Today, Health care facilities are designed in a very compact and artificial manner. This may be due to the capitalist economy, clients and smaller lands to build on. There are fewer windows with views to the outdoors, too much artificial lighting and ventilation, no green spaces, lack of interaction between people, all of which are opposites of a healthy mind and body. Drugs and treatments can help cure diseases but the process or length of this healing process has become worse over the years. People fear hospitals (Bauer, 2014).Architecture can play a major role in changing this scenario.

It cannot cure patients but it can help in creating a better environment where patients spend a lot of their time. Access to fresh air, natural lighting, open spaces, greener, social community spaces that promote a happy mind and contribute positivity towards healing. This paper draws upon the concepts of Wilbert M. Gesler, a renowned author in the field of environmental psychology, suggesting modern ways to design better spaces and creating a healing environment (Bauer, 2014).II. HEALING ENVIRONMENTi. IntroductionMore than 90% of the people today lead unhealthy lives, not due to sickness, but unhealthy in their minds and spirits. This is the difference between a healthy life (in mind, body and soul) and a life without sickness. A hospital treats patients but does not cure them to the fullest. Many institutes ignore the moods created inside hospitals, indoor environments treatment environment with respect to patients. It is important for healthcare facilities to not just focus on treatment but also how to cure sickness and help people live life to the fullest on day to day basis (Williams, 2015).The idea of a healing environment or healing space has been explored for many year by various cultures and traditions. Designing a healthcare facility is a complex task as per most healthcare designers as it involves both functional and psychological aspects. Healthcare designers are required to consider various requirements provided by the regional healthcare authority.

In order to fulfil this requirements less attention is given to the ultimate aim of creating a healing environment. Modern hospitals designs, equipped with technology for diagnostics, curing and treating have contributed to stress, depression and anxiety which have a harmful effect on health to patients and staff (Kreitzer, 2008).The components or elements that make up a healing environment is defined by various factors and looked upon in different ways which can be a study in itself. One way to find out what are the factors that contribute in creating a healing environment is by at past. Healing is a process that involves not just physically curing but dealing with the body as a whole. “Healing is not the same as curing. A person can be healed without being cured” as quoted by Bryan Lawson. For example, people suffering from cancer that does not have a cure can learn to be at peace with themselves and even live a full life. Wilbert M. Gesler, breaks down healing spaces into a combination of natural, built, and social environments all of which are important to the healing capabilities of a space (Gesler, 2003).   ii. Natural environmentAncient and modern science both have proven that nature triggers the human mind. It helps us live a healthier, happier, and smarter life. As per various ancient mythologies and scripts (Egyptian, Greek, Chinese, Indian, Japanese, Buddhism), the classical elements of nature are responsible for the existence and function of all matter i.e.; Earth, Water, Air, Fire and Space (Astrobix, n.d.). Each of these elements have an influence over our senses that are stimulate our mood, attitudes, behavior and wellbeing. Spending time in wilderness can help relieve stress and make us feel relaxed and divert our minds away from the city life. Virtually looking at nature can help too.

Humans will always be driven towards nature not because modern science says it is good for us, but because nature itself makes us feel better (Williams, 2015). The biologist, L.J Henderson, has analyzed how humans are made of up of water and we are always driven towards nature, because we come from nature (Alexander, 1977). Human connection to nature and its philosophy for good health has a long history. Evidence suggests we can enhance our health by staying in touch with animals, plants, landscapes, and wilderness experiences. Animals are now a part of many households and the bond between human and animal have changed over the years (Alexander, 1977). Flowers and plants are good for the senses and help refresh our minds. Hospitals incorporated gardens initially but these vanished over the years due to modern designs and compact site plots. Incorporating nature or visual effects of nature can prove to be very therapeutic in healthcare facilities (Coussens, 2001).iii. Built environmentThe built environment, includes buildings and other man made constructions. It has shown to have an influence on the healing process. The experience by the people of their surroundings affects their moods and emotions and the ways in which they react. Most aspects of human made environments affects the senses. The built space must create a physically healthy space. A healing environment with appropriate physical aspects would indirectly contribute to patients’ health such as shorter length of stay, reduced stress, increased patients satisfaction and others.

Noise control, air quality, thermal comfort, lighting, communication, color, texture, privacy and view to nature are among the physical factors which have to be considered in healthcare design (Coussens, 2001). Role of the architect in healthcare designThe collaboration between medical practitioners and architects has slowly started developing with the increase in demand for effective healthcare architecture. Architecture companies are encouraging architects who are involved in healthcare design to have a dual degree in medicine are architecture that will help them design hospitals with a better understanding.  Based on evidence research and analysis through various case studies, Brayan Lawson in his article “Healing Architecture” has produced a tool known as ASPECT (A Staff and Patient Environmental Calibration Tool) that states 8 parameters to be used while design a healthcare institution (Lawson, 2010). Privacy, company and dignity The design must allow patients to control their level of privacy. When they want to be alone or with others. For example, if a patient is under stress and needs silence but a community gathering is taking place nearby may affect the patient negatively (Lawson, 2010).Comfort and control There are other factors that also must be in control of the patient such as lighting, heating, ventilation. If the whole hospital runs on central heating or cooling system may not be the right solution. One patient may have different thermal comfort than the other. Helping them control how much heating they want or how much ventilation they want provides a lot of comfort (Lawson, 2010). Legibility of place (coherence) Creating confusing corridors or floor plans may lead to frustration. When a person is in the hospital, he/she would want to find something in the hospital easily instead of going through a maze to reach their destination. Therefore, legibility in space design is very important (Lawson, 2010). Interior appearanceInteriors where patients or their families walk around or stay at must have good aesthetics. Looking at negative paintings or dull colors may influence their moods in a negative way and slow down the process of healing (Lawson, 2010). ViewsPatients, staff and other must have good views to the outdoors. A window that overlooks a garbage collecting alley may not be the solution. Rather, a window opening towards a green courtyard with plants and birds will have a positive influence on the patient (Lawson, 2010).

Nature and outdoors A view or contact with nature can have a great influence on patients. For example, during the winter season, we are deprived of natural sunlight, green trees and flowers which has a negative impact on our moods. By just creating spaces that have access to the outdoors or even painting depicting nature can influence therapy (Lawson, 2010). Facilities and staffHospitals are not just occupied by patients but also staff. Providing them with entertainment and relaxation lounges can help them perform their duties better (Lawson, 2010). iv. Social environment Humans are social animals. Therefore, we must interact with other people from time to time as part of our lives. Social interaction plays a major role in healing too. Every individual who occupies a healthcare facilities – patients, their families, doctors, nurses and other staff – as part of this social environment. These relationships have immense influence on the healing process and therefore they must be enhanced. The idea that good social relationships was essential to providing healing environments was the central idea in the therapeutic community, and was incorporated into therapy in World War 2. This can be done by removing the hierarchies among the people involved. Equality among patients, treating them in the same way and encouraging community gatherings can promote healing. Patients who might be treated differently can result in a negative state of mind and will slower there healing process (Osei, 2014).

Cite this page

The struggle between conservation and development

Crystal Heng Si Ying

School of Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University

On a bleak, drizzly morning, Singaporeans bade farewell to the iconic Rochor Centre, nestled in the heart of the city. Characterized by Housing and Development Board (HDB) flats of four distinct colours — yellow, blue, green and pink, it was time for yet another site to make way for future development projects, which in this case is the North-South Corridor expressway (Wong, 2018).

Time and again, with heavy hearts, we witness various buildings or places being sacrificed to accommodate the country’s infrastructure development plans. While we are confronted with the problem of land constraint, leaving us with limited alternatives such that we have to sacrifice certain sites to support the country’s development, I would argue that conservation must not be neglected. As we adopt a growth-oriented urban development model (Shatkin, 2014), we must remember that these sites contribute to shaping the unique Singaporean identity; they are an integral part of Singapore’s history and an essential chapter of the Singapore story; the physical existence of these sites will aid in educating future generations about culture. In fact, conservation and development are not mutually exclusive, we can strike a balance between the two.

In the global arena, Singapore is often referred to as the ‘little red dot’. Having a tiny land area of 719.9 square kilometres recorded in 2017 (Department of Statistics Singapore, 2018), we have to constantly seek solutions to overcome the problem of land constraint. With limited alternatives, we end up sacrificing various sites. The Sungei Road Thieves’ Market is an example which has made various sacrifices in view of infrastructure development projects. Being a flea market, one can find virtually anything ranging from ancient items to second hand products here. In 2017, the curtains were drawn as the site made way for future residential development. Approximately 20 sellers relocated to the Kreta Ayer Flea Market in Chinatown (Chng Shao Kai, 2018) only to be uprooted once again this year for the construction of a sheltered linkway. While efforts have been made to help these sellers find a new home, it is inevitable that one day, their ‘new home’ will be deemed as a potential site for re-development, rendering them ‘homeless’ once again. Given that a petition to relocate the site was raised to the parliament, it demonstrates the strong feelings of attachment the public has to the site. Hence, before we sacrifice sites to accommodate future development projects, we should think of ways to preserve the precious memories associated with these places and recognize the importance of conservation.

Whether it is a building or a place, Singaporeans form memories associated with these sites. These shared memories contribute to shaping the unique Singaporean identity and conservation efforts are therefore crucial to allow Singaporeans to have something tangible to identify with. To illustrate, Dakota Crescent, being one of our oldest public housing estates, contains memories of many Singaporeans who lived and grew up there. For the residents of Dakota Crescent, this is their home, a part of what makes them a Singaporean. In 2014, it was announced that the estate would have to be sacrificed for redevelopment but its courtyard and iconic dove playground (Li, 2017) will be retained. This is an apt exemplification of an attempt to strike a balance between development and conservation. At the very least, the residents of Dakota Crescent will have something palpable to identify with such that whenever they reminisce about the wonderful memories they have forged there, it will delight them to know that the very playground they used to spend their afternoons at still exist. Conservation is hence paramount to ensure a tangible part of the site remains, cementing the Singaporean identity built upon shared memories.

Furthermore, these sites are part of our history, part of the Singapore story and it is imperative that we preserve them as we chart the development and progress of the country. Singapore has been lauded for its rapid advancement from third world to first world status within a short span of 50 years. As Singapore modernized, we see high-rise HDB flats and skyscrapers permeating the country. However, elements of the past are still evident, as seen in the various shophouses present in Singapore. Being typical two-storey buildings, it was recently announced that eight pre-World War 2 shophouses featuring Art Deco style in Jalan Besar (Urban Redevelopment Authority, 2018) will be put up for conservation status. Apart from this, the first satellite town of Singapore, Queenstown, houses a seven-storey building, the Princess House which served as the first headquarters of HDB. Featuring 1950s modern architecture, Princess House was marked for conservation in 2007. These buildings are representations of our past and a chapter of the Singapore story. By conserving them, we are essentially reminding ourselves of how far we have advanced in terms of the country’s infrastructure development, allowing us to take pride in what we have achieved.

Additionally, some of these sites are associated with a distinct culture such that preserving them would aid in educating future generations. In 1986, the Urban Redevelopment Authority (URA) announced the Conservation Master Plan, marking out six areas including Chinatown, Kampong Glam, Little India and Emerald Hill for conservation. Today, we frequently see learning journeys organized to these areas, for students to learn more about cultures. For instance, the Thian Hock Keng Temple (Ministry of Culture, Community and Youth, 2016) located at Chinatown is one of the oldest Hokkien temples in Singapore. Being declared as a national monument in 1973, a trip to this temple will enable one to learn more about the dialect aspect of the Chinese culture. Conserving a site thus goes beyond its physical presence, these sites serve as useful tools in cultural education.

In this whole struggle between conserving and making way for further development, the crux of it is to adopt a consultative approach and consider the public’s sentiment. We do not always have to make a tough choice between the two as they can co-exist. Many years later, wouldn’t it be wonderful if we can revisit the colourful blocks of flats nestling in the city?

Cite this page

 

Why grant wood’s American gothic painting is parodied and Ben Shawn’s Rural rehabilitation client (1935) photo isn’t.

Creator of the American Gothic, Grant DeVolson Wood was born in 1981 on a farm in Iowa. When he finished high school in 1910, He he went to the Minneapolis School of Design were for a short time he studied Handicraft and Normal Art he also studied at the School of the Art Institute of Chicago. Later he took several trips to Europe. In Europe he studied many different types of styles of painting, specifically Impressionism and post-impressionism. Wood was influenced mainly by the 15th-century Flemish artist Jan van Eyck. The inspiration of one of Woods earlier paintings the American Gothic was found when he was walking around his hometown in Iowa. He came across a house that made him speech less. This is what led to his most famous work. Along with his painting Wood also became famous. This fame helped him to thrust the Regionalist movement in to the limelight. The Regionalist movement also known as the

American Regionalism “it is an American realist modern art movement that included paintings, murals, lithographs, and illustrations depicting realistic scenes of rural and small-town America primarily in the Midwest and Deep South”. Wood lived a life creating art and also educating others a bout art. In February 12, 1942, in Iowa city, Iowa Wood died.

Ben Shahn was born to Joshua Hessel and Gittel Shahn in Kaunas, Lithuania. It was part of the Russian Empire at the time. Shahn, his two siblings and his mother after his father for suspicions of taking part in revolutionary activities was exiled from Siberia in 1902. Because of this his family immigrated to the United States there they grouped up with Hessel. They journeyed to the Williamsburg section of Brooklyn in New York. There they got a home and two of Shahn’s siblings were born. Shahn started his artistic journey before the start of world war 2. Shahn practiced art in social realism. Social realism is “work produced by painters, printmakers, photographers, writers and filmmakers that aims to draw attention to the real socio-political conditions of the working class as a means to critique of the power structures behind these conditions.” (https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_realism). Shahn in contrast to what shahn himself called the rules for pure art. In an attempt to instruct readers on his work Shahn would routinely add texts, words, and quotations into his artwork. To try to form a bridge between fine art and mainstream media with his art, Shahn would bring together many contradicting styles of artistic cultures.

After the completion of Grant Wood’s American Gothic, a gigantic looming cloud of depression suffering debt and depression came over the entire country. It trusted the countryside and the people who lived their into a sort of grey and tragic life. This is known as the Great Depression. It was economic chaos. It affected almost every country. In 1929 the stock market crashed in America. It is thought to be the root cause of the start of the Great Depression because by 1933 their were millions of Americans who suddenly saw themselves homeless, jobless, leading to the their degradation of their quality of life. They couldn’t afford food, and plenty of other basic necessities. Things got even worse for the people living in the countryside when during the 1930s their was a series of dust storms known as the Dust Bowl.

They were responsible for destroying large parts of the Southern Great Plains.

During the Great Depression farmers like the ones depicted in grant wood’s American gothic painting is parodied and Ben Shawn’s Rural rehabilitation client (1935) were unable to rely on their farmlands as they did previous before. Their whole life depended on producing and selling food, but since not many people was buying their food, their time during the Great Depression was Immensely worse than the rest of the people in the country. Their farms landed in foreclosure. So they and the people around them who relied on the food they produced. On top of this their was no other job they could have. So it’s easy so see why the people depicted in the paintings and photos could have a facial expression that’s so bleak and hopeless were they seem as if they rather not be living. Through his photos Ben Shahn a man with a strong desire for social injustice, through his brilliantly shows the dire situation. American Gothic and Rural Rehabilitation Client are pretty similar in nature they both depict a straight faced man and woman. Both of them dress in what looks like their best attire. The the photos and painting it shows that compared to everyone else they are limited in the things they own and the things they can do even for Great Depression Times.

 

Cite this page

John Fitzgerald Kennedy, my loving husband, was a legendary man who was also an amazing president. He had battles all throughout this life and he was taken too soon from me. And not just me, but Caroline and John-John, too. That day is not a day I ever want to live again. November 22, 1963, was a day that will always be burned into my head. That day not only changed our country, but it also changed the way I lived my life. Everything he did for our country through his life changed America. We had our struggles, and our marriage was never perfect, but at the end of the day we always came back together. No matter what was going on.

John had a rough life growing up. He was always immensely ill… constantly in and out of the hospitals, always going to doctors. They never could find out what was wrong with him. His illnesses followed him all throughout his life and even into his last days. He never had just one thing wrong with him. Doctors could never find the sources to his long-lasting illnesses. Even while President he had, “high fevers, stomach troubles, colon and prostate issues, abscesses, adrenal problems, and high cholesterol.”(pg 19). These constant issues impeded his childhood because he was constantly in and out of hospitals. Growing up, he was always moving around and always going to the top and most prestigious schools possible. His father wanted John, from a young age, to be involved in the political and business world, just like him. And so John did.

John went to multiple primary schools, due to his family constantly moving around. While in school, he performed mediocrely. John was not an A plus student, he was not the valedictorian. He was not the best student out there. He was truly average. He was voted the most likely to succeed, and that is exactly what he did. For his college years, he went to Harvard. John performed well in college. His interest in politics and involvement was growing every day. He decided he wanted to be a senator, so he set his goals and worked to achieve them. Even though not being the best student he still became a senator. Even being ranked very low in high school, he still became the 35th president of the United States.

When John was 24, he decided to go into the military. We were on the midst of World War 2, Pearl Harbor had not been attacked yet when he joined. His desire was to go into the Army, but unfortunately John was rejected to lower back problems and illnesses that has stayed with him since he was a child. So, he went to the Navy, while in the Navy, he worked his way up to lieutenant, and became a Navy Hero. Even earning a Purple Heart for injuries he received during the time he served. He also received the Marine Corps Medal for being a war hero. He always served our country until the day he died. He was loyal, patriotic, and a perfect representation of an American. John’s heart was set on saving America, and bringing a new youthful generation into our World.

John and I met when he was just a congressman, little knowing what would become of him in the future. We were married on September 12, 1953. It wasn't until 7 years later he became President. Our relationship made him into the man he was. We tried to live a life out of the presses eye. Our marriage had tremendous struggles and yet it had major triumphs. John was a man with a life worth living, and he meant everything to me and our kids. John lived mostly a truthful life, despite the multiple affairs he would have with women. We had an incredibly rough time having kids, which overall made John a stronger, more dedicated, and persevering man. Which benefited him during his senate term and his short-lived presidency.

John was a democratic senator for the great state of Massachusetts. His dad always wanted him to be deeply involved politically just like he was. The whole Kennedy family had deep roots in the political world. He was in the senate alongside Richard Nixon and Joseph McCarthy. Nixon would go on to be Johns opponent in the presidential race of 1960. Johns time in the senate was productive and helped him to develop key knowledge he would use during his presidency. While in the senate, he became aware that he would want to be the President of the United States of America, and so that is exactly what he did. John started the presidential race quite slow. Many Americans believed that he was too young and was not qualified. But, “Kennedy won over large crowds of supporters with his eloquence and charisma.” (pg 30) He was loved by one and all which is truly what made his assassination so horrific. It changed so many things in America, and all over the world.

The day that many Americans have permanently imprinted in their brains, was the day John Fitzgerald Kennedy was horrifically assassinated in Dallas, Texas, on the 22nd of November in 1963. We had gone to Dallas to ease tensions between democrats in Dallas. We were riding in the motorcade, through streets full of people excited to see the President. The President is supposed to be the most protected, and the hardest person to come into close contact with. The secret service is supposed to eliminate all supposable threats, but they could not have foreseen this. John was shot twice by Lee Harvey Oswald. He was shot once in the head, and then again in the back. People were shocked and were not sure what had happened. After I saw him slumped over and there was blood everywhere, I go to reach for part of his skull that had been separated from when he was shot.

When the realization that he had been shot had sunk in, we rushed to Parkland Hospital. The doctors tried to save him, but overall it turned unsuccessful and he passed away at 12:30. Lee was found and arrested that day, but was shot by Jack Ruby just two days later. Jack Ruby was convicted, but filed for an appeal. Then he died of cancer before his appeals trial could begin. We held his mass just three short days later, and it had a massive turn-out. People from all over the world came to his funeral, and we buried him in Arlington National Cemetery. Over the next few years, “...it was estimated that 16 million people visited his grave to pay their respects.” (pg 58). If anything that number should suggest how loved and cared for he was by the American people.

John left a lasting impression on America. He left a legacy of a young and upcoming generation, with a will to drive America to what it should be. His death led to Lyndon B. Johnson being able to pass Civil Rights Legislation that forever changed America. He is thought of to this day to be one of the best presidents to ever live. John was able to push us forward, by his inspiring and heartfelt speeches. It was hard to move on from John, for everything around me was tempered with his remembrance. We had two kids together, who needed someone to care for them, and for someone to love them the way John once did. But I had to pick myself up, dust myself off, and continue with my life and living it to the best of my abilities. We moved out of the White House, a mere two weeks after John was assassinated. After his death I reached out to Robert Kennedy, his brother, and became friends. He was a tremendous support system, not only for me but also for my kids. And then again I was hurt by the Kennedy curse. Robert was assassinated in June of 1968 while on a presidential campaign trail.

Thereafter, in October of 1968 I remarried. I was now married to Aristotle Onassis, and I left everything behind. Everything was changing. We moved due to the fear of being targeted. My whole family had been targeted. Then Aristotle died in 1975. 7 years later I was a widow again. I decided to go back to work as a publisher and an editor. And from then on out I was going to focus on myself and my kids. 

Cite this page

The Manor Farm, which resides in England, is just your typical country residence. You’ve got the field for hay, the barn for animals to spend the night in, and of course the house for humans to live in. Why, none of this would be there if it weren’t for humans to make it possible. The field would most likely not be present, for trees would still stand tall, blocking the sunlight from reaching the grass below. That’s not to say that fields don’t occur naturally - don’t get me wrong, they do - but for the most part, trees and other vegetation would cover this earth undeniably. The barn, well, is pretty self-explanatory. Humans cut the trees down in order to create lumber, a valuable resource used in the making of buildings. In construction, steel is also a building block for structures, due to its strength and durability over time. This, like many other things evident on the farm, is mined from the ground using human-made machines and tools. Without the wit of humans, skyscrapers (or buildings, in general) would cease to be among the entirety of the planet. Similar to the barn, the household in which the humans spend their time outside of work is also constructed by themselves. A little more luxurious than the barn one could say, for the house has running water and electricity, but nonetheless is a symbol of human power and integrity.

On the other hand, from the point of view of a human, animals are typically not communicable amongst other species unless they are given some sort of wizardry by God (which, to this day, has not happened). Now, there is some form of communication in the form of orders or commands made by humans, which can be understood to a certain degree by animals such as dogs and horses. Over time, however, we have trained these animals to be the best they can possibly be by domesticating them over a long period of time. In fact the earliest encounters with domestication were the use of cats (personal animals) and camels (methods of transportation and service) by the Egyptians. All of this, from the human point of view, is changed when you read Animal Farm. It provides a unique way of conveying animal’s thoughts through the minds of the animals themselves, varying from pigs to horses to cows. I hope you’re not too discombobulated to keep reading after my explanation about the narrative perspective.

From a historical point of view, animal farm was published during the midst of 1945, a turning point in many countries known as the end of World War 2. Residing in England at the time, George Orwell (his real name being Eric Arthur Blair), was well aware of what was going on around him. The Third Reich had begun showing weakness, which was a huge morale booster for the Allied powers. While things were settling on the battlefield, Orwell was writing his book, which can be seen as a parallel to some aspects of history and of his current time period. Although the Soviet Union was on the allied powers, it was clear to the public who was in charge - Joseph Stalin. In fact, Stalin killed more people in his lifetime than Hitler did, contrary to what a lot of people think.

All the while, George probably noted this and wanted to establish a book about it in the most ingenious way he could, that being Animal Farm. What I have noticed from reading the book is that the revolution by the animals, led by the pigs, symbolizes the Russian Revolution. They even have similar principles; communist Soviet Union believes all social classes should be eliminated - and the animals think akin, establishing the seven commandments to be followed after the humans no longer occupy the farm. As the book progresses, it becomes evident that the pigs are becoming abusive of their abilities and start to establish a different form of government, slowly but surely so that the other animals don’t take notice. Over time, the pigs start to show similar traits to that of the leader of the Soviet Union, a dictatorship. The horrific actions Stalin did to his own people prompted Orwell to write about it, producing Animal Farm. The historical events occurring around him at the time most certainly affected his writing in the way that his entire book is a parallel to the Soviets. 

Cite this page

In November 26, 1963, President John F. Kennedy was in a motorcade in Dealey Plaza, a park in Dallas Texas, when he was assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald. At approximately 1:00 pm, President John F. Kennedy was pronounced dead. After the assassination had taken place, the entire nation was left in shock as their late president had been assassinated in what was supposed to be normal escort. The nation wouldn’t be without a leader as after his death, Lyndon B. Johnson was sworn in as President of the United States.

President Lyndon B. Johnson was born on August 27, 1908 in Texas. He was born in a farm near Stonewall, Texas. His family helped settle a nearby city named Johnson City. Johnson was the eldest sibling out five. He was born to his parents Samuel Ealy and Rebekah Baines Johnson. Soon afterwards, Johnson would attend and graduate from the Texas State Teachers College. He would also marry to Claudia Alta and would have 2 daughters.

In 1913, the family moved from their farmhouse to Johnson City, Texas. His family home was comfortable, but did not have indoor plumbing nor any electricity. In a quote said by Johnson later in life, “When I was fourteen years old I decided I was not going to be the victim of a system which would allow the price of a commodity like cotton to drop from forty cents to six cents and destroy the homes of people like my own family” (Germany, 1). At the age of 14, Johnson had a dream of making life for american families such as his own better.

The school Johnson attended were cramped and confined. The school Johnson attended in Texas Hill country had only one room and one teacher. It wasn’t until 1924, when Johnson would graduate from Johnson City High as the President of his six-member senior class.

Although his high school education was difficult enough, the path would only get more rigid when the time came for Johnson to attend summer courses in college. His family, more specifically his father Sam Johnson, were in financial difficulties which was devastating on the well being of himself and his entire family. Sam Johnson was extremely parsimonious in order to send his son to the Texas State Teachers College. Unfortunately, the college would not admit Johnson after high school, so he returned to Texas and worked through manual labor.

After his failed admission to the Texas State Teachers College, Johnson fell into a state of drunkenness which led him to fights and more drinking until he was arrested. Only after this ordeal Johnson became fore determined and finally attended the state Teachers College in 1927. As he attended the college, he pursued extracurricular activities such as journalism, student government, and debate.

Johnson was excellent at student teaching and was sent to a hispanic school in Cotulla, Texas where the neighborhood was poor. Johnson was effective at encouraging students and providing them with the education needed to support themselves in early 20th century America. Although Johnson was considered to be an excellent teacher by both his students and teachers, his academic teaching career would be temporary.

By the time Johnson had graduated from the college in 1930, the U.S. was beginning to enter the Great Depression. The Great Depression was one of the worst stock market crashes to effect the United States. Many americans fell into debt, became impoverished, and became homeless. It is no wonder that Johnson’s teaching career was fleeting, his annual salary was at least $1,300.

After Johnson’s fleeting teaching career, he helped aided his father’s political friend in campaign and soon found himself as an assistant for U.S. Congressman Richard Kleberg. Johnson fulfilled his duties well, answering mail for Kleberg and had a sense of duty towards his obligations. After his service, Johnson returned to Texas in 1938 where he met Claudia Alta Taylor. They married 3 months later. Taylor was given the nickname “Lady Bird” due to her charming, yet genuine personality. (Germany, 2)

In the year 1940, Johnson had enlisted in the U.S. naval reserve thanks to President Roosevelt. After the bombing of Pearl Harbor, Johnson took a tour of the South Pacific and boarded a B26 Bomber and boarded a plane known as the Heckling Hare. In a moment of his military experience, the Heckling Hare was forced to return to base from a bombing mission and another plane, the Wabash Council, had crashed killing the entire crew.

For Johnson’s contribution in the mission, he was awarded the Silver Star. Afterwards, President Roosevelt recommended that he leave the service. Indeed Johnson was among the many presidents of the United States to risk their lives for the sake of the nation, a value many Americans considered extremely important and a value which would work in his future elections.

In 1937, James P. Buchanan, the congressman of Johnson’s district, had died. Johnson had decided to take the job as the congressman of the district. Using Taylor’s wealth, he was able to get radio stations to broadcast his campaign. He also sided with the policies made by Roosevelt during the depression and had won office. Johnson was 28 at the time he won the office of the 10th congressional district.

As a member of the house, Johnson went great lengths to establish dams and housing projects. By the late 1930’s He also brought electrical power to Texas Hill Country, the name of the geographical region where he had originated from. (Germany,)

In the following years Johnson aimed for a political spot left by a late Texas senator. His competition was a radio celebrity governor named W.Lee O’daniel. Although O’daniel entered the race late, he obtained votes through dishonest means. Johnson won the election and became a member of the house. (Germany,4)

In the following years, Ladybird gave birth to their first two daughters in 1941, they would have another child in 1944. Soon however, the cold war had started and tensions between the U.S. and the Soviet Union. The cold war was a period of tension between the U.S. and its allies from World War 2, primarily the Soviet Union. The U.S., at the time, had been wary of the Soviet Union’s position after the war and had been preparing themselves for potential attacks. These preparations included children hiding under desks and in shelters to escape from the threat of nuclear weapons.

In the following years, Johnson was racing for the democratic nomination in congress. His only competitor was the Texas Governor, Coke Stevenson. Stevenson was known for his character and impressive personality (Germany, 4)). Stevenson was a worthy foe against Johnson as they had an all out campaign against one another. In the end, there were 3 counties whose voting tallies were suspicious gave Johnson the upper hand and won the election. Ever since, people had nicknamed him “Landslide Johnson”.()

During Johnson’s time as a senator, he supported the concept of military preparedness, A concept that demanded a sufficient amount of weapons, personel, soldiers, and equipment to complete any . He also focused is gaze on domestic issues that plagued the state and country (Germany, 5). Johnson

In the years 1952 and 1956, Lyndon B. Johnson had attempted to become president of the U.S., but had failed in both attempts. It wasn’t until the year 1960, where his rival for the position was none other than a certain John Fitzgerald Kennedy. Although Johnson had plenty of political experience, Kennedy had surpassed him. In the end, John F. Kennedy won the position as president of the United States.

The vice presidency didn’t always sat well with Johnson, but he was willing to be more than tolerant. He oversaw both the space program and Kennedy’s decision to send military forces in the country of Vietnam where the south’s democratic government was in danger of being wiped out by the communist government of the north.

In November 1963, Johnson was present at the assassination of the late President John F. Kennedy. He was only 2 cars behind Kennedy in the signature President’s Motorcade. Moments later, when there were cheers in the crowd and laughter, Kennedy was shot in his own car by Lee Harvey Oswald through a building window. Kennedy died from the bullet wounds in the head.

When Johnson returned to Washington D.C., he was sworn in as president of the United States. He had given a speech to the nation when he was sworn aboard Air Force One. 'I will do my best—that is all I can do.' Johnson was sure to promote Kennedy's policies and made sure to include his own.

At the launch of Johnson’s presidency, he focused his efforts on domestic affairs within the country. One such issue he faced was the War on Poverty. The war on poverty is the name for the social welfare legislation enacted during Johnson’s administration. Johnson had beseeched the House Appropriations Committee Chairman George Mahon, in an afternoon phone call on July 1964 (). In the call, Johnson asked for his help in passing the bill in a famous quote, “You help me, because this is one I just can’t lose. This is the only Johnson proposal I’ve got. The only bill, and it’s as sound as a dollar.”.

In some ways, the War on Poverty bill was a way for Johnson to show the country that addressing the nation’s poverty would increase their faith in him as president. The citizens of the nation still remembered the assassination of John F. Kennedy like a wound that has not healed for a period of time. After all, the bill was introduced only a year after the assassination. The bill likely increased Johnson’s popularity tenfold.

Another domestic affair that plagued the nation was the segregation within the country. The Civil Rights Movement of centered around the unfair discrimination of which black people had faced. The period was filled with controversies surrounding “Separate but equal” laws, disadvantageous education, and much more. With the effort put forth by individuals such as Malcolm X, Martin Luther King Jr. and Rosa Parks, Johnson was able to introduce the Civil Rights Act. The law would make the discrimination based on color permanently illegal.

In addition to the Civil Rights Act, Johnson had also introduced the Voting Rights Act. Ever since 1890, there have been racially discriminatory laws inhibiting black people from voting. These laws include literacy tests that failed any black person, “Good Character” tests, and poll taxes. In response to watching protestors fight against the process, Johnson proposed the the Voting Rights Act which suspended the tests in states with a low voting threshold (). Immediately, there were results springing forth from the South.

Although these bills championed equality ideals, tensions still stirred in the south. Riots broke out in many cities across the south. State troopers were deployed to keep the populace under control. The most shattering of the riots occurred in the summer of 1968, when Martin Luther King Jr. was killed by a gunman in Memphis, Tennessee. The times then were extremely difficult and it must have taken everything to maintain any sense of civilization.

While Johnson had his eyes set on issues within the country, he also set his gaze on the foreign affairs which involved the nation. The most notable of which was the Vietnam War. The Vietnam War was a controversial war which divided citizens views of whether or not the U.S. was the bastion of democracy. The predecessors before Johnson had the difficulty of choosing whether or not to commit the military towards the warm (Germany,4).

Johnson was committed to maintaining the status of South Vietnam (Germany,4). When he was a senator, he was in favor of the “containment theory”, a military concept that centered around halting the expansion of the enemy. As a president, he did his best to support the war effort, partly due to the fact that he did not want to be known as the president that lost the war (Germany, 6).

Johnson’s difficulty with the Vietnam War was just beginning. The U.S.’s commitment to the war meant that more soldiers would join the pacific fray. The number of troops had steadily increased from 100,000 to 500.000 by the year 1965. It was around this time that anti-war sentiment grew within the nation. The people were protesting for the end of America’s involvement in the civil war. Ultimately, public frustration at the war only made Johnson’s presidency more difficult.

It was during the war that the The North Vietnamese Liberation Front army were continually achieving successful victories. Protest against the war grew at its peak. Johnson finally decided that the war itself would be one that victory cannot be attained without throwing the lives of thousands of U.S. soldiers (Germany,5).

Around the time when Johnson reached his decision

When Johnson retired from office, his health was not what it once was. He spent his days in his ranch in Texas, publishing his memoir, and developing his presidential library (Germany,5). Johnson died on January 22, 1973. The Vietnam War had ended with the signing of the Paris Peace Accords a day later. Johnson lives on through is autobiographies, memoirs, and records kept in the presidential library. To me, he was a unique president who was thrusted into the middle of conflict and succeeded.

Cite this page

Deadly diseases have been an issue in developing countries for centuries. Although, their impact has historically decreased, disease affiliated death rates remain high in many places. One of the most affected regions is Haiti, where diseases, such as cholera, have been the leading causes for health related deaths. This matter has been an issue to children especially, as their immune systems are more fragile. According to an article published by Unicef, titled “Child Alert: Haiti”, a child is more likely to die between the ages of one and four in Haiti while one out of fourteen infants in Haiti never make it to their first birthday.

As stated in the article titled, On the probability of extinction of the Haiti cholera epidemic, by, Enrico Bertuzzo, Flavio Finger, Lorenzo Mari, Marino Gatto, and Andrea Rinaldo states, “The largest cholera epidemic ever recorded during the current pandemic wave is striking Haiti” (2014). This issue connects to political aspects and a failing economy. Haiti’s high death rate caused by cholera and other issues concerning health are exacerbated by frequent natural disasters and its corrupt government’s lack of stability. As the poorest country in the western hemisphere, Haiti’s safety is dependent on help from the outside. Understanding the role in which diseases play in Haiti, could lead to a much more sustainable future for children.

That is why this research will address the how Non-Governmental Organizations’ efforts to halt and slow down the spreading of diseases in Haiti affect children.

Background Research

Haiti, or Ayiti (land of high mountains), is a country which is a part of the Hispaniola island in the Caribbean. Its land was originally inhabited by the native group called the Taino, who were known to be very peaceful. In the year 1492, when Christopher Columbus ‘discovered’ the new world, the island of Hispaniola fell victim. The Spaniards began enslaving the Tainos while forcefully taking over their land. Along with their settlements, they brought diseases, such as, smallpox and cholera. It wasn’t until the death of most of the Taino population, when Spaniards started to feel sympathy for the indigenous people. In order to find solace for the remaining Tainos, the Spaniards began to import African slaves to fill in their place. With the work of slaves, the Spaniards discovered gold in the land which they occupied in the seventeenth century. This attracted the attention of French pirates, who then began to settle on the island. Eventually, Hispaniola divided into two regions which we now know recognize as Haiti and the Dominican Republic.

As European influences took over, slave trade became a popular commodity. For each settler in Haiti, was the ownership of ten slaves and as the death of a third of the African population died off, much more were brought into the country. This was the beginning of the creation of the Haitian people through cultural assimilation.

After the end of the French revolution, slavery was finally abolished in Haiti which then created resistance groups. This eventually led to the first black republic in history to be born who made their mission to tortue all whites. As a result, France demanded a high compensation for the loss of its people. To avoid another French revolution, Haiti had to accept their terms and began to pay off their debts. This lasted until the end of World War 2. The outcome was destructive to the Haitian economy and over the course of a century, Haiti went from a wealthy country to becoming the poorest they had been yet.

In 1957, after the United States had withdrawn from their occupation in Haiti, the new regime of Papa Doc had risen to power. This launched the downfall of Haiti. As a violent leader, Doc used his militia to murder his political opponents and reign over the Haitian people for thirty years, killing over 30,000 Haitians. The country was then looted and robbed of its academic resources. Following his death in 1971, his nineteen-year-old son, Baby Doc, became the president of Haiti. After being overthrown in 1986, Baby Doc took the majority of the country’s riches with him. It was not until 1990 where the first democratic election was held, however, after the priest, Jean-Bertrand Aristide, was elected, the military instigated a coup and the struggle for power continued. The economy was then damaged even more as the U.S. and the United Nations imposed a two-year trade embargo. This led to social and political unrest from the Haitian people. As a result, peacekeeping troops were called in 2004 to stabilize the chaos. This halted the advancement for Haiti.

Cite this page

The novel “Song of Everlasting Sorrow” written by Wang Anyi starts off with the core pieces of Shanghai explaining to the very last detail of what really makes this place such a hot topic. In the very core of Shanghai, locates Longtangs which consists of close neighbors and the cause of fast spreading gossip. In the very essence of our Longtangs is our main character Wang Qiyao whom is “the typical daughter of the Shanghai Longtang” (Page 20) as the novel starts off. This quote explains how Wang Qiyao can be found everywhere and every daughter that resides in a Shanghai Longtang is like the main character, the way she dresses, eats, speaks, walks, and much more. Wang Qiyao is the spotlight of Shanghai fashion throughout this novel, with high confidence in herself is swept off her feet multiple times throughout the decades of mid-19th century. Wang Qiyao herself is defined as an example of old shanghai through this emerging era which goes through post world war 2 as well as the cultural revolution. However, no matter the difficulty events Wang Qiyao puts herself in, she manages to pull through and really portray a modern woman whom relies on nobody except herself. Little did Wang Qiyao know that doing so can only pull you so far and eventually led to her death.

Although there are many themes throughout the story, I believe the most important theme here to talk about is Time. Wang qiyao herself as I mentioned earlier seems to not have a good grasp on time and she really is full of herself when it comes to her looks and fashion. The novel does a great job in letting the reader understand the current situations going on during the era, however while those events are occurring, Wang Qiyao is mainly focused on herself. Little did she know that she wasn’t keeping track of time and while she was busy making lots of love, her beauty was slowly deteriorating. In the beginning of the story, Wang qiyao is in a relationship with Director Li, whom is an important factor in the Kunming tang Army. Director Li had 3 wives and was double the age of Wang qiyao when they started dating, did Wang qiyao not think at the time when she met him at the “Miss Shanghai Pageant” that he was just messing around with her and not really taking her seriously? We come to find that Director Li rarely visits Wang Qiyao and becomes distant after the communist victory later telling Wang Qiyao to pretend their relationship never happened, despite leaving her money and later dying in a plane crash. This really made me think as a reader, did Wang qiyao not have a grasp of time and realize she was wasting her time waiting on someone she would never actually have a life with?

Another example that really grinds my gears was when Wang Qiyao became pregnant with Ming, whom is from a family with strict rules and a concubine mother. The moment I found that out I knew she was already getting herself into big trouble. This was most definitely not going to end well and being pregnant did not help at all because Ming being the “father” that he is did not send Wang Qiyao any money at all when he left however he still came back occasionally to make love and never to be seen again thereafter. At this point in the novel I was already hoping Wang Qiyao would wake up and clearly try to at least get back on her feet and start to live realistically and maybe find someone that can start a family like Mr. Cheng. But our main character is very full of herself and still does not get a grasp of time, slowly getting old and the beauty that she is so proud of is destroying her mentally and emotionally.

The last example I am going to use here is when Wang qiyao met Old colour. Wang qiyao was 55 and Old Colour was 26, at this point she should have realized that it is just not realistic for a 26-year-old to fall in love with a 55-year-old. Old Colour did not know what he wanted and simply was looking for nostalgia, but Wang qiyao whom was so infatuated with her own beauty thought it was simply because she was beautiful and was still that young hot beauty. Little did she not know that time had already flown by and she was already 55 and her beauty is not the same as it use to be. In the novel, Wang qiyao had desperately tried to keep Old Colour but he left because he did not want any sort of relationship. Therefore, Time has an indirect relationship with beauty, and truly defines the result of our main character Wang qi yao. In the beginning of time, you were once young and beautiful, but slowly as time moves on without you realizing it, you start to become old. Wang qiyao did not have a grasp of this situation and suffered numerous relationships.

During this period (early 1940) China was going through world war 2 and being oppressed by the Japanese. Once the war was over There was a civil war between Nationalists and Communists and in 1949 the People’s republic of China begins. This era was where Wang Qiyao met Director Li whom was an important factor in the Kunming tan Army. Once the communist Army won the war, Director Li had to flee and eventually died in a plane crash which left Wang qiyao alone. Thus, began the era of the Anti-Rightist Campaign. This was when Wang qiyao would seldomly play mahjong with Ming and Sasha and Madame Yan. The cultural revolution occurred in 1966-1970 and during this time Mr. cheng was accused of being a Capitalist Roader and locked up by the red guards, he later committed suicide at a young age of 44.

The novel did successfully portray the themes because although it is very hidden, the novel goes through the story in timelines and eras. Each era represented a specific event that occurred to Wang Qiyao and within each timeline as it progressed, it became worst and worst for Wang Qiyao. I think the author did this on purpose not because they hated the main character, but it was really to show the struggle of people at the time of these eras. It was not easy to support yourself and you had to go to extremes to rely on other people to survive. As a reader, it truly made me feel like Wang Qiyao did know what was happening to herself, but she was ignorant and confident in her abilities since the first pageant and decided to rely on other people. Once Wang Qiyao had Wei Wei I think she started to realize a little bit about time. When her daughter left for America, she was very lonely and would only sleep a few hours and eat single meals. “Wang Qiyao gazed at herself in the mirror, a bit disoriented, wondering just what era she was living in” ( Page 241) This quote supports my theme on how Wang qiyao was clearly loss and did not have an idea of what time or what was going on , I think Wei Wei leaving for America truly set a catalyst off in Wang Qiyao.

Honestly, when I first read the novel I truly did not believe my eyes and wondered how can Wang qiyao go through so many of these events and still manage to stay strong until the end. To my eyes it was just unrealistic that during those events one still has time to fool around and not learn the first time, but the more I thought about it the more I realized it really was hard back in those times. It was hard to find work and realistically you were either working in a factory or as a prostitute. After some thinking, the characters in the novel are truly believable and define characters in the old days of China. I think every character was truly realistic and if I were to tell people about these characters and explain more in detail about what was going on during those times, they would all believe me.

I learned a lot about modern China in this novel, the type of neighborhoods in Shanghai was very close to each other and everyone knew one another. There was a lot of internal conflict as well as competitiveness between men and women. It was almost like an internal hunger games, they were all trying to survive and feed off one another. It took a lot of work for China to finally settle down and become united. In the novel, through fashion you could almost tell the change of events. In the beginning, fashion was very big deal as portrayed by the shanghai pageant, but as time passed on it was more about survival and nobody really cared about fashion anymore. Once times got better, clothes began to become popular again and reminded people of the old times. “The following year the clothing industry began to prosper, and numerous new designs began to crop up on the streets. Old timers could see the root of these new designs in old pre-liberation outfits.” (Page 203) This quote truly explains how clothes alone can spark a memory in old timers when there were similarities in fashion.

The film in the class really helped my understanding of the novel, the main plot was clearly there in both the film and the novel. However, the film was not faithful to the novel. The film gave the men that were in a relationship with Wang Qiyao a better aura, when in the novel the men are all bastards. One other point is that Wang qiyao is killed by different people in the novel however for similar reasons. The film also did not introduce a bunch of characters from the novel, which I felt played a huge role in the novel. Overall however, I do feel like the film is a success, it did a good job in explaining what had happened in the novel. In the end we all felt Wang Qiyao’s pain and understood what she was going through, and the message was clearly there, the events currently going on were clearly portrayed in the film along with the setting of the story and its specific details like the longtang and gossip. I really enjoyed both the film and the novel, however I felt like the film should have been longer because I really enjoyed it and should have went into more detail. I would recommend this film and novel to my other classmates.

In conclusion, “Song of Everlasting Sorrow” written by Wang Anyi was beautiful and portrayed the story of a Shanghai women blooming from her young age to old. There was romance and tragedy which followed the events of China during the 1900s. Time is an important theme in the story and is represented throughout the film and novel.

Cite this page

Both Dwight Okita's poem, 'In Response to Executive Order 9066: All Americans of Japanese Decent Must Relocation Centers' and Sandra Cisneros' short story 'Mericans' explore the dissonance being an American born citizen of immigrant decent. The common theme of these two stories is a battle between ethnic culture and immersed culture. Both children of the stories have immigrant parents who come from a country with different customs than America and for that reason experience some negative consequences.

Dwight Okita's poem, 'In Response to Executive Order 9066: All Americans of Japanese Decent Must Relocation Centers'. The central character of the poem is implied to be a female of a young age who appears to not quite understand the difference between her ethnic culture and the American culture. As a result of this, she experiences a change in how people view her when World War 2 is occurring and America is pitted against Japan. In the poem, it appears to be that she identifies with her American side of her upbringing more and is confused when her classmate all of a sudden ostracizes her just because she is ethnically Japanese. In her eyes, there is nothing different between her and her white friend.

Sandra Cisneros' short story 'Mericans' takes a look at the cultural difference between the elder generation of immigrants who have spent most of their life outside of America and the youth whose only experience of their ethnic culture is that of what their relatives have raised them on. The children in this short story do not understand the cultural significance of their ethnic culture to the point where they begin to demonize it seeing it as something not good. The kids see themselves as Americans and their grandma as something else which is what causes the large divide between them.

Both children of the stories growing up in American culture but have a different background. They both identify more with their American roots and not with their ethnic ones. Unlike in Okita's poem the children in 'Mericans' actively dislike their ethnic culture but do not necessarily outwardly experience negativity due to it in the story besides what they express. In Okita's poem, on the other hand, the little girl is discriminated against just due to her culture.

In conclusion, both pieces of literature express the troubles of being an immigrant child. Through Okita's poem, we see the real-life discrimination of others based on racial profiles and unjust behavior. In 'Mericans', we see the internal struggle of kids who are caught between two cultural identities. Both stories show facets of what it means to be a bicultural individual.

 

Cite this page

Throughout history, many have asked ‘‘Why did the Europeans have such power over Africans and Natives?” Why did Adolf Hitler rule the

Jewish?', and ultimately “How is Climate Change Affecting our world”. Overtime information has been collected, and now we’re able to see the history of these events, with time stamps. In today’s paper, I'm going to let history answer these questions. Let’s get started.

With the early civilizations who recorded history, scholars have learned that slavery was a part of life in the world's most 'advanced' regions. Slavery became widespread throughout the centuries but expanded greatly as the ancient Greek and Roman warred with nations, defeating them and enslaving those who had been spared death. Societies dependent on slave labor began to emerge, which created “the slave trade,” obtaining human labor through commerce with other nations (Mintz & McNeil, 2016).

Slaves became a commodity, and this practice expanded as the Romans took over where the Greeks left off (Mintz & McNeil, 2016). As the Romans intermixed with migrating tribes from eastern Europe, these new European societies became dependent on slaves as commodities or free labor (Mintz & McNeil, 2016). This allowed legalized slavery to flourish in Medieval Europe than the American colonies until the end of the late 19th century (Mintz & McNeil, 2016). Today, slavery has a new face but the same name as millions of humans are trafficked each year.

Slavery is not new nor has it ever been distinct to one ethnic group, cultural group, or race. While enslaving another human being for any reason is reprehensible, the fact remains that slavery as an institution was vital to the economies of most major ancient civilizations, it was instrumental in building and developing America and most European countries, continues to flourish in modern-day as a bigger trade than guns and drugs. For some more background on the previous slave trade, it officially “ended’ on March/ 25/1807. The 13 amendments were passed by Former President Abraham Lincon, When this law passed, it abolished slavery and involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for a crime.

In the 1500s over 10 million Africans were enslaved, with around 2 million deaths estimated. Natives were originally the first slaves but as European diseases weakened them, it resulted in a need for slaves from Africa.

The impact Europeans had on Minorities was greatly devastating. Most were treated so badly torture, and finally death was their unfortunate ending. The slave trade surely deprived Africa of some of their younger men and women, taking the stronger ones in each group.

For South Asia & Southeast Asia, the agenda that the Europeans had to overtake Africans were similar. Most of us ask, why did Europeans increase their search for colonies after 1880? It's because there was an economic motive. capitalist states looked for goods such as rubber, oil, and tin for their industries. Although Europeans had their time to reign, The Nobi system was formally nullified around 1886–87 and the remainder of the Nobi system was abolished with the Gabo Reform of 1894, yet the following stayed until 1930.

The next question is, to whom was Adolf Hitler? Given his reputation, it's hard for us to forget who he was. Hitler was an army veteran that became conflicted about the loss taken in World War 1. He joined an organization in 1919, it went by ‘The German party’. Post War World 1, The nation as a whole was politically unbalanced and economically impaired. Hiter thought joining the German party would give the board Power, and help Germany recover after their unfortunate loss in the war.

Hitler started to find his place when speaking to large crowds, motivating the German public as a beguiling public speaker. The written speeches were, in other words absurd. To name one of the controversial views Hitler preached to the public was the concept of Aryan “master race”. The Aryan race is a chronicled race idea that arose in the time of the late nineteenth century. A gathering of humanity and writers such as Arthur de Gobineau contended that the Aryans spoke to an unrivaled part of humanity.

German families started attending these pep rallies which allowed the next generation to grow up, raised on the teachings of Adolf. In 1921 Hitler was voted leader of the German party, he decided to change the name, today, its called “The Nationalist Socialist German Workers’ (Nazi) Party. Hitler along with his associates faulted the Jews and Marxists for Germany’s shortcoming, this followed in what's called “genocide” known as the Holocaust. The genocide resulted in six million deaths of Jews and another five million noncombatants.

Hitler being a strong leader led the german population to riot in an outraged state against jews, discriminating and killing anyone who didn't abide by the nazi's rules.

The next popular question is what is going on with climate change. Climate change is also referred to as “Global Warming”. Climate change, in a nutshell, is the rising temperatures and the change in weather patterns around the world that last for an extended period such as decades, to thousands of years. Climate change is caused by elements related to volcanic eruptions, plate tectonics, and solar radiation received by the earth. Pollution affects a part of Climate change.

Pollution is a process where the air is dirty and with all types of harmful greenhouse gases for the environment. The human race is the reason why “global

warming” is occurring which is also known as climate change.

Since 7 billion people are populating the earth and with each person, more greenhouse gases are being released into the sky causing more pollution and harming the health of many humans. India and China, the two countries with the biggest population are the most polluted. India, China, and the United States are the countries that release most of the fossil fuel into the atmosphere.

The earth’s temperatures have risen the past few decades. Earth's average temperature has increased by 1.4°F over the past century and is estimated to rise another 2 to 11.5°F over the next century. This is threatening to many areas along the coast around the world. In the last 50 years, the rate of Glaciers melting has gone up because of the rise of the average global temperature.

For summary, Slavery was an act of settlers primarily from Europe, enslaving Africans and native humans for free labor. The act was abolished in the early 1800s, freeing most slaves from bondage although cases of slavery and human trafficking are still filed today. South and Southeast Asia were also freed from enslavement, as now parts of Asia arose and reclaimed their land in hotspots like Singapore and Hanoi flourishing in their communities.

Altdorf Hitler was a German soldier who became devastated and drained of power after losing world war 1, he started speaking to the public faulting jews and Marxists for the lost war and overall issues Germany had at the time. He rose to power as chancellor, that's when the holocaust began. The acts accomplished by german soldiers under Hitler's order was, and still is considered genocide.

With more than 12 million people killed and affected under his command is truly heartbreaking. After losing world war 2, Adolf Hitler committed suicide on April 30th, 1945 along with his wife Eva Braun. Ending his reign as chancellor.

Lastly, climate change Like previously stated the earth’s temperatures have risen in these last few decades. With glaciers melting at a progressive rate, climate change has truly become a threat to humans and mother nature. Although our very existence affects climate change, If we optimize our diet to primarily plant-based, save energy and use less plastic we collectively can help fight against climate change! That is all for today's paper, I sincerely hope you enjoyed reading these interesting past of our harsh history and the worrisome facts about climate change. Thanks for reading.

Cite this page

Everything evolves over time, people, plants, animals, technology, even music. Nothing stays the same for decades at a time, little things change, then more little things change, then one compares it to its roots to find that it is largely different from what it evolved to. Music is no exception. The jazz music came to be as the result of someone taking European instruments and African beats and mixing the two together, evolving music to something new. It didn’t stop either, it continued to change and evolve. Ragtime, blues, hot jazz, Chicago style, boogie blues, swing and it goes on and on, and all of these styles came to be because someone decided to change a little bit. The fascinating thing about it is that this evolution isn’t just creating new styles of jazz it is evolving the styles themselves. Swing, for example, it began around the 1930s and died, in a sense, with America's involvement in World War 2. However, the swing style came back in the 1990s and continued to change and evolve. From when swing style began to the present, there have been significant changes in styles and technologies that have made swing what it is today. Just as important as the present is the roots. There wouldn’t be swing style music if someone hadn’t come up with the idea for it and made it happen. “While the roots of swing music clearly lie in earlier forms of jazz—and particularly in African-American jazz performance styles—swing as we know it may just have been born at a specific time and in a specific place, with an electric performance by one particular Big Band for one particularly enthusiastic audience.” (The Swing Era Begins, 2009) The swing era began with none other than the King of Swing, Benny Goodman in 1935. Now others had been playing swing style music before Benny Goodman. Louis Armstrong, playing with Fletcher Andersen, played with a swing style that everybody loved. The swing dance the Lindy Hop even came out before Goodman. However, none of these sparked the beginning of the swing era.

It was Benny Goodmans performance in 1935 in Los Angelas, California, that brought swing to prominence. Swing wasn’t widely or well received in the eastern states. The western states was another story. Fans in the western states had heard Goodman and his band playing their songs on the radio and had come to hear Goodman perform these songs and received the swing music with wide open arms. This is what brought the swing era into full light (The Swing Era Begins, 2009). The swing era didn’t last forever, all good things come to an end eventually. The swing eras end came around the end of World War 2 (WW2) in 1945. There are several theories about why the swing style of music died out, the rise of a new style of jazz called bebop, the recording ban, the Cabaret tax, musicians wanting to play jazz that is similar to classical music, and even WW2 (The Death of Swing, 2018). The Cabaret tax made it difficult for nightclubs to afford big bands, so as a result, the nightclubs started to higher smaller bands and groups which allowed for other styles to come to the forefront. The recording ban in 1942 played a major role in the death of swing. Union members who implemented the ban were also members of the big bands. As a result, the big bands weren’t putting out new music, and singers were putting out music because the ban didn’t affect them. There were musicians like Artie Shaw a famous clarinetist, that didn’t want to play music that people would just dance to, they wanted to play more classic forms of jazz that people would sit down and really listen to and think about. Artie Shaw left when swing was most popular because he didn’t want to play dance music. During WW2 Glenn Miller had formed a band that would tour around entertaining the troops to raise morale. The troops would form their own bands to play swing music. As a result, after the war swing music served as a reminder of the pain and troubles of the war and the people wanted to move on from it. So they listened to and played swing less in favor of new styles, such as bebop. Dizzy Gillespie was a prominent trumpet player during the Swing era. Near the end of the era Gillespie, Charlie Parker, and Thelonious Monk formed a new style of jazz that instantly came to the forefront and put swing on the backburner to slowly die out. This new sound is none other than bebop (Dizzy Gillespie is born, 2009). The beginning of bebop marked the end for swing. Of course, all the other theories helped bring the end of swing, however, bebop was the next big phase for jazz music. Fast forward several years to around 1989 swing has started to make an appearance once again. The band Royal Crown Revenue was one of the first bands to contribute to the resurgence of swing music. There “didn't have a scene to join when the band formed in 1989. 'The closest thing to us were rockabilly and ska bands,' says guitarist lames Achor. 'We were forced to play whatever gigs we could get’” (Levy&Swenson, n.d.).

They kept working to gain recognition and they got it when they got to play for the movie The Mask. Their determination for recognition paved the path for new rising swing artists. And the resurgence of swing doesn’t stop there, swing music is evolving. Cherry Poppin’ Daddies where also one of the first bands to help bring back swing. Like the Royal Crown Revenue, they were formed in 1989. Steve Perry says “‘The idea was to fuse the energy of punk rock, the rhythmic feel of swing, arid the lyric sensibilities of the mod period into one unified sound’” (Levy&Swenson, n.d.). The electric guitar is playing a new role in swing music. Perry says they “‘have a few songs where the whole band stops, the guitar pops out for a second, and then the guitar drops back into the mix again. That's the whole vibe of swing--you cut holes in the band arrangement for the guitar to cut through’” (Levy&Swenson, n.d.). Big Bad Voodoo Daddy came with the resurgence of swing. “‘This past July, our record went gold,’ says Big Bad Voodoo Daddy guitarist Scotty Morris with pride. ‘Then, we played a show at the Hatch Shell--a huge outdoor venue in Boston--and 30,000 people showed up! The cool thing was, there were pockets of people just grooving, and there were kids near the stage moshing and crowd surfing, and then there were big pits of people swing dancing’” (Levy&Swenson, n.d.). Swing music is rising again in popularity, its catchy tune and danceable rhythms attract people of all sorts to listen to swing music again. As was said earlier, Morris plays the guitar, this has created a “hybrid of swing, rockabilly, and blues styles” (Levy&Swenson, n.d.). Of course, no swing band is complete without a horn section, and Big Bad Voodoo Daddy has four horns. Morris works with his horn section to create their sound. This isn’t the furthest swing has evolved, it is still changing. The band Caravan Palace is a perfect example of this continuous change. Caravan Palace is a seven-member Parisian band that released an album in 2008. They are paving the way for a new style of swing music, electro-swing.

The band name holds meaning for them. “‘Caravan’ nods to the band’s gypsy side and Duke Ellington’s classic hit, while ‘Palace’ refers to a nightclub in Paris” (ON ÉCOUTE, 2017). There music style is a combination of “swing and jazz with house and hip-hop influences, their sound is a distinctly funky marriage of old and new”(ON ÉCOUTE, 2017). The article “Swinging Together” talks a bit about the resurgence of swing and the popularity it is gaining. The author Peter Gerler wrote “Offbeat has observed that in New Orleans, ‘more traditional bands may play regularly today than at any previous time in jazz history,’ and audiences ‘have swelled into crowds of enthusiastic young people who turn out in droves from all over the world’”(Gerler, 2015). Swing is alive and well and doesn’t show signs of going away. Gerler quotes Bria Skonberg, a trumpet player and vocalist, she said “‘Coming out of the 'next great depression...the music might be a way to bring people together. The energy is that much more important in dark times’” (Gerler, 2015). Swing music has come a long way from where it began. Jazz styles had evolved to create swing music with the ‘King of Swing’ Benny Goodman beginning the swing era. And even though swing style music had died out for a while it came back strong in the late 1980s in the resurgence of swing. New bands wanted to play swing music, with new technology. This has let swing music evolve even more. Even with all of this change the roots aren’t forgotten. New artists are taking the old combining it with their own styles and technology. Given how much swing music has changed it is reasonable to say swing music will continue to change. Where will this continuous change take swing next, what new technologies are in store for swing music?

Cite this page

In the world of economy, quite a few things are as obscure as what goes around the mind of the ones in charge. That is what appears to be the case in the article written by Douglas Irwin, where he tries to analyze Trump’s economy policy and what it means in the long run. It does starts pointing out that nothing is known about where the leader of U.S. aims to, since all his moves seems to either be erratic or to empower the country while changing the post-World War 2 system that was, ironically, imposed by the U.S. in the aftermath of the chaos due the lack of international cooperation.

The main point to prove this apparent effort to break paradigms is the sudden departure of the U.S. from one of its biggest treaties, the Trans-Pacific Partnership, and the menace of either leaving the NAFTA too or reshaping it to better fit their interest. In the same line of thinking there is also a signalization to the levies to importation of steel and aluminum, a strategy that retailed quite bad among the European Union and the neighboring countries.

The same analysis points to the risqué of doing the same kind of movements in other markets like the automotive and imported parts, a movement that is also signaled as bad, and a declaration of war not to commercial partners, but internal producers, since most of the factories do hire external work force. This has already happened with the example of several agreements of factories in Mexico that got last minute cancelations, which in turn dropped the stocks of said companies and resulted in losses and the consequential impact in the U.S. economy.

The same analysis does keep going with the line of thinking; about either Trump’s goals being to force partners to offer them a better deal; or reshaping their actual supply chains and production schemes to become an inbound market instead of relying in importations as a way of satisfying their internal market needs. As later in the article is

mentioned, the fact that American trade deficit is due the argumentation in consumerism, which collides with Trump’s intentions of increasing exports while diminishing imports. But this will be covered later at better extents.

There is also the mention of U.S. stance against China, an economic competitor, that is rising quite fast and menaces the economic supremacy, of U.S. As said in the opinion article written by Gary Shapiro for the Fox News: “In short, we are chasing butterflies, while China is investing in its future. We have switched roles, accepting passivity and dysfunction, while China speeds to surpass us.” (Gary, 2018). This in reference to how China is setting its aim to invest into the education and also to develop work force while America is busy blaming the others for their own inner failure due to their inability to cope with consumerism.

Cite this page

How would you feel if you were putting immense effort into your work while men could be doing the same or even less work and still be making more money than you? Recent studies done in 2018 have shown that a women makes 80 cents for every dollar a man makes (Knowles). This may not sound like a lot because it is a 20 cent increase but it adds up over time leaving women behind in the work industry. One vital discrimination problem the world is facing, takes place in the workplace, women who are equally trained and educated, with the same experience as men are not getting equal pay.

Over the generations society’s outlook on women has changed drastically, but these changes are not yet done. It will still take a vastly long time for the necessary changes to occur. The stereotypical view of women is for them to be housewives. Their duties are to take care of the children and home, to clean the home, to do dishes, laundry, as well as feed and raise the children that is to name a few.

A women's role has changed vastly and is making its greatest impact in our society today. Years ago, women's contribution to society had boundaries and was dominated by men. Women are rising high and are playing a major role in many important areas. Women's role has developed at an accelerating rate and have part in areas such as Politics, Professional Training Jobs, Medicine, Business and Law. Previously they were not part of any political matter, but they have improved in many aspects. For instance, women have acquired power and have been spreading in political office.

World War 1 however, required many women to undertake the roles of men meaning that they would now have to enter the workforce (Baughman). This war caused many women to step out of their “comfort zone”, of fulfilling the duty of completing household chores. Women were recruited into jobs vacated by men who had gone to fight in the war. They were paid less than the men who they replaced, which led to the first campaigns for equal pay “World.”

Furthermore, during World War 2 the issue of unequal pay began to rise again by women workers and trade unions. Unfortunately, after the men returned from the war, women were forced to give up their jobs, because of this the number of women workers started to slowly dwindle. Women left started to take up jobs that consisted of repetitive labor and had really low pay, or else their benefits from the government would be cut. The journey of women’s employment was similar during both World War 1 and 2. “World”

The Equal Pay Act was a major event that led to the start of women working just as men to earn a compensation“Equal Pay Act Of”. The Equal Pay Act was worded in such a way that made certain that women doing the same work as men would receive wages. The Act explains how “no employer should discriminate their employees, within the basis of sex by paying wages to employees in a rate less than he pays to employees of the opposite sex”. The performance between both genders on equal skill, effort, and responsibility, completed under similar working conditions should be what determines the pay, not the gender of the person completing the task. (Varnell)

The Equal Pay Act was not the only significant resource that helped women to find a place in the workforce and make money. The Title VII prohibits employment discrimination on the basis of gender “Sex”. This was very important because it was a huge stepping stone for the process of equal rights for women. The Title VII is actually considered to be the most important law for equal opportunities because it is very broad and covers everything. The Title VII’s main purpose is in prohibiting discrimination in employment by employers based on race, color, religion, sex or national origin “Sex.”

One very crucial person who initiated the movement toward women’s equal pay rights and began the Equal Pay Act was John F. Kennedy. Kennedy ordered federal agencies to end sex discrimination in hiring. Then, in 1963, he signed into law the historic Equal Pay Act, which prohibited “discrimination on account of sex in the payment of wages by employers” “Equal Act Becomes.” He is a very significant person throughout the process of women earning their pay rights because he is the one who allowed the whole act to begin. Women’s voices started being heard through President Kennedy. This means that since women were not really heard out because their opinions did not really matter, but through someone who held a higher position, in this case kennedy allowed for their beliefs to be heard.

Women have shown tolerance throughout their fight to earn equal pay rights. They have faced many challenges, ups and downs through the process but they have come a long way. From being housewives to actually having a job and providing for their family. They have shown a willingness to not only accept what was going on but to fight for what they believed in which in their case was rights to equal pay. They never gave up even throughout the wars where they were faced with the constant battle to keep there job secure. Overall, women have really left a positive mark on the world.

Cite this page

Saul Torres SGM John N. Gissel Military 1 (1-1) 28 January 2019 Audie Murphy Audie Murphy full name was, Audie Leon Murphy he was born June 20, 1925 in Texas. Audie Murphy was an actor and a war hero. One of Abraham Lincoln’s principles was, “It is important that the people know you come among them without fear.” Audie Murphy showed he came out without fear, he actually came out really decorated looking nice that is why he was known to be one of the most decorated soldiers in world war 2. He joined the army in 1942, he made a fake birth certificate in order for him to join the army before he was eligible. Another principle was “Seize the initiative and never relinquish it.” Audie Murphy dad left the family and his mother died when he was only 15 years old. He left school to help support his family, he was the seventh of 12 children. At the age of 16 he tried to go to the Marines if not the Navy, but he was to young and short to go to the Marines or Navy. The Army accepted him, but he could not fly the jets as he wished. He started off as a private, after the course of the war he was promoted to Staff Sergeant, and he received a battlefield job to Lieutenant.

At one point in the war he took the initiative and jumped into a burning tank and used the machine gun on the enemies. He did not give up at the end he ended up killing 214 men and wounded many more. Murphy best friend got killed next to him by Germans who were acting suspicious saying they surrender, a few moments later they shot his best friend and Audie Murphy killed the Germans who shot his best friend. Audie Murphy destroyed a lot of machine gun nest along the way up the hill, he also made the area secure for the allies. For what Audie Murphy has done he receives the Distinguished Service Cross, which is the second highest United States Army medal for his courage and bravery. Another principle that is really important is “If you never try, you'll never succeed.” Audie Murphy wanted to give up when his mom died and his dad left, but he did not give up and he said you know what I’m going to try it out. Audie Murphy got into the Army and he wanted to be better and he took every chance he had. Audie Murphy volunteered for one dangerous assignment after another, he was really good at stalking and killing snipers. In September 15, 1944 Audie Murphy got injured for the first time, after being in the hospitals for a couple of days he was back on track. During the fall of France Audie Murphy earned two silver stars. The first star was for saving his commanding officer and the second one was for destroying a camouflaged machine gun and destroying a sniper outpost. Audie Murphy got shot by a sniper that was camouflaged in a tree he went to the hospital, the wound was pretty bad. Audie Murphy was out for two months until he could get back. “When you extinguish hope, you create desperation.” is a principle Audie Murphy followed. Audie Murphy went into the woods and planned a counter attack against the Germans. He believed that it would work and he worked hard so it could be successful. The counter attack was so strong it almost made the Germans leave the fight. The only reason this counter attack worked was because he had had hope and believed it would work and he went in with a positive mindset and it worked out how he wanted it. A really important principle that Audie Murphy followed was, “Wage only one war at a time.” Audie Murphy was never in a hurry he would do what he was told to do and he made sure that he did what he was suppose to and finish what he was told to do. Audie Murphy got hurt sometimes.

He wanted to be back in the front line as soon as possible, but he took his time recovering, so he could be ready for whatever was next. A principle that Audie Murphy followed was, “Spend time letting your followers learn that you are firm, resolute, and committed in the daily performance of your duty. Doing so will gain their respect and trust.” During World War 2 Audie Murphy was nervous in the inside, but in the outside he looked confident. When he got nervous he just let his mind takeover because his mind will lead him in the right direction. Audie Murphy would have not won all the medals he got, if he was not confident. Audie Murphy showed he was firm and committed because after he got shot with a sniper he had to recover for about two months, but after those two months he was back on the line. Audie Murphy could have easily just gone home, but he showed the people that he is strong and will not let that incident take him down. A really important principle Audie Murphy used was, “Use force only as a last resort.” This is a principle he followed he did not use violence unless he needed to. A great example was when the germans killed his friend right next to him, he had no choice but to kill them because if he did not kill them the two Germans would have killed him as well. Use violence or force as a last result applies in today’s world as well, the police use violence as the last result they only use it if the other person is going to harm them. Some people do not use for as a last resort, they will just go and hurt you. Another important principles Audie Murphy followed was “Explain yourself in writing and offer advice on how to solve problems.” Audie Murphy wrote a book called To Hell and Back. Audie Murphy explains in this story that when he was a child, he was told that men were branded by war.

He also says in this book that men who went to hell and back and would go again, maintain what our country thinks right and decent. This book really explains himself and gives you motivation and advice. “Do the very best you know how, the very best you can, and keep doing so until the end.” Audie Murphy always tried his best he would not think in failure, he would just keep on striving to do better everyday. Audie Murphy standed out and rose above the rest because he would risk his life because he was brave and courageous. He also standed out because he worked hard doing everything he was told to do or what he was going to do. This was the type of stuff that made this man earn all the medals he got a long the time he was alive, and what made people recognize him in and out of the battle field. Audie Murphy wasted his fortune on gambling and doing bad investments, and was also financially ruined. Audie Murphy was a talented man he made a film on the book he wrote he made 44 features films in all. This man had a lot of talent he also became a country music songwriter. Audie Murphy got married then he got divorced then he got married again and had two children. Audie Murphy had a really strong addiction to sleeping pills. Audie Murphy wasted his fortune on gambling and doing bad investments, and was also financially ruined. Audie Murphy sadly passed away, May 28, 1971. Audie Murphy died in a plane crash along with five others in a business trip. Audie Murphy was buried in Arlington County in Virginia. It is a United States Military cemetery that is called Arlington National Cemetery, he was buried with military honor.

Cite this page