Month: September 2022
Gender: a Figment of Social Imagination
The roles of women in society have significantly changed from previous generations, these roles have become more important, and they have also allowed women to gain independence that had not been possible before. In the last one hundred years, women have made impressive improvements as they have stepped out of the typical gender roles as homemakers and child bearers and made progress in the areas of government, the workplace, gaining reproductive rights, and reaching financial freedom and control. Sadly, these changes still have a long way to go as there still are a number of outdated laws and beliefs across the world that have prevented women from obtaining social and workplace equality compared to men as well as in many cases preventing women from reaching treatment equality at home.
Although understanding how women’s roles have changed, and how escaping from patriarchal domination and domestic violence are being accomplished through female’s presence in the workforce is important to further female liberation, it is also important to acknowledge the social changes that have led to these advances. In the same way, it is important to recognize how the further need for women in different work fields is needed for women to further secure their freedom from the patriarchy and to escape situations of domestic violence caused by financial dependence on the men who are typically the head of household.
This paper will present a narrative of how paid work has provided women the means to escape patriarchal domination and domestic violence, and how the different sociological perspectives of conflict, symbolic interactionism and functionalism have explained the need for a patriarchal structure.
Patriarchy
Patriarchy is the social system characterized by the men holding the power in the family, a system where men hold the moral authority over the women and children, and where males also have greater access to social privileges and the majority of the rights to property ownership. It is a system where women are excluded and are kept dominated and subordinate. Patriarchy is the system that defines the social domains used to establish the meaning of women, it is also the ideological bases used to establish the difference between social roles (Soman 2009). From the early formation of our society, patriarchal domination has served as a way to exclude and segregate women, a system that has led to the devaluation of women, their contributions, and their monetary value in the workforce (Walby 1989). Although private patriarchy can be considered the only form in which men control women and prevent them from advancing within society as they are expected to only participate in the affairs related to the home and kept from pursuing careers and higher social positions. In the same manner, public patriarchy is a socially collective way to separate women from power, status, and wealth by limiting their participation in politics and the workforce among other areas. The social constructionist perspective describes gender as a system of social relations, relations that are created by the symbolic cultural meaning of being identified as male or female which result in gender boundaries (Zuo and LaRossa 2009). Even in modern times, feminists consider these gender differences that lead to patriarchal domination as part of the main disadvantages women face to reach social and status advancements.
Theories
From the sociological perspective of conflict, men are defined as being the dominant gender, thus creating a constant struggle between males and females as men seek to maintain their position of power and privilege, and women seek to end traditional gender roles that limit their participation within society. Conflict theory affirms that as long as the dominant gender continues to oppress the subordinate group, social problems will continue. It is this conflict between genders and the search for changes in the power and social structure that have led to past social movements such as the Women’s Suffrage Movement, and in recent times the feminist campaigns such as the #METOO movement that have been developed to create awareness of the discrepancies in social power and status and aim to create a balance between the genders and to end the views of the conflict perspective that women are more valuable and needed inside the home and inferior to men outside the home.
The functionalist perspective describes gender differences and inequality as a social method to successfully balance roles as this perspective focuses on how the different parts of society work together, and how these different parts depend on each other to reach stability. Functionalism describes the division of labor and other general exclusions of women as a way to maximize the resources available and their efficiency; the functionalist perspective does not describe this oppression as unjust but rather as the necessary complement of roles that are needed to reach the proper social stability and structure. Functionalism believes that men’s work and their financial contribution to the household is what is required of them, in the same way, it believes that a women’s role is to be a housewife and caretaker.
Symbolic interactionism’s purpose is to analyze human interactions on a one-to-one level as well as understand the role of symbols constructed by society and how these symbols relate to direct our behaviors and roles within a group. Based on this perspective, gender roles and their differences and expectations are to be learned through the socialization process. Traditionally, women are expected to have a nurturing nature and to provide emotional and spiritual support while men are expected to be task-oriented and dependable. It is due to these differences that women are dominated by men, one clear example is seen in education; Education opportunities are less likely to occur for women than to men (Dorius and Firebaugh 2010). These differences in opportunities are related to the social expectations for males and females within a society, and although they vary from culture to culture, they share several similarities that define women as caretakers while men are to be the breadwinners. Although education has considerably changed from the time where women were not allowed into a lecture hall, and although in the last fifty years women’s educational achievements have increased economic growth in first world countries, major progress in closing gender gaps must still be made to address and fix social gender inequalities and for women to gain complete freedom from patriarchy domination.
Domestic Violence
Another way in which men control women is through violence, oppression, and fear. Domestic violence has had a constant presence in our society and throughout history, even though women had been subjected to physical abuse from their husbands for many years, in the year 1824, the first law in the United States to grant a husband’s right to use physical punishment against his wife was established. The court’s ruling gave husband’s the right “to exercise the right to chastisement in cases of great emergency” (Skolnick and Skolnick 2014:477). It was through this right to physical abuse that a man’s power, ownership, and complete gender inequality in marriage was set. Sadly, this rule was not changed until the year 1871 when abuse against their wives was made illegal in the state of Alabama, a ruling that was followed by North Carolina only with more limitations. Oppression is described as the obstacles an individual faces and the acts that give domination and privilege to one specific group or individual (Pittman 2010). Men’s domination over women is achieved through the successful use of hierarchal power, a power that is overwhelmingly negative and often times dehumanizing as women are stripped of their autonomy, personal safety, freedom, and free-will through deprivation and violence (Williams 2012). Oppression, similar to domestic violence, is the abusive behaviors used by a partner in a relationship to gain control. In the United States, an estimated 4.8 million women report these type of physical assaults each year and an overwhelming 70% of women admit to having experienced domestic violence first hand (Anon n.d). In many cultures, domestic violence is a normal part of private life, in these cultures the societal norms discourage women from reporting the abuse as they are more accepting of men’s violent nature and they often blame women for their partner’s actions and are expected to remain silent and be understanding and accepting of the male’s actions, religious beliefs are also an important contributing factor as many women are raised to believe that once you join a man in marriage is until death separates the union. Another important contributing factor to domestic abuse is a male’s economic superiority over a woman as in many cases women are forbidden from finding work outside the home and this isolates them and makes them completely dependent upon their husbands. Although violence can occur across different income brackets, those classified as poor or low-income are more likely to fall victims of the abuse. It is under these conditions that domestic violence and societal roles are damaging to both males and females as these roles and attitudes cause extreme psychological and physical damage.
Although women’s roles in the patriarchal structure have improved, these improvements are minor. Domestic violence, even today, is a method by which coercive and aggressive behaviors are used to maintain control over women (Yount and Li Li 2009). This domination is gained through marital power where men typically have higher incomes and more access to resources, advantages that make women inferior to their husbands and clearly express the relationship between women subordination and domestic violence. However, there are instances where a man’s superiority is questioned and the male feels threatened. When a woman stops depending either physically or financially on a man, her options become clear and she is able to work toward her own needs and well-being. These threatening situations may arise as women are gaining access to education and most importantly gaining access to resources gained through paid work (Arthur and Clark 2009).
Women’s opportunities and roles have changed since the mid 1800’s when working-class jobs where available to single women only, very few women were admitted to universities and they were expected to show excellent domestic abilities and be subordinate to their husbands to more recent times being present in political fields, and being awarded prestigious education degrees. Even though there are more contributing factors to these women advances than just gender, the social changes are becoming clear and of more importance.
Women and Paid Work
One of the main contributors to social change is women’s access to paid work, their presence in the work field has decreased men’s power as the resource theory states that the higher the number of resources a man controls and takes into a relationship the more power he holds over his wife (Arthur and Clark 2009).
It is reported that women are responsible for doing two-thirds of the world’s work and earning only 5 percent of the work force’s income (James 2012). Although these numbers are a clear example of sexism, it has still provided women with the initial tools to end patriarchal domination and to escape domestic violence. In earlier centuries, women were not considered to be suitable for work outside the home. However, after the Civil War, women became an important part of the workforce allowing them to earn an income and allowing them freedoms that were not possible before. During the latter part of the twentieth century, women had reached a different point in society, women started gaining job equality a well as pay equality which allowed them to change their roles within their households and society. Even though women were gaining more freedom from male dominance, the relationship between female empowerment and paid work is still one that raises debate. The increased feminization of the labor market has made women’s presence and their integration to the global economy possible. It is this increase that has led women to be empowered and to help transform and increase the choices and life options that they have available. Women’s presence in the workforce is especially important as there is a direct positive correlation between poverty and incidents of domestic violence (Hetling and Zhang 2010).
The majority of times, women are defined by the way they relate or compare to men. It is also a custom in many cases to describe a woman in terms of being a nurturer. These methods of describing women lead to them being dependent and subordinate to men. It has been through women’s participation in the workforce and their access to paid work that the patriarchal structures are being eliminated and new concepts of womanhood developed as a result of social and financial shifts. However, to understand what it means when improvements to women’s roles and status within a society are reported, we must first be aware that these improvements are often compared to societies where women have no control over their lives and no economic power and that there is a need for legal reforms and changes if these improvements to social positions and right to equal work opportunities and paid work will have a chance to lead to the end of patriarchal domination. Nonetheless, women are reaching an era where their presence in the workforce has allowed them to gain rights and seek opportunities that would not be possible if they were still obligated to only be seen as homemakers and still fully dependent on the males financially.
Analysis
Up until the nineteenth century, family structures and women’s roles within their homes and societies were decided based on patriarchal tradition and standards; it was the head of households, men, that had control of their wives and children as these had an obligation to provide unpaid work which benefited men. Although the idea that male superiority is natural and expected has been present for centuries, women have fought to change this erroneous mindset and to alter family structure for the better. Patriarchal structures such as politics, education, social, and legal fields which are structures constructed to support male dominance are slowly being invaded by women. Since the beginning of the feminist movements in the 1960s, women have made remarkable progress in the different work fields.
Domestic violence implies much more than physical abuse, it also involves psychological and emotional aggressions; It creates the need for control and total domination of another person and is often reflected in the women’s inability to join the workforce and form strong social bonds that will provide an escape from violent situations at home. In these cases, male partners concentrate their efforts in maintaining women subordinate and in enforcing the traditional roles that give them power over women.
Conclusion
Patriarchal structures have been around for centuries, it was through this system that male superiority was established and it was also based on this that gender roles were set in place. Patriarchal structures and their need for female subordination have caused enormous problems for female social advancements throughout history, but women have learned that it is through their presence in the workforce and through paid work that they have been able to break the traditional roles of homemakers and gain independence from their abusive and controlling partners. It has been the female access to paid work that has provided an opportunity to create strong and healthy social bonds that have led women to gain access to public as well as private resources that have helped them escape situations of domestic violence and subordination. Paid work has opened doors that create better advancement opportunities and that lead to their financial and social independence giving them the confidence to know that they are able to prosper in situations that do not involve physical, psychological, or emotional harm. Although women’s presence in the workforce has a long road to go before they reach gender equality, the progress already made has already started a process of change and a series of feminist social movements that will create more opportunities in all areas of life.
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Gender: A Figment of Social Imagination. (2022, Sep 11).
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Promote Personal Development in Care
My role is varied with the care of service users at the forefront of my role, I also get involved with the assessing of new service users and assessing their needs for care, social or recreational need, this then gets reported back to the core community teams it is also imperative that we put professional boundaries in place with regard to supporting a service user.
To effectively complete my role I have to abide by certain standards these standards are set out by governing bodies like the Care Quality Commission (CQC), it is my role to understand the policies and procedures in place around my role, I also have to comply with my mandatory training including refresher courses.
Working effectively with others to me means working as a team. In my core team and being open and honest with service users, when working as a team member we have to remember to listen to everybody else’s opinion and to take on board the knowledge of other team members.
Reflective practice is an important part of our continual improvement of the service we offer by asking ourselves questions of what we could do better, and to identify things that could be improved upon. It is my own belief system that makes me strive to be the best version of myself I can be. This is due to not having the best start to my education life so I have strived to constantly improve myself through my adult working life and the way I work by treating all individuals with respect, equality and Diversity.
I have line management supervision on a regular basis and as part of this we evaluate my knowledge, and if I need to improve on certain things, we also look at my training performance for the month and make sure it is all up to date, I also take positive and negative feedback in regards to my actions for the month, this enables me to reflect on my own understandings of the policy I work to.
When planning my own review and development I will speak to my supervisor when we have annual appraisals this is where all aspects of my role and conduct are reviewed and I can also do this when I have my clinical supervision this is also where I can talk about any development opportunities that I have come across or I am struggling with.
Reflective practise has led to continual development and improved ways of working as this is the best way forward for everyday to receive the best care, as we are all trained in the best of our ability by constantly developing our training.
Research
NHS POLICIES AND PROCEDURES, NHS POLICIES AND PROCEDURES , NHS ENGLAND.
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The Effective Work as a Nurse Practitioner
An effective nurse is caring, understanding, nonjudgmental and has a strong ability to empathize with patients from all walks of life. Being sympathetic about the patient’s hospital experience can go a long way towards improving patient care. Good nurses know how to perform all their responsibilities with the utmost accuracy and detail. They play a major role in assessing and treating patients’ medical conditions, and when dealing with the health of another human being, there is little room for error, so nurses must always responsibly carry out their duties Nursing is a field that demands much from those who pursue it. Long hours and the strain of working with ill and stressed people daily make it challenging.
Midwives are trained authorities who assist female to give beginning and preserve suitable fitness earlier than and after pregnancy. his centuries-old profession is predicted to emerge as extra common soon, mainly in rural areas, due to the fact of a shortage of doctors. Doctors were responsible for 92 percentage of all U.S. births taking place in hospitals in 2012, the most recent 12 months for which records is handy from the National Center for Health Statistics. That identical year, licensed nurse-midwives have been involved in nearly 8 percent of deliveries in the health center setting. By comparison, some estimates recommend that midwives may additionally take part in 50 to 80 percentage of births in different Western countries. (Nierenberg)
Midwifery in the twenty-first century is a profession that is deeply rooted in Nurses and midwives form the largest group of staff in Health and Social Care and are a crucial part of the healthcare team. They work in every sort of health setting, from accident and emergency to working in patients' homes, with people of all ages and backgrounds. Pregnancy and birth are major events in the life of a woman and her family. Midwives provide care for women throughout the pregnancy and childbirth and are the lead health professional for those women whose pregnancies are uncomplicated. Midwives must maintain a balance of empathy and objectivity, and they must know when to show both. Some situations call for an empathic voice while other times it is important to simply state the facts. The term 'midwife' comes from the early English phrase for 'with women.' A midwife is a licensed and skilled health professional whose best-known abilities and knowledge contain her role in helping women stay healthful before, during and after pregnancy. This commonly consists of managing a woman's care at some point of prenatal visits, imparting assist at some point of labor, delivering the child and presenting postpartum care.
Midwifery in the United States, as represented by certified nurse-midwives, certified midwives, and certified professional midwives, is a dynamic profession. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), a midwife's average salary is 93,610 dollars. Depending on practice, geographical region, location (urban or rural), benefit packages, working hours per week and type of care provided (full scope of women's health services, prenatal care, g) individual salaries may vary widely. The highest paid in the nurse midwife profession workplace in the metropolitan areas of San Jose, Golden State, Oakland, California, and San Francisco. The Joseph Emerson Worcester, Massachusetts area also pays well, as does the city of Anaheim, California.
What are the best parts of being a midwife? Welcoming a new babe into the world is an exciting time for families. Midwives are there every stair of the way – so the career courting those with a passion for helping masses What are some of the hardest parts of the job? The biggest challenge is facilitating that calm environment while multitasking. Like many different hospital jobs, midwifery can be bodily demanding. To be profitable at juggling your way of life round shift work and sometimes being on-call, it’s vital to be organized and have a supportive family.
I started years ago being a nurse assistant I have been doing this job for a long time now and I have been going to school for a while too but as the years passed I have wanted to be a nurse midwife and take care of women an babies but know I have turned my focus on something else now but hopefully one day I can become a nurse of some source. But until then I will conclude this with saying time period 'midwife' comes from the early English phrase for 'with women.' A midwife is a licensed and professional health professional whose best-known skills and know-how incorporate her function in supporting female remain healthful before, in the course of and after pregnancy. This frequently consists of managing a woman's care at some point of prenatal visits, imparting assist at some point of labor, delivering the baby and presenting postpartum care. (Elie)
(Thomas, 2009)
Bibliography
- Thomas, S. S. (2009). Early Modern Midwifery: Splitting the Profession, Connecting the History. Journal of Social History, 43(1), 115-138. Retrieved 11 25, 2018, from https://muse.jhu.edu/article/362596/pdf
- Weitz, R., & Sullivan, D. A. (1985). Licensed lay midwifery and the medical model of childbirth. Sociology of Health and Illness, 7(1), 36-54. Retrieved 11 25, 2018, from https://asu.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/licensed-lay-midwifery-and-the-medical-model-of-childbirth
- (Weitz & Sullivan, 1985)
- Nierenberg, C. (2015, January 28). .live { fill:#FAAF3B;} .science { fill:#FFFFFF;} Live Science. Retrieved from http://www.livescien
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Quality Indicators for a Nurse Practitioner
Understanding of Nursing Quality Indicators
Quality is a comprehensive term that incorporates a variety of facets of nursing care. The American Nurses Association identified nursing quality indicators in effort to ensure quality patient care. The National Database of Nursing Quality Indicators is a deliberate databank of unit-specific quality markers that are immediately linked to nursing care. This set of data reflects the connection among staffing ratios, direct patient care, and result of quality. If the nursing staff in this particular incident had been more educated on indicators of nursing quality, then they would have sustained changes that would have resulted in improved quality.
There are many things in this incident that I find alarming. The first thing I noted was the improper use of restraints. Improper use of restraints increases the risk of pressure injury which was also noted on the patient and which the CNA ignored after she was notified. The CNA is not qualified to do skin assessments and she did not engage in proper notification of the RN. Also noted was that the patient received the incorrect meal and the supervisor seemed to try and cover it up by telling the RN to keep it quiet.
By pinpointing nursing quality indicators, the hospital would have obtained information on vital procedures to assist them in identifying potential problem areas such as the use of restraints and pressure ulcer prevention. This would help them facilitate for quality improvement in these areas.
Advancing Quality Patient Care
Nursing quality indicators permit nurses and leadership to examine and evaluate nursing performance relative to patient outcomes. Establishing ways to examine these trends can help to identify ways of averting these things from happening. The hospital can utilize the data to determine organizational objectives for improvement at the unit level, and mark progress in improving patient care and the work atmosphere. The hospital would be adept to quantitatively pinpoint the extent of current challenges by assembling data regarding the adverse effects of restraints and hospital acquired pressure ulcers. Information includes specific methods to prevent pressure ulcers as well as patients who are at highest risk of developing ulcers. Information will also be provided on individuals at highest risk of adverse effects of restraint use as well as what types of adverse effects can occur.
Statistics from the nursing-quality indicators will act as a measuring scale should the hospital decide to integrate an improvement proposal. If plans for improvement were effective, the hospital would display shorter hospital stays, increased satisfaction rates, improved patient outcomes, and increased proceeds by reducing the costs of treating adverse reactions during hospitalization.
Resolution of Ethical Issues
As with many jobs in healthcare, there are many resources that can be utilized in order to solve ethical dilemmas. Healthcare professionals are not required to be able to solve complicated ethical problems alone. Frequently, other sources are needed to understand the full complexity of an ethical dilemma. Discovering ways to effectively deal with ethical conflicts is crucial not only to nursing staff, but also to the hospital in effort to improve outcomes. Resources that can be utilized include The ANA Code of Ethics. Nurses should be acquainted with the code and utilize it daily as it presents a structure for practice. As a manager, I think it is essential to include conduct consistent with the code of ethics into job descriptions and reflect that through annual performance reviews. This is essential when it comes to the scenario and fact that the wrong tray was given, and the supervisor asked the nurse to keep it quiet.
Another very important resource that should be utilized is our nurse educators. Our nurse educators play a vital role in healthcare. Offer ongoing education to all staff. Education is key and gives nurses the tools for making decisions. New member orientation and all education offered must incorporate ethics matter, including precise examples of application of theoretical principles to existing issues. It is evident that education was needed during this scenario as it appeared that there was improper use of restraints and the possible formation of a pressure ulcer.
An additional important resource is our assistant nurse manager. We need to establish a setting where nurses can communicate. This starts from the top and especially with our assistant nurse managers as they work closely with the staff on the unit. Having a workplace environment that stands behind its nurses in introducing ethical questions and inspiring them to address those concerns is important. As in the scenario, it is possible that the nurse assistant disregarded the fact the patient had a possible pressure ulcer and did not notify the nurse because communication was not up to par.
Lastly, we need to be more adept in collaborating with all staff. This includes collaborating with the dietary supervisor. We need to determine where the root of the problem lies so that we may develop a plan to resolve it and move forward. This is evident in the fact that the wrong tray was given and that there were several complaints over the past few months from patients who believed that their nutritional requests were not taken seriously by the hospital employees.
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The Implementation of Just Culture for a Nurse Practitioner
Just Culture is the approach of addressing issues in a work environment that can lead to staff members engaging in unsafe behaviors. At the same time, the unit attempts to maintain individual accountability. This is done by establishing a zero tolerance for reckless behavior, but understanding that human error and at-risk behaviors can cause errors. Reckless behavior is when an individual knowingly disregards hospital policies and procedures placing patients directly at risk. These behaviors are placed as zero-tolerance and administrative action may be taken (AHRQ, 2016). Human errors occur when healthcare providers accidentally perform something that is wrong or unsafe. At-risk behaviors are actions taken by providers that increase the odds of a mistake or the overall risk from treatment. For an action to be an at-risk behavior and not reckless behavior, it must be either not recognized as wrong or believed to be justified. In a Just Culture, the reason for error must be identified and addressed properly to ensure that staff members feel supported by their leadership and safe practices can be optimized. Systems that increase the likelihood of human errors or at-risk behaviors are identified and modified to decrease their possibility. Staff members that perform reckless behavior are identified, corrected and if needed disciplined (Ulrich, 2017, p. 207).
A Just Culture is more focused on fixing the problem than disciplining staff members. Prior to the implementation of this type of philosophy, staff members would cover up or lie about adverse medical events because of the risk of punitive action. This made it hard for facilities to gather information and fix problem areas in their policies and procedures. Creating an environment where the staff feels supported by their leadership, focused on finding solutions, not leary of punishment and driven for safe patient care has increased reporting of adverse medical events. This has led facilities to identify what their unit weaknesses are and address them with more complete information (Ulrich, 2017, p. 207). Nursing intervention: Leadership is needed to make sure that Just Culture is present in a facility. Just Culture begins with the leadership outlook and is integrated with interactions between leaders and their subordinates. Leaders must communicate actions that are standards for the unit through their policies and procedures. Nurses make an environment that facilitates Just Culture by placing the safety of the staff and patients first. This leads to team members responding to errors in a way that identifies facts and improve systems. Leaders reduce the importance of placing blame which creates an open line of communication between team members (Ulrich, 2017, p. 207).
Practice example: A nurse places multiple patients’ identifying labels in their scrubs prior to obtaining a urine sample from their patient. Once the patient produced a clean catch sample the nurse obtains a specimen label from their scrubs and attaches it to the collection container. The practice of the nurse leads there to be multiple patient labels from different patients in their pocket at one time. The nurse labels the specimen incorrectly with the wrong patient identifier. When the results are returned, they are for the wrong patient and the nurse identifies the reasoning for the mistake. The nurse ensures to collect another specimen and label it with the correct label the second time. The unit is compliant with the Just Culture philosophy. The nurse knowing this reports the error to their supervisor for correction. This error may fit as a human error that was created by a break in the system and laziness by the nurse. The unit management identifies the break in the system and implements two solutions for the error. The unit puts out a policy that nurses cannot carry patient labels on them unless going to the patient’s room. Labels are not to be stored on a nurse’s person through their shift. The unit also creates a procedural change that forces the staff to scan the patient's wristband and sample label prior to sending it to the lab.
Near Miss Event Description: A ‘near miss event’ is an error that has the potential to cause harm to a patient, but fails to do so due to sheer luck or because of an interceptive action. Inpatient care settings many of the near-miss events are medication related. Medication administration is relatively complicated which leaves many opportunities for errors to be made such as a provider failing to consider a patient’s allergies, failure to consider side effects of a medication and significant drug interactions. (Sheikhtaheri, 2014) Other examples of near-miss events include incomplete or accidental patient falls, mislabeling specimens, or even preparing an incorrect area prior to surgery. Near-miss events are important as they show evidence of error-prone areas or conditions. Many patient safety experts have determined that many of the root causes of near misses and adverse events are quite similar. By detecting the root causes of these events, providers can correct these causes and hopefully prevent future near miss events further reducing risks for patients and staff. These close calls actually have a unique advantage and that is because no damage actually occurs. Those reporting of or participants in a near miss event do not face any legal liability or disciplinary action. (Sheikhtaheri, 2014)
Therefore, individuals are encouraged to report these events to help create quality improvement reform. Nursing Interventions: Implementation of an online reporting system would benefit the organization and staff by easing the burden of reporting near-miss events. Online reporting facilitates analysis of the data; analyzing the event data can provide helpful information about the nature of the event and frequency and safety issues surrounding the incident. Because close calls happen as many as 300 times more than actual adverse events, it is recognized that there are more systemic flaws compared to isolated individual errors (Wu & Marks, 2013). This creates the need for systemic reform regarding patient safety and changes to those specific policies and procedures. After analysis, implementation of specific provider related interventions should be created such as one to one observed patient ambulation with a gait belt and controlled fall for those at fall risk or a ‘4-eye’ check prior to administration of a critical medication such as insulin.
Practice Examples: Prior to surgery, an anesthesiologist thought he was holding a vial of 0.9% sodium chloride. Instead, he was holding a vial of succinylcholine, a neuromuscular blocker used as a paralytic prior to surgery, the provider realized this potentially lethal mix-up. Because no harm occurred, a ‘near miss’ report was submitted, detailing the close call. The hospital system developed and implemented a red warning label on these medications to help prevent similar events from occurring. A 75-year-old man is awaiting knee replacement surgery on his right knee. Prior to entering the surgical suite the orthopedic surgeon is reviewing the patient EHR and recalls the right knee was to be operated on. Upon entering the OR, the surgeon realizes that the patient’s left knee had been marked with a skin marker, cleansed and a sterile field had been prepared. He then clarifies the patient identification and correct surgical procedure. A ‘near miss’ report was submitted and the department leadership was notified. Development and implementation of a dual identification protocol is now in use. Now the surgeon, anesthesia provider and OR nurse must verify the patient and procedure prior to sedation and preparation. Never Event Description: A “never-event” is an untolerated clinical error expected to be entirely prevented by implementing adequate safety measures and following practice protocols (Zamir, Beresova-Creese, & Miln. 2012).
Never events can occur during complicated cases because of clinician/nurse inexperience, but more commonly they occur from simple human error. While human error cannot be eliminated, it can be lessened with routine safety protocols such as checklists, wristbands, and EHR reminders. (Zamir, Beresova-Creese, & Miln. 2012) Never events, unlike near-miss events, are actually followed through with, and the patient and provider have to manage the consequences of the mistake. Nursing Interventions: Never events are expected to be avoided by diligent nursing practice and common sense. Many of the policies and procedures that we are taught in school have been put into place by sentinel events that are now expected to never happen. Aside from the severe risk to the patient, when never events happen the hospital must pay out of pocket to cover the cost of caring for the patient and they “are publicly reported, with the goal of increasing accountability and improving the quality of care” (Haas, 2012).
Some policies that have been implemented include: scanning patients’ wristbands and medications before administration (10 rights of medication), triple checking surgery sites, always implementing fall precautions, doing thorough inspections of skin integrity upon admission to the hospital and documenting all findings, turning patients every two hours who are unable to do so on their own to prevent pressure ulcers, 24 hour watch for suicidal patients, and strict rules regulating the use of restraints on patients. Nurse leaders should be at the forefront of developing these evidence-based practices in their facilities if there is nothing already in place. This not only protects the facility itself, but also sets the employees up for success and their patients for continued safety while receiving care. Practice Examples: There are a few common examples of never events: wrong amputation/organ removal, wrong blood-type transfusion, hospital-acquired pressure ulcers, and leaving surgical foreign bodies in the patient (Zamir, Beresova-Creese, & Miln. 2012). These largely preventable mistakes are life-altering for the patient, and they may cause permanent damage to the patient’s physiological and psychological health. A malpractice case against the medical institution that allowed the error to occur is also likely to happen; 82% of malpractice claims are correlated with system errors (Zamir, Beresova-Creese, & Miln. 2012).
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The New Professional Approach for a Nurse Practitioner
We look at the technical components of the organization, such as technological tools, the supply chain, and other factors in order to determine whether the tools for success are actually available. We must have these resources in place before moving forward with more complex theories, such as cultural competence and the integration of new methods (Leininger, 1991; Schaffner et al., 2006). The basis of the organization must be established, where these tools and resources must be in place before we can move forward with new theories, cultural development, and the competencies that have been discussed such as bridging the educational gap. Do the nurses have the tools to succeed? Do they have the technology to treat the patient? These are questions that must be addressed given the internal makeup of the organization, rather than the interpersonal qualities that drive support for the firm, as are being proposed within this project.
Specific Organizational Background Causes
Organizations are reliant on consistency and functionality. The aforementioned organizational trends are the result of education, training, interpersonal commitment, and so forth. Without this consistency, however, the organization cannot function as it should (Niles, 2013; Hasmath, 2011). So, a major component of this project is to bring consistency to the care environment to ensure that an organization will function appropriately, and the primary stakeholders (patients and staff) are cared for, respectively.
Causes are driven by a lack of communication. When there is no consistency in communication throughout the care environment, results are going to suffer (Niles, 2013; Hasmath, 2011). Here, the lack of consistency in communication is linked to education. Moreover, failed cultural competence is responsible for this trend, where there are barriers in communication and overall progress. A lack of cultural competence by staff, specifically nurses, becomes a specific organizational background cause. That is, failed cultural competence creates a divide between the nurses, where they are unable to show active communication, which is a vital component of the care environment and leads to long-term success within the firm (Niles, 2013; Hasmath, 2011). A healthcare provider that does not practice both cultural competence and active communication will fail to meet the needs of the patient.
Two nurses treating a patient different because of cultural barriers is a scenario that brings attention to this issue. Consider a Muslim patient treated by a Christian nurse. The Christian nurse is willing to join the Muslim patient in prayer, and the patient is thankful for the care and support. The next evening, a new Christian nurse denies this opportunity, claiming that her Christian belief system would not allow her to pray with a Muslim. Here, the patient is the same and has the same needs. Yet, the response from the nurse is different. This shows that there is a lack of cultural competence in the nursing environment, where this is an example of how patient-centered care is weakened when cultural competence is invalid (Niles, 2013; Hasmath, 2011). There should be consistency in how the nurses approach this situation, where the proposed initiative is to deliver stronger cultural competence throughout the organization.
Target Nurse or Student Audience
Education in nursing is deserving of more consistency. Moule (2012) argues that there is an educational gap in this environment, one where nursing students, for example, are learning different measures and not all educated equally. We find that this is a critical issue worthy of both discovery and intervention. If “Nurse A” is receiving education that is of the highest quality, where “Nurse N” is receiving a lower level of education, there is going to be a gap in care. This is a simple formula where more education leads to higher delivery of service and care (Moule, 2012). So, the student audience is not receiving the same level of education, where the end result is weakened patient-centered care.
The gap in education is problematic. Making the transition to the organizational environment, consider Nurse A and Nurse N working at the same place. On Tuesday, Nurse A is treating a patient. On Wednesday, Nurse N is treating the same patient. The patient notices that there is a significant gap in how he was treated today, compared with the night before (Tuesday). This is because Nurse N was not educated the same as Nurse A, where the result is the patient suffering because education is not fluid.
Here, the idea, as proposed, is to bring consistency to education. Nursing students cannot take on different levels of education, just as they cannot expect to function when communication has similar gaps (Moule, 2012). The goal of the proposal is to ensure that the audience, especially the nursing student receives the same information. Now, education is always going to be dynamic and the educational experience will never be identical. Still, the core concepts, competencies, training and instruction, and methods of nursing must be the same. Otherwise, a scenario will exist where the patient receives a lesser level of care depending on the nurse who is treating him.
Characteristics of the Target Audience
The target audience consists of the wide nature of stakeholders throughout the care environment. As one thinks of stakeholders within this industry, two will immediately come to mind. These are the patients and the staff, such as nurses. Of course, the target audience is the wider population who may not currently be working for a healthcare provider, or may currently lack access. The goal here is to ensure that all individuals are capable of receiving services, regardless of their background, ethnicity, culture, and so forth.
Proper integration of cultural competence ensures that all are able to receive quality care without limitations. Bridging the gap between those who currently receive quality care, and those who are unable to obtain proper care is a core component of this proposed initiative. Through adequate communication within the care environment, a stronger emphasis on cultural competence becomes viable. Thus, the target audience is dynamic, and can be any stakeholder who is going to find benefit in the short-term, or in the long run as connected with quality care, active communication, and the wider care environment. With that said, the specific target audience would be ethnically-diverse individuals working in the care environment, or those who are seeking care and want to communicate more effectively.
How the Proposal Will Help Professional Development
Professional development is enhanced through this proposal. First, higher education means that there will be more thorough implications for care in the long run. The proposed solution looks to change the dynamic of care, for the better. In doing so, the organization finds that there is higher value in training and education. The end result is a more widespread approach to cultural competence on behalf of the nurses and all stakeholders throughout this core environment. Consistency is going to be critical for the profession, where the trends will allow patients to receive an optimal level of care at all stages of practice. The nurse takes on this new role as one who is culturally competent and strong in active communication. Collectively, all of these new principles are going to deliver new value to the patient.
Proposed Solution
Consistency in education is the proposed solution. Additionally, enhanced training in cultural competence is a connected solution. The educational process is currently too flexible. There are nurses who receive an education that is not aligned with others, even those they are working with in the same company. So, our solution looks to bring a new element of nursing where there is consistency and support. The cultural competencies of nursing are being abandoned due to this lack of consistency. Thus, training will be enhanced. Nurses will be trained under certain guidelines, meaning all nurses are going to receive the same level of support, and consistency in training and communication so that they are able to deliver the quality that is expected by a patient. Here, our solution is proposed to heighten the level of awareness from a social and cultural perspective, bringing consistency to the nursing environment and elevating the response on behalf of the nurses and care providers.
Intended Outcomes
The optimal outcome is two-fold. The initial outcome is increasing education. Specifically, consistency in education is a need for this environment, where the core components of education align with critical value for the participants. In other words, we need to find a way to ensure that there is consistency in how we approach education, where nurses are learning similar methods.
The second outcome is bridging the gap in terms of cultural competence. That is, this gap needs to be narrowed, where nurses are consistent in how they approach situations with patients from various ethnic backgrounds. Consistency in this phase of development ensures that there will be support on multiple levels. In other words, we find that the optimal outcome would be more education on cultural competence, where the results (practice) show that nurses are consistent in how they approach situations with cultural implications. We understand that there will still be flexibility throughout the care environment, and realize that there will be a dynamic approach to how patients are given treatment. Still, upholding this commitment to cultural competence must shine, where the aim is to bring on a new level of cultural competence that is consistent with training methods and appreciation of the core values.
Literature Review
Constantine (2007) finds that African Americans have faced a struggle in the care environment. As an ethnic minority, African Americans face inconsistency in care. Part of our proposed initiative is to look at the ethnic minorities and provide an appropriate level of care, where there is consistency in care. So, the lack of quality care on behalf of the providers toward African Americans is a topic that drives this proposal (Constantine, 2007). The literature shows that there is an uphill battle to obtain care by African Americans, showing a gap in care and cultural competence by the providers who should provide care across-the-board, and not based on one’s culture or ethnic background.
The literature is compelling as there are various views of a similar topic. Leininger (1991) finds that treatment of ethnic groups within the care environment is not consistent. Generally, there will be financial implications that align with treatment. This tells us that the patient is going to be treated based on assumption, or financial merit (Leininger, 1991). This is the inconsistency that places a burden on this care environment, where ethnic minorities without the financial means are going to find that their care is not practical, as compared with others (Leininger, 1991). Continuing this theme, findings show that there is a major disparity in nursing, where the core competencies are often lost when dealing with a minority group, such as African Americans, Muslims, or any that do not fit the majority demographic (and have the financial success).
Counseling is a core component of nursing practice. Arredondo et al. (1996) find that failure to counsel those who feel they have been mistreated by physicians and care providers will have lasting implications. These adverse implications are going to burden the elements of nursing, and care. So, the literature here is speaking to this issue, where ethnic minorities are being treated differently than those who do not have the minority status (Arredondo et al., 1996). Our goal is to bridge this gap, where cultural competence is a valid concern for ethnic minorities, as the literature has suggested. We want to increase awareness on this issue, but also press for change, where the findings of Arredondo are essential a call to action in shaping new developments within the care environment in order to better meet the needs of the patient (Arredondo et al., 1996).
Westmeyer (2004) finds that substance abuse aligned with ethnic minorities takes on a different approach. Specifically, care providers and literature have aligned certain cultures with alcohol and substance abuse (Westmeyer, 2004). Here, cultural competence is lost, where there is a lack of respect for these cultures. Instead, it is assumed that they are abusing drugs or alcohol on behalf of their culture, and do not have a deeper problem. As has been found with the literature focusing on African Americans, blaming the culture instead of looking at the individual is a critical problem. Here, the proposal will wipe out these assumptions, actively communicate with the patient and find a treatment plan for the individual, rather than assuming that the culture leaves him or her hopeless. The literature shows that certain ethnic backgrounds or cultures are treated differently, and may be considered a lost cause (Westmeyer, 2004). Our goal is to overcome these assumptions and ensure that communication and training are consistent, where cultural competence emerges to provide all with the appropriate level of care.
Conclusion
The proposal is dynamic in how it is going to approach the care environment. We know that patient-centered care must be a focus. We also know that the major variables are going to be enhanced training and education for the nurses, more consistency, and a higher level of cultural competence. The role of the individual, however, becomes critical, as the nurses need to take on their expected roles and perform up to the standards that are required in the care environment. Moving forward, implementation of the proposed initiatives will change the landscape of care, where a higher level of competence and enhanced education, as well as more consistency will deliver good news for an environment where there is a major gap.
References
- Arredondo, P., Toporek, R., Brown, S., & Jones, J. (1996). Operationalization of the multicultural counseling competencies. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development 24(1), 42-78.
- Barr, J. & Dowding, L. (2012). Leadership in healthcare. London: Sage Publications Ltd.
- Cannon, E. P. (2008). Promoting moral reasoning and multicultural competence during internship. Journal of Moral Education 37(4), 503-518.
- Constantine, M. G. (2007). Racial microaggressions against African American clients in cross-racial counseling relationships. Journal of Counseling Psychology 54(1), 1-16.
- Hasmath, R. (2011). Managing ethnic diversity: Meanings and practices from and international perspective. Burlington, VT and Surrey, UK: Ashgate.
- Leininger, M. M. (1991). Culture care diversity and universality: A theory of nursing. In George, J. (Ed.). Nursing theories: The base for professional nursing practice. Norwalk, Connecticut: Appleton & Lange. (Leininger, 1991; Schaffner et al., 2006)
- Moule, Jean (2012). Cultural competence: A primer for educators. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Cengage.
- Niles, N. J. (2013). Basic concepts of health care human resource management. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett.
- Schäffner, M., Gebert, D., Schöler, N. & Kirch, J. (2006). Diversity, its risk and chances for team innovativeness, IFSAM VIIIth World Congress, Track 16, Berlin, 28-30 Sept.
- Sue, D. W., & Sue, D. (2003). Counseling the culturally diverse: Theory and practice.
- New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.
- Thomas, D. & Ely R., (1996). ‘Making differences matter,’ Harvard Business Review74 (5), 79-90.
- Urban, E. L., & Orbe, M. P. (2010). Identity gaps of contemporary U.S. immigrants: Acknowledging divergent communicative experiences. Communication Studies 61, 304-320.
- Westermeyer J. (2004). Cross-cultural aspects of substance abuse. In: Galanter, M. & Kleber, H.D., eds. Textbook of Substance Abuse Treatment (pp. 89-98). Arlington, Va: American Psychiatric Publishing.
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The Mental Health of High School Students
Teenagers across the world struggle with fitting in and tend to care what other people think of them. They want to be independent, but then again they do not want to be alone. This causes teenagers to feel stressed out, and their lives to be an instant headache. More times than none, almost all teenagers want to be accepted and get along with other teenagers. As teenagers get older, friendships become more meaningful and important. When they are not accepted or liked, then they feel defeated, self-conscious, and embarrassed. Through close observation and survey techniques, caring what other people think is a common issue throughout our society and teenagers today.
Students in high school consistently feel stressed over school and relationships, whether they admit to it or not. Recently, I conducted a survey to get more in-depth information about teenagers at my school. I received 24 responses, a mixture of boys and girls. About 42 percent responded that they do stress about trying to fit in on a daily basis. That is almost half of the responders that feel like they need to impress someone every day all to just fit in. When students become stressed about this, their anxiety also builds up with the heavy loads of school work they are dealing with. Along with stressing about blending in, they also feel that they are obligated to dress to impress. 58 percent of the teenagers that were a part of my survey wear clothes to impress other individuals, hoping that it will help them build relationships. This is a growing issue in society, and personally, I do not think that anyone should take the time to care about what others may think of them.
Social media is expanding across America and even the world. Technology is used every single minute, by people of all ages, in almost all countries of the world. A study conducted by the Royal Society of Public Health found that several apps such as Snapchat, Twitter, Instagram, and VSCO, teenagers and young adults feel increased feelings of depression and poor body image of oneself. My survey confirmed that more than three quarters of high schoolers typically post on social media. About 83 percent said yes, while the other 17 percent said that they do not post on social media. I asked my responders why he or she would post on social media, and I received a wide variety of answers. Majority of the individuals answered something along the lines of just wanting to show other people, “What is going on in my life and the fun stuff that I am doing.” A handful of people replied, “I am proud of the things I do and the people I hang out with.” A response that I had from one individual grabbed my attention. They answered, “I try to make my life seem more interesting than it actually is.” This is a common factor in posting, and I can see that this could be the case for many posts that teenagers post. When teenagers post on social media, often times they watch how many likes or comments they are getting. It can seem like the “cool” thing to do when they have a very active post. This situation is also related to wanting approval from other people.
To many students in upper grades in middle school and several high school students, it can become important or almost ideal for people to fit in by approval. 70 percent of Dassel-Cokato High School students concurred that they try to fit in by other individuals' approval. That leaves only about 30 percent are confident with where they are. Once individuals get approval, they are happy. The happiness does not last very long after that. The person who gave “approval” gets bored, moves on, and is looking for the next big thing. That teenager spent all that time just trying to get approval, and it is already out the door. The mental health and confidence of the person automatically shoots down hill, and then they are at the bottom again, searching for someone else to have their approval. Teenagers constantly set themselves up for disappointment by waiting all of that time to fit in. Although it is important for kids to be kids, it is also important for them to realize that the future should be taken into consideration. The one person that the individual would want to accept them will not mean anything once adulthood hits. Kids of all ages should not be afraid to be themselves, and should take into realization that people will love you and accept you for who you are.
In high school there are two major roles that can divide teenagers into two very different groups. One group is the leaders and the others are the followers. Leaders are a group of people who are comfortable with stepping outside their comfort zone and being able to voice their opinion without caring what others think. Followers are almost the complete opposite. Followers stand behind the leaders, go with the flow, and do not want to be judged by other individuals. In many high schools, students begin as followers, and normally grow into leaders. Out of my 24 responses, 71 percent of the group responded to their role as a leader. That leaves 29 percent as the followers. That small 29 percent will quickly grow into leaders, as they become more comfortable with their surroundings, and see other people doing it as well. Allison Linz, a sixteen year old girl from Dassel-Cokato High School, says, “I am not afraid of voicing my opinion and not worried about what other people think. People are going to judge others no matter what.” She is very right. People of all ages will make an opinion about you, so we may as well do whatever we want. I got a variety of other responses as well such as, “Leader, this past year has made me step up and I am okay with it.” A few others replied, “A follower, I don’t like being the center of attention.” And others said, “I can be both, it just depends on the situation.” For many, that is most likely the case. The scenario can determine if you are willing to be confident and a leader if it is something we are okay with. As many like to be a leader, it has forced the individuals to step out of their comfort zone.
The comfort zone is a very thrilling yet terrifying emotion. It sounds amazing to be able to do outgoing things and not be afraid. For 42 percent of my responders, they love the experience of stepping out of their comfort zone. I got responses such as, “It is a lot of fun!” and, “Yes, it increases my personality.” and, “It is good for everyone to try new things.” It can be life changing to step out and do something you would not normally do. However, the majority of teenagers do not find stepping out of their comfort zone very thrilling. Some responses were, “I get scared easily.” or, “I like being familiar with what I am doing.” and, “Sometimes, but I get nervous easily and do not want to fail.” Failure can be a major set back to almost all teenagers. The idea of it just does not sound like a great experience. Consequently, failure is healthy for teenagers. In high school, our personalities and egos are changing and failure can teach that a lesson. It can be difficult to comprehend, but the future is always ahead. Mistakes teach everyone lessons, and can make us think about the future. We can only learn from failure or mistakes, and that is how you change your mindset and strength. Failing in front of others can be the hardest part. 71 percent of people feel unhappy when they are disliked, leaving only 29 percent okay with it. It can be hard to move forward after that failure, but then you learned a lesson. Keep your chin up, and move on to the next big thing.
As more information has come to our attention, society and teenagers are afraid of what others think of them. It is a natural instinct we have, and someday we will grow out of it. It takes time, patience, and confidence, but everyone does get there. Days can get hard when worrying too much, but taking things one day at a time can ease your life up. Making sure that you are doing things to make you happy can solve many minor problems. It is highly encouraged to be yourself, and not worry about others, they are probably just as worried as you are. Be brave, and strive to do very big things without worrying about what other people think.
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High School Tuition & Cost
Fighting the cost of college tuition is a hot topic these days. As long as I can remember, tuition has always been a reason why most people don 't pursue their bachelor’s or even associate degree. Today 's society has changed students are fighting for grants, financial aid, and even loans to pay through school. In order to be financially comfortable in the 15th century a college education is a must. It is an everyday battle getting financial support from a college’s administration. Colleges need to be more affordable, obtaining funds less stressful, and colleges must enact policies that condone these principles.
According to the New York Times article by Steve Cohen, the soaring cost of college a 1,225 percent increase since 1978, nearly twice the rate of the rise in health care costs is such a problem for most families that politicians across the board are actually taking notice. The main people that are affected by the tuition increase are middle-class families. Because low-income and middle class families rely heavily on government scholarship and private loans to pay through school. On average, students are graduating with more than $50,000 in loan obligations, and parents often have to borrow even more money. The interest rates on private loans are higher than an average car loan, and each year the interest just increases. I believe there is a simple solution for all this, colleges should offer tuition deferment, offering alternative to traditional loan programs letting students defer up to 80 percent of the cost of attending school. Such as tuition, room, board, and fee and they have up to 30 years more or less. By doing so it gives the parents a peace of mind, and it gives the student enough time to find a career and slowly pay off the debt without interest adding each year. Most students attend a two year college because it’s more affordable. By offering reasonable payment options to students it will motivate middle class families to send their kids to a four year institution.
It should be everyone’s right to have access to college regardless of cost. There are so many students who would extremely grateful to attend any four year institution but can’t because of the lack of funds. College life can be very stressful, and the process can is very frustrating to most students the first two years. When the cost of college tuition is compared to the 21 century financial economy the cost does not make sense, because for a middle-class family it is impossible to afford sending their child to any four-year institution. It hard for students to graduate with the stress to pay-off hundreds and thousands of dollars in loans. Going to college is stressful enough without the need to worry about how we’re going to pay for it and what other costs will continue to rise with getting a degree afterwards. With the current increase of unemployment rate and the thought of going to college seems like a farfetched goal.
Many people choice not to attend a four year institution, because they did receive a scholarship or enough government funding. Having a college background is very important for professional growth, it will eventually limit career opportunities. My stand point is, you may not leave college doing the same thing you began with but the life experience is endless. College experience not only gives knowledge that builds you into a better person by giving a broader erosion. With the cost of tuition increasing will hurt our generation, by causing physical and mental stress but in the end it will all pay off. Not all colleges are for the blame; some of the blame is our economy and other factors play a big roll. As students we need to be aware of all our resources offered, such as Pell Grants, and government scholarships. For example, the some states will pay for a student’s college if they graduate high school with a GPA of 3.5 or higher. There are many states that are willing to pay for all or some of college tuition only if students are willing to use these resources.
Providing a high-quality education is essential for today 's generation to succeed. Americans are facing more urgent challenges than thinking about college. As Politian leaders it’s their responsibility to set a policy making it possible for all Americans to afford a four year education without the unreasonable financial stress. President Obama and Joe Biden are working hard to set a bill in place making education more affordable especially to the middle-class families. They 're trying to restore the faith, of endless possibilities of getting an education just not to the student but to the nation. Families are struggling to balance financial responsibilities when there is only one income running the house hold. Policymakers need to understand the daily struggle an individual faces without a college background to survive in today’s economy. It’s important to keep our focus on policies, because that it what colleges follow to set their rules and regulations.
There are many institutional spending factors that contribute to tuition increasing including, textbook, technology, employee salaries and other costly factors. I believe if we can regulate college spending we can cut down cost, making a four year tuition more reasonable. Also, approving President Obama bill will benefit the whole nation, it will offer more government sponsored programs such as, Pell Grants to students. It will also balance the income gap between those with a college education and those without. Companies are trying to build their workforce with skilled employees by offering to pay for a higher education. Companies understand it will be cheaper to pay an employee to get an education than hire a new grad. To motivate employees many companies are requires a Masters degree in order to move up in management. The number of people graduating High School each year is increasing, but the number of college graduates is decreasing due to cost. The wage gap between a bachelor’s degree and high school diploma is dramatically different; because of getting a higher education is so expensive individual decide to start working right from high school regardless of pay.
Works Cited
- Associated Press. 'School Board Approves Birth Control Perscriptions at Maine Middle School.' FoxNews.com. (2007): n. page. Web. 20 Mar. 2012. .
- Chen, G. 01 Nov 2007. syracuse.com, Online Posting to Should Teens Get Birth Control at School. Web. 20 Mar. 2012. .
- Grasty, Sharon. 'Middle School Birth Control.' 09 Mar 2009. edutopia.com, Online Posting to Should middle school health clinics provide birth control pills to students?. Web. 20 Mar. 2012. .
- Hersch, MD, Larissa. 'What are Birth Control Pills?.' About Birth Control: The Birth Control Pill. (2009): 1. Print.
- Kerns, Jeannie. 'Yes.' 20 Aug 2010. helium.com, Online Posting to Should schools give teens birth control?. Web. 20 Mar. 2012. .
- Mikulin, Rebecca. 'No.' 22 Sep 2008. helium.com, Online Posting to Should schools give teens birth control?. Web. 20 Mar. 2012. .
- 'Sex And America's Teenagers.' Alan Gutmacher Institute (1994): Hathi Trust Digital Library. Web. 18 Mar 2012.
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Childhood Trauma in Cold Blood by Truman Capote
During the introduction into the novel, Capote sets the scene of the murder, and introduces some of the main characters that will be part of the story later on. An interesting thing about this section is that Capote renders this picture of Holcomb as being a town where nothing ever happens, until the murders that shocked the residents of the town. We go on to meet Nancy, their daughter, as well as Alfred, who is Herb’s only employee on his farm he owns. Then the scene shifts to the soon to be murderers, who previously had already committed crimes. We are shown that Perry and Dick are planning a robbery, but they do not actually complete it. Back to the farm, Nancy begins worrying about her father’s peculiar behavior, due to a smell of cigarettes. This is essentially the end of the major characterization part of the novel.
Major events essentially culminate in Dick and Perry’s preparation for their robbery. During the beginning of the novel, Truman Capote uses a rule of 3 when describing various things. For example, when describing the views, he states: “horses, herds of cattle, a white cluster of grain,” “the streets, unnamed, unshaded, unpaved.” This pattern when describing things is evident throughout the book. When describing the events, he sounds very detached, just like if he was witnessing it and the just relaying what he saw without bias. This style of his also contributes to the underlying theme of this section. Because he is not involving emotion, or at the very least, limiting his use of it, he brings to light the sensation that a person’s life is short. Usually, when reading about such murders, authors always imbue some emotion to their text be it anger against the foolish actions of the murderer, or sympathy and sadness for the actual victims of the crime. This brings the sensation that a person’s life has value, that it is worth some degree of remembrance. This is directly opposite to what Capote is trying to say through his writing style. In his version, because he lacks emotion when relaying the events, he implies that it doesn’t mean much because everyone dies.
Recurring themes and conflicts include the residents of Holcomb’s loss of innocence. Before the murders were completed, Holcomb was a sleepy town where the residents trusted one another and crime really didn’t happen so there was no sense of danger that the residents had. Because the town is so small, it is plausible that everyone knew each other quite well, so there would be no mistrust between the people living in the town. However, after those murders, it is very likely that this attitude that life was completely safe changed for good. This is the loss of innocence. They realized that they were still susceptible to criminals coming from elsewhere outside the town. The people that lived in Holcomb were examples of the American Dream with their perfect, safe, happy lives that were then shattered into pieces.
There are 2 separate storylines in this section before they converged; we have the storyline of the Clutters and then the storyline of Dick and Perry. The way this organization of the text works is that it shows the leadup to the actual event from both perspectives, while simultaneously maintaining the perennial style of being detached from the events. The main characters would be Dick and Perry because the majority of this section is all about their exploits and then the immediate aftermath of the murders. Those 2 are the driving force behind the evolution of the plot line of the book. Their actions are what dictates how the rest of the book goes. However, if someone from the Clutter family, for example, changed one major thing about their actions, it would have nearly no difference in the plot of the book as a whole. Meanwhile, if Dick and Perry had done something different because they survived the rest of the book, it is more likely that the changed action would affect the rest of the plot. Then, supporting characters would be the Clutter family, along with anyone they and the murderers had any contact with. The supporting characters all help drive the plot along in the sense that their actions caused other things to happen. For example, when Dick was talking to the nuns about gaining black stockings, the nuns were not able to lend him any. The reason they wanted those stockings was to protect their identities so that they wouldn’t have to kill anyone. However, their inability to get some made it so Dick and Perry had to kill the Clutters.
Works Cited
- Capote, Truman. In Cold Blood: A True Account of a Multiple Murder and Its Consequences.
- New York: Vintage Books, 1994.
- Pranay Gosar
- Mrs. Otto
- GT/PAP English II
- 1 February 2019
ICB Part 2: Questioner
Dick and Perry both show rather weird behaviors when they write the bad checks, in their remorse. Why do you think this change in behavior happened?
This change in behavior likely happened because after Dick and Perry got drunk, they were able to show off their inner feelings towards their life. Even though on the surface they were still criminals, after being drunk, they were able to show their inner motives where they were still good people underneath. This also raises an interesting question of whether Dick and Perry were born with the mindset of a common criminal, or whether changes in their environment forced them into their profession( this makes lots of sense based on Perry’s childhood).
How does Perry’s dream about the snake connect to Perry’s worldly conflicts?
The snake connects because the snake represents all the adversity he has faced and all the problems he has faced. Due to his childhood, and being taken away from his father who he loved, he had a rough childhood, and it felt like his life was not his anymore. His mother was a drunkard, and he eventually ended up in the orphanage system, where he was ignored, and his life was not his to live. After a car accident that badly damaged his legs, Perry got sensitive to that fact, which is another obstacle the snake represents. The tree with the diamonds represents the hope Perry still has with his relationship with Dick and other factors.
Why does Perry still work with Dick even though Dick treats him like a subservient little kid?
Because he has not had someone to care about him, and Dick does. Due to his childhood, being put into the orphanage and being effectively ignored after his parents separated, he never had anyone that gave him any attention. Finally, after being starved of love for so long, when he met Dick who actually acknowledged his existence, he essentially latched straight on. Even though Dick ends up treating him badly, because he actually acknowledges him, it is a better situation than what he had to deal with as a child in the orphanage system.
Why does Perry continue to keep all his belongings even when they may end up getting in the way?
Due to not having anyone to love and no one to project any affection to, he ended up getting attached to physical objects very easily. Due to this, he doesn’t want to give any of them away. Even though most people will have something that they never will get rid of due to emotional attachment, with Perry, that attachment goes to the extreme.
Why does Perry regard Dick as an all-powerful figure?
Due to past experiences, Perry is essentially incapable of taking care of himself, especially with his emotional trauma and his deformed legs. However, at least in Perry’s point of view, Dick has it all in life. He has kids, he had a wife, he fell in love, he is strong, and Perry regards him as someone who has everything he needs and has no flaws.
Works Cited
- Capote, Truman. In Cold Blood: A True Account of a Multiple Murder and Its Consequences.
- New York: Vintage Books, 1994.
- Pranay Gosar
- Otto
- GT English II
- 7 February 2019
ICB Part 3: Connector
During this section of Capote’s book, I noticed some parallels between the events of the book and other things I have experienced, witnessed, or read about. One such parallel is between when Dick and Perry get arrested. Dick ends up essentially betraying Perry through ratting him out to the investigators and pinning the entire murder on him in order to make an attempt at freeing himself at the expense of his former friend and companion. This abrupt change is reminiscent of a similar happening in a book named “Eldest,” by Christopher Paolini. In that book, the protagonist, Eragon, is betrayed by a close friend of his. His friend, Murtagh, pledged himself over to the tyrannical king Eragon has devoted his life to overthrowing in exchange for clemency. This act of his proves to be a great obstacle in Eragon’s path, as he has not one, but now 2 extremely powerful enemies he must face. In this scenario, Dick does to Perry what Murtagh did to Eragon. However, one distinction is that for Murtagh, it worked out for the short few months that followed before eventually failing. A major theme at play here is betrayal, which is also a recurring theme throughout “In Cold Blood.”
In this part of the book especially, Dick is characterized as extremely selfish, while Perry is left to be the victim of Dick. Dick evidently thinks that killing the Clutter’s was no big deal, and when faced with a harsh sentence in jail, he decides the last thing he wants to do is to save himself while also condemning Perry to the same sentence. It is very likely that Dick only has Perry around to use him. This is reminiscent of the happenings in nearly every book that contains a tyrannical antagonist. In a book of the same series named “Eragon,” by Christopher Paolini, one character we are introduced to is a powerful dark magic user named Durza. In this scenario, Durza is under the control of the tyrannical king, who uses him to do tasks he sees as unfit for him to undertake. Galbatorix, the king, cares nothing for Durza, which is a parallel to how Dick treats Perry. While some things are different (Galbatorix does not try to blame Durza for something to get himself out of trouble), Galbatorix does treat him with obvious derision. The striking parallels go deeper than plot and surface level themes, and
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Sigmund Freud: Childhood Trauma Theory and Influence on Psychology
I believe that Sigmund Freud and his psychoanalytical theory provided a large amount of growth for psychology. Freud believed that the way people thought was sometimes without intent and , it was not directly responsible for their actions. He argued that what took place in someone’s “unconscious mind” was what went on to determine how they behaved and their mental condition. His theory also said that what someone may have experienced throughout their childhood, such as trauma, may have affected their future mental health. I believe that theory has answered many questions about why people behave the way they do in a situation. Although it doesn’t answer every question, of course, I think it improved the research of the psychology field and opened up a discussion. His research has gone on to shape the way that psychologist treat patients.
Without Freud, this theory could have been easily overlooked and we may still be looking for the missing piece which Sigmund Freud began to research. The hierarchy of needs provided a basis of requirements needed for a successful and healthy person. Prior to this idea by Abraham Maslow, psychologist split their focus between structuralism, dealing with how each section of the mind affected someone, and functionalism, studying how someone actually acted in a situation and observing how they functioned. Maslow decided to look at the bigger picture and learn about people in full. He created a diagram, in pyramid form, showing what people need to thrive. The most basic need for someone, stated by Maslow, was food, water, and shelter. From there on it continued to grow by sections. He believed that each section needed to be completed to be a truly healthy and rounded person. I think that Maslow’s diagram and research gave a very clear outline to allow for growth as people assuming we meet our initial basic needs. I think Maslow’s research and ideas were important because they inspired other scientists to broaden the way they looked that psychology and not just focus on the same ideas which they had been studying so intently.
Personality Psychology seems to be the most interesting field in my opinion. I find it fascinating that although people develop and act similar in many cases, they can have so many variations in their personality. I think that being able to learn about where someone develops the traits which make up their personality would be useful to psychology. The theory of the main five traits is also interesting because this could be used to best predict the origins of one’s personality and allow those results to be comprehensible to someone when trying to treat a patient. This is important because knowing that people are different is necessary. Not every person has the same personality or the same needs. Because they are different they need to be treated in a way which best suits them. So I am most interested in personality psychology because I think it is beneficial to know why people act in different ways and how we develop these habits and traits that begin to form who we are.
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Childhood Trauma: Preventing Child Abuse & Neglect
Introduction
The early years of childhood are the years in which the foundation of a great future for an adolescent or juvenile can be made. This is the time where a child is being shaped by the experiences that they encounter on a day to day basis. The experience can either be a foundation to shaping a positive future for the adolescent or the start of a negative life style ahead. Often times people don't understand that adolescents make meaning out of the things they witness, as well as the things that happen to them personally. Adolescents who encounter advancing situations see the world as a protected, energizing spot to learn and investigate, where grown-ups are accessible, responsive and ready to address their issues. These positive early educational encounters animate a kid's physical, scholarly, social, and enthusiastic improvement in this manner expanding chances for wellbeing, joy, profitability, and imagination. Numerous adolescents, nonetheless, don't have these open doors because of abuse. When it comes to adolescent experiencing Child Maltreatment it can cause trauma that can ultimately lead to choices that they make throughout their adolescent years and into adulthood.
According to Pekarskey, 'Child maltreatment is behavior toward a child that is outside the norms of conduct and entails substantial risk of causing physical or emotional harm. Four types of maltreatment are generally recognized: physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotion abuse (psychological abuse), and neglect' (Pekarskey 2018). There can be various reason of child maltreatment from the parent or legal guardian of the adolescent. Some parents or legal guardians are those who experienced child maltreatment when they were adolescents, but no one ever corrected the behavior or acknowledged to them as an adolescent that what was happening to them was wrong. Since the behavior wasn't corrected, this lead them to possibly mirror the things that happened to them, onto their children.
Purpose of Paper
The purpose of this paper is to not only bring more awareness to the problem of maltreatment but to also bring more awareness to the effects that child maltreatment can have on an adolescent life that can lead into their adulthood. Often time child maltreatment is looked over if it isn't an urgent need to remove the child or adolescent from the environment where they are experiencing the maltreatment. Maltreatment is a serious problem that can cause many other problems for the adolescents. With the appropriate knowledge and preventative actions for the problem, a great number of adolescents who experience maltreatment will have the opportunity to have a prosperous future, rather than partaking in the acts of crime.
Definition of Terms
When discussing what maltreatment is and the different effects that it has on adolescents and their future, there should be clarity of the terms being used in this paper. Each states has their own definitions of the different types of maltreatment. The definitions will be coming from the Child Welfare Information Gateway. According to the Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (CAPTA), the definition of child abuse and neglect 'Any recent act or failure to act on the part of the parent or caretaker, which result in the death, serious physical or emotional harm, sexual abuse, or exploitation, or an act or failure to act which present an imminent risk of serious harm' (CAPTA Reauthorization Act of 2010 (P.L. 111-320). The following CAPTA give clarification for the following terms:
- Physical Abuse: the infliction of physical injury as a result of punching, kicking, biting, burning, shaking or otherwise harming a child. The parent or caretaker may not have intended to hurt the child; rather the injury may have resulted from over-discipline or physical punishment. (CAPTA)
- Sexual Abuse: The fondling of a child's genitals, intercourse, rape, sodomy, exhibitionism, and commercial exploitation through prostitution or the production of pornographic materials.(CAPTA)
- Emotional Abuse: The acts or omissions by the parents or other caregivers that have caused, or could cause, serious behavioral, cognitive, emotional, or mental disorders.
- Neglect (Child): failure to provide for the child's basic needs. Neglect can be physical, educational, or emotional. (CAPTA)
Annotated Bibliography
Cuadra, L. E., Jaffe, A. E., Thomas, R., & Dilillo, D. (2014). Child maltreatment and adult criminal behavior: Does criminal thinking explain the association? Child Abuse & Neglect, 38(8), 1399-1408. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2014.02.005
The four authors contributed the writing of this article which examines the link between child maltreatment. The examination included different types of maltreatment which are sexual abuse, physical abuse, and physical neglect. It examines the positive association between sexual offense as an adult and child sexual abuse in the past. Also, the examination of the endorsing reactive criminal thinking and physical abuse and neglect as a child. The findings of this examination showed that child maltreatment has an association with potential psychological pathway.
English, D. J., Widom, C. S., & Brandford, C. (2002). Childhood Victimization and Delinquency, Adult Criminality, and Violent Criminal Behavior: A Replication and Extension. PsycEXTRA Dataset. doi:10.1037/e510512006-0011
The article addresses two serious social problems that are widespread which are childhood victimization and violent offending. These two problems are a continuous issue in society today. There are four major goals within this research. The finding in the end conclude a strong relationship between child abuse and neglect and delinquency, adult criminality, and violent criminal behavior.
Overview of Child Maltreatment - Pediatrics. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/child-maltreatment/overview-of-child-maltreatment.
This is an overview of child maltreatment. It includes what child maltreatment is, the different types of maltreatment and a various amount of statistics regarding child maltreatment. There is also a list of symptoms and signs that would been seen from a victim of maltreatment which is helpful to society so that they are able to recognize the different problem that are associated with child maltreatment so that they can get help for the victim.
Currie, J., & Tekin, E. (2006). Does Child Abuse Cause Crime? doi:10.3386/w12171.
This article discusses what child maltreatment is and how it is a major social problem. It goes on to focuses on measuring the effects that child maltreatment can have on crime. It also states that crime is the most socially costly potential outcome of child maltreatment. In conclusion of the study the research found that maltreatment can approximately double the probability of committing various types of crime. The study also found that boys are at a much greater risk to commit crime than females. The study also found that with the increased forms of maltreatment also shows an increase of engaging in crimes.
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Childhood Trauma: Long-Term Consequences of Child Abuse and Neglect
More kids are murdered in the United States by their parents from physical manhandle than the joined reasons for rheumatic fever, measles, chicken pox, TB and an infected appendix. At least one child daily in the country is murdered due to extreme manhandle probably twice the number (The Battered Child, 1969). A large number of children are brain damaged possibly thousands. At the point when this statistic was specified, the Baby Briana Case came to mind. Much the same as the finding said above Briana was one of the numerous kids who passed from cerebral wounds. She had scratch and bruises all through her head and on her upper temple. Baby Brianna was awfully tormented, assaulted and killed. Brianna was a couple of months old when her dad and uncle assaulted and tortured her. Her mom partook in the mishandling, biting her own child from head to toe, and enabled the assaults to happen. Parents damage and torment their children as though it is the normality. Infants are not supposed to encounter torment. They should be held and ensured. Love them and fill them of laughter and cherish every minute with them. It is disheartening to realize that numerous children don't get the chance to be loved in this world. In Briana's case, she was never demonstrated affection and protection. She battled for her life an entire 5 months. Just to keep on being tossed and dropped repeatedly.
Stressed and worried about children mishandle debuts. Kempe conveyed a letter to 71 noteworthy hospitals around the nation asking the number of children mishandle cases they have found within one year. There were 302 such kids 33 of the kids died with a 10% mortality. 85 endured perpetual brain damage more common than leukemia. (The Battered Child, 1969). Around half the portion of known battered cases are found in the hospital. One factor develops over and over for each situation they are two victims the beaten child and the parent who does the beating. The group's experience had prompted that regardless of how terrible the kid has been beaten the parent is equally in need of help. The mom at some point does not see the kid as their own instead is viewed as hostile. The batterer experiences long mental treatment and the child goes into foster care to flourish and thrive. Now and again babies don't recognize their mother once they are disconnected. In one case a social worker brings a kid a mother together for their once a week meeting. Much the same as expressed above most abusive cases are discovered in the hospital. The baby was brought to the hospital at 4 weeks for severe abuse. The mother is experiencing treatment. Amid the visit, she appears to be uneasy over the way that her baby has no reaction towards her presence. The video emphasizes how abusive parents require psychotherapy. Parents often feel inadequacy and uneasy. Thus, the difference between an abusive parent vs. non-abusive is that they are capable to sympathize with their child.
Every year in America hundreds of children pass from physical abuse endured in the hands of their parents (The Battered Child, 1969). The victims can't defend themselves nor state how they were harmed. They are generally so youthful. The nurses discussed cases of battered kids. There was a specific case about where a child was tormented with hot boiling water. Another case where an 18-month child came in with a broken arm and leg. The innocent kid was learning how to talk so he was unable to describe what happened or how it happened. As mandated reporters, specialists are required to make a report of suspected mishandle when they have a sensible reason to presume a kid is a victim of abuse. However, numerous mandated reporters are as yet reluctant to report cases even with brutal physical proof from the child. Consequently, almost every State forces punishments, regularly as a fine or detainment. They describe every kid that comes in as defenseless. In the United States, more than 4 children die from child abuse and neglect on a daily basis. Over 70% of these children are below the age of 3 (11 Actualities About Child Abuse).
Key findings Dr. Kempe video, part 2
According to the video a psychiatrist objective is to strengthen the parents emotionally. So they can deal with their own life-extensive procedure. Parents frequently don't have anybody to converse with about their contemplation and what they have been battling with. In the video, it is said how battering parents were handing themselves over by going to the hospital. In the sense that when the mother continues saying there is a major issue with the infant, and the specialist does not discover anything. The mother is communicating saying there is some kind of problem with me. It is a huge cry for help. For instance, there was a specific child who taken to the doctor's facility 6 times, for diaper rash and fever and so on. The specialists continued saying the infant was 100% healthy. At that point in time, the mother came because she had tried killing herself and the doctors later found the child was being abused. Her consistent visits represent a sob for help and everybody dismissed her. Along these lines, once the battered child team confirms that a case of child abuse exists one of the colleague meats with the guardians to examine the conditions.
Parents who become batterers most likely lacked mothering in their childhood. A great deal of the time guardians require relief from infant care and parenting (The Battered Child, 1969). Frequently, parents can't get sitters and lack assisting to their own particular needs. In result, this causes for the parent to lose control. At the point when a parent obtains no help, nearly anything can set them off. A parent never gets a get-away day from parenthood. Guardians require a break from the physical activity of a child, whether it's for an hour or a couple. It is essential to do whatever is fundamental for the parent in, at that time. Guardians need to think their own thoughts and deserve a bit of silence. Guardians require their alone time as well. All of that is necessary so that a parent does not lose control and turn to abuse their children when frustrated or stressed. Going outside when your child shouting and crying uncontrollably is fine. Once the parent is gathered and calm then they can return inside to attempt once more to calm their kid. Battering a child is at no time the appropriate response. It may work for an initial couple of minutes, yet over the long run will just harm both the parent and the child
The consistent solution when a child is in an abusive home is to keep them in a protected place like foster care and remove them from the parent. Individuals think the best arrangement is for the parent to go to prison. (The Battered Child, 1969). However, it has been demonstrated it is not the appropriate response. Guardians will be released and may have another child and the cycle can begin once more. Hence, the guardians need to look for help in order for the cycle to be broken. Grown-ups who endured mishandle or abuse in adolescence will probably abuse their own kid. Since child care is stressful, guardians without help from family and companions might abuse their children. It is difficult to envision somebody purposefully injuring a child, but it happens. More often than not, kids know their abusers and the mishandle occurs in the home.
Three key findings from the Why does she stay Ted Talk
More than 85 percent of abusers are men, and household abuse happens just in personal, intimate long-term relationships (Steiner, 2012). Domestic violence can be confusing. Frequently the victims do not recognize she is being abused. Violent behavior at home can influence anybody of all ages or sexual orientation. Regardless of whether it's physical or mental, DV is dangerous for both the victim and perpetrator. It tends to be passed down over generations. For example, a family where the father consistently beats the mother and the children more often than not witness it. Odds the boy will grow up to be an abuser and aggressive. While the girl will be a victim of abuse. Therefore, it is critical to develop effective methods to stop IPV.
Women in the United States ages 16 to 24 are three times as prone to be abusive behavior victims at home than ladies of different ages, and more than 500 ladies and young ladies this age are killed each year by harsh abuse in the Unified States (Steiner, 2012). Escaping an oppressive or violent relationship isn't simple. Although many people think it is. Often times the victims are threatened in various ways. For example, if the couple has children together the perpetrator will often threaten to harm the kids and take them away. It is not easy to leave. In reality, it is best to know resources and have a safety plan. It is best to know of nearby domestic violence shelters and their conditions. It is also crucial for women to protect themselves once they do leave. There are numerous assets accessible for mishandled and battered ladies, including emergency hotlines, covers—even employment preparing, lawful administrations, and childcare. Women should live free of violence.
One in three American women encounter violent behavior at home or stalking sooner or later in her life. The CDC reports that 15 million kids are mishandled each year. More than 70 percent of aggressive behavior murders occur after the victim has finished the relationship because then the abuser has nothing left to lose (Steiner, 2012). Different results incorporate stalking, even after the abuser remarries; dissent of monetary assets; and control of the family court framework to scare the victim. Victims consistently are constrained by family court judges to take part in unsupervised visits with the man who beat their mom. Escaping an injurious or fierce relationship isn't simple. The victim frequently trusts things will change.
Six substantive connections to your textbook
Child maltreatment: is characterized as an ongoing demonstration of inability to act in the part of a parent or guardian which brings about death, physical or emotional damage, sexual mishandle, or misuse or exploitation or an act or failure to act which presents an imminent risk of immense harm (Klika & Conte, 2018, p. 14). As talked about in “The APSAC handbook on child maltreatment”, child maltreatment is broken down into physical, sexual, and psychological abuse. As well as acts of physical, emotional, medical/dental and educational neglect. Abuse is merely considered by a parent or guardian. When it is a stranger causing injury it is considered assault. Child abuse does not really mean actual damage. On the off chance that the kid has been put under serious harm it is viewed as child maltreatment. Child maltreatment connects with the case from the Dr. Kempe video with the 5-year-old child that was manhandled by his mom for wetting the bed. He said he couldn't control it and was punished. She placed beans on the floor and was forced to kneel on them. The innocent child slept in the shower and was hung. He said he ate cheerios so he would be strong and prepared to defend himself when he goes home. The 5-year-old was hung over his midriff and arms. The child was experiencing severe abuse in, particularly physical abuse. In the event that a parent is stressed and frustrated they are more likely to be abusive. It is best to reflect on personal emotions and take a break from the child.
Toxic stressor: is a part of the environment that prompts solid, frequent or prolonged activation of the body's stress management In connection abuse impacts kids across various areas. Specifically, it impacts the neurobiological frameworks and structures of the brain (Klika & Conte, 2018, p. 47). This likewise connects with the video of Resilience: The biology of stress states kids suffering from child abuse and trauma have greater activation in the amygdala and there was a greater fear response. According to research stated in The APSAC handbook on child, maltreatment abuse can cause an adjustment in cerebrum structure. Moreover, abuse can be seen as a toxic stressor. For example, as specified in the Dr. Kempe video kids are helpless, thus child abuse can be harmful and toxic for children. In the video, the medical caretakers specified a situation where a 3-year-old came in with a cracked skull, severe wounds and was in bad shape. He was unprotected and at 3 years he was not ready to clarify his abuse. Obviously unmistakably he had been encountering dangerous abuse. His body was unmistakably experiencing a physical toll. At the point when the kid is presented to toxic stress, the brain is not making connections the way it should.
STEEP Program intervention: incorporate building parental comprehension of a kid development. They manufacture certain child-rearing aptitudes, such as reading newborn child signs and reacting in viable ways. Distinguishing and treating guardian's emotional well-being issues is a piece of the intervention (Klika & Conte, 2018, p. 138). In the event that guardians don't obtain the assistance they require. They won't acquire the capacity to be the parent they need to be for their children. A considerable measure of the children who were mishandled in the youth. Grow up to abuse their own kids. Due to the fact that it is the only way they know how to discipline their kid. In connection with the video of Dr. Kempe, the STEEP program could have been effective and powerful to those guardians battling with maltreatment. The program was produced to lessen abuse and promote effective elements. The general status of preventing abuse is low. If this intervention was implemented on more guardians, there would be less kid mishandle. The program likewise incorporates every other week visits starting amid pregnancy and nonstop until the child is 2 years of age. STEEP has effective networks and helps hinder decisions that are best for the child and parent.
Domestic violence: is violence or other abuse by one person against another in a domestic setting. Children exposed to aggressive behavior at home have a more considerable risk of harm. Child protective services frequently shield kids from parental inaction. The APSAC handbook on child maltreatment presents the case, of a mother who does not defend a child from a non-custodial person. The mother is then thought to be 'failing to secure' the kid. (CPS) has no contribution with, a non-custodial grown-up, however, has a duty to guarantee child well-being (Klika & Conte, 2018, p. 17).
Connor, Leslie's abuser at the age four, had been physically abused by his stepfather, the mishandling was sufficiently awful he needed to drop out of school in eighth grade. His mother failed to protect with all the repeated abuses. When boys react to exposure to DV they're going to have externalizing behavior. Specialists trust that kids who are brought up in harsh abusive homes believe that brutality is a viable method to solve conflict and problems. They may repeat the savagery they saw as children in their adolescent and grown-up relationships and child rearing encounters. Young men who witness their moms' mishandle will probably abuse their wife compared to young men brought up in peaceful homes. For girls, adolescence may result in the belief that threats and violence are the norms in relationships. In connection to Leslie and Connors case that is exactly what. Connor grew up to be a violent partner because of his troubled childhood. He more than likely to continue the abuse with future partners as well as his children.
Trauma: is a profoundly disturbing or distressing experience, as indicated by the APSAC handbook on youngster maltreatment it is additionally critical to enable kids to figure out how to recognize behaviors between that happen in the home that might obtain indications of past reminders of trauma than behaviors that signal real risk, and generate strategies to manage and oversee them (Klika and Conte, 2018, p. 211). Children can use the relaxation skills like focused breathing, mindfulness to cope with trauma triggers. It is critical to steadily encourage the kids to reflect on their traumas it will help with their healing process. Trauma triggers the amygdala in the cerebrum, which is our battle/flight/solidify focus. Trauma impacts numerous parts of the brain, since it is ongoing. It is evident that 5-year-old child from the Kempe video that was hung and punished by kneeling on beans will suffer from trauma triggers. He was also punished by being tied up at the end of the bed according to the mother he had rope burns from all his moving. Later in age, he can experience shock, denial, or disbelief, difficulty concentrating, irritability, mood swings, anxiety and fear, feeling sad or hopeless, feeling disconnected or numb. He was already showing signs of fear when talking to the social worker. Tied him up at the end of the bed according to the mother he has rope burns from all his moving.
Mental illness: An extensive variety of conditions that influence the state of mind, thinking, and behavior. According to The APSAC handbook on child maltreatment, child maltreatment includes parent mental illness which affects the child (49%) (Klika & Conte, 2018, p. 69). In the Kempe documentary, it states frequently the attention is primarily drawn to the child yet from studies it shows that the parent is as likely a victim of mental illness. They are not themselves when they are abusing their child they dismiss what they are doing. For instance, in the documentary, Sherry states how she turned out to be so frustrated with her child that she got her, hit her and choke her. She lost control and knew vaguely was she was doing. Sherry states how she just couldn't contain herself. When she reacted she got her child and cried with her. She doesn't recognize what came through to her however stopped.
Perhaps Sherry suffered from a mood disorder and that is what made her lose control of what she was doing. She knew she needed to get help yet was furious with everybody. She knew she needed assistance and assets. Mental illness isn't only an issue for the mother. Kid victims of abuse and brutality may mental health conditions because of damaging encounters. The mental health issues regularly recognized in abused kids internalizing (depression, anxiety, PTSD) and externalizing conditions. Parents who struggle with an anxiety disorder, depression, bipolar disorder or other mental illnesses are rarely able to cope with the stress of parenting and may be more likely abuse their child. People with these disorders have difficulty caring for themselves and are even less able to care for others. They may be withdrawn and neglectful or quick to anger and more prone to physical violence. Treatment of the disorder will improve coping abilities and decrease the chances of child abuse.
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Childhood Trauma: Long-Term Consequences of Child Abuse and Neglect. (2022, Sep 11).
Retrieved November 4, 2025 , from
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How would i Analyze Childhood Trauma if i were a Psychologist
Psychology has so many breakoffs it was tough to choose, but for me I knew as soon as I heard Clinical Psychology. I chose this path for many reasons, but the major reason correlates with me, and my mental health struggles. I began going to a Psychologist just over two years ago when I ended my relationship with my ex-husband who was mentally, emotionally, and physically abusive. The main reason I went besides the obvious was because he put in my head that I had multiple personality disorder. It scared me to think that somehow, I had so much trauma from my childhood that this would even be a diagnosis for me. I later found out I was perfectly normal besides dealing with anxiety, depression, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) from that relationship. Some other key reasons I picked Clinical Psychology was because of my friends who struggle, and family who are too proud to admit they need someone to talk to.
The most interesting part about this career field is that you get to help people get out of their own head. You get to help them see that just because they have a diagnosis, they are still them and completely fine. You will be able to watch them open-up and become more comfortable with you and over time slowly help them mentally process and overcome what was holding them back. I feel it will be such a liberating experience to truly help someone when it comes to their everyday life and simple taskers like getting out of bed, showering, or even driving to work without the bad thoughts or “what ifs”.
My ideal job as a Psychologist is simple in itself, I just want to help people. I want to be a trusted outlet, someone that people feel comfortable talking to. I wouldn’t really want a specialty in Clinical Psychology just for the fact I can help more and experience all types of people just being broad. My days would look like “Counsel individuals and groups regarding problems, such as stress, substance abuse, or family situations, to modify behavior or to improve personal, social, or vocational adjustment” (What Do Clinical Psychologists Do: Job Description, Daily Responsibilities and Work Life). In order to become a Clinical Psychologist, I would need a PH.D. in Clinical Psychology, however in some states I only need a master. I then would need to complete Clinical trainings followed by getting a license and maintain my license. (6 Steps to Becoming a Clinical Psychologist)
References
- What Do Clinical Psychologists Do: Job Description, Daily Responsibilities and Work Life. (2015, August 22). Retrieved from https://www.owlguru.com/career/clinical-psychologists/job-description/
- 6 Steps to Becoming a Clinical Psychologist. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.healthgrad.com/mental-health/6-steps-becoming-clinical-psychologist/
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How Would I Analyze Childhood Trauma If I Were a Psychologist. (2022, Sep 11).
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The Childhood Trauma and Family Dynamic
The Pearson family consists of Jack and Rebecca who are the father and mother to their two biological children Kevin and Kate and their adopted son Randall whom they adopted at birth. Kevin and Kate are biological triplets with the third having passed away when they were born. Randall was born the day their other children were born and was left at the hospital and this resulted in him being adopted by Jack and Rebecca.
The Pearson’s are very loving and supportive of their children but there are problems within the family dynamics that contribute to some of the problems in childhood that continue into adulthood for the siblings and their mother. During the time the children are young Jack struggles with alcoholism. Rebecca was previously an aspiring singer, but parenting became her primary role with her demonstrating little interest in any other goals.
Randall, as an adult, has a supportive wife and family although he continues to strive to be perfect which often leads to his panic attacks with him continually being supported by his very stable wife. Kate has an eating disorder and is overweight which she struggles with throughout the show. She also aspires to be a singer, similar to her mother, but does not actively pursue this passion. She too has a partner who is very supportive of her and also provides stability although he battles with depression. Kevin has become famous although he’s hurt his career and eventually becomes addicted to opioids.
Regarding Jack’s family history, his father struggled with alcohol dependency and was abusive towards his mother. His brother was drafted and was presumed dead in Vietnam. In his adult life he cut off his father and it appeared that he has had no relationship with his mother whether this be through a cutoff or she may have passed away. Rebecca did not have siblings and often revealed that she felt judged by her mother while her father was very placating to the mother. She eventually experienced an emotional cutoff with the mother (and presumed with the father) after her mother made it known that she felt Randall was not one of their children.
Emotional triangles have been a dynamic of the family prior to Jack’s death. It appears that when there has been conflict between Kevin and his mother or with Randall, Kate has been pulled in to be the third party within the triangle. When there has been tension for Randall concerning Kevin, the mother has become the third party within the triangle. There was also a parental triangle in childhood with Jack often giving in to Kate while the mother would play the role of the “bad guy”.
We can also see the family projection process in childhood. Jack and Rebecca demonstrated often that they were supportive parents, but they often appeared to be insecure in their adequacy to provide for their children’s needs and often tried to compensate for this. Regarding Randall, Jack and Rebecca were often fearful that they couldn’t meet his needs being Caucasian (despite making many efforts) and projected some of these fears onto their child who strived to be perfect in order to fit. He later developed anxiety and would have panic attacks which persist into adulthood.
There also appears to be issues regarding differentiation of self with fusion occurring within the family. Kate seems to be an example of this as she has mentioned previously when she has discussed her relationship with Kevin. There also appears to be fusion between Randall and his mother. This ultimately leads to the family having a higher level of emotional reactivity.
Looking at the multigenerational transmission process, it appears that lower levels of differentiation have been created throughout the generations. This has appeared in Jack’s family with his father having difficulty with substance dependence, as well as Jack, and also leading to Kevin. There is also the pattern of Rebecca being the partner who considered herself to be more fragile and less able than Jack who often provided stability and support to her. This appears to be the case with Kate who often considers herself to be more dysfunctional than Toby and relies on him for support and stability. Randall does appear to consider himself to be more able but he often does rely heavily on his wife for support and stability as well.
These family dynamics create levels of dysfunction within the family which are demonstrated throughout the show. Having an inventory of how these dynamics play a role in each individual’s life and in the life of the family, is useful because it provides important information regarding the entire system. Using these dynamics, the clinician is able to make a treatment plan that will target some of these processes such as differentiation and triangulation in order to decrease the level of dysfunction within the family.
The first goal for the Pearson family would be to increase the level of self-differentiation of each family member. The family members demonstrate a difficulty in separating their thoughts and feelings from other member’s in the family. Randall often looks to his mother to define how he feels about experiences and specific issues whereas Kate looks towards Kevin in how he defines experiences and current issues. Beginning the process of increasing self-differentiation can allow the members of the family to have the ability to define how they feel and what they think about situations and experiences while also having that connection to their family members.
The second goal for the family would be to reduce the emotional reactivity. Much of the family’s emotional reactivity is surrounded by the trauma of losing Jack. The members of the family respond to events, specifically surrounding their childhood and their relationship with Jack, with intensity which has resulted in negative consequences for some of them. Kevin often has experienced these intense feelings and has been helpless against them which contributed to his decision to begin to use opioids. Kate has also experienced emotional reactivity which has contributed to her eating disorder as she has many emotions that haven’t been processed from her past and this has contributed to the intensity of her emotions in the present.
The third goal would be to foster de-triangulation within the family. The purpose of this goal is to strengthen the entire family and to increase their emotionality to one another as a unit as opposed to dyads. This will also decrease other individuals being placed in the middle of a conflict such as Kate being placed between Randall and Kevin at times. This would also decrease the likelihood of Kevin becoming the scapegoat in the family, especially between Randall and his mother.
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The Childhood Trauma and Family Dynamic. (2022, Sep 11).
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The Effects of Childhood Trauma and the Result into Relationships and Cognitive Thinking
Background on Abuse and Victims Effected
Children are developing Individuals that soak up their surrounding information and reciprocate it and express the same behaviors they view themselves. Children from two to five years old are in a specific developmental stage where they are essentially gaining an understanding of their world around them. For whatever reason life can put the children in poor conditions making them victims to abuse. Abuse often perceived by the masses as mainly physical can be other various types as well.
Abuse is defined as the maltreatment of someone or something usually associated with cruelty. There are various types of abuse as well that people can experience. These types of abuse are emotional, physical, sexual, and psychological. Another thing to note about abuse, is that abuse can cause a multitude of psychological disorders and/ or mental sicknesses. A psychological disorder can be summarized and defined as any abnormal behaviors including ways of thinking and living. If this abuse was done to a child, who as I stated earlier are gaining an understanding of their world, they could gain a negative self image of themselves and have other things happen to them mentally which will change their psyche. With this change of psyche there comes the trauma and then the psychological disorders and mental illnesses as they are growing up. “On the other end, stress and trauma during development, such as that endured during physical abuse or lack of parental involvement, can have lasting negative outcomes.” (Gowin, page 1)
This will affect not only themselves but aspects to their life like socializing and the way they connect with people. The way that people connect with each other comes from the way we were treated as children and the care that was given and provided to us as kids. This entire idea of connecting with people and the bonds we form with family and friends can be described with the attachment theory. The attachment theory states that there are four different attachment types that children can form with the parent figure in their lives. These four attachment types will reflect in the future directly onto other people from the child. According to Bowlby and Ainsworth “attachments with the primary caregiver develop during the first 18 months or so of the child’s life, starting with instinctual behaviors like crying and clinging.” (Kennedy).
As previously stated, abuse effects the way that the person who is abused interacts with others in multiple ways. In a child the forming brain is more delicate and fragile both physically and mentally. The surrounding environment can provide early stressors that can cause a multitude of damages to the developing brain. During this phase as well, the child has a self-centered and high personal value of themselves. They are essentially the center of their own unique universe. This effects the way they process things that happen to them as blaming themselves or that it must have happened to them specifically because of something that they had done. “They see themselves as the center of the universe and everything that happens is directly related to their own sensation.” (Harlan, page 1). This self-centered image breaks them down heavily mentally. Things that arise from this problem are PTSD, psychological disorders, and mental illnesses, that is the result of things like abuse and trauma onto a child.
Abuse and How it Changes the Developing Child
The developing brain of a child as previously stated is very susceptible to new information that they are surrounded by. When you are young everything that you are taught whether it be in the classroom or at home all forms your morals and your personality. Your morals and personality will than develop into your thinking of what is right and wrong, and this thinking of what is right or wrong is affected by the parent or guardians heavily, especially when disciplinary force is put into place. When someone is undergoing abuse there is stress and this stress causes problems directly to the brain. A researcher by the name of Jamie Hanson dove into this idea at a conference that Dr. Joshua Gowin reported on in the Psychology Today article on “The Damaging Impact of Abuse on Brain Development”, In this article he says,”… orphaned children and physically abused children had smaller amygdala and hippocampi at age 12 than children without a history of stress. Those with the smallest amygdala and hippocampi also had the most behavioral problems, like getting in fights or skipping school.” This idea that Dr. Hanson covered touches on the same idea iterated earlier of the lack of knowing right from wrong when the parental guardian lacks in teaching. Stress releases Cortisol according this article a lot of stress which is the result of abuse or a trauma including abuse. The extra amounts of Cortisol cause improper growth of the hippocampus and Amygdala. (Gowin, page 1)
Cognitive Thinking/ Cognitive Development and the Relation to Abuse
Cognitive thinking is the formation of the way that an individual thinks and forms idea about everything. The way you understand the way things work and the process of everything and the entire thought formation. Cognitive thinking and development must be formed in the first place. The way these are formed is through experiences and around the ages two through seven. This idea is from Piaget who talked about different stages of cognitive development and the age of two to seven is the preoperational stage. The preoperational stage states that children are more involved with their imagination and adding the surroundings to it. An example of this would be make believe playing house or life and mimicking parental or guardian behavior they observe and exhibiting it as play. Piaget also goes on to talk about the susceptibility and the fragile susceptibility of the brain. Piaget states, “According to Piaget, make use of magical thinking based on their own sensory and perceptual abilities and are easily misled. Children engage in magical thinking, for instance, while speaking with their parents on the telephone and then asking for a gift, expecting it to arrive via the telephone.”( Piaget) This statement means that the mind of the child are susceptible to all types of information good or bad right or wrong. This also is a description and reason for things like the idea of the cycle of abuse.
The cycle of abuse is a theory that states that if exposed to physical and psychological abuse the child that was abused is more likely to abuse their own children. There is theories that the child sees the abuse when they are young and according to the pre operational stage by Piaget they see this behavior and they see it as the “right” thing to do when in reality it is the only thing that they know. There are ways to stop the cycles of abuse that some psychologists specialize in helping. The second theory for cycle of abuse was researched in early two thousand and produced results that made it a reasonable assumption that the abused do continue the abuse they received because of positive reinforced abuse. This positive reinforced abuse or the “inter-generational transmission theory” (Craig, Page 1) means that when the child saw violence or abuse in the household the child would be actively learning and listening light making the child think that the abuse of whomever was in fact the correct way to act, or how they should act. This is another reason or theory on why the children who come from abused homes have a tendency for violence acting out like stated earlier. This all relates back to the main idea that the cognitive development and the cognitive thinking of a child is entirely affected by not only their surroundings but their examples they are around as well.( Department of Social Work, University of Kentucky, Lexington)
The Department of Social Work in Kentucky had done an investigation into “Trauma exposure and child abuse potential”. This investigation had looked into multiple reasons for why a child might continue to abuse such as their parents or guardians did. The Department used something called a CAPI test. The CAPI test, or the Child Abuse Potential Inventory is a one hundred and sixty question test that determines if a caretaker is likely to abuse the individual being taken care of. These tests were used on guardians or care givers that were being investigated or had cases against them of abuse. The Department of Social Work was trying to ascertain the connection between the ones who scored high on the CAPI test and if they scored high the connection of why and if they were abused in their childhood or before. This test concluded that those who were abused did in fact score high on the CAPI a test. The participants were asked to do a trauma screening voluntarily. This trauma screen would provide the information on whether they had trauma in their lives and thus provide the connection that those traumatized or abused continue the cycle. To restate the main idea, the cycle of abuse is caused by the change in an abused individual therefore changing their cognitive development and the way they think, which causes them to abuse the child they take care of, if the cycle continues, thus continuing this cycle until it is stopped with treatments.
Future Directions for Research
In doing this compilation of different studies on the effects of abuse and the result into relationships and cognitive thinking in children there are a lot of areas of study that remain just theories that more research towards would benefit tremendously. These theories such as the cycle of abuse theory would benefit in more research, because of the benefits it will provide for CPS and understanding who would be good care providers or if parents are suitable to take care of the children. Some more research could also be directed toward the treatments and reconstructing of an individuals way of thinking that has been affected by trauma, the care taker who was abusing and has been abused should receive the therapy as well and given more restriction in the future on interacting with children.
Conclusion
The topic of abuse is never an easy one to talk about, but it is necessary to talk about to raise awareness about it. Many people act selfishly around children not regarding the fact that what they are doing could harm the young mind growing near them. Children are creatures meant to learn, like little sponges they soak up all the information around them, which is good it is how they learn, but when someone takes advantage or disregards this fact the child could be in a poor predicament in not knowing right from wrong. People may also be hopeless in their situations after being abused or angry with themselves after seeing that they are the abuser continuing the cycle, to them there is still hope and if you get help. The cycle of abuse can be ended.
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The Effects of Childhood Trauma and the Result into Relationships and Cognitive Thinking. (2022, Sep 11).
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Servant Leadership and Management in the Workforce
Introduction
There has always been a struggle between leadership and management in the workforce. Both place a very strong emphasis on different areas of the workforce. Management emphasizes productivity whereas leadership focuses more on personal development and growth. No matter the case, both have a strong effect on the organizational culture that is cultivated within the workforce. They can affect the performance and overall growth of the company. However, despite the amount of research that show leadership has a far more exceeding proven effect, companies seem to still place a strong focus on management anyways. Leadership, however, has been proven to be more successful in meeting the needs of the company and sustaining a culture conducive for growth and personal development.
Problem Statement
The problem addressed here is the effects of leadership on organizational culture and how culture affects employees’ overall performance. One aspect of the workforce that culture plays a major role in is job satisfaction (Pawirosumato, Purwanto & Gunawan, 2017). There must be a change in leadership and the way culture is cultivated in order for employees’ outlook on their job to change. Companies are experiencing an increase in employee turnover rates partly due to culture that leadership has created within. There must be a consistent positive and motivating culture that first starts with leadership and then will be emulated by the staff. Much of the behavior seen in staff can be attributed to what is seen or being exhibited by leadership or a lack thereof. In most companies, there is a strong obligation to keep numbers up and as a result employees are lost in the daily operations of the company. Indeed, there must be productivity but there also needs to be a focus on employee retention as well. This includes, creating a positive environment where staff can flourish. There are many factors that contribute to the kind of culture or environment that is created. For instance, trust, inclusivity, communication are just among the few factors that go into creating a company culture. These are ideals that hold true to both internal and external stakeholders. This also plays a part when it comes to the relationship between the company’s colleagues as well (Pawirosumato, Purwanto & Gunawan, 2017).
Theoretical Framework
Culture is a an important aspect of any company. According to the competing values framework there are four specific types: clan, adhocracy, market and hierarchy (Golden & Shriner, 2019). Culture is not just developed in one singular way but rather there are many different methods to cultivate culture in the workforce. Some methods focus on empowering the employee that they would increase their commitment to the company and ultimately there would be greater productivity. Other methods focus on setting clear goals that will keep the company on track to meet specific overall objectives.
Transformational leadership is a framework where leaders push employees to create change within the organization and bring about new ideas and concepts. The core idea of this concept is that leaders will inevitably create other leaders empowering them to make decisions and discover new ways of doing things (Golden & Shriner, 2019). It is an idea that deviates from managing, in that, it isn’t focused on numbers or hitting certain benchmarks but the development of the staff. This style of leadership is about inclusivity ensuring that staff are involved in communication of the overall vision of the company. After all, buy-in from the employees may also mean a new level of commitment. This also includes ensuring there is a level of respect, honesty and trust between staff and leadership. The leadership utilizing this framework focuses less on self-promotion and more about promoting staff and putting them in positions to cause change to happen. This inevitably has a long-lasting effect on companies for years and has a way of increasing employee retention rates.
Literature Review
Understanding organizational development is no simple task as there is no simple or one way to define it (Rowlinson & Proctor, 1999). Most would define culture itself as a set of values or beliefs that a group of people are willing to stand on. However, bringing organization into it adds a whole other level complexity because not every organization is the same. Therefore, defining culture would then be sort of ambiguous or, at the least, have more than one definition. There are two questions that have to be asked when defining such a term: 1) what are the held beliefs in an organization?, and 2) how do the internal stakeholders see the organization? (Rowlinson & Proctor, 1999). Almost every organization has a set of values and beliefs that stand as the makeup for why they do what they do. Secondly, most employees have somewhat of an internal perspective of what they believe to be true about the organization. Together when these two ideas come together, it essentially makes up what is considered the company/organizational culture.
Starting back in the 1980’s to what some believe began in Japan, the success of their economy was believed to be, in part, due to the culture they had cultivated in its corporations (Rowlinson & Proctor, 1999). Companies back then were starting to understand the importance of culture and what role it had in their organizations. Some of the big companies like Kellogg’s knew the importance of not just creating another company but a human institution (Rowlinson & Proctor, 1999). Many of the heads of these organizations began to realize that culture started with their own actions. Eventually it would have a trickle affect and began to work itself through the rest of the members of the organization. Once this theory was adopted and more and more organizations began to look at its effect, it quickly affected other areas of daily operations.
Culture quickly began to shift the way people perceived the workforce and it affected areas such as performance, job satisfaction and even turnover and retention rates. Employees began to realize that culture affected the environment in which they had to work and this was directed related to the amount of stress they felt at work. This realization helped organizations to shape what that culture would look like for them as they began to see the type of culture cultivated increased commitment of the staff (Saad & Abbas, 2018). Employees were more apt to commit to a job where there was a culture of trust and growth. As a result of culture it increased employees’ job performance in many ways. Not only did they commit to the job but numbers showed they began to improve in their actions or behaviors (Saad & Abbas, 2018). The type of behaviors they noticed were the ability to generate new ideas and to solve problems creatively. This even empowered employees to make decisions independently. Employees want to feel like they are a part of the overall mission of the organization and not like they are pawns. A shift in the culture in business has definitely put the ball in the employees’ hand not just the leadership.
The culture that is created in the workforce has a big role to play in employees’ satisfaction of what they do. Again, some workforces tend to focus on management whereas others focus on leadership. This can affect the type of culture that gets cultivated. For example, a focus on management may mean pumping out numbers and there may be a lack of motivation there on behalf of the leadership toward the staff. On the flip, a focus on leadership is all about personal development and there maybe motivation and encouragement to grow. One of the biggest factors that contribute to employee’s being satisfied with their job is motivation (Rozika, Dharma & Sitorus, 2018). Motivation is big component to the business culture and can either push people out or up. As a result, most companies will face fluctuating retention and turnover rates. The reason for this varies from one organization to the next, however, there are some common themes in most of the research to show why this keeps happening. As already stated culture can be hard to define and how an organization determines its definition for them is different. A culture of distrust is not only an issue but a culture of danger or threat poses a problem as well. This doesn’t just have to come from leadership either but clients that employees have to interact with on a daily basis. Sometimes dealing with unruly customers and not having leadership to protect you is a culture of unloyalty that can then be breed as a result. Employees often leave because there is a level of stress on the job they face when interacting with the people on a daily basis (Rothausen, Henderson, Arnold & Malshe, 2017).
Method
For the purposes of this quantitative research topic surveying will be the methodology used to study further. This is to understand the effect that leadership has on the culture that is cultivated within the organization and its lasting effects on employees. The survey will consist of surveying 100-150 employees of an organization. The questions will consist of 4 main areas: morale, job satisfaction, performance and future employment. Questions on morale will be based partly on whether or not they feel that their attitude or disposition has been positive or negative since having started the job and then what changes have been made to make them feel that way. Questions on job satisfaction will mainly look at their outlook or perspective on the job and what factors into that perspective. There will be a few options to give them some starting point. Then there will be a focus on performance. These questions will mainly focus on past performance reviews possibly and how they feel they have done performance related. Then there will be follow-up questions on why their performance has either increased or decreased and then what contributing factors play into that. Lastly, questions on future employment will strictly look at whether or not they see themselves employed with that particular company in the long run or if there are other prospects ahead. The follow-up questions will be focus on why they are leaving and then if there are other job prospects, what was the reason for choosing that specific company.
Population/Data Collection
Two groups will be analyzed in this study; employees who work in healthcare and those who work in retail. Again, interviews will be conducted with at least 100-150 of the bottom line workers. These two industries are being looked at because these are the two the face the most turnover in the workforce overall. The retail industry alone has quite a bit of turnover rate due to the lack of leadership within the company. This is also an industry that has quite a bit of people employed in the field as a good 11% (15.8 million) represent the workforce (Tuckey, Boyd, Winefield, Bohm, Lindsay & Black, 2017). The healthcare industry is a bit different but there is still high turnover rates they face yearly because of the culture that has been cultivated by leadership. Mostly those affected by leadership are those are the bottom line staff. Typically, they also understand best what the culture is and what it’s like operating in the environment being created. These are employees who range in age and ethnicity as well. Most employees, in retail at least, are high school graduates and are either in college or may have graduated. However, in the healthcare field these are employees who range from high school graduates all the way up to individuals who hold masters degrees. Similarly, they also tend to vary in age and ethnicity. It also depends on the type of position as well. One other aspect to focus on are subsections within the retail industry itself as focusing on one might have screwed results in the end (Tuckey, Boyd, Winefield, Bohm, Lindsay & Black, 2017). Gathering data from as many people and as many different areas within the two industries will definitely prove to yield better research than one main focus.
Bridging the Gap
In most research, there is always other pieces of information that is needed in order to get a full picture of the problem. For this particular study, more statistics on employees working in the retail and healthcare industry is needed. For example, what are the demographics and psychographics of these employees. In addition, the actual retention and turnover rates would be a major piece of information in this. Also, to be able to differentiate between employees who have been terminated or laid off and those who voluntarily quit, there would need to be more information presented. As it stands, not every employee quits but some are terminated and in high numbers each year. Information on statistics for the subsectors of these two industries would be necessary as well. It would be interesting to know which area of retail or the healthcare has the most turnover rate. This could lead to some other pertinent information along the way.
Conclusion
The ultimate goal of this study is to show that leadership has an effect on company culture and that by cultivating the right culture you can effectively retain staff and increase a positive working environment. In addition, the need to understand the type of culture that needs to be cultivated is very important as every company is different. This possibly means focusing on innovating systems or bringing inclusivity to the forefront of the company including staff in important decision making. The vision is to bring an awareness to companies globally of the value culture has in the workforce and the effects it could have on seeing a successful company or a company that was blown away in the wind. In order to do this effectively there needs to be a strong understanding of what leadership and culture is and then how to effectively implement these in an array of different companies.
Resources
- Ghazi Ben Saad and Muzaffar Abbas (2018). The impact of organizational culture on job performance: a study of Saudi Arabian public sector work culture. Problems and Perspectives in Management, 16(3), 207-218. doi: 10.21511/ppm.16(3).2018.17
- Golden, J. H., & Shriner, M. (2019). Examining Relationships between Transformational Leadership and Employee Creative Performance: The Moderator Effects of Organizational Culture. Journal of Creative Behavior, 53(3), 363–376. https://doi- org.proxy1.ncu.edu/10.1002/jocb.216
- Pawirosumarto, S., Purwanto, K. S., & Gunawan, R. (2017). The effect of work environment, leadership style, and organizational culture towards job satisfaction and its implication towards employee performance in parador hotels and resorts, indonesia. International Journal of Law and Management, 59(6), 1337-1358. doi:http://dx.doi.org.proxy1.ncu.edu/10.1108/IJLMA-10-2016-0085
- Rothausen, T. J., Henderson, K. E., Arnold, J. K., & Malshe, A. (2017). Should I Stay or Should I Go? Identity and Well-Being in Sensemaking About Retention and Turnover. Journal of Management, 43(7), 2357–2385. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206315569312
- Rowlinson, M., & Procter, S. (1999). Organizational Culture and Business History. Organization Studies, 20(3), 369–396. https://doi.org/10.1177/0170840699203001
- Tuckey, M. R., Boyd, C. M., Winefield, H. R., Bohm, A., Winefield, A. H., Lindsay, A., & Black, Q. (2017). Understanding stress in retail work: Considering different types of job demands and diverse applications of job resources. International Journal of Stress Management, 24(4), 368–391. https://doi-org.proxy1.ncu.edu/10.1037/str0000032
- Weldi Rozika, Surya Dharma, & Tigor Sitorus. (2018). Servant Leadership, Personnel’s Job Satisfaction: The Role of Organizational Culture and Human Resources Practices. Academic Journal of Economic Studies, (2), 120. Retrieved from https://search-ebscohost com.proxy1.ncu.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edsdoj&AN=edsdoj.074a5e5632a4d50 833947c075f92bc9&site=eds-live
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Servant Leadership and Management in The Workforce. (2022, Sep 11).
Retrieved November 4, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2022/09/page/5/
Ethical Behavior through Servant Leadership
The CEO of Berkshire Hathaway said, “In looking for people to hire, you look for three qualities: integrity, intelligence, and energy. And, if they don't have the first, the other two will kill you,” (Fahy M., Weiner A., & Roche J., 2005). Personal ethics are beliefs that one base their opinions and actions on. We develop personal values throughout our lives and they are constantly changing as we are influenced by different things and people. Every individual throughout their lifetime must make a choice on what they believe a situation to be right and wrong and how they put themselves forth in society as a whole, which is when their ethics comes into place.
Since childhood, I have been taught how to distinguish between right and wrong and it has shaped me into the person I am today. “A person of integrity is willing to bear the consequences of her convictions, even when this is difficult, that is, when the consequences are unpleasant,” states Lynne McFall (McFall L., 2014). One of my core values is integrity and to me it is almost like a moral compass that guides me to make what is considered the right decision. In my opinion, having integrity is the backbone of ethics and leadership because it is all about being truthful even if the truth is ugly. What goes around, comes around and even though one might be temporarily successful due to their unethical ways, it will soon catch up to them and in the end, they will be the loser. It is character and honesty that will outshine and not only that but will leave an imprint on everyone they encounter. I believe that if I want to make society a better place, it starts with me and I need to put forth an example of good character because good character will never be forgotten.
Another core value that I believe in is morality, which is the differentiation of right and wrong, good and evil. This is the essential of what ethics is. Having morality is doing the right thing and according to Laurence Sterne, “Respect for ourselves guides our morals; respect for others guides our manners,” (Williams D., 2017). When one does the right thing, that decision will never be in the back of their head doubting if they should have done something differently. Through morality does one also build trust; for example, when a company follows the ideas of the stakeholder theory, did their employees and managers operate as a better team. Unfortunately, many businesses only care about maximizing their profits, seeing their employees as a capital with little attention to human cost. Jeffery Pfeffer made an amazing point in which human dignity is much more important than human capital. Such a simple saying, but it has such a powerful meaning and it caught my attention. How I see it is if an action I take has a negative outcome for another, then it is considered immoral. I will always make decisions based on the greater good and never for my own well being if I know it can harm another.
Ethical leadership is something I am striving and learning to become every day. I put strong emphasis on the word ‘ethical’ because many people can be a good leader, but most of the time they can be leading for the wrong reasons. Joanne B. Ciulla makes a great point when she says, “Historians don’t write about the leader who was ethical but didn’t do anything of significance” (Ciulla J., 2014). This makes it very difficult for people to understand the difference between being a leader morally or immorally. There is also a difference between being a leader and a boss and how they make the people “below” them feel. A good leader will always lead to be an example rather than abuse their power to intimidate others. This will not only impact how others think a good leader should act but create an environment of trust and respect within the group. Robert K. Greenleaf makes a great point when he brings up the idea that a servant leader must act in the best interest of the whole community putting their needs first before his/hers (Greenleaf R., 2014). In my experience, working in retail, when there was a manager who would “get their hands dirty” and help us associates on the floor instead of just telling us what needs to be done, the group seemed to work a lot better and as a team. I truly believe that if I want to be a great leader, I need to be an ethical one and one that will be an equal to whom I am leading.
I believe that all these qualities are necessary in order to be a good person in society and to a business. My personal values help me form judgments and base my actions so that I can make the right decision and leave a positive impact to my community and the people I interact with thought out my life. This list of ethics has shaped me into the person I am today, and I hope to always abide in and continue to practice my values for the rest of my life.
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Ethical Behavior Through Servant Leadership. (2022, Sep 11).
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Servant Leadership as Effective Management Style
Abstract
This research paper was written to display the rise and domination of The Home Depot (HD). Although Home Depot had much adversity to overcome within itself as a company, it also battled with outside influences. The Home Depot was able to evolve and persevere with excellent leadership and decision making skills that continuously had the public and the natural environment in its best interest. This paper will transition from the beginning of the first Home Depot doors opening to the current state of the company.
Introduction
It all started on June 22nd in Atlanta Georgia when visionaries Bernie Marcus and Arthur Blank opened the doors of the first two “The Home Depot” stores in 1979. From there the rest is history and the hardware and home improvement business was forever revolutionized. Marcus and Blank were established leaders basing their business from community morals and ethics. The orange framed doors, orange signs and orange aprons signified a customer service guarantee to the “do it yourselfer.” In the beginning, as with most thriving and booming industry, there were leadership challenges, growing pains and setback endeavors.
Observations
In 2002, John Costello joined the company and moved up to the Chief Marketing Officer in 2006. Costello overhauled the mission creating the catchy business logo “You can do it. We can help.” His visualization was customers should be able to distinguish differences in store products themselves. The Home Depot was also known for having a military style employee hierarchy leaving workers in fear of losing their jobs if they didn’t follow protocol exactly. In 1997 HD’s transactional leadership cost the company $87.5 million in a settlement concerning female pay equalities. Frank Blake was hired in 2007 as the CEO; his biggest tasking was to repair customer service relations damaged by his predecessor. Blake was a charismatic leader and began his work by owning the complaints of angry customers by apologizing and encouraging them to continue to provide feedback and suggestions for improvement. Blake’s commitment to customer service was so effective he converted protesters into promoters and enthusiasts.
Analysis
Quite possibly, Home Depot’s biggest challenge was proving to environmentalists their business promoted a healthy environment as well as left a negligible footprint. The big orange was ridiculed for purchasing lumber from “old growth forests.” Protesters picketed stores for two years to sway home improvement consumers from shopping at Home Depot.
Recommendation
From a business leadership aspect HD took the best approach in knowing its adversaries and short comings. HD exploited cultural intelligence and social intelligence in its development the vital importance of aligning its business leadership with those of the conservationists and the betterment of the earth. Home Depot realigned it business principles with eight core values; excellent customer service, taking care of our people, building strong relationships, respect for all people, entrepreneurial spirit, doing the right thing, giving back and creative shareholder value. The eight principles set guidelines to help the business giant be environmentally sound as well as conserve energy, water and train its employees and shoppers to be ecologically conscious. Their actions not only propelled their profits and expansion but also gained the respect of a larger customer base and opposing forces. On the 20th anniversary of Earth Day in 1990 Home Depot announced its corporate principals to conserve the environment. HD became trendsetters inspiring over 46,000 hardware stores represented by National Retail Hardware Association and Home Center Institute to follow their lead and adopt their company guidelines. On The Home Depot’s 20th year anniversary it was happy to announce it had ceased the sales and production from “old growth forests.”
Dominating the home improvement industry HD didn’t stop there it also used philanthropy and volunteerism to be socially accepted and respected. The Habitat for Humanity was initiated by the Home Depot Foundation investing $300 million in building and renovating affordable homes, parks, playgrounds and facilities nationwide. The company also had a social responsibility to disaster relief and it capitalized by donating building supplies and merchandise to tragedies such as 9/11, 2010 Haitian earthquake, Hurricane Sandy and 2013 Oklahoma tornados. Moreover, HD donates $500,000 annually to The American Red Cross and has also donated over $80 million to build homes for veterans and an additional $2.7 million for disabled veterans.
With such success HD had to keep up with customer services, needs and time sensitive building processes. The HD leadership recognized its biggest competitor was Lowes. Perceptive of Lowes’ female and less experienced customer base, the HD leadership continued to aim their sights to accommodate to professional builders and contractors they established the program named “Pros.” “Pros” was accounted for 30 percent of the annual revenue by allowing the professionals to order their products online and even have them delivered to the job site in just an hour when ordered in bulk. The principled approach helped professionals exercise expert power by spending their time on the job site and less time shopping and compiling their building essentials. The Home Depot’s critical thinking and interdependence realized it lacked technologically and took a proactive approach spending $1.3 billion in research and development and electronic system upgrades. This strategy paid dividends to both customers and employees enhancing process flow and diminishing time spent waiting in lines or time spent validating merchandise.
Conclusion
The Home Depot has developed transformational leadership since the beginning from trial and error to comprehending the need for a paradigm shift for better business perspectives. The comprehension of honesty, integrity and servant leadership has proven a lasting impression and solidified the color orange in home improvement retail. Today The Home Depot continues to dominate the home improvement industry and has 2,248 stores nationwide to include stores in Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, Canada, China and Mexico. They also have implemented the “lowest price guarantee” and claim to beat any competitor’s prices. HD has been a front-runner for 37 years and continues to put its employees, customers and environment at the forefront of its primacies. The Home Depot as a business endures by delivering its business message and developing strategic alliances utilizing cultured business leadership to provide the ultimate shopping experience while creating value for all stakeholders.
References
- Draft, R. L. (Ed.). (2008) The Leadership Experience . Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning.
- Ferrell, O.C., Fraedrich, J., & Ferrell, L. (2013). Part 5: Cases: Case 10. In Business ethics: Ethical decision making and cases : 2015 update (10th ed., pp. 498-507). Stamford, CT: Cengage Learning.
Websites:
- The Home Depot- Home. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://corporate.homedepot.com/Pages/default.aspx
- Principals. (n.d.). Retrieved from
- https://corporate.homedepot.com/CorporateResponsibility/Env
- ironment/Pages/Principals.aspx
- Home Depot’s Generic Strategy, Intensive Growth Strategies –
- Panmore Institute. (n.d.). Retrieved from
- http://panmore.com/home-depot-generic-strategy-intensive-
- growth-strategies
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Servant Leadership Style in Starbucks
Abstract
Just as many leaders have the experience of overcoming crises, Howard Schulz, who has grown Starbucks into a global company, is another leader who has survived numerous crises. In 1987, Starbucks, which was just a coffee shop in the town of Seattle, grew rapidly with the help of Schulz, and in 2000 it transformed into a global company with global reach. With the expansion of stores from America to Asia and Europe, the momentum seemed unstoppable. Schultz says, 'The highest priority for Starbucks is to value our employees.' This was the philosophy that Schulz has cherished since its founding. The practice of this philosophy can be said to be a factor in the success of Starbucks.Q.1 “Starbucks is forward looking in this respect and strives to attract future business leaders and managers. The idea of planning for one’s own succession can often make people uneasy, but this idea is openly embraced at Starbucks”. Throw some light on the relevance of this statement and explain 5 important roles of a leader?
The succession plan is not only limited for the smooth transition of managers' generations and the stabilization of corporate management, but it is also essential for sustainable corporate growth. It is meaningful to change generations only by improving business performance and further developing the company. The person who has succeeded to the position through the succession plan will correctly understand the management vision that the founder has continued to draw, and will devote all his or her power to realizing and developing it. In other words, not only the job title, but also the thoughts and dreams of all the people who have brought up the company will be inherited. Unlike the conventional appointment of a successor, which is apt to be done clerically, the succession plan, in which the mental aspect is taken over, is an indispensable measure to aim for sustainable growth while valuing the unique culture of the company.
If you become a manager or team leader, the succession plan is a human resource strategy that enables managers to face the proposition of business succession that must be faced, and its importance is extremely high. Many managers have been waiting for a signpost to image the image of a company decades later and to move toward it. By considering a large amount of time and management resources spent as an investment for the future of the company, it may be possible to ease the feeling of hesitation in introducing to activate it.
The following roles are important for being a leader.
Setting a Goal
A leader is like a captain sailing across the ocean. If the captain does not set a goal named destination, the ship cannot reach anywhere. So a big part of the role of a leader is to set organizational goals. Conversely, without setting this goal, you cannot lead an organization anywhere. Similarly, if the goals and directions are not fixed, the people under the leader will be confused as to 'Where should I go and what should I do?' Therefore, setting goals is a very important factor.
Improve the environment of the organization
Next, the role of the leader is to improve the organization. For example, it is difficult to successfully lead an organization to a goal when the members of the organization cannot communicate with each other. It is also the responsibility of the leader to create an environment where members of the organization can work comfortably.
Serve as a model
The role of a leader is to serve as a model for members. Leaders are members who set an example for members to say, 'This is the way to do this.' If the organization has a solid leader, the members are often solid. On the other hand, if the leader has a habit of being lazy, the members may also be lazy, saying, 'The leader is lazy, so I don't have to work with such passion.'
You are required to work in a way that will serve as a model.
Encourage members to move independently
No matter how much the leader works deadly and becomes a model, the results that can be achieved will be limited if the members are not motivated. Therefore, in leadership, it is necessary to encourage members to move independently.
Development and production of humanity
It is said that humanity has a large part that is rooted in the unconscious area of the person, and it is difficult to change it. In order to improve it, it is effective to change the inner side even by changing the behavior, attitude, and remarks little by little. As a concrete practice method to enhance humanity, greeting to people, early wake up, communicating (report / contact / consult), and taking four actions at anywhere (organizing / tidying / hygiene / cleaning). Practicing these will not only enhance the humanity of the successor himself, but also have a positive effect on his subordinates and the organization.
Among the elements that make up leadership, there are things that should be actually learned through training and learning, and methods that can be effectively expressed through production. While 'ability' is the first element that must be acquired as an ability through training and learning, Humanity is also an important element to direct and appeal. Whether subordinates' love and ethics, which are the elements of humanity required for leaders, are judged by subordinates mainly by the behavior that can be seen intuitively. Therefore, it is changing the behavior that precedes changing the character itself. In other words, the development of humanity can be said to be reborn as a human being who has a deep affection and high ethics through directing daily actions and communication.
Q.2 “Starbucks has been forced to rethink its traditional strategy of accelerated growth by closing over 30,000 stores. CEO Howard Schultz has cut his salary to less than $10,000 a year, down from $1.2 million”. Throw some light on the relevance of this statement and explain 5 important roles of a leader?
Schultz's valuation for its employees was established in various systems, further strengthening the bond between partners (employees) and the company. Gaining trust by supporting and guiding followers with that trust as the source. This can be called as servant leadership.
Servant leadership is a leadership philosophy advocated by Dr. Robert Greenleaf of the United States and is based on the idea that 'a leader serves the other person first and then guides the other person'. It is leadership that deals with subordinates with a sense of service, thinks how to maximize the power of the members of the organization, and strives to create that environment.
Listen
There is a method called 'listening' as a specific method that has a great effect on improving the impression of affection. Listening seriously to the end without interrupting the story of his subordinates. Not only listening, but listening with a sign of acceptance and understanding, such as 'Yes, that's right' or 'I understand,' with a hammer, or repeating the other person's words is also effective. In communication with people, the most basic relationships that can make you feel affection are acceptance and approval. Based on this principle, the most basic and effective way to get the impression that you are a person with a loving humanity who is interested in you is a symbol of acceptance and approval. It will be listening. In particular, it can be said that it is effective in many cases when a leader who is highly motivated to achieve the goal and is good at logical thinking.
Take responsibility
It is often effective to be willing to take responsibility for any mistakes or mistakes that your organization makes. Even if it's not actually your mistake, the leader can give the impression that 'this person is a very neat person' by expressing that he is responsible. The fact that it is not the mistake of the leader himself is known to subordinates more than the leader. In such case, it is also a great opportunity for the leader to take responsibility and express integrity in order to form a good image.
Consistency
There are three types of coherence: temporal coherence, interpersonal coherence, and situational coherence.
Regarding temporal coherence and interpersonal coherence, first of all, through attitude surveys of subordinates and feedback from subordinates, try to understand the situations that tend to impair coherence, and the behavior when placed in such situations. However, the attitudes and behaviors that appear there are very different even if you pay attention to them on a daily basis. It is also effective to ask subordinates and others to point you out if you have behaved in a way that is inconsistent.
Regarding situational consistency, the above response is limited. It is very difficult to act in the same way no matter what the situation is, whether you are in a difficult situation or an unexpected situation occurs. No matter how much you try, you may have difficult situations that you cannot handle.
Physical strength enhancement
It is surprisingly effective to strengthen your physical strength if you want to improve it.
Situational coherence is to continue to work hard while leading subordinates toward the achievement of goals, without losing control even in difficult situations.
It is possible to realize that maintaining such an attitude which requires strong mental strength and commitment, and that strong physical strength is required to support it.
Strengthening situational consistency is a principle measure to strengthen energy and physical strength in this way, but in addition to such a straightforward method, it is also possible to use a directing method to increase the appeal effect.
It is to be conscious of actions in symbolic situations that can strongly appeal to your mental and physical strength. For example, 'On the day after work, everyone drinks late until the next day, they come to work earlier than usual and work with a cool face,' or 'when an organization is facing a very difficult situation and is running out of space.' That's why you must have a bright expression. '
When a subordinate is in a difficult situation, the production that shows the difference from the subordinate by exerting energy and physical strength as a leader gives the subordinate a great sense of trust. Even if you are aiming for a dramatic effect, training to stretch yourself at such times is also effective in strengthening your mental strength.
Confident and Trust
if we see a scene that temporarily loses confident, the sense of trust in the leader collapses, and the desire to follow is suddenly diminished. On the contrary, if a sense of trust is established by a stable attitude and posture from the usual, we will try to follow the leader by encountering the behavior of the leader who is highly appealing in terms of ability, affection and ethics. Given that leadership is a form of relationship that arises based on interaction between leaders and subordinates, trust is the foundation of most basic human relationships. Therefore, the development of trust between leaders and subordinates has the fundamental meaning of the element of leadership.
Q.3 There have been many Leadership Development Initiatives adopted and practiced in many organizations. As a leader list down at least 7-8 Leadership Development Initiatives which you will adopt at your workplace? (to be explained in 1000-1200 words)
E-learning - is also introduced for in-house training such as leader training. When conducting leader training, in group training, we want to emphasize opportunities for mutual exchange of opinions centered on discussions, while participants also need to acquire the basic knowledge and framework that are prerequisites. Often, you will have time to listen to a lecture on basic knowledge before the discussion. In addition, if you want to focus on discussion-based training, you will be guided through a book to self-study in advance, but there is the problem that it is difficult to check and reflect on the learning progress of participants. Therefore, we will introduce e-learning and have participants take e-learning at the preparation stage of group training. By gaining an understanding of the basic knowledge, you can spend more time on discussions without having to spend time on lectures on the day of group training, and you can conduct more fulfilling training.
Group work - means that you can improve your team player skills. Its name implies, is an initiative carried out by multiple “groups”. It is required that the team complete the mission for one given task while cooperating as a team. Naturally, different people have different strengths and weaknesses, and some people are good at leadership, while others are good at being behind the scenes. By doing group work, you can correctly understand your role in the team and develop the skills to contribute as much as possible. And through group work, you can develop the skills of team work and develop human resources who can immediately compete. A group work in which a group discussion is conducted on the given task, and the results are summarized and presented on a simulated paper or whiteboard. In addition to the technical aspects such as whether you can persuasively make a presentation about the results you have derived and whether you can make materials that are visually easy to see, the attitude of the individual who tackles the given task is also evaluated.
Mutual coaching and accountability - Leaders have to learn to be open and honest about their faults, and further, must learn to accept help and counsel from others. Much can be gained from having leaders discuss their struggles and weaknesses with each other and then subsequently hold each other accountable. This serves not only to improve themselves, but also to help others on the management team get better. This could be anything from specific situations that leaders are working through with their teams or the organization to leaders’ personality traits or communication styles.
Assessments - Multi-faced observation evaluation, also called 360-degree evaluation, is a method of observing the behavior of the target person by multiple evaluators and evaluating their abilities, attitudes, and results. The point of this method is to evaluate not only the boss but also the subordinates, colleagues, and the evaluator himself. Unlike the case where only the boss evaluates it, a more objective and highly accurate evaluation can be obtained, so it is possible to determine the treatment according to the individual difference in organizational contribution while ensuring the satisfaction of the evaluation target person. In addition, since it can give the target person a sense of strengths and weaknesses, it is used in both handling decision and ability development.
Mentoring - The mentor is not a boss, but a senior that is relatively close in age. Mentoring is not a one-way way for mentors to teach, but mentee will be aware of themselves, as the mentor and mentee continue to protect, advise, and interact. In the relationship of teaching from senior to subordinates, senior sometimes tries to ask with authority and the subordinates appear to follow but not really understanding the job. The subordinates don't even notice it, they just get stuck in the senior's mold. Introduce the mentoring method and let the subordinates think themselves in interactions, it may take some time, but by taking the time, senior will have deeper trust from subordinates. Incorporating mentoring in this way and becoming aware through interactions maximize individual potential. By helping and supporting each other within the organization, can lead to maximize the productivity of the company. It is a teaching method to think about 'how to do it' together instead of teaching 'you should do this.'
Temporary assignments - Stretch assignment is to assign a task that is more difficult than the person's ability. It is widely known in the field of human resource development as one of the methods for developing the skills of employees. The following are specific examples of assignments for young and mid-level employees and managers.
- Young and mid-level: Correspondence of irregular business; Business that spans departments and departments; Business improvement; Guidance for juniors
- Managers: Organization management; Launch of new department / business; Promotion and execution of business reform
- Posting leadership development opportunities - Organizations can also post opportunities on an internal “marketplace.” These postings can include opportunities available for anyone in the organization, such as a new business plan that needs additional assistance.
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Servant Leadership: Definition and Benefits
Once again, I’m amazed how this class ends up falling in line with my current thoughts or debates going on in my head or over some wine with my wife. Growing up I did not have a job outside of the family business, real estate. My brother and I would help my dad do the majority of maintenance (never did roofs etc). After I graduated from high school, I painted apartments and did handy man projects. From there I took real estate sales classes to obtain my license. Once this was complete, I began learning the property manager side. Having the brief knowledge growing up making repairs I had a good start with problem solving. Looking back, I would have said my dad was the “do as I say” style to me and that was appropriate at that age and level of knowledge.
As I have become more involved in the management over the years this is a debate, I can say we have monthly. “Do we really need their input”? Servant style leadership is ok for some businesses but has no place in others. For example, an EMT on site of an accident should not take time to make sure every other person on site agrees with his way of cutting the door open and getting the driver out of the car. Less experienced employees need to watch and learn. I have always been the quiet type initially, you can learn a lot by listening and watching others.
Recent examples of my struggles involving employees include software upgrades and some marketing material. Our property management software was server hung, not cloud based. Going to the cloud costs as much as a part time employee so naturally you weigh the pros and cons for a PT person or upgrade. At least the software can’t call in sick right? After several meetings with us decision makers we decided to ask staff what they thought. Of course, they all loved it and it will save so much time… I was not in favor of making the switch. We ended up making the switch a year ago and have not yet used an advantage the cloud version offers. That is changing now.
On the other side we created a marketing piece between the 3 appropriate managers and had a final draft. The 100% servant leader among the 3 of us decided to get some other input and ended up mudding the entire project.
I believe there is a time and place for each management style. Our office is not a multi-million-dollar company that can afford to try new ideas because employee A feels better. We are a family business that has over 80yrs of experience and procedures that work. I personally have found the younger the employee the less desire there is to be aggressive and take charge of the situation. Taking charge comes from watching and learning the different tactics when needed.
The key is blending different styles and keeping your company in business. I have no issue with getting employees involved at the start to gather ideas and concerns on the topic. Management should take those, do research and make the final decision. Sometimes we may go seek follow up input but the more you ask the more times answers will vary. The project may never end! I have 19yrs of experience in the industry, I know what works and what doesn’t. This does not mean I am not open to different ideas or ways of doing things but I will also take control and let you know when it’s going bad.
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Servant Leadership and Partnership Working
An additional organisational structure within our Trust that influences management and leadership is “Partnership Working”. This is an organisation which consists of Chief Executive, Management Board, Director of HR & Staff Side (staff side consists of members from professional bodies such as RCN, Radiographers, Unison, etc). They come together to discuss operational issues and negotiate fairer policies. It’s a chance for all concerned to hear from the various teams within the organisation enabling them to make joint decisions that benefit both management and employees.
An example of successful partnership is seen with the overhaul of the Trust sickness policy and bringing about a fairer policy that focuses more on the individual rather than a generic policy for all. The aim is to support the individual as much as possible to enable them to remain at work for as long as possible and give more flexibility. This has resulted in a lower sickness rate, a drop in the amount of staff off long term sick, and most importantly it makes the individual feel that they are being supported and are able to remain at work.
1.1 Analyse how theories of motivation may be applied in the practice of leadership
There are numerous motivational theories, one of which is Maslow’s theory. Maslow believed that the needs of an individual could be expressed in the form of a hierarchy of needs or a pyramid. This theory of motivation can be applied to the workplace as well as other scenarios.
Maslow felt that the most basic needs were physiological. Unless an individual has food and shelter, Maslow believed it was pointless trying to motivate them at a higher level. The same applies in the workplace; if employees are not comfortable in their work environment, then motivation at a higher level will be difficult.
Once this need is met, the employee is then motivated to gain a sense of security. In a difficult economic climate, do you as a manager keep your employees sufficiently informed of their job prospects, or is there a heavy reliance on the grapevine?
When a job is felt to be reasonably secure, the employee is next motivated by social aspects. Do you foster a good working atmosphere in your workplace? Is there a strong sense of teamwork? Do employees communicate in lots of different ways?
When a good social network is in place, the employee then looks for a feeling of self-esteem. When your employees do a good job, is it recognised? Are reward systems in place? Is positive feedback given?
When all of the above are in place, the employee next looks for self-fulfilment. Do employees have opportunities to learn and progress at work? Are training opportunities provided?
Employees can be at different stages of the pyramid so be aware so that you can promote motivation at the correct level.
[image: Image result for maslow's hierarchy of needs]
Source; www.allthingsworkplace.com (Maslow’s hierarchy of needs)
Another theory is Herzberg. He felt that certain conditions, or “hygiene factors”, had to be in place for employees to be satisfied, but these did not necessarily motivate employees.
- Hygiene Factors Motivators
- Status Being able to achieve
- Security Being recognised
- Work conditions
- Given responsibility
- Work relationships
- Growing and learning in the job
- Pay
- Bureaucracy
Motivators work better than hygiene factors. Herzberg suggests that once the hygiene factors were achieved, employers should focus on recognising the achievements of the employee and provide learning and progression opportunities. Herzberg and Maslow were similar in this regard.
Emmet is another motivational theorist. Emmet believed that in order to motivate employees, they would need the following; to be proud of their organisation, to do their best, to learn, to be recognised and respected, and to enjoy their work.
If you think about what motivates you at work, it is likely that your staff are motivated in similar ways.
1.2 Evaluate the role of stakeholder engagement in leadership and management
Stakeholders by definition are people who have a “stake” in a situation. Stakeholders can be described in organisation terms as those who are maybe “internal” e.g. employees and management, and those “external”, e.g. investors, customers etc.
Stakeholder engagement is relevant to any type of organisation. Stakeholder engagement is crucially different from stakeholder management. Stakeholder engagement implies a willingness to listen, to discuss issues of interest to stakeholders of the organisation, and critically the organisation has to be prepared to consider changing what it aims to achieve and how it operates, as a result of stakeholder engagement. The leadership of the organisation still needs to set the direction for the growth of the organisation but does so in the knowledge of stakeholders wants and needs as well as the organisations wants and needs. Successful management thus becomes the art of optimising long-term benefits for the organisation based on reconciling sometimes disparate stakeholders wants and needs.
1.3 Assess the suitability of a range of leadership styles and management practices to the culture of an organisation
Leadership and management has a direct cause-and-effect relationship on organisation performance. The saying “an organisation is only as good as the person running it”, in other words if a leader/manager employs the best style, the organisation will achieve high performance from all its resources and vice versa.
There are a variety of leadership styles, some I have listed below;
Bureaucratic leadership – follows rules rigorously and ensures employees follow procedures precisely.
This is appropriate for work involving serious safety risks or with large sums of money. Its also useful for managing employees who perform routine tasks. It is less effective in teams and organisations that rely on flexibility, creativity and innovation.
Charismatic leadership – this resembles transformational leadership, both types of leaders inspire and motivate their team members. The difference lies in their intent. Leaders who rely on charisma often focus on themselves and their own ambitions, and they may not want to change anything. This feeling of invincibility can severely damage a team or an organisation.
Servant leadership – someone, regardless of position, who leads simply by meeting the needs of the team. They often lead by example, have high integrity and lead with generosity. Their approach can create a positive organisational culture, and can lead to high morale among team members. Supporters of this believe that it’s a good way to move forward in a world where values are important, others believe that leaders such as this could find themselves left behind by other leaders, particularly in competitive situations. This style is ill-suited in situations where you have to make decisions quickly or meet tight deadlines.
Transactional leadership – this style starts with the idea that team members agree to obey their leader when they accept a job. They have the right to reprimand team members if their work does not meet the standard required. This is present in many business leadership situations, and it does offer some benefits e.g. clarifies everyone’s roles and responsibilities. The downside is that, on its own, it can be amoral, and it can lead to high staff turnover.
Management Practices of Effective Leaders
- Select the right people – you need to select the right people for the right jobs, align your people with your organisational goals and culture.
- Show empathy – Empathy is the ability to listen, relate to emotional experience and let them know that you are doing so. Empathic managers can build rapport with and between people, leading to greater trust and transparency in the team.
- Communicate clearly – Communication is the key to transparency and building relationships built on openness, trust and honesty with your team. It is important to clearly communicate goals and expectations, and define people’s roles and responsibilities in line with these.
- Lead by example – leaders need to take responsibility for the atmosphere they create and shape it with their own behaviour.
- Delegate – its important to recognise there are only so many hours in a day and to use time efficiently delegate meaningful tasks to your team members which in turn will build on their skills and help them reach their potential.
- Be positive and constructive – its important to let your staff know what they are doing right as well as what areas need improving.
- Thank and reward – it’s important to thank and reward your staff.
- Train and develop – important to focus on staff’s development
Encourage innovation – by giving people the freedom to work through problems and solutions themselves, you will encourage innovation, creativity and resourcefulness.
Be flexible – have a flexible approach and adapt to individual employees, allowing them to work according to their own style. Flexible working practices have emerged as an increasingly important priority for employees.
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The Enemy below Movie Review
Through the midst of World War II came the war at sea. German U-boats would sink any ship in their attempt to dominate the waters. The movie begins with an American ship on a normal day until their radar picks up what they think might be a German U-boat. Simultaneously, the U-boat picks up the American ship on their radar as well. With both captains on the boats being experts, it begins to be a game. When the U-boat moves so does the ship, to make it seem like the ship is just a ghost echo on the U-boats machine.
Both captains have shown experience with wars. The German captain begins to make the point that machines now, do everything for men, stating that machines fight wars; “they take the human out of war”. He continues to talk about the war describing it as an ugly war, one with a dark purpose and one that would make everyone die without reason and without God. The American captain first served in the military and switched to the navy after a ship he was on got torpedoed in half, killing his newly-wed wife. He was quickly able to learn the ways of the seas and well enough to now be a highly intelligent captain against the enemy currently.
The American ship is now manned and ready at dawn as a precaution. The German U-boat comes to the surface and sees the American ship, they then go into a state of emergency and dive back under. The ship is trying to get the U-boat to take their bait, calculating how long it will take to fire a shot. Which, firing the shot would in fact miss the ship and leave the U-boat with no shots left in their tank because the tubes are too difficult to replace in a timely manner. The U-boat now gets ready to launch an underwater attack, firing two torpedoes’.
The attack fails on the German part as the torpedoes fly right past the ship leaving it un-touched. Thus, beginning a cat-mouse game once the German captain figures out the American captain is no fool. The two now battle strategies trying to set up decoys with one another. The American ship decides to push their luck and man the battle stations aboard ship. They drop fire bombs on the U-boat but to no avail, it only riles them up a bit. The U-boat decides to fully go down to the bottom which could cause a pressure issue within the U-boat, however they sustain their pressure within. The American ship waits silently as the captain feels like they are waiting on the bottom of the ocean. The U-boat listens to see what the ship is doing and decides to move from the bottom continuing the silent routine.
The fight of a “delaying action” begins, and the American ship plans to attack then back off and attack again, which they can do for about seven hours until their back-up ship comes to their aide. The fight continues and the Germans are being worn down, however, the Americans are still at a major advantage and have kept their attacks steady while listening to the targets every move. Once the Americans were left vulnerable by making the same turns constantly, the Germans are able to take a shot at their ship successfully. While the ship has been hit but is still a float, the crew decides to burn mattresses to “play dead” and make it seem like the ship is going down faster.
As the battle seems as it has come to end, the American ship decides to launch an attack on the “sitting duck” U-boat right before the U-boat “finishes off the ship”. The American ship runs into and on top of the German U-boat putting both vessels on fire and sinking. Both captains meet at eye contact and give one another a little salute, in “good faith”. While both vesicles have detectors and are both literal, ticking time bombs, the American captain decides to rescue the German captain and his friend when he sees them stuck on their burning boat. The movie comes to a close with laying to rest the German captains friend at sea aboard an American ship. The two captains share a cigarette to end the movie.
I enjoyed the films over-all message. At the end, the movie portrayed hope, even though found in the most un-likely of places; the vacant ocean and in the middle of an ugly hate-filled war. The message at the beginning however, I feel, showed perseverance. Both captains showed leadership and put their previous war knowledge to the test to both out-last one another until they both went down. Both also saved the men on their ships before themselves. The stand-off between the two lasted until both went down together, not just one. That means that they weren’t going to stop fighting until one was victorious or none at all, which was the case here. The message of hope came when the American captain threw out a helping hand (and a rope) to help the doomed German captain and friend. These messages, I feel, are the most important during history periods like this that are consumed with death and hate. However, there are some points in the movie that I didn’t like. Realistically, I would like to know what happened with the German captain. The movie ended with them sharing a cigarette, but I feel that once they hit land, all will not be fine and dandy considering he is still “the enemy”. I would’ve liked the movie to show what happens afterwards. The way the movie didn’t really give a time frame either was something, that I think, could’ve helped. Saying the time aloud or putting them at the bottom of the screen would’ve portrayed the length of the battle and how many tireless hours the men aboard both ships were working.
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The Enemy Below Movie Review. (2022, Sep 11).
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Bright Star – a Painful Movie Review
The film Bright Star was directed by Jane Campion and tells the love story between John Keats, an infamous poet played by Ben Whishaw, and Fanny Brawne, his lover played by Abbie Cornish. The movie is supposed to serve as a biographical piece that retells Keats’ life and tragic end. However, this movie is not anymore engaging than if you were to read two hours about Keats’ life. The amount of positives found in Bright Star can not even begin to make up for the flaws within the film.
The first scene of the movie is where I encountered an issue that would remain throughout the entire film. The audio and soundtrack of Bright Star are terrible; there is no other way to put it. I do not believe a film with a five-million dollar budget allowed for this level of audio production. The very first scene where Fanny is shown sewing features a track that is atrocious, and this is when I knew this film was going to be poor. The two voices on the track do not complement each other at all, and this is partly because of the failure to mix the audio properly. The music was far too loud and sounded like harsh, raw vocals, which is not exactly ideal for background music. The music throughout this whole film sounded similar and included grating vocals that did not complement each other at all. Another audio problem that plagued Bright Star was just the volume. Even in scenes without music, the audio was horrible. In a scene where Brown, Keats’ best friend, was imitating an ape, the only sound that could be heard were his obnoxious screeches instead of the conversation between the two main characters. I focused more on how to fix the sound of this film instead of actually listening to it.
The cinematography of Bright Star is another negative that makes the film drag. Most of the shots featured in the film are either painfully bland or just unnecessary. Scenes feature a dull, dark background that leave the audience disinterested. The only exceptions to this are the scenes that include nature, but most of these scenes are just unnecessary. There are plenty of scenes that show Fanny’s sister, Toots, silently walking through the woods with no context at all. These scenes really make me question what exactly Campion, the director, was thinking. The filmmakers wanted to prevent a bland environment; however, they ended up creating an unnecessary run time. The lighting of the scenes was also not great either; the characters’ faces either appeared extremely pasty at times or were casted into darkness. Once again, I find it hard to believe Bright Star had millions of dollars funding it.
The acting of this film was probably the worst part, which is not good considering the whole point behind a movie is acting. The scene that really shows the awful acting was when Keats attempted to confront Brown after he sent Fanny a valentine letter. Whishaw wanted to show anger but it came across as forced and his shove resembled a toddler pushing an adult. His eyes traveled away from Brown’s face constantly and the entire scene was unbelievable. More of the terrible acting came up in the “love” scenes between John and Fanny. It felt more like the actors were exchanging breaths rather than kissing. Their affection did not feel real and after John died, Fanny’s cries just came across as loud rather than painful. Most of the acting just felt forced and it made the film irritating to watch.
To put it simply, this movie is a waste of time. It drags for far too long and is paced terribly. I honestly feel that a high school film team could have done something better. If you want to learn about John Keats you are better off doing your own research or trying to find another film. I would give this movie a rating of one out of five stars; the only reason why I gave this one star was because of the humor provided by the horrible acting. If you enjoy subpar films that run for far too long, then Bright Star is the movie for you.
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Bright Star - A Painful Movie Review. (2022, Sep 11).
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Multiculturalism in “Beasts of the Southern Wild”: Movie Review
The movie “Beasts of the Southern Wild”, presents the creole culture in three different ways; housing, cooking and clothing, and the language. Even though Hushpuppy is only six years old, her presence in this movie is strong and contributes to the lifestyle of the deep creole swamp.
The community of the “bathtub”, as it is known in the movie, has a very direct way of living. The housing presented was a multitude of different living situations. Hushpuppy, for example, was born and raised in the bathtub and yet lived by herself while her father lived in a different home not too far from her. Many were not related to each other but still joined together almost every night and day to eat, drink and enjoy each other’s company. The housing itself was built of used materials and old trailers. Although New Orleans was just a boat ride away from them, they felt pride in not living the same way as they did. Living off the land purely was a stamp of symbolism for each person that resided there. The poor housing structures meant that they were simply not adequately prepared for hurricane Catrina to hit. The bathtub itself went completely underwater because of the levee set up by New Orleans. The people in New Orleans may have seen them as “poor” because of the way that they decided to live.
Clothing for many in the bathtub was not a necessity like it is everywhere else. Although they did have clothes, most of them didn’t change clothes throughout the entire movie. Hushpuppy wore mainly an old ragged white t-shirt that didn’t seem to fit her. The standard that they held for each other was much lower than it is in a normal city setting. The fact that they were family to each other is a huge playing part in how they view things such as personal hygiene, schooling for their kids, and the behavior they held towards each other. The four kids in this movie were around the same age, which is the reason why they were siblings to each other, although they had different parents. The kids were raised by the entire community that lived in the bathtub. Hushpuppy did know who her parents were but her mother figure throughout the movie was Ms. Bathsheba. She was a mother figure and a teacher to all four of the children. Schooling in the bathtub was very different than it is in a normal setting. Ms. Bathsheba was their teacher but taught them things like medicine, cooking and about the aurochs that arrive later in the movie. The material that she taught them was different than what would be taught in a traditional school environment.
The communication held between the members of the bathtub and the dialogue from Hushpuppy is unique compared to the modern New Orleans area. The accent of New Orleans is held throughout the movie but the language that they use and do not use shows the lack of education in the bathtub. Since they pick up only what each other say to communicate, it makes since why the slang is so different there than it is in New Orleans. Quotes like, “All the time, everywhere, everything's hearts are beating and squirting, and talking to each other the ways I can't understand. Most of the time they probably be saying: I'm hungry, or I gotta poop. [listening to bird's heartbeat] But sometimes they be talkin' in codes.” Spoken by Hushpuppy shows the slang used in the bathtub and how it compares to outsiders.
Although slight, the differences between the culture of the bathtub and New Orleans shows how unique every detail is in the bathtub. From the clothing to the language held between its members, the bathtub is the raw base of the creole culture.
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Multiculturalism in “Beasts of the Southern Wild”: Movie Review. (2022, Sep 11).
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The Breach Movie Review: American History Depiction
The movie Breach was filmed between 2005 to 2006. It set the mood to be very suspenseful, in a wonder of what’s going to happen next. The movie is set around the Bureau and all their agents. Eric O’Neil, a low-level observation master with the FBI, accepts he is achieving his fantasy about turning into a full-fledged operator, with his sudden advancement and task to work with eminent specialist Robert Hanssen. Sooner or later he realizes what he got the job for, so they could take Hanssen down. Even though he’s gaining a relationship with Hanssen, he must put his pride to the side and get the job done. The whole objective of the cooperation is to find the mole. This movie is also based on a true story.
Robert Hanssen, who is a former FBI agent, is the best computer guy they have, whom also they think spent the last 20 years out thinking and spying for the Russians. He’s at the age of 57 years old and has only 2 months to retire. The whole case that the Bureau is building is about Hanssen. The Bureau determined that he started spying for the Russians in 1985. When we characterize agent Hanssen, he’s a tough cookie. We can also view him as a good guy in the beginning. He doesn’t drink, he’s married, and he’s goes to church every day. He once said, “the FBI is a gun culture, you can’t advance here unless your part of it. And, being an awesome grandfather to his grand kids, we never accepted Hanssen to do what he did.
Next, I like to introduce one of the main characters agent O’Neil, whose job was to monitor agent Hanssen and never let him out his site. We can characterize him as being a very nice but confused person. The reason for this is because, he’s not an actual agent yet, so when they give him the case he’s shocked. As he starts hanging out and watching agent Hanssen’s every move, he realizes that Hanssen has warmed up to him, so which he grows to respect him. So, later he turns to agent Kate and asks why he’s given the case. He doesn’t drink, he’s a family man and goes to church every day, it doesn’t make sense. Kate at long last just comes clean with him about the examination, that he is a mole and offered loads of insider facts to the Soviet Union and has unprotected the personality of a significant number of the specialists. Although agent O’Neil is also a family man, he must put his pride to the side and continue getting information to the Bureau about Hanssen to protect his job.
In addition, to the behavior of agent O’Neil, he is also married to his beautiful wife Juliana. She is also East German. They’re both catholic, however O’Neil doesn’t pray to the rosary every day like he should. He is the only male in his family in the last four generations, who hasn’t served in the U.S. military. Taking this job, takes a toll on him in his marriage. Since, he was told by senior agent Kate, that no one, not even his wife can know his identity. His fake name is Clerk, and he is forced to hide everything from his wife, so that she doesn’t blow his cover. Further, his investigation and his relationship with Hanssen and his lovely wife Bonnie affects O’Neil’s wife. Juliana, feels like Eric, starts acting different every time they get around Hanssen and his family, she feels as if she must act a certain way. With all honesty, by her facial expressions, we can infer she’s fed up. Also, is agent O’Neil, but nothing can get better with them until Hanssen is taken down for good.
In conclusion, they believe Hanssen is the worst spy in American history. Overall, the whole movie was a mystery, and a suspense to what’s going to happen next. The genuine story of the succession of occasions that would before long lead to the capturing of operator Hanssen. Hanssen was a senior operator at the FBI. An operator in preparing, Eric O’Neil, is contracted as Hanssen’s colleague, to monitor him. O’Neil is at first not recounted the genuine idea of the examination. When he discovers, nonetheless, the layers of trickery increment, he could be in for a rude awakening.
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The Breach Movie Review: American History Depiction. (2022, Sep 11).
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Hercules by Disney Movie Review
“Long ago, in the faraway land of ancient Greece, there was a golden age of powerful gods and extraordinary heroes. And the greatest and strongest of all these heroes was the mighty Hercules. But what is the measure of a true hero?” (Hercules 1997). That is where our story begins. For Hercules (1997), Disney submerged itself into the lush well of ancient mythology. The son of Greek gods, Zeus (Rip Torn) and Hera (Samantha Eggar), Hercules (Josh Keaton) is taken as an infant by Zeus’s wicked brother Hades (James Wood) and his two sidekicks Pain (Bobcat Goldthwait) and Panic (Matt Frewer). With the help of a potion that Hades created, Hercules now has the extraordinary strength of a god, but is now trapped inside a human’s body, and before he can properly use his power he goes through a typical awkward adolescent phase.
For Hercules to become a god and return to his home on Mount Olympus, he must first prove himself a true hero on Earth. With the help of Philotes (Danny DeVito), who is also known as “Phil”, the mature Hercules (Tate Donovan) acquires the skills to appropriately use his strength to his benefit and becomes widely well-know and a gallant defender of all those around him, triumphally defeating a diversity of monsters and beast. However; Hades, after failing to provide a worthy opponent against Hercules, decides to send in his undisclosed weapon, Megara (Susan Egan), a seductively striking woman who happens to be under Hades’ command, who ends up winning Hercules’ heart and rendering him vulnerable to the evils of the underworld. Hercules argues that it is always nice to have someone to restore faith in yourself and in others.
As previously stated, Hades owns Megara. She sold her soul to Hades to save her boyfriend’s life, but he ended up leaving her for another woman and left Megara trapped in servitude to Hades. Of course, Megara is crushed and vows that she will never let another man hurt her again. But Hercules comes along, and they begin to develop feelings for each other. In one scene, Hercules and Megara sneak off and spend the entire day together, and they almost share their first kiss together until they are interrupted by Phil. After their almost-kiss, Megara then begins to realize that her feelings for Hercules have progressed, but she quickly refuses to admit it. Eventually, she succumbs to love she has for Hercules and admits that she is, finally, in love. This scene shows that Megara has lost faith in herself and in men. She no longer felt that she was worthy of a man’s love because after she sacrificed everything her boyfriend, he just ran out on her, and she felt belittled and betrayed. Hercules was able to show Megara that not all men are untrustworthy and spineless like her ex-boyfriend. Hercules restored Megara’s faith in herself and showed her that she was indeed worthy of love, and her faith in others and showed her that there are a lot of good people in the world that would never do to others what her ex-boyfriend did to her.
After Hercules finds out that he can once more become a god and rejoin his mother and father in Mount Olympus, he seeks out Philotes, the trainer of heroes, to help him get there. He finds Phil on an isolated island where he now lives out his retired days. Phil retired from training heroes because every hero he trained let him down and failed. He tells Hercules that he once had a dream, that he would train a hero so amazing that the gods would hang a picture of him in the star, and everyone would say ‘That’s Phil’s boy’. He gave up that dream when all the heroes he attempted to train were unsuccessful. Phil had lost faith in himself when he was unable to provide a hero that was worthy of defending people and stopping monsters. Phil also lost his confidence in others when they were unable to give the people what they wanted, a hero that could protect them from danger, and when they were constantly disappointing him. When Hercules came along, he helped to bring back that sureness that Phil once had to successfully train a hero. Hercules continually defeated every monster that he had come up against, each time he was simultaneously restoring Phil’s faith in himself and in others. Hercules proved to Phil that he was capable of training a successful hero that could easily protect the citizens of the town and stop the creatures terrorizing them. Phil put all his remaining trust and faith in Hercules, and by doing so, Hercules made both his and Phil’s dream come true.
Lastly, in this scene, Hercules has just given up his strength to Hades for the next twenty-four hours to save Megara’s life. After Hercules agreed, Hades tells him the truth about Megara and how she had been fooling him the entire time. Afterwards, Hades frees five Titans, four are physical manifestations of some of Earth’s elements and the other is a cyclops. He sends the cyclops to kill Hercules in his weekend state, and Hercules puts himself in the cyclops’ way, fully knowing that it will kill him. Hercules lost faith in himself and in Megara after finding out that their love was not true (so he thinks). Megara, knowing that he was going to die, goes to get Phil. Phil runs to Hercules and tells him not to give up and that he can do the distance with or without his strength and Megara. Hercules then proceeds to kill the cyclops, rescue his father and the others in Mount Olympus, and saves Megara. Phil is beside Hercules in his time of need, and Phil gives Hercules the strength and the courage to help him defeat his attacker. Phil helped Hercules realize that he did not need his strength or Megara’s love to defeat somebody, but all he needed was to believe in himself. Phil reestablished Hercules confidence and faith in himself and showed Hercules what he was truly capable of, even without the god-like strength. Phil also helped to bring back some of that faith Hercules had in Megara when he saw that Megara went after Phil because she did not want Hercules to die.
Getting an 83% on Rotten Tomatoes, a lot of positive feedback and reviews for Hercules can be found. But not everyone loved Hercules as much as I did. According to top critic and journalist, Desson Howe, Hercules was “[An] insipid, lifeless, animated feature”. I do not happen to agree with Thomson’s interpretation of Hercules. This film has a lot of very positive messages for kids and adults alike. It was a funny and witty movie that, again, both children and adults could enjoy. The movie was very outgoing and out-of-the-box for Disney with a fun collection of characters and an interesting plot. Overall, one of the main themes that Hercules displays is that people should not give up on their dreams and that it is always nice to have someone that is always there to help restore your faith. Hercules successfully displays these messages to its audience making it, to me at least, a must-see movie.
With excellent ratings on Rotten Tomatoes and other websites alike, Hercules makes a spectacular movie in demonstrating the significance of having someone in your life that always has your back in times of trouble. This fantasy-comedy movie uses Greek mythology and a wide range of characters to demonstrate that no matter who, what, where, when, or how a true friend is always there for you and that they can help restore faith in one’s self and in others. Hercules, Phil, and Megara all help illustrate the significance of a true friend and how they can help you establish faith. They all obtain the dreams as the movie influences that it is always nice to have someone to restore your faith in yourself and in others.
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Hercules by Disney Movie Review. (2022, Sep 11).
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The Noir Movie Review: the Woman in the Window
The movie from the Noir Era I watched was ‘The Woman In The Window’ directed by Fritz Lang in 1944. The movie has all the characteristics of Noir film, ‘pessimism’, ‘suspicion’, ‘futility’, and ‘entrapment’. Noir films center characters were usually driven or based on an important moment of their past or the weakness of humans doomed to repeat their previous mistakes. Many movies of this era featured a ‘gangster’ ambiance, or a murder doomed to be found out. Something that brings all of the characters to a standoff, never hinting to how it will end. Or who will come out victorious at the end, if any of them would. Fritz Lang was one of many directors who took the world by storm with his noir films, along side John Huston, Otto Preminger, Billy Wilder and Edward Dmytryk. All of their iconic movies shared a very blatant and obvious violent tone. Fritz Lang was born in Vienna in !890 and lived until 1976. His movies played a massive roll in the Noir Era.
The intro to ‘The Woman In The Window’ features the well known Edward G. Robinson. In the movie he plays Richard Wanly. His Character is a Psychology Professor who is discussing the motivations usually behind homicides. He quotes the bible clearly with one of the most evident 10 commandments ‘Thou Shalt not Kill’. Edward G. Robinsons character is that of an uptight or ‘proper’ professor demeanor. In the intro to the 1944 movie we come to find out that Richard Wanly is a married man with children who are about to leave him and travel. It then cuts to him with two of his friends a “District Attorney’ Played by Raymond Massey and a ‘Physician’ Played by Edmund Breon. It seems from the start of The movie that Richard wanly is doomed to fall into his urges of committing the perfect murder. his knowledge of psychology and human behavior seemingly should play a big part in help you would handle said situation. after leaving his two friends Raymond and Edmond he bumps into ‘that alluring woman in the window next door’. After being reminded that it is 10;30 PM Richard wanly leaves the ‘Mens club’ and begins to make his way home where he takes a moment to stop and look at the woman's portrait in the window. The lighting effectively highlighting her as an important character in the window considering she is in fact the woman in the window. While admiring the young woman’s portrait he sees her reflection beside the painting and quickly turns to see her standing there. She seems to be familiar with his stunned expression.
The ‘woman in the window ‘is Joan Bennett who plays the character of Alice Reed a very attractive young woman in whom Richard wanly becomes acquainted. After a brief conversation he returned to her home to review sketches that were made along with the portrait he had been admiring. While he was there a man by the presumed name of Frank. Clearly Alice Reed does not know much about this man or if even this is his real name. the man attacks Richard and he is forced to stop the man with a pair of scissors that Alice gives to him this is where the story turns dark and they are forced to work together after only known each other for a short amount of time. Bennett's character Alice is a very elegant and well put together woman who is clearly after gaining the attention of many men including Wanly after the murder she seems quite afraid and skittish of what might come and demands for Richard to leave his vest to assure that she will not be blamed solely for the murder if he decided not to return with the car like he had promised. Considering that this movie has many characteristics of the Noir era it is not uncommon for viewers to speculate the Alice is not as innocent as she seems.
Both of the characters of Raymond Massey and Edmund Breon both seem to have a higher and clearer moral compass in comparison to Richard Wanly. His clear interest in homicides in general makes this whole situation have a more strange or dark theme.
In the movie Alice Reed fits all the characteristics of a Femme Fatale who is caught in a situation with Richard Wanly. Much like Billy Wilders ‘Double Indemnity’ it features a pair of people, man and woman who have only just met caught up in a murder situation while Richard is too close to the detectives. During the movie after Richard Wanly had dumped Franks body he is talking with his friends who are discussing Franks disappearance neither seeming too bothered by the fact. Richard Wanly immediately slips up questioning who ‘murdered’ him despite no one previously having mentioned it being a murder. All of the detectives seemingly joking point their fingers at Richard due to many different circumstances such’s as his sloppiness with his words, the cut on his finger, the poison ivy and slipping up at the crime scene by questioning just how many details the police had gathered about Frank.
When it comes to visual style Fritz’ The Woman In The Window has the recognizable harsh lighting, dimly lit streets, woman highlighted to keep attention, harsh lighting during scenes of intense or important moments, different angles of lighting to cast obscure shadows on people’s faces or objects. The Woman In The Window is in black and white and Fritz Lang makes great use of the lighting and angles to put across his points. Especially in scenes such as the murder or when Richard Wanly has been awoken at the end after his presumed suicide and is walking down the dimly lit street once again admiring the woman in the window the lighting is used to perfectly highlight the woman’s portrait and Richard Wanlys face, He is dazed and confused and quickly runs from a woman. The iconic dimly lit scenes of the Noir Era is a staple in the industry when it comes to giving off the violent or gangster like ambiance, in almost every scene the lighting plays a major element. Along with many other Noir movies Fritz Lang makes the choice to not have any sexual scenes or even alludes to it. The most romantic or sensual thing shown in the 1944 Noir classic is a few flirtatious comments at the start when Reed and Wanly had just met.
‘The Woman In The Window’ features a few typical Noir themes such as moral corruption, guilt, desperation and paranoia. These themes can be identified through out but mainly as the first couple of scenes unfold. The character with the most moral corruption is most evidently Richard Wanly closely followed by the infamous femme fatale Alice Reed who isn’t actually the damsel in distress she appears to be in the moments of pure panic after Frank has been murdered in self-defense by Richard. Richard also had many moments of paranoia specifically when Lalor kept him up to date with the investigation, while Richard watched him get closer to the truth his paranoia grew day by day to the point, he almost got himself caught a few times. Another character with a moral compass that is clearly corrupt is Heidt. Franks bodyguard who shows up to Reeds home in an attempt to black mail her. Alice tries to kill him by poisoning his drink but unfortunately it is no use and he catches on and abruptly robs her and vows he will return for more.
At the end of the movie it has all come to a head where Alice’s connection to Frank has been found out by Heidt who robs and threatens her, while being on the run for a crime he had committed previously to becoming Franks bodyguard. Alice Reed then calls Richard Wanly to inform him of her failure to poison him and how he would return for more money. The guilt of killing Frank and his attempt to help kill Heidt was taking a major toll on Richard. Being so close to Lalor in the investigation and most likely watching his faith of being caught become so close many times was very clearly draining to him. Once he learns of Alice’s failure he decides to commit suicide. It then shows a gun fight between Heidt and the police leaving him dead and the police assuming he had killed Frank. Reed calls Richard to let him know they would be ok, but it was too late. Once it was believed Richard had died he is shaken awake by the butler who he had asked at the start of the movie to wake him at 10;30 pm.
Richard quickly realizes the awful ordeal had been a dream quickly gathering his things and leaving the building, in the dimly lit street he stares at the portrait and becomes startled when a woman asks him for a light for her cigarette resulting in Wanly running off. Looking back over the movie and all of its events that had led to the ending it is very clear the conversation with Raymond and Edmund was the direct cause of the horrific nightmare Richard has had. This ending was unusual to Noir movies leaving no one victorious in particular but It all being concluded as a dream and leaving Richard Wanly innocent and free of all guilt ultimately destroying any queries he had on the background or psychological interests of why they happened. It is made very evident he did not want to face that faith. Overall Fritz Lang’s ‘The Woman in the Window’ held many of the noir characteristics, lighting and visual styles, the themes and character behaviors. The actors and director all helped it fit perfectly into the noir category and it is very deserving to be of important names in this era. I think his talent to display all these key items so effortlessly is what led to his success in this realm along with Edward G. Robinson who had major roles in many Noir movies such as ‘Double Indemnity’, ‘Scarlet Street’, and ‘The Stranger’
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The Noir Movie Review: The Woman In The Window. (2022, Sep 11).
Retrieved November 4, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2022/09/page/5/
The Christmas Chronicles Movie Review
This movie begins when every year the the Pierce Family would make a video of them opening presents and having a good time around christmas. This video recording stops because the Dad dies as a firefighter. After that the Pierce family doesn't enjoy christmas as much as before. On Christmas Eve Claire, (the mom) has to go fill in for a co-worker and leaves the children home and Teddy ( the older brother) to take care of Kate. A little after their mom leaves Teddy goes out with some friends and kate follows him with a camera and takes a video of him stealing a car. While he comes home Kate is watching the videos and notices an arm she saw coming out of the fireplace. She is convinced it’s santa and asks Teddy to help her prove it but Teddy doesn't want to until Kate shows him the video tape of him stealing the car. Kate convinces him and they make a trap that the wire is connected to a camera behind the closet were they are hiding but fall asleep waiting until the wire is pulled and they hear the traps bells. They fall asleep when Kate hears the bells and sees Santa in the camera she wakes Teddy up. They run outside and once outside they see the the sleigh and reindeer floating above them. They see Santas jumping from roof to roof and Kate wants to take a closer look and decides to climb up the roof, Teddy follows after her.
Once on the roof Kate jumps into Santa’s sleigh and Teddy does to before santa comes back. They are still recording in their camera and when Santa gets on the sleigh and they are high in the air santa gets scared by the kids and loses control of the sleigh. They fall down and land in Chicago, Illinois. The reindeer scatter, the sleigh gets damaged and the present bag is lost. Santa’s hat gets lost in the crash. He says the hat allows him to go fast and go through small spaces. Kate and Teddy are going to help him, they stop at a bar trying to find help but end up stealing a car that was already stolen. Santa makes a radio out of random objects to locate his reindeer. They send kate to get the reindeer when Teddy and Santa are being chased by polices. Right when Teddy and Santa get caught by the polices Kate passes by with all the the reindeer and teddy jumps on. Santa gets taken to jail. While the kids are looking for the present bag. Teddy finds it up in a tree and climbs up to get it once on the floor, Kate looks inside and sees an elf which she needs to talk to, to get another of Santa’s magical hats. Once she crawls inside the bag she becomes small and goes deeper in to where the elves work.
Outside Teddy encounters several problems a gang see him and go and ask what’s in the bag teddy says presents they got him on the car take away the present bag they drive him to their garage. They look in the bag and there are boxes with coal they are about to throw the bag into the fire until the elves come out and attack. They think that Teddy is one of the thugs until Kate stops them. While in jail the officer in charge of Santa's case isn’t convinced by santa pulling out all the the toys that the asked for since the was small and still isn’t convinced.Until Santa tells him what the wanted that year was his ex-wife Lisa. They lock him in jail anyway santa sees that the christmas spirit is dropping so the gets the other other guys in the cell instruments and the ladies cell next to them microphones. They sing “Santa's Claus is back in town”. The elf goes in from the air vent in the cell while everyone is distracted. The officers come and see what was all the noise. Santa tells the officer to answer the phone call until the officer feels his phone vibrating answers and hears Lisa’s voice and invites for a coffee.
The quickly opens the cell and let’s santa out but santa disappears in front of them. Santa goes outside and sees that his sleigh is repaired by the elves. He also sees that the only has one hour left to deliver all the presents so Kate and Teddy agree to help him. Teddy says the name of the kids and the location, Teddy drives the sleigh and santa finish quickly. Finally, Santa drives back to drop Teddy and Kate back before their mom returns. The gives them the hat as a memory but teddy reminds him they still have the camera.But santa shows them the tape in his hand and says ho ho ho as the leaves which is what Kate asked him to do because he didn’t like them to say that because they were made up words they say santa uses. When the returns home Ms.Claus asks for a movie to watch and santa puts her the video tape. When Teddy and Kate mom gets home she sees the house decorated like it would be when the dad was alive and is surprised.
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The Christmas Chronicles Movie Review. (2022, Sep 11).
Retrieved November 4, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2022/09/page/5/
Cold War and the Power Aspect in 21-st Century
Power is a vital part within the system. Its elucidation and primary usage of the concept of power varies on whichever you would apply it with. Power is often associated with politics. However, within politics, the context of power is best depicted into substantially three concepts.
The first one is in terms of capability. Power in this concept depicts possession, possession of things that they perceive to be of great advantage to their nation. Power in this concept brings some sort of distinction or prestige from other states or actors. However, power within this concept also has its aspect in which renders it to be less acceptable, a disadvantage perhaps. One example is the Vietnam War in which the United States of America, a superpower during that time, has experienced a humiliating loss to Vietnam, given that Vietnam is ought to be labeled a third world country. This example thus showcases that power as a capability in terms of possessing great advantageous resources is not thoroughly and consistently efficient or reliable.
The second one is power in terms relationship. Power in this concept basically arrive at the presumption that an actor or state can influence the other in certain circumstances, especially in military affairs. This concept has two ways in depicting itself: compellance and deterrence. Within compellance, the first actor can force the other actor to do something against their will. While in deterrence, the first actor can prevent an escalating problem that could be caused by the other actor. However, like the first concept, this concept also has its aspects that renders it to be less acceptable. This is in relation with compellance, which ought to be less advantageous and riskier unlike deterrence.
Lastly, the third one is power in terms of structure. Power within this concept depicts that power is distributed to different parts of the state or social structure, those who are primarily relatable and advantageous with one another. Susan Strange provided four power structures: knowledge, financial, security, and production structure. This concept is also closely operational with relational power.
The nature of power has been inconsistent due to the varying concepts affecting it. There have been two shifts in power which stems from where relational power is applied. The first one is the shift of military power to economic power. Which thus makes states establish superiority through means of trade rather than force which is drastically practiced under military power. The other shift is the decline of ‘hard power,’ which is military and economic power. This decline in hard power thus leads to the growth of ‘soft power,’ which is the use of attraction rather than coercion.
Within this notion of different concepts of power, the varying instances in which developments have occurred, so does the state of world order was affected. States that hold power have emerged before then, which thus affected the state of world order. A US-dominated West and Soviet-dominated East was in a state of Cold War bipolarity before then. This bipolarity for neorealists, has brought balance of power within the world, wherein the two powerful states are in constant acts of deterrence with each other. However, this bipolarity wasn’t quite advantageous for the state of the world, due to the wars and constant tension. Anyhow, equilibrium between the two superpowers couldn’t be reach due to the fact that they weren’t exactly equal in a way. USA has more power in terms of both military and economic strength unlike the Soviet whose particular strength was military only.
The end of Cold War and the bipolarity in world order initiated the emergence of a ‘new world order’. Wherein it formed ideas of liberal internationalism, thus the strengthening of UN. Apart from that, the end of Cold War also resulted to USA being a hegemon, which thus making the world in a state of unipolarity. With this, the USA took efforts in strengthening their country in terms of economic and politics. They insinuated liberal-democratic governance which inspired a lot of states. However, despite the efforts and developments that USA took, the balance of world order that they try to maintain was challenged. A variation of theories have emerged, trying to explain this existing global terrorism. A rise in terrorism has occurred, specifically the 9/11 situation, thus the start of war on terrorism. However the war on terror or terrorism was quite flawed in its way, it didn’t actually eliminated the terrorists. It has ignited multiple issues, such as the middle east having a different or drastic perception on the USA and the fact that USA has painted the Muslim religion as terrorists.
After this war on terror and USA’s attempts to maintain order, there came a rise in multipolarity. Several states with certain powers in different aspects of the government have emerged. Certain states are far more powerful than the others, specifically China and Russia. It has been debatable whether this multipolarity might bring peace and stability or chaos.
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Cold War and The Power Aspect in 21-st Century. (2022, Sep 11).
Retrieved November 4, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2022/09/page/5/
