Month: February 2022
Primary Source in American History
Americans wanted freedom and to be able to vote for their government. They thought that they would be a united front and be able to stand alone and finally receive peace. Yet problems were already starting to arise. One of the contradictions was that George Washington thought that there shouldn’t really be any political parties. The country was already a little divided on whether they wanted to be fully independent or not at this point and people were already starting to have different beliefs in their region. He thought that it would later end up dividing the country. Especially if we divided them based on geography. He saw this as a danger to America’s growth. You see this when he says,” I have already intimated to you the danger of parties in the State, with particular reference to the founding of them on geographical discriminations.”(Washington) Another contradiction is whether to pay the churches or not. The founding fathers wanted to distribute tax money equally to the churches of Virginia, but James Madison did not want that. He thought that the church would become too powerful and influence the government again is they received help. James said,” … conceiving that the same if finally armed with the sanctions of a law, will be a dangerous abuse of power, are bound as faithful members of a free State to remonstrate against it, and to declare the reasons by which we are determined.”(Madison) He thought that it would be too dangerous.
Americans wanted to have freedom and not live under a monarchy. They wanted a democracy. In the Declaration of Independence, it says that everyone is entitled to three unalienable rights. The Declaration states,” … that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.”(Declaration of Independence) They also thought that it was the job of the government to protect these rights for the people. Some people, like Thomas Paine thought that there wouldn’t be as much war if there wasn’t a greedy power-hungry king. You see this when he says, “In the early ages of the world, according to the scripture chronology there were no kings; the consequence of which was, there were no wars; it is the pride of kings which throws mankind into confusion.” (Paine) He did not think that kings were a good form of government at all.
Sadly, the American dream was not a reality for all people in America. Abigail Adams wrote to John Adams asking him to not forget about the women. She believed that America should be independent from Britain, but she wanted rights for women just as much as for the men. She even said that the people they must worry about pleasing the most is the women. If they were ignored, there might be a rebellion one day. John Adams laughed at this. He wrote back to Abigail,” As to your extraordinary Code of Laws, I cannot but laugh.” (Adams) He did not take her seriously at all. This showed that for women, nothing would really change. Women were not alone. Slaves also had little change to look forward to when America gained their independence. While Venture Smith was trying to gain his freedom, he was also growing older and losing money. His master, Col. Smith, would make him pay a certain amount of his earnings for years after he promised him that he could be free. Col would tell him that he could work for whoever he wanted, but until Col decided that he was free, he would have to pay him a little bit each month. Venture said,” I had already been sold three different times, made considerable money with seemingly nothing to derive it from, been cheated out of a large sum of money, lost much by misfortunes, and paid an enormous sum for my freedom.”(Smith) This kind of treatment by slave owners would not disappear when America won its freedom.
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Gender Equality and Sustainable Development
Gender equality is a fundamental human right which in Fraser's (2013) words, requires the realization and recognition of all human rights including livelihoods, integrity, dignity, well being, and access to food, water and sanitation. Gender equality and sustainability nexus can be understood by acknowledging positive impacts of women on sustainable development and how slow progress on sustainable development restraints gender equality. (OECD, 2019) Lisa Segnestam, (2018) states that, inequalities in resource distribution, rights and responsibilities has designed power relations in a way that benefit some while discriminating others.
This pattern is associated with bearing the impacts of pollution, capacities to respond climate change, management of resources, access to sanitation systems etc. Over exploitation of natural resources, threatening the integrity of ecosystems, loss of key habitats and biodiversity, and pollution of land, seas and atmosphere are the key trends of today's world as humans are key drivers of earth system processes. As Steffen, et al. (2011) states that with the advent of Anthropocene, human activities are rivaling global geophysical processes. Patterns of production, distribution and consumption are heading in profoundly unsustainable directions and humans' unsustainable interactions with the environment are producing devastating effects in the form of droughts, floods, devastated rural and urban and ruined livelihood. Also, “climate change is a prime example of human induced changes to the global environment.”(Steffen, et al., 2011)
These unsustainable interactions not only add and exacerbate inequalities and poverty particularly in the developing countries with highest population density that directly depends on natural resources for their well being (Unmüßig et al. 2012 ), but also poses great threats for the well being of our future generations. Additionally, these unsustainable patterns intensify gender inequality. The underlying drivers and causes of gender inequality and unsustainability are profoundly interlocked. Leach. M., et.al., (2014) argues that unsustainability and gender inequality are produced and inherited by political-economic relations in capitalism that support specific types of neo-liberal, market led growth which involves concentration of capital, privatization and production geared to short term profits. These market led models are unsustainable socially, ecologically and economically as they rely on over exploitation of natural resources, climate change and polluting oceans and lands to gain short term profits which ultimately undermines the conditions for future progress and perpetuate gender inequality. Although women have various employment possibilities and opportunities in today's globalized world but many of these have provided and reproduced patterns of segregation and discrimination.
Gender inequality is a constitutive component of capitalist markets as they see women as unpaid caregivers and the work undertaken by them is considered to be an extension of their stereotypical gender roles such as in domestic service, labor-intensive agricultural work and low-end retail jobs which are characterized by instability, poor working conditions and low wages. Their work is consistently undervalued and ignored and consequently, women remain invisible within the economic system and considered secondary earners within their households. Women’s obligations to accomplish these traditional roles not only limits their choices, capabilities and paid employment opportunities but also compromises their wellbeing, dignity, status and rights. So this development model is socially and economically unsustainable as it over-exploits human capital and perpetuates gender inequality. (Razavi , 2007)
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Childhood Obesity a Big Fat Disaster
Introduction
The enduring news about health care takeovers and acquisition, Affordable Care Act etc and a troublesome flu season can bury critical developments in public health. Entombed in these headlines is the far-reaching fact that childhood obesity is still on the rise in US. Obesity is a subdued public health threat, more dangerous even than the opioid epidemic. It’s associated with chronic diseases such as diabetes type 2, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, CV diseases and cancer.
Youth weight has developed as a standout amongst the most squeezing therapeutic and general medical issues of our day.
Since rising obesity is associated with increase in caloric intake and a reduction in physical activity, many proposed solutions emphasizing on food and exercise. While such remedies may help in individual cases, policy solutions are almost absolutely required to fight this epidemic.
Many low- and middle-income countries are now confronting a 'double burden' of disease: they continue to fight with the problems of contagious diseases and malnutrition; at the same time they are experiencing an accelerated increase in risk factors of NCDs such as obesity and overweight, particularly in urban areas. This double burden is caused by insubstantial pre-natal, infant and child nutrition which is then followed by exposure to high-fat, energy-dense, micronutrient-poor foods and a lack of physical activity as the child grows.
Obesity is not a result of overeating or a lack of physical work, as everyone believed. Although obesity is indeed a consequence of calories (fat, nutrition and proteins) imbalance, where calories intake exceeds energy expenditure over a considerable period of time. There are actually there are many physiological, different genetic, social, behavioural and environmental factors that interact to affect a person’s susceptibility to weight gain or obese. Particular interest to this study and to developed countries is the hypothesis that early childhood nourished can lead to adult obesity.
When children are born; they have much more fat or normal fat that is normal for that timeframe. For infants this fat provides nutritional measures. This fat decreases as child grows older. Over nutritious is followed by nutritional abundance in life, leading to higher risks of obesity, diabetes, and coronary heart diseases.
After around five years the child has lowest amount of fat and new body mass index (BMI). But if the child doesn’t lose weight then the child shouldn’t be overweight or fat baby. The BMI is used to relate obesity.
BMI is a measure of obesity. It can be calculated by the following formula:
BMI = Weight (Kg)/Height (M)
The following formula is used to fill in the criteria; if the BMI is 35 it is classified as extremely obese. Chronic disease risk linked with obesity comes out to be higher in people with centralized fat than in those with peripheral fat distribution.
Although weight was treated as an indicator of obesity, children of the same weight but at different stages of height can have different levels of adiposity. BMI, however, adjusts for height divided by square power. Despite this the adjustment for height does not absolutely eradicate the stature effect, it partially adjusts weight for stature. One effect of this inter-relationship between BMI and height is that taller populations will appear to have a higher percentage of obesity. Use of BMI in a clinical setting requires many more measures to substantiate that a high BMI focuses on excess body fat and not height.
Many researches were conducted and data was collected regarding childhood obesity in USA, which showed various reasons for obesity, Child-feeding Behaviour, Low and high Socioeconomic Status all these inking to Increased Risk for Childhood Obesity.
The impacts of youth stoutness can hold on well into adulthood, and there is worldwide worry that if rates of youth corpulence keep on rising, so will the commonness of related therapeutic conditions. This won't just put the strength of future ages in danger, yet it will likewise put a tremendous strain on the economy
Result
Researches show that socioeconomic status is staunchly associated with the obesity.The result gathered from the study was that low socio-economic status has the greater effect of developing obesity. It is proposed that exposure to bad socioeconomic conditions in the aboriginal years of life influences body composition in the later stages of the life. Childhood is considered a critical period of build up and growth, in which the type of dietary intake, environmental characteristics and the presence of infections may affect future growth and body weight.
Children with parents of low socio-economic status are busy working and don’t pay much attention to the children which causes a lack of information in children about proper diet. Also, people with low socio-economic status mainly consume food of low prices which is not high in nutritional values; their man diet is junk food. Now, people with high socio-economic status have the same problem as people with low socio-economic status aren’t giving children time as people with high SES are busy with their work so much that they aren’t able to dedicate much time to their children hence dietary education unaware to them.
Another theory proposes that the environment in which one lives at the beginning of life will not promote better contingency and lifestyles. Children with low socioeconomic status have fewer opportunities for sports and less access to physical activity and are less partaking in physical activities within schools and colleges. This relationship with humongous weight gain in adulthood comes from the fact that, in addition to the regular practice of exercise as a child contributing to lower weight, sedentary individuals tend to keep such a habit. Individuals whose family history is of better Socioeconomic Status are the ones who indulge most in physical activity. Another key consideration related to childhood refers to feeding at this stage of life, which may influence future food choices and body weight. Studies and researches have shown that the dietary intake of a diet with more vegetables in adulthood is related to the superior Socio-economic status of childhood.
The result gathered from the study was that low socio-economic status has the greater effect of developing obesity. Children with parents of low socio-economic status are busy working and don’t pay much attention to the children which causes a lack of information in children about proper diet. Also, people with low socio-economic status mainly consume food of low prices which is not high in nutritional values; their man diet is junk food. Now, people with high socio-economic status have the same problem as people with low socio-economic status aren’t giving children time as people with high SES are busy with their work so much that they aren’t able to dedicate much time to their children hence dietary education unaware to them.
Children’s behavior is also a main cause of their obesity,for example - children who are depressed are often less active, or may solace themselves with food, which may lead them to weight gain. And overweight children may develop anxieties, cardiomegaly, and diabetes, social interaction problems because of self-consciousness.
In USA, 2015 – 2016 18.5% children were obese and the current surveys show that the obesity level has increased by 2.2%. Also, it was found that children with low socio-economic status are 70% more likely to be obese. The southern eastern stats of USA have the highest rate of being obese i.e. 44.5% whilst the western stats show a 23.1% obese percentage.
Figure - obesity in children and adolescents aged 2–19 years, by age in United States, 1963–1965 to 2013–2014
Prevalence of obesity amidst children and adolescents aged 2–19 years, by sex and age: United States, 1963–1965 through 2013–2014
Discussion
Guardians report using a wide scope of kid bolstering practices, including checking, strain to eat and confinement. Limitation of youngsters' eating has most regularly and reliably been related with kid weight gain. An early observational investigation found that parental 'checking' impacted kids' nourishment determination. Whenever kids (matured 4– 7 years) were permitted to pick unreservedly from an assortment of nourishments, they chose a substantial number of substances high in included sugar. When they were informed that their mothers’ would screen the feast they chose, kids' decisions were essentially lower in included sugar than previously
A cross-sectional examination found that 'forcing' practices, for example, making youngsters complete the process of everything on their plate and paying off them to eat well nourishment, were accounted for less by guardians than different practices, for example, sharing data, consolation, setting a genuine precedent and making solid substances accessible this meant that parents aren’t prioritizing what their children eat rather focus more on their behavior patterns.
Various theories between related instruments have been proposed such as expanding kids' longing for high calorie foods in this way, youngsters might be bound to look for and expend limited substances when they are outside of parental control. Youngsters may end up overexcited when limited nourishments are accessible, with the goal that discretion isn't practiced and eating ends up furious. Kids may not build up the basic consciousness of appetite and satiety, which empowers them to control their own substance intake. Instead, an example of 'eating without yearning' may be created which is a similar pattern seen in obese grown-ups.
A study was conducted to know what effects socio-economic status and parenting have on obesity in children in USA, the study was mainly focused on how low socio-economic status affects obesity and how high socio-economic status affects obesity. Socio-economic status affects an individual’s lifestyle; because in the low and high socio-economic status patents did not give the full attention on their child, in low socio-economic status parents both mother and father are working to stable or manage their financial condition and high socio-economic status patents do their work so that they maintain status and extend it and increase it.
Children of parents with less than 12 years of schooling had an obesity rate 3.1 times higher (30.4 percent) than those whose parents have a college degree (9.5 percent). Children living below the nationwide household poverty level have an obesity rate 2.7 times higher (27.4 percent) than children living in households exceeding 400 percent of the federal poverty level.
Low socio-economic status disservice increments mental pain which, thus, advances maladaptive adapting practices, for example, enthusiastic eating, and at last heftiness
In low socio-economic status children are not well educated and do not have enough money so the buy cheap street food with low nutritional value food and high calories.
During 2000–2010, the overall prevalence of obesity among low socio-economic status children in USA increased significantly, from 14.0% in 2000, 15.5% in 2004 and to 15.9% in 2010, during 2010–2014, the overall frequency decreased unquesionably to 14.5%.
Conclusion
The conclusion of the study conducted was that both the class of socio-economic status that is lower and higher has same effect on children regarding obesity. Also, parenting and socio-economic status can be related and linked to each other for childhood obesity. As socio-economic status has an effect on people which includes their job, education, due to high pressure of job and to maintain their income the parents cannot pay much attention to their children.
Socio-economic status of parents during childhood influences BMI, Waist Circumference and analysis of obesity in adults, depicting that public policies focused on childhood can be used to avoid obesity in adults. Studies on the effectiveness of policies show that it is necessary to develop interventions and policies that can be incorporated into existing health practices and that are maintained in the distant future, and those are more effective than specific actions and actions developed during a short period of time. In addition, the results of this research indicate that actions directed at population groups that are more susceptible to obesity since childhood should consider differences related to sex. Most current policies target groups with lower socioeconomic status, and especially women. Public policies and interventions may focus on boys from higher Socio-economic status and girls from lower socio-economic status, who make up the groups most prone to obesity in adult life.
Schools are potentially feasible delivery systems for arrangements aiming to prevent or reduce childhood obesity in children, providing easy access to children and the opportunity for continuous and robust contact, cost-effectiveness, and a natural settings in which childhood interventions can take place.
Youngsters’ corpulence is the result of the connection between hereditary and ecological variables. Hereditary components decide the weakness of putting on load on the people. Since hereditary variables couldn't be changed extensively incredible in couple of decades, the way that the predominance of kids weight expanded quickly in the previous 30 years uncovered the importance of natural components. Ecological changes made kids neglect to strike the harmony between vitality admission and consumption, so it gave a condition to expanding the commonness of weight. In light of advances in innovation, TV, PCs furthermore, computer games end up prevalent in day by day life, and increments kids' stationary time. Additionally, dietary style has been westernized, also, turn out to be increasingly fragile, with the goal that high-sugar and high calorie nourishments, for example, cake, burger, French fries, drain tea, coke, etc supplanted customary nourishments. Inactive exercises increments, physical inertia, and undesirable dietary conduct are all reasons instigate youngster’s heftiness. For whatever length of time that these negative practices are changed, the counteractive action of youngster’s heftiness can be upgraded.
References
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- 'Childhood Obesity | List of High Impact Articles | PPts | Journals | Videos.' OMICS International | Open Access Journals | Scientific Conferences and Events Organizer. Accessed January 11, 2019. https://www.omicsonline.org/scholarly/childhood-obesity-journals-articles-ppts-list.php.
- 'How Do Parents' Child-feeding Behaviours Influence Child Weight? Implications for Childhood Obesity Policy.' OUP Academic. Last modified April 18, 2007. https://academic.oup.com/jpubhealth/article/29/2/132/1505733.
- 'How Obesity Relates to Socioeconomic Status – Population Reference Bureau.' Population Reference Bureau – Inform, Empower, Advance. Accessed December 17, 2018. https://www.prb.org/obesity-socioeconomic-status/.
- 'Lower Socioeconomic Status Increases Risk for Childhood Obesity.' Healio: Medical News, Journals, and Free CME. Last modified February 13, 2015.
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- 'The Effect of Early Life Factors and Early Interventions on Childhood Overweight and Obesity 2016.' Hindawi. Last modified February 5, 2017. https://www.hindawi.com/journals/jobe/2017/3642818/
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- 'Understanding the Childhood Obesity Epidemic.' Obesity Action Coalition. Accessed March 23, 2016. https://www.obesityaction.org/community/article-library/understanding-the-childhood-obesity-epidemic/.
- 'Childhood Obesity in America Isn't Getting Better, Study Says.' PBS NewsHour. Last modified February 26, 2018. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/health/childhood-obesity-in-america-isnt-getting-better-study-says.
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Causes and Consequences of Childhood Obesity
In the US, the rate of Childhood obesity has been on a high rise over the past decades, and today. The United States is known to have some of the most cases of obesity in a child’s life. Obesity in children has more than doubled over the past few decades. It has been documented that one out of six children are obese and in the same case, one out of three children are either overweight or obese.
Obesity is known as the event of having an excessively high amount of body fat or adipose tissue in relation to body mass. Individuals with a Body Mass Index of 30 or more are said to be obese because BMI is a common measure of expressing the relationship of weight-to-height. Obesity is mostly caused by the following factors: dietary habits, physical inactivity, and depression along with other emotional problems.
The major cause of obesity in children and adolescence is eating too much and having limited exercise. However, this is not always apparent because some cases of obesity are caused by genetic factors. If your child has was born form a family of members who are overweight, then the child is at high risk to end up being obese.
Although one of the main causes of obesity in children are the child’s dietary habits. In todays generation, children tend to prefer consuming fast food meals, junk foods and drinks that are high in sugar rather than eating healthy and hearty meals. These kinds of food tend to be high in fat and calories and low in other nutrients that cause children to gain extra weight. Some patterns and behaviors of children such as eating when not hungry, watching T.V or doing homework while eating are the children that are associated with obesity.
Another reason behind obesity in children is their physical inactivity. Children today are slowly translating to a very sedentary lifestyle due to the increasing popularity of T.V watching, computer browsing as well as playing video games. Children spend more time in watching T.V, which encourages more snacking than engaging in regular physical exercise. There are limited Physical Education classes in school nowadays and busy parents, who fear about their children’s safety, hinder their children from participating in school activities and engage in sports.
A major cause of obesity in children is depression along with other emotional problems. Depression can make a person eat to ease the pain they are feeling. It can also cause a person to stay indoors and refrain from engaging in physical sports or even converse with other individuals. People with emotional problems tend to be pressured by their friends, family or other external forces. This limits a person’s capabilities and mood and can cause them to shut their self-off from the world and eat even more.
Due to these causes’ dietary habits, physical inactivity and depression along with other emotional problems occurrence of obesity in children is greatly increasing. On another note, there are ways to manage obesity in children. Parents of children at risk can start a weight-management program, and change eating habits such as eating slower or developing a routine of consumption. Parents can also plain meals and make better food selection, control portions and make children consume less calories. They can also encourage children to increase their physical activity by walking or engaging in sports. Parents could take their kid to a park or even go walking with them up and down the street, let them ride their bike, let them jump on the trampoline. These are just some ways to manage obesity; however, constant practice of these simple ways can prevent children from being part of the population of obese citizens.
Obesity in childhood has both the instant and long-term effects on the health of a child. Some immediate effects are the obese children may develop pre-diabetes. Obese children and adolescence are also at a higher risk of having joints and bones complications, sleep apnea as well as some psychosocial problems like low self-esteem, stigmatization, and depression.
The long-term effects on the health of these obese children is that they are most likely be obese when they are grown and this causes them more risk for further heart diseases, some cancer types, strokes or osteoarthritis. The other long-term effect is that obesity and overweight is usually associated with more risks for different types of cancer like breast cancer, gall bladder, colon, kidney, ovary, prostrate or cervix cancer. Also, the other diseases are lymphoma of Hodgkin and multiple myeloma.
To prevent the occurrence of obesity diseases, children should learn to practice a healthy lifestyle and habits which will help to lower their risk of becoming obese and having other related diseases. This includes eating healthy and engaging in physical activities. In the United States, schools can establish a secure and supportive environment that has policies and other practices to support the healthy behaviors.
The health of a child will mostly depend on the raising of the child and the healthy eating habits and if the child is active enough. Parents must therefore develop a strategy to make sure their children are active enough. Schools in the United Sates should also be expected to create awareness and education on how to prevent obesity.
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Cause of Childhood Obesity
In the article “Don’t Blame the Eater”, David Zinczenko, speaks on recent lawsuits filed against fast food companies for causing childhood obesity. He argues that children should not be blamed for their own weight gain. He feels that it’s necessary to sue these fast foods franchises for not informing consumers of health hazards. Why should these companies be held responsible? Zinczenko related his personal childhood experiences to these situations. He expressed that fast food is the cause of diabetes, obesity, and poor eating habits. Why should we blame these fast food companies for what our children consume? After analyzing Zinczenko opinion on these matters, I concluded that his argument was ineffective and did not provide any statistically prove of a cause.
At the beginning of the article, Zinczenko elaborates on his childhood eating choices. He states that his mother worked long hours to provide for their family and pay bills. Every day she would purchase fast food during lunch and dinner for Zinczenko. These were the only choices for an affordable and quick meal. Over time, he gained over two hundred pounds (462). He sympathizes for children who have lawsuits against fast food restaurants, he feels that lawsuits are necessary. Personally, I believe that parents are responsible for what their children consume. Regardless of having busy schedules, it’s significant to prioritize your children’s health. There are plenty of food choices that are more affordable besides fast food restaurants. For instance, meal planning is a great way to prepare home cooked meals for your families. You can prepare healthy meals for an entire week ahead. I understand that fast food is the quickest meal to obtain, but it is important to prevent any health conflicts.
Throughout the article, Zinczenko attempts to persuade his audience of the cause of obesity. Zinczenko found that before 1994, children with diabetes were caused by a genetic disorder. In today’s National Institutes of Health, states that children with Type 2 diabetes are accountable for thirty percent of all child cases in America (463). This statistical information displays an increase in the percentage of children with diabetes. There isn’t any specified statistic for obese children with diabetes. There are endless factors that may contribute to children having diabetes. For instance, poor eating habits could potentially be the cause, such as sugary items like candy and desserts. The amount of sugar intake could affect an individual’s glucose levels that can lead to having glucose issues. This doesn’t indicate that children with diabetes are obese. It is directed towards all children with diabetes. Which signifies that this information does not provide effective evidence.
Furthermore, he states that The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention health costs has tremendously risen since 1969. It has reached over 100 billion dollars for patient care for diabetes today. This statistic doesn’t inform readers of obese children with diabetes. This number only signify people of all ages with diabetes. To persuade your audience, you have to give specific evidence of the topic. Zinczenko also mentioned that a fast food restaurant does not provide warning labels on their products being served. I agree that it would be informative to have calories intake labeled on the product’s container. However, individuals can research valid product information online and have knowledge of risk factors. Fast food is known to have foods that aren’t the best for our health, but we still choose to eat it. Fast food isn’t all to blame for the price of health cost increase. For instance, frozen dinners and products with preservatives can result in individuals to have weight gain and diabetes.
Zinczenko states that the food industry is defenseless and marketing products to young children that consist of health hazards (464). Also, he believes that there will be more sick children with angry parents due to the fast food restaurants. How could the parents be upset when they’re condoning their child’s poor eating habits? If parents are taking their children to these restaurants and not being cautious of what the health risk, how can parents be upset with these companies? These companies are focused on making sales and providing delicious foods for the customers. Health hazards may not be a priority for some companies. That is why it is the parent responsibility to protect their children from these foods. Personally, I feel that it is alright to eat fast food occasionally but not daily.
After reviewing David Zinczenko perspective on the cause of obesity, I’d concluded that his argument is ineffective. There isn't enough information to prove that fast foods cause weight gain and childhood obesity. His statistical information wasn’t directed towards childhood obesity. His evidence was referring to everyone with obesity or diabetes. Overall, fast food could be a cause of obese and make children gain weight. However, fast food companies should not be sued for their customer's choices of foods. These companies do not force anyone to consume their products served. It’s the customer choice to eat any food options provided.
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Cause of Childhood Obesity. (2022, Feb 01).
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Challenge in Promoting Gender Equality
Fundamental human rights are rights that every human is entitled to. Regardless of sex, race, language, ethnicity, religion, and any other status, these rights cannot be taken away. But, as we look at the world around us, it is still incredibly apparent that gender inequality is a significant issue. Discrimination against women can be seen through child brides and marriages, gender biases in the workplace, gender norms, and organization of power in society. Around the world many girls and boys are forced to be victims of forced marriages and sexual slavery. Statistically speaking, a quarter of those in slavery globally, are victims of child brides. Because children are the most vulnerable to being sold and trafficked, an increasing number of children have been forced into these marriages.
Girls are more likely to be trafficked to suit the needs of their captors and these often lead to non-consensual sexual relations and forced pregnancy. For young women, the main cause of death is pregnancy-related complications. While solutions have been offered, internationally and locally, there are still key flaws that remain in trying to stop forced marriages and sexual slavery. While child slavery is recognized as a crime against humanity, the specificity in the statutes for sexual crimes against children are not fully acknowledged. Many cases have been tried in International Criminal Court (ICC), but are often dropped due to lack of evidence and pursuance in the investigation. Because many of these crimes that are committed are not directly related to child sexual crimes, the lack of connection to child slavery has been ignored.
Countries that have the most relevant cases in early forced marriages and child sexual crimes are often inherently linked to cultures and societies that have deeply engrained religious and cultural traditions where forced early marriages with girls is the norm. An increasing number of international and local governments have regarded child marriage as illegal, but because of these cultural norms and normalized exceptions, these laws are often ineffective. Girls are often given less opportunities, such as the fundamental right to an education, than boys in certain countries. Research shows that there is a positive correlation between girls becoming educated and preventing early forced marriages. When women and girls are educated, they are more likely to participate in the labor force, earn higher incomes, become healthier, and have fewer children than those who receive little to no education.
The evidence provides a strong link between child marriage and educational deficits. There has been increasing progress with girls becoming more educated in certain countries thanks to educational initiatives. More schools in Asia have been hiring female teachers in hopes of attracting girls to go to school. Schools also started investing in materials and holding accountability with teachers and in turn it produced a higher attendance and retention rate from girls. Promoting education for girls in these countries can help prevent child marriage but preventing child marriage can help promote completing their education. For decades, trying to give girls equal access to opportunities, such as an education, has been a challenge globally and while progress has been made, without the shifting of social and traditional norms, the world is not going to see an end to child marriages. These barriers are a reflection of the consistent gender stereotypes in schools and cultures.
Many movements around the world were started due to the unequal access of opportunities to young girls and women. Issues such as the sexual harassment of women in the workplace started the #MeToo movement and gender related wage gaps started the #EqualPay movement. These movements have many supporters, but also have their fair share of critics, specifically from conservatives who try and argue that discrimination against women do not exist in developed countries. Because these movements are seen as a more liberal, progressive agenda, it is difficult to have the proper support and funding. The biggest advocates for gender equality in the world are usually women’s organizations, yet they only receive a small amount of funding to help aid the cause. In a survey done with 1000 women’s organizations in more than 140 countries, only half reported to receiving core or frequent funding. Not only would this give the impression that women’s organizations are not as important, but it also promotes the idea that gender inequality is something that does not exist.
Even before a woman accepts a position in the workplace, many still experience gender-based biases during the job application process. Many studies have been done where stereotypically male-dominated jobs have been given to males simply based on their gender, even though their female counterparts seemed much more competent to have the job. In society, women are thought of as sensitive, motherly, and caring, while males are seen as powerful, smart, and an ideal candidate for leadership. These kinds of stereotypes can affect the way a woman is treated in leadership positions, where in many occasions when a woman is simply doing her job, she is called bossy and unfit. Workplaces are offered solutions on how they can create a positive agenda for action, where companies and workplaces need to start instructing change on the effects of biases.
Top leadership positions in politics is a male-dominated field. When talking about shifting policies to help advocate for gender equality, it is often done with men as the majority decision makers. The issue with policies in the world is that it not only undermines women when making decisions regarding gender equality, it leaves them out. In recent years, we have seen more women come into power within politics and try to change the stigma and biases women face, but because there are still many places around the world where a woman is seen as a property of her husband, it is difficult to huge progress. Policymakers must recognize that not holding people accountable for gender equality, just adds to the problem.
Women are the key to helping make the world a better place when they are given the right access to opportunities, education, and simple human rights that men have. For decades, women have been pushing to be treated equal to their counterparts, but without helping change traditional, societal, and cultural norms, there will be no end to it. Gender inequality is rooted in the ideals and exceptions within each country and without more women in power to help change it, there will be no progress made. The path of promoting equality between the sexes is not an easy one, but it is a multiplier effect. Preventing child marriages can lead to completion of education, to increasing the odds in finding a job in the labor force and finding a job in the labor force opens up more opportunities to become promoted and be less likely to suffer deprivations based on gender.
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Gender Equality in Politics
Women’s exclusion from policy-making bodies has led to inappropriate responses to women’s issues and gender insensitive policy-making more broadly. Since the gang rape and murder of a 23-year-old woman in Delhi on 16 December 2012, women’s safety and security has come onto the political agenda. However, the approach taken by the government has been extremely patriarchal and patronising. Rather than highlighting women’s rights to live in a safe and secure environment without any fear of violence, the government has presented women as defenceless, weak and in need of protection. This regressive approach focuses on the female victims rather than the male perpetrators and exemplifies the patriarchal and insensitive nature of India’s parliament to women’s issues.
In contrast to national and state level politics women’s political participation in local politics is significantly higher. In 1992 the Government of India passed the 73rd and 74th Constitutional amendments, which reserved 33 percent of seats for women in local governance bodies across the country, which are known as Panchayati Raj Institutions. The reservation works on a rotational basis in which 33% of constituencies are reserved for women for one term of government at which point the reservation rotates to another constituency. The reservation of seats is chosen at random or by lottery. India has a direct voting system, which means that in each reserved constituency only women candidates are able to contest the election and each community member who is eligible to vote selects their preferred candidate. Using the first past the post methodology, the woman with the most votes is then elected to represent the electorate.
After completing their term women elected representatives can re-contest their seats, however, the candidacy is once again opened up to men. Since the implementation of the reservation system women’s political participation in local self-governance has skyrocketed. Currently, over 1.5 million women hold positions in Panchayati Raj institutions, 36.8 percent of all those elected.[6] The emergence of successful and effective women leaders has led many states to voluntarily increase the reservation of seats for women to 50 percent. In states such as Bihar, which has increased the reservation to 50%, women make up 54 percent of all elected representatives at the Panchayat level. The reservation of seats in the Panchayati Raj Institutions has demonstrated that women can not only contest and win elections but that they can also be strong and effective leaders.
By enabling women to take on leadership positions the reservation system has also given voice to women’s concerns and issues in local governance bodies. Further, it has had positive outcomes for female elected representatives as well as for the wider community. Female elected representatives experience higher self-esteem and confidence and have improved decision-making skills. Women’s participation in Panchayati Raj Institutions also ensures that the needs, values, and priorities of the whole community are taken into consideration when developing and implementing policies rather than just those of male constituents. Women’s political participation also has positive outcomes in the development within their communities and studies have shown that women elected representatives are bringing about necessary changes within their villages in spite of the adverse social and political environment. This includes challenging the status of women, transforming social perceptions of women as innocent, weak and inferior to intelligent, strong and capable leaders, and taking steps to address key issues such as violence, poverty and inequality.
However, after two decades of reservations women’s participation within the Panchayati Raj Institutions remains problematic and women face a range of structural and procedural challenges that restrict their capacity to become effective leaders. Women’s increased vulnerability to poverty, lower educational status, and lack of financial independence are all compounded by the perpetuation of traditional and outdated social attitudes, which give preference to male leaders. Women are often assumed to be a proxy for male family members who are not able to contest the seat due to the reservation system and their capacity to complete their role and to make independent decisions is constantly questioned. The violent nature of politics, in which political actors often experience physical and emotional violence, can also have a negative impact on women’s political participation.
Female political actors are particularly vulnerable to violence and women who are active within politics often face harassment, character assassinations and even threats of or actual physical violence. This violence can reduce women’s capacity to carry out their role as elected leaders as well as their will to engage with politics more broadly. In spite of these continuing challenges to women’s participation in Panchayati Raj Institutions, the reservation of seats has been successful in increasing the number of women in local self-governance from 4-5 percent to a minimum of 33 percent of all elected representatives. The remaining challenges will only be overcome as more and more women take on leadership roles and traditional and cultural social values that discriminate against women are broken down.
Patriarchy and Governance : The marginalisation of women from governance structures is representative of a larger imbalance between men and women throughout the country. The prevalence of conservative and patriarchal mindsets amongst elected representatives and the community at large is a key reason for the continued resistance towards women’s political empowerment. Women’s engagement in governance threatens the status quo in two key ways. Firstly, women’s participation in politics enables women’s voices to be more prominent and influential within governance processes. This in turn leads to more gender sensitive policies and service provision and to a more gender just society. The realisation of gender equality inevitably involves a reduction in men’s power in society and over women. As such, for many men this is not a desirable outcome.
Secondly, the majority of India’s leaders are men and their position as leaders gives them power and prestige within their communities. The elevation of women leaders, particularly through political reservations, threatens this position of power. In India’s current political scenario the reservation of 33 percent of seats in governance bodies for women would result in almost 33 percent of male leaders losing their seats, their jobs and their influence in destiny making. As such, for male leaders, the promotion of women’s political empowerment is often directly counter to their personal and professional interests, which can go a long way in accounting for the lack of political will for addressing women’s political marginalisation.
CONCLUSION
Women’s full empowerment cannot be achieved until and unless they have the opportunity to contribute equally in all the spheres of the society including the political domain. While women continue to be excluded from leadership positions, issues concerning women will also continue to be neglected. The Constitution grants equal opportunity to women to participate in the political discourse, to contest elections, and to take up leadership positions in local, state or national level governments. The full and equal participation of women in politics is also essential to the achievement of gender equality in our society. The increase in women’s representation will lead to women’s issues being raised more often and it will bring meaningful change to the way elected bodies govern, particularly in the issues they prioritise.
Women’s participation in politics is a human right. It is also vital for overcoming widespread gender inequality and discrimination and for achieving key development outcomes such as improvements in health and education status. Women leaders have the capacity to challenge and overcome traditional and patriarchal social, cultural and political structures that are preventing India from achieving its potential as a global leader. Facilitating their participation in politics will enable them to become forerunners in economic and social progress. Throughout India men’s dominance in politics must be challenged. It is women leaders who hold the keys to our future.
Political Parties: The Case of Missing Women
The number of women who vote in elections and the nature of women’s voting choices are indicative of women’s increased political engagement and participation. However, this is only one element of political participation and women are increasingly presented as voters but not as participants within governance structures. Women are extremely under-represented within all major parties and the patriarchal nature of party structures excludes and discriminates against women who choose to defy social expectations and actively participate in politics.
There are two types of political parties within Indian politics; the first are membership-based parties that hold regular party elections and the second are family dynasties. The majority of the country’s political parties fall into the second category. These parties are extremely patriarchal and women are largely excluded from engaging with party decision-making processes and are not allocated tickets to contest elections. However, the patriarchal foundations of membership-based parties also influences their engagement with women as voters, political actors, and potential representatives and women do not make up more than 10 percent of any party’s membership based at either the state or national level.
The two major political parties in the country, the Indian National Congress and the Bharatiya Janata Party, have both reserved 33% of seats for women in all decision-making bodies within the party. However, these reservations are not being implemented and women continue to be marginalised from decision-making bodies and are not allocated tickets to contest elections. Only 556 women contested the 2009 national election out of 8070 candidates and only 59 of these women were successful in winning their seats. Without the support of political parties it is difficult for women to overcome the challenges they face when entering politics. Women often do not even have the necessary resources to compete with their male counterparts, they are restricted by the widespread perception that men are stronger and more effective leaders, and in many cases they are unable to navigate the political hierarchies of the contemporary political arena without the patronage of male leaders.
Power Politics
The distribution of power within the Indian democracy is based on a gamut of overarching traditional conditions that influence the way society votes. Major determinants in the system include religion, caste, regions and communities. Voting for candidates based on cultural sameness obfuscates the motive behind democracy. However, these factors have continued to be extremely influential for Indian voters. Real time issues such as lack of development, corruption and women’s issues have so far been relegated to the background of Indian politics. However, the country has been observing a new wave of late. The nation is gradually awakening to a fresh conscience.
The rise against corruption in political spaces and call for enhancement of women’s safety in the country are inspiring phenomena. Yet, the power of female voters is yet to be fully realised and gender issues continue to be marginalised from the political domain. However, women have not formed a vote bank or a significant voting constituency and in spite of widespread gender inequality and discrimination against women, gender has not become a major political issue. While women have become more active engaged voters and are now voting in larger numbers than men they have not recognised their power to shape political dialogue and governance.
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On Gender Equality in Nepal
Nepal is a Himalayan country located in South Asia, with a population of roughly 29 million people, the median age being 23. It is defined as one of the poorer and least developed countries in the world, in every sense. Women in Nepal have a very low socio-economic status, their situation affects their health, education, economy, and policy making. They are discriminated against in all aspects of their society. A woman’s life is heavily patriarchal; this includes her status, values, rights, and even decisions. Her father, husband, and son have more of a say in what she does on a daily basis than she herself does (Beyrer 2003).Women’s status in Nepal affects their health and education. The health status in Nepal is one of the lowest of the regions in South Asia, mainly pertaining to women. Their life expectancy is lower than that of a man.
High rates of premature pregnancy deaths are consistent throughout the area because women are marrying in the early ages of 15-19. In this country a woman’s greatest accomplishment is to get married and have a son. They also suffer from pregnancy complications, malnutrition, anemia, and other issues regarding the reproductive function. Infant mortality and child mortality rates are always fluctuating because of the lack of resources available to a woman and her child. High levels of malnutrition are also persistent in children. A woman’s education is also undervalued; their literacy rate is only 33%, while a man’s is 66%. In rural areas, young girls aren’t even allowed to attend school to obtain an education, they are considered to be others property. Women in this country generally do not receive an education, because it is not deemed as important.
As soon as they are “old enough” meaning early teens, they must look for a husband to sustain their family and themselves. Women are to instantly produce children, preferably a son because giving birth to a girl is frowned upon. In this society, men are the “powerful” ones that keep a family growing (Beyrer 2003).Economy and politics also have insufficient input from women because of their culture and society. Merely 45.2 per cent of what women earn is counted as economically active. In urban areas, women are employed in domestic or traditional jobs, all being low positions. In rural areas they barely diverge from employment outside their house, if they do its limited to: planting, weeding, and harvesting, agriculture, which is predominantly feminized. Women are not allowed to enter any professional professions. Only one woman has served as an ambassador (Gurung 2014). Women do not have a voice or representation in political decision-making, due to lack of education and resources.
Household responsibilities, mobility outside of household restricted, and social expectations are what hold back real change in women’s political status. Political participation is necessary, but insufficient. When faced with a political crisis, attendance from women is required, but once the crisis is over women return to their domestic lives. Sometimes they have an input in domestic expenditure or farm management, but never on an issue that is truly important. On the social level, a woman’s ethnic group defines her entire life. Nepal is extremely diverse, but can be separated into two main ethnic groups, the Indo-Aryan, and Tibeto-Burman. Women in the Indo-Aryan ethnic group do not integrate freely with the opposite sex. Women in these communities wear purdah, or veil to cover everything but their eyes. In such areas, it is considered proper for a woman to not involve herself in activities that do not concern her household.
Sexual purity of women is important to their culture, and arranged marriages are still common. On becoming a widow, a woman is not allowed to remarry, and property left behind is only inherited through the male line, meaning she claims nothing. In the Tibeto-Burman ethnic group, a woman is free to choose whomever to marry, and are respected for partaking in activities that do not revolve around the household. However, this is not common because of the political and cultural predominant Indo-Aryan ethnic group (Gurung 2014).Violence against women in Nepal is staggeringly high. Research projects in the country have resulted in 66% of women have gone through verbal abuse, 33% emotional abuse, 77% of perpetrators being their own family members (UNICEF 2011). According to Nepal police, common injuries reported by women were cuts and bruises, which was followed by eye injuries, sprains, burns, and dislocations.
Spousal violence reported contained injuries varying from deep wounds, broken bones and teeth, and other serious injuries. It is difficult to accurately record how much violence takes place because most victims are too frightened and do not report their incidents. In most cases, they live with the person harming them and afraid of being killed if they file a report against them (Konstantopoulos et al).Throughout Asia, the trafficking of women and young girls for the sole purpose of sex has created a range of health threats, human right violations, and prevention challenges. Sex trafficking is defined as modern-day slavery, which forces individuals most often being women and girls to perform commercial sex. This crime is widespread, but over the past decade has substantially increased in Nepal. Every year, 1 to 2 million women and girls are trafficked worldwide. Around 225,000 of them are from South Asia including Nepal.
According to the US State Department annual Trafficking in Persons report, Nepal is ranked a Tier 2 country (US Department of State 2011). Sex trafficking victims are not only forced to commit acts they do not wish, but also highly susceptible to major health risks. The industry is a source of HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases; the long-term effects could range from infertility to cervical cancer. Within the years, there has been an increase in the amount of Nepali women and girls sexually trafficked into Indian brothels, when they return to Nepal most result in being HIV positive. Among survivors of sex trafficking, it is estimated that about 50% of victims seek medical care while in their situation. The reason sex trafficking has become such a global public health issue is due to the fact that most women that are in sex trafficking have no access to any health care or any form of treatment (Konstantopoulos et al).
Such an industry has so many victims due to deception, tricks, and coercion. None of these women and girls does what they do by choice. In Nepal this exploitation occurs for sociocultural and political reasons. An example being from the ‘Deuki’ system in Nepal that includes the rich families, wealthy aristocrats, and lords that gives such an option to purchase young girls to offer to temple idols in the Hindu tradition to make their wishes a reality. These girls were then not allowed to marry, which gives them no way of supporting themselves or their families beyond the contributions to the temple. With no other choice left, they go into prostitution. Another example could be from the women and girls from the ‘Badi’ community, which is the lowest caste in Nepal. They made their earnings by singing and dancing, but due to economic factors they were pushed into prostitution.
Push factors for these women and girls to become susceptible to sex trafficking is their geographic location, demographic backgrounds, socioeconomic position, and roles and position in their family (Gurung 2014). To address this issue, Nepal has set forth several laws and policies that focus on trafficking for the purpose of prostitution to try to prevent it from increasing. The MOWCSW reform bill effectively criminalizes prostitution for the first time in Nepal. Recent laws and orders in Nepal specifically limit the migration of women on an international level, but this control over travel does not prevent trafficking, it will just be conducted underground. Under the law, Nepal’s constitution ensures gender equality. The National Policy on Combating Trafficking includes duties by the government to discard laws that discriminate against women, instead taking steps to protect them by providing opportunities for employment. However, that has yet to be fulfilled completely as some laws are still discriminatory including travel.
In 2014, Nepal’s government increased attempts to convict suspected trafficking offenders; this resulted in a total of 203 convictions. Nepal’s National Plan of Action (NPA) was implemented with a new plan and increased funding allocations to all 75 districts to build at least three new village-level anti-trafficking committees. Efforts have been set in place, but little to no change has come from it. Law enforcement needs to be increased, also to ensure that the victims are not punished for what they have done while being trafficked. Public health should also be accessible for victims after what they endured (Brandon 2000).Even though many believe that sex trafficking occurs in under developed countries, we never think of Americans trafficking Americans, but it is prevalent in our own society. Under federal law in the United States, anyone that is under 18 years old that is induced into commercial sex is to be considered a victim of sex trafficking, regardless of whether the trafficker used coercion, force, or fraud (Alvarez 2016).
Set up across the United States, the National Human Trafficking Hotline has received roughly 22 thousand sex trafficking cases inside the country since 2007 (National Human Trafficking Hotline). Also, many immigrants currently living in America could have been trafficked here. They were living in an under developed country with no means of obtaining money to keep themselves and families afloat, and were told they would get a job opportunity here that would pay well, an offer they couldn’t refuse. This happens often with Mexican women and their pimp brings them to Florida. As they arrived to America they realized they had been deceived and had no way of getting back to their families and forced into sex trafficking. In conclusion, in order to address gender inequalities and/or human right abuses women/ gendered minorities we must first become educated on it.
We must analyze the data and statistics in order to design interventions to address the needs of the victims. Building a capacity to get an audience to understand the link between gender inequality and human trafficking and many other global issues. Locally, as well as globally, health care access must be improved for victims. Also the quality of prevention of these issues, treatment, and care programs for women and girls that address these gender inequalities. Providing knowledge and skill by a village or community led facility that educates women and girls on sexual and reproductive health information and services. Working with law enforcement to protect victims, and respond to violence against women. Make and heavily enforce laws and policies that promote gender equality and human rights of women and girls. Promoting economic opportunities for women so they can support themselves and family in the long run. Keeping girls in school, and making it a safe environment for them to learn (Webster et al., 2007).
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What is Gender Equality
Research question: ‘’Even though gender equality is being framed as ''stifling'' economic growth, how we can build up more equal United Kingdom? ‘’ Title of research: Even though gender equality is being framed as ''stifling'' economic growth, there is still a possibility more equal United Kingdom. Objectives:
- To identify how people in United Kingdom could be more equal even though gender equality is shifting economic growth.
- To centralise why is politically important women and men to be equal.
Before 1918 no women were allowed to vote in parliamentary elections. In the 20th century, there were two groups active in the campaign for women's suffrage. This led to women to have the right to vote. However, regarding statistics, in the 21st Century, The United Kingdom was on sixth place down of gender equality. Despite promises from Members of Parliament to make women's and men's rights more equal, The United Kingdom has dropped to 15th place. For example, regarding Brexit, even though a couple of women who were journalists, had the right to appear on TV because of the referendum, the campaign was still dominated by men because their opinion for women is that their vote will be based on emotions and issues related to maternity leave policies.
Not only women are politically harmed, but statistically they are more prone to poverty than men. In groups of poverty includes women who are single mothers and women of older age. Moreover, everyone is aware of the fact that if these women do not have a high income, it means that they are not able to have the necessary level of education. The question is: When gender equality is being framed as ‘’stifling’’ economic growth, how we can build up more equal United Kingdom? This question has been given not enough discussion and consideration in the professional literature to date and is a question of importance for several reasons. I plan to research gender equalities in United Kingdom regarding Brexit. I will be arguing that although we are the 21st century, there are still women who do not have equal rights like men and are not allowed to vote and participate in political activities.
All things considered, I think this topic is important to research because this is not something that many people in some of the countries think about daily or believe. Most people have the opinion that women have asserted their rights over the years, but there is still inequality which is not prevented. To find the right answer to this question I will research literature connected to gender rights in the United Kingdom and how they develop. As I make the research and seek validated information, I will try to find ways to prevent this inequality from happening repeatedly.
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Argumentative on Gender Equality
In the recent decades, there has been made significant global progress towards gender equality in the workforce. The decreasing gap in gender workforce ratio has led to countless of studies focusing on the different aspects of gender equality in labour market participation. In particular, the increase in women’s workforce participation has opened up a new field of research regarding its effect on organisational competitiveness. Researchers argue that achieving gender equality has not only been important for workplaces because it is ‘fair’, but also because it is linked to an organisation’s overall economic performance and competitive advantage. This literature review seeks to clarify the effect of gender inequality on organisational competitiveness. It will focus on two main parts of gender equality that have been widely researched over the past few decades. Firstly, it looks at the different aspects of gender utilisation and its outcomes for an organisation. Secondly, as outlined by literature, the contributing factors to gender inequality will be presented.
Within the human resources research, the resource-based view (RBV) argues that human capital is key to achieving competitive advantage (Harel, Tzafrir & Baruch 2003). Therefore, optimisation of its human assets is an important strategy for an organisation’s success. As women in Australia comprise of approximately half of the labour force, the RBV would define their under-utilisation as a poor management of human assets. Similarly, does Appold, Siengthai and Kasarda (1998) argue, that a proper utilisation of all human resources assets is necessary for the enhancement of organisational effectiveness and that an under-utilisation of women in the workforce will produce poor results. Moreover, organisations that are concerned with managing their human assets in terms of benefitting from a broad range of resources, including women, achieve more sustainable results.
Dezsö and Ross (2012) take the RBV method a step further as they look at the key aspects of what makes women an asset for an organisation. They argue that organisations can benefit from gender diversity through the unique expertise and strategic input. Their study found that female representation in top management positions leads to better firm performance, but only to the extent a firm is focused on innovation as a part of its strategy. A year later, Torchia, Calabrò and Huse (2011) showed the positive impact of women on board strategic task and its positive influence on the firms’ innovation. Particularly, it argued that women who are involved in the proposals of decision-making in a firm can lead to implementation of a successful long-term strategy.
Both findings suggest that heterogenous teams will have stronger knowledge foundations, leading to a more comprehensive set of solutions and higher levels of competitive advantage. A heterogenous team will gather information from a variety of sources, such as males and females leading to diverse perspectives. These teams have in particular shown to be effective where higher levels of creativity are needed. Whereas, a homogenous team can expect higher levels of conformity and a lack of openness to differing solution or idea from one’s own. Researchers believe that functional gender diversity in organisations is a “double-edged sword”.
Despite studies done on the positive effect of heterogenous teams on organisational competitiveness, literature has also been concerned with its negative effect. As gender equality is increasing globally, teams are assembled from individuals with varying skills, knowledge, experience and personality. On one hand, heterogeneity within work teams is argued to be a challenge because of the potential conflicts. Cronin and Weingart (2007) argued that diversity is associated with differences of opinion and perspective, diverse teams can therefore lead to increased conflict and decreased overall team performance. On the other hand, gender diversity has shown to increase team performance because too much comfort and familiarity which is often seen in homogenous teams reduces productivity.
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Climate Change in Pakistan
How many projects Pakistan adopted for climate change and how many changes have Pakistan brought for the betterment of climate change? According to your point of view, these projects are successfully implemented in Pakistan? There are numerous projects that are being adopted by Pakistan and the government is working hard to get into compliance with international treaties and arrangements on environmental benefits. So, Pakistan has taken effective steps in combating the environmental changes happening in the light of guidelines that are being adopted. Total of 17 projects is being adopted. These touches almost every area that is concerned with environmental protection like, water, sanitation, trees, forestation, protection of endangered species, carbon emissions, proper land management, and proper use of geographic methods that will result in better tackling of these environmental targets.
Geomatics Center for Climate Change and Sustainable Development Project While in terms of efforts being done, Pakistan has been an active actor in this matter. Its carbon emissions are just 1%. It has developed a committee under the supervision of Prime Minister in 2005 that regularly monitors the changes happening in the country and how those changes will affect the country, region and eventually the whole world. A special task force that closely monitors the environmental changes in the country was created in 2008 by Planning Commission of the country. Pakistan strongly endorses the plans and strategies of 2010 of South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation as the country was hit by strong floods in that year.
Pakistan is working with thirteen international organizations including World Bank and focused on the proper allocation of water resources, proper agriculture, developing forests, properly maintaining and preservation of mountains and glaciers, retaining and preserving the natural habitat and coastal areas development. It is planning to create small regional authorities that will monitor these changes and will be able to take effective measures. Yes, I believe that the government is serious in the implementation of projects that will be effective in avoiding damages caused by climate change. Government has been serious and doing efforts at national, provincial and regional levels. Its first steps was how to stop those damaging effects and now it is working on how to also avoid those and sustain the steps that are already been taken.
As told by international authorities and the main concern for the government is of funds. Pakistan itself cannot take those measures and consistently fight these changes. International organizations are working to contribute more into the efforts of the government. Government is contributing a huge chunk of the budget up to Rs. 7600 million for environmental protection in recent budget and has made significant decisions for this cause. So, the government is working seriously in this matter but it cannot be done without people’s effort and we also have to help our governments in this tough task.
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Problem and Solution Climate Change
I'd like you to take a crack at the impact climate change will have on our existing Homeland Security and Border Security. Regardless of whether or not you believe that climate change is real - the U.S. Military does and the Department of Defense is taking extensive measures to prepare for impact to coastal regions as well as the need to completely rebuild many of our naval bases, change our ship design criteria for arctic operations, etc. Clearly somebody is taking an interest in the topic and its potential impact.
So - instead of looking at the topic from a military or national perspective, thinking about all you have learned from all your other courses, as well as what we've already looked at in this course, including SOC and Natural Security, identify 5 real concerns that we should be preparing to deal with that we are not actually dealing with that are directly related to climate change. This will require real introspection and application of what you've learned in other courses. This is not going to be a quick and easy paper to write and should be very well thought out. Particularly since I'm going to hold you to the page limits. You are expected to write succinctly without fluff and fillers. Produce a short paper that addresses each of your concerns independently.
In other words - your paper should initially be 7 pages long: a cover page, one page for each of the 5 real concerns, and a reference page. Now expand your paper to 9 pages of content and address potential solutions to each of your 5 concerns. 5 concerns we should be preparing to deal with that we are not directly related to climate change and national security taking into consideration SOC, no military or national perspective:
- Environmental Implications the effect of it on endangered species and the environment
- Health implications (growing bacteria/fighting disease, etc.) which relates to:
- Population impacted, movement of people, immigration, population size, etc.
Since global average temperatures are projected to increase significantly by the end of this century, an associated rise in sea level is also expected. The number of people at risk from flooding by coastal storm surges is projected to increase from the current 75 million to 200 million.
- Emergency Management (quantity and severity of different natural disasters, how FEMA and other agencies aren’t prepared)
- Economic implications agriculture not growing in certain areas
- Jobs think Interstellar
- Businesses impacted
instead of looking at the topic from a military or national perspective, thinking about all you have learned from all your other courses, as well as what we've already looked at in this course, including SOC and Natural Security, identify 5 real concerns that we should be preparing to deal with that we are not actually dealing with that are directly related to climate change. Changes in the environment affect how the U.S. operates and controls its borders. Areas that couldn’t be traveled through before may open up soon, causing the U.S. to need to adjust its national security. The U.S. operates in the Middle East, changing weather patterns and droughts in already troubled spots like Yemen, Somalia, and South Sudan can cause issues for troops stationed there.
Human health problems
The impact of climate change on the health of humans can be seen worldwide. While some issues have been addressed for years, others are just being realized and some problems still have not been addressed. The United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has been reviewing scientific research since 1988 to provide governments with summaries and recommendations on climate problems. The IPCC recently concluded that the average temperature of the earth’s surface has risen by 33 degrees Fahrenheit since the 1800s and that it is expected to increase by another 35 to 42 degrees Fahrenheit by the year 2100. The main cause of this significant increase is linked to a century and a half of industrialization with the burning of oil, gasoline, and coal. Primary sources of greenhouse gas emissions include electricity, transportation, industry, and agriculture. In addition to climate change impacting human health, the emissions have a direct impact on human health, like increased air pollution harming lungs and hearts, causing further issues.
The World Health Organization estimates that the warming and precipitation trends due to anthropogenic climate change of the past 30 years already claim over 150,000 lives annually. One of the non-infectious health effects from rising temperatures include heat-related deaths. Although rising temperatures and heat waves are related, they are not synonymous. Numerous studies have been conducted over the past decade to determine if climate change is increasing the frequency and intensity of heat waves or causing temperature extremes. A study conducted with the National Center for Atmospheric Research found that 70–75 % of global land area with data coverage saw a statistically significant increase in minimum temperatures, while 40–50 % of global land area experienced an increase in maximum temperatures over the period 1951–2003.
Exposure to extreme heat or cold can cause cardiac failure, stroke, or a fatal respiratory infection. Organisms like mosquitoes and ticks that carry infectious diseases are affected by fluctuations in temperature. Climate affects the survival and distribution of these carriers, meaning they could expand or alter their ranges because of climate change. This could introduce diseases such as malaria, dengue fever, and Lyme disease into new areas. Temperature has been found to affect food-borne infectious diseases, too. Of the reported salmonellosis cases across continental Europe, 30% can be contributed to higher than average temperatures.
The exposure to health hazards related to climate change affect different areas and people to various degrees. The most vulnerable individuals include elderly people, children, low-income areas, and disabled persons but everyone could be affected. Health hazards are typically assessed individually, but exposure to multiple climate change hazards could occur at the same time. For example, extremely hot days can lead to heat-related illnesses and poor air quality by increasing the chemical reactions that produce smog. Additionally, a person’s sensitivity to the environment, exposure, and ability to adapt can determine whether they become ill.
Potential solution to health problems
Public health professionals and scientists have called for attention to the public health perspective of climate change. The impacts of climate change on public health are projected to increase over the next century. Addressing this issue will need to involve an understanding of how the climate is changing and how the changes may impact human health. Responding to these health issues will require a multilevel and integrated effort between health and government agencies. A comprehensive understanding of the relationship between climate and health can enable government and health agencies to address the climate change issue, mitigate the negative effects on human health, and identify what further research needs to be conducted.
Currently, research on the public health implications of climate change is being conducted in different regions of the world. Since the effects of climate change vary per region, health professionals need to recognize the differences between regions, population groups, and individual vulnerability factors. For these reasons, prevention, mitigation, and response must be complex to address these varying factors. Information is the key to responding to public health issues associated with climate change. Agencies need to develop the ability to measure changes in the impact of infectious diseases on populations in the United States and other countries worldwide. Multiple studies across various regions will enable health professionals to predict the transmission of disease under different climate conditions and estimate the most cost-effective mitigation strategies. Infectious diseases do not follow national borders, therefore a multinational and collaborative approach between the U.S. and other countries is essential to control disease.
References
- Alexander, L., Zhang, X., Peterson, T., Gleason, B., Tank, A., Haylock, M., . . . Taylor, M. (2006). Global observed changes in daily climate extremes of temperature and precipitation. JGR Atmospheres, 111(D5).
- Department of Defense. (2014). FY 2014 Climate Change Adaptation Roadmap. Alexandria: Office of the Assitant Secretary of Defense.
- Greer, A., Ng, V., & Fisman, D. (2008). Climate change and infectious diseases in North America: the road ahead. CMAJ, 178(6), 715-722. doi:https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.081325
- Patz, J. A., Campbell-Lendru, D., Holloway, T., & Foley, J. A. (2005). Impact of regional climate change on human health. Nature, 438.
- World Health Organization. (2019). Climate change. Retrieved from The Health and Environment Linkages Initiative: https://www.who.int/heli/risks/climate/climatechange/en/
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Polar Bears and Climate Change
The coldest continent is melting. If Antarctica’s large ice sheets melted, the sea level would rise greatly. If all the ice covering Antarctica were to melt, sea level would rise about 230 feet. The ocean would cover all the coastal cities, and land area would decrease significantly. Did you know that Antarctica is getting warmer making ice sheets melt, causing the sea level to get higher? According to Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition, The Antarctic is so vast and remote that its difficult to monitor all the time, and that climate change is negatively impacting Antarctica. But, since Antarctica is a big place climate change isn’t greatly impacting Antarctica yet, but definitely will over time. Lastly, Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition says that people should be more concerned about this than they really are. Another idea from, Discovering Antarctica is that, they have made many discoveries including signs of future change that could affect us all.
A third writer, ABC News states that Antarctic sea rise is one of the greatest threats to the modern world. A fourth source, Science Daily writes, “Antarctica sheds an average of 40 billion tons of ice mass annually from 2009 to 2017. This author concludes that something needs to change, because in only 20 years from now the sea will be covering most of the coastal cities. Yet another idea from Science Daily is that warming has been partly caused by increasing human greenhouse gas emissions. This source concludes that the changing of temperatures wasn’t expected to happen so fast. The cause of all of this is because of climate change. Climate change is a change in the statistical distribution of weather patterns when that change lasts for an extended period of time. Science Daily says “Melting sea ice is shown to be a major cause of warming in the arctic.” Science Daily also says that the cause of most ice loss is because of warm ocean water.
Cool Antarctica lists ways us humans can help Antarctica. Some are, “no Antarctic bird or animals can be killed without permit.” This is because hunters go to Antarctica to kill polar bears for their fur and don’t even have permits, and a lot of polar bears are suffering enough and don’t need to be hunted, but luckily only 2% of polar bear hunts are successful. Also, most polar bears are starving to death because of climate change. They are starving because their main prey are seals and without enough sea ice they cant catch seals, which means they don't have enough food to last them through their fast. Here is a picture that shows how bad climate change is affecting this animal. We want to keep Antarctica safe and its animals too. Another one is “The discharge of other wastes (such as sewage from ships and bases) is strictly regulated.”
Which means, so much waste from ships are being dumped in the Antarctic Ocean and that ends up on shore and can hurt the wildlife living there. Also, mining is not allowed in Antarctica. People have found solutions for some of these issues, including “Waste from Antarctic bases (ships) is packaged up and shipped out of Antarctica for disposal by licensed waste contractors. Dumping at sea or burning in Antarctica are now not permitted.” They have to ship it out of Antarctica because, they don’t have the technology or the people to dispose of waste properly. Recently, the news stated that a glacier has melted exposing frozen plants under an island that have said to be frozen in the ice for over 40,000 years. That means our world is changing and fast.
Also recently, a massive hole was found in a glacier in Antarctica said to be the size of Florida. Forbes states “The Thwaites Glacier contains enough ice to raise the global network of oceans by more than two feet.” They say that's enough to displace over 2 million people from Florida and several more from other major cities like New York and New Orleans. Nobody knows because Antarctica is rarely talked about in the media. It is just now getting talked about even though it has been going on for decades. In conclusion, we must help Antarctica soon because it’s just a matter of time before the sea level is so high that it covers most of the coastal cities, we also need to help the animals in Antarctica as well.
Bibliography
- Slattery, Claire. “Decline in Biodiversity as Climate Change Increases Ice-Free Areas on Antarctica.” ABC News, Australian Broadcasting Corporation, 29 Aug. 2017, https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-06-29/biodiversity-antarctica-climate-change-increases-ice-free-areas/8662054
- https://www.asoc.org/
- https://discoveringantarctica.org.uk/
- Ward, Paul. “Protect the Antarctic Conservation and the Environment.” Arctic Foxes Facts and Adaptations - Vulpes Lagopus / Alopex Lagopus, 2019, https://www.coolantarctica.com/Antarctica%20fact%20file/science/conservation.php
- University of California - Irvine. 'Antarctica losing six times more ice mass annually now than 40 years ago: Climate change-induced melting will raise global sea levels for decades to come.' ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 14 January 2019. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/01/190114161150.htm
- Mack, Eric. “A Massive Hole Found In A Glacier In Antarctica Is Really Bad News For Beach Homes Everywhere.” Forbes, Forbes Magazine, 31 Jan. 2019, https://www.forbes.com/sites/ericmack/2019/01/31/a-massive-hole-found-in-a-glacier-in-antarctica-is-really-bad-news-for-beach-homes-everywhere/
- https://www.wwf.org.uk/updates/11-facts-you-didnt-know-about-polar-bear
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Is Global Climate Change Caused by Humans
Many people believe that climate change is a hoax. They do not know that this is a reality and it is happening right now. In recent years, there has constantly been something in the news about natural disasters happening around the world. These changes started during the “Industrial Revolution” because of man's ambition for innovation in the world. They have not only changed the world but the climate and the environment. The issue with the new industry was the discovery of fuels and motive power, such as coal, electricity, petroleum, and the internal-combustion engine.
The effects of the use of these innovations modified the natural greenhouse. The greenhouse effect occurs when the heat from the sun is absorbed by the atmosphere. Then the natural gases: water vapor, nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide, and methane contribute in send the heat back to the space. This effect helps the surface of the Earth to cool down and human activities interfere with this natural event. Here is when global warming take place. The atmosphere does not stabilize the temperature, instead the temperature rises on the Earth. The scientific community reported in 2018 that the increase in global temperature due to global warming is about 0.8 to 1.2°C (1.4 to 2.2°F). Human activities are emitting a significant number of carbon emissions; as a result, in the year 2100 the global temperature would raise from 3 to 4°C (5.4°F to 7.2°F).
The consequences of this temperature rise have been shown through the years by a series of events. For example, the ocean waters are getting warmer and partially melting glaciers and other ice. The warm water in the oceans is expanding, so the level of the sea is rising. Also the increase of the oceans alters several ecosystems by killing animals and plants that have an important role in the planet. This is a serious problem that people are creating as a society, and it will impact future generations. As a part of this planet, humans have the responsibility to encourage others to take action because our participation is fundamental to prevent global warming. The scientific community stated that this generation would be the last one that could do something to decrease the impact of the global warming on the planet (NASA, Global Climate Change, Vital Signs of the Planet). In the following pages, several measures are listed that people could do to contribute in reducing the effects of calamities produced by global warming.
Everyone knows that reducing waste is good for the environment because it conserves natural resources. What many people do not know is that the reduction of solid waste and recycling have an impact on global warming. The manufacture, distribution and use of products have a repercussion in the emission of greenhouse gases. An effective reduction on waste, prevention, and recycling, also called waste reduction, helps to better manage the waste that everyone generates. Reducing waste is a powerful strategy to lower greenhouse gases because it would decrease emissions from energy consumption. Also, recycling saves energy. Goods made from recycled materials typically require less energy than the production of virgin raw material goods.
When people reuse the goods or when the products are made with less material, less energy is needed to extract, transport and process the raw materials and manufacture the products. Thus, the demand for energy decreases, fewer fossil fuels are burned and less carbon dioxide is emitted into the atmosphere. In addition, recycling and waste prevention diverts materials from incinerators, reducing greenhouse gas emissions caused by the combustion of garbage. Moreover, the prevention of waste and recycling, including composting, diverts organic waste from landfills which reduces the methane that would be released by decomposing these materials in a landfill. Another way is to increase the storage of carbon dioxide in forests. The trees absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and store it in the wood in a process called 'carbon sequestration'. The prevention of waste and the recycling of paper products allow more trees to remain in the forests where they would continue to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
The concern with fossil fuels and their effect on the environment is becoming a priority too. Because of the increasing scientific consensus on the polluting effect of fossil fuels, people and businesses are beginning to focus on their carbon footprints and ways to reduce the use of fossil fuel. However, to truly solve the problem, it would be necessary to change much of our infrastructure, as well as our practices in relation to transportation, food and electricity. When most people think about fossil fuel use, they think only about personal transportation. More than 28 percent of the United States' energy consumption in 2008 was used for transportation, according to the United States Department of Energy. There are many ways to reduce the use of energy in transportation. For short distances, walking and cycling are the healthiest options for everyone and the environment. On average, a person could travel three miles or less by bicycle in the same amount of time and the same distance it would take to drive on city streets.
In many areas, public transportation is also an option. If people leave their cars at home at least once a week, they could reduce the gas mileage a 20 percent. When people have to drive, there are ways to increase the fuel efficiency of the car and reduce your fossil fuel use. The easiest way is to share the vehicle. If two people carpooled instead of driving alone in the car, both would be reducing their energy consumption by 50 percent. The more passengers in the car, the more efficient their energy consumption. An SUV that takes five people uses less liters per kilometer per passenger than a hybrid that carries a single person. However, if people cannot find others to travel with, hybrids and other fuel-efficient vehicles can also reduce the fossil fuel use. Many hybrids still have relatively low fuel efficiency; a small car with a small engine, such as a Honda Civic, has close to the average fuel efficiency that most hybrids have. In addition, diesel cars could run on biodiesel, which is generated with vegetable oil instead of crude oil. Diesel cars could be converted to run directly from vegetable oil, and pure electric cars are much more efficient than gasoline cars.
Transportation should be a primary consideration in the planning and design of cities. Care should be taken to accommodate alternate transportation and to promote an active lifestyle for the residents. People whose homes are a block or two away from a store are more likely to go shopping by foot, especially if there is a sidewalk for pedestrians. It is common for people who live less than a mile away from work go to work by walking or cycling. Cities and towns with high density populations are more efficient and require less fossil fuel to function. Our cities need to be redesigned to be more efficient and favor more pedestrians. Building and improving public transportation should also be an important priority.
Fossil fuels are also consumed significantly in the production, storage, and transportation of food. According to the Center for Urban Education on Sustainable Agriculture, a plate of food in the United States travels more than 1,500 miles in trucks that run on diesel fuel before reaching the table. Before that, it is grown using petrochemical fertilizers and stored in refrigeration that obtains energy from coal-based power plants. If people move food production to local sources, close to the cities and towns where food is consumed, it would save a lot on fossil fuels. If it is grown organically, it would use natural fertilizers instead of chemicals made from fossil fuels. Residential electricity use accounted for more than 21 percent of total 2008 consumption, according to the Department of Energy of the United States.
Most of it is electric power generated from coal. Everyone could diminish electrical usage in many ways, some as simple as switching to fluorescent light bulbs, which use less energy than incandescent bulbs. Better construction designs could greatly improve the heating and cooling efficiency of homes and buildings, which in the long term would lead to less energy use. There are many programs that certify buildings as 'green building' in their design, such as the Leadership in Environmental and Energy Design (LEED) program, and many of the features they evaluate have to do with energy efficiency. For example, LEED certified buildings often have thicker glass panels in the windows to keep them warmer. There are also many alternative energy sources that we can use to generate electricity. Wind turbines, like windmills, are an easy and cost-effective way to generate electricity in places where there is abundant wind.
In sunny climates, solar panels can be installed. Nuclear power plants can also generate electricity and replace coal-based plants. Livestock is responsible for 12% of greenhouse gas emissions related to man. This percentage comes mainly from the change in land use and deforestation caused by the expansion of agriculture, as well as the methane released by the animals, plus a small part that comes from the management of manure and the production of feed. A study published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences shows that it would be more profitable for farmers in the coming years to increase livestock production in mixed systems, where livestock are fed with fresh grasses and high-quality feed, instead of grass-based systems.
This development would lead to a 23% reduction in land use emissions in the next two decades without the need for climate mitigation policies. Cows, sheep and goats grow rapidly and produce more milk when they eat diets that include improved grain or feed supplements. This means that you can increase the number of animals on less land, with fewer emissions per pound of meat or gallon of milk produced. The study foresees that the increase of the cost of the soil and the continuous increase of the yields in the agricultural sector would give rise to changes in the diets of the animals in the future. This type of diet is efficient, not only from the point of view of reducing greenhouse gases, but also to maximize agricultural benefit and food production. In previous works, carried out by the same group, a detailed database was made highlighting the differences in the efficiency and greenhouse gas emissions of the different livestock production systems.
The study adds to this by examining the economic potential of a transition to more efficient systems as a mitigation measure, highlighting the policies that would be most effective in reducing greenhouse gas emissions, while maintaining food availability. Changing livestock production systems remains a challenge. The researchers say that policies to improve education and provide access to the market are key to trigger change. In addition, they point out that safeguards are needed to ensure that the intensification of agriculture does not lead to environmental damage or reduce animal welfare. In conclusion, global warming is one of the largest threats facing the world today. This problem has been caused by mankind and must be solved by mankind. The options listed above are just a small portion of the actions that can be taken to preserve the world for future generations, but the effects of global warming will only worsen if large scale action is not taken soon.
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William Shakespeare and his Literary
I will analyze a work of a writer who is very very famous in England and has many works in his time. The works are very good and become popular because they have moral values ??that are embodied in the work. William Shakespeare is a famous English writer who works as a playwright, poet and actor. His works are always known by the people and even known by people in the world, there is even one work by William Shakespeare which is very famous and has become a spectacle or entertainment in the community especially in the world. Those works at that time were greatly appreciated by the people of England and became the best work of William Shakespeare and were always remembered until now.
In considering the life of William Shakespeare there were a number of things and comments in his lifetime. In his time very large and complicated in his own pride showed that he was most fit to show this abuse. In 1595 his name appeared on the Lord Chamberlain actor company list, which appeared on the Court. During this period it can be concluded that William Shakespeare prospered in worldly affairs, and he reiterated once again that he was a great actor at that time. William Shakespeare is widely considered to be the greatest scientist in the world even now his name is still known and entered into British history at this time. (Albert, Edward. 1955. History of English Literature.)
William Shakespeare is recognized by the world as a famous writer throughout the world. His works were appreciated and loved by scholars, actors and language people throughout the world. William Shakespeare wrote interesting works so people will be increasingly curious about what will be created and is still relevant today. The works tell the story of the queen and the prince and have a sad story so that the audience is also sad to see the story, there is also a love story that makes the audience laugh when enjoying the story. He wrote with a high imagination, with inspiration and gentleness.
William Shakespeare was born on April 26, 1564 and died on April 23, 1616. William Shakespeare the actor and writer he was also known as Stratford-upon-Avon, England, he also played theater in 1594 and so on. Professional life forms art in that era is very needed to form the characters of art observers later. For 20 years William Shakespeare became the author of his works, capturing various emotions and conflicts. Known throughout the world the works of William Shakespeare have been enjoyed by all people in the world, villages, cities and hamlets. William Shakespeare has a father named Jonh Shakespeare and his mother named Mary Shakespeare, while the siblings owned by William Shakespeare are Joan Shakespeare, gilbert shakespeare, Edmund Shakespeare, Margaret Shakespeare, Richard Shakespeare. From a young age William Shakespeare had loved art, that is why he began to work and continue to work until he had good work and was interested in society.
He married at the age of 18 with a woman named Anne Hathaway on November 28, 1582 in Worcester, at Canterbury. In marriage they have three children named Hamnet Shakespeare, Susanna Hall, and Judith Quiney. William Shakespeare is the third child of John Shakespeare, William has two older sisters named Joan and Judith and also has 3 younger brothers named Gilbert, Richard and Edmund. William Shakespeare had attended King's New School, in Strathmore, then taught reading, writing. As a child William's officials will surely fulfill the tuition fees. Ten years later William Shakespeare had made several very popular works such as Julius Caesar, Hamlet, Othello, Macbeth and King Lear. The work is very much in demand by the public and enjoyed throughout the world.
The life of William Shakespeare in seven years of life where there was no record after the birth of his twin brother in 1585. That year after losing William scholars mentioned the 'lost year' in that period. In early 1590 William Shakespear was the implementing partner at the lord chamberlain's men, the place was an acting company in london. William was very trusted in acting and in making works that would be published and sold as popular literature.
Here are some of the remains of William Shakespeare there are 38 famous dramas created by Willian and also some small dramas worked on by others, he also wrote 154 sonatas and wrote 3 or 4 long poems. The existence of these works has a profound effect on economic and socio-political developments and influences religious beliefs, the development of art. At the beginning of his career William Shakespeare was able to attract the attention of Henry Wriothesley, Earl of Southampton. That's where he dedicates his poetry and is widely known by the public. William Shakespeare's death he died at the age of 52, April 23, 1616. William left most of his inheritance to his eldest daughter, Susanna.
One of the famous english writers is william shakespeare. His works tell a lot about the lives of nobles such as hamlet and othelo, there is one of his most famous works in the world of filmmaking, romeo and juliet. Here are five of the best works of william shakespeare, romeo and juliet, the works of william shakespear are not far from the story of the love drama this story is the best work of william shakespeare, tells of two young couples who love and love each other. Othello, this story tells of someone who served as a general in the country of italy, he had a wife named Desdemona who had an affair with cassio. After the incident Othello killed his wife because he didn't accept being cheated on him. Hamlet, this story begins when hamlet's father, a danish king and tells his uncle to take the throne and marry his mother. King lear, here tells of a rich king and wants to share his wealth with his three children, goneril, regan, and cordella. His two children had married Goneril and Regan, his father only wanted to give his wealth to his married child, before Goneril and regan intended to kill his father, while Cordella who truly loved his father was expelled from the palace. Macbeth, this work tells of a general named macbeth who was under the rule of duncan i, king of scotland. Here I will choose one of William Shakespeare's works to analyze is Romeo and Juliet.
Romeo and Juliet tell the story of two people who love each other very much, but are blocked by their hostile parents and forbid the relationship of their loving children. This story is tragic like a change between comedy in ancient times, this story was written in 1591 to 1595, the story of Romeo and Juliet was first performed in 1597. In this drama using sub-plots to fill stories, this drama also came from various poems and characters. The story in this drama is quite tragic because it tells Romeo to kill brother from Juliet for giving up their love. In the end of this story is very sad because Romeo and Juliet are both dead, from Juliet's pretense to die because it is not agreed to marry Romeo and will be betrothed to someone else. After Juliet falls asleep or pretends to be dead, Romeo joins Juliet by killing himself but after that Juliet wakes up and sees Romeo dead beside him, then Juliet kills himself and finally Romeo and Juliet die together. The influence of the work greatly affects the community and gives moral value to the people who enjoy the drama because giving lessons about love that should not be forced must choose who we love someone.
The last is conclusion of this essay a famous writer named William Shakespeare who has the best works in the world and has many works ranging from small. William, from childhood, really likes art because of that he was inspired to make an interesting work, until he grew up he had many works and was loved by people in the world.
Reference
- Albert, Edward. 1955. History of English Literature. London: George G. Harrap & Co. Ltd.
- Michael Donkor ( May 19, 2017 ) Tragedis, Gender, Sexuality, Courtship and marriage.The Graphic Novel, Classical Comics Ltd. (December 2009) United Kingdom
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Romeo and Juliet: Quotes
Romeo:
Where are you, my sweet love? My Juliet?
Juliet:
My Romeo! He calls to me!
His voice, like the sound of angels singing,
Comforting my soul and my troubled heart.
Oh sweet angel! Take away my pain!
Romeo:
My love, your beauty brings peace to my heart.
A thousand times, I beg your forgiveness!
Juliet:
I do not blame thee for Tybalt's death, oh love.
Not for a thousand Tybalt's killed today,
Would I turn away from you, my good husband.
Why does the world torment the bond we share?
For now you are banished from Verona.
If fate does take from me my time with you,
Then let death seal our everlasting love!
Romeo:
Don’t be afraid, for I feel the same as you,
I believed you thought me to be evil.
Twas in my thoughts of you, and the late Mercutio
That I acted in such a rash manner.
But luckily, I have been at the Friar's cell,
Where even the souls of evil men
Find assistance and are forgiven of sins.
And while I was there we devised our strategy.
Juliet:
I ask thee, tell me of the Friar's plan!
Will we defy our families?
Romeo:
Very fortunate was I in punishment,
That my crime did not warrant certain death.
Rather only a simple banishment.
Fair maiden, keep your angelic ears wide,
Unfortunately, dawn climbs the horizon,
Our time is limited, as morning grows closer.
My punishment strips me of my rights,
I can not stay in Verona.
Do you wish to escape with me?
Juliet:
I promised to follow you, my good husband,
Throughout the world, from one land to the next.
Still I keep that promise, for I love thee,
And my love is a great flowing river,
That grows more and more powerfu
At every bend and curve along its path.
No, my love is even greater than this!
Never again shall I be a Capulet!
Romeo:
My love, like that of the river, is strong
The golden light of the noon sky,
A shining light which can never be hidden.
So, Juliet, I abandon my name as well,
And never again shall I be a Montague!
Juliet:
Oh sweet, sweet Romeo, what is your plan?
My ears long to drink in your strategies.
I ask you, deny me no longer, speak!
Romeo:
The good Friar Laurence has suggested
That we make our escape from Verona
Within a week.
Juliet:
If this is the good Friar's well thought plan,
Than let me no longer be bound to this place.
Romeo:
We will surely be followed by the Capulets.
Pack much food and supplies for our run,
For entrance into any other town,
Will surely mean our untimely end.
We will stay far away from the well traveled path,
To prevent us from being tracked.
Then, we will settle in a distant land,
Far from the conflict of our two families,
And it is there, in that most perfect land,
Where our love will never again be challenged.
Juliet:
It seems a hundred, no, a thousand years,
Until the time when we can love freely will arrive,
But my will is strong, like yours, my Romeo.
And I pray, with all of my heart,
That we will soon reach the place you speak of,
Or else let death's embrace forever cradle us.
Romeo:
My fair Juliet, I must leave you now,
For the sun has broken on the far horizon.
I will come to you by the hour of ten,
Tonight be waiting here for me by then.
We shall escape the cursed streets of Verona,
And finally leave these forsaken lives.
Juliet:
Farewell, farewell! My sweet Romeo,
I shall wait for thee.
Romeo:
Farewell, my beautiful wife Juliet.
Exit Romeo.
Juliet:
And a thousand times goodnight, my sweet lord.
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Fate and Destiny in Romeo and Juliet
It would seem outrageous to fake your own death, just so you could marry a person, right? Well if your familiar with the story of Romeo and Juliet then you know what I am talking about, if not, read the first sentence. The psychology behind a person willing to do something would be, to say the least, intriguing, right?
“The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet” was a play written by the famous playwright William Shakespeare. The play is set in Verona, where two star-crossed lovers, Romeo and Juliet, fall in love. But their love is forbidden as there is a long feud between their families (the Montagues and Capulets) which causes tragic results for the main characters. The events of the story contrast hate and love, forcing the star-crossed lovers to die tragically in despair. The purpose of this essay is to attempt to understand how the culture, physical, or geographical surroundings shape the psychology and moral of characters in the story and determine whether the characters are ultimately affected by their surroundings or by fate and help to illustrate the meaning of the work as a whole. I have chosen the characters of Tybalt and Juliet to analyze.
To answer these questions we have to define a few words/phrases. Firstly, “culture”, the definition I will be using, as defined by Merriam-Webster dictionary: the set of values, conventions, or social practices associated with a particular field, activity, or societal characteristic. Secondly, moral, again as defined by Merriam-Webster dictionary: of or relating to principles of right and wrong in behavior. Lastly, psychology, once again as defined by Merriam-Webster: the mental or behavioral characteristics of an individual or group. Armed with these definitions we can begin to analyze the first question. How does the culture, physical, or geographical surroundings shape the psychology and moral of characters in the story? In our case, Tybalt and Juliet.
We should first begin by establishing a thesis, since this is an essay. The psychological and moral development of Tybalt and Juliet are shaped by the culture of honor and expected sexism of the time.
I would like to start by discerning the surroundings themselves. First of culture, Tybalt is surrounded by an culture of honor. But what do I mean by that? By a culture of honor I mean that Tybalt is surrounded and has been taught that honor is a reputation that one is worthy of respect and admiration. In the play there is little support for how physical and geographical surroundings shape the psychology and moral of Tybalt. But there is major support for how the culture does so, both in Tybalt and characters and actions surrounding him.
In the first scene of the play we are greeted with two individuals from the Capulet family walking in armed with swords and small shields. In the first sentence one of the servants, Sampson, says “Gregory, I swear, we can’t let them humiliate us. We don’t take their garbage.” Already we are presented with a scenario where the culture of honor is present “We can’t let them humiliate us.” Now it may seem that I am exaggerating a bit, because even today you wouldn’t submit to be humiliate for no reason at all, but the context of the scene is what matters.
They want to take up a fight with the Montagues to prove they are better and they are worthy of respect and admiration, this idea presents itself many times throughout the story. But it's important to stay focused, so how is Tybalt’s psychology and moral affected by the culture of honor? Well both his psychology and moral are deeply impacted by the culture surrounding him. Our first example is the same scene that included the Capulet servants trying to fight the Montagues servants. Tybalt takes Benvolio’s attempt to calm the temper of the scene down as an insult and tries to fight him, of course in the play he doesn’t explicitly say that this fight is for his honor, but his actions do.
The need to take up arms in what really wasn’t an insult but was taken like one, because Benvolio asking him to calm down, in his eyes, threatened his honor, and him not taking up arms makes him lose respect and admiration. This is a primary motivating factor in a lot of the decisions he makes throughout the story. Tybalt demonstrates said culture in another scene in the play, the scene where he recognizes Romeo’s voice at the Montague’s party, at the sound of his voice Tybalt wants to kill Romeo. That quickly, just at the sound of his voice and knowing that Romeo is a Capulet he wants to kill him. He sees it as morally okay to kill Romeo for his own honor and that of his family. It is easy to see how a culture of honor has affected Tybalt's psychology and morality. But how does a culture of sexism affect him? With Tybalt it is hard to pinpoint where said culture affects him, I see strains of it tied into his masculinity and decision making and directly intertwined with his culture of honor. It is likely that some of his actions are taken in fear of looking effeminate which, at the time, was synonymous with weak. The culture of sexism is for more present in Juliet.
While a culture of sexism is obviously present in the story its effects on Juliet’s psychology and moral are surprising. To exemplify the culture I am referring to I would like to bring up the scene in which Juliet is disagreeing with her father when he tells her that she is to marry Paris. “Wife, we scare thought us blest. That God had lent us but this only child; But now I see this one is one too much, And that we have a curse in having her.
Out on her, hiding!” The purpose of this quote is too show how angry Capulet is, because his daughter is not being obedient. Another example of this culture of sexism is again in the first scene of the play, when the Capulet servants want to fight the Montague servants: Gregory - “That means you’re the weak one, because weaklings get pushed up against the wall.” Sampson - “You’re right. That’s why girls get pushed up against walls- they’re weak.” It could not be more obvious that there is a culture of sexism that floods the play.
The effects on Juliet’s psychology and moral might be contradictory to what one might expect, instead of conforming to societal norms and becoming the obedient and quiet woman she becomes a rebel. This psychology is evident in a number of scenes throughout the play, but there are two scenes which best exemplify this psychology. The first is the one previously discussed, when she rebels against her father who wants her to marry Paris. When he denies her objection she takes matter into her own hands and goes to Friar Lawrence for help, it is there where she develops her plan to save herself from marrying Paris and end up with Romeo.
This behavior was not only untraditional at the time, but outrageous, she was defying the rules of her father, the dominant male figure in her life and on top of that she was plotting against his demands. These actions were not only rebellious but also exemplary of a feminist psychology at the time. The more important part of the scene is a realization she comes to. “If all else fail, myself have power to die.” This quote comes from a long statement from Juliet when she describes the fear she has in the plan she has developed with Friar Lawrence. But the quote shows that she has realized that she has a certain control over her own life, that if she can’t control who she marries, she can decide whether her life continues or not. This is a very powerful realization and it was a realization purposely written into the play. But through the analysis of these quotes and examples we have uncovered how the culture of sexism has affected Juliet’s psychology.
Though we have understood how the surrounding of Tybalt and Juliet affect their psychology and moral there are still two questions unanswered: Are the characters ultimately affected by fate or by their surroundings? And how do these factors help illustrate the work as a whole? Tybalt, is more affected by his surroundings than his fate. While the interaction between Tybalt and Romeo is arguably up to fate the way Tybalt reaction is both an effect of his surroundings and another example of the a culture of honor in the play.
His dissatisfaction with Romeo’s reaction to his insults exemplify the mentality developed by being surrounded by a culture of honor. He wants Romeo to take up arms against him, the same way he would if Romeo insulted him, but Romeo continues to back down, so Mercutio takes up arms, in defense of Romeo (again exemplifying the culture of honor), and is killed by Tybalt. Filled with emotion, and labeled effeminate for doing so, Romeo kills Tybalt, all because Tybalt wanted to manipulate Romeo and kill him by challenging his honor and strengthening his own. Juliet on the other hand is more affected by fate.
Her death is caused by a miscommunication. As you may or may not know, the plan that Juliet and the Friar hatch is interrupted because the Friar sent to deliver the message to Romeo gets stopped on his journey there completely by chance. So as much as Juliet is affected by her surrounding culture, ultimately she met her end by chance.
The first question is a simpler than the second as no one really knows what Shakespeare means except Shakespeare. But the way I see it is that Shakespeare wrote Romeo and Juliet on two levels, one to warn of the antics of being a hopeless romantic, two, to write what he saw as a future of culture. Now for the purpose of this essay and the details supporting it I’m going to discuss the second one. The reason I chose Tybalt and Juliet is not only because they are exemplary but also because they contrast each other in one simple way, present and future. Tybalt being present and Juliet being future. Shakespeare uses Tybalt to exemplify what I believe he felt to be and outdated culture, the culture of honor, and show how toxic and detrimental it was a on personal level so it would be more relatable to people. Juliet was used to exemplify an important part of Shakespeare's vision of culture in the future. She represented the concept of feminism, or at least a the struggle
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Religious Views on Physician Assisted Suicide
Imagine this scenario. You have an older sibling who is mentally unstable that has been seeing a psychiatrist for their instability. In doing so, you are unaware that your older sibling told the doctor that he/she wanted to die and there was no more use helping them. The doctor reluctantly agrees and prescribes medication of a lethal dose/medication containing a lethal substance. Whilst doing this, your sibling takes the medication in hopes of “feeling better” but in turn, they end up dying due to said medication. This is defined as Physician Assisted Suicide (PAS). According to the dictionary definition provided Miss Roxanne Dryden-Edwards on Medicine net, “The voluntary termination of one's own life by administration of a lethal substance with the direct or indirect assistance of a physician.” However, this is not to be confused with Euthanasia. Euthanasia differs from PAS due to Euthanasia being direct.
By saying this, I mean such as if the psychiatrist was giving your older sibling access to the lethal dosage and allowing them to retrieve it on his/her own time. However, if the doctor takes an active role in administering the lethal substance/dosage right then and there, then this is considered Euthanasia. This being said, this is a very serious problem for people of today. For example, issues of when Physician-Assisted Suicide is relevant can be pertaining to the mentally ill. However, with cases such as mental illnesses, it can go either way. To some people, myself included, depression is a monster that will eventually eat you alive.
To others, depression is the driving cause of what’s making someone’s mind think harmfully. All the same, illnesses such as this can be lived with and sure, it will be hard to do but mental illness doesn’t necessarily qualify for the use of PAS. Yet, it all boils down to the same principle, in the end, quality of life. Many of those suffering from terminal, mental, physical, and so on and so forth illnesses have expressed the feelings of their own quality of life. Some depression patients would rather die than drown in their own sorrows. Some Dementia/Alzheimer’s patients would rather die than forget a loved one’s name and/or face.
So, who’s to say if their decision is ethical or not? To them, at that current time, it may very well be the only other option. Which brings me to my second point, where. Yet at the same time, in most states of the US, PAS and Euthanasia are frowned upon. In fact, according to Virginia Euthanasia laws, “Only Washington and Oregon allow physician-assisted suicide for terminally ill or otherwise suffering individuals who wish to end their lives.” And finally, this is all relevant in the ‘how’ aspects of the problem. How PAS is relevant is due to the psychological damage the remaining members of the family who are still alive. Some of those members may even grow to hate the doctor who would dare let their loved one go through with it. Though, on the other side, they may also thank the doctor for putting their cherished one out of their misery.
Honestly, like this entire argument, it’s a double-edged sword. In saying this, how PAS is also relevant is due to religion and culture. For example, in the Catholic religion, under no circumstance is one allow to commit any form of suicide for ANY reason. This goes the same for culture as some feel the same way. And finally, how PAS is relevant is legal. A minor, from my own standpoint, should not be able to give consent of their own death. I feel that is a parent’s job. Which all of this, in turn, brings me to where all of this began.
History of physician-assisted suicide: How much do you trust your physician? Do you trust them enough to put the faith of your life in their hands? Physician-assisted suicide is the practice of putting the end to a terminally ill person who requested this option. The practice of physician-assisted suicide has become something as of the November election, five states and Washington D.C. have laws on the books allowing. While it normally back then this process takes place outside the hospital setting, the practice is bound to find its way into emergency care units. On October 27, 1997, Oregon being the very first state to do so legalized physician-assisted suicide. This practice started with The Oregon Death with Dignity Act, becoming the first law in American history permitting physician-assisted suicide. To obtain a prescription for a lethal medication, the law requires that the patient be an adult resident of Oregon who is “capable” (can communicate and/or decisions about their healthcare) and who has an illness that is expected to lead to death within six months’ time.
Physician-assisted suicide entails making lethal means available to the patient to be used at a time of the patient's own choosing. By contrast, voluntary active euthanasia entails the physician taking an active role in carrying out the patient's request, and usually involves intravenous delivery of a lethal substance. Throughout the first year of legalized physician-assisted suicide in Oregon, the decision to request and use a prescription for lethal medication was associated with concern about the loss of autonomy or control of bodily functions, not with fear of intractable pain or concern about financial loss. Furthermore, it was found that the choice of physician-assisted suicide was not an accomplice with a level of education or if health insurance covered it.
There is a big controversy issue on Physician-Assisted Suicide & Euthanasia being that both are kind of the same in some type of way. Assisted Suicide is suicide committed with the aid of another person it can sometimes be a physician. Euthanasia aggressive is the providing of drugs to force the death in a person. In this modern time, we still have suicide as a taboo subject. Religious people find alarming and immorally to self-annihilation. The video “Why Legalizing #Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide is a Bad Idea”, mention that we are giving our life to be decided by the government, as it will represent as not equal. Suicide is a word that brings us to discuss many strong topics and more likely is a scary subject to talk directly about it. In religious groups suicide is not considered the right thing to do or it is thought of incorrect.
Christianity assumes that it’s an unforgivable sin & go to hell; but that’s a misconception that views sin & forgiveness, whereas if we don’t confess our sin of suicide after it takes place. They got that idea from Augustine & medieval theology than the Bible; like Samson died at his own hands, but still was included in Hebrews 11 & in Romans 8 “ Neither life nor death,” not even death by suicide, could “ separate us from the love of God in Christ.” Judaism see suicide as unfavorable to the religion because preserving human life is among the highest duties; Jews believe that the body belongs to god & in ending your life is not really seen as your authority to do so & is regarded as stealing or rejecting God.
But I did find that there is one exception in cases of martyrdom (Extreme suffering; Torment) Where Jews are obliged to sacrifice their lives than to violate the three cardinal sins of idolatry, murder & sexual immorality. Well, Jews legal the standard for suicide requires that a person be sound of mind, rabbis disqualify those who take their own life & categories them mentally ill. Islam like other religious groups this group view suicide as sinful & detrimental to one’s spiritual journey. In the Quran, God is said to be “the Most Merciful the Most Kind” & forgives all sins, but the great sin of unbelief is deemed unforgivable.
Despite all of this there is an unpopular action committed in the course of jihad resulting in one’s own death are not considered suicide (e.g. suicide bombing). This act is considered a form a martyrdom; however, there’s a Quranic evidence against that during in the killing of innocents are involved they are considered as wrongdoers & transgressors. In the end, people will claim that Islam does permit the use of suicide but only against the unjust & oppressors if one feels there’s no other option & life ends in death.
Different religious views and their oppositions have provided their proposed solutions to lessen the people who are interested in acquiring the said practice or even ban the regulation of PAS. One of the proposed solutions is improving and making Palliative Care available to everyone. According to getpalliativecare.org, Palliative is specifically designed for people who are in critical condition. Its main purpose is to alleviate pain and suffering from their illness. However, due to the fact that not everyone could afford healthcare especially here in the US, it is impossible to provide specialized care for the people who consider a peaceful death. Religious groups have directly spoken about their opposing views like Catholicism, for example. They believe that life is a gift from God, and it should not be taken prematurely.
Also, Buddhism considers that it is immoral to end your life or to provide services to end someone’s life (Religious Views on End-of-Life Issues). On that note, these religious groups have a similar take on why physician-assisted suicide is violating rules of morality. Also, the implementation of Assisted Suicide Ban Act had been placed in order to help and protect people who are victims of physician-assisted suicide. Even though PAS provides a solution to relieve pain by gaining control over their lives, there are people who are being deceived to die with dignity because some of them are terminally misdiagnosed. This regulation is set as a guideline for those who truly want peace before their death. This somewhat allows people the right to choose what path their want to take even if it means to take the immoral or unethical way.
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Physician Assisted Suicide should be Legal in the United States
The United States, a place where freedom runs through the blood of its citizens and where we all have the ability to make choices without interference. We fight to protect these liberties and right to personal freedom given to us by the constitution. The United States government allows it citizens to make choices everyday about one’s own life in hopes we all make good utilitarian like decisions. Citizens make choices every day such as where we want to live, what type of job we want, and if we want to reproduce. Considering how detailed laws have become and the amount of freedom we are given, there is one topic that tends to stir up controversy and government interaction and that is physician assisted suicide. When someone asks this of a doctor, they clearly have a reason for wanting to end their life and no person or government should have the opportunity to take that right away from them. Physician assisted suicide, like most other choices we make, should be legal in the United States.
Assisted suicide is a very touchy and deep topic talked about among not only Americans but internationally as well. There are many good reasons as to why this process should be legal in the United States. One argument for physician assisted suicide is that a large majority of citizens agree that physician assisted suicide is a personal choice and that we should have the right to choose what we do with our own bodies. 'More than 68 percent of Americans believe there are situations when a patient should be allowed to die. Currently, Oregon, Montana, and Washington have endorsed doctor assisted deaths.
Oregon’s law took effect in 1998 and over 292 people died under this law in the first year. The law allows terminally ill adults to take life-ending drugs prescribed by a physician provided the patient is still mentally competent” (Associated Press, 2007). These states validated and furthered the argument that we have the right under certain conditions to choose when we die. With the few states allowing the practice, many terminally ill patients consider relocating themselves just to be able to end their suffering. A great example of why physician assisted suicide should be legal is Matthew Donnelly, “Matthew Donnelly had conducted research on the use of X-rays.
Now, skin cancer riddled his tortured body. He had lost his nose, his left hand, two fingers on his right hand, and part of his jaw. He was left blind and was slowly deteriorating. The pain was unrelenting. Doctors estimated that he had a year to live. Lying in bed with teeth clenched from the excruciating pain, he pleaded to be put out of his misery. Matthew wanted to die now. His pleas went unanswered. Then, one day, Matthew's brother, Harold removed a .30 caliber pistol from his dresser drawer, walked to the hospital, and shot and killed his brother. Harold was tried for murder” Andre and Velasquez (2010).
Matthew is a prime example of suffering and how the government prolonged his pain rather than allowing him to go in peace because no doctor could legally assist his death. This is only one example of many that shows justification for the right to die. Harold tried to end his brothers suffering but also could have caused more suffering to Matthew if he had not died, therefore medical professionals need to be able to assist such patients. When terminally ill patients feel as if they can no longer bear the burden of suffering, they deserve the right to go when they choose, with dignity and self-respect. Even with modern medicines life prolonging ability, forcing someone to suffer should never be left to the government.
Public opinion differs greatly on the topic of physician assisted suicide, but an argument against it, is that doctors take a oath to preserve life. 'Physician assisted suicide is fundamentally incompatible with the physician’s role as healer, would be difficult or impossible to control, and would pose serious societal risks. Instead of participating in assisted suicide, physicians must aggressively respond to the needs of patients at the end of life' (St. Clair 2009). Many valid reasons exist as to why doctors shouldn’t facilitate suicide. Legalizing assisted suicide may also lead to some patients who never considered it before to end their life early. Also, doctors could resort to suicide rather than finding a better alternate solution or cure. “In Oregon, medical systems are already offering people assisted suicide in lieu of chemotherapy. Cancer victim Randy Stroup got a letter from the state saying it would pay for his assisted suicide or painless death, but not his chemotherapy” (Fox News 2008). The best physicians have compassion for their patients and a passion for their profession, and some may say that killing regardless of circumstance is cruel. Human life is to be held at the highest priority and assisting a patient in suicide goes much against the Hippocratic oath doctors swear to uphold. Physicians only focus is to preserve one’s life to the fullest extent.
To put this topic into a different perspective, pets are humanely euthanized when a veterinarian feels as if that’s the best choice for the animal and no more can be done to help or prolong its life comfortably. Pets are considered family to most animal lovers, and this process of euthanizing them with the help of a vet is completely legal. Factors considered when deciding to euthanize a pet are quality of life, pain assessment and insight (Nelson & Zito, 2006). This can be related to someone with an ill family member who must watch them suffer day in and day out. Like pets, doctors should consider the same criteria to determine if physician assisted suicide to be the best option for a patient. In a society where animals can be relived of suffering by euthanasia, the same should hold true for human life.
Killing is viewed by most as harsh, but forcing someone who’s in great pain and terminally ill to suffer through the life is even worse. Family’s are currently allowed to remove a loved one off of life support if specific conditions are met, ultimately leading to the patient’s demise. Determining quality of life plays a role in both scenarios so what makes physician assisted suicide any different form “pulling the plug”? Patients who are terminal are normally given medication that’s so strong they can render one unconscious, most can agree that’s not living a quality life. Suffering patients and their loved ones must decide on what type of life is worth living, this is a personal dilemma for the patient, not congress.
Physician assisted suicide draws lots of attention to the idea that we have the right to determine our own fate. This topic is extremely important because it exposes how people see the value of one’s life. There is a lot of discussion on this topic and if physician assisted suicide and the morality tied to it. With proper care and diligence and terminally ill person who is suffering and no longer wishes to continue the suffering should have every right to end their own life in a safe manner that isn’t a threat to anyone else. While some feel as if this devalues human life, think for a second if you were in Matthew or Randy’s shoes, would you still feel the same?
The government has every obligation to look out for the best interest of all and to introduce laws and litigation to make life better, but to what extent should the government be allowed to step in and have a say about what we do with people who would rather die peacefully than to suffer for the rest of their lives. No law exists where a patient is required to stay on life support but still a suffering, dying patient who consciously chooses to end their life doesn’t have the same right. We allow veterinarians to put down ill animals to alleviate their suffering so why should we not allow people to make the same choices for themselves.
Allowing someone to die how and when they choose is a far better option than to force them to stay alive and suffer until their demise. There are thousands of patients with life threatening conditions or diseases that are suffering everyday and if they choose to end their own life a physician should have every legal backing in order to do so. Physician assisted suicide should be legalized.
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Opposing Assisted Suicide
When a patient has a disease that has no known cure they endure a lot of pain and suffering. Many times they get to the point where they want to give up because they are tired of dealing with the nonstop pain and suffering. This can lead to them beginning to think about committing suicide with the help of a physician. Other people who have mental illnesses are really just lonely or dealing with depression but they consider suicide with the help of their physician as well. The physician will give the patient lethal drugs needed to do this. The ethical model that I will use to prove my position on assisted suicide is utilitarianism. My stance is that I don’t agree with anyone helping someone commit suicide no matter what the case may be.
Suicide with the help of a physician is not legal across the country. Right now, it is only legal in Oregon, Vermont, Washington and California. In Montana, if a physician is going to help a patient commit suicide it can only be granted by a court decision. I feel that any physician that helps someone commit suicide is a direct violation of the Hippocratic Oath. The Hippocratic Oath is a code of medical ethics that doctors usually take before they start to practice medicine. Part of this oath means to do no harm.
Any physician that helps a patient commit suicide is doing just that. The Hippocratic Oath is against a doctor killing their patients. When a physician takes The Hippocratic Oath they take a pledge that they won’t harm any patient. This is why physician assisted suicide is an ethical issue. I feel that if a patient is suffering from mental illness, depression or suicidal thoughts no physician should agree to assist in their suicide I don’t think they should be allowed to go through with it. What I think should happen is those patients should have to go through counseling. After they begin counseling hopefully at some point they will no longer want to end their life.
Traditionally, physicians are supposed to treat and heal their patients. If a physician assists their patients in ending their life they will be using what’s supposed to heal their patients for the sake of aiding them in committing suicide. I think that if a physician assists a patient in committing suicide that will take away their credibility. Patients could potentially think that their physician won’t work as hard to cure them or provide them with quality care or service.
Another issue with assisted suicide is how it will affect people in certain categories than others. People that don’t have health insurance and disabled people might consider physician assisted suicide due to a situation with their finances. Many people don’t have healthcare and the reason they don’t is they can’t afford to pay the monthly costs, let alone the copayments and deductibles. That doesn’t mean they don’t have medical conditions that they need to receive treatment for. If physician assisted suicide were legal in more states I think many of these people would use it to take their lives. This would be due to the fact that they can’t afford the healthcare they need to be treated for their medical conditions.
Those people that are for physician assisted suicide look at this subject from a different point of view. When it comes to someone that is terminally ill physician assisted suicide puts an end to their pain and suffering. They are able to die with dignity and they get to decide when it happens. Some people have the opinion that if someone wants to die they should be allowed to. They also look at unnecessary pain and suffering is inhumane. When it comes to those that are for physician assisted suicide and the Hippocratic Oath it’s been noted that the Hippocratic Oath has been modified multiple times. Because of that people feel that letting a patient go through unnecessary pain and suffering in does harm to them. That in itself goes against the oath of not doing any harm to the patient.
For those that agree with physician assisted suicide they don’t think the physicians will provide any less quality of care to their other patients. In fact, to some it makes the physician look more sensitive to their patients and their feelings because they sympathize with them enough to help them put an end to their pain and suffering. It’s also been said that physicians assisting patients commit suicide has nothing to do with them being able to provide quality care to their patients.
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Pollution and Climate Change
Climate change and contamination are two extremely important controversial topics not only for the United States and China but for the entire world. In the Ted talk “How China is (and isn't) fighting pollution and climate change”, Angel Hsu discusses the importance of renewable energy. I believe her purpose is to show the world how much China has improved in such a short amount of time, but to also warn us that there is still so much that has to be done before the effects of climate change sets in. Angel Hsu is a data scientist and a professor, she tries to apply methods primarily driven by data to help find solutions to several environmental issues. She also talks about how if rapid changes are not made, disastrous consequences of climate change may be inevitable. She, by using a bit of humor and important statistics, tries to convey important messages of improvement in China's switching from using fossil fuels to more greener alternative renewable resources that will last beyond our time and will assist future generations.
While it is important to acknowledge and support improvement when it's due, I think that Hsu could have done a much better job in addressing what China can improve on yet, and how serious of a threat climate change really is. One issue with the talk that I had, was that she did not talk enough about climate change and global warming and how important it is to address and fix the issue now. She mentions climate change in the title of her talk yet only addresses the topic for a measly few minutes. She does describe the importance of keeping China's pollution under control as whatever happens weatherwise in China can have a detrimental impact on the rest of world through the harmful effects of climate change. Personally, I believe that climate change and global warming are two huge important topics that must be addressed and acknowledged. Not enough people are educated on the topics, or on how to help the situation, people should know how all of this came about otherwise the same problem can and will resurface in the future.
One of the things she addressed in the talk I really enjoyed was the fact that just one documentary called “Under the Dome” by Chai Jing sparked the fire for change in so many lives. People started to realize that pollution is a real issue that is affecting their daily lives and it wasn't being properly addressed. Some of the main issues she pointed out were extremely important such as, the shortened lifespan of so many citizens, the visibility in the city due to smog, and how many people were actually admitted to the hospital for the effects of pollution. In fact the hospitalization rate increased by about 140%, most of the admitted were the children and the elderly. (Hsu) She also discussed the fact that, at first, the Chinese government endorsed the documentary but as soon as it had stirred the pot and made people question the way they do things, the government took the video down, but it was too late the damage was already done.
Another issue that I had with the talk was that she should have spoke more about how these are global problems and shown some comparisons to the United States and how they are trying to solve these problems. Even though China is ultimately bigger than the United States, the United States is still a global powerhouse that needs to be, and should be checked as well. It almost begs the question, “Is china doing more to reverse the effects of contamination than the United States?”. A fair amount of people like to think that the United States is better than China in terms of reversing the effects of pollution and making strides in the ways of renewable resources but in fact China has made it a priority to switch over to cleaner means of energy.
China is also providing about 5 times as many green jobs than the United States, with that being said, China is still the leading user of coal and continues to supply and invest into countries in need. This is not only a huge problem because of the negative effects of coal but also because coal is a finite resource that will not last over time, not to mention that there are different types of coal that only perpetuate the problem of pollution. Another factor in this global issue is not getting other huge and important countries on board with the conservation efforts such as India, hopefully with China leading by example other countries will follow in their footsteps.
As I said before, I believe that we should support and acknowledge improvement when necessary but I think that Hsu really could have touched more on not only what more China can do but what the people can do as well. This isn't some big issue that only the experts can help solve. One more important aspect I wanted to provide is some clarification on this, she references a harmful particle called PM 2.5, this is the abbreviation for Particulate Matter less than 2.5 microns in diameter. Because of its small diameter it tends to stay in the air longer than heavier molecules. It’s known to worsen certain chronic diseases, this is one of the more dangerous particles that are the result of using the more harmful coal and unregulated factories. China has made great strides in the reduction of concentrations of PM 2.5. Over four years China has been able to cut out about 32% of those concentrations (Energy Policy Institute at University of Chicago)
In sum, Angel Hsu does a phenomenal job with addressing and acknowledging all the improvement that China has made in the past couple of years. She inspires each and every one of us to join in the fight against pollution, though she does address all the good things China has done and she did do a good job with talking about the documentary that started it all, Hsu doesn't really say what China can do next or even what the rest of the world can do to help the environment nor she doesn't really talk too much about China's impact of climate change and global warming, which are definitely important enough to touch on.
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What is Climate Change
By the end of the 21st Century, scientists project that the average global temperature will rise between 3.2 and 7.2 degrees fahrenheit. This may not seem like a ton, but you will be surprised at how much a degree or two can affect our little world. It will not only affect us as humans, but it will and already has ruined the lives of some animals. Climate change is mostly caused by humans and the way that our atmosphere is designed. It is causing rising oceans, higher temperatures, and dangers for humans and animals. Climate change is the result of the greenhouse effect, which is increasing every day as we burn fossil fuels for heat, transportation, and electricity. The greenhouse effect is what happens when we burn fossil fuels and cause the levels of certain gases to rise in our atmosphere. Those gases trap heat in the atmosphere, like a blanket, or a greenhouse.
So, when the sun shoots beams of light at the earth, they bounce back off of the surface, but they can’t escape the atmosphere because of that blanket of gases surrounding the earth. The levels of those gases are rising because of humans burning fossil fuels such as coal, natural gas, and oil for things like transportation and electricity. It's causing drastic changes in our environment that are nearly impossible to be reversed. One huge consequence of rising temperatures is that the sea levels are rising. It’s creating a negative affect people that live along the coast. Since we live in Minnesota, this isn’t a big deal for us but you have to look at it from their point of view. The people that live along the coast in Florida are suffering the direct effects of climate change. There is still controversy in Florida whether this is actually an issue, but you can divide those people up by if they live several feet from the current high tide, or several hundred feet from the current high tide.
One man made a prediction on how quickly the sea level will rise. “The rate of sea level rise is currently doubling every seven years, and if it were to continue in this manner, Ponzi scheme style, we would have 205 feet of sea level rise by 2095” (1 Howard Goodman). It’s not just people that are in trouble, lots of other organisms are hurting from the results of climate change. Birds, sea creatures, and land animals alike are all trying to adapt to the unstable environment. But sadly, with how fast this is all happening, they aren’t always successful. Lots of birds have had to shift their migration schedule, as spring is coming earlier and earlier. Likewise, polar bears have had to deal with a change of pace because the ice that they depend on is freezing later and disappearing earlier. Coral reefs are also taking a hit because when the ocean’s temperature rises, a thing called bleaching happens. Bleaching is basically how the coral reacts to stress.
They release the algae that gives them their beautiful color. All of these animals are experiencing the negative effects of climate change. People, animals, and the oceans are all being harmed by our changing climate. This is the result of humans burning fossil fuels, which causes the impact of the greenhouse effect to increase. Even just one or two degrees can be devastating, but at the speed our climate is changing, one or two degrees won’t be the problem. Many different ecosystems are being affected by climate change, and not in a positive way. So, next time you accidentally leave on a light or drive your car instead of taking the bus, think about what YOU could do to help out our planet in the future.
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Debate Problem of Assisted Suicide
Arguably nothing in life is more intimate and private than the manner in which one dies. Despite this the idea of a consenting adult willingly taking one’s own life when few other options remain stirs up significant controversy in our society. In this paper I will discuss physician assisted suicide, its history, its current legal standing in the United States, and how it exemplifies societal discipline by enforcing moral standards regarding suicide and death, even in cases where it goes against an individual’s wishes.
University of California Berkeley describes assisted suicide as, “the act of intentionally killing yourself with the aid of someone provides the knowledge remains to do so.” To be clear this is distinct from euthanasia wherein the physician administers the lethal medication. Such practices are illegal almost universally, expect in countries such as the Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg. Currently physician-assisted suicide is legal in seven US states: Colorado, Hawaii, Oregon, Vermont, Washington, Montana, California, as well as the district of Columbia. To qualify you must be of sound mind and terminally ill, with six months or less to live. You must make two verbal requests at least 15 days apart, as well as sign a written request with two witnesses. Finally, the patient must have two doctors overview them to ensure that they meet all physical criteria.
The issue of assisted suicide is unique in that it has mixed pockets of opposition and support on both the left and the right. Some of the strongest opponents of euthanasia come from the handicapped and disabled community. They view any legislation in support of physician-assisted suicide as the first step in the devaluation and dehumanization of those with mental and physical handicaps, and violation of their civil rights. A leading anti-assisted suicide advocacy group, Not Dead Yet, states on their website that, “the political agenda of many assisted suicide organizations includes the expansion of eligibility to people with incurable but not necessarily terminal conditions who feel that their suffering is unbearable…without examining the cause of the suffering or whether it can be alleviated.” In their mind doctor assisted suicide presents a contagious practice which will ultimately lead more people to kill themselves rather than seek the help they need improve their lives.
Additionally, physicians throughout United States feel that assisted suicide is fundamentally against the Hippocratic oath. In its Medical Code of Ethics, the American Medical Association specifically states that permitting physicians to engage in assisted suicide would ultimately cause more harm than good. Rather than prescribe a lethal dose of sleeping pills doctors are encouraged to provide emotional support, comfort, and adequate pain control.
There is also an economic argument put forth by those who hope to rollback physician assisted suicide in states where it is legal. Nevada physician Brian Callister reported that in 2016 while talking to insurance reps for two of his patients, they refused to cover the lifesaving procedures he recommended and instead encouraged him to pursue assisted suicide which they did offer to cover. He argues that rather than giving patients the right to die, assisted suicide legislation creates a medical insurance culture where people have a duty to die. Some opponents go as far to say that assisted suicide will become increasing prevalent amongst poor uneducated minorities who see no other way out.
In rebuttal, supporters of assisted suicide will point that out of the 991 Oregon patients who died after taking their lethal prescriptions from 1998-2015 most were well off college-educated white people. Despite popular belief the reason most chose physician assisted suicide was not due to the pain caused chronic terminal illnesses, rather it is due to the lack of control and dignity they felt during the ending stages of life. In Washington and Oregon 90% of patients were motivated by a loss of autonomy, while in contrast 25% of patients in Oregon and 36% of patients in Washington said they could not tolerate future pain. Additionally, about 50% of patients in both states reported that they feared burdening the people they loved and leaving them with poor last memories. Given that this pain is largely existential and emotional, advocates view large amounts of pain killers and life support as a cruel prolonging of the true suffering.
One particularly vocal advocate for assisted suicide is Dan Diaz. He was widowed by his 29-year-old wife Britney Meynard, a 29-year-old Californian woman who opted to take a lethal prescription after she was diagnosed with aggressive brain tumor. Diaz states, “the dying process is what Britney feared… she was afraid that her final few days on this green earth would be ones where she was tortured by the tumor.” Similarly, when Mary Klein was asked why she opted to end her life after being diagnosed with advanced ovarian cancer she responded, “I want to have the option to control my own body and control my own life.” Others such as John Hofsess, a Canadian man who illegally helped 8 people end their own lives before taking his own, argued that if legal channels are not in place for suicide, people will simply turn to more dangerous and morally grey methods.
I chose this topic specifically because of the moral conundrum it presents. Both view themselves as advocates for the rights of individuals and yet if either side’s wins out in entirety their respective ideals laws and regulations will come to form a framework for what is seen as acceptable legal, moral, and ethical behavior. If physician assistant suicide is legalized and it becomes more of a common practice then it is now, there may very well be a dramatic shift in the way society as a whole treats death, as well as the options and treatment’s we offer and encourage for those that we see as living subpar lives. If the practice is illegalized, we will find ourselves denying sane individuals the right to die in dignity simply because we could not find their choices morally palatable. Either way a framework will emerge that leverages the power of the state to influence and ultimately control the actions of others.
If I am honest in my appraisal of these two sides, I find neither of them terribly appealing. On one hand I am appalled by the idea that a government or community could deny someone the right to die in a way they found dignified and instead have them suffer physically and mentally. On the other hand, I am incredibly disheartened by what seems to be on the surface a tepid endorsement of suicide and a tacit claim that’s some lives are not worth living. Despite these reservations I ultimately believe that physician assisted suicide, if implemented in a manner which allowed those who are beyond recovery to die in a way they saw fit without pushing further into communities that it could do harm to, represents the most ethically sound and morally justified way forward.
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Climate Change Example Water
It’s a natural resource for mostly everything that needs to survive or use for hygiene. Time passes and us humans have used water over a billion of years and as that time passes, the earth and climate changes. Let's time travel to the future. Humans now use water to wash things in these loud machines called washers. These washers use 15 to 20 gallons of water per day for one load of clothes, while back then, people used rivers to clean and bathe in. Food is also going under the category of natural resource because food is made by natural things like animals and plants. We also need food to survive with 3 meals each day, Breakfast, Lunch, and Dinner. The food we eat contains the nutrients that our bodies need to replace worn-out cells, stay healthy and stay strong. We have been eating all types of food from animals and plants over 2 million years! Wow that’s a long time. But how is climate change affecting people's access to clean water and food production? What going to happen to our clean water and the food we eat?
Climate change is to blame for global warming if our clean water runs out. The water cycle is part of this. “A warmer climate causes more water to evaporate from both land and oceans...Declining water quality is another consequence of climate change.” Water temperature, for example, will generally rise in streams, lakes, and reservoirs as air temperature rises. This tends to lead to lower levels of dissolved oxygen in water.“When precipitation leads to increased runoff in certain regions, we can also expect more pollution to be washed into our waterways. ”Naturally, the pollution load in streams and rivers will tend to be carried to larger bodies of water downstream – lakes, estuaries, and the coastal ocean – where one of the more dramatic consequences of heavy runoff can be blooms of harmful algae and bacteria.”
Climate change will not only affect crops, it will also impact meat production, fisheries and other fundamental aspects of our food supply. Hotter weather will lead to faster evaporation, resulting in more droughts and water shortages which of course means if there's no water, there's no food. Also, another thing to keep in mind is parasites and diseases that live on livestock and thrive in warm, moist conditions. This could result in livestock farmers treating parasites and animal diseases by using more chemicals might then enter the food chain meaning that we would also eat chemicals from those animals that was affected.
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Arguments against Physician Assisted Suicide
Nowadays the phrase ' kill me ' has been said countless times. It's been one of the Most popular sarcastic jokes among people of today due to having a bad day or things not going as planned and hitting rock bottom. But what if worst case scenario we jinxed ourselves and one bad day leads to two, then a week, then a month, fast forward to a year and finally it comes down to your doctor telling you that you are terminally ill and your chances of living a normal life are nonexistent. The life we once took for granted is now ending very slowly and the pain is like no other, but your doctor tells you there is another option. A prescription to life-ending medication, in other words, assisted suicide, My point is it's legit. It's a very controversial topic for one alone, but what type of effect would it have on yourself and the people around you. The simplicity of answering yes and no between death is a very crucial decision that can not only affect our family members. Also how we see the profession of doctors and how we influence the community as a whole.
The law of assisted suicide is dying with the help of someone, most preferably a doctor or physician. This law basically lets the doctor prescribe a lethal drug to the terminally ill patients so they can shorten the lifespan of a dying patient. As of right now in the United States the dying law it's only been legalized in 8 states such as Washington, Oregon, Hawaii, California, Montana, Vermont, Colorado, and Washington D.C... According to J Donald Boudreau (2011) in his article based on Physician-Assisted Suicide, he refers to it as 'physician inflicted death', he asks the readers to imagine medical schools teaching the students how to kill their patients. However, people consider it as a mercy killing, in other words, it's letting people die with dignity.
Now imagine yourself in that situation, you as a Doctor have been trying to nurse your patients back to health and you've tried everything in the book only to help your Patient to their death. In an article by Peter Hudson (2017) speaking on the effects of assisted suicide, he describes how not all medicine prescribed is certain to take away all the pain. In Hudson’s (2017) evidence from overseas is that some people suffer allergic reactions to the medication and often resulted in vomiting, seizures, failure to experience immediate death. The longest assisted suicide recorded was in Oregon and it took about 104 hours, that's more than 4 days of waiting for waiting for the so-called peaceful death that everyone says its suppose to be (Hudson, 2017).
In Hudson's (2017 )article explains how although the law of assisted suicide does demand it to be done by a physician it doesn't require the physician to be near the patient's suicide making it more traumatizing for the families that have to witness their loved ones having unexplained side effects from the medicine. In addition, families aren't the only ones being affected by the death law, but the physicians as well. As Hudson (2017) explains a survey of a randomly selected oncologist in the united states who participate in the law 24 percent regretted doing so, and 16 percent reported that the emotional burden of participating adversely affected their practice. Everything you pursued in the medical field has contradicted itself and its no longer about curing diseases but finding the easy way of out.
One of Boudreau's examples in his article was describing how medical students would not only learn how all there is about treating their patients, but also how to end their patient's lives. It shows a form negligence within the doctors and physicians by demonstrating that if they can't cure their patients they can always help them commit suicide, but who is it really helping as one dutch clinician in Hudson's (2017) article stated ' It is not a normal medical treatment. You are never used to it. ' the law states that it's for the terminally ill yet it is causing more damage to the families and the physicians of these patients.
In Ryan Anderson's (2015) report, he argues that the law of Physician-Assisted Suicide corrupts the practice of medicine he explains that a doctors motive is to ' Always care, Never kill. ', allowing the Physician aid to suicide to the whole country would be unfair and dangerous to the weak. The law would ruin the relationships between doctors and their patients. Anderson goes on and states ' PAS corrupts the profession of medicine by permitting the tools of healing to be used as a technique for killing. ' (Anderson, 2015), the most important part of working in the medical field has to be the trust between both the patient and the doctor. The law destroys that trust and it lets patients know that at any moment the doctor can give up on them and suggest assisted suicide if no treatments show any type of progress.
The purpose of medicine is to help heal others. Killing out of mercy is not the same as healing.
' Doctors cannot heal by assisting patients to kill themselves or by killing them. They rightly seek to eliminate disease and alleviate pain and suffering. They may not, however, seek to eliminate the patient.' (Anderson, 2015)
People who view Physician-assisted suicide as a compassionate way of a peaceful death doesn't see the sad reality of the law. By allowing doctors to prescribe life-threatening drugs to their patients it diminishes the value of life. This law changes how the healthcare looks at the terminally ill, disabled, and most of all the poor. A perfect example is in Anderson's commentary when it talks about how assisted suicide is slowly becoming voluntary euthanasia, and how in the future can cause many deaths of infants in their first year of living. In 2013 Netherlands the commission said that 'as many as 650 infants per year should be eligible for euthanasia on the basis of the children's 'poor prognosis and every poor expected quality of life' (Anderson, 2016). That means infants who are born handicapped already have the option of assisted suicide without even having signs of conscious thoughts to think for themselves. We as human beings aren't even giving infants a fighting chance to even let them live first instead we already label them based on their initial health.
Assisted suicide doesn't respect the quality of life, while some patients get support to stay strong others get influence to take the easy way out. On a commentary of Anderson's article assisting suicide corrupting medicine, the government in the Netherlands where assisted suicide is legal, know that patients that decide to follow with the procedure have been initially insisted the idea of assisted suicide. In the high court of Ireland in 2013, they stated ' The incidence of legally assisting death without explicit request in the Netherlands, Belgium, and Switzerland is strikingly high. ' (Anderson 2016). This misinterpretation between the patient and the what the law allows them to only to peer pressure patients to consider to go on with assisted suicide by making them think about the medical cost of their treatments instead of their own health.
In Burke, Balch, and Randolph article the main reason people choose assisted suicide according to a survey in Boston globe (1981) wasn't because they couldn't treat the patient's illness, or not being able to live a normal life ever again or pain, but because they don't want to a be a burden to anyone in their lives. That single misinterpretation changes the perspective of the people that are terminally ill and are offered the option of assisted suicide, instead of seeing it as this opportunity to die at peace they understand it as this is what's best economically, making it a duty instead of an option. Any doctor that doesn't have any remorse for their patients is no doctor at all, by letting doctors assist in suicide they no longer would be labeled as healers, but as death's second-hand man. A leading scholar in the law of assisted suicide said that 'Doctors and nurses reported that more request for euthanasia came from families than from patients themselves. ' (Anderson 2016).
In Burke, Balch, and Randolph’s article it speaks of how suicide is basically a cry for help and how the most people that do it have mental health problems. Those who want Assisted suicide only have to ask their physicians and decide to go through with it, in the other hand studies show that 93-94 percent commit suicide have suffered from a mental disorder. By making the law of assisted suicide legal to the whole country it would only worsen community who suffers from mental health. Suicide is more of test to find out who is really caring for them, legalizing would only promote the message that the system doesn't care who commits suicide because everyone could do it easily, for those who do have mental disorders he or she have nobody to challenge and would make his or her lives more meaningless than he or she already feel it be. From that 93-94 percent of people with mental disorders suffer from schizophrenic panic disorders, alcoholism, psychiatric disorders, organic brain syndrome, schizophrenia, and drugs (Burke, Balch, and Randolph). All the disorders listed have treatments to overcome the pain, just like any other type of pain, but it's the lack of support that the health care doesn't provide for these patients.
The concept of the law of Assisted-suicide is debatable, patients who are out of luck of ever living a regular life will have the option to end their lives with dignity and at peace. But based on other countries have said, people normalizing the idea of assisted death for the sake of saving money or being a burden to their families is lowering the value of life and dehumanizing the way that all us as humans view one another. In conclusion, We aren't burdened to anybody and that's the main problem with the practice of this law that People view Assisted suicide as the quick cheap fix to all problems. The right of assisted suicide is the choice of the patient and not the nursing staff or family by legalizing assisted suicide it would only increase the lack of effort support for the patients
References
- David N. O’Steen and Burke J. Balch. OK.” Why We Should Not Legalize Assisted Suicide | New York State Right to Life. Retrieved from http://www.nysrighttolife.org/assisted_suicide
- Hudson, Peter. (2017, October 9) The Hidden Implications of Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia. Retrieved from https://www.smh.com.au/opinion/the-hidden-implications-of-assisted-suicide-and-euthanasia-20171006-gyvrou.html
- Boudreau, J Donald.(2011, fall) Physician-Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia: Can You Even Imagine Teaching Medical Students How to End Their Patients' Lives? Retrieved from www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3267569/.
- Anderson, Ryan. (2015, april 20) Physician-Assisted Suicide Corrupts the Practice of Medicine. Retrived fom www.heritage.org/health-care-reform/report/physician-assisted-suicide-corrupts-the-practice-medicine.
- Anderson, Ryan T. (2016, march 7) Assisted Suicide Corrupts Medicine. Retrieved from www.chicagotribune.com/news/opinion/commentary/ct-assisted-suicide-corrupts-medicine-20160306-story.html
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On Global Warming and Climate Change
I believe that among the numerous critical issues facing most Americans in this world today, climate change stands as one of, if not the most urgent. However, understanding and assimilating the different causes of the ever-growing environmental problems critically facing our lives today are crucial for reducing our pollution footprint. Climate change effects include major changes in temperature, precipitation, wind patterns, as well as other frequent disastrous weather phenomenon. That said, climate change policy in the US has transformed timidly over the past twenty years. It has been slowly developing at both the state and federal level. It is worth noting that US lawmakers today are using many controversial environmental policies on global warming and climate change. This has polarized certain political parties along with all the major industry organizations in Washington and around the world.
Although it has long been determined by modern science that nature has and will always be ever- changing. It does not have necessarily the ability to make decisions nor exercise options. Humans have always played and still play today a significant and aggressive role in impacting and altering most of the landscape they have occupied since ancient times through the over exploitation of the land’s natural resources. This has led to dangerous rising levels of all kind of pollutions, which in return has increased the global warming threat. All of this has produced negative effects on weather patterns thus, causing a deep perturbation and destabilization of the very sensitive echo-systems vital for sustaining human life on our planet earth. According to the 2015 issue of “Nature Climate Change” published by Steve Smith and his colleagues at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, “the rate of global warming is rising due to greenhouse gases rapidly building up in the Earth's atmosphere.”
In other words, climate change and global warming are now a proven scientific fact. Melting Ice caps are a fact! Greedy Companies and their powerful lobbyists are a fact! People not paying attention and not trying to do even the simplest things to reduce their pollution footprint is a fact! Destruction of our Forest is a fact! Minority fishing having less and less ocean food is a fact! And the long list of our planet destruction is facts upon facts! One does not have to be a rocket scientist to see what is happening all around us. For instance, we are experiencing today so many recurring global natural disasters, rising sea levels, and temperatures, that no one can claim otherwise. I believe that nature has its own defense mechanisms but, mankind’s selfishness appears to have a devastating, weakening effect on its fragile eco-systems.
That said, I really believe that if we do not take immediate actions to stop the ever-growing emissions of all harmful gases from heavy polluters and attempt to reverse it to acceptable levels, we could see this precarious situation become very critical for humanity’s survival. To put it another way, we will lose the ability to protect the earth from certain destruction and death. Yet people, when confronted with hard evidence of eminent threat of climate change, tend not to grasp the danger of the matter and feel that it is something distant, far off, intangible and almost otherworldly. An ordinary individual does not feel like he or she can make an impact. What’s incredibly terrifying is that things are already happening way ahead of any scientific projection. For instance, ocean scientists are surprised that coral reefs are dying at an alarming rate, not to mention the irreversible impact this will have on the one billion people that depend on its fisheries for their diet and livelihoods.
As coastal reef experts Terry Hughes and others point out in their article “Global Warming and Recurrent Mass Bleaching of Corals”, “rising carbon emissions, and the extra heat created by climate change are plunging the entire coastal systems into extreme turmoil.” Reefs as we know them may disappear due to the extensive pressure constantly exerted on its fragile eco-system. I believe that people need to use every means possible with their government officials in order to push for an environmental policy change. Humanity cannot afford to have political leaders out there like the actual US president who does not believe in modern science nor the scientific method and its empirical truths. According to Abler Ben’s article” saving the planet goes local”, “Donald Trump plans to decimate all the previous environmental safeguards so that blue states can step up their effort to arrest climate change.”
I believe that upcoming generation’s survival on this earth cannot afford to waste time. There are still people in power that choose to believe in the two percent of the scientific community that is bought off by the big polluters and their lobbyists. The article of “Stop Climate Denial By Big Business”, confirms the real need to understand that big business lobbying is a way to advance special interests at the expense of the greater good. So when it comes to lobbying on climate change, the prevailing naive public views is that big business fear that greater regulation threatens their industries so they have the obligation to lobby against any regulations with strict carbon emissions standards.
Then again, it’s not really hard to see why this might be. There is ample evidence in just the enormous amounts spent on lobbying around this issue. In Conclusion, it is safe to say that the world will continuously face more devastating environmental consequences if the US lawmakers and their world leader’s counterparts keep siding with big business companies and their interest groups. Instead, I believe that they should master enough bipartisan political will to commit to renewable energy policies and programs, which in return will enable the US and all industrialized nations power their future without harmful carbon emissions and perhaps reduce the actual devastati
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Physician-Assisted Suicide Jack Kevorkian
Physician-assisted suicide, what exactly is it and why would someone want to do it? PAS is when a doctor prescribe a medication to help a person with a deadly illness end their life. Someone would want to do die this way if they feel like they have no independence and quality of life or if they’re scared of the pain they’re suffering from will increase. “Vulnerable people do not seem to be pressured to this.” When a person is diagnosed with an illness that will eventually lead to death it makes them feel as if they have lost control of their life. Although they cannot control the illness they have, PAS gives them a sense of control over their life. They decide how, when, and where they die.
In June of 1997 it all began. The Supreme court states that laws banning physician-assisted suicide doesn’t break the constitution. The court left the decision to allow physicians aid in dying up to the individual states.
This way of dying is legal in the United States in six of fifty states: Washington, Montana, Colorado, Vermont, Oregon, and California. 90% of people say that the reason for wanting to do this is a decreasing ability to participate in activities that made life enjoyable. 90% of people say that the want to do this is because of a loss of autonomy. 65% say that the reason for wanting to do this is because of a loss of dignity.
In the state of Oregon, less than two thirds of patients that receive a prescription for PAS die from ingesting the medications. Between 1997-2016, 1,746 prescriptions were written beust only 1,127 patients went through with it.
Physician-assisted suicide is also legal other places around the world: nationally in Canada since June 2016, The Netherlands but only under strict circumstances, Belgium legalized euthanasia (“the painless killing of a patient suffering from an incurable and painful disease or in an irreversible coma”) in 2002, Luxembourg legalized euthanasia and assisted suicide in 2009, Colombia under strict and defined regulations, and in Japan under strict and defined regulations.
Not just anyone can qualify for PAS. In order for a doctor to prescribe a medication to do this there are many things one must be able to do. One must be diagnosed with an illness that will kill the person in six months or less and has been confirmed by two physicians, Must be an adult where the law is i effect. The person must be capable of making and communication your healthcare decisions. And also able to take medication without help from others.
There are three different medications typically that a doctor will prescribe: Barbiturate, Pentobarbital, and Secobarbital. These medications are not cheap either! The Pentobarbital is anywhere between $15,000-$25,000 for the liquid form and $400-$500 for the powder. The Secobarbital is $3,000-$5,000.
Many ask the question, how do you know when it’s time to take the medication? Only the person with the medication can decide that, no one else. About 1 in 3 people never take it because just having it gives them the freedom and comfort to keep them alive longer, giving them the piece of mind and sense of control over their life that they had felt like they had lost before. For the ones who decide to go through with it though, often decide to take it in a comfortable place where they feel most at home and at peace. A person can take the medication anywhere they want to but the laws ask that it is not taken in a public place. If the medication is taken in a state where it is illegal, it is possible that they could lose legal protections and the death would be ruled as a suicide.
What can one do if their state/country does not offer physician-assisted suicide? The obvious answer is to move to a state that does and try to find a doctor that will prescribe it, but there is no set list of doctors that will do this because many doctors fear the people and how a lot of them will react to the subject, but there are other options. One can willing stop eating and drinking on their own. If treatment is offered for their illness, deny it, everyone has the right to refuse medical treatment. And use palliative sedation.
There is somewhat of a well known doctor in the physician-assisted suicide world that goes by the name of Jack Kevorkian. “Jack Kevorkian was a U.S.-based physician who assisted in patient suicides, sparking increased talk on hospice care and ‘right to die’ legislative action.” Dr. Kevorkian was born on May 26, 1928 in Pontiac, Michigan. Although Kevorkian was a doctor, that isn’t what he had always planned to be. He went to the University of Michigan College of Engineering with the intentions of becoming a civil engineer. In his first year of college he “became bored” with the study of engineering and started studying botany and biology. In 1952 he graduated in medicine. Before he could really start his career, he served over a year in the army as a medical officer during the Korean War.
Before Kevorkian graduated college he started to become interested in death and made visits to to patients with terminal illnesses. He would take pictures of their eyes to try and see the exact moment of when they died. His fascination with death lead him to propose that inmates on death-row should be used as subjects of medical experiments while still alive. It was his “controversial views” that got him a little bit of attention from the media. The attention eventually lead to his leaving from the University of Michigan Medical Center.
Jack Kevorkian began to start more controversial experiments and thought that his research could really help save lives, at some point he pitches the idea that if blood from a bank is unavailable doctors could use the blood from a corpse for an injured soldier. Thinking that the Pentagon would use this information in Vietnam, Kevorkian was denied his federal grant to continue researching. With this refusal his want to keep researching continued as an “outsider.” He eventually was infected with Hepatitis C. In 1960 Dr. Kevorkian was qualified as a specialist and went from hospital to hospital, he published over 30 journals, articles, and booklets about his philosophy on death. “Jack claimed that his career was doomed by physicians who feared his radical ideas.”
Kevorkian made a “suicide machine” that he called the “Thanatron” which means “Instrument of Death” in Greek. He made this machine to give lethal doses of poison to patients who were sick. “Jack Kevorkian would become infamous in 1990, when he assisted in the suicide of Janet Adkins,” Janet had Alzheimer's and was a member of the Hemlock Society which was “an organization that advocates voluntary euthanasia for terminally ill patients.” She did not want this disease to take full effect so after she was diagnosed she started looking for someone to help her end her life.
One day she heard about Dr. Kevorkian's machine, the Thanatron, and started communicating with him with the hopes that he’d use his invention on her. Of course him being the way he was he agreed, they decided to do this in a public park in Michigan inside his van. Within five minutes she had died of heart failure. “Kevorkian became a nation celebrity-- and criminal.” When the news of Janet Adkins death got out, Jake Kevorkian was charged with her murder, it was later dismissed.
The years following Adkins death, Kevorkian went through a lot. In 1991 the state of Michigan suspended Dr. Kevorkian’s medical license. Just because he no longer had his license doesn’t mean that he would stop assisting with suicides. No medical license meant no medicine for his machine, Thanatron, so he began to make a new machine that he called the Mercitron. Instead of injecting poison into the person, the Mercitron delivered carbon monoxide through a gas mask.
In 1992 Michigan passed a law making it illegal to assist in suicides, this bill was passed for the soul purpose to stop Jack Kevorkian. No medical license and it is now illegal to assist in suicides in the state of Michigan, you would think that would stop him wouldn’t you? Well it didn’t. Kevorkian continued to assist sick patients in ending their lives, during this a law was passed making it a felony to do this. Up to five years in prison or a $10,000 fine.
Not caring at all about the new laws passed, Jack Kevorkian continued to assist in the deaths of terminally ill patients until he was convicted of second-degree murder. He was sentenced to twenty-five years in prison with the possibility of parole. Although he was declined, Kevorkian tried to appeal to the court and also take the case to the U.S. Supreme Court. June 1, 2007 he was release for good behavior, eight years into his twenty-five year sentence, also promising not to assist in anymore suicides.
In June of 2011, Jack Kevorkian died in Michigan at Beaumont Hospital. Two weeks before this he was admitted with kidney and heart problems.
Physician-assisted suicide, illegal in most states but not all is a way to help people who are dying have a little piece of mind and sense of control over their life again.
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Physician-Assisted Suicide Jack Kevorkian. (2022, Feb 01).
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