Life during World War 1

In “The Metamorphosis” written by Franz Kafka in 1915, the writer is critical of modern culture and modern man. Much support was needed from the citizens countries involved in World War 1, from being soldiers overseas to working in factories. Families were broken apart due to the war and many more were killed due to the advancement in technology for guns. Despite the trials of modern life, Kafka believes men can use knowledge about themselves to overcome life challenges and be happy contrary to their current situation. We will examine life during World War 1, the Great Depression, and World War 2, relating history to “The Metamorphosis.”

The global history of the period between World War 1 and World War 2 is violent and turbulent. Women replaced the jobs of tens of thousands of those men sent to fight as soldiers in World War 1, in some countries there was forced unpaid labor and food shortages (Hunt, p. 829). Their lives revolved around supporting the machine that is war, producing money for their country to support war and the deprivation of goods due to embargos and money shortages. The additional emotional toll of not knowing if a family member like a father or brother going to war, women suddenly having to work and support the family, or having your country violently invaded and taken over by a new power. These unstable economic conditions led to social revolutions in Russia, Germany, Ireland, Italy, and more, then eventually to World War 2 (Hunt, p. 840). There was no spare time or money for the middle or lower class to spend on recreation or travel like in previous eras, as countries recovered economically from world war 1. Revolutions led to an increase in woemns suffrage, but also led to the rise of Nazism in Germany and Stalin in Russia (Hunt, p. 867).

Kafka illustrates modern man as a self-conscious functionary who fears loss of purpose and self. “I cannot make you understand. I cannot make anyone understand what is happening inside me. I cannot even explain it to myself ( p.1888).” Unless you are that person viewing life from their eyes, one can never truly understand what someone is going through. Even so, he cannot fully understand himself due to a lack of confidence that life is not truly in his control. Modern life can transform someone from caring for others to killing them, as demonstrated in wartime. A once considerate man may become rude and cold from experiences in life. “And even if he caught the train, a bawling out from the boss was inescapable, because the office messenger had arrived by the five o'clock train and reported his absence long ago; he was the boss's creature, mindless and spineless.” This demonstrates the rigidity of modern life, as everyone is working hard to survive to the point of emotional turmoil.

The ability to have a happy family life is overcome by the dehumanizing forces of industrialization and capitalism in post-WWI Europe. “That’s to say, it was money that should not really be touched but set aside for emergencies; money to live on had to be earned.” Economic turmoil, the threat of war and economic sanctions led to an unstable life in wartorn countries. The Great Depression taught many countries the wrong way to run an economy, leading to revolutions in many countries. This piece of advice was contrary to how countries led themselves into bankrupting war, hope for families to recover from the impact of war on their jobs. At the end of “The Metamorphisis” though their son was lost, there is renewed hope for the family as their daughter has matured into an adult ( p.1913). They thrive on her hopeful future and evolution, that it will replace the bad times they have experienced as a family.

In conclusion, life was tough in war torn areas of the early 20th century, which inspired “The Metamorphosis.” Industrialization and imperialism are married in World War 1, where countries fight with their advanced weapons to conquer one another. However, citizens need not agree nor be apart of such war, for war does not serve the ordinary man but the rulers; men can choose to be better than the governments that rule them and the rules of war that surround them. One can learn from the mistakes of others, and not repeat the same actions by transforming. The modern man can be contradictory, confused, rude, do not question authority, and works hard. This unsustainable lifestyle eventually led to the end of World War 1, the Great Depression, then closely followed by the bitter World War 2.

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What has the World Come to

Have you ever felt a great hate towards someone and wanted to do something bad to hurt them? Well I hope not, but the Serbian officials of the year 1914 did. The Serbian officials had knowledge of an assassination and they hoped it would start a war.

The heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, Franz Ferdinand was the eldest son of the archduke Charles Louis, who was the brother of the emperor Franz Joseph. Franz Ferdinand and his wife visited the Bosnian capital of Sarajevo, they were riding through the city with a perade. A Bosnian revolutionary by the name of Gavrilo Princip rushed to the couples open car and let off multiple shot, killing the couple. The assassin was a member of the “Black Hand”. The Black Hand was a secret Serbian society of the early 20th century that used terrorist methods to promote the liberation of Serbs outside Serbia from Habsburg or Ottoman rule.

The aftermath of the assassination was terrible. The Austro-Hungarian government blamed Serbia for the assassination and had come to the decision to crush Serbia to prevent the Slavic nationalism from undermining it’s empire. Austrians asked Germany, which was their allies, for support because they knew that attacking Serbia could cause Russia to step in, and with that Germany promised to support Austria-Hungary. Austria-Hungary issued an ultimatum to the Serbian government. The Serbs counted on Russia to back them up and the Russians counted on France, but France had worries for the thought they might one day be caught alone in war Germany so they promised to step in only when the war started.

Everything erupted on the twenty-eighth day of July. Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia and mobilized its army immediately and troops were sent to the German border. It was not over, on August first Germany declared war on Russia. Germany was not done they declared war on France. This was World War 1!

Germany was really putting up a fight they had been prepared to go to war for a long time. France was invaded because Germany hoped to knock France out of the way. With France out of the way Germany would be able to send troops to handle Russia, but there was a problem, Belgium. Belgium was neutral so the German troops promised Belgium neutrality. After Germany crossed the neutral ground Britain declared war on Germany. The Allies were made up of France, Russia, and Great Britain and was later joined by Italy. German troops was taken by surprise, Russia invaded Germany. Germany was forced to pull troops out of the war to come defend their homefront which weakened German forces.

Germany and Austro-Hungary forces stopped the Russians from attacking places. They had swept through hundreds of miles and took prisionars. Russia lost two million people but the fight kept on. Later on due to the death of many Americans and American ships America finally join into the war also.

It was really sad that people are so selfish to take an innocent life just to please

yourself. The question I have after this is, What has the world come to ?

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The Need for a Central Army

A lot of things have changed over the centuries since Europeans began to settle in the Americas. From fighting to survive a winter to a bustling nation of great strength; the same applies to the military, which ever form it took on as either the militias of old or the US Armed Forces at the time of World War 1 (WWI). The military has evolved greatly and have learned a lot from their past failures and successes; such as the the need for a central army, the need for a standing army even in times of 'peace,' and the effectiveness of total war.

The first and foremost most important thing that the US Armed Forces has learned is the need for a central army. While the militias of old proved effective in the defense of their towns and villages against Native American raids and wild-life attacks, the government(s) soon realized that they were not effective in battle against nations with central armies. This was made clear in the Revolutionary War. The vast majority of the militias were inadiquitly trained in the military tactics of the day and did not fare well in the line up and shoot style of battles that were fought. Most militia men would flee once the battle commence because they did not have the discipline needed to stand face the enemy while bullets where flying, taking out men all around them. For this very reason, the Continental Congress raised up the Continental Army. The Continental Army was trained to have the discipline to keep on fighting and taking orders even when their fellow brothers-in-arms were dying all around them.

Another important thing that the US Armed Forces learned was the need to have a standing army, even in times of 'peace.' After the Revolutionary War, the US Congress did not see it necessary to have a standing army at a federal level in times of 'peace.' Instead, each state was charged with keeping and maintaining militias. Congress soon learned that this was a mistake. When Shays' Rebellion took place, the US Government did not have the means to raise up an army comprised of the states' militias in time to suppress the rebellion before too much was lost. After the rebels were suppressed, the lawmakers soon saw the errors of their ways and called a convention to write the Constitution of the United States of America, which included a federal, standing military that would exist both in times of war and peace.

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Soldier’s Home

Ernest Hemingway’s short story “Soldier’s Home” is one of his inspiring pieces of work, that gives the reader a insight view into life after returning from war. This story is a part of his “In Our Time” story collection. This is a collection of short stories that Hemingway wrote as a way to reflect his attempts to readjust back to his life after being a soldier in war himself (165). The story “Soldier’s Home” was written in 1925 (165) and tells the journey of Harold Krebs, a man just returning back to his small-town life, after serving in World War 1. “Soldier’s Home also goes over Krebs’s struggle with being back home and trying to get his life back to how it was before Krebs was sent off to fight in Germany. This paper will be an analysis of the themes trauma of war, loneliness, and connection. And how they affect Krebs.

The one of the main theme in “Soldier’s Home” is the trauma of war and returning back home with this trauma. From the beginning you can see that Krebs excepted for his life to return back to normal. But Krebs is no longer the same men that he was before he left to go to war. The war has made him grow up in a sense. As you start to read this story, you start to understand that Krebs is going through post-traumatic stress disorder. PTSD is a mental health condition that triggered by a terrifying event (). This definition can be used to help explain the dull life Krebs starts to live. Krebs starts to sleep in later and no longer has the energy to talk to anyone. It is also quoted that Krebs “In the evening he practiced on his clarinet,

strolled down town, read, and went to bed” () isolating himself away from others. He starts to wander without a purpose and creates a huge disconnect from people he once knew. This disconnection is apparent with his relationship with his family. When his mother asked if he loved her, he responded back 'I don't love anyone' ()

Another theme of this story is loneliness and connections. In the beginning of the short story, Hemingway tells of a picture hanging up on the wall of Krebs and his old fraternity brothers. In this picture, each brother is described as wearing the same height and style collar (166). This picture is important because it shows Krebs’s life before going off to war. It shows the readers that before the war, Krebs wasn’t as distance as he is now. It also shows that the war has caused him to become distance him from the people he once knew. another it is also noted in the story, that once Krebs came back to his home town, he wasn’t given the same hero’s welcome as the other soldiers. This was because Krebs was the last of the soldiers in the town to return home, and the townspeople give him little to no attention because they had already heard the other soldiers war stories and weren’t interested in hearing more of the same thing over again. And after returning home from war, Krebs no longer has anyone to relate to like before. He can’t even relate with the other soldiers, since his and their experience in war were so different. Krebs then starts to lie to gain more attention from the townspeople. It is quoted in the story “Krebs found that to be listened to at all he had to lie” (166). When lying to get attention doesn’t work, Krebs starts to withdrawal from society. Krebs loses the ability to try and connect to people. He enjoys watching the local town girls but has no interest in trying to go talk or date one. He even states to his mother, that he can no longer pray. No longer even able to connect with god. At the end of 'Soldier's Home', we see that Harold Krebs can no longer lie to himself going back to the life he had before he went off to war. The war has changed his life, and he is no longer the Krebs from before. He plans to get a job in Kansas City, as a way to escape from this small-town that he no longer knows

The themes of “Soldier’s Home” not only go to explain the hardships the Harold Krebs went through, while trying to readjust to the small town that he use to know.

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Costs of World War One

Germany’s invention of new technologies and the policy of targeting innocent civilians caused an immense amount of death and destruction giving them blame for escalating the war. Germany invented multiple new technologies all of which cause a lot of destruction. Examples would include the Big Bertha, U-boats, Poison gas, and Gotha Bombers. Big Bertha was a howitzer that was first used by the German army to bombard Belgium and French forts during World War 1(Big Bertha Article). Poison gas became possibly the most important psychological weapon of the war(5 Technological Innovations of WW1). Gotha Bombers were used for concentrated bomber attacks on British cities which caused more damage than any Zeppelin Raid.

Germany had been bombing 2.4 million tons of shipping so far in 1917 in hopes of getting rid of the British (German Bombers over Britain Video). Militarism played a great role in fostering the arms race, which gave significant importance to the rise of new military technologies. The invention of new technologies leads to retaliation from other countries. Since Great Britain had a better navy than the Germans, the Germans counteracted this by building submarines, also known as U-boats. (Blockade of Germany) When one country builds a new and better weapon and uses it in battle, other countries feel threatened by this so they counteract by doing the same. The effect of this competitive nature between countries caused a lot of death and destruction. The number of kills in the British Empire was 8,904,467 people. For Germany, it was 11,000,000. For the United States, it was 4,355,000 (Costs of World War One). Germany also targeted civilians during World War 1. This was the first time civilians were targeted during the war.

The Germans used submarines that would shoot unsuspecting boats from below the water, which could sink ships. On February 1, 1917, the Germans further provoke enemies by enforcing the policy of unrestricted submarine warfare, which meant submarines could sink vessels(British Blockade of Germany). The Germans also bombed London civilians. They attacked them with the use of Gotha Bombers, one of the new technologies that Germany invented. Targeting civilians is an example of total war. Total War is conflict in which the contenders are willing to sacrifice lives and resources in order to secure their victory. The Germans were so wrapped up in winning the war, they went as far as to disregard their morals and target civilians. The Germans made an effort to mentally beat down their enemies and force them to surrender by bombing innocent civilians. The effect was more conflict between countries which inevitably caused more death. To conclude this paragraph, Germany escalated the war by introducing new strategies, targeting innocent civilians, and new technological advancements which lead to an immense amount of destruction.

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Medicine during World War 1

Over the past century, there have been many scientific discoveries that have continued to impact our lives even a hundred years later. Scientific research has given individuals the opportunity to understand and benefit from the world around us. From vaccines to organ and blood transfusions, this research has improved the way of life for the world, and has saved many lives. One of the biggest pioneers of scientific research is Richard Lewisohn, who significantly aided in the advancement of blood transfusions.

Blood transfusions have impacted the lives of many people, and have even saved many lives. Before Lewisohn, there was no successful way to preserve blood, meaning that the only way to do a transfusion was to have a live donor. The German-born American surgeon and scientist developed procedures that would make blood transfusions safe and effective. Lewisohn’s work led to the storage of blood in blood banks, and he is responsible for saving over one billion lives.

Lewisohn’s research is important because without his discoveries, blood transfusions would not be able to happen. When someone gets cut, the blood starts to clot, which allows the blood to stop flowing for a long period of time. This is so the person does not bleed out. Blood clots were a big problem in blood transfusions. After a couple of minutes into any transfusion, blood would begin to cluster together as it passed in a tube from donor to recipient. In the early 20th-Century, letting blood sit in a container was completely out of the question.

There were many scientists working on this problem. Belgian physician Albert Hustin, and Argentinian doctor Luis Agote both discovered the anticoagulant properties of sodium citrate in 1914. Anticoagulant refers to eliminating or reducing the risk of blood clots, meaning that sodium citrate had properties that could stop the blood from clotting all together. They made a good discovery, but it was proven that the compound was very toxic. Lewisohn was determined to use the sodium citrate theory. After many thorough experiments, he discovered the concentration at which sodium citrate could keep blood liquid without poisoning the recipient. In 1916, just before World War 1, researchers discovered that sodium citrate allowed blood to be stored outside of the body for two weeks! This helped to save thousands of lives during the World War.

Blood transfusions were transformed from a traumatic process that had bad consequences, to the routine procedure that is used today. Without this discovery, many lives would have been lost, and we would not have the scientific advancements that we have today. This breakthrough has impacted our lives due to the fact that it is critical in saving someone’s life. Cancer, transplant, and trauma patients need platelet transfusions, and anemic patients need blood transfusions to increase the amount of iron in their blood. If there was an emergent case of a car accident, a patient may need up to fifty pints of red blood cells in order to survive. No matter the type of transfusion, all are very critical in saving someone’s life.

Blood transfusions have greatly impacted the lives of humans. There are many different needs for blood transfusions, and imagine how many happen daily all around the world. Billions of lives have been saved, due to the scientific advancements towards improved blood clot technology made by Richard Lewisohn.

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The Munich Putsch

In this essay I’m going to talk about Hitler’s Rise to Power. The Munich Putsch was the start of it all. The Munich Putsch was the beginning of Adolf Hitler Journey to power. His Journey to Power is one of the most important in the History of World Wars.

The Minch Putsch was a rebellion against the Weimar Republic in Hitler’s hometown Munich. He wasn’t that big of a public figure at the time but he had supporters. He disliked the Weimar republic and most people of Munich felt the same way. And after losing World War 1 and being injured, Hitler was frustrated. He announced that he will try and overthrow the Weimar republic. He was inspired by Benito Mussolini the Italian dictator. During his trial he gained more supporters. As aa result of his trial he was out of prison before the end of the year. HE was sentenced to 5 years and only served 9 months. In Prison he wrote the first volume of his book “ Mein Kampf ”, he used this as propaganda. The Munich Putsch was a failure , with 16 Nazis killed, Ludendorff being arrested, and Hitler being captured. It was used to cease street hooligans and to spread Nazi propaganda and organizing demonstrations against Jews and Communist

In 1923, After the two-day event , Munich Putsch, he was sentenced to 5 years, he should’ve been sentenced to death for treason. If he was executed then millions upon millions wouldn’t be killed. It was significant cause he effected more people as he grew. After Germany lost WWII it effected Germany as a whole. They economically failed, it was a lot of damage being done during the War. In 1923, the Nazi Party had 55,000 members and was the strongest it had ever been. The Munich putsch wasn’t as important as it is now or in 1939, because he wasn’t as popular, but it’s the thing that made him public. His trial after the Munich Putsch is what really start off his career.

In 1933, It was significant to his supporters, because this was one of his biggest steps. After the trial and he gained some supporters, he journeyed to become Chancellor. In 1933 He became Chancellor and he gained more supporters. How he had created an image for himself. He had decide some major decisions. In July of 1932 T=the Nazis became the largest party with 230 seats. In December 1933 Von Papen resigned. President Hindenburg was going to appoint Kurt Von Schleicher as chancellor. HE tried to split the Nazis up, he asked a Nazi leader Strasser to be his vice Chancellor, but Hitler forced him to decline. They appointed Hitler as chancellor and Von Papen as chancellor. The thought they could control hi and get him to do what they wanted.

In 1939, 6 years after Hitler became chancellor. He lead his country to a devastating defeat in WWII. He masterminded the holocaust, the systematic, state-sponsored murder of 6 million European Jew. And an estimated 4-6 million non-Jews. The NSDAP was the highest in Political Parties in the Reichstag from 1932-1939.

The Great depression had a big part in Adolf Hitler rise to the throne. The Weimar Republic was a crisis due to Hyperinflation. Germany was already suffering from high inflation due to the damages and payments of reparations that had to be paid of the war. To pay the striking workers the government printed more money , and due to this flood of money, hyperinflation was the consequence. During the hyperinflation crisis in 1923, Hitler saw an opportunity. During the Great depression the German Workers’ Party grew from 2,000 to 20,000 by the time of the Munich Putsch. The price of a loaf of bread was 250 marks in January 1923 and it rose to 200,000 million marks in November 1923.

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Imminent World War 1

In Between the Acts Woolf depicts the lost past in the present: ‘The room was empty. Empty, empty, empty, silent, silent, silent. The room was a shell, singing of what was before time was; a vase stood in the heart of the house, alabaster, smooth , cold (like the dead), holding the still, distilled essence of emptiness, silence (of the dead). (p.33-34).

Woolf alludes to the aftermath of World War 1 and imminent World War 2 with: aeroplanes flying overhead that drown out the pageant cast and the Reverend’s speech. Woolf draws attention to women’s ever-increasing importance in the former patriarchal workforce: the British Women’s Land Army (WLA) is symbolized by ‘Iris had a handkerchief bound round her forehead’ and ‘Jessica’s breeches’ (p.24). Woolf is aware that ‘women’s position is society has changed in the past and will in the future’ (Whitworth, OU Audio). However, as Asbee point out, ‘war and the military are still the domain of men’ (OU Background of War Audio). ‘The Cesspool is an important image establishing ideas about time and continuity’ (Asbee, 2016, p.197). The Roman road could be seen from an aeroplane, merging past and present. Pointz Hall, ‘the ancestral manor house which provides the setting for most of the narrative is connected to the points Woolf uses the hall to make about the importance of playing a role in history’ (Sexton, 2018). The house itself has a mixture of historical contradictions, facing north rather than south as is customary, decorated with Victorian era furniture and the old leather-bound library classics compete with new, cheap and tawdry ‘quick reads’ left behind by visitors. Woolf mocks the Oliver family’s aristocratic pretentions: Two portraits grace the staircase: ‘one of a small-powdered face … an ancestor of sorts’ (p.6-7) and the other bought simply to complement the first. Bartholomew’s representation of his past vigour and glory in the present is rudely interrupted by Isa ‘a young man helmeted … and in his hand a gun. The dream hand clenched; the real hand lay on the chair arm, the veins swollen but only with a brownish fluid now’ (p.16).

Woolf symbolizes the fascist extremities of a patriarchal system with a snake choking on a living toad resembling an inversion of the birth process. Unable to save either, Giles crushes them both beneath his foot, appeasing temporarily his frustration at being trapped in the patriarchal line of seven hundred years of family history and duty, working in London and not fighting for his country. (Sexton, 2018). Giles proudly returned ‘from battle’ with blood-stained shoes (p.89). The blurry Pageant Programme symbolizes ‘… the novel’s thematic concerns about dangers of allowing history to continually repeat itself by taking an active role as it is happening’ (Sexton, 13 October 2018).

Religious symbols and beliefs are strewn in between the Acts: Mrs Sands took fish to the ‘semi-ecclesiastical apartment’. Before the Reformation, Pointz Hall had a chapel that had become a larder, changing, like the cat’s name (from Sung-Yen to Sunny), as religion changed (p.29). Lucy feels her faith has been struck by Bartholomew when he suggests providing umbrellas instead of praying (p.21). When she seeks his patriarchal approval and enlightenment, he muses ‘why, in Lucy’s skull , shaped so much like his own, there existed a prayable being?’ (p.23). However, Woolf suggests Lucy ‘would have been … a very clever woman, had she fixed her gaze’ (p.22).

Isolated historical references testify to the passing of time, i.e. : ‘garlands of red and white papers roses left over from the Coronation ’ (p.24); Croydon (p.14); wheat grown in the Napoleonic war; and Old Mr. Oliver remembered his mother had the ‘tea-caddy locked’ (p.4).

Examples of Woolf’s humorous simile and alliteration: Mrs. Haines, ‘a goosefaced woman with eyes protruding as if they saw something to gobble in the gutter’ (p.3). ‘She (Isa) came in like a swan swimming its way …’ swanning (p.4); and ‘… herself (Isa) and Haines, like two swans downstream, But his snow-white breast was circled with a tangle of dirty duckweed; and she too, in her webbed feet was entangled, by her husband the stockbroker. Sitting on her three-cornered in her chair she swayed’ (p.5).

Jean Rhys was born Ella Gwendolyn Rees Williams in the Dominican Republic in 1890. Her father was of Welsh descent and her mother white Creole. She completed her education in England before working as a chorus girl and artist’s model. In 1919 she and her husband Jean Lenglet moved to Paris. They lost a baby boy and financial constraints forced them to have their daughter brought up by Rhys’s father. The couple divorced when Lenglet was in prison and Rhys had an affair with Ford. In 1934 she remarried with Leslie Tilden-Smither (Padley, 2016, p.223).

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Selective Service Act of 1917

Draft World War 1

There are only a few public policy issues that have been around since this country was established. The issue of the draft or the technical name is called conscription which is registering for military service. The first big draft legislation came from Congress by voting for the Selective Service Act of 1917. This law order males of certain ages in the United States to register for the military and it came into effect during World War 1 and only lasted for two years. The draft was different from others because it included both white and black males. Congress decided that it should be a universal draft but did segregate blacks in whites in different units and living arrangements. The government tried to rally citizens and encouraged them to be patriotic and it was viewed as a success since very few dodged the draft nationwide. This is also the first draft where the term conscientious objector came into play. Those whose religious beliefs conflicted with fighting or killing were allowed to have an exemption from the draft.

This is also where we get one of the first Supreme Court Rulings on the issue. Arver v. United States, 245 U.S. 366 (1918) was a case brought before the court to ask it to stop the Selective Service Act of 1917, The court found the Thirteenth Amendment protection against involuntary servitude and the First Amendment protection on freedom of thought do not prevent the federal government from implementing a military draft. The Supreme Court also made it clear that the Constitution gives powers to Congress to declare war on a country or government. Selective Draft Law Cases, 245 U.S. 366 (1918) Justia Law.

Draft World War 2

The Selective Training and Service Act of 1940 was approved by Congress by wide margins this was the first peacetime draft that was established in the United States.It required males of a certain age to register with the federal government in case of potential war and their services would be needed in the military. When the United States government joined in World War 2 in literally extended the age range to virtually anyone male from the age of 18 to 64. The draft was widely received and very few objected the attacks on our soil in Peral Harbor was rallying cry for the nation. The draft lasted for 6 years and afterward changed the ages for males from 18 to 26 which it stayed even today.

Draft Korea

The Korean War also had males drafted from the age of 18 to 26 and the public widely received the draft according to gallop opinion polls. The polls suggested that over 70% felt the draft and the Korean war was worth it. Gallup, G. H. (1972). There were no big changes both in-laws and in public perception of this draft.

Draft Vietnam

In the 1960s President Kennedy's decided to send military troops to Vietnam and thus entered a new war and draft. This war at the beginning was unpopular many parents from World War 2 had children which led to the Baby Boomers this was the largest generation in United States history and a large majority were going to college, getting married, having families. The War became very unpopular because the draft and the war dragged on for over a decade. It caused so many young people mainly poor and uneducated young men to die. According to Gallup by 1967 over 80% of the American public thought Vietnam was a huge mistake. Gallup, G. H. (1972) The 1960s was an era of black civil rights, hippies and the peace movement in the United States. The media also brought graphic images of people being killed and tortured into people’s living room making it even more unpopular with the public. It polarized the nation how a war could be fought for a decade yet getting really no real results. This led to protests about the war across college campuses and changed how America views the military and draft forever.

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World War 1, Modernism and New Technology

Modernism

Modernist literature was a English genre of fiction writing, popular from the years 1910s into the 1960s. It was also characterized with traditional styles of poetry and verse. Modernism happened between the years of 1910-1960. The factors that shaped modernism were the development of modern industrial societies and the rapid growth of cities. Modernism rejected the certainty of Enlightenment ideas. Most modernist rejected religious beliefs. It was characterized by a very self-conscious break with traditional ways of writing. In both poetry and prose fiction.

Modernism in literature took place from the beginning of the 20th century through about 1960. This happened after World War 1. The Modernism Era was marked by sudden and unexpected breaks with traditional ways of viewing and interacting with the world. Modernism was made, because of the new technology that was coming out and, because of World War 1. During this time many people were questioning what was going to happen with humanity, because of the war. Writers responded to this question by turning toward Modernist sentiments. Writers changed their way of writing because they viewed things differently with everything going on at the time. Their stories were more of a stream of consequences, irony, satire, and comparisons. Writers often wrote this way to point out society's ills.

There were a lot of talented writers during the modernist era. One of the most famous writers from the modernist era was Ezra Pound. He is the author of “ Hugh Selwyn Mauberly” and “The Cantos”. His writing would make people visualize the scenes to a point to where they believed they were there. He accomplished this by using literal meanings instead of symbolism. Another famous writer was Pablo Picasso. He is remembered for poetry and writing. He writes about reality yet has symbolism that seems real. T.S Eliot represents the dryness and lack of emotion during the two world wars. Charles Darwin was a famous author from the era. He wrote many books based on evolution and survival of the fittest. In the eyes of many these literary masterpieces that Darwin wrote, were revolutionary. “The Second Coming” was one of the most quoted poems of the era. It was written by William Butler Yeats. The author wrote from his mind, mostly society problems. Writers of the movement embraced the psychological theories of Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung and the anthropological relativism espoused by Sir James Frazer. Sometimes the readers would feel like some of the stories weren’t going anywhere. Writers would be inclined to write closer to the realist side of things rather than the spiritual and emotional side, at the time.

In conclusion, modernism was the era where writing started to change. Writers started to write about different types of stuff than usual, because of the things going on, especially the wars. Modernism was one of the most influential literary movements in England and America during the 20th century. There were many factors that shaped modernism. Many authors during this time wrote what they were thinking. Some people liked how the authors would write about reality. Some people didn’t like it. During this period there was a lot of different viewing of the world. The major themes of modernism were caused by the war and the technologically advanced weapons of the war that caused many injuries and deaths.

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The Blood of Americans was Spilled to Defend France

Col.Albertus W. Catlin stood at the rising grown advancing through the waist-high wheat toward the woods 400 yards away. June 6, 1918 his men walked toward the French hunting the preserve of Belleau Wood, they were about to launch a new bloody era in history of the Corps. In April French President Macron gave the White House a oak sapling from Belleau Wood where he said, “the blood of Americans was spilled to defend France.” The battle was compared with the titanic and World War 1 there were struggles that went on for months. The Battle of Belleau Wood was fought in a open field in the dark, overgrown woods, were they would have there open hand fighting.

In late May 1918 the German offensive of that year penetrated the western front that was 45 miles of Paris. The United States forces that were under the General Pershing had helped halt the German advance, and on June the 6 Pershing had ordered people to counteroffensive a drive to get the Germans out of Belleau Wood. The Marines that were backed by the United States army heavy military weapons had launched many attacks into the forested area the german general Ludendorff was determined to deny the americans a victory. General Ludendorff had reinforcement pushing in while the german had fought the United States shooting heavy guns, military weapons and throwing gas at them. On June the 26 the Americans had succeeded in the battle but there were 10,000 soldiers that was dead, wounded, our missing in action.

At Belleau Wood the Americans went up against a great army that had heavy military equipment. The army walked through the battlefield which look like a battle ground from the civil war. The battle had turned into a free for all in a combat war. “The frowning wood, with its splintered trunks and shell-shattered branches [and] the jungle of undergrowth at the edge [was] filled with threat and menace,”

In june 1918 Russia got out of the war against Germany and Austria- Hungary. At Belleau Wood Germany waited while the marines where on the bridge. The marines had a variety of colors in there patrol. They had a young men name John W. overturn that was killed during the war. The men in the patrols didn’t know about the almost impossible task that was about to happen. The shots “was more than flesh and blood could stand,” Catlin remembered. Prominent Pennsylvania politician son was wounded in his arm. Catlin was shot by a sniper “It felt exactly as though someone had struck me heavily with a sledge,” he wrote. “It swung me clear around and toppled me over on the ground. When I tried to get up, I found that my right side was paralyzed.”

Berry’s attack was unsuccessful but Maj. Berton W. Sibley’s stated that his battle went way better. “The minute they got into the woods our boys found themselves in a perfect hornets’ nest of … gunners, grenadiers and riflemen,” Catlin recounted. “There were machine gun nests everywhere — on every hillock … every ravine … and every gun was trained on the … Marines.” As americans have been going through the woods they saw the truth part of germans hearts. “They are yellow … and will not fight like men,” Pvt. Edward Cary wrote home to St. Louis, according to Catlin’s account. “I could lick a squad of them with a soup ladle.” On June the 30 the French Army had named the Belleau wood as “Bois de la Brigade de Marine.”

There were five German divisions that was fighting against the United States army. On June the 4 there was a 1,000 Germans that had settle in the woods. Before the dawn of june the 6 american soldiers had drove the germans out of the hills. The marines failed to stop the germans guns. The Belleau Wood battlefield was a amazing place in marines history. In March the Germans had launched a huge attack on the west front.

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World War 1 and the Great Depression

When defining globalization, one may think of two entities or countries coming together for monetary gain. However, it's more to globalization than one may really know. As the chapter states, globalization is solely defined as “the greater interdependence between countries and their citizens, which deals with increased international flows of goods and services, people, investments in equipment, factories, as well as non-economic elements, such as culture and environment” (Carbaugh, 2017, p. 3). Due to the mass production of transportation and other goods during the late 1700’s and 1800’s, the rise of global manufacturing started to take place. During 1870-1914, there was a decrease in tariff barriers and new technologies that resulted in declining transportation costs (Carbaugh, 2017, p. 6).

Having a decrease in transportation costs, European and American businesses as well as individuals saw financial gain, making parts of Europe and the United States the richest countries of the world during that time. However, shortly after seeing how accessible goods started to become more countries around the world started to put policies into place that altered the systematic process in the trading of goods and services. Also, with World War 1 and the Great Depression taking place during the early 1900’s, the change in globalization affected certain economies, policies, and systems throughout the world. Some countries experienced a rise on tariff barriers that affected a lot of big businesses, some dealt with the government’s policies and ideas to enforce protectionism, and for some countries they looked into the idea of forming a new trading system, agglomeration economies.

Having no interest in global trade and manufacturing, it wasn’t until the 1980’s when developing countries, such as China, India, and Brazil started to break into the world markets for manufactures (Carbaugh, 2017, p. 7). Years after there were other countries such as Bangladesh, Malaysia, Turkey, Mexico, Hungary, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, and Thailand that decided to enter the world of global manufacturing. During the late 1980’s there was also the flow of labor and capital. Migration being a major factor in economic changes was more restricted and regulated than the international flow of goods, services, and capital. The more liquid the capital market, the better it is for both lenders and borrowers, especially for efficiency. In realizing the impact of globalization on society, it helps me understand some of the problems which is happening throughout the world today.

For example, Donald Trump’s economic conflict with China to unveil new tariffs to let $200 billion of Chinese products enter the U.S. As stated in the article, “the Trump administration will have levied duties on roughly half of the more than $500 billion in Chinese goods that enter the U.S. each year, a considerable escalation coming amid a series of other U.S. initiatives aimed at overhauling American trade policy” (Davis, Wei, Schlesinger, 2018, para. 4). Not taking into consideration how this may affect other big businesses in our economy, Trump can probably cause major problems in how major corporations will trade in today’s society. All in all, when thinking of the importance of globalization we have to think past monetary gain, but look towards the idea of how we can help our country move forward throughout the constant changes in today’s society.

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Managing Marine Plastic Pollution

Going into the effects it has on marine life. Waste disposal, such as chemicals and sewage, has been recognized as a potential threat to the environmental quality of waters. Everyday, marine life are getting caught in some kind of plastic material. Most think that only fish are affected from getting caught in these but sadly, not many know that they also kill birds, turtles, dolphins, seals and many other mammals swimming in the sea. Marine animals end up eating plastic as they think its a source of food due to the large amount of debris. According to John H. Tibbetts, the author of the article, “Managing Marine Plastic Pollution”

says “by one estimate, the volume of plastic debris going into the world's ocean could more than double by 2025.” The marine life are harmfully affected by this pollution, as to harming humans as well. Something even more terrifying than marine life struggling is us humans

Although tsunamis and earthquakes may kill many people, there is still a large chance of any of that to happen. Other than natural disasters, another way ocean pollution can affect humans is the diseases that get spread around in the ocean. It runs like a cycle because the humans make the decision to harm the ocean, therefore harming the marine life, and also harming themselves. “Phytoplankton introduced by ballast water may be associated with regional algae bloom that endangers human health via shellfish poisoning and respiratory illness” (Halle- graeff and Bolch 1992; Epstein 1995). “Toxins in industrial waste are the major cause of immunosuppression, reproductive failure and acute poisoning. Infectious diseases, like cholera, typhoid fever and other diseases gastroenteritis, diarrhea, vomiting, skin and kidney problem are spreading through polluted water” (Mehtab Haseena). Human health is affected by the damage of plants and animal nutrition. Health risk involved with polluted water has different types of diseases such as “respiratory disease, cancer, diarrheal disease, neurological disorder and cardiovascular disease.”. Anything can occur because it all depends on what chemicals or bacterias that are being spread around the environment.

At the end of the day, ocean pollution is harming both human beings and marine animals. I believe that one person can make a difference and create a movement to prevent chemicals, and sewage from entering our oceans as well as saving marine life. Chemicals and sewage is the major cause of Ocean Pollution, it causes global warming and it creates a dangerous hazard for the marine life environment, then ends up affecting humans as well. Ocean pollution is a huge problem that we need to solve. Sure, why should we care about the life of sea creatures, ocean pollution doesn't even affect us that much. It may seem like it doesn't affect us but most don’t know about the diseases that is being spread by ocean pollution. In the near future, I plan to build an organization where groups of clean-up crews tidy up the beach every weekend. I also plan on creating a project where trash will be collected before it enters our local water but for as of right now, I suggest everyone to pick up after their own trash or any waste you see in the streets. By working together, we can make a difference in our earth, one clean act at a time.

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Sewage is Another Important Kind of Ocean Pollution

Did you know that without the ocean, you would not be able to survive in this world? The ocean provides us with the water we drink and the air we breathe. Ocean Pollution is becoming a major problem, some people just don’t care about the ocean. Most people think that throwing trash in our local waters would not have an affect on them. What they don’t know is that the ocean not only that it affects marine life, but also human life. We question what causes ocean pollution and we also question what we can do about it to solve this problem. There are chemical spills, sewage pollution, global warming, effects on marine life and effects on human life as well. Ocean Pollution may be a huge problem but many don’t consider it to be as big of a problem than getting free wifi for a hotel room.

One of the major problems of ocean pollution is chemical pollution. For example, automobiles and coal-burning power plants release harmful particles into the atmosphere. These particles settle in the water, carrying with them chemicals such as mercury. Mercury can grow into tiny plankton, which are eaten by fish, and ends up affecting humans as they eat the fish. “Chemical pollution can come from a single large event, such as an oil spill, but it also comes from many small sources, such as oil leaked by automobiles and carried by rain and waterways to the ocean. Only a small portion of oil in the ocean comes from major spills”(Funk & Wagnalls New World Encyclopedia). All different types of chemicals have different effects on humans it really depends on where it came from. “Bacterial, viral and parasitic diseases like typhoid, cholera, encephalitis, poliomyelitis, hepatitis, skin infection and gastrointestinal are spreading through polluted water”(Mehtab Haseena).

Another form of pollution in the ocean is sewage. “Sewage is another important kind of ocean pollution that must be solved because it carries disease-causing microbes. When it rains, sewage is often discharged into harbors and beaches. Towns may monitor bacteria levels in the water to alert beachgoers when the water is polluted with sewage”(Alfred J. Andrea). For example, all the trash that people litter in the streets gets washed into the sewer whenever it rains. Usually the sewer is for water to go in when it rains but it turns out that the trash will be dragged along with the water. According to an article “Ocean Pollution” by Maclnnes David F., Jr., and Kahler Karen N, “Land-based sources account for approximately 80 percent of the pollutants that enter the marine environment.” Most of the trash comes from the sewage due to all the rain storms that occur. Therefore sewage is a major cause of illness around the world due to the viruses and the bacteria being spread around in the ocean from all the rainstorms. Therefore the sewage is being mixed with all the viruses and bacteria in the ocean, which is a major cause of illness around the world.

Global Warming has an impact on the ocean due to the climate change. Climate change causes rising sea levels and it ends up creating a tsunami or even an earthquake. With global warming, tsunamis will become more common and wipe out coastal cities. “Climate change is affecting ocean temperatures, the supply of nutrients, ocean chemistry, food chains, wind systems, ocean currents and extreme events such as cyclones”(Healey). The burning fossil fuels is the main cause of global warming, fossil fuels could also be involving ocean plastic debris and tiny fish living beneath the sea. Fish at the bottom of the sea end up eating plastic debris rather than eating the food they are suppose to eat. Global warming can cause a large amount of sea creatures to lose its population.

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Natural Alternatives

“One plastic bottle eventually disintegrates into many tiny pieces that can be eaten by anything,” explained an experienced biological oceanographer, Jennifer Brandon. “The real problem in the ocean is happening at a very small scale.” Marine plastic the size of a dime is 90 percent of the problem found from sea ice in Antarctica to the North Shore of Hawaii. The tiny glitter should be the biggest concern as it interacts with the food chain the most. There is no away. Just because people do not see the things they are throwing away piled high in there day to day life that doesn’t mean it’s gone. It is filling up the pacific garbage patch, a polluted smog soup accumulated from man made trash spreading thousands of miles in the ocean.

The glitter industry poses many environmental and ethical downfalls. The plastic pieces underneath the shine would be nothing but plastic if it wasn’t for mica. Mica is a natural rock mineral that it then made into thin sparkling sheets. Plastic and mica are the ultimate partners in crime. Over twenty-thousand ten-year-old-children hammer flakes of mica off the side of a mountain in the hillside backwoods of Jharkhand, India to produce glitter. At the same time, twelve-year-old girls stumble carrying up to fifty pounds worth of the shimmering rocks to the top of the mountain to be sorted. They have it easy compared to their siblings working in the mines the size of a rat hole, coming out after a thirteen-hour workday coughing profusely with sparkles sticking to their cheeks. Ninety percent of what is being done there is illegal, although 25 percent of the world’s production still comes from this region. Large, multinational retailers, L’Oréal and Estée Lauder, continue to supply their glimmering beauty products with mica sourced from this impoverished area employing child labor. “One girl had to crawl into a dangerous mine with an axe to dig out the sparkles for another girl half way around the world.” (Slavery Footprint)

Suffering asks to be relieved by bright and shining things. Glitter is the band-aid used through bleak and turbulent periods. Psychologically, glitter continues to be a trend because, 'Sparkles helps us rise above the mundane and bring us into the realms of dreams,' Susan Miller, a popular astrologist discloses. Individuals surround themselves with glitter to forget about their dark problems and gloomy fears; thus, consumption is influenced by feelings of anxiety, depression, economic turmoil, and political unrest. Dr. Pinar Yoldas voices, “Society needs to begin viewing plastic as “dirty,” a source of carbon emissions and ocean pollution, as opposed to an invisible convenience.”

People can create sparkle from natural alternatives such as glass, metal, salt, sugar, sunlight, or even crushed-up dung beetles, Cleopatra’s personal favorite. Walk along any beach on a sunny day and you are bound to notice the small specks of bronze glimmering between your toes in the sand. Even though it looks like someone had an arts and craft explosion on the shore, it is sparkling an optical illusion. The chemical constituents in salt water are identical to the plasma in human blood. A mixture of water, salt, and protein creates a balanced mixture of minerals. That iron washes up from the waves into the sands, heating up from the sun to give off a sparkling pattern.

Getting rid of glitter completely is not the solution; instead we have to continue learning about the alternatives to plastic glitter-based products, whether it be giving back by buying from sustainable and ethical brands or even making your glitter at home. People need to voice their values to companies, and the types of environmentally-friendly products they want to see. Glitter still innocently flickers in thousands of beauty, fashion, and craft products. But if people understand that glitter is hurting the environment and the supply chain it employs, we can elicit effective action to change the massive plastic pollution problem and bring back the earth’s sparkle.

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How Many Animals Aren’t Showing up on a Beach

Glitter gets a free pass in our minds, while microplastics, fibers, and beads do not. Understandable when eight-hundred trillion microbeads are washed away daily, ten-thousand of those from the plastic particles in an “exfoliating” face wash used during daily showers. Fifteen billion tons of microplastics end up in the ocean each day. That is the same weight as sixty-thousand blue whales. Most of those water samples trace the debris back to microfibers. As only 9 percent of plastics are recycled each year, this is an inescapable and pressing issue that can only be fixed through reducing consumption habibs. You may have bought a reusable water bottle to cut back on plastic, but the drinking water inside is still filled with plastic chemicals.

There is an innate connection and attachment people have to their precious sparkles. Giving up glitter means losing a source of happiness for individuals. It is not associated with being a threat to the environment because of its aesthetically pleasing shine, blinding people to the harsh reality that in the past five years, ten million pounds of glitter was purchased in the United States alone. Five-thousand million more tons of plastic added to the already contaminated salt water body on top of the present fifteen billion. People have consumed enough glitter to weigh down forty school buses.

Recently, many whales have been struggling to survive, unable to swim or breathe. Accidentally, they have eaten up to twenty pounds of plastic debris. A few months ago, a pilot whale in Thailand was rescued after holding onto a buoy to stay afloat, during the rescue the whale threw up seven plastic shopping bags. All of that plastic was clogging its digestion track from the real nutritional diet it desperately needed. Thousands of other animals are experiencing this same thing. Whale and Dolphin Conservation director, Regina Asmutis-Silvia pleads, “We have no idea how many animals aren’t showing up on a beach. This is one pilot whale, this doesn’t consider other species. It’s symbolic at best, but it’s symbolic of an incredibly significant problem.” In addition, Dr. Amaral-Zettler, a senior scientist at the Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research explains how plastic waste can “also serve as a transport mechanism for invasive species. Even on a microscopic level, marine microbes often live on plastic debris in a world referred to as the “plastisphere”.”

Glitter is on the forefront of this plastic pollution epidemic as it continues to hide under the radar. Cut open a piece of salmon from that trendy seafood restaurant in New York City and you may not see a pile of plastic and glitter pouring out but there is a good chance you are ingesting these particles. Fishes filled with plastic bottle caps, straws, and glitter in their gut is a gruesome reality of where our trash is going out into the depths of the ocean and then back onto our plates, even if it is invisible. It is like anything harmful in this world, if we don’t see it, it is easy to choose to ignore; therefore, it might be too late before people realize the harm glitter is causing.

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Eco-Friendly Glitter

Everyone has heard about microplastics, the small pieces of plastic waste created by the disposal of everyday consumer products. Everyone is strongly against microbeads found in thousands of cosmetic products. Everyone knows a little about microfibers, the thin synthetic yarns shedding into the water during each wash. What about glitter? Chances are you haven’t even considered it having a negative connotation. But glitter is a plastic-based product made from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) that pollutes the ocean. Glitter kills eight billion fish, oysters, birds, and animals each day, starving them as they innocently believe these sparking specks are food. Glitter might be even be smaller than micro plastics, categorized as nano plastics. These particles are all in the same family, but glitter is seen as the harmless grandma, never the villain.

Today, there are many companies making biodegradable, eco-friendly glitter. For example, Bio Glitz values shining responsibly, making glitter from plants. Compostable and made from renewably sourced ingredients, their formula “connects us all through shine, consideration, and respect for nature.” Another brand, Eco Stardust, designed bio glitter from the cellulose on eucalyptus trees, which is then dyed, painted, and put in a cutting machine to produce hexagonal shapes. Biodegradable glitter has fewer chemicals than petroleum based beauty, craft, and fashion items. Replacing PET with plant-based materials greatly reduces people’s environmental footprint.

From David Bowie to Kesha, glitter has been a key component to countless artists’ performances and identities. Kesha even claims to spend a few thousand dollars a month on glitter. Imagine the impact Kesha could have if she bought sustainable glitter. “Glitter in the Air” by Pink sentimentally sings the excitement glitter conveys. It empowers people to live freely and provides a lighthearted metaphor of hope and joy.

Have you ever thrown a fist full of glitter in the air?

Have you ever looked fear in the face?

And said I just don’t care?

Movies such as Glitter, featuring Mariah Carey, create the idea that the epitome of stardom is sparkles. Underlying the misconception that one’s personality is not enough to be accepted. Millennials created this skewed view of reality where material things are valued over character. You can’t go anywhere without seeing a handful of sparkly hairstyles, makeup and flashy tattoos. In addition, glitter bombs, edible glitter pills and glitter gel, branded as Unicorn Snot, have become a necessity for any celebration, from Halloween parties to weddings. “There’s glitter on the floor after the party. Girls carrying their shoes down in the lobby.” (Taylor Swift) Consumers need to be empowered to realize the connection between what they buy and the consequences of those actions.

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Deep Ocean Technology

Sylvia was named the First Hero For The Planet by Time Magazine in 1998. She has been acclaimed in her field(s) due to her incredible level of knowledge and expertise regarding aquatic life. For the majority of Dr. Earle's career, she had been met with lack of recognition due to her gender. Sponsored jointly by the U.S. Navy, the Department of the Interior and NASA, the second Tektite project was to be all men until Sylvia. Preparing for Tektite II, Sylvia, and her team of fellow women scientists stirred controversy. Speaking with the director of the project over the phone, Dr. James Miller, she expressed her enthusiasm as a voice in the background said: 'We didn't expect women to apply”. Countless disrespectful and embarrassing articles had been written about her.

Dr. Lucas, Dr. True, Dr. Szmant & Dr. Hurley, all aquanauts on the Tektite II mission pushed on, alongside Sylvia, completing their goals. William Graves, an editor from National Geographic, called Sylvia to write an article about Tektite II. The challenge was writing an article that could reach a great many in the public rather than a select few. Dr. Earle spent a lot of time writing a revolutionary piece and the title that was chosen again lacked recognition due to the scientists being female. “Beacon Hill Housewife to Lead Team of Female Aquanauts” was the title chosen & no less a slap in the face by the influential hand of National Geographic.

Dr. Earle had helped to pioneer new types of underwater technology, working with reputable names in engineering such as Graham Hawkes. Together they founded Deep Ocean Engineering and through that first business, they produced over 300 remotely operated underwater vehicles (ROVs). Soon after they began designing and creating machines such as Deep Rover and DeepFlight through Hawkes and Earle's shared company Deep Ocean Technology. Deep Rover is a one-person submersible, two 64” acrylic hemispheres allow for panoramic viewing. The versatile exploration platform is equipped with two, five-function manipulators, and an HD camera. Deep Rover is a 3300 ft (1000 m) depth-rated miracle. DeepFlight Challenger, another one person submersible, is an 'aero-submarine' which uses hydrodynamic forces to descend, as the sub has positive buoyancy, utilizing DeepFlight technology from Hawkes Ocean Technologies.

Both, Deep Rover and DeepFlight Challenger are vital tools, used by scientists, for deep ocean exploration. Innovations similar to the ones created by Dr. Earle and Hawkes have led to remarkable discoveries. One of the animals discovered, which wouldn't have been possible, is a type of umbrella octopus, Grimpoteuthis, or dumbo octopus. This animal lives at depths of 9,800 to 13,000 feet, which is unreachable without a well-engineered submersible. In order to reach a wider audience, Sylvia began writing & co-authoring books. Dr. Earles most well-known piece of literature is called The World Is Blue: How Our Fate and The Ocean’s Are One. Another popular book by Sylvia is Sea Change: A Message of The Oceans. The rest include; Blue Hope: Exploring and Caring For Earth’s Magnificent Ocean, Dive!

My Adventures in The Deep Frontier, Sea Critters, Hello, Fish! Visiting The Coral Reef, Wild Ocean: America’s Parks Under The Sea, Coral Reefs, Sustainable Seas: The Vision, The Reality, Atlas of The Ocean Deep Frontier, The Oceans, Polar Explorations, And Finally Great Minds of Science.Dr. Earle has earned a plethora of awards throughout her lifetime and accomplished the unthinkable in the marine biological and oceanographic fields. She no doubt is a seasoned advocate for our oceans. Her life’s work has not only lead to new discoveries, but generations of brilliant scientists inspired in recent years. Sylvia has made a revolutionary mark on the world we know today.

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Time’s Hero for the Planet

An oceanographer and marine biologist, Sylvia Earle has been making waves in the scientific community from a youthful age. She is the ripple society needed to realize the global environment is in danger. Sylvia is one of the most influential environmental activists due to her thousands of hours of experience in the ocean, becoming a pioneer for women’s careers in science and creating not only new technology but authoring and co-authoring impeccable novels and children’s books.Born in Gibbstown, New Jersey to Lewis Reade and Alice Freas Earle on the 30th of August in 1935, the same year Elvis Presley had been born. At the time of Sylvia’s birth, President Franklin D. Roosevelt had signed the Social Security Act & Neutrality Act, the Spanish Civil War had begun, World War II was being anticipated and the Great Depression was in full swing. Her parents taught her to see all animals, especially the slimy ones, for their beauty rather than their unpleasantries. On her family’s farm in Paulsboro, New Jersey, the young Earle investigated a pond on the family’s land. She filled a notebook with observations of all the creatures that lived in the pond and eventually draw the creatures.

Sylvia explained in her book Sea Change, “The ‘urge to submerge’ came on early and continues, seasoned and made more alluring by thousands of underwater hours each one heightening the excitement of the last as one discovery leads to another, each new scrap of information triggering awareness of dozens of new unknowns.” Her mother Alice had an affinity for animals too, inducing a passion in her daughter. The Earle family moved to Florida and the ocean itself became Sylvia’s backyard. Jacques Cousteau became one of Dr. Earle’s biggest role models. At only 16 years of age, Dr. Earle graduated high school. Sylvia earned her bachelor of science degree at Florida State University in the spring of 1955. Dr. Earle holds twelve honorary degrees from various colleges and university including Duke University and Harvard University. Harold Humm is said to have been the closest thing Dr. Earle had to a mentor and role model. She named the pink algae she discovered on a simple dive Hummbrella Hydra to pay homage to Dr. Humm.

He was not only her first college professor but a close friend. So close, that she followed him to Duke University and took his place on the Anton Bruun in 1964. Not only does she claim a Ph.D. but over 6,000 hours under the sea, the number continues to grow weekly. In 1990, George W Bush requested that Sylvia head the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. She served until 1992 when she resigned believing she could do more for the ocean as a citizen rather than a government official. Her goal became education of the public and finding solutions to ocean pollution. During her service though, she did speak with Japanese leaders and ended up at a depth of 13,065ft in Shinkai 6500. She looked upon Bill Clinton as he dubbed 1998 Year of The Oceans. Sylvia has not only been in a position of great authority but had the pleasure to speak with world leaders. She has been awarded Time's Hero For The Planet.

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Pick up Trash in the Ocean

The community can gather at least once a month to pick up the trash on their block. I can go to the lake and tidy up the trash that is dirtying it. Others recommended heading off to the shoreline and wiping out the waste or having garbage cans close-by.

Guiding Questions

First, have more nearby trancans. Another one being gather at least once a month and pick up after your block. Thirdly, have consequences for litterbugs.

Those who oppose my solutions should be fined, we need to keep ourselves clean. Before doing so, we should educate on how serious the matter is. They can start helping by throwing trash in a trash can.

Calculate the consequences of these solutions—both intended and unintended at all levels of the economy.

When it comes to littering as a state, local and nation problem, it welcomes positive and negative externalities. The federal will then need to waste time enforcing littering prevention laws along with waste money in order to maintain a clean country (negative). Household, the surroundings are to be safer as well as cleaner for everyone, (positive). If the surroundings are clean, business firms will bring in more customers and business will grow, (positive). The rest of the world will not be in as much of a risk as ocean pollution or just general population. Tourists will be more encourage to visit, (positive).

As an individual, you can pick up trash, recycle towards a recycling program. You can gain gift certificates to get goods. Or you can even receive tax reduction by picking up trash and taking it to recycling facility. Join a local humane club if you’re in school, you could help the environment and receive volunteer hours. Businesses can help reduce littering by giving out prizes or rewards like tax reduction. The government can help by providing money to smaller businesses who keep their place litter free, than other companies will want to as well and encourage to go green.

The individual externalities are all positive if you pick up trash and recycle, not only will you be rewarded but you're also helping our environment. Businesses will have their place looking clean and attract more customers (positive). The government on the other hand, is more tricky. Although, encouraging the industry to be clean, safe and green is for the best, money used will have to come from somewhere. Somewhere may be from our taxes or from our national debt.

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To Bring Awareness to the Ocean Pollution

“In 2008, a study found that approximately 35% of the fish studied had ingested plastic, averaging 2.1 pieces per fish.” (OceanUnitelp) Around 34 years ago, a group of surfers grouped together and formed the Surfrider Foundation, an organization dedicated to bringing awareness to protect the oceans and beaches all over the world. The Surfrider foundation created and posted the following ad to bring awareness to the effects of our pollution especially in the ocean. The message of the ad is created through showing the effects pollution has on the food we eat, by the substitution of the familiar with something absurd to show how what was once natural has been contaminated, and through color contrast of natural and artificial items.

At the top of the image there is an image of sushi but it’s not regular sushi because the wrap that we know usually comes from the ocean, such as the seaweed and fish, is replaced by plastic bags while the rice remains as rice. There are wood chopsticks which we can assume is for the sushi. Near the sushi there is a big bold blue text saying, “what goes into the ocean goes into you”, which is the main message of the ad. There is a set of smaller black text stating statistics on how much trash enters the ocean which explain more into detail the importance of bringing such awareness. In the bottom right corner of the ad, there is a Surfrider foundation logo with a blue bottle with text on it saying, “Rise above plastics”.

The most compelling part of the image is how it renders something viewers normally eat and enjoy as being no longer safe. Displaying the sushi on a plastic bag creates an emotion of guilt. When people see the ad, they think back on all the times they have polluted our environment. The audience will feel bad for throwing trash into the sea and they will realize where it ends up at the end. If more people understand that the trash ultimately ends in the food, they will think twice before polluting. No one wants to eat trash so ultimately it will decrease. The audience will also think of it as instant karma. The ad can also be the saying ‘what goes around comes around’. When people pollute the environment, it ends back in their food so its karma. The audience will realize they are the ones who are causing the problem by polluting.

The message of the ad is helped established by the color contrasts of the image versus that of actual sushi. People view the colors of sushi as natural, given that it is made from natural resources such as seaweed and fish. Such things have their natural colors and textures, as for trash, have more artificial looks and colors. Given the stigma of today’s society, what is natural is good and seeing the natural parts of seafood contaminated with what is artificial, it creates a sense of discomfort and restlessness. The white color in the background also help the main point be clear. The plain and simple background makes the audience focus more on the sushi itself and the blue text. The color of the text also allowed the information to be read and understood clearly.

Overall the ad from the Surfrider Foundation is trying to bring awareness to the ocean pollution. The ad creates such message by displaying the effects pollution has on the food we eat and color contrast. By creating such ad, the audience will feel guilt and think twice about pollution. The colors on the ad also make main message clear to understand.

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Dumping Trash into the Ocean

Thousands of pounds of trash is washed back up on oceans, because of this animals that live on the beach can't live there anymore do to the excessive amount of trash washed up from the ocean. It would really help if people volienterd and helped clean beaches with trash. This helps the animals that live on the beach and also the environment around it. Also donating to causes that go against pollution helps too. We could also make certain things banded, like for example the amount of plastic a person uses. Sitting there and doing nothing will not help our oceans.

Oil spills is what kills marine life the most. According Andrea Thompson, “1.3 million gallons (4.9 million liters) of petroleum are spilled into U.S. waters from vessels and pipelines in a typical year”. This oil posians marine life. Also birds that use the ocean to clean themselves get affected, because they can't clean themselves anymore. We can fix this because there are machines now that clean and soak up oil spills in the ocean. It doesn't get everything but it gets some which is better than nothing.

Yes dumping trash into the ocean is bad, but where else are we supposed to put the billions of pounds of trash. We cant put it on our lands. Just image how ugly places would look if instead we dumped the trash on lands. Everywhere it would smell. We can't burn it either because that would be bad for the atmosphere and to people that breathe the air. we have to do what we have to do. Yes some fish will die, but there's a lot of fish anyways, we can spare some. According to Ana Catarino “There is considerable evidence to suggest that plastic particles are readily released from the gut of organisms without negative effects – and note that researchers have tended to test for concentrations in considerably higher amounts than are found in the environment”. This means that we don't know for shore is trash really hurts marine life.

There's actually more life in the ocean then the on land. About fifty to eighty percent of life is in the oceans. So you can why it's so bad to pollute the ocean. The ocean is the only way we can survive. Im shore instead of dumping our trash into the ocean, we can find a way to put somewhere else, or a way to dispose of it. Dumping trash into the oceans will only bring negative effects on us. It might not affect us right now but on this pace we could have a big problem in the future.

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Plastic is the most Harmful for the Ocean

The ocean is essential for human life and is the lifeblood for earth. Three fourths of the plant is made up oceans. In addition, about seventy five percent of the oxygen is produced from our oceans. In many ways we use the ocean in day to day tasks. We use it drink water, we use it to breathe, we even use things that are made up of water, like for example pools, or even a water hose. Deep ocean waters are home to marine life and is home to one of the biggest creatures on the planet. The ocean provide jobs, entertainment, and most importantly the ocean provides food. That’s why ocean pollution is such a big problem.

We need the oceans to survive. Everything that drinks water could go extinct without the oceans. Since the ocean is so vast and big, people think they can dump whatever they want into the ocean with no effects,but there wrong. Ocean pollution has become a problem now. According Kimberly Amaral ”14 billion pounds of garbage was being dumped into the ocean every year. That's more than 1.5 million pounds per hour”. There are literally small island sized garbe clusters floating in our oceans.

Marine life is affected a lot by pollution in the oceans. According to the Marin Academy's Oceanography website, “there are over 46,000 pieces of plastic floating in each square mile of ocean off the Northeast coast of the United States, which contributes to the death of 100,000 marine mammals and two millions sea birds yearly”. In some areas marine life can’t reproduce because of the amount of pollution. If some marine life can't reproduce it could throw the food web unbalanced. Many fish survive from eating a certain fish and if they aren't reproducing then they could die off due to starvation.

Ocean pollution doesn't only affect marine life but also rain, that's right rain. Rain comes from the ocean, when the it heats up from the sun and evaporates into the clouds. It then rains on lands. We drink this rain since we can't drink ocean water do to it being too salty. Millions of pounds of trash is dissolved in the ocean. When we drink the rain that came from the dissolved water we could become sick from that. In addition we could have acid rain, which is rain that burns and eats away things. This is caused by extra carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. According to Ocean Portal Team, “When carbon dioxide dissolves in seawater, the water becomes more acidic and the ocean’s pH (a measure of how acidic or basic the ocean is) drops. Even though the ocean is immense, enough carbon dioxide can have a major impact. In the past 200 years alone, ocean water has become 30 percent more acidic—faster than any known change in ocean chemistry in the last 50 million years”.

Unlike most guagbe in the ocean plastic is probably the most harmful for the ocean.according to Brain Hutchinson, “ between 4 and 12 million metric tons of plastic enter the ocean each year—enough to cover every foot of coastline on the planet! And that amount is expected to more than double in the next 10 years. Let that sink in for a moment”. If we really want to help the oceans from pollution, we need to stop using so much plastic. Instead of opening and drink 3 waters, you could instead use one and then refill it. Recycling also helps as well.

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The Impact of Oil on the Ocean

There are many ways oil can get into the ocean or any body of water. Of course the most obvious being oil spills but also ways like natural seeps, consumption, transportation, and extraction of oil. Nearly 85 percent of the 29 million gallons of petroleum that enter North American ocean waters each year as a result of human activities comes from airplanes to cars and small boats. (“SOURCES OF OIL IN THE SEA”) While less than 8 percent comes from tanker or pipeline spills. Firstly, natural seeps from the rocks below the seafloor. Oil seeps are common in many areas, including the Gulf of Mexico and offshore of Southern California, and in other areas where oil is found beneath the continental shelf (“ScienceDaily”). Second, we talk about consumption, which includes runoff from land vehicles to marine boating and jet skis in coastal waters. Most cars drip oil on streets and highways which is washed off by rains. The millions of cars in large coastal cities are important sources. Another way is transportation, which mainly consists of spills from tankers and pipelines at sea because the companies really only care about profit. Lastly, we talk about extraction, which includes spills from offshore platforms or even blowouts during efforts to explore for and produce petroleum and gas. There is not a sure fire way to completely prevent oil pollution without making the economy crash; However, we can make stricter rules and regulations with harsher consequences to keep companies as well as people from taking shortcuts.

The effects of oil have on the ocean can be absolutely devastating like stopping up the blowholes of whales, making it impossible for them to breathe properly and disrupting their ability to communicate. Another example is that oil can coat the fur of penguins and seals, which wicks away the heat from their bodies leaving them vulnerable to hypothermia. Even when the oil doesn't affect some marine mammals directly it can contaminate their food supply. This causes them to get sick or even die. When this happens, other animals higher on the food chain eat them because they are too weak to fight or run away. So the higher you go into the food chain the more toxic it gets.

In conclusion, the human species needs to expand its knowledge as a whole in order to fix the different types of marine pollution. Chemical pollution is mostly commercial and tighter regulation could help resolve the majority of the issue; however, this would have a negative economic impact. Sewage pollution is caused but unregulated dumping and can simply be fixed if we were to update not only the treatment complexes but also the regulations. Oil pollution is caused by things like unregulated dumping to oil seeps. Any oil in any body of water can have no good effect on marine life as well as human life. Lastly, plastic pollution is caused by anything from careless littering to commercial dumping. Since plastic is man-made, nothing can completely decompose it; this means that it stays in the ocean until something or someone takes it out. Plastic can be mistaken for food from hungry animals or could just accidentally swim into causing animals to lose a limb or even suffocate to death. So next time you travel or throw something away, think about the consequences it could have not only on the environment but the human species as a whole.

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The Effects of Untreated Sewage

The effects of improper disposal of chemical waste in agriculture have led to a significant increase in the nitrogen concentration in the water. When it comes to water, this can produce too much nitrogen eutrophication, which causes the excessive growth of algae and phytoplankton with crippling consequences. Too many algae in the water can produce algal blooms, which spreads toxins known as 'red tides'. Red tides are responsible for killing seabirds, fish, marine mammals, and can even harm humans. When these harmful blooms die, the bacteria consume all of the oxygen and creates a dead zone and fish cannot live in this area. While chemicals make everyday human life easier and healthier, they can do irreversible damage to the marine environment.

The sewage that enters rivers and streams is caused by dumping, mainly by the sewage treatment plants. These plants do this as a result of most of them are outdated or too small because were built in the mid-seventies because of the Clean Water Act of 1972. This means that either the plants get too full of sewage and the plant has to dump some out of its storage or the clean sewage has not been fully treated. The government needs to invest not only money but also more effort into keeping untreated sewage out of our waterways. Sewage is also severely degrading in the maritime environment. You might think that “All of the animals have been producing waste in the ocean for centuries. How is human waste different since it is organic?” Well, these days the food we eat is made up with chemicals, while also we have the issue of the quantity of sewage and the unregulated dumping of hygiene products like shampoo.

The effects of untreated sewage dumping can be extremely unhealthy not only to marine life but also human life. For example, sewage can transmit disease either by direct contact or through pollution of water supplies. Among other fecal-borne diseases like parasites such as roundworms. For most of history, populations were so small that the main problem with sewage was the gagging smell of it, and at times spreading disease or parasites locally. Sewage wasn't all bad because it provided a benefit as a fertilizer for crops. As the population grew so did the problem of sewage contaminating the water, Like the effect of more feces entered wells, lakes, streams, and rivers, affecting nature as well as human health.

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Mass Scale Plastic Removal

There are several categories of water pollutants. The most damaging and most numerous of all are plastics. Plastic can enter the ocean or other waterways in a variety of ways including dumping, littering, and just the carelessness of humans. We do this because we no longer have a use for our bottles, food waste, straws, or even TVs! You would think dumping is illegal since it pollutes the ocean but in fact, it is not at all as long as the person or company that is dumping it is 12 miles offshore. This plastic does not immediately decompose in nature. This means, the plastic that was thrown into the ocean fifty years ago is still in the ocean but most likely broken down into a microscopic state. Pollution is bad for the environment because not only does it make marine life sick, it can absorb into our bodies —93 percent of Americans age six or older test positive for Bisphenol A (a plastic known to cause hormone imbalances). (“ Eco Watch”)

Once the plastic is in the ocean, it stays there. It does not disappear. It will break down into a microscopic form. Mass scale plastic removal is currently unfeasible. Therefore microplastics in the ocean will continuously affect the marine life around it. An example of this is that oysters filter in water and the microscopic algae, along with the algae the oyster could also be taking in plastic particles that could be toxic to it and its consumers. This is not good because since there are no ways to remove microscopic plastic completely and the concentration will only get stronger. Ultimately, marine animals with the highest concentrations will be consumed by humans, placing nearly everyone on Earth at risk of microplastic toxicity.

Yet another source of pollution are chemicals. They are used in all types of agricultural processes. To protect our crops from bugs we spray them with pesticides, and to make them grow bigger we spray them with fertilizers. To ensure the health of livestock, commercial farmers spray insecticides that get kill diseases on the pens. This all sounds great but these chemicals can seep into the ground directly or run off into a river or stream and contaminate not only our water but even our soil. Eventually, these chemicals will make it into our water supply and contaminate it, then it will run off into rivers and eventually the ocean.

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Toxic Chemicals that Enter the Ocean

Ocean pollution is a defining crisis of the twenty-first century. Considering even only the last decade, disasters such as the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill—one that leaked more than 200 million gallons of petroleum into the Gulf of Mexico, have already caused irreparable damage to our biosphere. Additionally, the millions of tons of trash, oil, fertilizer, sewage, and toxic chemicals that enter the ocean every year only exacerbate this burgeoning problem. Though humanity has prided itself on its mastery of land, our uncontrolled dumping has caused beaches and coastlines to also fill with waste, killing plants and animals in some of the world’s most ecologically productive regions. It was from the oceans that eukaryotic life first emerged, and even today microorganisms such as phytoplankton and cyanobacteria produce the lion’s share of the world’s biomass and oxygen. The slow death of aquatic environments from unbridled pollution will inevitably lead to the extinction of life in every corner of the world, not only those in the oceans. In short, this crisis is an issue that has encroached on every aspect of human life, and unless world-reaching solutions such as the Paris Climate Accords are taken seriously, it can very well lead to the end of human civilization as we know it. To further explore the issue, it is crucial to understand the source, cause, and possible solutions to the crisis. Before specific, actionable solutions can be taken, we as a species must examine the historical context of maritime ecological decay, the role of polymer materials in exacerbating the issue, the economic implications of solving the issue, and the extent of government’s role in containing the crisis.

Since the rise of human civilization, societies the world over have found their beginnings in river valleys. From the Tigris and Euphrates in Mesopotamia to the Yellow River in China, rivers have served as the backbone of all human activity. Rivers were the source of all life as they provided fresh water for farmland and livestock, but as technology progressed, they also served as the artery of industrial infrastructure. By the nineteenth century, rivers such as the Thames were crucial to the transportation of both goods and waste. Though the notion of dumping human sewage into drinking water is absurd today, it had been seen as a viable option since it eventually dumped into the ocean—a seemingly infinite body of water whose carrying capacity was limitless. This idea of the ocean pervaded the twentieth century, and it wasn’t until the turn of the millennium that the world realized its mistake. Today, approximately eighty percent of marine pollution ultimately originates on land as a direct result of human activity. A prime example of this is the Yangtze River in Central China. Though it still holds the title of most economically productive river on earth, the ships that float atop it no longer carry grain and silk. Instead, massive container ships now tow electronics, plastics, and an alphabet soup of derived chemicals from the country’s industrial heart in Chongqing and Sichuan to the Port of Shanghai at its delta. Though these ships carry the products that make the world run, their engines also burn immense amounts of bunker fuel, a literal “bottom of the barrel” substance so vicious and sulfur-rich that it more closely resembles tar than gasoline. But ships are not even the largest source of this waste. Agriculture, humanity’s greatest innovation, has also worked against us. For instance, when large tracts of land are plowed, the exposed soil can erode during rainstorms. Much of this runoff flows to the sea, carrying with it agricultural fertilizers and pesticides. Oil spills are the release of a liquid petroleum into the environment, mainly the marine ecosystem, and is a form of pollution. The term “oil spill” is usually given to marine oil spills, some oil spills occur on land but mainly in the ocean because that is where most oil is dredged from.

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Sea Turtle Endangerment is Pollution of the Ocean

The last human activity cause of sea turtle endangerment is pollution of the ocean. “The ocean is the final stop for much of the garbage generated on land” (Wroble, Kähler). Sea turtles are vulnerable to ocean pollution at all stages of life, from eggs to hatchlings to juveniles to adults. Pollutants can include things like toxic metals, petroleum products, and things such as fertilizers, chemicals, and untreated waste. They can cause immediate harm to the turtles through direct contacts, or can build up in tissues over time. Scientists believe that plastic bags actually smell like food to sea turtles because of the bacteria and algae that grows on them. According to CNN Wire, until now, there were just theories that sea turtles may have accidentally gotten entangled in the plastic. Turtles also will mistake garbage in the ocean for prey, taking in plastics and other materials that cause digestive failure. Sea turtles can also be affected by ingesting food that is contaminated by oil or tar balls. A large percentage of dead hatchlings whose stomach contents have been examined have ingested tar balls, which form when crude oil floating in the water degrades. Also, polluted waters, particularly oceans with low water turnover, can cause the growth of potentially lethal fibropapilloma tumors on the eyes, skin, and internal organs of the sea turtles (Shattuck, Foran). External tumors can create drag and slow turtles down, making them more vulnerable to predation and collisions with boats. Tumors around the eyes can mess up the vision of the turtles and can cause blindness to them. Tumors around the mouth can impair breathing and feeding. Pollution can also cause other diseases in sea turtles, such as parasites. Flatworms are frequently found in sea turtles in the stomach and bladder of the turtle. They can also get external parasites from pollution. Aside from the turtles themselves, pollution can also pose a threat to sea turtle habitats. Oil from spills offshore washes up on beaches where it can harm nesting habitats and can impact nests.

Sea turtles are much more than just another animal living in the ocean. They are important and have purposes that many people fail to see. They are part of cultures, are a keystone species, help control their prey in the environment that they live in, give nutrients to beach coasts, and are relied on for jobs and income. The three major causes of sea turtles being in danger of going extinct are global warming, predation of other animals, and human activity. But there are many things that can be done to help protect the sea turtles. One can avoid nesting sites by becoming aware of where the nesting sites are that way they do become more prone to being walked all over. An individual can also help by cleaning up the beach. Trash we leave on the beach often ends up in the ocean.

Although it may not seem like picking up one small piece of garbage will do anything, it can make a huge difference to the turtles. So make a difference and pick up trash that can be destructive to a sea turtle. One can also help by doing things such as filling in beach holes to avoid any sort of beach obstacles for the turtles, remove beach furniture and umbrellas that can keep baby sea turtles from making their way to the ocean, do not construct beach fires during hatching season, as sea turtles are known for being attracted to light which in some cases a sea turtle could crawl into the fire, leave turtle tracks untouched, be alert when boating and/fishing, and reduce one’s carbon footprint. Sea turtles are in so much danger but there is so much we can do to help them and get them off of the endangered species list. Humans would not like it if their environment was compromised and if they were in danger with their lives on the line, so why do it to the turtles when the littlest steps can be taken in order to help? Make a difference. Save the turtles.

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Human Impact on the Sea Turtles

Main reason why sea turtles are being threatened is because of human activity. One human activity that puts sea turtles at risk is beach nourishment. Beach nourishment consists of pumping, trucking, or depositing sand on the beach to replace what has been lost to erosion. This can disturb nesting turtles and even bury turtle nests during the nesting season. “The sand brought in might differ from native beach sediments and can affect nest-site selection, digging behavior, incubation temperature, et.” (Committee on Sea Turtle Conservation et. Al). Another dangerous human activity is increased human presence.

Resident and tourist use of developed nesting beaches can affect nesting turtles, incubating egg clutches, and hatchlings. According to the Committee on Sea Turtle Conservation et. Al, nesting beaches heavily used by pedestrians might have low rates of hatchling emergence, because of compaction of the sand above nests, and pedestrian tracks can interfere with the ability of hatchling turtles to reach the ocean. Poaching is another human activity that compromises the lives of sea turtles. Sea turtles are poached for their meat and sometimes their body parts. Its skin is often times used to make accessories such as purses, shoes, jewelry, etc. (Shattuck, Foran). In addition, sea turtle shells are often traded. Hawksbill sea turtles are recognized for their gold and brown shells. They have been hunted for centuries to make luxury items and as a result, these turtles are listed as critically endangered. Turtle eggs and meat are also illegally traded. Turtle eggs are considered to be an aphrodisiac in many places and their meat is still consumed even though both are illegal in most places.

Another human activity that endangers sea turtles is shoreline armoring. Shoreline armoring is the construction of barriers or structures for the purpose of preventing coastal erosion. “By altering water flow and erosion and deposition and creating physical barriers, some types of shoreline armoring prevents sea turtles from reaching their nesting sites on shore. Fishing also puts the sea turtles at risk. The development of highly industrialized fisheries contributes to the endangerment because “the most economical fishing method involves pulling multiple nets under water for extended periods of time” (Blanchfield). As juvenile sea turtles approach the adult stage, their risk of death at the hands of humans increases because they tend to start making habitats where fishermen work. Because of this, it is possible for a sea turtle to take the bait of a recreational fisherman or drown in commercial gill nets (Spotila 78).

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Trash in the Ocean

The primary audience in this context are the people surrounding the Mediterranean region and those working in the office of marine research in this region. Actually, for the workers, they help in measures that prevent tampering the marine life and performance of the study smoothly and ethically.

In the subsection below, the main idea is the different forms of ocean contamination such as pesticides, herbicides, chemical fertilizers, detergents, oil, sewage, plastics, and other solids. Also, in the discussion are how ocean thermal energy conservation cause contamination and how the contaminants limit the efficacy of ocean thermal energy conservation facilities. All of the contaminants are trash and have an effect that is large to oceans. Pesticides and herbicides sprayed on crops during planting seasons. After being sprayed, when rain falls, it washes away the pesticides which get into the water bodies as surface runoff. Through rivers, it is how the pesticides get into the oceans and instantly kill animal life. Chemical fertilizers used during planting put in soil and after being carried in surface too end up in oceans and are a great threat to ocean life too (Hofer, 2008).

After spillage of oil into oceans, it covers the water as it is lighter than water preventing percolation of air into the water hence causing the death of a lot of animals. Washing away of plastic from rivers head into the ocean, they might appear at offshore, but due to wind and storms, they are moved into the deep waters. Their breakdown is what leads to their consumption by animals. A big challenge on sewage is that if it significantly affects the life of human beings then why not the presence of animals that live on the ocean (Hofer, 2008).

One of the areas of technology to be dealt with is how the plastics reach to the point of decomposition and consumption by the animal life. Not only is the explanation of decomposition of plastics, but also other solids which people think do no decompose. The other technological factor is how the plastics release various toxins into the water and the artificial decomposition. The other factor is how the marine life gets trapped inside garbage and whether anything technological might help in the reduction of this (Roonwwal, 2017).

The ethical angle of the team relates to my topic in that mine is on the forms of pollution which include plastic bags and brief research on the certain contaminants of oceans. The team talks about ocean pollution and contamination and the technological factors in context to that help in the determination of how pollutants affect ocean environment. The team talks of use of the Mediterranean researchers while I talk of the Japanese researchers. It is still a nice way of research as the information is compared and the important points from the researchers noted down. There is a need for the spread of awareness to stop garbage deposition of the ocean. It is because the continuation of piling of garbage destroys animal life and even the beauty of the ocean in general. The social setting is the one to ask a question here as the way of living of human beings is what affects the ocean life. If people do not deposit the garbage in rivers, then there would be no garbage in oceans. If human beings improve on their dumping behaviours, then ocean pollution is not a discussion topic anymore. In the political terms, measures and huge fines for punishing those found depositing garbage in rivers undertaken by the government (An Overview of Ocean Pollution 2016).

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Trash In The Ocean. (2022, Apr 18). Retrieved November 3, 2025 , from
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Life during World War 1

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What has the World Come to

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The Need for a Central Army

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Soldier’s Home

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Costs of World War One

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Medicine during World War 1

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The Munich Putsch

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Imminent World War 1

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Selective Service Act of 1917

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World War 1, Modernism and New Technology

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The Blood of Americans was Spilled to Defend France

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World War 1 and the Great Depression

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Managing Marine Plastic Pollution

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Sewage is Another Important Kind of Ocean Pollution

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Natural Alternatives

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How Many Animals Aren’t Showing up on a Beach

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Eco-Friendly Glitter

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Deep Ocean Technology

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Time’s Hero for the Planet

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Pick up Trash in the Ocean

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To Bring Awareness to the Ocean Pollution

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Dumping Trash into the Ocean

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Plastic is the most Harmful for the Ocean

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The Impact of Oil on the Ocean

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The Effects of Untreated Sewage

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Mass Scale Plastic Removal

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Toxic Chemicals that Enter the Ocean

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Sea Turtle Endangerment is Pollution of the Ocean

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Human Impact on the Sea Turtles

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Trash in the Ocean

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