleration of gravity and corrections that were a part of the creation behind nuclear weapons. The Arms Race during the Cold War had a major impact on what he chose to pursue as a career. While many Americans feared the science behind the nuclear weapons, Mike embraced it.
The Arms Race instilled a fear in many people’s minds that a potential hot war or third World War could break out at any moment. Having seen the destruction of the weapons in Japan at the end of the war, these adults and children didn’t know what to expect of the future. As mentioned by Jacobs, “The fear and anxiety intensified in the late 1940s, as the Soviet Union acquired its own nuclear weapons and the Cold War began in earnest. Massive government efforts to design, construct, and deploy nuclear weapons helped to fuel the emergence of what Dwight Eisenhower would later call the military-industrial complex” (Jacobs, 25). With nuclear weapons in the possession of the Soviets, Mike stated that the chaos and aftermath caused by the media warning of possible nuclear detonations was like something out of a science fiction horror movie. But despite the popular take on these weapons, Mike chose to study the blast effects of them and studied what is known as the MAD doctrine- mutually assured destruction. Mike’s growing knowledge helped him cope with the fears surrounding the Cold War.
When asked if he ever feared the U.S. might not win the war, Mike understood the situation that there would not be a winner at all. According to George Orwell’s 1945 essay, the bomb would “put an end to large-scale wars at the cost of prolonging indefinitely a ‘peace that is no peace’” (as cited in Heilbrunn, 5). It would be nearly impossible to disarm every country of their nuclear weapons, so the tensions would remain. This is a statement very similar to one of Mike’s. Referring back to the MAD doctrine, Mike stated that regarding the bomb, “both sides would be completely wiped out. So, my perspective was this can’t happen. There’s got to be a way. We have to ramp down. In other words, put our guns down or at least point them to the ground and quit playing with each other’s heads and that gradually begins to take place as I saw the decades went by”. Even though both sides were going to be diametrically opposed in many ways, we had to survive and live in this world together. Therefore, Mike didn’t dwell on this consistent fear of a nuclear war breaking out. In addition, Mike knew that he had a very slim chance of being directly affected by a nuclear detonation since he lived in a small, isolated area. Mike lived on an area called the Permian basin and knew that the concern of rising fuel prices wouldn’t even impact him due to the area being surrounded by oil fields. Through studying the MAD doctrine and analyzing his physical place in the Cold War, Mike was able to alleviate much of the fears upheld by most Americans surrounding nuclear weapons.
The Arms Race was only one small fraction of what consisted of the 45 year long Cold War. The Cold War presented itself as a contest between two rival states and their respective allies: the U.S. and the West vs. the U.S.S.R. and the East. The Cold War began with the ever-growing circumstance of the Soviet Union expanding its communist rule to surrounding states and countries. The majority of the U.S. felt it was their responsibility to contain communism and prevent its growth, fearing that is could destroy first world countries operating on market capitalism. Mike’s reasoning behind his distaste behind communism was a bit different. Through his mother’s experiences in WWII, Mike learned the gruesome consequences of a totalitarian, oppression government. In fact, he recalled a story about his grandmother during WWII and what she would do if the Nazis captured her and her daughter. Despite knowing what Nazis would do to a 17-year-old woman like his mother at the time, there was no doubt his grandmother would use her last two bullets to kill the Nazis rather than saving herself and her daughter from the possible tortures. While this totalitarian government was still a slightly different ideology than communism, the Soviet Union had demonstrated, through multiple expansions, that it was their mandate to destroy the West. At the time, he didn’t know how many people were dying under communist rule, but after the war he learned it was between 130 and 160 million people. His mother had instilled in his mind that “This has to be fought. There has to be a middle ground. Obviously there’s got to be government control of things or whatever, but that type of savage totalitarian government cannot be allowed.” So, while most Americans feared how communism could destroy their economy and other policies, Mike feared the destruction that could be executed on innocent lives.
The attack on communism resulted in a “red scare” in the U.S. This brought rise to the term McCarthyism, named after Senator Joseph McCarthy for falsely accusing people of being affiliated with communism as a defamation of character. McCarthy had accused more than 200 employees of being associated with the Communist Party, ranging from government officials to movie directors. While some espionage and covert activities were true, oftentimes they were false accusations. Personally, Mike didn’t know anyone accused of being a red spy, but he felt that if he lived in a larger city he might have. He also didn’t spend too much time worrying about red spies, arguing that “a part of the cold war was both sides spying on each other. I had somewhat a high level of confidence in our CIA and our spies, but like I said both sides were spying on each other”. Hence, while Mike refrained from the accusations and worry of spies within our own country and government because the activities were mutual, he did feel that it was a citizen’s duty to question the government. Since the government is made of people, and people tend to make mistakes or do things to benefit themselves, he decided that it was a healthy thing to do. Many Americans participated in this growing skepticism toward the government.
Since much of Mike’s thoughts were backed by reasoning and historical evidence, he developed perspectives and dwindling fears unlike most Americans during the Cold War. Mike became highly interested in the science competition of the Cold War despite most people fearing it. He pursued a career in the similar mathematics behind the nuclear weapons because of the Arms Race. Mike used historical evidence, like the MAD doctrine, to look at the bigger picture when it came to fear a nuclear war and decided it wasn’t worth worrying about. Instead, much of the population erupted in chaos by listening to the media’s stories of possible nuclear detonations. Mike still supported the U.S. with its policies of containment to stop the spread of communism, but his reasons were based on the damages and terrors caused by such a form of government, rather than fear of destroying capitalism. Even though Mike removed himself from the “red scare” and espionage activities because he knew the U.S. was doing the same, he did agree that it was healthy to sometimes question the government, as many people did with McCarthyism. With his unique mindset and ways of thinking, Mike was able to relieve himself of the many fears that Americans experienced during the Cold War. Despite not being completely terrified of the war, he did state that we can’t reach this apex again, where fingers are on the button ready to launch nuclear weapons. We can’t alter history, so we must learn from it.
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Lessons Taken From The Cold War. (2022, Sep 11).
Retrieved November 4, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2022/09/page/6/
Dealing with Political Propaganda, Misinformation and Fake News in Mass Media
Mass media has been encouraging voter turnouts for quite some time now. The history of media goes way back to the time of the great pyramids. There are powerful stakeholders that get their propaganda across to their supporters and even to people who are not supporting them to affect who they vote for. Even though there is fake news and russian involvement in hindering voting participation, mass media still manages to encourage voting.
The history of media goes back to the egyptians using hieroglyphics to communicate to the rest of the country. Media has come along way from using hieroglyphics Mass media become big when the first newspapers went out in the early 17th century, however not many people were literate back then so reading newspapers was not common. Newspapers made a big reentrance in the early 18th century when a vast amount of the population was literate. Mass media got even bigger when in 1835 morse code was invented bringing along the telegraph lines. Telegraph lines were set up all along the country allowing information to be received and sent instantaneously. Mass media was truly revionutionalized when in 1920 a radio in Pittsburg reported that years presidential election results. The radio was the first form of media that did not require a wire which was a big deal at the time. Later that century in 1965 the internet was created in a lab at MIT, however very few people knew that the internet existed at the time. It wasn't until 1993 that around 2 million computers were using the internet. Then social media was born, in 2004 Facebook was available to anyone who owned a computer. The internet paired with social media was to become a big platform for information and propaganda to be accessed and received. I used the source owlcation for getting the information above. Owlcation is a reliable because the author is reliable. The author Rupert Taylor has spent the last 50 years writing for the radio for the print and has even wrote some books.
In 2010 Facebook generated an add encouraging its users to vote. The message showed pictures of one users friends who had voted. This add led to 340,000 of its users to vote. Scientists from Facebook claimed that they believed that their study was one of the first to show that social media has some impact on elections. A more recent example of social media encouraging its users to vote is when Bumble partnered with the “I am a voter campaign”. Bumble is a social media site based on interactions and friendships which created its own “I am a voter” badge to encourage its users to vote. Bumble claims that the real reason they created this badge and its partnership was to educate its users and to cause more interaction between voters. For getting this information I used The New York Times and USA Today News. These two sites are very reliable because of their experience writing about current topics as well as their credibility.
The stakeholders are clear when it comes to mass media and voter participation. And they all encourage viewers to vote for them in some way. The big ones are political candidates, news sources such as CNN and Fox news, and even voters. Each of these stakeholders have their own and different interests. The political candidates interests are relatively the same. They want to spread their propaganda to all that listen and follow them. Democrats will create commercials to vote for them over their opponents because their opponents are hurting our country. Political candidates also always make adds informing the public what they will do to help the country. Voters do relatively the same things. Voters post about how their candidate is good because of this and how all the others are awful and should not be voted for. And finally news sources. News sources are generally bias so we can easily tell who the source prefers. It is a good idea to look at Democrat sources as well as Republican sources to get a better understanding of what the candidates are wanting to do for the country so voters can make their own decisions on who is best. All of these stakeholders are important to the encouragement of voters but can also hinder voters from voting in some cases.
According to a survey from Pew research center 30% of Americans had heard from friends and family on social media to vote for a candidate. This shows us that media has some effect over whether people vote or not, it is not a big number but it still means that media has encouraged voting to happen. And in a graph out of a textbook it shows us that 41% of individuals were influenced to vote because of comments on social media. This again shows us that social media has an effect on individuals voting participation meaning that media encourages voting participation. All of this data shows us that media, social media mainly has encouraged voting participation. For the data above I stated that I used Pew Research Center and our classes history textbook. The textbook is very reliable because there have been many versions of it continuously re-editing the book so students across the country can continue to be fed the correct and ever changing information. And Pew Research Center is just as reliable because it is a research center based on gathering information and surveys on current issues and focuses on the public opinion.
Even though mass media has encouraged voting participation there are still reasons in which media cannot be relied upon for information on candidates. Some of these instances include fake news and Russians creating wrong information targeting the U.S.. Fake news and Russian involvement are very similar to each other. Both lead American voters to not know what is the truth in what they are receiving information wise. Because Americans don't know what is actually true it leads us to just not vote. These are both very recent to Trump becoming president and have impacted voters greatly. I used the University of Oregon’s journalism and communication site for this information to help me along with this. The University of Oregon’s research site is very reliable because they have many very well educated individuals working on these type of sites.
All things considered, mass media has come along way, from hieroglyphics to social media. Social media has captivated a vast majority of our country's population becoming the perfect platform for political propaganda.
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Dealing With Political Propaganda, Misinformation and Fake News in Mass Media. (2022, Sep 10).
Retrieved November 4, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2022/09/page/6/
Understanding Fake News Geography and Major Determinants of Global News Coverage of Disasters
Motivation
It was always fascinating for me to know how such a huge amount of data is generated every minute and how this data is handled and further processed for improvement and perfection of human life. Big data and data mining is taking the world by storm through its numerous benefits. It is allowing many of the leading firms to develop some of the cutting-edge technologies providing high-end services to their businesses.
Strategy used by me for searching papers on this topic was the arxiv.org website. This is one of the largest collection of published papers. I tried searching for papers related to big data and then found that author named Haewoon Kwak had done a lot of research in this field. I also had a look to other articles by this author. Finally, I choose this paper after going through many other research papers in domain of ‘Big Data and Data Mining’. One of the main reason for selecting this was the idea behind author’s research which depicts how the world’s largest available event dataset can be used for deciding numerous factors. It has shown how news media from different countries play a major role in global news coverage. Authors also analyzed the structure of disaster’s news geography depending upon occurrence of disasters and their coverage by relevant countries. Finally using regression model, major determinants were found out. Explanatory power of these variables shows how they are responsible for global newscast reportage of disasters.
This is an interesting research and can be further extended for other use-cases for example prediction of disaster depending upon historical disaster data provided by news. Also other data sources can be taken into consideration like data from social media. According to research such sources provides more accurate data as it contains user chatters which are sometimes more quick as compared to any news media.
Goal of research
Nowadays open sources like GDELT contains vast amounts of data containing many significant KPI’s and other parameters. Such datasets can be easily used to derive many useful use-cases.
The main aim of authors behind this research was to divulge the organization of global news coverage and find the major determining factors behind this news geography of disasters. They wanted to discover how important a variable’s unique contribution may be by building a hierarchical multiple regression model.
Infographics
Abstract
This work uses GDELT (Global Data on Events, Location and Tone) for revealing the structure of global news coverage. Important variables in the hierarchical regression model, such as political stability, GDP, population, GNI, damage, etc. are nicely associated with the researches that were done previously on this topic. On the other hand, authors find very much regionalism while detecting the news geography. This generates the need to take into consideration a wide-ranging and complete data for further analyzing and researching on the coverage of news globally.
Keywords
GDELT Project, Big data and data mining, news geography, organization of global news coverage, regionalism, theory of newsworthiness, international news agency, foreign news.
Some of the above keywords are explained below:
News geography and regionalism
News geography is illuminating and creating a general pattern which shows which all countries are present in which others country’s news representation. In international study of news this is one of the major issues which researchers are facing. Authors have associated their verdicts to news geography’s well established frameworks. Generally strong regionalism is found in this geography of news due to news focusing countries and this is a major reason we require comprehensive datasets.
Theory of news worthiness
It is necessary to make a decision on which news should be taken into consideration and which news do not have that much importance. Studies conducted by Galtung and Ruge examines some of the aspects of news worthiness. According to them individual’s psychology plays a major role in determining the newsworthiness of an incident.
After their studies, they came up with certain factors which really decides which news to be considered worthy. Some of these factors are meaningfulness, intensity, ambiguity, identity of the actors involved, other characteristics of the actor, for how long the event was continued, etc. Several factors amongst these were taken from GDELT dataset for further research. Importance of some of the factors like number of people killed is still disputable. Still this factor is a good one to analyze the outcome especially if other factors are unavailable. It is included by authors in the study.
The GDELT project
GDELT stand for Global data on event, location and tone. It is a newly developed event dataset and at present it contains more than 200 million geolocated events. They are tracking news all over the world in 100 different languages and their sources range from BBC news, Africa News, Agence France Press, Washington Post, google news, etc.
This project collects information from news media and stores it in CAMEO (Conflict and Mediation Event Observations) event coding standard. It is categorized in CAMEO format using the open source TABARI (Textual Analysis by Augmented Replacement Instructions) systems.
Using pattern recognition, TABARI system machine codes the International event data. It is a successor to KEDS (Kanas Event data system) which was developer during late 1990s. As compared to human coding, machine coding provides some advantages and that is why TABARI got recognition. One advantage is quickness. Coding can be done more quickly by machines as compared to humans. Also rules of coding are applied with consistency and do not affect by inter code discrepancies.
Due to such advanced systems, GDELT performs better as compared to other datasets.
It provides two datasets:
- Event dataset: This is a smaller dataset containing event details like actors, countries, etc. coded by CAMEO taxonomy.
- GKG (Global knowledge graph): It is an expanded dataset containing very small details about person, location, organization and more than 230 emotions and themes from all the reported news.
Authors use GKG as it offers various fields like type of disaster, number of victims, number of news articles representing the disaster, etc. which is useful for study.
News Geography of disasters
Authors concentrated on news geography where the extent to which countries are shown in other country’s news is depicted. They tried to show global representation of a particular event in a country. For this, initially they divided the world into seven different regions based upon their geographical proximity.
These regions are:
- East Asia & Pacific,
- Europe & Central Asia,
- Latin America & Caribbean,
- Middle East & North Africa,
- North America,
- South Asia,
- Sub-Saharan Africa
Based upon the visitor’s nationality, they have mapped altogether of 10,009 media from different countries in the world. Then they have a list of news media falling into each specified regions.
For the sake of this calculation authors have defined Attention of a region ri, to the country cj, as the number of disasters occurring in a country which are covered by or reported by the news media falling in that region. This is represented using the notation Nri ? cj.
News geography observed by the region as
Nri = {Nri ? c1 Nri ? c2, Nri ? c3, ……., Nri ? ck},
Where k are the number of countries taken into consideration. Authors used Cartogram to show the news geography seen by each region. It precisely shows the relation between territories of a country as compared to its value.
In this diagram we can clearly see the differences between representations of countries as compared to other countries. Some countries are over represented in the regions they occur. This is because of the reporting of disasters happening in that country by the news media lying in that region for example USA in N North America, India in N South Asia, Saudi Arabia in N Middle East.
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Understanding Fake News Geography and Major Determinants of Global News Coverage of Disasters. (2022, Sep 10).
Retrieved November 4, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2022/09/page/6/
Fake News Research: Brett Kavanaugh and Allegations of Sexual Misconduct
Sexual assault around the world is being reported on the news more than ever because the conformity of the past is no longer a common occurrence. In the 1960s, conformism kept the media silent quiet about mostly everything because the media feared of being called red-baiters and being blacklisted. The media no longer needs to worry about these problems and now is becoming increasingly open with what they release. Both traditional media and new media have started to write the craziest articles possible, but this could result in misconception or accusation of libel. When it comes to sexual assault, both traditional and new media, both are starting to spread incorrect information or infer facts that are statistically wrong.
False sexual assault allegations by both traditional and new media are reported to be extremely rare. It is now commonly agreed that the quantity of false rape allegations is only 2 to 10 percent. The main problem is it is difficult to determine what a false sexual assault accusation would be considered. Many skew statistics by also trying to include the quantity of women who do not report their statistics. Although it is agreed that the rate is 2 to 10 percent many believe it should either be lower or higher. Traditional media has listed the rate at which false sexual assault accusations within that range at “four percent” (Independent). The Cut stated that false sexual assault accusations were approximately “5 percent”. New Media, although they don’t report a statistic, they have argued the rate to be considerably low due to the quantity of individuals that do not report and even has a hashtag to go with it (Twitter).
Many research projects have been conducted to measure the amount of false sexual assault accusation, but they have all disagreed in number. A study done by Theilade and Thomsen reported that the maximum percentage would either be one point five or ten percent. The New York Rape Squad reported the rate was two percent with a research project done by Hursch and Selkin agreeing on that rate. Some research projects have revealed extremely high rates of false sexual assault accusations being as high as 90 percent by Stewart and forty-five or forty-seven percent by Gergory and Lees, and Maclean respectively. The rate of false sexual assault accusations has decreased “2 percent” (FBI). According to a research document by Eugene Kanin he compared countless research projects done to determine false sexual assault allegations and established that most of them are flawed because of extraneous factors not necessarily bias.
The United States has taken a stance on sexual assault in other countries attempting to protect citizens from sexual assault. In a report written by the Bureau of Diplomatic Security the rate of rape has increased by forty percent for American citizens. After the United States revealed this shocking statistics, South Korea immediately pushed for laws protecting foreigners from rape as well as apologizing to the United States for all sexual assault cases that have occurred (OSAC). The United Nations has also taken a stance on sexual assault and has begun trying to record statistics from countless countries.
One of the most famous pieces of fake news was released by the Rolling Stones in 2012. The Rolling Stones magazine had published an article written by a student at the University of Virginia. Without researching the article that was written, Rolling Stones published the article and later repealed the article when research revealed the story was fake. Not only did this hurt the reputation of the news article, but anyone who was accused of rape had been expelled from the school. The article caused the schools national rank to decrease and the quantity of applicants
the school received greatly decreased. Many new reporters suggested the university sue the magazine or the magazine sue the girl who wrote the article, but in the end the magazine just apologized for the article and didn’t pursue charges. Before the article was released, however, there had been rape cases in the news from top school such as Vanderbilt, Yale, and Harvard. This led to numerous account of mishandled reports by these universities and countless court cases. This is an instance of where one report that turned out to be fake resulted in disastrous effects and why fake news is a prominent issue in contemporary society.
Many people reference the Scarlet Letter when talking about fake news. The Scarlet Letter addresses how everyone jumps on the bandwagon usually set by the environment or sensationalism. This instance is very similar to an article published by Lukas Mikelionis. In Pennsylvania a boy was accused of sexual assault by five girls. Most of the community believed the girls as a result of mob mentality and the boy was not only fired from his job but many people at his school bullied him. Everyone believed the girls, even the boy's parents, until one girl finally came out admitting she made the event up. The girls had little repercussions even though they destroyed the boy's life and are now facing charges by the boy's parents. This instance of false sexual assault occurs quite often. In a study by Eugene Kanin, a woman pressed charges because her partner didn’t pull out which was agreed upon and she blamed him for the pregnancy in court. The man initially had charges pressed against him but in a second court case he was proven innocent mostly on the grounds they were not using protection to begin with.
The most prominent form of fake news attacking the media currently is theSexual assault around the world is being reported on the news more than ever because the conformity of the past is no longer a common occurrence. In the 1960s, conformism kept the media silent quiet about mostly everything because the media feared of being called red-baiters and being blacklisted. The media no longer needs to worry about these problems and now is becoming increasingly open with what they release. Both traditional media and new media have started to write the craziest articles possible, but this could result in misconception or accusation of libel. When it comes to sexual assault, both traditional and new media, both are starting to spread incorrect information or infer facts that are statistically wrong.
False sexual assault allegations by both traditional and new media are reported to be extremely rare. It is now commonly agreed that the quantity of false rape allegations is only 2 to 10 percent. The main problem is it is difficult to determine what a false sexual assault accusation would be considered. Many skew statistics by also trying to include the quantity of women who do not report their statistics. Although it is agreed that the rate is 2 to 10 percent many believe it should either be lower or higher. Traditional media has listed the rate at which false sexual assault accusations within that range at “four percent” (Independent). The Cut stated that false sexual assault accusations were approximately “5 percent”. New Media, although they don’t report a statistic, they have argued the rate to be considerably low due to the quantity of individuals that do not report and even has a hashtag to go with it (Twitter).
Many research projects have been conducted to measure the amount of false sexual assault accusation, but they have all disagreed in number. A study done by Theilade and Thomsen reported that the maximum percentage would either be one point five or ten percent. The New York Rape Squad reported the rate was two percent with a research project done by Hursch and Selkin agreeing on that rate. Some research projects have revealed extremely high rates of false sexual assault accusations being as high as 90 percent by Stewart and forty-five or forty-seven percent by Gergory and Lees, and Maclean respectively. The rate of false sexual assault accusations has decreased “2 percent” (FBI). According to a research document by Eugene Kanin he compared countless research projects done to determine false sexual assault allegations and established that most of them are flawed because of extraneous factors not necessarily bias.
The United States has taken a stance on sexual assault in other countries attempting to protect citizens from sexual assault. In a report written by the Bureau of Diplomatic Security the rate of rape has increased by forty percent for American citizens. After the United States revealed this shocking statistics, South Korea immediately pushed for laws protecting foreigners from rape as well as apologizing to the United States for all sexual assault cases that have occurred (OSAC). The United Nations has also taken a stance on sexual assault and has begun trying to record statistics from countless countries.
One of the most famous pieces of fake news was released by the Rolling Stones in 2012. The Rolling Stones magazine had published an article written by a student at the University of Virginia. Without researching the article that was written, Rolling Stones published the article and later repealed the article when research revealed the story was fake. Not only did this hurt the reputation of the news article, but anyone who was accused of rape had been expelled from the school. The article caused the schools national rank to decrease and the quantity of applicants
the school received greatly decreased. Many new reporters suggested the university sue the magazine or the magazine sue the girl who wrote the article, but in the end the magazine just apologized for the article and didn’t pursue charges. Before the article was released, however, there had been rape cases in the news from top school such as Vanderbilt, Yale, and Harvard. This led to numerous account of mishandled reports by these universities and countless court cases. This is an instance of where one report that turned out to be fake resulted in disastrous effects and why fake news is a prominent issue in contemporary society.
Many people reference the Scarlet Letter when talking about fake news. The Scarlet Letter addresses how everyone jumps on the bandwagon usually set by the environment or sensationalism. This instance is very similar to an article published by Lukas Mikelionis. In Pennsylvania a boy was accused of sexual assault by five girls. Most of the community believed the girls as a result of mob mentality and the boy was not only fired from his job but many people at his school bullied him. Everyone believed the girls, even the boy's parents, until one girl finally came out admitting she made the event up. The girls had little repercussions even though they destroyed the boy's life and are now facing charges by the boy's parents. This instance of false sexual assault occurs quite often. In a study by Eugene Kanin, a woman pressed charges because her partner didn’t pull out which was agreed upon and she blamed him for the pregnancy in court. The man initially had charges pressed against him but in a second court case he was proven innocent mostly on the grounds they were not using protection to begin with.
The most prominent form of fake news attacking the media currently is the sexual assault accusations against Kavanaugh. Many news stations assumed he had raped and sexually assaulted countless women, but in the end, he was proven innocent. The trial lasted weeks and ended when the woman that accused him admitted to lying. Although the news articles could have talk about the fact the woman was wrong, the news decided to continue attacking
Kavanaugh for sexual assault or promoting sexual assault. The New Yorker wrote an article implying through their diction that Kavanaugh supported sexual assault and inferred men can get away with it if they were ignorant children. The news media than attacked Kavanaugh that even though he was against abortions he supported sexual assault. The New Yorker closed their article stating “Men are so afraid” but then state men shouldn’t be afraid if they have Kavanaugh on their side. This inference is set to not only attack Kavanaugh for the rumors that have now characterized him but politicians in general.
An important finding made by Eugene Kanin is that Women only report intercourse. He stated, “not one complaint mentions forced oral or anal sex.” (Kanin), but these forms of sexual assault are supposedly quite common. He claimed that it is socially more prudent for the women to minimize humiliation from oral or anal sex than regular intercourse. He accounts that this has previously been observed by two men named McDowell and Hibler in 1987. He mentions the lack of cases against police sexual assault and phantastica assaults. He concludes his finding by arising a future research topic for readers, which is falsely convicted sexual assault victims. He states he could not find much data on these cases and that he would not comment on them in his research because of the lack of data regarding convicted individuals who were innocent.
Kanin characterizes all the reasons for false sexual assault accusations as Alib, revenge, and attention. Kanin found fifty six percent of false sexual assault claims regarding unfortunate consequences of the encountered and this could range from an acquired std to unexpected pregnancy. He found that twenty-seven percent were from past relationships and this ranges from a simple argument to leaving the woman with a child. Lastly, he found that about eighteen percent were because girls, usually under eighteen, were looking for attention. Many findings were because the child's parents did not give the child enough sympathy or attention and they knew this would result in the parent finally paying attention to the child.. Many news stations assumed he had raped and sexually assaulted countless women, but in the end, he was proven innocent. The trial lasted weeks and ended when the woman that accused him admitted to lying. Although the news articles could have talk about the fact the woman was wrong, the news decided to continue attacking
Kavanaugh for sexual assault or promoting sexual assault. The New Yorker wrote an article implying through their diction that Kavanaugh supported sexual assault and inferred men can get away with it if they were ignorant children. The news media than attacked Kavanaugh that even though he was against abortions he supported sexual assault. The New Yorker closed their article stating “Men are so afraid” but then state men shouldn’t be afraid if they have Kavanaugh on their side. This inference is set to not only attack Kavanaugh for the rumors that have now characterized him but politicians in general.
An important finding made by Eugene Kanin is that Women only report intercourse. He stated, “not one complaint mentions forced oral or anal sex.” (Kanin), but these forms of sexual assault are supposedly quite common. He claimed that it is socially more prudent for the women to minimize humiliation from oral or anal sex than regular intercourse. He accounts that this has previously been observed by two men named McDowell and Hibler in 1987. He mentions the lack of cases against police sexual assault and phantastica assaults. He concludes his finding by arising a future research topic for readers, which is falsely convicted sexual assault victims. He states he could not find much data on these cases and that he would not comment on them in his research because of the lack of data regarding convicted individuals who were innocent.
Kanin characterizes all the reasons for false sexual assault accusations as Alib, revenge, and attention. Kanin found fifty six percent of false sexual assault claims regarding unfortunate consequences of the encountered and this could range from an acquired std to unexpected pregnancy. He found that twenty-seven percent were from past relationships and this ranges from a simple argument to leaving the woman with a child. Lastly, he found that about eighteen percent were because girls, usually under eighteen, were looking for attention. Many findings were because the child's parents did not give the child enough sympathy or attention and they knew this would result in the parent finally paying attention to the child.
Cite this page
Fake News Research: Brett Kavanaugh and Allegations of Sexual Misconduct. (2022, Sep 10).
Retrieved November 4, 2025 , from
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Fake News Problem: COVID-19 and It’s Impacts on Indian Media
Today the whole world is at a standstill and locked down in their homes due to the deadly and dangerous pandemic - COVID 19. It wont be wrong to say that the corona virus is spreading like forest fire and this can be easily seen as a result of the high increase in the COVID 19 cases in the world. In India, the first case of corona virus was reported on 30th of January 2020. As of 24th April 2020, the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare have confirmed a total of 23,452 corona cases in India.[footnoteRef:0] To prevent the transmission of corona virus at large levels the Government of India took early and effective steps which made a difference in India’s health statistics when compared to other countries in the world. These measure include imposing travel bans and entry restrictions, compulsory screening of international passengers at the airports and disinfecting public places. Schools, colleges, gyms and cinema halls were also shut down in order to avoid large public gatherings. Prime Minister Narendra Modi also announced a nation wide lockdown of 21 days on 24th March 2020. This lockdown was announced with a view of practicing social distancing to avoid the spread of the virus. In this times of emergency, the doctors, health workers, policemen and media personnel are working in front lines and risking their lives for us in order to fight this pandemic. [0: www.mohfw.gov.in. Retrieved 22 April 2020]
How The Media is Helping
The majority of Indians are now in their homes amid the nationwide lockdown. This has resulted people to adopt new ways of spending their times and at the same time staying connected to the world. This connection wouldn't have been possible without the help of media. Be it news telecasting, radio, print media or social media, each one of them have collectively played it’s role in establishing an important connection between people around the world. Without the media we would never know what is happening around us and how much better or worse the situation has turned out. The journalists are those ‘Corona Warriors’ who are tirelessly working day and night to bring to us accurate and reliable news reports.
People are unaware about the virus and hence media is acting as a guide in educating them for the same. It is also informing the importance and necessity of hand washing and social distancing through social media, digital posters and short films. Apart from this, the media is effectively giving safety tips on boosting immunity and making people aware about the early symptoms and stages of coronavirus. Regular news updates on the internet and television channels also give recent reports on the number of people getting affected, cured and deceased on a daily basis. All this not only make people aware about the situation but also instills fear in their minds. This acts as an effective psychological measure and encourage people to follow the issued guidelines religiously.
Social media in the recent times gained massive popularity, specially among the youth. It helps you maintain a virtual social life in this health crisis. Online platforms like Zoom and Microsoft helped in conducting video lectures for students, conference meeting of government officials and live court proceedings. Online apps like Facebook, Twitter and Instagram have also stood out as a platform for people to share personal experiences and views.
Fake News and Misinformation
Fake news are news which are not true and are intentionally spread to create confusion and mistrust among people. Fake news also results in spreading rumors that may have adverse effects on the people at large. It is usually published to deliberately mislead people in order to gain benefit out of it. Some of the fake news are spread by social media platforms like Whatsapp and Facebook through forwarded messages. News agencies sometimes spread information before verifying it from official government sources with the sole object to gain some Television Rating Points (TRPs) and increase their channel’s viewership. Such irresponsible behaviour not only creates a situation of fear and panic among people but also makes it difficult for them to distinguish between fake and trustworthy news. One such example of this was the panic buying of goods triggered by the forwarded messages spreading fake news on Whatsapp.[footnoteRef:1] In order to combat these situations several social media platforms like Whatsapp and Facebook took responsibility and are aiming at making stricter measures and policies on forwarding messages. [1: Times of India, Whatsapp forward causes panic buying in Bengaluru (11th April 2020) ]
On the increasing spread of rumors, a plea was made in Supreme Court regarding fake news and migrant labours. The court directed the media companies and journalists to act responsibly and publish news with only “official versions”. It also asked the government to invoke Section 54 of the Disaster Management Act, 2005 for spreading misinformation and creating panic.
All States and Union Territories were appealed by the Home Ministry to take effective measures against fake news. To curb this, a special COVID-19 web portal is constructed for people to help them in confirming facts and verifying news.[footnoteRef:2] The central government has also launched a Whatsapp chatbot - MyGov Corona Helpdesk - which helps in tackling people’s queries by responding to the Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) related to the virus. This helps in creating awareness among people and also helps in busting rumors and fake news on social media. [2: https://factcheck.pib.gov.in]
Legal Remedies for Fake News in India
India currently does not have any specific law to deal with the problem of rumors and fake news but there exist some laws and provisions which can be applied in such cases. These include -
- Section 505(1)(b) of Indian Penal Code, 1860 - Whoever makes, publishes or circulates any statement, rumour or report which may cause fear or alarm to the public, or to any section of the public. Punishment may lead to three years of imprisonment, or fine, or both.[footnoteRef:3] [3: Section 505(1) of Indian Penal Code, 1860]
- Section 66D of Information Technology Act, 2000 -Whoever by means for any communication device or computer resource cheats by personating. Punishment may lead to a term which may extend up to three years and shall also be liable to fine which may extend to one lakh rupees.[footnoteRef:4] [4: Secion 66D of Information and Technology Act, 2000]
- Section 54 of Disaster Management Act, 2005 - Whoever makes or circulates a false alarm or warning as to disaster or its severity or magnitude, leading to panic. Punishment may lead to imprisonment which may extend to one year, or with fine.[footnoteRef:5] [5: Section 54 of Disaster Management Act, 2005 ]
- Section 153A of Indian Penal Code, 1860 - Whoever promotes enmity between different grounds on grounds of religion, race, place of birth, residence, language, etc., and who is likely to disturb public harmony. Punishment may lead to 3 years of imprisonment, or fine, or both.[footnoteRef:6] [6: Section 153A of Indian Penal Code, 1860]
- Section 295A of Indian Penal Code, 1860 - Whoever maliciously insults the religion or religious beliefs of any class. Punishment may lead to 3 years of imprisonment, or fine, or both.[footnoteRef:7] [7: Section 295A of Indian Penal Code, 1860]
- Section 499 of Indian Penal Code, 1860 - Anyone who cause intentional harm to any person’s reputation either by signs, visual representations or publications is said to defame that person. Punishment may lead to 2 years of imprisonment, or fine, or both.[footnoteRef:8] [8: Section 499 of Indian Penal Code, 1860]
- Section 504 of Indian Penal Code, 1860 - Anyone who intentionally insults and gives provocation which lead to break public peace. Punishment for a term which may lead to 2 years of imprisonment, or fine, or both.[footnoteRef:9] [9: Section 504 of Indian Penal Code, 1860]
- Section 464 of Indian Penal Code, 1860 - Anyone who fraudulently makes or alter any document without lawful authority is said to commit Forgery. Punishment may lead to 2 years of imprisonment, or fine, or both.[footnoteRef:10] [10: Section 464 of Indian Penal Code, 1860]
- Section 269 of Indian Penal Code, 1860 - Anyone who negligently does any act known to be likely to spread infection of any disease dangerous to life. Punishment may lead to 6 months of imprisonment, or fine, or both.[footnoteRef:11] [11: Section 269 of Indian Penal Code, 1860]
- Section 270 of Indian Penal Code, 1860 - Anyone who malignantly does any act known to be likely to spread infection of any disease dangerous to life. Punishment may lead to 2 years of imprisonment, or fine, or both.[footnoteRef:12] [12: Section 270 of Indian Penal Code, 1860]
India Media in Crises Over Coronavirus Shutdown
Coronavirus pandemic has affected every industry of India in an observably negative way. One such industry poorly affected due to the nation wide lockdown is the Press and Media houses. One of the biggest and the most important source of income for the media industry is the Advertisement Revenues - both from the government and companies. It makes up to 80% of the total revenue earned by the media industry which has now come down to zero in this pandemic. This slash in the advertisement revenue is due to the economic crisis in the country and the need to conserve cash at this time. All of the big media houses including The Times Group, Indian Express, Hindustan Times Media Limited, Business Standard Limited and the Quintillion Media Private Limited have been badly affected due to this financial crisis. Many media groups are now slashing the salaries of their employees and some are even temporarily suspending their publications. As per news, Indian Express has cut pays up to 30% of their employees, Times Group which includes Times of India, Economic Times and Navbharat Times has also informed about 5-10% reduction in salaries from April 1, 2020. NDTV has also cut pays of employees who earn more than Rs. 50,000 per month from 1st April 2020 for the next quarter. The Quintillion Media Private Limited has sent 45 of their employees on indefinite leave without pay. On such a large scale reduction of advertisements, Times of India (TOI) which is the largest circulating newspaper in the country has shrunk the total number of newspaper pages from 40 to barely 16 pages. The Outlook Magazine has also temporarily suspended their publications due to the current crisis.[footnoteRef:13] [13: The Print, Coronavirus triggers news crisis for Indian media (23rd April 2020) ]
The largest circulating Hindi newspaper Dainik Bhaskar as well restricted pay to nearly 12% of their workforce that counts to 1000 employees. Due to such sever impact of coronavirus on media, the total loss estimated over the next seven months is to be $2Billions.[footnoteRef:14] [14: The Jakarta Post, Hit by sharp ad decline India’s newspapers cut jobs and salaries (16th April 2020)]
Social, Digital media - A notch above Newspapers and Magazines
As India is under the second phase of nation wide lockdown, the data shows a boost in the use of both social and digital media for news and entertainment. With increased use of mobile phones and televisions, news apps have recorded an increase of 8% users and a significant jump of 6% of Television viewership in India.[footnoteRef:15] [15: Warc, India’s TV and mobile consumption spikes as COVID-19 lockdown progresses (30th March 2020) ]
Another reason for a decline in the use of print media is the spread of rumors and fake news. One such misinformation convinced people to believe how newspapers and magazines are responsible for the transfer of the COVID-19 virus. This news created not only panic but also fear in the minds of people of getting infected from the deadly virus. As a result, the vendors too now suffered severely after people spurned the delivery of newspapers. This fake news added more to the already financially hit media industry in India.
To curb this fear in people many newspaper companies including The Times of India, Hindustan Times and Dainik Jagran told it’s readers how they are strictly following a hygienic and safe procedure of printing newspapers. They also informed how the use of gloves, sanitisers, masks and regular hand-washing is followed in distribution centers to ensure safe distribution of papers to it’s users.
How Did the Government Respond to This
On 24th March 2020, Prime Minister Modi interacted through video conferencing with over 21 journalists and various stakeholders from the media industry. In this the PM emphasized over the tremendous trust and credibility on newspapers. He also mentioned how the print media responsibly act as a link between the government and the people.[footnoteRef:16] [16: Narendramodi.in, PM interacts with Print media journalists and stakeholders (24th March 2020)]
The government advised also people not to pay heed to baseless rumors and ensured confidence on the fact checking and correct news of the print media.
Due to the financial crisis prevalent in the industry, many newspaper companies have put forward their concerns and requested the government to reduce the custom duty on them. On this request, Government reduced the custom duty on newsprint to 5% from the previously existing 10% custom duty. Information & Broadcasting Ministry also wrote to other ministries requesting them to pay the amount of Rs. 400 crore which they owe to media houses. This will provide the companies some relief and motivate them to continue their publications.
The recent news reports states how the media personnel who are working in front line to deliver news from the hotspot areas of the country are getting infected from coronavirus. To this the Information & Broadcasting Ministry advised all media persons to take necessary precautions which performing their duties.
The Ministry of Information & Broadcasting appealed all States and Union Territories to ensure continuity of media in the hard times of COVID-19. It further urged to facilitate operational convenience of services and provide the news companies with uninterrupted electricity supply and other logistics as requested by them.[footnoteRef:17] Hoping for better times, the Indian Newspaper Society (INS) demanded a package from the government to help the already sinking media industry in India. Along with this, they also demanded a total removal of 5% custom duty on newsprint and a 2 year tax holiday, 50% increase in the advertisement rates in the coming times and a 100% increase on the budget spent on print media.[footnoteRef:18] [17: The Economic Times, Ensures operations of newspapers work fine, centre tells states (25th March 2020)] [18: Deccan Herald, INS demand Package for print media in the face of unprecedented coronavirus crisis (12th April 2020)]
With such hard times ahead for the country, nearly every sector and industry is badly hit by the pandemic. Better management of resources, cash flow, and correct timely decisions by the Centre may help in bringing a positive outcome. The collective act of all will surely bring the conditions back to normal.
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Fake News Problem: COVID-19 and It’s Impacts on Indian Media. (2022, Sep 10).
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Food Insecurity and Metal Type Experiments on Crops
Abstract
The rise in food insecurity and toxicity of pesticide have created a demand for home grown organic produce. Alternative to pesticides like penny barriers have been used as snail deterrents who forge on crops. The experiment was designed to study how different metal types affects whether snails will cross a surface or barrier. We hypothesized that metal type affects whether snails will crawl across a surface and predicted that the number of snails that crawled over the penny barrier would be lower compared to the number that crawled over the aluminum barrier and the no barrier. Snails were collected and placed in petri dishes with 3 types of barriers; 3 mm of aluminum, pennies and a no barrier. The average number of snails that crossed the aluminum barrier, the no barrier and the penny barrier was 2.4, 1.8 and 0.0 respectively. Pennies are made of 2.6% copper and when molluscs crawl over them it creates elevated amounts of copper and creates a toxicological interaction.
Introduction
Large farming companies use chemical pesticides to deter pests from damaging produce, leading to inevitable chemical pesticide residue in final produce presented to consumers. Chemical residue has been shown to create serious health problems and environmental contamination (Ecobichon, 2001) which has caused food insecurity in consumers. This insecurity is partially remedied by consumer knowledge of where their food came from and how it was grown thus, creating a demand for locally grown and organic produce.
One of the states experiencing a large demand for locally grown and organic produce is California. In California many people have created community gardens and grow a small amount of produce in home gardens (Gray, 2014.) However, they face the same problems large farming companies face when growing produce. That problem is damage to produce caused by unwanted pests. One of the main pests are snails. Snails chew holes in plants and feed on fruits and vegetables leaving them inedible (Waki 2017.) Snails more specifically terrestrial snails are part of phylum mollusca and flourish in damp places with moist soil, making underneath plants perfect spots for them. They secrete mucus that helps them adhere to surfaces, making it easier for them to adhere to plants while they eat them (Newar et al. 2015). In order to address this problem without the use of pesticides, home garden communities have opted for alternative methods of snail deterrents. A popular deterrent or barrier used to control snails are pennies, since snails have been observed to avoid crawling on them (Long, 1996).
This experiment was designed to study how different metal types affects whether snails will cross a surface or barrier. We hypothesized that metal type affects whether snails will crawl across a surface. We also predicted that if metal types affects whether snails will crawl across a surface then the number of snails that crossed the penny barrier will be lower than the number of snails that cross the aluminum barrier and the no barrier.
Methods and Materials
A total of 19 snails were collected for the experiment. Three treatments were created to determine the number of snails that crawled over different metal type surfaces. Three petri dishes lined with a thin 3mm strip of metal down the middle were used to simulate the barrier. One petri dish had an aluminum barrier, another a penny barrier and one with no barrier. Snails were chosen at random and a single snail was placed inside the petri dish on one side of the barrier. On the opposite side of the barrier five leaf disks were placed as bait. After 1 hour leaf disks were counted to determine whether the snail had crossed the barrier. The experiment was replicated five times. Constant variable during the experiment included: room temperature, randomized snail, number of leaf disks, and a 1-hour window for snail movement. The independent variable was metal surface barriers and the dependent variable was the number of snails that crossed the barrier. A comparison of means during the experiment was analyzed to determine a statistical difference and 95% CI.
Results
The average number of snails that crossed the aluminum barrier, the no barrier and the penny barrier was 2.4, 1.8 and 0.0 respectively (Table 1.) There was a significant difference (P
Figure1. Mean number of snails that crawled over different types of metal barriers over a time of 60 minutes. The central horizontal lines represent the means and the error bars represent the 95% confidence interval (n=5/treatment).
Table 1. Number of snails that crawled over different metal type barriers; Aluminum, No barrier and Penny. (n=5/treatment) LCL and UCL are lower and upper confidence limits for the 95% CI.
|
95% Cl |
No Barrier | Penny |
|
means |
2.4 | 0.0 |
|
SE |
1.8 | 0.00 |
|
LCL |
1.82 | 0.000 |
|
UCL |
1.10 | 0.000 |
|
Aluminum |
0.812 | 0.00 |
| 0.490 | ||
| 0.775 | ||
| 0.820 | ||
| 4.02 |
Discussion
The data indicated a significant difference between the number of snails that crossed the aluminum barrier and the no barrier compared to the penny barrier. The data matches the prediction thus, the hypothesis was supported. Similarly, other studies suggest that the brown slug and the two-striped slug which are also in the phylum Mollusca were repelled by physical barriers composed of copper (Hata et al. 1997). Molluscs require copper as an important trace element however an excessive amount of copper can become toxic (Dallinger et al. 2005). Since pennies are made of 2.6% copper, when the snails tried to crawl over the penny barrier their mucus provided a path for copper ions concentration to increase in their bodies. Thus, creating toxicological interaction. This can explain the observed significant difference between the number of snails that crossed over the aluminum and no barrier compared to the barrier compose of pennies.
Literature Cited
- Leslie Gray, Patricia Guzman, Kathryn Michelle Glowa & Ann G. Drevno (2014) Can home
- gardens scale up into movements for social change? The role of home gardens in providing food security and community change in San Jose, California, Local Environment, 19:2, 187-203.
- Donald J.Ecobichon, 2001. Pesticide use in developing countries. Toxicology
- Volume 160, Issues 1–3, Pages 27-33
- TsukasaWaki Diversity of terrestrial mollusks and their helminths in artificial environments in
- Yoyogi Park, Tokyo, Japan Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity Volume 10, Issue 2, 1 June 2017, Pages 254-256
- Meester, Steven (2006) 'The Economic Implications of Price Rounding,' Major Themes in
- Economics, 8, 1-9.
- Studies on the Adhesive Property of Snail Adhesive Mucus Janu Newar and Archana Ghatak
- Langmuir 2015 31 (44), 12155-12160
- ' Coping with slugs and snails ', Journal of Pesticide Reform, 1996 Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 22-23
- Copper in Helix pomatia (Gastropoda) is regulated by one single cell type: differently responsive metal pools in rhogocytes
- Reinhard Dallinger, Monika Chabicovsky, Elisabeth Hödl, Caroline Prem, Peter Hunziker, and Claudia Manzl
- American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 2005 289:4
- Cited
- https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/19562900716
- https://patents.google.com/patent/US4756116A/en
- http://manoa.hawaii.edu/ctahr/farmfoodsafety/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/Hata_1997_Crop-Protection.pdf
- https://www.huffingtonpost.com/quora/why-are-snails-and-slugs_b_3155291.html
- https://setac.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/etc.5620050905
Combining molluscicides with slug barriers would reduce slugs foraging onto benches thus decreasing dependency on the barrier alone. For example, under ideal conditions our tests indicated that an effective molluscicide, such as Deadline Granules, is about 80% effective. After combining molluscicides and copper barriers, the number out of 100 slugs actually passing the copper barrier would be less than one, or 0.6 slug per bench leg: 20 (% survivors of molluscicides) x 0.03 (proportion of K cubensis passing barrier) = 0.6. Although molluscitides are highly effective under wet conditions when slugs are actively foraging, our study indicates that molluscicide persistence is reduced under these wet conditions. The efficacy of copper barriers is also reduced when wet (Godan, 1983). Therefore, the addition of a fiberglass barrier below the copper barrier will provide added security under wet conditions.
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Food Insecurity during Thankgiving Celebration
On the heels of Thanksgiving and all the leftovers that come with that meal and the recent recall of Romaine lettuce, I felt this week’s journal entry would be appropriate to discuss food poisoning, the microbes associated with food and the effects it has on the individuals. There are any number of different chemicals, biological agents or biologic toxins that can cause food poisoning. Salmonella is often associated with a food born illness. There are microbial agents that produce toxins in foods or in the body during and infection. In improper handling of food, the preparation of, or poor conditions of storing food, botulinum toxin can be produced by anaerobic bacterium Clostridium botulinum. Food that is improperly preserved or foods that are canned are susceptible since the spores are somewhat resistant to heat. Botulinum is so powerful of a toxin that is can, and has, been used and stored as a biological weapon. People develop a variety of signs and symptoms when afflicted with Clostridium botulinum. Early symptoms may include headache, blurred vision which could progress to more severe central nervous afflictions such as facial droop, respiratory difficulty and progressive paralysis.
Patients who go left untreated have a high mortality rate. There is an antitoxin for botulism, however, since most facilities do not carry it, the treatment is mostly supportive care, particularly respiratory. Escherichia (E coli) is a bacterium that can live in our intestines which typically keep our gut healthy. There are other strains of E Coli that can make us sick from eating contaminated foods or water. Shiga toxin is one strain that can damage the lining of the intestine. This can lead to gastroenteritis from the Shiga toxin that is not part of the normal flora. Signs and symptoms of this poisoning include abdominal pain and cramps, diarrhea, vomiting, fever and frank shock. Patients who experience food poisoning are usually tested by providing a stool sample. Antibiotics are not a recommended treatment for E-Coli poisoning, however, supportive care, replacing fluids are part of the treatment. With the holidays upon us, family gatherings and food left out for grazing it is wise to know how long food can be left out and when it should be stored, how it is stored.
Additionally, educating oneself on proper food handling, cleaning food along with preparation and knowing what temperatures food should be prepared safely will help stave off those nasty microbes that can and will infect the food if the conditions are just right. Some items to note: when eating ground beef that may have not been cooked long enough to which potentially have the bacteria from the animal’s intestines, even eating the smallest amount of not properly cooked meat can lead to E Coli. Unpasteurized milk or raw milk can also potentially carry the bacteria that can make one sick, along with letting milk products sit out too long to pick up bacteria. Cross contamination can also occur in our own kitchen but using utensils and cutting boards that have not been properly decontaminated after cutting raw meat or other foods allowing the bacteria to build up.
In addition to proper food handling and preparation, we must constantly use good hygiene tactics. Hand-washing is good measure to avoid fecal oral route transmissions of food borne illnesses. It is always good to wash our hands after changing diapers, playing with our pets and after bathroom use. The CDC, My Plate and other nutritional guidelines on the internet and articles can provide the proper food handling, preparation and storage guidelines. So, for those Thanksgiving leftovers, bag up the turkey and is sides within two hours after preparation and get them into the refrigerator. Once items have been placed in the refrigerator that turkey is good for two to three days, some of the side dishes no more than four to five days.
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Turning Digital Marketing into a Profit Center
- Pass 9K leads to sales via Contact Sales forms
- Generate 1.3M€ in value added and savings from inhouse media buy and lead nurturing campaigns
- Save 2,6M€ in digital marketing operations
- Reduce the number of call/tickets per year by 70%
- Reduce by 80% our IT staff-management cost
- Reduce by 95% the frequency of unplanned downtime of our digital spaces
- Improve by 60% our response time to resolve tickets
- Reduce by 60% our translation time and 40% reduction in translation management cost
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Brief Marketing Plan
Description of Need
Bath & Body Works make sure that their customers gain both emotionally and functionally by using their products. As for fragrance mist, users will primarily focus on the fragrant. The Winter Candy Apple fine fragrance mist satisfies the users with its sweet and fruity fragrant which can hype up their spirit. Moreover, customers will also give attention to the coverage of mist on skin. The bottle of the Winter Candy Apple fine fragrance mist has a well-designed which gives a great coverage on users skin.
Discussion of Market potential
A product’s market potential can be analyzed with its customer base, competitors and the environmental conditions. The Winter Candy Apple fine fragrance mist was mainly targeted for fragrant-conscious women. Its the ladies who have been the primary loyal customers and making this mist going strong in market. Competitors for this product will be The Body Shop, Procter and Gamble and Avon products. Although there are fierce competitors in the same industry, the Winter Candy Apple fine fragrance mist is considered better compared to other company’s fragrances as it has better reviews, local advertisements and data quality. As for environmental conditions, the Winter Candy Apple fine fragrance mist was specially launched during the holidays season together with promotional offers to give out a Christmas vibe for customers.
Description of Product Concept
Body odor will be one of the first impressions noted when you meet someone new and no one wants that to be the biggest turn off. Bath & Body Works has the latest Christmas collection, the Winter Candy Apple fine fragrance mist, which helps to eliminate bad body odors and nourish the skin at the same time. It gives out a very fruity and smooth fragrant with just a spray, making people to want it more. It is one of their latest fragrances with reasonable price and conditions the skin. The fragrance bottle is also very well-designed adding a holidays look to it.
Product Strategy
Description of Product
Need something to hype up your spirit? Want a fragrant which will last long and impossible to resist? Bath & Body Works Winter Candy Apple fine fragrance mist is just what you need. Made from red apple, winter rose petals, succulent orange, maple leaf and cinnamon as the base ingredients, it will make anyone to fall in love with its first spray.
You will prefer this product because:
- The Winter Candy Apple fine fragrance mist gives out a very sweet and refreshing scent which lasts long.
- Besides the scent, it nourishes your skin making you be.calm and relaxed.
Objectives for Product
One of the Bath & Body Works objectives for the Winter Candy Apple fine fragrance mist is to come up with a fragrance that’s utterly irresistible and can create a magical holidays experience which can be around forever among customers. Besides, they wanted to launch a fragrance which can go with the Bath & Body Works holiday collection.
Features and Benefits
Benefits
- The Bath & Body Works Winter Candy Apple fine fragrance mist is made out of red apple, winter rose petals, succulent orange, maple leaf.
- It gives a fruity and unique and fragrant which will be long- lasting through out the whole day.
- It has a very well designed pump to spray.
- It gives out a great coverage of the mist on your skin.
- It is made out of conditioning aloe.
- This nourishes and moisturizes your skin and prevents your skin from getting dry.
Product Quality Strategy
The main product quality strategy of the Winter Candy Apple fine fragrance mist is by giving customers emotional appeal towards the product. The mist is given a scent which can rekindle sweet holiday memories of customers and give them the Christmas vibe. Moreover, its been made sure that the fragrance does not only eliminates bad body odor, but gives out a refreshing ambience around the user.
Product Service Strategy
The strategy for the product service is by connecting to the customers more individually rather than a traditional way. Customers will be informed about promotions and advertisements through phone call and emails. Their main focus is to attract customers to the stores. Moreover, another strategy is giving a warm welcome to the customers by well-dressed promoters and explaining to them about the latest promotions. For example, employees can be seen dressed up according to the sales season theme or their well-designed standard uniforms. This attracts customers towards the store just to communicate and know more the products.
References
- Zigu.(n.d). Bath and Body Works Swot Analysis. Retrieved from https://www.mbaskool.com/brandguide/lifestyle-and-retail/15504-bath-a-body-works.html
- Spacey.J.(2017, November 24). 3 Examples of Customer Base. Retrieved from https://simplicable.com/new/customer-base
- Grimsley.S.(2003). Market potential of a Product: Definition & Analysis Definition. Retrieved from https://study.com/academy/lesson/market-potential-of-a-product-definition-analysis-example-quiz.html
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Marketing Research and it Use in a Marketing Plan
Marketing research is necessary in contributing to business strategy. Marketing research is a process to collecting, recording, organizing and analysing purposeful information about Marketing which are including, target market, customers and competition and how people thought about your brand in order to making decisions efficiently. (Bizfluent/Meagan Van Beest. 2017.) McDonald's Restaurant is a large-scale fast-food chain group with about 30,000 stores in the world and Mainly selling hamburgers, French fries, fried chicken, soft drinks, desserts. McDonald's restaurants are scattered around the world.One of the reasons of the success of McDonald’s is McDonald’s has a wonderful marketing research in different countries. McDonald's is using primary research customer expectations which will add additional products. Their main research includes - survey (paper or online), questionnaire, one on one interview and customer feedback.
Because of this, McDonald's was trying to bring great promotional offers. McDonald's launched meal about steak lunch box with water, fruit bags, and juice in this year which is healthy and cheap. At the beginning, what their customers want and what their target market is the first research problem they need to know. Primary data has been collected information and McDonald's did quantitative and qualitative analysing on it. After that, steak lunch box is confirmed a good marketing planning and strength by descriptive research. Thought marketing research McDonald's will clearly know what they are marketing objectives, strategies or tactics. The diagram show that in Austenian most of the people willing to pay for fast food rather than others, (T. (2017).) but in different countries, people have different food culture so McDonald's need to adapt them. such as in India, for instance, the Big Mac has been changed to the Maharaja Mac which contains no beef, basing on local diets. In Greece, the Big Mac using a pita bread rather than a bun. ?I. (2017, June 18)?
Who Are the Competition for Your Favourite Product?
The competitors force prevails in various factors that affect corporate marketing goals and strategies. Apple Music product and Spotify are occupying most of the market of the on-demand music streaming. Before Spotify was launched the market, iTunes which is Apple’s product was play an important role in the media and music market. iTunes provided millions of songs for apple user to download from their iTunes store which each song cost customer around 2 dollar. apple not only revolutionized the music industry but also gain a 3.9 billion in 2012.
Despite this the iTunes users have been reducing because of Apple’s micro-environment. Spotify was introduced to the market of on-demand music service which their concept is providing a monthly subscription to consumers, which provides around millions of downloadable offline listening songs, instead of paying for each download. ?Reseigh-Lincoln, D. (2018, April 25) ?This will a huge impacted for Apple, with Spotify launching on-demand streaming media, iTunes’ download revenue has dropped significantly. Because of the competitive pressure of Spotify, Apple need to flighting back for the market of one-demand music, Apple’s introduced a product called Apple Music in June 2015. As a streaming music, apple music service that allows consumers to purchase subscriptions so that they can access more than 30 million songs for offline listening. In the first year of Apple Music, not only the product attracted more than 15 million subscriptions but also maintained completion with Spotify's.
According to the chart above Apple’s marketing objectives and strategies was influenced by competitor such as Spotify, so Apple music have 3 months free trail whereas most of the other services offer users around 30 days. Those 3 months free trail is already attracting the users. This will be the charming of completion force, which the company change their objectives and strategies constantly in order to flighting back to the competitors. ?Miller, C. (2017)?
PESTL and how this affects the introduction of a new product/service.
The PESTEL analysis model, also known as macro-environment analysis, is an effective tool for analyzing the macro-environment. It can not only analyze the external environment, but also identify all forces that have an impact on the organization. It is a method of investigating external influence factors of an organization. Each letter represents a factor that can be divided into six major factors: Political, Economic, Social, Technological, and Environmental and legal factors. Uber is app taxi-sharing company which is growing fasting than other. The PESTLE analysis of Uber was showed.
Political Forces:
There is much controversy about Uber in society such as who is responsible in car accident Uber or driver? Uber did not have a clear rule in its initial development. In addition, the minimum wage laws in the taxi industry have been disgusted. The government also needs a commercial license and requires Uber to provide the document.
Economic Forces
Uber operates in a sharing economy which sharing physical or intellectual resources. In this case, Uber hires drivers and services the customers which is bring them to a location. It is usually considered cheaper than a taxi and it is easier to make some appointments. The sharing economy model represented by Uber working with intermediary platform. The core is the distribution on demand, which not only rationally allocates resources, but also controls risks to some extent. Uber growing fastest since its introduction. However, due to Uber's unfair competition for ordinary taxis, countries have banned or restricted their services such as China.
Social and Culture Forces:
Customers of Uber are easily to enjoy their services. Using the app for Uber can easily make an appointment in anytime and anywhere. It requires no commutation rather than a few step-in smartphones. the cheaper price is attracting most of the people.
Technological Forces:
Location based service is used in Uber Location-based service, which obtains the mobile terminal user's location information through the telecommunication mobile operator's radio communication network or an external positioning method (such as GPS), and provides the user with the corresponding services under the support of the geographic information system platform. Many drivers use 4G networks to connect to the app assess the location for the customer. (Srivastava, S. (2018, January 19))
Environmental Forces
Uber’s effect on the environment is ever shifting, People may use Uber instead of public transportation, so the fuel usage is a big problem and then it may increase traffic congestion.
Legal Forces:
Uber faces many criticisms, bans and attempts to ban all over the world. Companies must abide by the technology usage laws, copyright laws, labour and employee safety laws. (Rhodes, A. (2017, September 22))
SWOT analysis and its use in the marketing plan.
Swot analysis is crucial to direct the company's decision about marketing mix or marketing plan. It highlights the company's internal strengths and weaknesses while also highlighting external opportunities and threats. Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. is a private communications technology company that produces and sells communications equipment. Huawei Swot analysis is useful to them understand the company’s internal and external.
Strengthen:
- Products and technologies. Huawei is a knowledge-intensive enterprise. Knowledge can make products or services have higher value. Huawei's independent research and development of the world's very high core technology such as 5G.
- Employees?Huawei have 180000 employees and their ICT solutions, products, and services are used in more than 170 countries and regions, serving over one-third of the world's population. (huawei. 2018)
- word-of-mouth. (DARLEY SHEN/REUTERS. 2017)
Weaknesses:
- As a China company, Huawei has trouble with westerner’s preconceptions concerning the “made in China label” which can be perceived as products with reduced quality. (Rory Lee. 2016)
- Huawei Fails to Enter US. ( Ian Kano. 2018)
- Lots of competitive companies such as Apple, Samsung, xiaomi.
Opportunities:
Cheapest product. Huawei phone price is around 200-800 AUD and those cheap prices will attract lots of consumer.
Huawei research and development in those years basing on Huawei smart technologists. With the advent of 2020, the growth of 5G-based enhanced mobile broadband network (eMBB) and Internet of Things applications will increase dramatically, including VR/AR applications, industrial Internet, driverless technology and vehicle internet. This is an opportunity because other competitor doesn’t have those technology. ( Auchard, Sijia Jiang. 2018.)
Threats:
The competition from other countries is exist and the competitor will be stronger than stronger. Huawei still has not yet reached satisfactory levels.
Segmentation, targeting and positioning in marketing: Current trends in an industry of your choice.
STP refers to target marketing, which means that after the company subdivides the overall market according to certain standards, it selects one or more market segments as its target market, and targets the target market. Starbucks Coffee STP analysis.
Segmentation (P. (2016, September 29))
In geographic, people buy coffee usually in Large cities in coastal areas or economically developed areas such as Sydney, Beijing, New York.
In Demographic, Starbucks's potential consumer groups can be 18-40 years old female and male. They are occupation maybe students, employees, professional which they common is relying on the internet.
In Psychographic, they are social will be middle and upper class which they have high demands on taste and fashion.
In Behavioral, First, as lovers of drinking coffee regularly, they have a deep understanding of coffee, high quality and service requirements, habitual consumption. Second, as potential lovers of coffee sometimes who have limited knowledge of coffee, have a certain sensitivity to the price of coffee, and are also susceptible to promotions. The third is a traditional person who never or occasionally drinks coffee. They just need a place to talk, to relax or to do some work.
Targeting
Basing on the segmentation of geographic, demographic, psychographic, behavioral the target market of Starbucks has three types of consumer. First, young generation/college student, white collar worker. They are fashion, cool, understand and care about trends, love the internet, love to make new friends and socialize, love travel, have passion for consumption, have some pressure and are committed to success. Second, the business elite / rising middle class. Relatively more mature, higher income available and consuming but more cautious and rational, face a lot of pressure in this competitive society. The Third, as coffee lovers they are coffee experts, coffee drinkers, and very loyal customers. (Bean-Mellinger, B. (2018, March 14).)
Positioning
After determining the target market, the company must decide what position it wants to occupy in the target market. Starbucks uses of 3 types of positioning; firstly, mono segment positioning is willing to pay extra for high quality of product and services. Secondly adaptive positioning is basing one the tendency of increasing consumer health awareness, Starbucks developed more healthy coffee which is less calories. Thirdly, Standby positioning is the produce had to wait changes in the market for a period to find demand. ((P. (2016, September 29))
New product/services launches or brand management: A success and failure.
Success of Product
AirPods which is Apple’s wireless earphones launched to the world in 2016, Apple Store Worldwide Sells out AirPods Immediately. Demand for AirPods soon outstripped supply, the consumers had to wait for few days buying AirPods which is the internal factors not only influence the success of Apple’s AirPods but also reduces customer loyalty to Apple products. Facing those problem, Apple’s launch iPhone 7 in 2016. (Miller, C., Chance Miller, & Apple. (2017, December 17)) As we all known, iPhone 7 does not include traditional headphone-jack, should make Airpods easy to cross-sell to iPhone customers. they also provide deeper integration with Apple’s product ecosystem. For instance, Airpods offer a seamless pairing process, the ability to access Apple’s digital assistant Siri, in addition to providing longer wireless range when paired with Apple devices. Furthermore, the success of Aidpods for an external factor is which apple product is one of the most popular in the world and consumer has high loyalty with Apple products. Airpods not only consider convenience and simplicity but also high-quality audio which is more convenient people. ( Kastrenakes, J. (2016, September 07))
Fail of Product
Google also launched Google Pixel Buds, a wireless earphone in 2017. Google Pixel Buds, which sells for $159, was initially seen as a competitor to Apple AirPods. However, after the launched of this product, it uses experienc and product quality are not good enough. They are external factors which is Google still lacks experience compared to Samsung and Apple in the hardware field and They are internal factors which is Google calls it “Semi-Occluded which is a main problem lead Pixel Buds fail is only useful in a quiet room and sound good but once in noise environment such as bus, train anything that around and making noise it will hard to listening the music in Pixel Buds. On other word Pixel Buds only can use in quiet room.
Reference:
- Beest, M. V. (2017, September 26). Why Is Marketing Research Important to Developing a Marketing Strategy? Retrieved May 1, 2018, from https://bizfluent.com/about-6166810-marketing-important-developing-marketing-strategy-.html
- T. (2017). Why Is Marketing Research Important to Developing a Marketing Strategy? Retrieved May 1, 2018, from http://www.the-drop.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/EatingOutinAustralia_2017_Respondent-Summary.compressed.pdf
- Reseigh-Lincoln, D. (2018, April 25). Apple Music vs Spotify: The music streaming titans go head-to-head. Retrieved May 2, 2018, from https://www.techradar.com/news/audio/apple-music-vs-spotify-vs-play-music-vs-tidal-vs-deezer-1296240
- Miller, C. (2017). Apple Music vs the competition: How today’s music streaming services compare. 9to5Mac. Retrieved 1 May 2018, from https://9to5mac.com/2017/03/13/music-streaming-service-comparison/
- About Huawei. (2018, April 12). Retrieved May 2, 2018, from http://www.huawei.com/en/about-huawei
- SHEN, D. (2017, March 26). China's Huawei wants the world to know its name. Retrieved from https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/international-business/asian-pacific-business/in-global-smartphone-battle-chinas-huawei-steps-up/article18128776/
- Lee, R. (2016, June 06). Dispelling the negative perception of a 'China-made' phone. Retrieved May 2, 2018, from https://www.soyacincau.com/2016/06/06/dispelling-the-negative-perception-of-a-china-made-phone/
- Kano, I. (2018, January 10). Huawei Fails to Enter US. Retrieved May 2, 2018, from https://www.insidecatholic.com/2018/01/10/huawei-fails-to-enter-us/
- Jiang, S., & Auchard, E. (2018, April 12). China's Huawei set to lead global charge to 5G networks. Retrieved May 2, 2018, from http://www.huawei.com/en/about-huawei
- P. (2016, September 29). MARKET SEGMENTATION OF A LEADING COMPANY - STARBUCKS. Retrieved May 2, 2018, from https://prezi.com/ada21agddzn0/market-segmentation-of-a-leading-company-starbucks/
- Bean-Mellinger, B. (2018, March 14). Who Is Starbucks' Target Audience? Retrieved May 2, 2018, from http://smallbusiness.chron.com/starbucks-target-audience-10553.html
- Miller, C., Chance Miller, & Apple. (2017, December 17). AirPods sold out from Apple & other retailers until 2018, frustrating last-minute holiday shoppers. Retrieved May 3, 2018, from https://9to5mac.com/2017/12/17/airpods-sold-out-from-apple-other-retailers-until-2018-frustrating-last-minute-holiday-shoppers/
- Kastrenakes, J. (2016, September 07). The iPhone 7 has no headphone jack. Retrieved May 3, 2018, from https://www.theverge.com/2016/9/7/12823596/apple-iphone-7-no-headphone-jack-lightning-earbuds
- O'Kane, S. (2017, November 16). Google Pixel Buds review: The future shouldn't be this awkward. Retrieved May 3, 2018, from https://www.theverge.com/2017/11/16/16659314/google-pixel-buds-review-bluetooth-headphones
- Srivastava, S. (2018, January 19). How to Develop an Uber Clone App using Location Based Services. Retrieved May 3, 2018, from https://appinventiv.com/blog/how-to-develop-an-uber-clone-app-using-location-based-services
- Rhodes, A. (2017, September 22). Uber: Which countries have banned the controversial taxi app. Retrieved May 3, 2018, from https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/uber-ban-countries-where-world-taxi-app-europe-taxi-us-states-china-asia-legal-a7707436.html
- I. (2017, June 18). McDonald's Strange Menu Around the World. Retrieved May 2, 2018, from https://www.i711.com/mcdonalds-strange-menu-around-world/
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Marketing Research and It Use in a Marketing Plan. (2022, Sep 09).
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Marketing Minor Project
Converse Sneakers
Both the marketing plan and the business strategy are very simple, strategy plan is basically the process to manage activity to set your priorities, focus the resources and energy, strengthen the operations and make sure everyone involved is moving towards accomplishing the same goals.
Planning is the action of anticipating the future events, the marketing plan is written documents that are looked upon as a gold book of marketing projects for the marketing side. Including the mission of business statement, objectives, marketing or the strategic strategy and the SWOT analysis.
Marketing Plan (Converse shoes)
Mission statement- A. My purpose of the marketing plan is to let it be known that Converse shoes will become the best rated shoes in the entire world. B. Getting into the business with Converse we are trying to take over the game beating out Under Armor, Nike, Adidas, Rebook and even BBB big baller brand. I think our goal to take over and beat out our competitors, one reason is because our prices will be drastically lower in kids, woman and men’s, another thought behind this is we can change the design to our look and outshine our competitors, ask the customers what they want? What color ways they prefer! C. A plan we have in our heads are to try to get more publicity, we may do this by bringing in a pro tennis player or a golf or even basketball players to maybe do a few training sessions for our beloved customers where they get to meet the players and they see them in the new converse wear and they need, want to have them!
All our basketball shoes are converse, although we have many of different styles such as converse 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0 and the Air Wades! D Wade the three-time NBA champion sponsored a shoe by us. Each shoe is a different color way, but all have the same features except the D Wades we had to take those u a notch. The 1.0’s are white and black, the 2.0’s are blue and red, the 3.0’s are purple and yellow the 4.0’s are purple and orange, the 5.0’s are black and pink and of course the Air wades are black red and white for the team D Wade has played for basically his whole career the Miami Heat! Each shoe comes with an extra pair of shoe laces (customers choice) it can be literally any color of their desire. An awesome feature our shoe has is we have tiny holes through out our shoes, keeping from your feet from getting overly sweaty and it keeps the shoes from stinking, because people sweat rather if you are playing ball or working in an office, so we tried to help with that problem.
Our shoes are made of the best material known to man and in our factory, we have the best shoe creators from around the world putting them together therefore they are perfect when hitting the shelves. B. What we really stand out for is performance with our shoes when walking or running customers have said it feels like they are floating through the air. We have fans and customers from all over and our shipping is one of the best, get to the destination one day or two days at worst. We do not hit customers with shipping fees, we want the customer to shop again and want them to want to do so, so we try and provide everything we can and at it’s best. C. A few concerns and weaknesses we probably will face is the pricing and diffidently our competitors because we are more recent to the market. D. We are considering adding on to our product maybe by adding leggings for females and compressions for the men and socks for everyone. E. Shoes range from $ 60-100, socks $ 5-8, compressions/leggings $ 15-25. F. The products will be charged the same as listed. G. Shoes- 10 billion, 80%, Compressions- 20%, socks- 10%.
Market- Every basketball player from all age groups and skill level, from the Pro’s to beginners we really want our business to be world wide strong. Obviously America, we are targeting Spain, Europe and a huge market target for us will be China. B. A few key factors we will think about is basketball popular is it trending up or dying out. Can Converse be the key supply of basketball supplies and gear in these areas. C. We are working so hard as a team us in Converse believe we have no weaknesses, but we will reach out to customers and ask how their experience was and how we can better it the next go around. The customer is always right! D.
Size of our total market- 15,000 employees, 6600 million net income. E. We have gotten feed back about the color ways they have been very positive, they love them some even suggested color ways that they would like to see. We grow day by day worldwide. We plan to get more overseas professional athletes to sign deals with us with in this up coming year or two. F. Only effect we will have purchasing would be availability in stock we have in store and of course the prices. Basketball is not just a one-time season in the year it is going on all year long so we will not have a down season we will not have trouble selling. We will get our athletes to have appearances during the year and have them sign autographs. Of course, we will promote that, by television, radio, email and newspaper.
Competition- A. Competitors, I mean the list goes forever we have Adidas, Nike, Reebok, Under armor, Puma and Jordan. Those will be our main competitors. B. Strengths, being rarely new to basketball is a bright side we may can steal some customers from our competitors if we sway them to do so. They are raving about our color ways and designs and customers appreciate us asking what new colors they would like to see as well. I believe we can steal the name for best basketball shoe because of the insane grip, our ankle support and our shoe souls they feel like pillows. Weaknesses- We are new and going against top brands that have been in the game for a long time now. They have reputations through out the world already, and obviously more pro athletes on file. C. I’d guess that the way we market is the same way our competitors do as well, one thing I think we have better is the shipping process, so that’s great. Plus, we try to appeal to everyone of all ages.
Pricing A&B- Each and everyone of our products provide the profit for our firm. C. prices compare to the competitors we compete against but ours are slightly cheaper that is our advantage. 2. We set our prices lower than our competitors so that the lower community can afford our brand as well as the upper class. We provide so much apparel and we thrive off of everyone being able to purchase our athletic wear.
Distribution- A. An efficient way to get our service and product out to the public is promote sales, great customer service and guarantee satisfaction and if they order online, our shipping will be fast and efficient. B. we will throw in free stuff to certain customers that spend over a certain amount of money in the store on sight!
Promotion Mix- A. I will try and get us a recently new commercial that can air on television, we will reach out to radio stations we will try and be on billboards around the cities. 2. Will target the USA and even overseas, directed towards all the sport fans/ athletes of all ages! 3. All gear will be ready to sell on the shelves. B. we will be expanding our store in a few years, as a team we are leaning towards the year of 2021 we will have a huge in store sale when we expand.
Sales forecasting- A. Under Armor, Nike, Reebok, Adidas. B. converse our industry is on the rise and will compete with the top sports wear industries. C. we sell the same stuff throughout the year, but we will promote and have the non-season items on sale incase our customers shop for the non-season deals. (summer; winter deal) (winter; summer deal) D. Now- 25 Billion, 1st. “25 Billion, 2nd. “30 Billion, 3rd. “36 Billion. 4th. “42 Billion by next couple of years.
Production- A. Jobs have opened because we as a business are growing day by day. B. we prioritize by what season It is in the sport world because we are going to sell a lot of that wear.
Action Plan- 1. New gear and apparel every single quarter this is an every year thing, new color ways every year. 2.the appearances of our pro athletes, they will be in attendance to bring more customers in and our athletes love interacting with the kids and customers. 3. Training sessions with our athletes as well.
- https://www.complex.com/sneakers/2013/06/dwyane-wade-converse-wade-1
- https://theidleman.com/blogs/style/history-of-converse
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Do you Know what It’s Like to Live with Autism in a World of “Normal People”
My name is Ryan, and I am a “normal” average teenager with Asperger Syndrome.
I always knew that I was a little different, acted a little different, maybe took things a little too literally. One day my father told me to “bring the garbage cans in” and I brought them into the house. Another time a coach told me “to steal second base” I took the base out of the ground. I had a substitute teacher in 3rd grade who changed my life from that day forward. There was an aid in our class and I never knew why she was there. That day I felt the aid was hovering me and in my 3rd grade way told her I didn’t need her help. The teacher told me “that aid is here for you because you have a disability” I had no idea what that word disability meant but It didn’t sound good.
The minute I got off the bus I rushed to my mom to ask her. Through the tears in her eyes and anger on her face she sat me down to explain what a disability WASN'T and What Asperger’s was. The key thing I remember from this whole conversation was her saying, “ a disability is only a disability if you let it hold you back. No disability can ever define who you are and what you are capable of”. But to me, I only knew I wanted to get rid of that aid in the classroom and wanted to be a “normal” kid like my friends.
Autism was and is a dreaded word for me. I can’t really identify with it because there are so many different feelings crammed within one word. Confusion and frustration are the main ones for me though. Confusion because I am a 17-year-old boy who actually feels “normal”, but still has this stigma attached to me. When autism is talked about in class or a group of people I get frustrated. Not because of the word “autism or autistic” but because I don’t tell people. It’s not that I am embarrassed or ashamed. I just don’t want people to look at me differently or feel bad for me.
So after stealing second base during that game, I realized baseball wasn’t for me. I wanted more responsibility, more action. I signed up for soccer and was put into the goal position. It was something that would change me as silly as it sounds. It was an important role for me I was able to be apart of a team where I felt accepted and just like the others and I excelled in it.
So today as you read this, what is it like living with a disability? I am a 17-year-old boy who is applying for colleges, I am the Varsity Goalie with an amazing amount of saves, I have friends, and drive. I have work harder than any of my friends know to overcome this and you know what? I realized that I am a “NORMAL” teenager!
While I still laugh sometimes thinking of that baseball game and every time a kid got on second base they wobbled, I realize I still have some things I need to work on like organizational skills, and making sure I look people in their eyes, but hey what “normal” teenager doesn’t? I can say this while I vaguely remember all the therapy my mom tells me about, no matter what colleges accept me or what colleges don’t I am so proud of myself that I never let this define me or hold me back and so thankful to my mom more than she knows for not letting it. “Why me?” is a question that I, my family, or the smartest man on the earth will ever be able to answer. At least not now. What is “normal” anyway? We are all different in our own way.
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Mass Shooting is a Problem that Involves Numerous Victims, Even Teenagers
The victims can come from every races and religion background. Mass shootings in the United States have been sadly become a popular trend by individual or organization in public and nonpublic places. One example is in February 2018 a young man started fire at Douglas high school in Parkland Florida killing seventeen students and staff members and injuring seventeen others. The mass shooter was Nikolas Cruz and he was arrested by county sheriff. The victims were killed without compassion. This type of scene we can see every time and unfortunately, the numbers of victims grow with each mass shooting. The free access to weapons provokes that people can obtain any weapon without complication. people with mental problem are buying weapons with any complications.
The politicians do not regulate who can buy weapon. After the mass shooting the gun control become the most important issue but later days this issue is forgotten and repeat again. This is a serious issue because provoke death in the community and psychological problems, as panic and trauma in children and teenager to attend school, because mass shooting occurs in the schools. Also impact adult community, the mass shooting occurs in public place too. This essay I will proposing the possible effective solution for mass shooting, this issue need addresses with regulate gun control rule and controlling all gun owner, it’s possible the numbers of death reduce significantly. The authorities need to enforce the law to control mass shooting.
The statistic FBI report “identified 160 active shooter incidents that occurred in the United States between 2000 and 2013,” with 486 people killed. The victims of mass shooting increase significantly. According to the second amendment of constitution says, 'A well-regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.'(The constitution). Our constitutional right is to keep and bear an arm, but the problem is not everyone can carry a weapon. The requirement to buy in the state of Pennsylvania is easy. you must be 18 years old, background check and psychological record. The politicians need to discuss about age and change it. Many young people with 18 years old is still in high school and they do not have the psychological maturity in their life. It sounds no reasonable that they cannot buy alcohol, but they can buy weapon. The politicians need to change gun control rule. Another problem is does not exists control after buy a weapon. The politicians need to implement owner control and pass new law to control each owner, for example the person want to bus weapon need to wait two or three months to approval. After to buy a weapon must go to check background every three months and track their weapons. The same thing they have to do with psychological test. Each owner has to undergo a psychological test every three months. The mass shooter always has phycological problem. The authority needs to prevent this type of event. Prevent mass shooting has to be a priority.
If we to put in action of those ideas, we can gain positive consequences. One positive consequence will more difficult to acquire a weapon. The teenager must wait for 21 years old to acquire weapon. This will provoke that teenagers cannot carry weapon and will prevent that teenager can kill in mass in the school and public places Another positive is the police will be controlling who have a weapon. Every owner has to go to check background every three months after to buy weapon. If the person has intention to kill in mass and want to buy weapon need to wait two or three months for approval to acquire weapon. This will prevent fatally consequences. The psychological test also helps to know who can carry a weapon.
The Firearms industry can refuse this argument, because is an important part of America economy. According to Firearms and Ammunition Industry Economic Impact Report 2018 “in 2017 the firearms and ammunition industry was responsible for as much as $51.41 billion in total economic activity in the country” (2018). The firearm industry generates million and millions of dollars. This industry argue that generate jobs and billions of dollars in this country. The industry does not want that the government regulate this industry, because many workers depends on this industry and contribute with the economy in this country. If the government regulate this industry the going to lost billions of dollars and workers going to loss their jobs. To refuse this argument, hundreds of people were killed for weapon. To regulate this industry many people going to lose their jobs, but it is better losing jobs than lives. Parents lose their children and children lose their parents when accord mass shooting.
In conclusion, to fix this problem, we need to regulate who can carry weapon because the mass shooters are affecting our communities. Prevent mass shooting must be a priority. The numbers of victims grow with each mass shooting because does not exists control after buying weapon. The politicians need to change gun control rule as soon as possible, it necessary because mass shootings have been sadly become a popular trend by individual, specially with the people have mental problems. The authorities need to enforce the law to control mass shooting. The goal of those solution is to reduce and prevent that teenager can kill in mass in the school and public places. Another goal is the department of police can control who have guns and they can reduce fatally consequences. If we to put in action and regulate gun control rule, we can gain positive consequences.
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Mass Shooting Is a Problem That Involves Numerous Victims, Even Teenagers. (2022, Sep 09).
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Development of Art in the Middle Ages
Giotto di Bondone was a known and admired painter. Most of the painting figures seem flat and dimensional in the Middle Ages, but Giotto’s painting looks three dimensional, the weight of the sculpture, and almost realistic with the strength. Giotto's work had been looking forward to the Renaissance art styles. Moreover, Giotto's frescoes in the Chapel of the Arena are the most important paintings in Western art history. Therefore, he decorated the inside of the Arena Chapel with a series of fresco cycles The Life of the Virgin, The Life of Christ, Joachim and Anna, and the Passion.
In addition, the wealthy man named Eric Scrovegni commissioned Giotto, and he was the son of a banker. The building was decorated by Giotto to apologize for the sin of usury, and Scrovegni's motivations for building the chapel. This chapel is known as the Arena Chapel because it is next to an Ancient Roman arena later becoming the property of Scrovegni (Flores d'Arcais, 128). In addition, the Chapel is surrounded by images that occur in the entire building. There are several narrative scenes, but there are trompe l'oeil faux marble panels in those scenes. Also, there is the ornamented stone but in fact that all are painting. There is the beginning scattered on the blue sky with the images of Christ, Mary, and another Saint's.
Next, the cycle begins on the right alter side in the top register, and it introduces Mary’s parents such as Joachim and Anna. In the figure, Joachim is motivated by the addition of the Temple that heeds back to Santa Maria's foundation in Cosmedin in Rome (Flores d'Arcais, 159). The meeting at the Golden Gate, Yoakim was praying to God because he wanted a child. The angel appears and told to him your prayer is granted. On the other side Ana was praying too for the child, and the angel appears to tell her to go in front of Golden Gate. They both have been visited, and show hope coming together in front of Golden Gate. This was the example of the humanism of Giotto. In his painting, the figure looks at real human beings in art. The drapery is pulling on their faces around their bodies and the emotions. It is showing the feeling of Yoakim and Ana how they came close to each other. The figures showing the volume and weight of the bodies which occur in space three-dimensionally.
More than that, the upper register remains with the description cycle crosswise to the other wall. In the figure, the Birth of Mary, Mary was born, and she presented the temple in the painting of the Presentation of the Temple. Next, she was married in the painting of The Marriage of the Virgin. Below the Annunciation it is showing the circumcision The Fight into Egypt and The Massacre of the Innocents.
Also, moving to the next wall there is a story of the ministry of Christ and his miracles. The Baptism of Christ the story reveals from scene to scene. In the figure, The Entry of Christ into Jerusalem, the Christ is on the donkey with the 12 apostles behind him. Next, we can see the three or four faces clearly the rest of them are an accumulation of halos. On the right side of the figure, one man is pulling his arm out of his sleeves. Another man is taking out the costume of his head, and the third one is placing the garment at the feet of the donkey.
In the bottom register to the end of the Christ-life devoted to the scene of the Passion is The Arrest of Christ also known as the Kiss of Judas. When the Juda leads the Roman to Christ and they arrest him. They take him away and torture him. The twelve apostles close to Christ, and these are one of the most people that Christ trusted them most. He betrays him for 30 pieces of silver. Judas betrayed Christ with a kiss. In the painting, there is chaos and drama.
Moreover, the most powerful scene in the chapel is The Deposition. Christ has been crucified and taken down off the cross. He is now being mourned by his mother and his followers. Mary holding her dead son reminds the birth which shows the relationship between Mary and her infant son. According to the author, “The powerful Madonna, in a very delicate posture, and St. John, enveloped in a cloak that falls majestically, who opens his arms to define the space” (Flores d'Arcais, 188). Now, we see Mary again holding her dead son on her lap and her arm across around Christ's neck. This is the modern idea to represent Christ dead, and the painting is showing landscape, foreshortening, emotions, and weight of the figures.
Also, The rocky hill moves our eyes down toward Christ and a rocky hill that forms landscape. At the top, there is the tree and the tree might look dead. There is the two figure we can only see their backs, and there is no representation of their faces. We would never have seen this in the medieval period. All the figures looking toward Mary and Christ. On the top, there are angels therefore shortened. They assist Giotto in creating an illusion of space. The human figures display their grief in different ways. Some are sad and resigned. So, there is a different way of individuality and people are experience emotion in a different way.
In addition, Giotto shows the Annunciation that occupies a focal position above the chancel arch of the church, and it is an essential image of the entire fresco cycle of The Life of the Virgin and The Life of Christ. In the painting of the Annunciation, we can see the illusionism throughout the cycle. Giotto has created an architectural space for each of them If we look to Mary and the Angel. These are not panel paintings with gold backgrounds that suggest a divine space, and these are the earthly setting for the Mary and angel. According to the author, “it is first necessary to demonstrate that the mise-en-scene, body language, and costumes seen in the fresco are all unusual in the context of the narrative cycle and that they all correspond with known staging practices of the liturgical dramas during the Middle Ages” (Jacobus). On the other hand, on the right side of the Annunciation showing the Marry Annunciate in the same vein the Apparition to Saint Anne how is different from the other scenes.
For example, In the figure of Apparition to Saint Anne, “the angel descends into a well-illuminated, recognizably domestic interior, furnished and equipped for comfortable everyday life” (Jacobus). It showing the angel arriving through a high window, and it has a general similarity of the Annunciation in some church dramas such as the fourteenth-century performance at Parma. The figure of Saint Anne showing emotion through facial expression and body language. She is kneeling with her joined hand for prayer and her body turns slightly as she responds to Angel’s presence.
Finally, the Las Judgment is the scene most closely tied to the classical iconography. At the top, two angles unroll the scroll of the universe with the sun and moon. In a mandorla Christ the Judge sits on a throne supported animal, and surrounded by the Apostles. According to the author, “The overwhelming drama and violence of the composition in general and the invention of the extremely cruel details of the scene mark it as the work of the master, who is, after all, a man of the Middle Ages” (Flores d'Arcais, 203).
In conclusion, Giotto decorated the Arena Chapel with the lots of the narrative stories which was commissioned by Eric Scrovegni. All of the painting looks realistic, three dimensional, and full of emotions because in the Middle Ages, most of the painting figures appear flat and one- dimensional.
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Renaissance, Florence and Middle Ages
As the cradle of Renaissance, Florence boosted art, culture and technology within the entire Europe from the 14th to the 17th century. Florence was one of the wealthiest cities in Italy, so it created a basic condition to erupt an ideological and cultural movement. Renaissance was born in Florence, then it spread like flood throughout the entire Europe. Furthermore, there were enormous number of reputable philosophers and artists who were born during Renaissance including Leonardo da Vinci (Plumb 4).
Nevertheless, the Renaissance is so sophisticated that there was no well-defined beginning and ending point. Meanwhile, its root causes were complicated. At that moment, vacuum of leadership provided a soil for Renaissance. The holy Roman Empire lost their sovereignty in north, and the whole country was ruled by various families in different regions. Because of chaotic political environment, ideas and goods were exchanged unprecedented prosperity. In terms of religion, the Renaissance was a product of ancient Greek and holy Roman which shared the same Mediterranean cultures. Before Renaissance, the Church had gathered economic, political and intellectual into their hands, so it fostered an atmosphere to be the birthplace of Renaissance ('Why did the Renaissance begin in Italy?').
The economic was free development for the reason that the holy Roman government existed in name only. Simultaneously, the Church possessed the richest merchants. Under these environment, artists, philosophers and scientists could acquire funds endlessly and create works without limit ('Why did the Renaissance begin in Italy?'). Furthermore, the power vacuum resulted in the significant influence of religion. During early renaissance, Christianity subsidized artists and philosophers so that more and more works served the religion (Spielvogel 377,380).
As an era of rebirth and reform, not only did Renaissance innovate the creation of art works, but it also improved technology and science. For instance, eyeglasses and clocks were created during Renaissance. Additionally, guns, cannon were improved to shoot farther, which led to the cold weapon being far away from war gradually. Ships during the era were improve to hold up to 300 people. Therefore, the era of exploration started. ('Technology Development during the Renaissance').
Without a real government, religion and dominant families need to consolidate their power. Because of the influence of literature, the role of artists in society during the Renaissance was noble. Artists’ masterpieces became an effective tool to expand the influence of religion. In addition, royalty and wealthy merchants were pleased to invite artists to record their history and daily life such as Mona Lisa.
Leonardo da Vinci was born on April 15, 1452, in Vinci, Italy which near to the storm center of Renaissance, Florence. When he was 15 years old, he became an apprentice to Andrea Del Verrocchio. From then on, he started his path to be one of the most famous artist in the world. Because his genius of painting an angel in his master’s painting and much better than his master, Verrocchio declared that he would never paint again. Verrocchio required all his apprentices to study anatomy which made Leonardo be a great artist as well as a distinguished anatomist in his later life. Because of his talent of anatomy, he created the first robot in the whole world in 1495, however, being found in 1950. During his entire life, he left a lot of extraordinary work such as The Last Supper, Mona Lisa and The Virgin on the Rock. Unfortunately, Leonardo da Vinci died on May 2, 1519, because of stroke. Right now, Leonardo da Vinci was named as a universal genius and Renaissance man. ('DA VINCI - THE RENAISSANCE MAN')
Basically, the concept of Renaissance was connected with revolution in culture. Renaissance literature came up with a revival of the ancient Greek and Holy Roman learning. Renaissance literature, however, was longer only limited to religious topic for the reason that the printing press was invented. With the rapid development of science, musicians knew that pitch changes by the different size of the string on instruments. At the same time, musicians started to combine theater and music with the stories of ancient Greek ('The Middle Ages | The Renaissance and the Reformation').
As I mentioned before, Leonardo da Vinci explored many different areas in his lifetime, yet he was celebrated as a great painter. He lived in the period of the Italian High Renaissance, and he was the pioneer of linear perspective, chiaroscuro, emotional expressionism and naturalism. ('The Art Story') In Mona Lisa, Leonardo da Vinci used a new method to draw portrait. He raised up the center of the body slightly, so that the entire body seemed like a pyramid. Therefore, it made Mona Lisa more dignified and stable. In addition, she crossed her hands, which conveyed us an image of gentleness, noble social status. In the background, mountains, rivers and trees integrated a beautiful natural scene.
Works Cited
- 'DA VINCI - THE RENAISSANCE MAN'. n.d. https://www.mos.org/leonardo/biography. 19 October 2018.
- 'Technology Development during the Renaissance'. n.d. http://1216.virtualclassroom.org/technology/renaissance.html. 19 October 2018.
- 'The Art Story'. n.d. https://www.theartstory.org/artist-da-vinci-leonardo.htm. 19 October 2018.
- 'The Middle Ages | The Renaissance and the Reformation'. n.d. https://westernreservepublicmedia.org/middleages/reform_art.htm. 19 October 2018.
- 'Why did the Renaissance begin in Italy?'. n.d. https://www.methacton.org/cms/lib/pa01000176/centricity/domain/121/why%20did%20the%20renaissance%20begin%20in%20italy.pdf. 19 October 2018.
- Plumb, John H. Renaissance Florence. Newbury, NH: New Word City, Inc, 2015, pp. 4
- Spielvogel, Jackson J. Western Civilization (Eighth Edition), Volume II: Since 1500. Boston, MA: Wadsoworth, 2012, pp. 377 380
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Issues Affecting Hispanic American Students in their Academics
- Research Problem
- Purpose of the Study
- Research Questions
- Quantitative Design
- Participants and Target Population
- Ethical Treatment of the Human Subjects
- Quantitative Data Collection Method
- Quantitative Data Analysis Method
- How Proper Design Identification and Implementation to Guarantee Validity was Supported
- Strengths and Weaknesses of the Quantitative Research
- Research Problem
- Purpose of the Study
- Research Questions
- Quantitative Design
- Participants and Target Population
- Ethical Treatment of the Human Subjects
- Quantitative Data Collection Method
- Quantitative Data Analysis Method
- How Proper Design Identification and Implementation to Guarantee Validity was Supported
- Strengths and Weaknesses of the Quantitative Research
- Research Problem
- Purpose of the Study
- Research Questions
- Quantitative Design
- Participants and Target Population
- Ethical Treatment of the Human Subjects
- Quantitative Data Collection Method
- Quantitative Data Analysis Method
- Strengths and Weaknesses of the Quantitative Research
- References
Research Problem
The research aims to understand the factors that lead to academic performance among the Hispanic population. The Hispanic population in the United States has been increasing over the past two decades. However, though the population has grown significantly, the college and high school graduation rates of Hispanics are still the lowest compared to other races. Thus, to fulfill the American Graduation Initiative, it is crucial to understand factors that result in academic achievement for these people.
Purpose of the Study
The main goal of this quantitative research was to describe the connection between resiliency, self-efficacy, engagement in sensation-seeking conducts, as well as academic performance among students of the Latino community. Specifically, the research was intended to provide useful insights for teachers, parents, psychologists, administrators, as well as students by identifying factors that play a part in underachievement problem among Latino Undergraduate American students. Identifying factors that result in underachievement would help in making changes in colleges and high schools in the United States to address the factors for the Latino Americans to be readily prepared to overcome any challenges that face their academic lives.
Research Questions
The research uses several questions as a guide. They include whether the level of self-efficacy in college predicts academic performance for Latino students in community colleges; whether engagement in sensation-seeking activities predicts poor performance in academics and finally whether the degree of resiliency predicts academic performance for Latino students in community colleges.
Quantitative Design
The research uses an experimental design to understand the cause-effect connection among different variables. The variables include dependent variables (self-efficacy, resiliency, engagement in sensation-seeking conducts), and the independent variable (academic achievement). The dependent variables were controlled in order to understand their effects on the independent variable. Then, their impact on the independent variable was assessed for a relationship.
Participants and Target Population
The target population was the Hispanic students in Central New Jersey community college who had taken more than three courses. The study used 154 Latino students. For one to be a participant, they had to be over the age of 18, be of Latino origin and enrolled in a community college. Besides, the participants had to be able to read and understand the English language.
Ethical Treatment of the Human Subjects
The participants were issued with a form of informed consent to fill out indicating that they agree to be part of the research. Every participant in the study was a volunteer. The participants were also informed that they could withdraw without giving any reason if they wanted to. The information they provided was also kept private. Their anonymity was completely protected.
Quantitative Data Collection Method
The study utilized a quantitative design that employed the survey method to collect data. It also involved a form of hierarchical regression analysis method to explain the connection between resiliency, self-efficacy, engagement in sensation-seeking conducts as well as academic success (indicated by GPA) among Latino students in community college. Specifically, a self-report survey was used to collect data for the study.
Quantitative Data Analysis Method
The analysis of data was done through a hierarchical regression model. The method was used because the study assessed several predictor variables as well as their impacts on academic success. Importantly, the research was seeking to determine the capability of every predictor variable, that is, self-efficacy, resiliency, demographic variables and engagement in sensation-seeking) to forecast academic success as assessed using GPA. The control achieved using this analysis method was great and surpassed what could potentially be achieved using a step-wise method. The regression analysis accounted for every change in modified R-squared at every phase of the process. The SPSS software was also used in the analysis.
How Proper Design Identification and Implementation to Guarantee Validity was Supported
The design was ideal for the study because of its feasibility, utilization of standardized stimulus and cost-efficiency, which made it easy for respondents to respond to similar questions as well as answer choices. It helped in eradicating observer subjectivity whereas allowing high rates of dependability and validity. The design also allowed many participants to participate in the research at the same time. In order to eradicate volunteer bias which is a threat to external validity, the participants could not be told that they would receive something for participating before they participated. The reduce the possibility of the participants not being a full representation of the target population, the sample had to be stratified by enrollment status, age groups, and employment status.
Strengths and Weaknesses of the Quantitative Research
The study had several weaknesses. First, there was no way to know whether the students were dishonest while reporting their enrollment status, GPA, feelings concerning resiliency, self-efficacy as well as sensation-seeking to appear socially desirable or even avoid embarrassment. The other weakness of the study was that the researcher used two community colleges. This is a small population compared to the significant number of Latino students in the United States. Other colleges in the United States could present a more holistic representation of the Latino students community than the chosen colleges. The researcher only selected the two colleges because they were closer to his home. The only strength of this research is that it somehow gave findings that align with other researchers' findings on the same topic. This means that, to a considerable extent, the researcher examined the issue thoroughly and presented useful information.
Research Problem
The study was initiated to address the drop out problem among Latino male students in XYZ high school. The population of the school was 1858 with a fourteen percent rate of dropout. This rate reflected the number of students who failed to graduate. The students withdrew while in grades 9 to 12 in 2009 to 2010 academic year. Among all the dropouts in the school, 63 percent were Latinos.
Purpose of the Study
The quantitative study aimed to identify factors associated with male student graduation, particularly Hispanic students. Variables involved in the study were race, suspensions, attendance, education levels, income levels of parents, GPA, CAHSEE, CST (California Standards Test) scores, as well as the possible impact on graduation of Hispanic student engagement in school activities and programs like AVID, JROTC, AARC, and XYZ Medical Academy. The ultimate objective was determining if the variables were associated with Latino male students' graduation.
Research Questions
Several research questions guided the research. They include the extent to which the academic demographic factors (a) attendance, (b) GPA (c) standardized-test scores (d) suspensions predict graduation probability for Latino male students (the research controlled social factors as well as SLCs participation); the extent to which, social demographic factors, that is, (a) English proficiency levels, (b) family income, (c) education of the parents, predict the possibility of Latino male students’ graduation (controlling for suspensions, GPA, expulsion, as well as factors of academic attendance and SLCs participation) ; the extent to which SLCs (a) AARC, (b) AVID (c) Medical Academy, (d) JROTC- predict graduation probability for Latino male students ( controlling for academic and social factors).
Quantitative Design
This study used a non-experimental design. Recognizing and evaluating specific variables, as well as the probable impact they might have on rates of graduation for male Latino students needed statistical analysis. It used linear logistic regression and assembled data from several sources in the school.
Participants and Target Population
The target population for this study was male Hispanic students. 208 male Latino students who could have already graduated from the school in 2011 and 2012 were used as the participants. These students were expected to have graduated from XYZ high school. Those eligible to graduate the mentioned years were excluded.
Ethical Treatment of the Human Subjects
There was no harm to the participants because the research used archival data. Identification numbers were utilized to identify students. Confidentiality of the data collected was strictly observed. The researcher also ensures that he had written authorization from the district and school concerning the utilization of archival data for the research.
Quantitative Data Collection Method
The study used archival data. The researcher collected data, mostly secondary from XYZ high school. These data were obtained from several sources at school and district site. The researcher used the AERIES information system, to access data relating to GPA, attendance, transcripts, and suspensions.
Quantitative Data Analysis Method
The secondary data collected were analyzed with the use of SPSS software. The method utilized was a linear logistic regression model because the dependent graduation variable was dichotomous. Here, graduation took value 1 and no graduation took a value 0.
How Proper Design Identification and Implementation to Guarantee Validity was Supported
The secondary data collected could have presented problems with accuracy and validity. To avoid this, the researcher worked with the school and district to collect only the data that was needed to answer the posed research questions. Every step of obtaining information and organizing it in Excel spreadsheets was followed. The validity of data as well as the research was supported by the use of data relating to all XYZ students of the year 2007 to 2012. Consequently, the data was mainly focused on males from the Latino community as it directly related to social factors, academic and SLCs participation.
Strengths and Weaknesses of the Quantitative Research
One of the significant weakness of the study was that it included XYZ high school students only. This means that the data does not reflect other student populations. Comparisons were not made, and the females data was not used in the study. The primary strength of the research is that the data relating to GPA, suspensions, expulsion, and others was accurate because it did not come from the participants; instead it came from the school and district site.
Research Problem
The research intends to investigate the factors that influence higher education enrollment in the Hispanic population. Although the Latino population is growing faster than other minorities in the country, they still lag behind in higher education enrollment, degree acquisition, and retention.
Purpose of the Study
The primary goal of the research is to study whether Latino student's parental support, the perception of post-secondary education, enculturation degree, as well as motivation has a direct correlation to the student’s higher education pursuit. This information may impact enrollment as well as retention in higher learning institutions. The study also aims to compare enrollment between first and second generation Latino students.
Research Questions
The research used several research questions as a guide. They include whether Latino student's perception of higher education impacts their decision to enroll in higher education; whether the degree of enculturation affects the decision to enroll in higher learning institutions; whether motivation directly correlates to the student's pursuit of higher education.
Quantitative Design
The study used a quasi-experimental survey. It used post-test with non-equivalent research only. The survey evaluated second and first-generation student's parental support, perception, enculturation degree, as well as the motivation among Latino university students.
Participants and Target Population
The target population for this research was the Latino student community in South Texas institutions of higher learning. A sample consisted of 61 student surveys. Surveys were then administered to the participants who were second and first-generation higher education students during 2014 fall semester in rural south Texas. The gender of the institution was almost equal with 47 percent females and 53 percent male. The participants included 62 % Latino, 27% white, 5% blacks and 6% international students.
Ethical Treatment of the Human Subjects
All the participants were volunteers. They also signed a consent form before participating in the study. They were allowed to withdraw at any time without any explanation as to why they left.
Quantitative Data Collection Method
A Survey was used to collect data for this study. It was performed with second and first-generation south Texas institution's college students. The survey focused on second and first-generation student's parental support, perception, enculturation degree, as well as the motivation among Latino university students
Quantitative Data Analysis Method
One-way ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) was used to analyze the data. Specifically, it examined the differences between second and first-generation student's perception of the importance of parental control, education, enculturation degree, as well as the motivation among Latino students.
How Proper Design Identification and Implementation to Guarantee Validity was Supported
The validity of the research design was determined with use of factor analysis and talks with experts. New questions and updates were added to the survey based on the pilot's results. The survey was then reduced to 5 subgroups with, demographic questions, education perceptions, parental support, motivation, and enculturation to enhance its dependability. A 5 point Likert scale was used to increase the accuracy of the data collected.
Strengths and Weaknesses of the Quantitative Research
The main weakness of the research is the use of a small sample size that barely represents the target population. It also failed to examine the third and fourth higher generational degrees. The only strength of this research is that it was able to provide useful information to inform government educational policies.
References
- Garcia, Y., Kupczynski, L., & Mundy, M. A. Factors Influencing Enrollment in Higher Education: A Comparison of First and Second Generation Hispanic Students.
- Marcelino, L. (2018). Factors Predicting Academic Achievement Among Hispanic Community College Students.
- Watson, J. (2015). Factors Associated with Graduation among Latino Male High School Students.
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Diversity & Multiculturalism in Higher Education
Critical Reflective Essay
The problem, challenges, or issues related to diversity in higher education ranges from ethnic and cultural differences, racism, gender discrimination, physical and mental disabilities, sexual orientation, political beliefs, religious beliefs, age, social-economic status and much more. Diversity and multiculturalism are two concepts that I have always used interchangeably while on the contrary, depicts different meanings. To me, diversity means the provision of equal opportunities for everyone regardless of their skin color, race, gender, national origin, and religion. Multiculturalism, on the other hand, promotes tolerance and equality that fosters acceptance of different cultures within a multi-ethnic society by respecting individual differences. According to Bell (as cited in Davis & Harrison, 2013), stated that social justice is the “full and equal participation of all groups in a society that is mutually shaped to meet their needs” (p.22). Social justice actions are actions that are designed to remove hurdles to equal opportunity, equal rights, and human liberty (Davis & Harrison, 2013).
Inclusion and the fight against discrimination and racism are what comes to mind when I hear of diversity, multiculturalism and social justice because these three concepts encompass acceptance, respect, and creation of equal opportunities for all regardless of our skin color or background (“Definition for Diversity,” 2018). They all try to encourage a more inclusive environment that does not only improve the economic and educational opportunities for students of color or minorities, but for all the social, academic, and societal benefits it presents for all students and campus community (Otten, 2013).
Gender discrimination is one of the challenges of diversity in higher education that I feel more comfortable tackling because I have experienced the gender discrimination that once denied me of a position in higher education because I am a woman. Women of color often face gender bias, which usually comes with racial discrimination that comes from white men and women. In the United States and around the world, women continue to be underrepresented in high-level, highly paid positions and overrepresented in low-paying jobs (“Inequality across Gender Diversity,” n.d). The practice of gender discrimination against women not only play out in higher education but in every other industry.
I used to work in this institution where there was an open position in one of the departments. A colleague informed me of this vacancy and asked if I would like to put in for it. I was on the verge of telling her to let me go through the job description and requirements when she mentioned that I should not bother to apply because the head of the department already indicated that he does not want to hire a woman. I asked my colleague why and to my surprise, she responded saying that he is just one of those men that is of the opinion that because he has similar characteristics with men, he will be more comfortable interacting and working with them. According to him, he feels more comfortable communicating with men, he tends to understand them better, they do not have mood swings, their actions are predictable, and they do not gossip. I did my research afterwards, and I found out that the only women in that department are the ones who have been in that position before the man resumed the job as the head of the department. This experience made me realize that this man will keep denying the department of hiring great potentials because they are of a particular gender and he does not feel comfortable working with them.
According to a research carried out by female faculty at Anderson School, Suddah (as cited in Trevino, Balkin, & Gomez-Mejia, 2017), reported that when it comes to promotion and tenure, evaluation of women is stricter than men, and they do not get as much credit on their work as compared to male faculty. Other faculty at Anderson School also mentioned that during tenure and promotion meetings, male faculty who coauthored research papers with a senior coauthor were credited for doing high-quality work, while female faculty who did the same received far less credit for contributing to the research (Korn, as cited in Trevino, Balkin, & Gomez-Mejia, 2017).
A study that was carried out reveals that formal student evaluations and informal online ratings support the claim that students do evaluate their professors differently based on whether they are women or men (Flaherty, 2018). “Women are referred to as ‘teacher’ as opposed to professor more often than men, which indicates that students generally may have less professional respect for their female professors” (Flaherty, 2018, para. 2). It is not just fair that women are still woefully underrepresented in leadership positions and this practice has been going on for so long, and it is almost becoming a norm (Kazi, 2017).
The challenge of gender discrimination/bias against women in higher education can best be tackled by institutions becoming self-aware that these conscious/unconscious biases do exist in higher institutions, and the effect this may have on decision making when it comes to hiring, promotion, and tenure (Lenckos, 2018). Self-awareness is the first step in the right direction, but this will not be effective in fixing the problem of gender bias if there is no reform of the human resource processes and practices correcting this bias. Higher institutions should embrace training talent-acquisition and search committees to recognise the need for hires of any gender based on their qualifications, experience, and potentials because this will better equip the institution to serve all students (Lenckos, 2018). Solving the issue of gender bias can be achieved by reviewing the selection and hiring process, evaluating leadership, management, and promotional roles to ensure women have equal opportunities (Kazi, 2017).
Conclusion
Understanding individual uniqueness, recognising our differences and knowing how best to relate with other people and embrace them regarding their identity, qualities, and their cultures which is different from ours is what diversity is about (“Definition for Diversity,” 2018). The problems and issues with diversity, multiculturalism and social justice can best be solved by having colleges and universities integrate diversity and inclusion into campus life, curriculum, and activities for students, faculty, and staff (Lenckos, 2018). Sending out surveys and creating forums for employees and students to express concerns will allow institutions to adequately evaluate diversity and inclusion initiatives by giving employees and students the opportunity to voice constructive criticism and tips for improvement (Lenckos, 2018). Study indicated that an institution with a more significant commitment to diversity reports less discrimination on campus community.
References
- Davis, T., & Harrison, L.M. (2013). Advancing Social Justice: Tools Pedagogies, and Strategies to Transform your Campus. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
- Definition for Diversity. (2018). Retrieved from http://www.qcc.cuny.edu/diversity/definition.html
- Flaherty, C. (2018). Same course, different ratings. Retrieved from https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2018/03/14/study-says-students-rate-men-more-highly-women-even-when-theyre-teaching-identical
- Inequality across Gender Diversity. (n.d). Retrieved from https://inequality.org/gender-inequality/
- Kadi, R. (2017). Breaking the Glass Ceiling: 5 ways to fix gender bias at your organization. Retrieved from https://business.udemy.com/blog/5-tips-fix-gender-bias-your-organization/
- Lenckos, J. (2018). 4 best practices around diversity and inclusion in higher ed. Retrieved from https://www.ecampusnews.com/2018/04/27/4-best-practices-around-diversity-and-inclusion-in-higher-ed/
- Otten, Matthias. (2013). Intercultural Learning and Diversity in Higher Education. Vol 7, Issue 1, 2003
- Trevino, L.J., Balkin, D.A., & Gomez-Mejia, L.R. (2017). How doing gender leads to gender imbalances in higher ranks in colleges of business and how to undo gender. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 16(3), 439-453.
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https://studydriver.com/2022/09/page/6/
Organizational Theory in Higher Education
This was a very interesting article. My first reaction to the article title, was that this article would be all about organizational identity and what it was. Not the case. My second reaction to the article when they stated on page 103 in the abstract that, “universities have been found to be quite stable” (Bjorn, 2017), was how stable are they? This was thought provoking. If the universities are that stable, then why are the researchers trying to understand the organizational identity of the universities? To me this is inconsistent with the content of the article. There seem to be too many pressures facing the universities in the internal and external dimensions of the universities causing great tension which means that the relationship between continuity and change does not support the organizational culture relative to organizational identity as stated at the top on page 104.
Kathleen Manning agrees with these tensions as we discussed in our class on January the 27th, when she stated in the introduction and context setting about traditional tensions within higher education by writing, “In terms of the curriculum, for example, decades-long debates have raged about whether it is better to specialize in majors and minors or integrate knowledge through core curricula and general education requirements” (2013, p. 2). This was inconsistent because the researchers never clearly showed the relationship between organizational identity and organizational culture.
The author of the article starts out on page 103 expressing the idea that the article would somehow argue the concept of organizational identity as a “promising” concept for researching the words continuity and change. On page 105, Bjorn confirms that promise by observing that organizational identity clears up and gives further information on the fact that if the universities were to explain that modifying the policy scope in each sector would have an astounding impact on the institutions. However, on page 104 a shift takes place and the article starts to talk about the focus of the contributions. These contributions were never well stated. And what was the shifting focus of the contributions? This shifting focus was never defined, although on page 104, Weerts did mention that the shifting focus could be related to the past historical transformations which reminds me of what we discussed in class on January the 27th about anarchies.
Cohen and March defined these historical organizations as logical and deliberate organizational anarchies that look inward at the universities. Whereas Kathleen Manning makes the assumption that, “The organized anarchy perspective assumes multiple realities. Faculty experience the organization from their various disciplinary points of view, administrators from their different understandings, students from yet other” (2013). Nonetheless, on page 104, the article goes right back to the contributions. Glynn writes, “In trying to categorize the various contributions about how to understand organizational identity, argued that two distinctive approaches to identity could be identified” (2008, p. 416). Now I am starting to think that the article is just about the 2 approaches emphasizing essentialist and strategist. Bjorn makes it clear that the essentialist are focused on continuity and the strategist are focused on change. Basically, Bjorn brings continuity and change back into the picture by talking about how continuity and change now are mingled together notating how universities and colleges utilize their organizational actors, better known as stakeholders.
At the bottom of page 104, Etzkowitz and Leydesdorff denotes that there are developments that suggest different drivers stating, “The drivers behind these developments are closely linked to the de-regulation of domestic higher education systems and their increasing internationili-zation, with universities increasingly seen as competitors in a more market-like higher educationsector” (1997). But who are the drivers behind the non-defined developments? Under Organizational identity as image, finally a driver is mentioned on page 109. Albert and Whetten agree, “Second, an external image that is perceived to be very different from the organizational identity may also be a strong driver for change, since most higher education institutions areconscious of how others see the organization” (1985). It would have been really nice if Bjorn would have told us who the drivers were from the beginning. But I guess the article would not have been as interesting if Bjorn did not make us search for the answers to statements made on different pages of the article.
With all of these twist and turns in the article from continuity and change to organizational identities relevance to organizational culture, to the contributions and the shifting focus, to essentialist approach and strategic approach to two main sections to the multidimensional dynamics of organizational identity, to the relevance of organizational identity of significant activities in higher education, this was a very good article. It was a higher education drama that you almost couldn’t figure out.
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Organizational Theory in Higher Education. (2022, Sep 09).
Retrieved November 4, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2022/09/page/6/
Higher Education in the World of Public-Private Partnership
Recap of Interview
When looking into student affairs professionals to interview, I came across an area I had never even thought about being a part of the higher education community. Jamie Mancine introduced me into the world of public-private partnerships (P3s). What intrigued me about the P3s were their backgrounds of being highly affiliated with a university and the fact that Mancine’s company had 100% of their communities located on-campus with active university participation. Mancine spoke a lot about working with stakeholders within the University of Florida’s campus and also balancing working with stakeholders from her company, Capstone on Campus Management (COCM).
Capstone on Campus Management
For the purpose of this interview assignment, I find it important to define what COCM does and values. Their management services range from turn-key to custom arrangements in which they share roles and responsibilities with university clients (shared governance). Their commitment to the students and the university often show improved operations and greater affordability to the students, housing programs that enhance recruitment and retention, and increased student satisfaction. COCM currently has 34,119 residents at 38 different campuses.
Education
Mancine’s first look into higher education was during her undergraduate career at Buffalo State College. She started out as an education major, but as she became more involved on campus she decided to go in a different direction. She received a Bachelor of Science in Individualized Studies from 2004-2008. Wanting to combine a bunch of different major areas, she focused on leadership development. Mancine took classes in leadership, psychology, development, and education. While an undergraduate student she participated in several different activities and societies like orientation, first year mentor, college senate, and more. Describing herself as the typical “commuter” student, it was her Resident Director that encouraged her to dive into the field of higher education. Starting in 2008, Mancine began her master’s degree in Student Personnel Administration at Buffalo State as well and completed it in 2010. Lastly, Mancine received her Doctor of Education in Educational Leadership in Higher Education Administration from the University of Rochester in 2011.
Career Trajectory
While receiving her master’s degree, Mancine served as the Resident Director and then moved into the Assistant Director of Residence Life from June 2010-January 2013 for the Collegiate Village of Potsdam. While serving in this role, Mancine supervised staff of Resident Assistants, Resident Directors, and Graduate Interns while completing many other tasks. In January of 2013, Mancine shifted to become the Director of Residence Life and Community Manager. Shortly thereafter, she joined COCM’s team and became the Director of Operations in Cleveland, Ohio before moving to become the Director of Operations in Gainesville, Florida.
Reflections
As mentioned before, Mancine was the Assistant Director of Residence Life for the Collegiate Village of Potsdam. During this position the building was a new property being built, so she got to oversee the construction and opening of the building which gave her a unique perspective in working with the university stakeholders. We talked a lot about why she moved from working for a university into the private sector. The first private company she worked for while in Buffalo was the first of its kind. She felt like working with so many different schools and student affairs professionals, that she would not be bored. She was intrigued by the networking and challenges. For universities that cannot afford student housing, or need an option while redoing a building, private housing is a great option. The company Mancine works for now strives to make sure students are engaged, building community, and developing as students.
The stakeholders are very different when it comes to working for a private company. When Mancine worked for a university, she spoke about how at a university, everyone has the same goals, missions, and values to follow. However, now there are many different hands in the pot. You now have the people who built the property, the ownership maintaining the property, and the university. As a higher education person, Mancine feels that she does not lose sight of the students and that they are there to learn. She feels as though she knows how to work with the university and make every stakeholder happy. Because she is the director of her community, she is the one with the feet on the ground making decisions every day. Besides the university, the other stakeholders are in another state.
One of my main questions for Mancine was about how decisions were made and how that involved the university. She spoke about shared control and how COCM determines how themselves and the university partners can each participate in management roles and responsibilities. Before going into partnership, they make sure to clearly outline a plan to work together. The shared governance practice is in place at 27 of heir 30 campus partnerships and is a standard for them. Mancine said, “The result has been custom agreements for each campus, leveraging the best of our university partner and COCM, and highlighting resident life and student services.” Communication is also a priority for COCM as they make sure to place high priority on frequent communication and interaction with the community owners, as well as the numerous university departments at each of the campuses they serve. They strive to connect with the entire campus by supporting and being supported by each area of academic and student services.
Conclusion
I learned a lot from this interview assignment. I think it more than applies to what I have read, learned, and heard in the program so far. University stakeholders are mentioned a lot in whatever we talk about. Constant communication is important along with understanding and meeting goals. Mancine holds monthly and quarterly meetings with key stakeholders and also has weekly meetings with the student affairs team on her campus. She makes sure to collaborate on recruitment events, community tours, marketing initiatives, orientation events and parent programs, new student welcome, staff training, conference presentations, community programming, and campus events. I found it really fascinating that universities are now recognizing that there are new solutions to funding shortages and it connected very well with budgeting and budgeting processes in the university setting.
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Higher Education in the World of Public-Private Partnership. (2022, Sep 09).
Retrieved November 4, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2022/09/page/6/
California Public Higher Education Caucus
Salud Carbajal is the Representative of the 24th district in California. He is a democrat that is proudly representing the Hispanic community. Salud Carbajal is a strong leader bringing awareness to the less fortunate and in need by promoting higher education, better healthcare, and programs for at risk youth.
Carbajal was born on November 18, 1964 in Moroleon, Mexico. He later immigrated from Mexico to Arizona, then from there moved to Oxnard. While living in Arizona he worked along with his father in the mines, once he moved to Oxnard they worked in the fields. He became a resident of Santa Barbara in 1983. He attended the University of California Santa Barbara where he got his bachelor's. He then continued his education at Fielding University where he received a masters in organizational management. Carbajal is a proud veteran. He served eight years in the Marine Corps Reserve which included two active duty’s in the Gulf War in 1992.
Carbajal first ran for Representative of the 24th district of California in 2016. In the primary election of 2016 his opponents were Justin Fareed and Michael Erin Woody. Due to California's top-two primary system, he ended up only running against Republican Justin Fareed. He won that election 56% to 44%. Carabajal ran for his second terms just this month, his opponent was once again Justin Fareed. He also won that election therefore he is currently serving his second term representing the 24th district. Before he became a representative of the 24th district, Carbajal served 12 years on the Boards of Supervisors of Santa Barbara. He was and still is a cherished member of the community. He has been awarded Community Environmental Council Environmental Hero, Public Officer of the Year, Santa Barbara Jewish Federation Ambassador of Freedom Award, and was named a “Community Role Model” by the Women's Economic Ventures. All these awards and accomplishment further prove Salud Carbajal is an astonishing representative that cares for his people. He is also a loving husband and father of two. His beloved wife's name is Gina Carbajal, his children are Natasha and Michael Carbajal. Currently his wife was recently appointed the Executive Director of United Boys and Girls Club of Santa Barbara.
Carbajal is a part of over 50 caucuses. Two caucus that stood out were the California Public Higher Education Caucus and the Congressional National Guard Youth Challenge Caucus. These two caucus are one’s that Carbajal can relate to. He believes in the power of a higher education and opportunities it offers. He was an immigrant from another country and took the opportunity to get a high education and better his future. He also believes in serving your country. According to Carbajal For Congress Facebook “I joined the Marine Corps Reserve to protect the country that has given me the opportunities to build a life for myself and my family”. He knows the power of serving your country and how it builds a person's character and allows them to advance.
The 24th district includes San Luis Obispo, Santa Barbara, and western Ventura County. The estimated population is 740,000 people. Almost all the people who live in the 24th district are Caucasian. The leading ethnicity is Hispanic. Since Carbajal is of Hispanic ethnicity his can connect and relate to the many Hispanics in the district. An estimated 58,000 people have no health insurance coverage according to the United States Census Bureau, this is one of the reasons that Carbajal is a strong advocate of better healthcare. Around 87,000 people only have a high school diploma or equivalency. That may be one of the many reasons Carbajal is a part of the California Public Higher Education Caucus.
Being a part of politics means you must campaign to get your name out in the public and well known, which cost tons of money that the average person does not have so they receive donations for their campaign. Carbajal's number one contributor comes from unitemized contributions. His main contributors that come from interest groups which consists of American Federation of Teachers (AFT) , United Food and Commercial Workers International Union (UFCW), CMTE for Hispanic Causes, and lastly Job Opportunities and Education (JOE).
Overall Salud Carbajal is doing a fantastic job at serving his people. He is trying to provide better healthcare, education, and is trying to better the future of the youths. He understands the importance of education and how getting a higher education can change your life forever. He is involved in many causes that prove he cares for his people. He is doing everything he can to provide to his people. He is still continuing to do that to this day.
Works Cited
- Bob Blumenfield Answers Questions, www.smartvoter.org/2008/06/03/ca/sba/vote/carbajal_s/bio.html.
- “Biography.” United States Congressman Salud Carbajal, carbajal.house.gov/biography/.
- “California's 24th Congressional District.” Ballotpedia, ballotpedia.org/California's_24th_Congressional_District.
- Center for New Media & Promotion, and US Census Bureau. “My Congressional District.” Census Bureau QuickFacts, 25 Jan. 2017, www.census.gov/mycd/?st=06&cd=24.
- “Meet Salud.” Home | Salud Carbajal for Congress, www.saludcarbajal.com/meet-salud.
- Noozhawk. “Gina Carbajal Named Executive Director of United Boys & Girls Clubs.” Noozhawk.com Santa Barbara & Goleta Local News, www.noozhawk.com/article/050913_gina_carbajal_executive_director_united_boys_girls_clubs.
- “Salud Carbajal.” Ballotpedia, ballotpedia.org/Salud_Carbajal.
- “Salud Carbajal.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 20 Oct. 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salud_Carbajal.
- “Salud Carbajal For U.S. Congress.” Katie Couric - You Can Watch #GenderRevolution Right Here,..., www.facebook.com/CarbajalForCongress/videos/1910855132474994/.
- “The Voter's Self Defense System.” Vote Smart, votesmart.org/candidate/biography/81569/salud-carbajal#.W-HyUXpKiCQ.
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California Public Higher Education Caucus. (2022, Sep 09).
Retrieved November 4, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2022/09/page/6/
