Month: February 2022
Cause and Effect of Domestic Violence
When talking about family violence we often hear questions that come up with battered spouses that pertain to why does she stay? How could you let this happen? I can't imagine they did that. Are you sure you're not just sensitive? All these questions can cause significant mental health problems to those who are trying to get out of a bad situation. When looking at the myths of family violence and the myths that come from domestic abuse is that battered spouses can leave violent relationships. I believe this topic is controversial because there are many factors as to why leaving may not be an immediate action such as fear of partners response, fear of arrest due to lack of police knowledge, and courts giving the preparatory custody rights.
According to the Journal of Interpersonal Violence, “Domestic violence is highly prevalent in the United States. Statistics show that between 8% and 12% of women but 1 million are battered by their intimate partners each year. ( Yamawaki et al, 2006).” Looking at the statics shown from the Journal of Interpersonal Violence, many women tend to stay with their abuser/partner due to the fear of his response of her/him trying to leave the relationship.
Why the issue is prevalent is because in society we tend to believe that women can leave a bad situation as an easy choice. Looking at how the law treats survivors of domestic violence is a serious problem in our society. Police can cause problems in domestic violence disputes if they arrest the survivor making them feel they're in trouble and dissolves trust among victims and police. The law also will not strict rights of a parent to see their child which can lead to children growing up abused or taking what they learned and abusing their partners, creating a vicious cycle. Questions frequently asked are why do you stay?
Previously mentioned in the introduction. It is a frequently asked question by people who do not know how to empathize or knowledgeable about domestic partner violence and tend to make things worse for the battered spouse to leave because they feel like they lack support from the people that they thought they could trust or rely on for help. Another question asked by individuals who are uninformed are how you could let this happen to you? people do not understand that the victim/survivor may not realize they are in a toxic relationship. The harm in this question puts the blame onto the battered spouse as if it was their fault they are being abused by their significant other. To help those who are going through domestic violence, it is important to do your research and find key questions that are safe to say that can help the battered spouse in leaving such as, is their anywhere safe for you to go? How can I help? I believe you. With these questions/answers will help ensure that the survivor has a support system and can take the right steps to leave the toxic relationship.
In the article, the domino effect domestic violence harms everyone's kids: data from the table shows that 'students exposed to domestic violence do less well on standardized tests more likely to misbehave in school than their peers (Carrell, Scott E., and Mark L. Hoekstra 2009).' The data pool shows that students from a violent home or upbringing will have a negative effect on their math and reading test scores. The results from the data is 'that if one troubled student in a classroom of 20 students could result in a decrease in student reading and math test scores of more than 2/3 of the percentile point which would be 2 to 3% of the standard deviation (Carrell, Scott E., and Mark L. Hoekstra, 2009).' Another result from the data showed that if the child acts out in class then they will likely receive an infraction and continue to accumulate over time by sixteen percent.
The reason this data is important shows why it is hard to leave an unhealthy partnership is that a child might be harmed and if they come from a broken home that they might face custody battles and the child may be at risk. The unfortunate side is that staying together does not save the child from being caught in the middle and getting abused themselves. The child also may pick up on the behavior and believe that they can hit women/men because that is what they were conditioned to believe by being raised in a violent home. When having a child in a toxic relationship is hard to make a choice on what is best for you and the child. It does not help when people think that they are crazy for sticking around and getting beat to keep the family structure for the child. It is a tough situation for the parent and makes it even harder to leave.
Victims of chronic dating violence how women's vulnerabilities link their decision to stay article talks about how environmental and situational vulnerabilities occur from engaging with 28 women 7 African Americans and 21 Caucasians who were survivors of abuse suffered by the hands of their male dating partners. The data from the vulnerabilities relate to why the women tend to stay in their abusive relationship and look at the racial differences that were shown in the data and how to prevent and come up with new ways to help women become empowered and actively choose to leave the relationship. The results from the study showed that African Americans and Caucasian women describe that in the beginning, the relationships were normal and happy. They also describe that later in the relationship their boundaries were being invaded and progressing to more serious forms of psychological and physical abuse. “Through entrapment these abused women remained committed to their boyfriends, subsuming their personal needs and safety in favor of their relationships. A few participants seemed to be on the moderate-to-high end of the continuum for both dimensions of vulnerabilities, whereas others seemed to be highly vulnerable in one domain but not in the other. This observation transcended race (Rosen, 1996).' From this data, it shows that no matter what race or ethnicity the relationships all start out the same. The guy is charming and fulfills the needs and expectations of the relationship. A reason to why they stay is that the overall good that the men projected, in the beginning, the women cling to and believe they can help them. It is easy to get lost in a toxic abusive relationship when you are being mentally and physically abused. With proper education and word of mouth can help educate those in seriously toxic relationships be able to leave their abuser. We must remember when it comes to domestic violence it usually occurs within the home and even with increased foot patrols or CCTV's it cannot detect a crime being committed.
Gosselin talks about the battered women's movement and how it has helped intimate partner violence decrease in the United States. ' the rates decreased by 64% from 1993 to 2010. the victimization went from 9.8 victimizations per 1,000 person's ages 12 or older 3.6 per 1,000 (Gosselin pg. 161).' Women's movement fought for equal rights for women and to end oppression. however, to see data that shows that most survivors of intimate partner violence being female over a male. The battered women's movement wanted to seek change in social and cultural values to overturn the oppression of those who seek power and control over a person. The goal was to help empower women and women with children to leave their violent relationships and regain their power of social control. from the 1960's this movement is still widely used today. Ways In which we can help find solutions and confronting the myths about battered spouses being able to leave their violent relationships is through intervention, hotlines, and shelters.
Battered women's movement works on intervention strategies, some organizations that are involved with helping survivors leave their Partners is the American Medical Association and American Bar Association. Their mission is to seek changes on a legal level in the United States Gosselin talks about how “prevention and protection effects now include civil and criminal actions that were never before available to intimate partner violence (Gosselin pg. 160).” This change to legal reform has helped many survivors leave their partner safely through intervention services through the battered women's movement.
Gosselin discusses that the 'National Domestic Violence Hotline is toll-free, confidential, and Anonymous in all 50 states, Puerto Rico, Guam, the Virgin Islands (Gosselin pg. 164).' This is very important for survivors in terms of being able to reach out and find support to leave their violent relationships. They even offer personalized safety plans that help survivors of domestic violence take control of their life. They are broken down into a two-step questionnaire step one is safety during the violence and the second safety when getting ready to leave. There are also many shelters that will take in survivors and children. 'Over 5,000 shelters and service programs exist today (Gosselin pg. 166).' The national network to end domestic violence make sure that the shelters are helping survivors as well as conducting surveys to domestic violence victims taking shelter in a given area. These resources are available and can hopefully educate those who are not aware of the dangers of intimate partner violence and can spread the word to help prevent violence against women and children in the home.
I believe this topic is very influential to the criminal justice field due to the rise in domestic violence cases and in the wedding cake model, it did not start becoming a talked about problem until Stormy Daniels lawyer was accused of domestic violence. When dealing with celebrated crimes, controversial issues come to the forefront and become known to the public. This issue is not new but has been brought into the spotlight. I hope with the actions of the court helping survivors of domestic violence free themselves of the violence and crime that their partner commits in them home, and for police to be aware/ know how to deal with arrests an interview a survivor. Most importantly is up to us as citizens to listen, be aware, and report crimes.
References
- Yamawaki, N., Ochoa-Shipp, M., Pulsipher, C., Harlos, A., & Swindler, S. (2012). Perceptions of Domestic Violence: The Effects of Domestic Violence Myths, Victim’s Relationship With Her Abuser, and the Decision to Return to Her Abuser. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 27(16), 3195–3212. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260512441253References
- Carrell, S. E., & Hoekstra, M. L. (2009). Domino effect: domestic violence harms everyone's kids. Education Next, 9(3), 58+. Retrieved from http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A225449549/OVIC?u=lom_umichdearb&sid=OVIC&xid=1e5712d8
- Gosselin, Denise Kindschi. Heavy Hands: an Introduction to the Crime of Intimate and Family Violence. Prentice Hall, 2013.
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Cause and Effect of Domestic Violence. (2022, Feb 05).
Retrieved November 3, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2022/02/page/4/
Domestic Violence Argument: do you Know your Partner
When you first get into a relationship , you may feel like that it's perfect. Your partner is perfect and may be your protector. But what happens when they start treating you in a way that you feel disgusted With Yourself. What about when every time they hit you , they smother you with gifts to make you feel better. You’ll be in a predicament thinking how did this happen? That's why you have to sit and think , Do You really know your partner?
According to The National Domestic Hotline- “ Domestic violence includes behaviors that physically harm, arouse fear, prevent a partner from doing what they wish or force them to behave in ways they do not want. It includes the use of physical and sexual violence, threats and intimidation, emotional abuse and economic deprivation. Many of these different forms of domestic violence/abuse can be occurring at any one time within the same intimate relationship.”
Abuse is a learned behavior. Sometimes people see it in their own families. Other times they learn it from friends. However, abuse is a choice, and it’s not one that anyone has to make. Many people who experience or witness abuse growing up decide not to use those negative and hurtful ways of behaving in their own relationships. While outside forces such as drug or alcohol addiction can sometimes escalate abuse, it’s most important to recognize that these issues do not cause abuse..
When Victims leave the abuser , the abuser may become obsessive and go after the victim. There have been many cases where victims have been killed , after ending the relationship with the abuser. I Know what you’re thinking.. Even After leaving the abuse , getting over the trauma , Just For you to become a victim of a more permanent crime.
Some people can not understand domestic violence unless they truly know the facts . The few types of violence that are most prominent in today’s society are physical, sexual, psychological, emotional, and domestic violence. Domestic violence is one of the most problematic and dangerous forms of violence that exist due to the effects it has on the individuals directly involved, children who witness these acts of violence, and society
‘’Both men and women can be victims of domestic abuse, however, Safe Horizon states that, “1 in 4 women will experience domestic violence during her lifetime”. Everyone who experiences or witnesses domestic abuse are affected in detrimental ways. The abusers often have anger problems or lack of impulse control which only progresses. The victims become physically and emotionally scarred and the children who fall witness to parental domestic violence develop issues with emotional and behavioral functioning as well as social competence. More often than not, domestic violence is a learned behavior by children in abusive homes.’’
People think that abuse comes from people with mental illnesses or people who come from not so good homes. People also could abuse people from learned behavior. Abusers never just abuse someone one time, it will be a repeated pattern.
Research conducted by The American Medical Association estimates that over 3.3 million abusers were also victims before. Stress in a relationship can lead to abuse. The breadwinner in the family may feel stressed that he/she is unable to provide for the family. He may take this guilt and stress out on the spouse or the child in the form of yelling or hitting. This is the reason that the rate of abuse is higher during the holidays. Another cause for abuse seems to be alcohol or drug abuse. The person that is addicted to drugs or alcohol may come home under the influence and beat, scream or sexually abuse the spouse or child. The abuser may not realize what he done while he was intoxicated then feel remorse when he is sober. Studies have found that abusive behaviors are learned through observation. If a child is abused as a child or has a father that abused the mother it is very likely he will be an abuser or in an abusive relationship as an adult.
Many women tend to stay in abusive relationships because they are either scared or believe that they deserve the treatment they are receiving. The abuser tells you that you will never amount to anything or that you would be nothing without them and you start to believe them. Abusers use children or other things close to the victim to hold them hostage . Abusers use this kind of threats to keep control over the victim.
Although very often domestic violence is presented as a violent beating of a victim, in reality violence may take various forms from physical abuse to subtle psychological manipulation. In any case, domestic violence is aggressive assertion of power over close people whom an abuser is supposed to love and protect. Violence may be openly physical, or manipulatively psychological; it may take economic or even sexual form, and sometimes even children may become a tool for abusing and controlling a partner. Parents may be violent toward their children, and it will count as domestic violence. Violence may also mean attempts to separate a victim from other people who might provide psychological and actual help.
Many studies tried to identify factors that predict high probability of abuse on the part of one partner, yet there are no universal indicators of risk. Domestic violence takes place in families and relationships of people of all ages, races, financial status, education and social backgrounds. Witnessing abuse in childhood, being a victim of abuse as a child, unsecure social conditions, unemployment, alcohol or drug abuse are believed to increase probability of domestic abuse, yet even the most safe and will-to-do environment cannot guarantee happy and healthy relationships.
With Domestic Violence Comes Many Things We’ll Never Think About Until We Become A Victim. We see websites and commercials showing statistics on domestic Violence but do you really know your facts ? On Average, nearly 20 people per minute are physically abused by an intimate in the United States. During One Year , this equals to more than 10 million Women and Men. 1 in 4 women 1 and 9 men experience severe intimate partner physical violence, intimate partner contact , Sexual violence, and/or partner stalking with impacts such as injury, fearfulness, post traumatic stress disorder;
“ Use of victim services, contraction of sexually transmitted disease. 1 and 3 women and 1 in 4 men have experienced some form of physical violence by an intimate partner. This includes a range of behaviors (Slapping , Shoving , Pushing) and in some cases might not be considered “Domestic Violence“ 1 in 7 women and 1 in 25 men have been injured by an intimate partner. 1 in 10 women have been raped by an intimate partner. Data is unavailable on male victims.” Health.org
Movies about domestic abuse are very popular , somer may include ( About A Girl , Beyond Betrayal,The Butchers,The Catchers, A Cry For Help:The Tracey Thurman Story,Death Of A Centerfold:The Dorothy Stratten Story, Escape From Terror: The Teresa Stamper Story. You’ve Maybe Even Read Books About Domestic Violence (Why Does He Do That? , The Verbally Abusive Relationship, Its My Life Now: I'm Starting Over) . these sources of entertainment are just a small portion of what goes on in an abusive relationship. Plenty of sources try to show raise awareness.Watching or reading these things made you feel terrified for the victims or being in the situation.
Domestic violence is a thing that happens . Sometimes people try to sweep it under the rug or maybe even don’t speak about it . The most unspeakably domestic violence is domestic violence with powerful men. If a wife has a husband who is high in power , she might not receive help at all . Even If She Tries To Leave The abusers , She Might Feel There’s no Escape. The abuser may have ties with local law or even major law. This is thy the victims may not be able to leave and be comfortable with leaving the abuser. In certain movies the abuser has put an amber alert out for victims who took the kids away. Suggesting the victims are crazy and just kidnapped the kids and fled. This can led to a controversy because if this is a situation, then it could be easily overlooked.
Some people may get confused on the myths and facts about domestic violence. Common myths about Domestic violence are that domestic Violence can only happen in certain “problem families”, ethnic minorities , uneducated or poorer areas. (Abuse pervades every ethnic, social strata. White collar workers are just as likely to abuse their wives as are blue-collar workers; financially independent people are just as likely to suffer abuse as are people on low incomes. It is not the social standing, the amount of stress lived under or the company kept which makes an abuser, but the internal need for power, the belief that they have the right to control someone else.)
Domestic abuse is a family matter.Abusing, battering, assaulting or raping another person is a criminal offence. (Domestic Abuse has far-reaching social implications for everyone, affecting the abused person’s ability to lead a productive life and encouraging children brought up in an abusive home to repeat the cycle themselves and having a detrimental impact on their emotional and sometimes physical well-being. A lot of doctors and hospital time and funds are needed to help those who have been victimised or beaten.)
Domestic abuse is not such a big problem- very few women are actually badly hurt. some women ask for it, provoke it or even want it.Domestic Abuse is a huge problem. It is estimated that 1 in 4 women live in abusive relationships, and within our lifetime half of us can expect to be the victim of domestic or intimate violence. Abuse can be lethal. More women are killed by their partner or ex-partner than by a stranger. And even where physical violence has not occurred, the emotional scars can often have a lifelong effect on the victim.
Abuse is caused by the use of excessive alcohol or the use of drugs. A lot of research is going into the link between drug or alcohol use and violence. However, although some abusers are more prone to being violent when drunk, many more abuse when completely sober. Alcohol and drugs may increase the violence, but they do not cause it. Alcohol and drug abuse are separate issues from abuse, though they may overlap. Once again, blaming chemical dependency for abuse is missing the point, the abuser is responsible for his actions.
Domestic violence is a one-off accident. (Very rarely is abuse a one-off. Most often it is part of an ongoing means of establishing and maintaining control over another person. Abuse tends to increase both in velocity and extent over a period of time.) It can’t be that bad or he/she would leave. ( There are many emotional, social, spiritual and financial hurdles to overcome before someone being abused can leave. Very often the constant undermining of the victims self-belief and self-esteem can leave him/her with very little confidence, socially isolated, and without the normal decision-making abilities. Leaving or trying to leave will also often increase the violence or abuse, and can put both the victim and her children in a position of fearing for their lives. Leaving is the ultimate threat to the abusers power and control, and he will often do anything rather than let her go.)
Abusers are always coarse, nasty, violent man can be easily identified. ( Abusers are often apparently charming, generous and well-presented people who can hold positions of social standing. Abuse is kept for those nearest to him or her, to the privacy of their own homes. This Jekyll and Hyde tendency of the abuser can further confuse and frighten the person being abused, as the person in private is so very different to the person everyone else sees. It can also mean that when the person being abused finally does try to tell his/her friends, family or acquaintances of the abuse, he or she is not believed, because the person they are describing simply doesn’t fit the image portrayed in public.)
Lesbians, Gay men, and men don’t get battered. ( Sexual orientation doesn’t make any difference. Abuse is about control within a relationship and can occur within any relationship where one partner believes they have the right to control the other. Whether they are married or living together, of the same or opposite gender, have been together for a few weeks or many years really doesn’t make much difference – abuse can and does occur.) These are all myths about domestic abuse and the myth busters about domestic abuse.
“Some people get into an relationship and don’t really understand the signs of domestic abuse. Here are a few signs to recognize domestic abuse from the website helpguide.org. “
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Domestic Violence Argument: Do You Know Your Partner. (2022, Feb 05).
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Civil Rights Movement School
During this time Filipinos were starting to challenge Mexican immigrant workers. The challenge is also known as, the Wildcats. The Wildcats with an organizational strike dedicated too challenging the Mexican immigrant workers. However, many Mexican immigrant workers try to demand the Filipinos for any possible chance of receiving a higher wage increase, but the Filipinos denied the request for pay increase. Although Mexican immigrant workers felt like they were not getting anywhere as far as work send a pay raise their voices were not going unheard. Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta are activities for immigrant farmworkers. Chavez and Huerta created an organization known as the United farm workers Association. The United farm Workers Association was created to help immigrant workers received better treatment, education, a pay raise and better with work conditions. Dolores Huerta and Cesar Chavez believed in introgration not segregation and equality amongst everyone.
The Civil Rights era was the time of segregation and racism just like the racialization process. Many African Americans had to fight for what they believed in. During the 1950’s through the 1960’s African Americans dealt with being sent to the back of the bus in order to ride, not being able to share the sink water fountain as Caucasian people, two even having different educational schools because they were an allowed to attend the same school as caucasian children. The civil rights movement shinned a lot of attention on immigrant rights. In the article civil rights movement affect a US immigration the authors states that immigration laws in the 1960s were affected a lot by immigration, culture, and racism. The civil rights movement help immigrants understand the discrimination that was amongst them in the work fields.
During the 1970’ to the early 2000’s many immigrant workers were fighting for citizenship and the right to vote. Democratic and Republican parties were fighting to gain control of the house of representatives and to win presidency in the United States. For a decade at at a time many immigrants who migrated the the United States were determined to get residency and citizenship in the United States. Citizenship was in high demand and Mexican, nigerian, Salvadorian, and other central American people were trying to get citizenship. In 2008 the year of elections when the ballots scores were postee their waas over 9,1 million people that have . However, the 2008 elections showed that one third of those votes were Mexicans or Hispanics. The 2008 election showed that many people who doubted immigrants were proven to be wrong, because many Hispanics were given the opportunity to vote. The third force also displayed how Latinos were starting to defeat many caucasian people during the electoral votes. Latino political power was rising in The House of Representatives Gonzalez gave his readers an isight on how Lation voter growth was developing..
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1960 Civil Rights Movement
The Civil Rights Movement helped African Americans and it helped them to gain equality in the U.S.. Robert F. Kennedy was a very important character in the 1960’s, that took a stand for the Civil Rights Movement. Robert F. Kennedy was born November 20, 1925 in Brookline Massachusetts. Robert had eight siblings. His siblings were John Kennedy, Ted Kennedy, Kathleen Kennedy, Rosemary Kennedy, Eunice Kennedy, Jean Kennedy, Patricia Kennedy, and Joseph Kennedy. Roberts parents were Joseph and Rose Kennedy. Roberts spouse was Ethal Kenndy. Robert had 11 children. They were Robert Kennedy jr., Kerry Kennedy, Rory Kennedy, David Kennedy, Kathleen Kennedy, Michael Kennedy, Joseph Kennedy, Courtney Kennedy, Max Kennedy, Douglas Kennedy, and Christopher Kennedy. Robert Kennedy Attended The University of Harvard, Milton Academy, The University of Virginia, Virginia Law school, Bates College, and Portsmouth Abby school. Roberts professions were a lawyer, politician, writer, and military officer.
Robert Kennedy stood up against segregation. He did not like the way people were being treated. When Robert was in college him and his buddies were about to play a national football game. The owners of the stadium would not let an African American football player in the stadium. So Robert and his buddies refused to play in the game because they would not let the African American football player in the stadium. Robert also sought to remedy the problems of poverty through legislation to encourage private industry to locate in poverty stricken areas, thus creating jobs for the unemployed, and stressed the importance of work over welfare. Robert F.
Kennedy got most of his ideas from his older brother John F. Kennedy. JFK and Robert worked together to fight segregation. Robert worked with his brother JFK, Lyndon B. Johnson, on the landmark Civil Rights Act of 1964, which outlawed racial discrimination in voting, employment and public facilites. In the fall of 1962, Robert sent thousands of troops to Oxford, Mississippi, to enforce a US Supreme Court oder admitting the first African American student, James Meredith, to the University of Mississippi. He also worked with Cesar Chavez and Martain Luther King. Dr. Martain Luther King, was in an Atlanta jail, held on false charge and liable to be sent away for four months. Robert had been against making the call, but then he took the next step himself. He called the judge and found an arange for Dr. King’s realease on bail.
Robert F. Kennedy was shot June 6, 1968. He died at Good Samaritan Hospital, Los Angeles, CA that night. A Palestinian named Sirhan Sirhan shot Robert with a .22 caliber Iver-Johnson Cadet revolver. Robert F. Kennedy’s death was a tragedy. Robert inspired lots of people. If Robert F. Kennedy was still alive people would not judge other people like they do now. Everyone would have equal amounts of respect. As Robert once said “Few will have greatness to bend history itself, but each of us can work to cahnge a small portion of events.” Robert F. Kennedy was a brave man, that took a stand for the Civil Rights Movement. Robert was a true hero he helped millions of people. The 1960’s was a hard time for everyone. One movement that helped people was the Civil Rights Movement. When people took a stand it greatly helped.
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Civil Rights Movement Housing
With about two million people experiencing homelessness at some point in a given year, it has become a national crisis in America. Instead of addressing the root causes of homelessness, cities across the nation have adopted legislation to make it harder for homeless and low income individuals to survive. This includes banning panhandling, food sharing, camping in public, and more in attempt to punish the homeless for carrying out daily necessary activities. This absurd approach to the issue which is essentially outlawing the way individuals without housing live to survive, offers no real solution and normalizes hatred. The enforcement of this legislation that incriminates homeless individuals creates further barriers for them to receive housing and perpetuates a negative stigma about them by undermining the challenges of homelessness.
Even though the Supreme Court considers bans or restrictions on begging a violation of the First Amendment, many cities are still enforcing laws that do so. As of January 2018, the ban on panhandling in Virginia Beach was lifted; however, the city is late to repeal the ordinances allowing it. (Skelton, 2018). In 2015 the decision of Reed et al. v. Town of Gilbert (2015) has set a general rule when regulating speech is based on its contents. It surprisingly was not a case involving panhandling, but it was revolutionary to the movement against anti-vagrancy laws.
Although the case of Reed et al. v. Town of Gilbert (2015) was about an ordinance banning a church from putting up signs about their services, it marked a victory for civil liberty groups and other proponents who advocate for the rights of homeless individuals. This case set a precedent for regulating free speech that requires any ordinance attempting to do so to serve some interest of the government. The ordinance is unconstitutional if the purpose of it can be accomplished by any other means other than a content-based restriction on speech (Lauriello, n.d.). This has strengthened arguments saying that panhandling bans are a violation of the First Amendment and discriminatory towards the homeless as they usually are passed due to a business complaining that beggars scare their customers away which is not valid.
Allowing people afraid of addressing poverty and homelessness to feel comfortable does not really qualify as a compelling government interest. City councils continue to masquerade blatant attacks at the homeless community as being another way to protect people from harm. There are laws in place to protect people from violence, threats, and disorderly conduct however cities continue to justify panhandling bans as a way to further help people feel safe. Out of 128 cities in the U.S. approximately 70 percent still have laws that ban begging in specified public places usually including places where businesses are prevalent such as commercial and tourist districts (Wogan, 2017).
There are many myths and motivations that have been circulating regarding homelessness and food sharing. These myths lead to conceptions generally agreed upon by society which inhibits laws that restrict or prohibit food sharing to be passed. Narrow minded perspectives have painted the picture that sharing food with the homeless enables them to remain homeless. This perspective and other myths have led to 31 cities nationwide taking steps to reduce or ban the act of food sharing.
Since 2013 more and more cities have turned to banning food sharing, hurting food insecure insecure and homeless individuals. In spite of these discriminatory legislation brave people have been taking a stand and are continuing to share with those in need. Back in January of this year 12 individuals volunteering in El Cajon, California were charged with misdemeanors for serving food to the homeless in the park. (Guarnieri, 2018) Similar occurrences have been happening across the country, especially with the organization Food not Bombs, an anti-war organization that serves free vegetarian and vegan meals and promotes peace. In August of this year they played a huge role in making strides towards getting rid of food sharing bans in the United States.
In 2015 Food not Bombs sued the city of Fort Lauderdale, Florida after it enacted an ordinance that banned food sharing in public unless organizations follow a lengthy list of requirements. The organization claimed that the ordinance and park was unconstitutionally vague, and a violation of the first amendment. Federal court dismissed their case because it was supposedly not in the sphere of the First Amendment and there was no particularized message. A major fallacy in our legal system today is that homeless individuals are being punished for sleeping in the streets when shelter is not accessible to them. NOT DONE
Why has the Homeless Community been Targeted
A report by the Seattle University School of Law found that ordinances that punish the homeless can be traced back to the beginnings of our country. In the original thirteen colonies of the United States many of the laws were based off of those made by english parliament. This includes anti-vagrancy laws. The State of Labourers written by English Parliament in the 14th century under King Edward III greatly influenced the colonies to enforce laws that punish vagrants. Vagrants during this time were considered to be people who travelled from one city to the next and did not have money or a job. Laws during this time were tailored to purposefully discriminate against these people and empower local authorities to push vagrants out to avoid economic instability.
This type of discriminatory legislation persists throughout history: from Jim Crows laws that suppressed Black Americans, the prohibition of migrant workers moving from plain states to Washington or California, and the punishment of disabled americans for appearing in public places in the United States. The report also found that Before the Civil Rights Movement there were anti-vagrancy laws that specifically were targeted at “vagrants” or those “neglected by their employment” but were eventually struck down by courts for violating the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments along with other exclusion laws. Cities tried getting around this by using different, more ambiguous terms that still gave them to ability to remove unwanted people.
These laws, however, were struck down again after the conclusion of the Civil Rights Movement for giving officers too much leeway in determining who actually was violating the laws. Following this cities then came to use the terms “panhandling,” “food sharing,” and “camping” to avoid being deemed unconstitutional due to ambiguity. The ordinances moved away from describing the appearance of the person but the conduct and behaviour in violation instead. Although this new statutory language does restrict laws from being used as a broad tool for law enforcement, it still allows them to evade due process .
Patterns and mentalities stemming from society’s response. This section will explore why homeless people are treated so poorly in America. A question raised is why are people with the least social power treated as if they are a threat to society? Professor Amster, co-director of the program on Justice and Peace from the University of Georgetown, presents following theory: society sees homeless individuals as a part of “deviant subculture” due to mainstream media depicting them that way. This places them under stereotypes of danger, disease, and criminal behavior. The homeless and others who fall under this construct are seen “as inferior, inhuman, unsympathetic, deserving of their fate, and perhaps even requiring punitive measures.” Basically society believes these people are subhuman individuals who deserve to be treated poorly and don’t deserve compassion. All of this is based on perception and not fact which confirms how strong the power of human emotions and collective conscience is. Despite.
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Civil Rights Movement Housing. (2022, Feb 05).
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About Poverty and Overpopulation
Overpopulation is a major issue in which the population, or the effect of a population, exceeds the area’s carrying capacity. It has a significant negative effect on several major world issues, and leads to squalid, cramped conditions with rampant disease and a severe buildup of waste. It can affect every country, but most severely impacts underdeveloped countries with subpar healthcare. Crowded and jettied buildings meant to utilize space more efficiently “taketh away the liberty of the air, making it unwholesome (William Oldys),” causing acute local pollution and even suffocation. Jettied buildings also greatly contribute to extremely large and devastating fires, and “as it doth facilitate a conflagration, so doth it also hinder the remedy (William Oldys),” preventing firefighting.
However, they’re only a symptom of the true problem: huge masses of people stuffed into increasingly small and destitute living spaces that can’t handle the population. This results in slums, ghettos, and favelas, all “breeding grounds for disease (Marcia Angell).” These slums result in dismal situations like Kibera Kenya, the largest slum in the world, with almost no access to water, no public services, poor shelter, and egregious poverty. There are only so many resources to go around, leading to extremely limited healthcare and almost no education, which in turn leads to even more children, compounding the problem.
More resources are required to support more people, leading to further deforestation and devastation of local habitats. Both the creation of waste and its improper disposal skyrocket with larger populations, causing pollution to contaminate nearby bodies of water and create smog, causing health hazards and visibility issues, and destroying the environment even further. This wild disregard for nature has drastic consequences- up to and including acid rain, eutrophication, global warming, polar vortices, the depletion of the ozone layer, and the sixth mass extinction. The sixth mass extinction, or the Holocene Extinction, is just as bad as it sounds- 150 to 200 species die out in day thanks to human influence, and this unprecedented rate of extinction is worse than “anything the world has experienced since the vanishing of the dinosaurs nearly 65 million years ago (John Vidal),” making humans “worse than a world ending apocalyptic event (Ashley South).”
Scientists estimate that “humans have driven roughly 1,000 species extinct (David Biello).” Anthony Barnosky predicts that “75% of all mammal species will have disappeared in 300 years (Anthony Barnosky)” and 30% of all species will be gone in 40 years. Evolution simply cannot compensate for this astounding amount of reckless death, and only humans are capable of stopping this mass extinction. We must act now, and we must act fast. Employing environmental conservation efforts like renewable solar and wind farms, switching to nuclear energy, and cutting back on deforestation is a good start, but it’s simply not enough. Devastated populations and endangered species have to be carefully nurtured back to health, and “aggressive conservation (David Biello)” methods like containing and killing invasive species, vaccination of wild fauna, and importing locally extinct species must be implemented if we wish to have a significant impact.
Overpopulation also greatly contributes to the severity of epidemics, and the prevalence of disease as a whole. The world population is currently approaching 8 billion, and the vast numbers of people required a drastic change in lifestyle from the relatively disease-free hunter gatherers. Rapidly growing megacities - and the accompanying slums - require people to live in very close quarters, resulting in the almost unrestricted spread of disease, and creating a melting pot of bacteria and viruses. Modern transportation allows for constant travel, infecting even more people and spreading once-local diseases round the world in a matter of hours. Subpar environmental conditions and poor living situations exacerbate the matter, causing a host of diseases and cancers, and substantially worsening the standard of living.
However, there is hope. India suffered from overpopulation as a direct result of insufficient healthcare. It launched the world’s first governmentally sponsored family planning policy in 1952 after the population increased by thirteen percent in a single year, and increased efforts to educate the populace on birth control methods and a greater focus on the health rationale of family planning were fully implemented by 1996. The health rationale of family planning subsequently eclipsed the demographic rationale so completely that the Department of Family Welfare was merged with the Department of Health in 2005, and India is expected to stabilize at 1.8 billion by 2050, entirely thanks to healthcare. Other countries can fix overpopulation too. Implementing better educational and healthcare systems will result in less children the families are unable to care for, contain the spread of disease, and produce more educated workers that can stabilize the country’s economy.
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The Culture of Poverty
For my portion of the project I chose to write about the health beliefs and social beliefs practiced in the Latino culture. These practices are vastly different from the American culture. When it comes to health care, many patients seek health care through a primary care physician. This decision is only utilized if one’s illness can’t be cured by spiritual or religious practices. These beliefs play a vital role in prayer and healing. The use of candles that have different saints are used to burn and pray for certain illnesses. For example, the candle for healing is Our lady of Lourdes which provides healing for all types of body illness. I have purchased one for everyone to see. This reiterates how prayer and religious beliefs are most important in their culture. Faith in God is used to understand and cure the problem for some with an illness.
Other resources include home remedies such as Salvia which is Sage, this is said to prevent hair loss, coryza, and diabetes. Another resource used among the community is using herbal medicine or sharing of prescriptions from other family members. While some of these beliefs and traditions can be beneficial, some could be harmful. Their belief is that if someone is sick it means they are out of balance or too much hot or too much cold. Hot diseases are visible such as sore throat or vomiting. Cold diseases are symptoms that are not visible such as ear aches or stomach cramps. Depending on where the patient is from it is best to ask if there are any medications that contradict their beliefs.
There are many traditional remedies used in this culture to help with many types of illness. If someone has a skin rash, the remedy would be to apply cornstarch to the rash. This is only one example of many remedies used for healing. Statistically, a great portion of the Latino community live below the poverty level and can’t afford to go see a physician. Therefore, practices like prayer, herbal medicine, and home remedies are the primary source of dealing with illness.
?When it comes to social behaviors, family is the most important aspect in the Latino community. Collogues and good friends can also be considered family. This is where family members find their identity. Even usually has a role in the family so it can be considered a good support system. The gender roles from past generations still tend to be the traditional norm. The husband in the family make the health decisions for the whole family. The husband is the protector, provider, and even the decision- maker for the family, this is referred to as Machismo in the Latino community. The wife holds the family and home together with being the primary caregiver and at the use of culture wisdom. ?Spanish is the primary language in every household and if there is an elder in the household, he/she sets the tone for respect. Using proper manners and stay true to values such as honor, family is most important.
Also, communication between other Latinos in the community is critical on how they respond to one another. A good firm handshake is a sign of immense respect because it displays trust but, in some communities, making direct eye contact is a sign of disrespect. Some communication behaviors can be non-communicative, just with touch and stance while interacting. This is an old tradition still used today. In conclusion I’ve learned that spirituality and religion is the primary resource for any illness. The other types of resources are first utilized and if that doesn’t suffice then medical attention from a physician is the last resort. Also, family is the most important tradition in Latino culture because they will always be there when you need them
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The Conclusion of Poverty
Those who are poor always seem to get the short end of the stick in every aspect. This is what one man, author Matthew O’Brien, argue “Poverty is Literally Making People Sick Because They Can’t Afford Food” published in 2014 in the Atlantic Magazine. He argues that individuals with low incomes are most likely to become sick because they run out of funds by the end of each month causing them to have to cut back on their food supply and basically starve. As, a result of this dilemma it is apparent that O’Brien truly believes that those who are poor should obtain more government assistance each month, by not only receiving payments at the beginning of the month but also at the end of the month. To support his argument for America’s desperate need to increase benefits for impoverished American’s O’Brien begins building credibility by employing emotional appeal to effectively utilize his argument, citing facts and statistics to persuade readers of the seriousness of poverty and how it affects our health.
The reader understands O’Brien rhetorical situation is driven by seriousness. The author creates his thesis by believing the federal government needs to give more benefits for poverty-stricken citizens, especially those citizens who are in jeopardy of hypoglycemia. Income inequality is making us sick (O’Brien). The choice of content forces the reader to ponder income inequality in the United States. Those Diabetic Americans who are forced to lower their food consumption tend to become hypoglycemic. In the article he states his counter argument that this can be caused by not eating healthy. O’Brien’s beliefs reveal his liberal stance about supporting the poor, and he portrays this as he attempts to evoke sympathy from his readers. The remark that “poverty begets poverty” reveals his liberal social-economic stance behind the rhetorical situation (O’Brien).
An author’s writing is also dependent upon the intended audience: who the author expects to read the text. Depending on the audience’s knowledge, concerns, and demographics, the writer incorporates and avoids certain components. O’Brien’s audience is likely a group of versed readers, as his article is posted in The Atlantic Magazine, which is generally comprised of sophisticated, often politically based writing. Some of his audience may share his liberal views and seek extended benefits for poor. Therefore, the reader could comprehend that the audience the author is aiming towards are working middle class along with politicians to raise awareness on this topic. O’Brien’s use of the first person “us” is deliberate – his reasonableness with the audience gains him credibility and helps verify that insufficient government aid leaves the poor in the dirt.
The authors tone is persuasive that in a way encourages the reader to support destitute American’s. In addition, O’Brien utilizes statistics to add more argument and build his credibility and make us trust him: “Maybe giving poorer people more cold, hard cash would let them afford more food at the end of the month – and save the $1,186 that an average hypoglycemia episode costs” (O’Brien). O’Brien resonates with a social - economical diverse group of people: poor Americans to whom $1,186 is an unimaginable figure as well as middle and upper class readers who in all likelihood have medical insurance. Both O’Brien’s statistics and poignant claims are crucial in understanding his rhetorical situation, which revolves around the tyranny of income inequality. The author gives us logos by explaining that it would be more cost effective to help those who are unfortunate with food to prevent expensive hospital costs. Further in the article he talks about appendicitis which is directly linked to eating unhealthy.
The cases of appendicitis do not change when you look at difference of incomes or time of the month. He uses pathos to show how people are suffering unnecessarily. So anything that stops some of this cycle of bad jobs, bad health, and broken homes could reduce spending on the rest (O’Brien). In which he goes to explain that by giving them more food and money in the month this would decrease not just diabetic emergencies in throughout the United States but this would also increase spending to uphold the economy The statement reveals how serious the author is; he wants those who have the ability make change to apprehend his solution and reform to help middle class citizens receive more benefits. O’Brien offers solutions such as increasing minimum wage and giving poor people more money. He is basically exercising pathos by saying if we give them more money for food they we will come out cheaper rather if we don’t they will get health issues from starvation by the end of the month and we still will have to pay their expensive hospital bills.
Conclusion--- The article “Poverty Is Literally Making People Sick Because They Can't Afford Food” by Matthew O’Brian covers a serious topic in only a few short pages. The problem addressed is that people are more likely to go to the hospital at the end of the month instead of the beginning of the month when there is no food, the counter argument is credible by showing appendicitis and that it does not change throughout the month, and then a solution is given at the end of the article on how to fix the epidemic. In which, he exercises pathos by saying if we give them more money for food they we will come out cheaper rather if we don’t they will have health issues from starvation by the end of the month and we still will have to pay their expensive hospital bills. Moreover, O’Brien’s persuasiveness is what motivates his rhetorical situation, which can be discerned as seriousness under the fatal conditions poor Americans face. The author appeals to logic by presenting his research in an organized fashion.
He shows ethos by citing credible sources and giving ways to fix a morally wrong pattern that we face in our society today, and he uses pathos to show how people are suffering and really don’t have to. If both political parties were to come to agreement and give the poor more spending money all around. It would in fact, create more money circulating in the lower class which would increase spending all around not just for food. “The basic idea is that people struggling to make it paycheck-to-paycheck (or benefits-to-benefits) might run out of money at the end of the month and has to cut back on food”. Many people will look at O’Brien’s article and not understand the situation if they have never experienced it. Growing up in a home very similar to the one discussed in the article I understand living pay check to paycheck is no way to live. It was not just a strain on my parents and their health; I suffered as well. To where somedays I would choose work over school to help my parents make ends meet for food and other necessities.
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Cause and Effect on Poverty
Is there a correlation between incarceration rates and poverty? If incarceration rates are related to poverty, then states that has a high number of people being incarcerated will have a correlation to the number of families being in poverty. My research will show that being incarcerated will have an adverse effect on society and the social economical factors that lends to family households being in poverty which causes a systemic problem across the nation. Using prior researcher’s data that can reveal similar studies to show a correlation to incarceration and poverty. Howards Becker’s labeling theory can attest to my conclusion that being incarcerated will lead to poverty. Why? In the labeling theory it explains how one who is deemed as being deviate or a felony becomes that of the title which has been placed on that person. This leads to being incarcerated and ending up being in poverty after getting out of the institution that person is placed in and not being able to obtain ligament gainful employment.
Research design
I will be conducting my research by using quantitative data that I have collected from two secondary sources due to the lack of time to use qualitative data which will yield a more accurate depiction of my research on my two variables. I will use a research design involving a quantitative, correlational analysis of secondary data. Quantitative research is numerical data and the process of quantification that allows my research to be clear; also, it allows me to collect and summarize data that has been gathered previously.
Furthermore, quantitative data uses longitudinal data that has been collected, to describe data varying from simple to complex testing of relationships between multiple variable. Correlational or more specifically the Pearson’s product-moment correlation describes the ratio and interval variables that are to analyzed. It is an index used to measure correlation. The Pearson’s r may variously be thought as a special type of mean, a special type of variance, the ration of two means, the ration of two variances, the slope of a line, the cosine of an angle, and the tangent to an ellipse, and may be looked at from several other interesting perspectives. Maxfield & Babbie (2005) stated that the use of exploratory study will be to determine the frequency and or the nature of a selected problem.
There are several benefits of using the exploratory study which include: the capability to satisfy a researcher’s curiosity, when applied to their studies. Also, research can be done with fewer issues. The sample size for any given study depends on type of study and the population being observed. The sample size for my study will involve 50 states. A benefit of using a non random sampling strategy is the sample would not target any one particular sample group, thus hopefully including multiple samples. Also, non-random sampling is convenient, inexpensive and simple to utilize However, there are a few problems with random sampling as well. There is little or very little dependability with using non random sampling . In addition, it is hard to determine the identifying group because the sample used us umknown. Decriptive statistics summarizes or describes data or shows relationships between variables (Hogan, 2014).
References
- Maxfield, M. G. and Babbie, E. (2005). Research methods for criminal justice and criminology.
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How to End Poverty
We are all making a big drive towards industrialization and getting rid of the worlds most occurring problems since the beginning which is poverty. Reaching that we use globalization our only savior in which Charles Wheelan would agree. Proving this thought by showing the destruction of helping, rates and consumers that never lie. And more we will undress the dismal science of globalization uplifting the issue we all call poverty. Over multiple years our stock market have risen and plumited numerous times creating an endless cycle.
During this time the labor market was so tight (it says in the book) ecen fast food restaurants were signing bonuses college kids were getting millin of stock options and capital flowed in. Eventually everything went off track at this time we were not using globalization in which you can understand why it rose then fell. We did not really have a grasp on what was happening no one could really understand what was really goin on. Even if we did understand we did not really have the full concept of the economy and how to make it somewhat consistent which is were globalization comes in.Globalization which represents the increase in the international flow of good and services which in the long run benefits the world greatly giving out thousands of jobs to third world countries and those who do live in poverty all around the world in america and out of america.
As globalization sweeps the nation million of people around the world have found jobs and a source of income within factories and other facilities around the world. Though people may protest at the idea and thought of men , woman and even children working in factories with long hours and low wages in some cases this is as good as it is going to get for most of them and this is their best option. In some cases people mostly americans try to protest on the behalf of the workers rights by boycotting the products that they make and even going as far as trying to get the factories shut down.However these campaigns against workshops hut the very people it is intended to help. You ever tried to help someone and it backfires and actually hurts the even worse that is exactly what happens when people protest on workers behalf not knowing what workers really want. In the book in (chapter 12 page 289 ) it gives you a good example of helping gone wrong when “ Senator Tom Harkin proposed legalization baning imports from countries employing underaged worker.
The direct result was that Bangladesh textile factories stop employing underaged children. But did the children go back to school? Did they return to happy homes? Not according to Oxfam, which found that the displaced child workers ended up in worse jobs, or on the streets- and that a significant number were forced into prostitution.” Us thinking were helping probably means we are not worker would be aghast at the idea of consumers boycotting toys and clothing. In other words someone living in New York may view cause and benefits different from someone on the edge of starvation in Nepal if we could step into their shoes we could see and understand the way they do instead of making assumptions of what they feel.
Our main point in why globalization is important or can save poverty is how it is spent according to what best value of time. The reason we go out and find people who are willing do industrial jobs for long hours and cheap pay is because it frees time to do things that we are better at. This is where absolute advantage comes in which is when different countries are better at producing different things they can do more by specializing at what they are best in and then they trade. Different countries have different advantages and some countries are only poor because they are not productive after all productivity is key to industrializing the world. Which is why workers in other countries provide a lot to trade. “What can Bangladesh offer to the United States? A great deal, it turns out, because of a concept called comparative advantage.
Workers in Bangladesh do not have to be better than American workers at producing anything for there to be gains for trade. Rather, they provide goods to us so that we can spend our time specializing at whatever we do best.”(chapter 12 page 274). So we would buy cheap clothes by poorly educated worker because our engineers would spending time on commercial airplanes because it creates best value of time even though they would know more about manufacturing shoes and shirts. Productivity makes us rich and specialize makes us productive while trade allows to specialize.
“In the long run however, what a country produces and what it consumes are going to be nearly identical.’ What we as consumers can consume is tied down by what we can produce because they produce elsewhere. A country having a GDP (Growth Domestic Product ) of 1,000 can not consume 20,000 per capita what we consume comes from what we produce just like family family spending depending on family income. Without globalization economy is good butt it makes it better. The country produces more goods and services but it is not enough to keep up with a fast growing population. But if we used globalization we could use the help of trading with other countries and we would for sure be able to keep up with consumers plus a fast growing population.
In simple words people nowadays are five times more richer than they were or would have been before the use of world trade. Even though the day is not anymore longer what we can manage to get done in twenty-four hours has changed drastically we are more productive. Something that makes us productive is human capital this is what makes individuals productive this determines our standard of living .”In poor countries, human capital dose all the good things we would expect , and then some.”(chapter 13 page 301) Schools can improve public health which is a form of human capital.And im theory countries that are poor should be able to catch up and fill the gap by watching more developed countries. In the end we all know what we need to do do not fight globalization when poverty is the real villain in this world. In conclusion vote for globalization or many lives will be hut do you want that in your hands.
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Black Lives Matter at School
All for one and one for all, united we stand, divided we fall.” This quote said by Alexandre Dumas emphasizes the value of the word unity. As a united front, we can all come together to do great things in society. Divided, everything will fall apart and unity will be almost nonexistent. The word unite means to come or bring together for a common purpose or action. It comes from the Latin word unus meaning “one” which later changed to “unire”. It was then transformed into uniter meaning “joined together” from its’ past participle “unire”. The late Middle English term “unite” was created during the 1400-1500s. The word unite has a positive connotation, as usually when united, a stronger force or group is created in order to fix something for the better. Unite is the big word for 2018 as across the world, groups of people affected by the Black Lives Matter movement, school shootings, and the fight for equality ( women’s rights) worked together to achieve equal rights and spread awareness for their cause.
Firstly, the Black Lives Matter movement worked together in 2018 to emphasize the importance of their human rights. The Black Lives Matter movement was founded by Alicia Garza, Patrisse Cullors, and Opal Tometi in 2013 and has gained national attention in subsequent years. For instance, on March 18th, 2018, 22 year old Stephon Clark was shot in the backyard of the home he was staying in Sacramento, California. According to a press release issued by the Sacramento Police Department, Clark turned and began to “advance forward with his arms extended, and holding an object in his hands”. The officers, who believed the object was a gun, fired 20 rounds at Clark, eight of which hit him. This shooting sparked public outcry both locally and nationally. Protesters marched the streets of Sacramento calling for justice to be served for him and demanded that the city’s leadership fire the two officers involved.
Activists for the cause said that Clark’s death showed Martin Luther King Jr’s goals have yet to be met and vowed to keep protesting in the days following his death. Nearly 400 people, including those who never met Clark before, banded together to protest. “It has been 50 years, and we’re still fighting for the same things, so we’re still angry,” said Tanya Faison, a founder of Black Lives Matter Sacramento. “Everything Martin Luther King fought for, we’re still fighting for.” Their protests never had the intentions of being violent or as an act to cause problems for the people of Sacramento. Rather, their goal was to to stand up for their rights and to bring people together in honor of Stephon Clark. Through this type of unity, the community was simply attempting to work together through nonviolent civil action to pursue justice and demand reform. Yet another instance of black people coming together came from Brandon Smith, who died in police custody on the way to a main jail site in Sacramento on June 6th.
Body cam footage on one of the police officers shows Smith screaming, grunting, and then saying “ I’m f—— up. I feel like I’m having a heart attack. Oh my god.” The officer transporting Smith did not respond to his cries for help. “As he got close to the jail, he basically noticed a change in (Smith’s) movement,” said Sergeant Vance Chandler who asked the Sacramento police officer to transport Smith to the Sacramento County main jail. The officer called for emergency aid and administered CPR . From there, Smith was transported to a hospital were he was pronounced dead. This caused more protests to take place along the Sacramento streets, wanting justice for Smith. “When Sac P.D. came to pick him up, he was already inquired and in pain. They didn’t do anything to give him any type of medical attention.,” said Smith’s mother, Yolanda Ford. “They could have made sure he stayed alive by getting him medical help. They’re complicit in this… they’re complicit in his death.” Once again, the community came together to support the family of Brandon Smith and provided comfort to them in the face of their loss.
Plenty of people who gave them support did not know who he was, what kind of person he was, or what he stood for. However, they still united to support the family. Throughout the course of 2018, the shootings that took place hit the hearts of many citizens sparking the popularity #BlackLivesMatter across social media with a total of 7.7 million posts on Instagram alone and approximately 30 million times total. Even across the globe, from Europe to Africa, people around the world are marching in solidarity for America’s campaigns for racial justice and against excessive use of force by police. This unity helps to bring awareness to the cause and bring in more supporters to make their voices known and to bring people together for a common goal. Next, school shootings in 2018 brought together thousands of people in support of ending school shootings.
According to data from the US Naval Postgraduate School, there were 94 school violence incidents this year— a record high since 1970 and 59 percent higher than the previous record of 59 in 2006. Within 21 weeks into 2018, there were 23 school shootings where someone was hurt and a total of 113 were killed. One of the first school shootings to take place in 2018 was at Marshall County High School in Benton, Kentucky. Marshall County Assistant Attorney Jason Darnall said the suspect, armed with a handgun, walked into the school at about 8:57 a.m. and started shooting. The victims of the shooting ranged from 14 to 18 years old and a total of 2 students, Bailey Holt and Preston Cope, both 15, were killed. Despite the chaos in the commons, teachers were seen grabbing kids up and helping them get into safe paces or outside leading them to a secure location. Junior Taylor Droke, who was running late to school with a friend, arrived just as students began pouring out of the school. “You could see students dropping their bags and just start running, pushing past each other,” she said.
Despite this, her and a few other courageous students stopped and gave rides to some students and loaned them a phone to call their parents. The results of this school shooting were devastating, but the support was overwhelming. People across Kentucky banded together through social media to raise donations, hold vigils, and send messages of positivity. Marshall County to motivate and uplift the school and families affected by the shooting. The hashtag “MarshallStrong” was used in more than 7,000 posts on Instagram in 2018. Along with that, big name restaurants such as Domino’s and Arby’s hoisted fundraisers and a benefit concert for the high school was held at Briensburg Baptist Church between February and March. Another example comes from a shooting in Parkland, Florida. On February 14th in Stoneham Douglas High School, Nickolas Cruz entered the school carrying a rifle and killed 17 people in about six and a half minutes. This marked the sixth school shooting of 2018 in the U.S. and was the worst since 2012, when gunman Adam Lanza attacked Sandy Hook Elementary School.
However, the Parkland shooting ignited a youth-led anti-gun movement that swept the nation. Within the days following the shooting, the #NeverAgain movement gathered support on social media and sparked countrywide protests for tighter gun control. On Saturday, March 24, hundreds of thousands of demonstrators turned out for the March For Our Lives, a massive public protest in support of gun control. One of the most prominent advocates for the movement is Emma Gonzalez, a survivor of the shooting. After listing the names of all those who died in the school shooting, she stood at the podium for 6 minutes and 20 seconds in silence (the amount of time it took for 17 lives to be taken.) Gonzalez was the last speaker at the rally and definitely left and impact on the crowd, as many were seen in tears as they listened to her words.
When it comes to the overall support for stronger gun laws, there was a significant spike as support reached 67 percent up from 60 percent in October of 2017. More and more Americans sent out their love and support to all schools and families affected by school shootings. Many Americans united in support for gun control and better safety precautions in schools to protect students. Despite the tragedies faced across the U.S., the students, parents, and faculty were not alone in their fight for justice. Lastly, women across the globe fought for equal rights. For example, women have made progress on abortion laws. While abortion laws are still limited in many countries around the world, women’s human rights activists and organizers have gained a few wins in 2018. In Ireland, thousands of Irish citizens mobilized and successfully voted to repeal Article 8, which enshrined a near-total ban on abortion in the country’s constitution in May of 2018. The Irish electorate voted by 1,429,981 votes to 723,632 in favor of abolishing the controversial eighth amendment in their constitution.
That results to a total of 66.4% yes versus 33.6% no. After a 35 years struggle for women to change the law, they finally terminated the law. In addition to that, another example comes from Argentina in June 2018. Hundreds of thousands of supporters of abortion rights flooded the streets of Buenos Aires in support of a law that would legalize abortion. Under Argentine law, in place since 1921, abortion is legal only cases of rape or if the pregnancy poses a risk to the woman’s health. Nevertheless, women in Argentina are still having abortions. Health Minister Adolfo Rubinstein has estimated more than 350,000 clandestine abortions every year. Complications in these abortions are the leading cause of maternal deaths in the country, with about 45,000 to 60,000 women hospitalized each year due to complications from these procedures. Although the law ultimately failed in the Senate, it passed in Congress, an unprecedented achievement, and demonstrated that the public united in support of abortion rights.
Restrictions to abortion rights restrict women’s fundamental self-determination and control of their bodies, lives, and destinies. There are nearly 25 million unsafe abortions globally every year- almost 45% of all total abortions. Through women coming together to fight for their abortion rights, they successfully made changes in the laws within their country. Another example of women’s rights comes from girls and teenagers searching for their voice in society. Girls across the globe are questioning the status quo of who they should and shouldn’t be. More than 130 million girls under 18 around the world are not in school, due to gender bias, conflict, cost, early marriage, and economic pressure on them to work. Furthermore, half of all sexual assaults are committed against girls under the age of 15 and an estimated 10 million girls are married before they turn 18 (often with no say in the matter.)
Although affected by global trends such as closing civic space, sexism, and ageism, girl activists are reshaping organizational structures and shunning hierarchical models for more inclusive decision making. Throughout the course of 2018, girls demanded the opportunity to realize their rights and live to their full potential. From advancing sustainable development in Mexico to working against child marriage in Pakistan, girls are working together in order to change the world for the better. To aid in their struggle, the Global Fund for Women launched the Adolescent Girls Fund, a multi-year initiative designed to expand and deepen focus on adolescent girls ages 10-19, strengthen movements led by girls in sustaining their rights, and fostering mutual learning for adolescent girls.
Together, these girls are united and striving to reform perceptions on women and proving their strength and leadership skills. Overall, through movements made for Black Lives Matter, school shootings, and equality in women's rights, unite is the big word for 2018. As seen in 2018, unity helped bring awareness for rights on abortion, gun control, and the lives of black citizens across the world. The combined effort made globally aided the advancement and improvement of these rights. Moving into 2019, unite will continue to bring together thousands of people for a common cause. If people globally can work together once again throughout the course of 2019, more changes could take place to make the world a better place.
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The Effects of Globalization on Air Pollution in China’s Largest Cities
Although there is a growing body of literature on the future effects of extreme temperatures on public health, predictive changes in future health outcomes associated with climate warming remain challenging and under-explored, especially in developing countries.
This paper shall focus on the climate change data itself, pollution and its’ impact on health in China, particularly on mortality rates; the proposed proactive and reactive solutions already in place, going off of China’s proposals and summits. Within the last 30 years, China has rapidly developed into a major global power. Arguably the world's most important manufacturer and industrial producer; China has become the world's largest exporter and the second largest importer, with the fastest-growing consumer market. China's spectacular economic growth over the past two decades has dramatically depleted the country's natural resources and produced skyrocketing rates of pollution.
“China’s current environmental situation is the result not only of policy choices made today but also of attitudes, approaches, and institutions that have evolved over centuries,” succinctly E. C. Economy sums the situation up in her book, The River Runs Black: The Environmental Challenge to China’s Future. This rapid industrialization is predominantly dependent on coal for energy. Coal itself is an important industry in China, directly employing around 4 million people. In China, about two-thirds of its productivity comes from the coal industry. For the past 50 years, coal has been the main source of fuel and electrical power in China, powering approximately 70 percent of her homes. Coal consumption in particular, is the lead contributor to global climate change and one of the most polluting fuel sources. China has more coal-fired power plants than any other country in the world, about 40 percent of the global total. The high number of coal-fired power plants, often with low efficiency and low environmental standards, can be seen as a strong driver of major air quality problems in vast urban conglomerations, especially in China’s developed east. The sulfur dioxide produced in coal combustion poses an immediate threat to the health of China's citizens, contributing to about 400, 000 premature deaths a year. The largest benefits would accrue from reducing the number of deaths from strokes, ischaemic heart disease, and lung disease.
Historically, a combination of lax pollution policies and an over-dependence on fossil fuels has resulted in heavy pollution in and around populated areas, as well as the continued depletion of China’s natural resources. Smog over China has doubled in recent years, enveloping large areas of the populated east. In recent studies, even with the recent cutbacks to coal emissions of carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur dioxide pollutants, climate change has affected the duration and intensity of air, water, and soil pollution. It is an uncomfortable situation for any country to be in, this rock and a hard place position between favourable economic development powered by fossil fuel use, and alarmingly high levels of pollution harming her citizens’ physical/mental well-being and polluting the physical countryside itself. Let alone a developing nation that is poised to make incredible ripples on technology, construction, energy, education, and so much more, on a global level. The rapid development of China, regardless of socio-political pressures is nothing short of astounding, unfortunately the pollution marrying both urban and rural settings really forces the individual to think, ‘is progress still progress if it is self-destructive?’
Smog in China in recent years has become a subject of outcry, due to the discrepancy between standard air quality measures delivered to the masses and actual dangerous particulate matter levels that have not been accounted for by official quality-testers. Particulate matter having a diameter of 2.5 microns or less is commonly referred to as PM2.5. Particulate matter 10 (PM10) measures one-seventh of a person's width, so one can imagine how small PM2.5 is. PM2.5 consists of metals, allergens, nitrates, sulfates, organic chemicals, soil and dust, which are derived from combustion products, fireplace smoke, construction site dust and agricultural activities. Due to weather, temperature and inversion, PM2.5 levels are usually higher in winter. The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) PM2.5 standard stipulates that the average daily PM2.5 level should not exceed 35 micrograms per cubic meter, while the annual average PM2.5 level should not exceed 12 micrograms per cubic meter. The reduction of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) pollution in China would, on average, cause about 20,?000 fewer deaths per year in 2030, and about 370, 000 fewer annual deaths in 2050. Statistically, the average annual PM2.5 air pollution levels between 2008 and 2017 was 84.97. This exceeds the EPA standard by 49.97 micrograms per cubic meter. In 2013, there was on average about 100.76 micrograms of PM2.5 particles per cubic meter to be found in the air in Beijing, China.
The graphs below will demonstrate the average monthly temperature and rainfall for mainland China between a specific set of dates. The X-axis has the months of the year listed chronologically from left to right, starting with January and ending with December. The primary Y-axis shows Rainfall amounts, beginning with 0 (mm), middling at 60 (mm), and topping off at 120 (mm). The secondary Y-axis has Temperature recorded in ( °C), beginning with -16 °C, middling at 16 °C, and topping off at 48 °C.
The image below shows the average monthly temperature and rainfall data in China from 1901 to 1930. For January, the average recorded temperature was -8.9 °C and average rainfall was 10.2 mm. February had an average recorded temperature of -6.2 °C and an average rainfall of 14.3 mm. March had an average recorded temperature of -0.1 °C and an average rainfall of 25.7 mm. April had an average recorded temperature of 7.2 °C and an average rainfall of 39.8 mm. May had an average recorded temperature of 12.8 °C and an average rainfall of 59.4 mm. June had an average recorded temperature of 17 °C and an average rainfall of 89.6 mm. July had an average recorded temperature of 19.4 °C and an average rainfall of 107.1 mm. August had an average recorded temperature of 18.5 °C and an average rainfall of 97.9 mm. September had an average recorded temperature of 13.9 °C and an average rainfall of 61.4 mm. October had an average recorded temperature of 7.3 °C and an average rainfall of 32.8 mm. November had an average recorded temperature of -0.9 °C and an average rainfall of 17.1 mm. December had an average recorded temperature of -7.2 °C and an average rainfall of 10.3 mm.
Average Monthly Temperature and Rainfall for China from 1901-1930
The graph below shows the average monthly temperature and rainfall data in China from 1991 to 2015. For January, the average recorded temperature was -7.9 °C and average rainfall was 12 mm, this is a full degree lower than its 1901-1930 temperature counterpart, and approximately 1.8 mm more rainfall than in previous years. February had an average recorded temperature of -4.3 °C (nearly 2 degrees lower than previous data) and an average rainfall of 15 mm (nearly one mm more than above). The trend continues onwards with March having an average recorded temperature of 1.5 °C (compared to 0.1°C) and an average rainfall of 26.6 mm (compared to 25.7 mm). April had an average recorded temperature of 8.5 °C and an average rainfall of 39.7 mm. May had an average recorded temperature of 13.6 °C and an average rainfall of 62.1 mm. June had an average recorded temperature of 17.8°C and an average rainfall of 95.6 mm. July had an average recorded temperature of 19.9 °C and an average rainfall of 110.6 mm. August had an average recorded temperature of 18.8 °C and an average rainfall of 96.6 mm. September had an average recorded temperature of 14.4 °C and an average rainfall of 56.6 mm. October had an average recorded temperature of 7.8 °C and an average rainfall of 31.3 mm. November had an average recorded temperature of 0.2 °C and an average rainfall of 18.5 mm. December had an average recorded temperature of -6 °C and an average rainfall of 11.6 mm.
Average Monthly Temperature and Rainfall for China from 1991 to 2015
It is important to assess how the climate has changed in the past and shall continue to change in the future. Monthly average historical rainfall and temperature data can be plotted to show the baseline climate and seasonality for each month, year, and rainfall and temperature. The data sets above were produced by the University of East Anglia (UEA) Climate Research Unit (CRU). Averaged out, the overall temperature of mainland China has permanently increased 1.1°C, and rainfall has increased .88 mm, which may sound an insignificant amount. The trends we can see as each year passes, the averages between those two graphs show an increase in both temperature (climate change due to carbon emissions and greenhouse gas buildup) and rainfall (climate change due to interruptions and intensities in the water cycle) over time. Climate change can mean an increase in rain for some, and none at all for others; such as, over the past 50 years, a drying trend was observed in the Yellow River Basin and North China Plain. Anthropogenic climate change has led to an overall decrease in total monsoon rainfall over the past 65 years and an increased number of dry days.
Conversely climate change can cause droughts and deluges in one fell swoop. How is this possible? A study concluded that “about 60% of the rain and snow falling on land comes from the ocean's water, and another 40% of the rain is ‘circulating’ on the mainland (Keys, Wang-Erlandsson, & Gordon, 2016).” Most of China's rain and snow come from the evaporation of Eurasia. As the atmosphere warms, it can hold more moisture. The intensity of the storm (and therefore the risk of flooding) depends in part on how much water the air can hold at a given time. As the world warms, the ocean's evaporation rate is increasing. Think about heating cauldron water on the stove - the higher the dial, the faster the water evaporates. Almost the same thing happens on Earth, and on a global scale, this higher evaporation rate leads to more extreme rain and drought events. Over the past 30 years, the sea level and sea surface temperature have increased 90 millimeters (mm) and 0.9 degree Celsius, respectively.
Impacts of climate change are wide ranging, with global climate scientists holding different views on the nature of climate change risk. Extreme weather, increased losses from floods and storms, rising sea levels, food shortages, severe water shortages, increased deaths and diseases, reduced monetary assets, and limits on energy use are all consequences of climate change. These include health risks from nuclear power generation and carbon capture alongside storage, crop yields, acid deposition, macroeconomic shocks, fuel poverty and geopolitical conflicts. Agro-ecosystems, water resources, wetland ecosystems, forest ecosystems, human health, and energy sectors are also at risk. The US Climate and Health Assessment identifies seven categories of climate change impacts on health, including increased morbidity and mortality due to extreme temperature increases; temporary reductions in air quality due to smoke and smoke; increased extreme weather and climate events; and increased media transmission Diseases; increased water-related diseases; reduced food safety, nutrition and distribution; and mental health conditions including anxiety, depression and substance use. While anyone's health can be harmed by climate change, some people's risks are greatly increased, including young children, pregnant women, the elderly, chronic diseases and people with disabilities, outdoor workers and people with fewer resources.
Global warming, climate change, whatever you choose to call it, has to-date had a major impact on and in China, including increased drought and flooding, (threatening China's already fragile food and water supply), and sea level rise that could affect millions of people in Shanghai, not to mention other densely populated coastal cities. Air pollution contributes to an estimated 1.2 million premature deaths in China annually. Pollution has also been linked to the proliferation of acute and chronic diseases; estimates suggest that around 11 percent of digestive-system cancers in China may stem from unsafe drinking water. Soil pollution is not to be taken lightly either; China’s chemical and fertilizer industries have been poorly managed for decades, and the soil still stores waste dumped over the years. The NDRC has yet to take action to tackle agricultural pollution, including the contamination of farmland by heavy metals, with 3.33 million hectares (8 million acres) believed to be too polluted to grow crops. Agricultural pollution by way of soil toxicity is perhaps one of the most neglected threats to Chinese public health. The three most common metallic toxins found in around 40% of polluted soil, in and around industrial areas and farmland are: lead, arsenic, and cadmium.Wastewater and industrial wastewater are increasingly used because there is not enough fresh water available.
In northern China, per capita water consumption is less than in Saudi Arabia, so farmers can use any water available. Air and water pollution are reversible, the two elements tend to bounce back rather quickly, so long as you quit harmful pollutant behaviour, then allow plants to photosynthesize and remove dangerous carbon and nitrogen buildup. Soil however, like deep roots, has a long memory and toxins can remain beneath the surface for centuries, if not longer. Toxins are expensive to remove, and within that centuries’ timeframe, the farmland is intractable and poses a danger to human and other animal life with the spread of toxins by flooding among other concerns. As of yet, there has not been a nationwide health survey to track the effect of soil contamination, and potentially hundreds of millions of Chinese citizens are living on or around contaminated soil, soaking in a cocktail of pollutants that if ingested, cannot be excreted from the body by the liver and kidneys, accumulate causing joint and bone disease, and sometimes cancer.
In 2007, China laid out her roadmap to battle the ill effects of climate change and pollution in China’s National Climate Change Program. Gilley names a number of examples of the authoritarian character of the Chinese approach to environmental challenges, among them, typical command-and-control approaches such as excluding polluting enterprises from receiving state bank loans, directly shutting installations down, and enacting intentional power cuts to achieve energy reduction targets (Gilley, 2012; Balding, 2017). However, scholars have also emphasized that environmental policy in China has switched to a combination of many different approaches (Young et al., 2015), including the introduction of market-like instruments such as emissions trading (Engels/Wang et al., 2018).
Since 2008, the Chinese government has switched to a proactive stance on climate governance and low-carbon development in China’s Actions and Policies on Climate Change. Adopting a low-carbon development strategy promises a number of win-win-outcomes, including energy security, improved health conditions, and industrial and technological modernization. China also increases the direct use of renewables in end-use sectors, via bioenergy in industry, solar thermal for heating and biofuels for transport. On the one hand, the development of a low-carbon economy under the new global trade terms will bring about a resurgence of trade protectionism. On the other hand, energy-saving and clean energy technologies, two examples of the efforts promoted to evolve a low-carbon economy, will provide technological support for China’s initiatives to save energy and reduce carbon. The redefining of responsibilities will also enable China to obtain funds from developed countries to reduce its emissions. These policies are currently centred around the targets set in its NDC, which include a commitment to peak CO2 emissions by 2030 at the latest, lower the carbon intensity of GDP by 60%–65% below 2005 levels by 2030, increase the share of non-fossil energy carriers of the total primary energy supply to around 20% by that time, and increase its forest stock volume by 4.5 billion cubic metres, compared to 2005 levels as well as limiting growth in car ownership and promote faster electrification of mobility in China’s cities could cut the country’s oil demand (and imports) by 2.5 mb/d in 2040.
Is it too little, too late? China has admitted to, in the past, skewing numbers in favour of painting a picture starring a fast-moving, green-churning environmental machine. In short, there is enough evidence to suggest that climate change poses a health risk to the Chinese population. Future research needs to provide ways to adapt to climate change and assess the implementation of adaptation measures; improve the characteristics of climate-health relationships (especially at the regional level); identify thresholds, especially vulnerable groups; and collect and strengthen health issues that may be of concern Long-term monitoring data (including extreme temperatures, vector-borne diseases, air quality, pollen and mold numbers, foodborne and waterborne diseases, and the effects of extreme weather on mental health). Energy security and unprecedented high levels of air pollution have spurred a reluctantly mobilized Chinese government into action, but the question of whether economy or environmentalism shall win the day is still a complete and total toss-up.
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The Effects of Globalization on Air Pollution in China’s Largest Cities. (2022, Feb 04).
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What does Black Lives Matter Mean to you
In our modern society, racism is one of the biggest social issue that continuously arises in our history. It is the discrimination and unequal treatment upon groups based on their race and ethnicity. Racism has greatly progressed throughout time towards the African-Americans, who were most oppressed out of all the races. Certain people in our society have grown to see the black community as an inferior to them. There are many controversies where police are quick to the pull the trigger on black suspects and this shows that racism plays a part in the cause. With the many deaths of innocent black victims, people and people from the Black Lives Matter movement are seeking justice for those who are mistreated. It is a worldwide issue that has affected many people of color and has brought distraught to many communities and families.
Similarly, in the novel When The Emperor Was Divine, by Julie Otsuka, the Japanese-Americans were oppressed and put into internment camps and were obligated to express their loyalty by respecting the American ways. From the beginning, racial discrimination has always been against people who immigrated to this country in hopes of achieving the American Dream; however, they were obstructed by the unjustness of the American society. Whether they are an American or a Japanese-American; they are all people of this country. In When The Emperor Was Divine, the author tells a story about the lives of Japanese-American families who were forced into internment camps after the outbreak of World War II. The Japanese-Americans were demonized as not a “real” American because of their race. Although many years have passed, Japanese-American victims till this day are haunted by the government’s actions. In the passage that I had chose, it explains the government questioning the Japanese-Americans if they swore allegiance to the United States of America to determine their loyalty (99).
Otsuka writes, “She’d been in America for almost twenty years now… ‘the nail that sticks up gets hammered down’-- or be labeled disloyal. She did not want to be sent back to Japan... Loyalty. Disloyalty. Allegiance. Obedience. ‘It’s all just words’ ” (99). The woman in the story obeys the law and has internalize the value of what being a good American is. She normalizes the practices of the American culture, however, her efforts of building a new life in America is damaged through racial discrimination. The woman and her family did not express any disloyalty to America, however it was was evident that they were sent to the internment camps due to discrimination. Japanese-American citizens were being torn down because they were mistaken for being the enemy and for also succeeding in building a new life in a foreign country. She conforms to what the Americans define as success in hopes that it will protect her family.
She did not want anything else besides protecting her family so therefore she followed the government’s orders. Because of racial slurs and discrimination,her family and many other Japanese- Americans were forced to give up their “rights” and “freedom” as citizens. This brings to light a certain issue pertaining discrimination towards those of different color and race. In a CNN article written on September 2018, “Colin Kaepernick: A Cultural Star Fast Turning Into A Global Icon,” by Aimee Lewis; Colin Kaepernick, a San Francisco 49ers quarterback, caused a controversy for refusing to stand during the National Anthem. His motivation to protest sparked when there were many incidents of police brutality against African-Americans. Many black people in America are dealing with police brutality and are getting mistreated because of their race.
Kaepernick says, “I am not going to stand up to show pride in a flag for a country that oppresses black people and people of color” (CNN). Kaepernick mentions that he is not trying disrespect his country, however he is protesting for what he believes is right for the country. The American principles states that everyone has the freedom of speech, freedom of religion, freedom of expression, and much more. All individuals have the right and choice to participate or not to participate for the National Anthem or Pledge of Allegiance. His decision to take a knee is to stand up for those who are oppressed by their color and race. The media is a huge network in this generation and he used this chance to protest by his action during the National Anthem. He believes that everyone should have equal rights as stated in the Constitution. There needs to be justice in America for the innocent lives that are getting taken away by the cops.
Racism is still a major issue and it appears as if we are now existing as two different societies. When minorities are represented as foreign, that is when exclusion is created. Racism has destroyed many communities and has created a separation in our society. Where the rights and freedom of all people are to be treated fairly, this here is the opposite of equality. From the story, “When The Emperor Was Divine” and the article involving Colin Kaepernick, these two reveal how hypocritical America is towards different races. Stated in the Constitution, to be an American it guarantees rights; everyone is created equal no matter the color of your skin, your race, and culture. Being an American also means being able to freely express yourself. Those who are oppressed have every right to stand up for themselves and to speak up as well. In the novel, the woman felt obligated to pay respect to America by agreeing to the allegiance. She had to obey the government’s order to protect her family.
Although the woman could not seek for justice she had to endure through the government’s schemes. In addition, Japanese-Americans were forced to express their loyalty but they were still oppressed although they were citizens who have been living in America for awhile now. Just like the African-Americans, whom are citizens of America are constantly getting discriminated and getting victimized for the color of their skin. For Colin Kaepernick, he explained that he was not trying to disrespect the country but he felt like it was right to stand up for what he believe was right. Kaepernick used his freedom of expression to silently protest for the African-Americans because he strongly believes that why should people be forced to pledge allegiance to America if America is not doing their part to protect every citizen from racism or from any discrimination. It highlights the unfair racial stereotypes that have taken root in our society.
As a country, America claims that everyone is equal. In our modern society, racial discrimination should still not exist. As a nation that is built on unity and lead by the Constitution, many were never taught what the Pledge of Allegiance truly meant. The Constitution contradicts itself by stating “indivisible, with liberty and justice for all,” because the people in America are being discriminatory against different people of color, race, and religion. Reciting the pledge is however a choice, but it is socially and culturally expected. Pledging your allegiance should not be forced by expectations, however, people should stand up for their own principles. People are preaching about ending racism but no one has taken action to completely stop it. So what does it mean to be an American?
Being an American does not always mean that should feel obligated to recite the Pledge of Allegiance or stand for the National Anthem. People of this country have set expectations that “everyone” should pay their loyalty to this nation. The Constitution proclaims that everyone has justice, rights, and their own freedom. Therefore, one should not feel obligated to do any of this if they don’t agree with the positions our nation and society have taken. Our country’s problems will not get solved just by sitting down during the Pledge or Anthem, however, by this stance, it makes people aware of these social issues that are currently going on.
Discrimination of race, culture, and color is still happening till this day. Racism reflects those who feel like they are superior to other races that are an inferior to them. People should not be victimized for choosing to express what they believe is right. Everyone has their own principles that they stand up for. Pledging to the allegiance has no meaning if you disagree with it’s principles and what society expects. Others should respect people who freely express their opinion on a social issues. Being an American does not mean living up to everyone’s standards and expectation, but it is that everyone has their own right as a citizen of this country, no matter the color of their skin, their race, religion, and culture.
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What Does Black Lives Matter Mean To You. (2022, Feb 04).
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Introduction to Domestic Violence
Introduction
According to the CDC the term “intimate partner violence” describes physical violence, sexual violence, stalking and psychological aggression (including coercive acts) by a current or former intimate partner. An intimate partner is a person with whom one has a close personal relationship that can be characterized by the following:
- Emotional connectedness
- Regular contact
- Ongoing physical contact and/or sexual behavior
- Identity as a couple
- Familiarity and knowledge about each other’s lives
Domestic Violence occurs with both young men and women of all ages. The purpose of the paper is to discuss how often domestic violence is reported by victims (both men and women). Also incorporate how domestic violence is viewed in affluent areas and how the children of domestic violence are affected.
Mindfulness is a key advance to aversion. Its expanded endeavors should include men who are additionally experiencing IVP. It is indispensable to teach the general population to report domestic violence. The sooner it is reported, and counseling starts the less likely it will happen again.
With Intimate Partner Violence, mindfulness is only one of the issues. The primary issue lies with making more programs and subsidizing to help this populace when emergency emerge. Individualized consideration for this populace ought to be a tremendous need. Social laborers ought to be made mindful of the scourge toward this populace and be more sympathetic to their requirements.
Description of Stress or Crisis
Domestic violence is a type of ordeal that can result in mental health issues for the victims. Measures of clinical depression and post-traumatic stress disorder are higher among those that experience domestic violence (DV) or intimate partner violence (IVP) versus those not exposed to DV and IVP. There are various interventions intended to address the traumatic events one has encountered throughout their life. Numerous IPV survivors are still under danger of progressing misuse or stalking, which not just straightforwardly impacts their physical and mental security however impacts treatment choices. Little is thought about the degree to which existing interventions are appropriate to, or require change for, DV and IVP survivors. This paper, discusses how often domestic violence is reported by victims (both men and women), how domestic violence is viewed in affluent areas, and how the children of domestic violence are affected.
More than Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a well-know and disturbing occurrence, with millions of men and women being abused by intimate partners and ex-partners. According to Barber (as cited in Drijber, Reijnders, & Ceelen, 2013) men are victims of IPV as well, but there are not as many studies for IPV against men. A study done in the Netherlands confirms IVP female-to-male. The results showed that of the 380 men participants 96% of them experienced abuse from an ex-partner.
Nearly 46% where abused in the previous year and 46% of the victims were abused more than 10 times a year. 67% of them were abused both emotionally and physically (Drijber, Reijnders, & Ceelen, 2013). Besides, relatively 80.0% of men detailed that they were harmed by their female accomplices inside the earlier year, with 77.5% expressing they supported minor injuries and 35.1% continuing extreme injuries, and the male exploited people revealed that they were harmed 11.7% in the past (Hines & Douglas, 2016).
According to Levine and Weitzman (as cited in Haselschwerdt, & Hardesty, 2017) as most women who suffer in silence it no different for those from affluent backgrounds. They try harder to hide the IPV they are experiencing. The mystery and help?seeking written works have produced an abundance of learning with respect to why ladies who are manhandled are shrouded and whom they look for assistance from, yet little is thought about women's, especially well-off moms', interactional administration of mystery and exposure of DV.
Description of the Interventions
Analysts have added to the examination, clinical assessment, mediation and counteractive action of abusive behavior at home. Every nation has one of a kind factors that decide the administrations and assets accessible to mishandled ladies, to kids presented to abusive behavior at home and to IPV victims. Be that as it may, what eventually decides the defenselessness and the wellbeing of the victims are factors, for example, sexual orientation cooperation, political structure, religious cases, mentalities towards brutality all in all and viciousness against ladies, and in addition state supported savagery, for instance common clashes and wars, and movements from and between nations. Various IPV mediations are fixated on casualties of batterers. The exploration writing on mediations for overcomers of IPV gives impressive consolation with respect to the utilization of guiding and organized treatment in lessening negative impacts of maltreatment, including post-horrible pressure issue (PTSD) indications and misery (Hearn, Linköpings universitet, Filosofiska fakulteten, Genus, & Institutionen för tema. 2013).
Unfortunate casualties can occur with domestic abuse. An extensive variety of negative impacts that go past quick physical wounds and incorporate an assortment of stress-related mental pathologies, for example, sorrow, nervousness, and PTSD (Iratzoqui, & McCutcheon, (2018).
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is a method of therapy that is used often when treating those facing IVP. Contrary to brief intercessions, a wide cluster of medications for IPV exploited people incorporates broadened guiding, remedial, and backing programs. They are for the most part directed inside the setting of haven or after release of ladies from it. Organized mediations utilizing intellectual conduct techniques have been very strong in such manner. CBT is regularly utilized in working with savagery survivors. Eminently, there are two primary projects that speak to explicit varieties of CBT approach intended to this objective populace: The Cognitive Trauma Therapy for Battered Women the Helping to Overcome PTSD through Empowerment (HOPE) program. CTT-BW is a psychological injury treatment for ladies with PTSD that joins numerous highlights from standard CBT treatments for PTSD, including instruction, push the executives, introduction treatment, and rebuilding of blame and disgrace related comprehensions. Johnson and partners' HOPE program is a CBT-based mediation for ladies in safe house that tends to security issues, PTSD side effects, personal satisfaction concerns, and post-protect objectives (Lothstein, 2013).
In some clinical preliminaries, CTT-BW has had incredible impacts, prompting extremely generous and huge decreases in PTSD determination, PTSD indications, burdensome manifestations, and injury related blame abatement of dejection level and an expansion of social help (Lothstein, 2013). The principle impediment of proof for CTT-BW up to this point are that its belongings have not been autonomously imitated by an alternate research group, and upkeep of additions past a half year has not yet been examined.
A few counselors have likewise investigated the starter viability of a relational treatment (IPT) for lady’s casualties of IPV and the outcomes demonstrate that IPT can be viable in decreasing the seriousness of side effects of wretchedness among ladies with a foundation of IPV (Smith, & Stover, 2016). It has been demonstrated that likewise manifestations of PTSD can be lessened to non-clinical dimensions. Gatherings utilizing IPT for IPV victims of IPV have turned out to be viable likewise in encouraging chances to build up a progression of social abilities. Moreover, longitudinal evaluations of the viability of IPT demonstrate that steady social maladjustment builds the danger of dejection backslide. The confinements of this investigation are because of the nonappearance of a control gathering; in addition, the examination was led on a little example of ladies with a low-pay who introduced manifestations of dejection that went from extreme to direct.
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Introduction to Domestic Violence. (2022, Feb 04).
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Anti Black Lives Matter
I intend to compare and contrast the logical thought process of the fallacy of composition between anti-SJW’s, anti-Black Lives Matter, anti-feminists, and racism. It must be said, I am not calling those who have anti-feminist, anti-Black Lives Matter, and anti-SJW sentiment racist people. I am comparing the logical thought process of those sentiments to racism and how they follow similar stereotypical ways of thinking. Feminism is a movement dedicated to achieving equality between men and women. It has been misrepresented as misandrism where it is seen as a movement that hates men and wants to oppress them. Black Lives Matter is a movement “that campaigns against violence and systemic racism towards black people” yet has been misrepresented as a violent hate group or terrorist organization that hates white people and kills police officers (“Black Lives Matter”).
“In 2016 a petition calling for the movement to be labeled a ‘terrorist organization’ attracted 140,000 signatures in two weeks” (A.L). The fallacy of composition is the error of assuming that what is true of one member of a group is true for the group as a whole. There have been some irrational and radical feminists and SJW’s who, while are an outspoken minority in the groups, have been used by the radical right-wing racists and misogynists in guilt by association fallacies and have thus given the terms feminist and SJW a negative connotation. This is also called ‘nutpicking’, where you ‘cherrypick’ the ‘nuts’ or radical members of a group and then proceed to attack the group because of the association to the radical members. Similarly, there have been a couple of violent Black Lives Matter members, however, this does not make the Black Lives Matter movement a ‘terrorist organization’.
This type of thinking is the same as when people say ‘all Asians are smart’, ‘all black people are violent’, ‘all Muslims are terrorists’, or ‘all Mexicans are criminals, drug dealers, and rapists’. They take one example of a member of a minority and apply that attribute to the entirety of the group. In contrast, Anti-SJW sentiment and racism differ because I believe the majority of people who have anti-SJW sentiment are not hateful people. There are some people who hate feminists because they are sexist and some people who hate the Black Lives Matter movement because they are racist, but I believe the majority of people who do not like these movements are simply misinformed. Mainstream and moderate people have been manipulated and conditioned to think that SJW movements are negative things by people who hate equality movements simply out of hate and who believe they are superior.
A prime example of this would be Pat Robertson’s remark that “The feminist agenda is not about equal rights for women. It is about a socialist, anti-family political movement that encourages women to leave their husbands, kill their children, practice witchcraft, destroy capitalism, and become lesbians” (Killermann). And because of this “Social change is slow because the people in power are the ones writing the narrative, and they often choose a distracting narrative” (Killermann). But these moderate people who think these movements are negative actually share the exact same sentiments as these SJW movements. They believe women and blacks should be equal, they don’t believe one sex or race is superior to another, while racist or sexist people would believe they are superior. There are women who call themselves ‘anti-feminist women’ yet believe and fight for equality between men and women which would make them feminists.
So in reality, it is very ironic while these people who have been conditioned to believe SJW movements are negative things and say they are ‘anti-SJW’ and against such movements, are actually SJW’s and feminists themselves according to the definitions of such movements. “According to one survey, only 20 percent of women in the US consider themselves feminists” (ReShel). “In another New York Times survey, results showed that only 18 percent of Americans consider themselves feminists, however, 85 percent claimed they believe in ‘equality for women’. Considering that believing in equality for women makes you a feminist, this is interesting, if not a little disturbing” (ReShel). In conclusion, I do not believe anti-SJW, anti-feminists, and anti-BLM are hateful or racist people, for the most part. They just use the same logic as racist people who assume that all people of one group are represented by one member. This is the fallacy of composition that ties the two together.
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Anti Black Lives Matter. (2022, Feb 04).
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Factors of Physical Domestic Violence
Introduction
This chapter presents the analysis of results using socio-demographical information along with explanatory data of women in the study. The study gathered data in the form of main categories and sub-categories so as to make connections and develop an understanding of the participants’ experiences and viewpoints. Each of these main categories consisted of sub-categories that made it easier to gather data that helped to elaborate and explain each theme.
Efforts have been taken to ensure that the information presented does not make the participants identifiable. Most of the women were still in relationships with their perpetrators and some were still in contact with social workers, at the time of the interview. Therefore, a pseudonym replaced all participant names and those pseudonyms also identified each transcript.
Age
The researcher interviewed 12 women aged 18 years and above. The youngest woman was 18 years old and the oldest 53 years (mean age of 34 years), this indicates that relatively young middle-aged women took part in the study.
Data on the age of women were categorised into five-year age groups as indicated above. Majority of women were 38 years and above with 42% as indicated. The second highest was the age group of 23 – 27 years. The lowest number of women is in the middle groups of 28 – 32 and 33 – 37years. The majority age group showed that they were women who have a number of years in experiencing life in general and some kind of abuse in their lifetime.
Heise (1998) found women’s age to be a determining factor in domestic violence, as well as the age difference amongst partners can lead to violence in a relationship. Furthermore, a multi-country survey study done by Heise et al., (1998) and supported by Kishor & Johnson, (2004) revealed that in most countries, women of reproductive age (25 to 34 years) are more exposed to violence by an intimate partner in a relationship. However, age in some studies is not found to be predictive factors of violence in a relationship (Kimuna & Djamba, 2008).
In this study, the age of the women was found not to be a factor in physical abuse. Men are not concern about the women's age to physically abuse them. This is a factual finding as young and old women both experience physical abuse in Tsumeb.
Marital status
The participants who were married formed the largest group with a total of seven. The one married for twenty-one years as the longest and five years as the shortest. WHO & LSHTM (2010) found that longevity in marriage has been found to be associated with lesser physical, sexual or emotional abuse and inversely. Further, two participants reported being in a relationship. Three participants were divorced, separated and cohabiting respectively.
Family status
At the time of the interviews, six participants indicated living with their husbands and children. Two participants were living with their husbands, children, and stepchildren respectively. Two participants were living with their parents and the other two were only staying with their children.
Number of children
Ten out of twelve participants had one to four children. Two participants had no children at the time the study was conducted. Of these children witnessed domestic violence from their parents and it had an impact on the participants. Therefore, the impact can be measured using the women with children. In this study, the number of children the women had during the study is not associated with physical abuse as all women can be victims of any kind of abuse.
Level of education
Six of the women completed their secondary education and one had a bachelor degree. One participant finished the primary school level. The socio-demographic data table indicates that four of the women did not report their educational level during the interview. This could be due to an omission in reporting. The results above show that the majority of women had obtained some higher level of education and therefore their perception of the research topic can influence the outcome of the study.
Hence, Kishor & Johnson (2004) in a cross-sectional study found that women with low educational level experience the highest rate of violence, but findings in a study across 17 countries (Abramsky et al., 2011) also revealed that women with secondary background as level of education were highly affect Ed by abuse from their partners. Correspondingly, Mikton (2010) found education to be a risk and protective factor for domestic violence in couples.
Employment status
The analysis shows that nine of the women interviewed are in full-time employment, while one is self-employed. Only one is unemployed and one is still a learner. This can be positive towards the quality of life but at the same time be negative. As explained later in this chapter, some primary reasons for physical abuse against women were due to the inferiority complex of their partners. Babu & Kar (2009) revealed that women who work and earn money are in control to resist violence in the house. Women in relationships who do not have an income are more vulnerable and are at higher risk of violence from their partners. Indeed, employment is amongst the determining factors of violence in a relationship (Khrishnaan et al., 2010).
Categories and sub-categories identified during the study
Categories and sub-categories were developed to give meaning to the collected data.
Forms of abuse
The criterion for inclusion in the study required that participants had to be in a physically abusive relationship or had to have been in such a relationship. The range of abuses that women may suffer is wide; however, the participants in this study mentioned that they suffered physical, emotional and sexual abuse. This study recounts the experiences of the abused women of Tsumeb regarding the violence perpetrated by their partners.
Physical abuse
All the participants reported that they experienced continuous physical assaults from their partners. Majority of the women reported being beaten. Some women used the term that they were physically abused; as they did not want to go into detail how it was done to them. Of the participants reported to be assaulted with fists and were kicked, to the extent of losing teeth, breaking an arm and getting physical scars on their faces and bodies. One of the participants reported that her partner nearly stabbed her with a knife and another reported that her partner used a broomstick to beat her. Similar to findings of numerous research studies conducted worldwide, these physical acts are the most common type of violent crime committed in non-fatal partner abuse incidents.
Emotional abuse
The findings showed that four out of the 12 participants reported psychological and emotional abuse by their partners. One of the women interviewed noted conversely that she did not know that emotional abuse was part of domestic violence. Some of the abused women, however, did not recognise or even feel that they had suffered such abuse all this time as this kind of abuse can be very subtle. Further, abuse in terms of psychological and emotional behaviours are regarded as non-physical and are often overlooked by people. During the interviews, women were asked: “How was the abuse committed against you?” Only a few mentioned that they were emotionally abused. Shockingly, as the interviews progress, they mentioned that they experienced such abuse as being called names, receiving threats and insulting comments or criticism. Further, they also reported false accusations made towards them, such as having an affair with another man. One participant reported that her partner often wore down her sense of self-image and confidence by consistently saying she was worthless. It is believed that the impact of psychological and emotional abuse is severe. It may have longer lasting effects than physical abuse and can cause enduring damage to the sense of well-being of the victims and their children.
Sexual abuse
Two out of the 12 participants reported to have been sexually abused by their partners, but they refused to elaborate on the incidents. Sexual abuse in marriage is a taboo in the black Namibian context. The culture restrains women and men to talk about their sexual life outside the marriage. Hence, sexual abuse is still being treated as personal and private matters within society. Correspondingly, interviewing abused women in regard to their sexual issues was a challenge.
The time when abuse has started
The variable intended to describe the time frame at which women are mostly started to be abused by their partners. The purpose of these question put the claim on the fact that many women either experience violence right at the start of the relationships or after some time. The analysis shows that only four of the 12 women experienced abuse at later stages of their relationship or marriage whereas the majority indicated that they experienced abuse at the start of such relationships. Many women acknowledge that they were physically and emotionally abuse but were ignorant or accepted it to be a normal practice in a relationship.
Escalation of abuse
Of the 12 participants, 11 reported that the abused increased over time. It was important to note whether decreased or increased for the participants, as escalation describes the process by which controlling behaviour becomes more frequent, less disguised, more damaging and closer to fatal over time. Most of the participants reported that the period between the physical abuses became lesser and the assault more fatal as time passed. One participant, who claimed that the abuse decreased, she reported that it stopped.
Factors contributing to physical abuse
This category serves as the main area of the study, as the purpose of the study was to explore the factors that contribute to physical violence against women in Tsumeb. To determine these factors, the women were asked if they remember the first time the abuse happened and what triggered the physical abuse. The results discovered a number of risk factors that may help to understand the attributes of partner abuse occurrences among women in Tsumeb.
Extra marital affairs
Most of the women noticed that many domestic violence incidents actually started when their partners were involved in love affairs with other women. Five of the women's partners were engaged in extramarital relationships. Extramarital affairs were found to be the major contributing factor to physical abuse in some relationships. An external affair is believed to be a common reason for either separation or divorce among the couples in the Tsumeb community.
Alcohol abuse
Two of the participants reported alcohol to have an influence in contributing to the partners’ acts of violence. These women find themselves trapped in the cycle of violence and even justify their partners’ violent behaviours. Men often use alcohol as an excuse not to be held accountable for their abusive behaviour. Further, these participants’ partners accuse them of disrespect and unfaithfulness and the violence escalate if she tries to respond or defend the accusations.
Inferiority complex
Two participants reported the inferiority complex of their partners to contribute to their abuse. One woman indicated that she had a high position at work, while her partner was just a normal shift worker; she also mentioned that he constantly reminded her that her salary is bigger than his. The other participant reported that the partner had no work and started abusing alcohol; she claimed it is when the abuse started.
Misunderstandings
Two participants indicated having arguments over family and that led to the misunderstanding then physical violence. One of the participants reported that the abuse starting when their baby was born, but continued even when she put the baby in her grandmother’s care. There must have been underlying root causes of the violence, hence the participants did not know.
Anger
One participant reported her partner to get angry over anything. She reported that her partner will sometimes come from somewhere and start to quarrel and then the physical violence start.
It can be concluded that numerous factors contributing to physical violence were found in the study. The list of reasons mentioned by the abused women showed the complexity of abusive relationships in the context of Tsumeb. It is important to remember that acts of violence may be influenced by more than one factor and that they usually escalate over time. As a result, without proper professional help to break the cycle of abuse, victims may have a greater tendency to remain trapped in the relationships.
Domestic violence impacts on abused women
The effects of domestic violence range from physical health impacts to psychological and emotional problems. The impacts are massive. Abused women are not the only persons who suffer the damage caused by domestic violence. In most cases, children are found to be very vulnerable to the long-term effects of family violence, just like the mothers themselves.
Physical effects
Nine out of the twelve women reported having been badly affected as some have external physical scars, such as black eyes. One woman disclosed that she contracted HIV during the period of abuse. One participant reported to suffer back pain, another reported to have developed a stomach ulcer. One woman reported that she lost her front teeth, which caused her to be mocked by people the way she was talking. One woman narrated that she was physically abused while she was pregnant and that caused the baby to breach. Three participants reported that they were not really physically affected by the domestic violence.
Mental effects
It was found that all women in the study reported having experienced psychological and emotional effects due to partner violence. One woman from the total of 12 admitted facing stress. Three women claimed that their lives were full of fear and constant despair. Data shows that all women who participated in the study reported that they self-esteem has been greatly affected. Consequently, their self-confidence was destroyed and isolated themselves to avoid stigmatisation from friends, families and the community. One participant reported to have feelings of anger; two participants reported that they felt embarrassed in the community as they felt that everybody knows they are abused. The women also noted that they felt worthless. In addition, the impact of domestic violence reached the extent of making one participant having suicidal thoughts.
Disclosing the violence
Disclosing partner violence as well as seeking help are the major steps in changing the situation of abusive relationships. It takes a great deal of courage for the abused women to come forward and disclose such abuses. The study allowed the participants to recall how long they have been abused before they disclosed it. At the time of the interviews, it was found that it took the participants between one to 16 years respectively to act on the abuse towards them. There are several reasons that cause victims not to disclose domestic violence.
The study also looked into the barriers which hinder abused women in Tsumeb from disclosing the violent incidents. The results found that the reasons for not disclosing the violence included: of the participants believed that domestic violence was a private family problem, the social stigma attached to the abused women in the community, and fear of retaliation from the partner. Some women reported they believe that their partners loved them but could not handle their anger. Others could not disclose the abuse because of shame and also blaming themselves for the abuse. Two out of the twelve women reported that they did not act, as they regarded the abused as a normal practice. Some of the participants remained with their abusive partners for the reason that the family unit would be incomplete without a father for the children.
Self-defence
The study found that nine participants did not defend themselves during the violent incidence. The reasons the participants disclosed for not defending themselves vary from being scared, being too weak to fight against a man, some thought they were disciplined and that it was a way of showing love. Four out of the twelve participants reported that they tried to defend themselves by fighting back.
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How to Control Air Pollution
I think that the world is a great place in which life boils, but one of the many life forms is very different from everyone else. People have evolved over time to be the only species that does not adapt to the world, they make the world adapt to them. Due to mass commercialization, industrialization and construction, people have changed the world to satisfy our needs. We rarely think about what we have done with the environment and how we pollute the air we breathe. People have had a major impact on air pollution.One of the main conditions for maintaining human health and longevity is clean air. Unfortunately, in modern realities in many parts of the world, achieving this key requirement seems like an impossible mission. But is it impossible to make the air we breathe cleaner? And what exactly pollutes the atmosphere the most?
The Clean Air Act approves the U.S. Natural Protection Agency (EPA) to ensure general wellbeing by controlling the emanations of these unsafe air contaminants. The NRDC has been a main expert on this law since it was built up in 1970.What Causes Air Pollution?'Most air contamination originates from vitality use and creation,' says John Walke, chief of the Clean Air Project, some portion of the Climate and Clean Air program at NRDC. 'Consuming non-renewable energy sources discharges gases and synthetics into the air.' And in a particularly dangerous criticism circle, air contamination adds to environmental change as well as exacerbated by it. 'Air contamination as carbon dioxide and methane raises the world's temperature,' Walke says. 'Another sort of air contamination is then exacerbated by that expanded warmth: Smog structures when the climate is hotter and there's progressively bright radiation.' Climate change additionally builds the creation of allergenic air poisons including mold (because of clammy conditions brought about by extraordinary climate and expanded flooding) and dust (because of a more drawn out dust season and more dust creation).
These two are the most pervasive sorts of air contamination. Brown haze, or 'ground-level ozone,' as it is more wonkily called, happens when discharges from combusting petroleum derivatives respond with daylight. Residue, or 'particulate issue,' is composed of modest particles of synthetic concoctions, soil, smoke, residue, or allergens, as gas or solids, that are conveyed noticeable all around. The EPA's 'Plain English Guide to the Clean Air Act' states, 'In numerous pieces of the United States, contamination has diminished the separation and clearness of what we see by 70 percent.' The wellsprings of exhaust clouds and ash are comparative. 'Both originate from vehicles and trucks, processing plants, power plants, incinerators, motors—whatever combusts petroleum products, for example, coal, gas, or flammable gas,' Walke says.
The most diminutive airborne particles in sediment—regardless of whether they're gas or solids—are particularly hazardous on the grounds that they can infiltrate the lungs and circulatory system and compound bronchitis, lead to cardiovascular failures, and even hurry demise. Brown haze can aggravate the eyes and throat and furthermore harm the lungs—particularly of individuals who work or exercise outside, youngsters, and senior residents. It's far and away more terrible for individuals who have asthma or hypersensitivities—these additional toxins just escalate their side effects and can trigger asthma assaults.
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Impact of Europe on the Great Depression
The Great depression of 1929 shook the entire of Europe making broke economies and temperamental political conditions. A few nations were at first ready to manage the worldwide emergencies, for example, Britain and France however by the mid 1930s by far most of European nations had encountered challenges in their economy. There were those nations who endured more than others as the decay was progressively noticeable in nations dependant on the fare businesses. Germany, regardless of Hoover's decrease of reparations, couldn't keep 33% of their workforce from getting jobless. Banks were falling, significant industry had its yield seriously diminished and horticultural expense of creation rose. Somewhere in the range of 1929 and 1932, the general GDP of European nations was brought down by 10%. Europe endured financial as well as long haul political expenses due the decay of the entrepreneur framework. Clashes among work and capital had been available before the war and would definitely rise again while proceeding with free enterprise financial matters. The shaky financial conditions offered ascend to the outrageous legislative issues of Communism and National Socialism in specific nations while in others, strikes, riots and common war were available.
The decrease of significant industry was ascribed to the high protectionist estimates set up by numerous nations everywhere throughout the world which was noticeable in Europe. The aim was to restore inside economies however it just served to expand gloom. The exchange limitations hit Eastern Europe especially hard, except for Czechoslovakia, as these economies had an over dependence on fares of staples. Disengagement from the world forces constrained them into an autarky-like monetary framework. Hungary had the estimation of its horticultural creation fall by 50% somewhere in the range of 1923 and 1932 Conferences set up to manage levy wars and trade controls gained almost no ground. The outcome was higher creation costs as imports were currently considerably more costly. In Germany, Farmers were hit hardest because of higher creation expenses and lower nourishment costs. As per this, mechanical advancement appeared to be moving the other way as, just because since 1882, work in horticulture was higher than in industry.
Contrasts in financial strategy between the nations of Europe incredibly influenced the seriousness of their particular monetary issues. Significant mix-ups in political approach at the time were especially present during the 1920s and 30s in Europe. Changes in the monetary framework in Germany after the War made Germany the nation the hardest hit by the Downturn. The loss of adaptability in the economy due to consumed creation, exchange boundaries and unbending nature of wages made Germany helpless to varieties in the certainty of outside speculators. Nearby this, the choices made by Chancellor, Heinrich Brüning, to raise charges, cut advantages and decrease government use brought about the expansion of joblessness. The Germans couldn't pay reparations nor money the spending shortfall because of the powerlessness to draw in capital from the USA, France and England. Essentially, the feelings of dread for the estimations of money in Eastern Europe constrained governments to present deflationary arrangement bringing about joblessness and diminished outside interest.
In spite of the fact that the French economy experienced achievement while different nations around them endured, it was not adjusted or changed. An economy that had a dependence on imported crude materials and a wasteful rural segment was just ready to keep up salary levels because of enormous current record surpluses in the late 1920s. The French government were grasped by the recollections of expansion during the 1920s which kept them from seeking after deflationary arrangements and supporting the hypothesis Keynes was conspicuously proposing. All things considered, the French economy endure well until 1934. The French had the option to acquire a fourth of the world's gold after the liquidation of outside trade saves which helped the Franc become one of the most impressive monetary standards on the planet by 1932. In the quick fallout of the Money Road Crash, France was the main nation with modern yield higher in 1930 than in 1929. Be that as it may, the French economy was a long way from secured during this period as material imports expanded by 200,000,000 francs and they experienced remote rivalry. Following three years of budgetary deficiency there was an appearance of obligations.
The breakdown of the financial frameworks in some European nations had significant ramifications across Europe. Austria was at the focal point of the budgetary emergency which brought about the close fallen of the biggest bank in Austria; the Credistalt. The money related emergency was just decreased from the control of the Group of Countries delegates. Austrian banks at that point continued to pull back cash over the trade. There was strife in other European nations with Germany's banks falling flat and were shut for three days. The Reichsbank forced brutal international strategy where remote possessed resources were solidified and cash changes were limited. The decrease in monetary movement in England was imported from abroad and caused through repercussion of the severe financial conditions. This is seen through the decrease to be determined of installments which was just revived after the upgrades in the terms of exchange.
The downturn affected on various zones of society and industry in the different nations. The downturn was a procedure which influenced various parts in inconsistent forces. In England more accentuation of the downturn was focused in the North which was the base for coal, iron and shipbuilding enterprises. Joblessness in the North was twofold the pace of London and the South East. In France, the silk business experienced outside rivalry and expanded expenses of creation which prompted a 80% decrease of silk products somewhere in the range of 1929 and 1937. The agrarian part was hit most noticeably terrible in Eastern Europe with costs of wheat and sugar falling forcefully which diminished buying power. Yugoslavia's creation of jump was decreased by a third and a lot of it was left to spoil as it was uneconomic to deliver. Despite the fact that the seriousness of the Downturn's belongings was differed, its influences were felt in all zones.
The ascent of politically outrageous gatherings was a significant effect of the Downturn yet this was not the situation in every single European nation. The most famous political ascent was as the national communists in Germany. Driven by Hitler, the Nazis started their ascent in the 1930 decisions where they had the option to increase 18% of the vote. Bruning's disliked monetary estimates which fortified the nobility and were intended to expel political duty. The German white collar class became radicalized and different segments of German culture, for example, the protestants, tradesmen and salaried specialists turned their loyalty to extraordinary gatherings. Hitler's arrangement as Chancellor in 1933 prompted long periods of evacuating political rivals and sacred imperatives before tyranny was made sure about in 1934 after the demise of Hindenburg and the 'Night of the Long Blades'. A comparative circumstance created in Austria in which Engelbert Dolfuss took a firm control on the communist government. His activities prompted a short respectful war against the communist government in Red Vienna. Further gains for conservative gatherings were made in Romania where the Iron Gatekeeper development increased 25% of the vote in 1933 from past political lack of clarity. The extremist, Gyula Gömbös, had the option to make become PM in 1932 in Hungary and endeavored to make a hub between Hungary, Austria and Italy.
It was as of now, individuals were dismissing the entrepreneur framework, yet none more so was this view taken in the Soviet Association. Under the belief system of Karl Marx, the as of now in power Socialist system was reinforced and given the 'most striking test to liberal private enterprise and internationalism.' The pattern upheld by the gathering was for the devastation of free enterprise and the expansion in industrialisation achieved through the collectivisation of Soviet worker family units. This merciless arrangement drove by Joseph Stalin brought about the expansion in yield from industry including a trebling of coal creation. The collectivisation procedure brought about viciousness from government powers and human affliction and was censured by laborers across Russia. A case of this disobedience is appeared in the letter from the laborers of the Putilovets production line.
One of the most striking clashes to emerge from the Downturn was the Spanish Common war which brought about a contention between the privilege and left. The 1931 constitution made assaults on the congregation which were savagely protected by the conservative association C.E.D.A. Following the annihilations in the 1936 races, General Franco set up a hostile in a military revolt which brought about the framing of extremist Spain in 1937.
Be that as it may, not every single European nation grasped extraordinary legislative issues with certain countries adhering to generally traditionalist governments. Nations, for example, Finland, Netherlands and England experienced little help for the extraordinary gatherings. The counter framework vote in Finland really decreases in 1930 contrasted with figures in 1928. In England, the achievement of the debasement arrangements and the banks expulsion from the Gold connection helped England stay in Labor's control. There was unquestionably political precariousness when the Money Road Crash with the general strike in 1926 and the Invergordon Rebellion in 1931. In any case, the legislature had the option to respond to this distress and adjusted monetary approach because of social changes and was not forced as a reaction to the droop. The delicacy of English legislative issues was indicated when it was very nearly presenting an extremist foundation under Edward.
This emergency was just forestalled following Stanley Baldwin's guard of traditionalist standards. The idea of the two party political framework kept people in general from being coordinated to radical gatherings. Political shakiness was unequivocally spoken to in France where there were 11 services somewhere in the range of 1932 and 1936. Parliament was predictable in dismissing and toppling three separate governments. The 1932 decisions indicated clear predominance for the Radical and after Stavisky's suicide in 1934, an assortment of fundamentalist associations set up shows and endeavored to arrange a transformation. The consequent races in 1936 gave the Well known Front an unequivocal triumph for the communists. The socialists in any case, couldn't pick up so much help despite the fact that they were the main party to perceive that France was in a downturn. The gathering was blamed for thinking little of the open door these conditions gave them.
In the outcome of the Money Road Crash, Europe had encountered political and financial troubles which brought about common wars and the mass dismissal of private enterprise. The downturn had broken the banks, business and farming in numerous nations and introduced the states of disturbance that numerous extreme legislators took advantage of. The sharp ascent in help for patriot or socialist tyranny was obvious in the center and regular workers who felt despondent by the entrepreneur governments set up. Those nations that were fruitful in decreasing the impacts of the downturn and offer help to these classes had the option to smother mass commitment with outrageous gatherings.
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To what Extent was the Stock Market Crash the Cause of the Great Depression in America
Summary of Evidence
Source 1
This source describes the economic state of the USA prior to World War 1 until the 1930s. The source states the change of the US policy from a policy of isolation to a policy of involvement, with President Wilson taking America into the war. America provided food, arms and munitions to the Allies during the war and this military assistance boosted the trade between America and Europe. When World War 1 ended in 1918 and the Treaty of Versailles was signed in 1919, the USA once again adopted the policy of isolation and Warren Harding took America into a period of prosperity. The source discusses the economic strength of America in the 1920s and the reasons behind the strength, as well as the Stock Market Crash, also known as the Wall Street Crash, in America and the causes of the Great Depression.
During the 1920s in America, the production of consumer goods increased rapidly and more infrastructure was built. The USA was rich in resources and had massive steel, coal and textile industries. Food production also increased rapidly during the 1920s. The US Presidents from 1920 to 1932 were Republicans and the policies of the Republican Party were factors said to have contributed to the economic success of America. Republicans adopted the economic management style of laissez-faire and rarely interfered with business men. Tariffs also protected local business because imported goods were made expensive, and tax was kept as low as possible so people could have money to spend on American businesses. A new industry such as the motor-car industry was booming.
The problems in the US economy are also discussed and some problems are thought to have caused the Great Depression are analysed. The source discusses the negatives impact on the US economy caused by an increase of food production, unemployment and the inequality between genders and race. The causes and effects of the Wall Street Crash on the American economy are also discussed.
Source 2
Bottaro, J. , Visser, P and Worden, N. 2012. In Search of History Grade 11 Learner’s Book. Cape Town: Oxford University Press Southern Africa Ltd. pp. 44-55
This source discusses the economy of America from the 1920s to the 1930s. The source discusses the causes of America’s economic boom during the 1920s and the causes of the economic crisis in late 1920s. The source explains the impact the Stock Market Crash on the US economy and various factors that contributed to the Great Depression.
The capitalist system in the US is analysed, and benefits and downfalls of this economic system in America during the 1920s are identified. New industry and technologies were developed in the 1920s and this, amongst other factors such as policies made by the Republican Party, are listed to have contributed to the economic boom in the US. The weaknesses in the US economy are identified and there underlining problems are identified as factors that caused the Great Depression in America in the 1930s. Inequality amongst races, low wages, discrimination, agricultural problems and unsound business practises are some factors discussed as weaknesses in America that led to the Great Depression. The Wall Street Crash is viewed as a main cause of the Great Depression, as well as a symptom of occurring economic problems in America during the 1920s. The Wall Street Crash is analysed to identify the causes of the Crash and the impacts the Crash had on the US economy.
Source 3
This source discusses the economic state of America during the Roaring Twenties, as well as various factors that had a role in causing the Great Depression such as weak banking systems and unpaid war debts. Yass discusses the booming new industries established in America in the 1920s as well as long-term problems in the economy that were not addressed such as a disparity of wealth. This source discusses the Wall Street crash in America in 1929 as a catalyst of the Great Depression. Factors causing the Wall Street Crash are stated. The responses to economic crises by political figures are also discussed to determine how effective responses were in improving the economy. The source also contains the effects the Great Depression in America had on other countries.
Source 4
This source focuses on America from 1921-1933. New industries developed and these industries are identified as factors which contributed to the prosperous state America was in in the 1920s. The weaknesses in the American economy are also discussed such as goods being easily available on credit which resulted debts not being paid, as well as the discrimination against foreigners which caused tensions between people in America and resulted in demonstrations. There were also debts owed to America by its allies and by Germany as reparations for World War 1. The change from a prosperous economy to a collapsing one is seen in the 1920s by factors such as the collapsing farming industry where surplus food was made and not sold. There were also various bank failures in the 1920s. High tariffs and reduced taxation are identified as factors that stopped America from bringing more money into the economy. The stock market in America was first viewed as a benefit to the economy because it brought wealth to many individuals, but the stock market is later viewed as a weakness of the economy because stocks were eventually sold for higher that their worth. The Stock Market Crash and its impact on the American economy are analysed. Responses to uplift the economy are also mentioned.
Evaluation of Sources
The Great Depression is a book in the Wayland Documentary History Series. It was published in Hove, England and printed in Avon, England in 1973. This source aims to inform readers about “the Roaring Twenties” in America during the early 1920s, leading up to the causes and impact of the Great Depression in America. The source also informs readers about the impact the Great Depression in America had on countries such as Germany and Britain. The source is useful because it discusses the Wall Street Crash and the Great Depression. The source is objective and correlates with other sources which increases its reliability. There are no obvious limitations to the source.
This textbook was published by in Cape Town in 2012 by Oxford University Press Southern Africa Ltd. The purpose of this source is to inform Grade 11 learners about the underlying problems that caused the Great Depression in 1929, as well as the effect the Great Depression had on the American economy. The information in this source is accurate because it correlates with other sources and this increases the reliability of the source. The source is objective and has three authors which increase the reliability. The source is useful because it discusses the causes and impact of the Great Depression and Wall Street Crash. There are no obvious limitations to the source.
Analysis
The aim of this research task is to establish to what extent the Wall Street Crash caused the Great Depression in America in the 1930s. Other than the Wall Street Crash, there were economic, social and political problems in America that played a role in causing the Great Depression such as an unequal distribution of wealth, agricultural problems, unemployment, US tariffs and loans owed to the US.
The uneven distribution of wealth eventually resulted in unemployment and was a contributing factor to the collapse of the US economy known as the Great Depression. Groups such as African Americans, Native Americans and workers did not experience the same benefits of the economic boom in the early 1920s as other Americans such as the high or middle-class Americans. Many workers were exploited resulting in low wages and poor lifestyle. Many African Americans and Native Americans were discriminated against and had a poor standard of living. Many individuals in these groups lived in poverty and this meant they were too poor to buy the goods produced. The demand of goods reduced because people did not have the money to buy these goods, and the decrease in demands resulted in factories producing fewer goods. The reduction of goods produced in factories meant that not as many workers were needed in the factories therefore people lost their jobs.
However, the Stock Market Crash contributed to the Great Depression because it increased unemployment and caused many individuals to lose their savings in ban. Share prices rose steadily in the 1920s but shares were eventually being sold for more than their value. Investors began selling shares to get their money and this resulted in an excess of shares being offered when demand for the shares decreased. The decreasing demand for shares immensely decreased the value of shares. Shares no longer had value and people then stopped investing their money in shares. Those who still had shares were unable to repay loans to banks because they lost their money investing in worthless shares, resulting in bank failures and a further loss of money for individuals who kept their life savings in the collapsing banks. People could no longer afford goods because banks lost their life-savings. The Stock Market Crash resulted in the decrease of demand for goods because people could no longer afford them. Production in factories had to decrease because less people could afford goods produced; resulting in many workers lost their jobs.
Furthermore, standards of living dropped because people became unemployed and could no longer afford basic necessities. (Bottaro et al., 2012). Unemployed people could no longer pay their rents and had to be evicted. Many people became homeless and travelled from place to place looking for jobs.
Agricultural problems eventually resulted in the unemployment of many, and this contributed to the economic recession because people were no longer earning money to live off. (Bottaro et al., 2012). The farming industry in America was booming during World War 1 because food was in high demand from Europe. American farmers produced a lot of food because of high demands and this high demand brought in much profit for them during the War, but the end of War resulted in a decrease of food demand. The decrease in demand resulted in a surplus of food grown by American farmers, resulting in farmers decreasing the price of their produce in order to sell their excess produce and make some money. Farmers had surplus food and were earning less income for it. The reduction of income for farmers led to farm workers losing jobs because farmers could no longer afford to employ these people.
Furthermore, new methods using by growing industries in the 1920s increased unemployment. (Walsh, 2001). Mass production was used in many industries and fewer workers were needed to produce goods. People became unemployed due to a reduction in the demand for labour and those who were unemployed did not earn enough money to live off of or buy necessities. The lack of sales resulted in the demand for goods decreasing and business profits decreased. New industries developed in American used a form of production that negatively affected the economy by increasing unemployment.
In addition, the failure of European countries to repay loans granted to them by private American companies resulted in great money loss for America these companies. American companies granted loans to Europe during the War and these loans were used to help European military and buy war supplies. After WW1 the loans were used by Europe to strengthen their damaged economy as a result of the War. Millions of dollars were lost by the American Companies because many loans were not repaid. War debts contributed to the Great Depression when European countries did not pay back loans and fortunes from American companies were lost. Unpaid loans contributed to the Great Depression because it resulted in less money being brought into the US economy, limiting development in the economy.
However, the Stock Market Crash resulted in businesses struggling to keep their business afloat. Banks collapsed when the stock market crashed and businesses no longer trusted their money with banks. Bank failures also meant that businesses could not get loans needed for expansion and to maintain business operations, resulting in businesses retrenching workers or reducing employees’ wages to keep afloat. The Stock Market Crash led to bank failures which prevented businesses from contributing to the economy because businesses lacked funding to continue or improve their operations and make a profit. The Stock Market Crash also resulted in poor standard of living for those who lost their jobs or earned less money because they had to be fired or their wages had to be reduced in order for businesses to keep afloat.
Furthermore, “millions of wage earners or poorly paid professional workers had invested all or a large part of their accumulated funds in carrying stocks on margin”. This meant that workers were not only affected by wage reductions or being retrenched due to the Stock Market Crash, but those workers also lost their savings due to the Crash of Octobe.
US tariffs contributed to the economic instability in America by indirectly increasing agricultural problems. America’s policy of protective tariffs made imports expensive to protect local business from foreign competition thereby giving local businesses an opportunity to gain profits. US tariffs limited goods being imported therefore European countries did not export many goods to the US. The decreasing exported goods resulted in less money being made by European countries, therefore European countries could not use its funds to purchase America’s surplus food when the sale of the surplus food was essential to reduce America’s agricultural problem.
The Stock Market Crash in America in 1929 was to a lesser extent the cause of the Great Depression. The stock market crash resulted in bank failures, business failures, worsened agricultural problems and unemployment. However, there were many other factors that caused the Great Depression. An unequal distribution of wealth, agricultural problems and unemployment were on-going problem in the US economy prior the Stock Market Crash in October 1929 and these problems were contributing factors of Great Depression in America in the 1930s. US tariffs and loans not being paid back were also contributing factors of the Great Depression.
Reflection
I chose the Great Depression as the topic for my investigation because I had never gone into much detail about it when learning the syllabus. I enjoy learning about American history and wanted to gain more knowledge about the Great Depression in America. This investigation allowed me to learn more about the causes of the Great Depression and adopt a new view about the Stock Market Crash, now seeing the crash as both a symptom and a cause of the economic problems in America.
This investigation helped me develop my time management skills and practise analysing sources. Information about the Great Depression was not difficult to get because there was information available on the Great Depression in school textbooks and libraries.
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How did the Great Depression Contribute to World War 2
It began as an American crisis with one of the darkest days in history. On October 29, 1929 the stock market crashed and it had a rippling effect that was felt around the world. The timing of the Great Depression had varied around the globe but had the same effect; poor economics and a weak peace treaty from World War I contributed to one of the world's most prolific wars of our time.
The ending of World War l brought countries together in hopes to put an end to such devastation that amounted to the war. The magnitude of death and catastrophic nature was enough for world leaders to convene with hopes that such devastation was adequate enough to end all wars. The conference was called to recognize the terms of peace after World War 1.The deterioration of global relations and the most severe economic crisis weigh heavily on nations. Italy, France, The United Kingdom and The United States were known as the “big four” and dominated the proceedings over the 30 nations that had attended the conference at the Paris Peace Conference Negotiations. The Paris conference was complicated due to Italy, France and the United Kingdom being allies during World War 1. Although the United States fought alongside these other countries the United States was not bound to honor pre-existing agreements held between the other nations.
The agreements focused on postwar redistribution of territories. These agreements often led to many disagreements between the nations and negotiations were also shaky due to the fact that other allies were absent during treaty talks. The United States only participated in World War 1 marginally but it cost the United States. Diminish global banking systems and those countries that heavily relied on American loans motivating the United States financiers to call in existing loans held by other countries. The Great Depression would have the effect of motivating individual nations to adopt more beggar-thy-neighbor trade policies in order to protect domestic industries from foreign competition.
The United States Senate refused to ratify the Treaty of Versailles and rejected membership in the nascent League of Nations. Congress in 1922 effectively shut out the American market to foreign vendors with the Fordney-McCumber Tariff, among the highest in United States history, and the Smoot-Hawley Tariff eight years later. Washington also insisted that the Europeans repay the entirety of the loans extended to them by the US Treasury during the war. And for the first time in its history imposed a strict limit on the number of immigrants who could annually enter the country. Among those eventually excluded were thousands of Jewish fugitives fleeing from Nazi persecution. The US had turned their back on the world and withheld important resources that other countries had grown accustomed to willingly taking from the United States.
According to the French and British, Germany was subjected to punitive measures. At the end of the First World War, the victorious European powers demanded that Germany compensate them for the devastation wrought by the four-year conflict, for which they held Germany and its allies responsible. Unable to agree upon the amount that Germany should pay at the Paris Peace Conference and pointed the blame towards Germany. As part of Germany’s punishment was to pay restitution payments. With such extensive payments it forced Germany’s new government approximately ten percent of its prewar territory in Europe and all of its overseas possessions. In its effort of the peace treaty this created resentment for the harsh punishment inflicted by the nations. The Germans felt that they were being placed for sole blame for World War I.
Although it began as an American crisis specifically the stock market crash the effects had rippled around the world. Many countries had felt uneasy because of widespread panic of poverty, unemployment and starvation. American companies had a huge record production figures growing so rapidly that they were making more product than the consumer demand. This launched agricultural and industrial overproduction leading to decline in sales prices and profits. When share prices started to plummet on October 24, 1929 it sent the New York Stock exchange into a frenzy. Shareholders started to panic and sell stocks causing the prices to drop further. The trend continued over several weeks until two consecutive days where the stock exchange lost one eighth of its value. Average sock sale prices had once peaked for major companies before hitting an all time low creating the Stock Market crash in mid November. It was disastrous for the US economy creating a decline in American industrial production by 45 percent. Many companies went bankrupt or ceased trading while other companies tried to cut costs by means of placing employees on unemployment.
This resulted in mass unemployment and the jobless were forced to stand in “bread lines” where it was common to see thousands of desperate people line up for food handouts. This would be one of the most devastating effects on American society. Hundreds of people starved to death and the jobless became homeless. The effect of the Great Depression began to take its toll around the world. Countries that relied on industrial and agricultural exports suffered even more. The Great Depression hit Germany hard. The impact of the Wall Street Crash forced American banks to end the new loans that had been funding the repayments under the Dawes Plan and the Young Plan. The financial crisis escalated out of control and mid-1931, starting with the collapse of the Credit Anstalt in Vienna in May. This put heavy pressure on Germany, which was already in political turmoil (Boundless, 2020).
Weimar Germany was not so dependent on export as it was on American loans that had ceased while the US pursued existing loans for repayment. German banks struggled to provide money along with credit, ultimately folding financial intuitions. The effects on Germany were just as devastating on their economy as it was on the United States with the exception that it affected the rich and the poor. While there was no shortage of food there was no way for the population to obtain it and of the millions of people, the children suffered the most of starvation and malnutrition along with related diseases that devastated their population. The deteriorating German economic condition contributed to the rise of the Nazi party from a small private group to the nations most political party.
References
- (n.d.). Retrieved February 29, 2020, from https://history.state.gov/milestones/1921-1936/great-depression
- Boundless. (n.d.). Boundless World History. Retrieved February 29, 2020, from https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-worldhistory/chapter/the-great-depression/
- Capet, Antoine. (2020, March 6). Retrieved March 6, 2020, from https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/modern-europe/treaties-and-alliances/treaty-versailles
- The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. (2020, January 26). Treaty of Versailles. Retrieved January 27, 2020, from https://www.britannica.com/event/Treaty-of-Versailles-1919
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Passive Euthanasia Essay
Pope John Paul II once said, “ A man, even if seriously sick or prevented in the exercise of its higher functions, is and will be always a man ... [he] will never become a 'vegetable' or an 'animal’. The intrinsic value and personal dignity of every human being does not change depending on their circumstances.” This quote signifies that no matter what one is going through, they will always have the same value and should have the same reason of living as any other human being. This idea dictates whether or not one should choose to take their own lives with the usage of euthanasia. Patients may think they don’t have any value being ill and will end their lives because of that. This leads to the two main viewpoints, secular and catholic viewpoints. Secular has one main viewpoint of passive euthanasia being a personal choice. The catholic viewpoint is that passive euthanasia is only okay in certain circumstances. Therefore, segments of secular society argue that passive euthanasia is morally permissable, the Catholic church and grade 12 course concepts argue that this type of euthanasia is only morally permissable in select circumstances.
Socitey can view euthanasia in many ways. Some negatively and some positively. These opinions may not be morale acceptable or ethically right but are reasons that people use to justify the reasonings behind the act of euthanasia. The standpoint that is mostly used by indviduals, is the fact that euthanasia is ones personal choice. “We have no control over how we arrive in the world but at the end of life we should have control over how we leave it,” said Sir Patrick Stewart, who is a Dignity in Dying Patron. Dignity of Dying is a big campaign that run out of the UK for euthanasia and assisted suicide. They argue that a person should have the ability to choose for themselves on if they would like to use euthanasia or assited suicied. This shows how society really views euthanasia in places where euthanasia isn’t legal, like the United Kingdom. This leads to society as a whole, proposing that one's autonomy is important in this choice. Autonomy is defined as being one’s capacity to be their own individual, and live life with own reasoning and morale. People with autonomy are seen as making decisions themselves and having the ability to determine their own destiny, and be respected for those decisions. Society see’s that one should have autonomy in deciding whether euthanasia is right for them. The decision might be immoral but that decision that they made should be respected in the secular view. With many indviduals advocating for euthanasia being a personal choice, Canada has made it legal along with 10 states in the US with two of them requiring court approval. This shows how society is making euthanasia viewed as a acceptable action. Passive eithanasia, specifically, is when you use euthanasia to end a persons life by removing life support, stopping certain medication, or stopping food and water. You basically stop giving the person the necessities to stay alive. These actions are for the patients who are terminally ill and/or is a suffering person who needs natural death to occur sooner. For example a person on life support. The person has machines hooked on them to keep them alive and isn’t able to stay alive themselves. At this point in someone's life, the person might want to take the machines off to allow the struggle to go away and end their lives earlier than expected. This type of euthanasia really isn’t the type that the conterversy is about because the patients are already at the point where death is certain and very near but that still doesn’t make it morally okay. When a person reaches this amount of pain, society says that they need autonomy because they should be able to choose for themselves if they want to live a struggle full couple years. This is the type of euthanasia that some say is wrong but society as whole says, it should be a “personal choice.” Overall the secular viewpoint of euthanasia is that one should have autonomy. One should be able to choose their own destiny and be able to decide for themselves when the pain becomes unbearable for them. It also says that we should not be able to judge someone for their decisions because at the end of the day it is the person’s personal choice to do what they think is right for them. Therefore, this is the secular viewpoint of euthanasia and it’s based on one having autonomy and to do what they want.
The secular viewpoint has a huge argument when arguing if euthanasia is accpetable or not. The church’s view of euthanasia is another argument that is brought up when debating about euthanasia. With there being many secular viewpoints, there is basically one view of the church and that is ending one's life earlier than expected is sinful. When it comes to passive euthanasia and patients are on things like life support, the church says it is still no okay to end someones life by taking the life support of even though the person might only survive a couple more hours with it on. The church says this is immoral okay because they believe the Lord is the only one who controls our lives. “The Lord gave and the Lord has taken away” (Job 1:21). This shows how our lives are not for us to handle and should be in the Lord's hands. We should not be deciding when we want to end our suffering.'It is I who bring both death and life.' (Dt 32:39) But at the same time the church says we have no right to provide euthanasia. “Thou shalt not kill.” (Exodus 20:13) This exemplifies that the church believes killing sinful and when it comes to using passive euthanasia, you are killing someone by not giving them a nessecitity to stay alive and is murder. “Sick or handicapped persons should be helped to lead lives as normal as possible.”
(ccc 2276) “ Whatever its motives, direct euthanasia consists in putting an end to the lives of handicapped, sick, or dying persons. It is morally unacceptable.”(ccc 2277) These quotes from the catholic catechism exemplify that when one is in need of help we must provide it. When one needs life support to be able to live for as long as possible, then we must provide it. They also exemplify that no matter the type of euthanasia it is wrong because you are basically killing someone earlier than Gods plans. This really shows the standpoint of the church because it is clear that euthanasia isn’t morally okay to the church. Not just in the catechism but encyclicals also state how euthanasia is wrong no matter if it is legal or not. Her is what is says in the encyclical of Evangelium Vitae:
Abortion and euthanasia are thus crimes which no human law can claim to legitimize. There is no obligation in conscience to obey such laws; instead there is a grave and clear obligation to oppose them by conscientious objection. From the very beginnings of the Church, the apostolic preaching reminded Christians of their duty to obey legitimately constituted public authorities (cf. Rom 13:1-7; 1 Pet 2:13-14), but at the same time it firmly warned that 'we must obey God rather than men' (Acts 5:29).
This quote from the Evangelium vitae shows that the church not to follow the civil law but to see what is morally right. Civil law isn’t always moral and can be bad at times. This encyclical exemplifies that we shall not follow these civil laws but to follow god and divine law. In this case, euthanasia is legall in Canada but is it moral? To the church it is wrong and that’s why they say we must not follow man kind but follow the Lord. Therefore, the church is very clear with their viewpoint on passive euthanasia. They believe it is wrong no matter the case. We should leave our lives in the hands of the lord and do whatever it takes to help one live as long as possible. We must give medicine, food and water, and etc to help keep someone live as long as possible. We should never cut someone's life short because of suffering. We should comfort the suffering instead of letting them go. Overall these are the main things the church has to say about passive euthanasaia and it is clear they don’t support it.
After this year's grade 12 theology class, we have learned a lot. A lot of concepts related to the church. After learning all these concepts, I have seen many connections with what the church believes as well as overall conections to euthanasia. The first course concept involved with euthanasia is Kolbegrs stages of morality. When someone wants to end their suffering, they are being level twos because they don’t care about anyone else after they die and only care about their suffering. This will leave family sad and angry to why the family member had to die so quickly. Sometimes these patients can also be level 6’s dependent on their motive. If they are trying to end struggles for family and friends because they have to take care of the patient, then they might be a level 6 because they are giving up themselves for the best of family and friends. This leads me to the course concept of “the ends don’t justify the means.” This is a moral principle about how having a good goal or purpose doesn’t justify the use of evil means to achieve that goal. In this case if you are being that level 6, it doesn’t mean what you are doing is morally okay. You might be killing yourself for the benefit of others but at the end of the day, like the church says, you are choosing when you want to die and being sinful because our lives should be in the hands of the Lord.
The next connection with the course concepts is our conscience. When deciding if you would like to use euthanasia, your conscience has impact on your decision. Sometimes you have a legalistic conscience which is when you are too caught up with following the law and you don’t really think if it is morally right. With euthanasia, it is legal and people have this conscienece and forget about the morality of commiting such an act. This is what the church says. In the encyclical of Evangelium Vitae, it says how we need to remember to also obey god and sometimes look at our actions and see if they are in divine law. We can’t always depend on the law because it’s not always right. An example of this is the legalization of marijauna. Even though it is legal it still isn’t good for you. The only reason why the government made it legal is to make some money off of the huge black market sales of marijauna. Another conscience that patients might have is wrongly formed conscience. This deals with people being given wrong information about what is right or wrong. With euthanasia, people with secular viewpoints may tell patients that euthanasia is a personal choice and it is okay to do if you think it is right for you. The patient conscience will then tell them it is okay to use euthanasia. This might not be in the fault of the patient but they can always think to themselves if what they are doing is morally okay. This relates back to the encyclical of Evangelium Vitae, where it says to not always follow mankind but to look at divine law.
The second last conection euthanasia has with the course concepts is guilt that one feels when giving euthanasia. This guilt is warranted guilt. A doctor might know that them providing euthanasia is wrong but they do it anyways. This guilt reminds us of what we did wrong. It reminds the doctors that they have basically commit murder and ended someones life. The church says the same. In the cathiolic church catechism, it says that no matter the motive, euthanasia is not aceptable. This guilt will lead to denial of guilt. Even though you will feel that guilt, doctors will start to deny to help make them feel better. Deep inside they will still know that you have taken a life away from God and have committed a sin. The last connection is support. You can recieve support when thinking of euthanasia. This support can be from real friends, the human community, local faith community, and a wider faith community. All these commmunities can help patients be comforted in times of struggles to help say no to passive euthanasia. This is what the church wants. They want the suffering to be comforted. Finally, these are all the connections with euthanasia and the grade 12 course concepts.
In conclusion, passive euthanasia is a highly debatable. Secularly, the viewpoint is that euthanasia overall should be a personal choice and how one should have autonomy. This viewpoint is one that is highly supported. The church's viewpoint is that passive euthanasia is only okay when one is basically dead and is only alive because of life support. At that point euthanasia is okay. Otherwise passive euthanasia is not okay in the church no matter the circumstance. With the church’s view there are also course concepts that connect with their viewpoints. To conclude, segments of secular society argue that passive euthanasia is morally permissable, the Catholic church and grade 12 course concepts argue that this type of euthanasia is only morally permissable in select circumstances.
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The Drug Addiction Recovery
Apart from the high attention that alcohol and drugs get on campuses, inadequate resources and support are given to students suffering from drug addiction and alcoholism. Souleymanov (2016) articulates that professionals in affairs concerning students are positioned strategically to support students concerned with various strategies. This essay is going to argue why students recovering from drug addiction and alcoholism should be given special support from their colleges and universities. It is clear that universities such as Georgia Kennesaw State are bringing out graduates that are all round and better the community towards achieving a drug-free state and nation. Froeschle (2004) asserts that the experience in college is exciting, although stressful, for the new students who are experiencing life away from home for the first time.
This stress is fueled by learning to keep up with a lot of academic demands while engaging in unfamiliar social circles. Moreover, for many college students, they are ushered in by alcohol and parting. Millson (2016) asserts various Amenities in the US are giving support to their students who have chosen to quit the addiction. Many universities have chosen to follow these criteria by inventing communities for recovering students, which mainly focuses on clubhouses in campus, opportunities in recreation, support academically and courses for recovery. The recovery stations offered by the select universities include; hang out with study pods for sober students, houses, sober pool game tables and 12-step meetings and other board games.
Various universities have chosen to launch activities in their institutions with the hope that they will eventually serve many students. The students include addicts, adult students, and siblings of substance abusers. With a starting budget of $10,000 from funds in their health service, various recovery counseling are offered, recovery courses towards helping sufferers and activities that are alcohol and drug-free. The Universities Kumari (2015) states aim is to help students evade tempting situations. Moreover, Universities are dedicating their staff and space towards its upcoming program for recovery.
The demographics between 18 and 24 has proved to be multiplying among students seeking treatment for alcoholism and drug addiction. Froeschle (2004) asserts that over the year, the amount of students in this age bracket that are seeking recovery aid has doubled in comparison with the growth of 9% among the 25-year-old category. This statistic was done in various universities in the state. Having five or more drinks on various occasions within a month is a trend that is popular with the youth aged 20 to 22 in the United States. The highest demographic within that age bracket is college students.
The advice given to students exiting treatment Students exiting treatment is to travel from their homes to school until they achieve a certain period without drugs. Eisenberg (2007) stated that a significant threat that people recovering from abuse of drugs face in their quest towards sobriety is being around schoolmates and activities involving alcohol and drugs. This step is rather tough for them to cope with for they are used to a life in which everybody around them is sober.
Almasdy (1991) asserts that staying sober for young people in college can be quite hard. Most colleges and universities give low services if any for the students attempting to get sober or maintain. In many occasions, the sole recovery is a 12-step meeting that mostly comprises of students between 18 and 20 and the communities neighboring. The Steps were created to establish a formula for the best means of overcoming addiction to alcohol and drugs.
As the program was starting it proved to be successful for other support groups of addiction to ape these steps towards recovery. Nonetheless, Millson (2016) asserts that people who were not religious still found this system successful towards being sober in university. The students were able to stay healthy in their endeavors in school. The steps focus on the existence of God as participants know Him, allowing for numerous interpretations and beliefs religiously. The first step entails acknowledging that we gave, were without might over alcohol that we live lives we can’t manage.
Souleymanov (2016) articulates that the second step having belief that power more significant than us can bring us to our true selves. The third step is to decide on turning our will and lives to the hands of God in how we believe he is. The next step is to create a fearless and searching inventory that is moral of us. God other human beings and ourselves are the reflections of our wrongdoings is what we should acknowledge. The sixth step is recognizing that you are ready to let God take away all characters of that have brought fourth shortcomings in our lives
The seventh step as highlighted by Neuman (2017) is for the students to request God to take away the weaknesses they have. The eighth is creating some people they have caused harm to, and have the will to have a mutual relationship with them. The ninth and tenth respectively are making amendments directly to these people wherever they get a chance, unless when the impact would impact them or others negatively and went on to personally take inventory, whenever they are wrong and to lastly admit having done it. To wrap up on the last two steps, they ought to engage in prayer and by meditating to increase how conscious they are with God and how they comprehended him. They hosted prayers towards knowing his will towards us and the might to implement it.
These steps brought spiritual awakening as they tried to spread this message to fellow students and to live lives in these principals. The students have been living a happy life without loneliness and temptation due to these steps. Kumari (2015) said that unity, in this case, is the strength. Students in many cases drop out of flunking in exams after they are left to care for themselves due to pressure and opportunities to drink and take drugs. 20% of college dropout among first years is brought by alcohol and drugs.
Students have found it is easier to stay sober while living in universities that have drug free flats that offer free guidance from staff to students than living alone at apartments outside the school that advocate for liberty in using drugs. Life is made easier because the students around don't take drugs. However, Froeschle (2004) highlights that not all universities can achieve this due to its diversity and goals but can attempt to create this environment for the ones recovering from drug abuse.
Various campuses are inventing support networks towards students’ recovery. However, professional journals are not documenting and publishing these efforts. Lack of documentation has brought risk exclusion from literature aimed at informing research in future and development intervention. Eisenberg (2007) articulates that encouragement of descriptions of programs that are innovative in vital towards serving the upholding of awareness towards issues like encouraging upcoming ways of student support, recovery, and means of creating collaborations and partnerships by joining numerous stakeholders with interests that are similar.
Academic partnerships between practitioners aids in hosting professional communication. Almasdy (1991) asserts that programs aimed at recovery and colleges and university efforts assists relapsing students from doing so and builds a foundation for them in achieving their education-related goals. Universities all over the world and colleges are widely known for parties that involve and drug misuse. However, over the years many students have created a connection of friends that are sober. In these relationships, they share movies, music interests, games and take care of each other. There's a lot of drugs and alcohol at universities. However by the introduction of support programs students have recovered from drugs and alcohol and helped each other in staying sober.
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“Mice and Mercy Killing” Analysis
In the 1930s, the one thing most Americans strived to achieve was the American Dream. This included owning your own land and being independent but in order to do it, Americans needed to work. In the book, Of Mice and men, the two main characters try to achieve the American dream and look for work. The main characters Lennie and George find work on a farm. The two-characters make an interesting duo because Lennie is mentally challenged and big while George is small and is always looking out for Lennie. But unfortunately Lennie accidentally killed the wife of the farm owner’s son, giving George few options, but in the end, George decided that killing Lennie was the most viable option. In Steinbeck’s Of Mice and Men, Georges act of killing Lennie was justified because mercy killings may be required during drastic situations in society. Initially, George killing Lennie was out of mercy because he felt responsible for Lennie and that it would’ve been worse for Lennie to live without the American Dream. In the story, this quote shows what the dream was to Lennie “‘An' live off the fatta the lan',' Lennie shouted.'’An' have rabbits. Go on, George! Tell about what we're gonna have in the garden and about the rabbits in the cages and about the rain in the winter and the stove, and how thick the cream is on the milk like you can hardly cut it.
Tell bout that George.’”(Steinbeck 16-17) This quote shows how important this dream was to Lennie, and how it would affect him if he couldn't achieve the dream. The American Dream was like an actual dream to Lennie, and George didn’t want to crush that dream for Lennie. When George found out what Lennie did he was searching for many solutions to save Lennie“ “Couldn’t we maybe bring him in an’ they’ll lock him up? He’s nuts, Slim. He never done this to be mean.” Slim nodded. “We might,” he said. “If we could keep Curley in, we might. But Curley’s gonna want to shoot ‘im. Curley’s still mad about his hand. An’ s’pose they lock him up an’ strap him down and put him in a cage. That ain’t no good, George.” “I know,” said George,(Steinbeck 94)“I know.” In the story, George knows Lennie better than anyone else and knows that everything bad that Lennie does is not on purpose.
However, he concludes that it would be way worse for Lennie to be locked up knowing that he will never be able to have the American Dream. In the end, George felt responsible for Lennie and had known him the best, so he decided that it was better for him to die with the idea of the American Dream instead living the rest of his life imprisoned without it. Consequently, mercy killing may be required during certain complicated situations in society whether it be deciding what happens to a loved one who is incapacitated or trying to help someone who is in an immense amount of suffering. There are many many tough situations that may involve mercy killing, this being one of them “Frances Inglis, aged 57, killed her son Tom, aged 22. He had been in a vegetative state for several months, having fallen from an ambulance and hit his head on the pavement. There was no hope of his ever recovering, let alone living life and living it more abundantly. His brave mother, who is studying for a nursing diploma, tried to kill him by the injection of pure heroin.”(Mercy killing is not a crime). In this situation, the mother should’ve had been allowed to have the choice of relieving her son from his suffering. His mother may have known what his final wishes were and that mercy killing was wah he might have wanted.
In some situations people in pain may not be able to die quickly “Just such an injustice was the conviction last week of Dr Nigel Cox, a British hospital consultant, for the attempted murder of Lillian Boyes--a dying patient in apparently unrelievable agony who asked to die, and did so after Dr. Cox injected her with potassium chloride”, and “Mrs. Boyes was dying of an unusually large number of complications of an unusually severe case of rheumatoid arthritis. Being touched made her scream. She asked to be killed, and her family wanted her to wish to be granted. A common practice in such cases is to give large doses of opiates, knowing that this will speed the end as well as ease the pain. A doctor can ease his own conscience by telling himself that he does not intend to kill but to lessen pain. This casuistry could not save Dr. Cox. Mrs. Boyes survived massive doses of heroin; and so did her agony’”(The kindness that kills). In this situation, the woman was in an extreme amount of pain and survived many medicines that were meant to ease the pain. She had given had wanted to die, and was in an immense amount of pain so in this situation mercy killing may have been the best option. Today in society they’re many circumstances that the best outcome for maybe mercy killing that may include deciding the final wishes of a loved one or helping someone who is terminally ill, in extreme pain, and wants it to stop. In the end, Georges act of killing Lennie was justified because mercy killings may be the most logical thing to do during conflicting circumstances in society.
George had known Lennie the best and that the American Dream was like an actual dream to Lennie. He thought that it would’ve been better for Lennie to die with the dream than being imprisoned without it. Certain situations in day to day life may require someone to relieve a loved one who is incapacitated and is in pain. Even in situations that involve a person who is an intolerable pain and is asking to be killed, mercy killing should be considered. Finally, in order for society to understand the concept of mercy, the idea of mercy killing should be thought of.
Works Cited
- Steinbeck, John. Of Mice and Men. New York, N.Y., U.S.A: Penguin Books, 1994. Print.
- 'The kindness that kills.' The Economist, 26 Sept. 1992, p. 17.
- Global Issues in Context. Mercy killing is not a crime - it is a brave and selfless act of love.' Independent on Sunday [London, England], 24 Jan. 2010, p. 44. Global
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Role of Money in Walter’s Life
A Raisin in the Sun, is all about an African American family, fighting for a better life. The family lives in a low income neighborhood in south side of Chicago in the 1950s where the family face racial barriers and chasing their dreams. Walter Younger is an anti hero, a flawed character who does not have hero qualities, but the reader can easily, want Walter to live a successful life and do better. He makes up for his faults, making a hard choice.
Walter believes money is most important in life and becoming a rich man. Walter hopelessly needs to become a man for his wife and son, but in actuality everything in Act I challenge him. Walter tries to show dominance or manliness, but his family throws it back in his face. As a father, husband and a man, Walter believes he is responsible for providing for his family, because his father Walter Senior, is deceased. Walter gravely wants to be the man his father was, but his living conditions are a relentless reminder of his failure to live up to those responsibilities “I'm thirty five years old; I been married eleven years and I got a boy who sleeps in the living room….. And all I got to give him is stories about how rich white people live”().
Walter wants to become an entrepreneur, and invest in a liquor store. In actuality of him not being able to achieve his goals, makes Walter behave different towards his family. He becomes a mean, rude and egotistical young man. Who makes poor decisions, and ends up hurting his family. Walter thinks investing in a liquor store using their father's insurance money will fulfill him, and finally becoming financially stable. He has good intentions, but his actions are wrong. Walter is unable to realize his true potential simply because he is a young black man, not able to reach it because of racial factors that he can't control. “I want so many things that they are driving me crazy…. Sometimes it's like I can see the future stretched out in front of me…. Just waitin for me. But it don't have to be”(). The future is Walter's manhood, and he can see it in his dreams but it is worthless if his family cannot rely on him.
Walter's outlook on life is different from Ruth's, which is “tempered by a pragmatic realism that can be ascribed to her triply bound position as a poor, black women”(). Walter can not see beyond his ambition, making it hard for him to realize the difficulty of Ruth's oppression, “We one group of men tied to a race of women with small minds!”(). He thinks Ruth does not want him to succeed, and that causes him distress, because society wants him to be a failure, “Man say to his woman: I got me a dream. His woman say: Eat your eggs…. Man say: I got to change my life, I'm choking to death, baby! And his woman say: Your eggs is getting cold!”().
Walter talks down on Beneatha's career choice, because she dreams of becoming a doctor. He says “Ain't many girls who decide to be a doctor”(). He even claims, that spending the money on Beneatha's education, is useless. And his wife would be wealthy and happy if Beneatha did not attend college. Walter dismisses Beneatha's dreams, but wants his family to support his dreams, and selfishly wants all of the insurance money. So he can do what he wants with it..
Walter Lee gives Willy Harris all of his fathers insurance money and it fails with a cruel irony. Willy runs off with the money, denying Walter of his chance to help his family in the white dominated society, and stripping him of his manhood once again. Although Walter loses all the money, even Beneatha's school tuition. He tries to redeem himself, but comes up with a horrible solution, to sell his pride for money. “That white man is going to walk in that do able to write checks for more money than we ever had. It's important to him and I'm going to help him…….I'm going to put on the show Mama”(). Mama is extremely disappointed with Walter, so she tells him to look at his son, Travis in the eyes and tell him he was going to sell the house.
Walter wants to be accountable and show his family that he can step up and be a man. Walter has to correct his mistakes, because it would be his last chance to reach his manhood. In the last scenes, Walter has to speak for the family, and I feel he is speaking for all African Americans as a whole, “We are proud people”(). Walter tells Mr. Linder that his family will not yield to the threats of racial violence, and that they will move into their new home on Clybourne Street because their father earned it. “finally come into his manhood today his manhood today, didn't he? Kind of like a rainbow after the rain”() he finally establishes a sense of authority, and takes the role as the family leader.
Walter can not see beyond his aspiration of being a wealthy man, even if it means letting his pride go. In the beginning of the play he was a greedy, clueless and bitter man who only cared about himself and his own dream. Walter Lee made a lot of mistakes throughout the play, but readers can still find a way to sympathize with him. And want him to prove himself as a man. Walter symbolizes as an anti hero, he is flawed but sympathetic character.
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Cause and Effect about Drug Addiction
Drug overdose has become the leading cause of accidental death in the United States. Richard Leadbeater (2017). Addiction does not discriminate and can tear even the most loving family apart. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2019) noted an estimated 69,029 people died of a drug overdose in a year period ending in February 2019. Seven of the ten of these overdose deaths were due to opioids. The addiction to opioids is so multi- faceted in it’s causes and revolving door effects it cant be hard to pinpoint exactly what caused an addict to start using. So what caused addicts get addicted you may ask? Studies show that children who grow up witnessing a family member with addiction are more likely to develop substance abuse problems as an adult. Krystina Murray (2020). Most of these people who have become addicted come from troubled homes where these drugs were easily accessible.
It does not take much to end up addicted to opioids and most people who are addicted never thought they would be. They may have been peer pressured into only do it once at this party and thinking I’ll be done with it. Little did they know that was the start of a downward spiral in their life. Another cause for opioid addiction is over use of prescription drugs. This can happen to just about anyone who has had a major surgery or has some type of painful disability and been prescribed pain medication and did not follow the exact directions for use. The problem with opioids is that long term use causes brain damaged suppressing the brain from it’s ability to create dopamine which is a natural pain reducer. This in turn leaves addicts needing more and more just to feel good again. Addicts are not able to get off of these drugs by themselves and will need the help of a medical professional to help them.
Most commonly used to help opioid addicts detox are suboxone and methadone. They are not meant for long term use and commonly end up being abused as the original drug of choice was. Addicts can end up effecting not only their life, their families and friends lives, but also business owners and residents of their town with the revolving door effects of their habit. Opioid addicts can run their families hefty bills. Destiny Bezrutcyzk (2020) wrote that an opioid users habit can cost up to $70,000 a year. This tears families apart emotionally and financially over and over again because who wants to let a family member be suffer and be homeless? But who wants to enable that person and have them in their home using drugs? Addicts cause the children that are immediately in their presence so much indirect pain they will never understand.
Krystina Murray (2020) notes these children end up developing guilt and self blame for their family parents abuse and are often removed from the household and placed in foster homes. Children growing up around these opioid addicts is indirectly part of the revolving door effect. They see the addict using, blame themselves and end up a user as an adult. When an addicts money and the money from family runs out they often times resort to stealing from local businesses and other local homeowners to pay for their habit causing them loss of inventory and their hard earned items. Opioid addiction has effected almost every local law enforcement agency to the criminal activity addicts do while influenced by these horrible drugs as well as having to revive all of the people have overdosed everyday.
The opioid crisis is nothing short of a very sad situation for all involved. It’s causes and effects are so widespread it takes a toll on a whole community. From the revolving door effect of children growing up around an addict and then using themselves to abusing prescription medication from a physician. All of this tears families apart emotionally and financially, local businesses suffer financially and local law enforcement has to respond to and exponential amount of unnecessary calls because of the criminal activity taking place while addicts are under the influence of opioids. Not to mention having to use Narcan to save their lives over and over again.
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Effects of Drug Addiction
This video, “Nuggets” is a five-minute animation created by a German animation studio. The video begins with a bird casually strolling along before stumbling upon a golden nugget. The bird’s interest is piqued and so he drinks up the liquid inside. It’s instant euphoria, and with it, the bird can suddenly fly for a short while. When he drinks up the next one, he finds it is not the same. It doesn’t last as long, and his landing is more of a crash. Nevertheless, now the bird is no longer casually strolling, but running to get the next hit with ever diminishing returns. The concept of this video captures the heartbreaking reality of addiction. It explains the initial lure, the tunnel vision that follows, and the practically inevitable conclusion. There are many ways we can look at this short clip as addiction. I am going to focus on the Hedonic Dysregulation theory and the Incentive Sensitization Theory.
The Hedonic Dysregulation Theory is solely based on negative emotion or affects, leading it to have negative reinforcement framework. This theory doesn’t have the need to obtain homeostasis and there is no given set point, meaning that there is no need for a stable equilibrium between interdependent elements as well as no set starting point of the drug effects. The body responds to stressors in order to regain homeostasis, this is called allostasis. It has a changing set point in response to the environment it’s in. Given that there is the absence of this, and homeostasis does not need to be met, making an individual increasingly unhappy and unfulfilled, even when they are not using. These low feelings don’t go away for a long time. Alike the opponent process theory, there are still the ‘A’ and ‘B’ components.
‘A’ being the high you feel, driven by brain reward systems, and ‘B’ is what comes after that high feeling you get from A. With ‘A’, ‘B’ will always follow. This is also what leaves an individual feeling depressed in this theory, in other words, dysphoria. When you first start to take a drug, you can get that pure ‘A’ sense. The baseline is still positive at this point. After that initial high you will never achieve that feeling again, although most people are unaware of this theory and try for it anyway. This leads to those low feelings of an individual because as you continue to use to look for that high your baseline and mood set points get continuously lower. While they are searching to feel happy again, they are spiraling into lower and lower moods. We can apply this to the animation video “Nuggets” by thinking the bird as the individual or victim.
He starts with this ‘A’ process feeling, feeling super good. Therefore, he runs across another nugget that makes him feel good and he wants to feel like that again, so he drinks up that one as well. In this short film after every time he drinks up the golden nugget the background and his surroundings become darker and darker, we can compare this to the decreasing baseline and mood set points. From his actions, tone, and lighting in the film, we can tell his mood becomes worse after each intake and never gets back to the happiness he felt before taking the substance. Unlike the Hedonic Dysregulation theory, the Incentive Sensitization theory has to do with becoming sensitized to drugs and their cues due to incentive salience. In other words, rewards are both ‘liked’ and ‘wanted’, and those two words seem almost interchangeable.
However, the brain circuitry that mediates the psychological process of ‘wanting’ a reward is dissociable from circuitry that mediates the degree to which it is ‘liked’. Incentive salience or ‘wanting’, is generated by neural systems in the brain that includes mesolimbic dopamine. This explains the wanting sensation even if an individual is no longer receiving pleasure from the drug. Repeated use leads to an increase of reinforcing properties, the greater the urge is to use the drug. Because of this, the sensory input in the brain can activate even when it is not in a need state. For example, the sight of an influencer can lead to craving. In “Nuggets”, the bird can also be going through this biopsychological theory. He is continuously wanting this substance directly after the first time he drinks it. There are cues from his surroundings that could also influence this want, such as that he is constantly walking on the same path where he originally found the substance.
He also craves the sensation still after it does not give him the high that he hopes for. His repeated use leads him running after the next dose which we can be compared to the increase of urge for the substance and reinforcing properties as a result of repeated use. The short film “Nuggets” accurately represents the cycle of addiction and drug use. The Hedonic Dysregulation Theory, the Incentive Sensitization Theory, and even more ideas of addiction can be applied to this video showing that it is a good representation of the models of addiction. Many individuals going through these processes are unaware of their realities which is why it is important to understand the meaning behind this short film as well as the theories themselves.
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The Fast Food Addiction
Almost everyone on Earth has had fast food at least once in their life. Fast food is fast, tastes good, inexpensive, and is literally everywhere. Most people worry about how unhealthy fast food is, and the harm it can cause to the body. However, most people don’t think about how fast food can affect and influence the human brain. As it turns out fast food affects the brain in many ways, such as our emotional state, hunger, happiness, and many other things. Eating fast food has shown signs of addiction. According to Kris Gunnars, the reward system in our brains makes us want to participate in pleasurable acts, such as eating tasty foods. The reward system was designed to reward you whenever you do something that helps your survival. Eating keeps us alive, so the brain releases the chemical dopamine.
However, eating fast food releases a ridiculous amount of dopamine and the brain can become overwhelmed by the amount of pleasure, so it gets rid of some of the dopamine receptors to balance things out (Kris Gunnars, How Food Addiction Works(and What to do About it), Healthline.com). In this way, fast food and junk food are like drugs because once you have developed a tolerance to it you have to have more of it to feel the same amount of pleasure as you did before. This is also why people get cravings because they want to feel pleasure, so they crave the foods that give them a lot of pleasure. Just like drugs make you depressed so can fast foods. In a study published by Public Health Nutrition journal, studies show that people who eat lots of fast food are 51 percent more likely to be depressed, than those who barely eat fast food or don’t eat it at all.
They are also more likely to be single, less active, and have poor dietary habits (Platforma SINC, Link Between Fast Food and Depression Confirmed, ScienceDaily.com). Fast food inflames the hippocampus- apart of the limbic system and is associated with making new memories, learning, and emotions- and reduces the production of young neurons. Inflammation of the brain and the reduction of young neurons has been led to depression(Alexandra Ossola, Stress Could be Destroying Your Brain-Heres How, Popsci.com). This also is what causes people to keep eating fast foods because they make people happy. It is a cycle: “... Junk food can make us feel pleasure when we are sad, so we eat more, which makes us sadder.”(Amy Reichelt, Five Ways Junk Food Changes Your Brain, RMIT.edu) Fast food can also make you impulsive. Fast foods catch people's attention, to curve the temptation of fast food, you must have the prefrontal cortex. However, this area of the brain doesn't mature until the early 20's.
This is why many teenagers make impulsive decisions. Research has also found that children who consume lots of sugar packed drinks are more prone to having altered brain development(Amy Reichelt, Five Ways Junk Food Changes Your Brain, RMIT.edu). A study was done by RMIT led by Amy Reichelt, to study the effects that sugary drinks have on brain development. They fed adolescent rats sugar water and tested their decision-making skills as adults. The results showed that the rats that had consumed the sugar water as adolescents had a harder time following rules as adults(Amy Reichelt, Five Ways Junk Food Changes Your Brain, RMIT.edu). If you apply this research to people who eat sugary foods, you can see why they are so impulsive and have a harder time making decisions such as staying away from fast food and junk food.
If your still hungry after eating a Big Mac and two medium fries, that could be because you ate fast food. Studies show that the ingredients in fast food can make you hungrier even after you just ate. Fast food has many things in it, some of these things are, trans-fat, high fructose corn syrup, and lots of salt. The trans-fat in fast foods inflames your gut, which makes you feel as if you haven’t eaten enough, the high levels of high fructose corn syrup spikes insulin levels, and the large amounts of salt cause dehydration(WDIV, Why You’re Still Hungry After Fast Food, Clickondetroit.com). These three things trick your mind into thinking that you haven’t had enough to eat yet. It is said that artificial sweeteners in fast food can increase the appetite by 40 percent (WDIV, Why You’re Still Hungry After Fast Food, Clickondetroit.com).
This is what causes people to overeat, and most of the time people eat the same thing that increased their appetite so that they can decrease their appetite. For many, fast food is very convenient and eaten all the time. However, I feel that if people knew what fast food does to their mental state, they would eat it less often. Fast food is attributed to causing hunger, depression, and even addiction. Everyone should know how his or her food is affecting them. We should all make better choices when it comes to what's on our plate because we all deserve to healthy, physically and mentally.
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What Opinions do People have on Euthanasia
Introduction
This research report will investigate the topic euthanasia. Euthanasia is an act or practice were a doctor, that is allowed by law, kills a terminally ill person in a painless way so that the sick person gets peace. Euthanasia is only done by the terminally ill persons request. I choose euthanasia because I find this topic very interesting because there is so many pros and cons about it and it's a topic that you can find out alot about and I want to know more about it. I want to find out why people think of euthanasia as an ethical or an unethical thing. I want to understands humans differents opinions and meanings and find out why we have such different opinions that we cannot find a good solution to euthanasia. In this report i will also investigate the different opinions on the topic, both locally, nationally and globally. So over all this research report will contain information about euthanasia and why it is such a debated topic.
Locally Perspective on Euthanasia
In my hometown which is Aarhus, I want to look on what the people think about euthanasia and whether they think that it is a good law that it is not legal in Denmark. So I have asked a few people on their opinion. An older man I talked to on the street in the middle of Aarhus said that he thinks that it's a good idea that it stays illegal “because we humans have way to many different opinions about euthanasia that we can never find one solution to it. So in my eyes it's better to make it stay illegal because if we don't, people who don't support euthanasia would get really angry at the doctors, and it wouldn't be fair to them he says”. I also thought that it would be a really quite interesting to include a doctors opinion in my research report, because I wanted to know how the doctor felt and if he would like or dislike to have euthanasia legalized. So I contacted a danish doctor and he said that he is for euthanasia, because he fell for the patients and that it is their choice whether they want to continue living with the pain or if they want to stop the pain for getting worse and worse until they die. “ I do think that it would be really hard for me to say to a person that it is alright and that he or she can go to heaven, or if I have to say that he/she cant die because the person is not declared sick enough. It would be tough for me, but I do support all of my patients and their choices.” he says. By listening to the doctors I reliced how hard it must be to be the doctor that first of all has to talk with the person who wants euthanasia, and give them the right to die or not. And after that has to hand over the medicine to the ill person.
National Perspective on Euthanasia
Euthanasia is not legal in Denmark. Under the Danish law, euthanasia is not legal because it is considered as an act of killing a person. It's a really debated topic and some doctors in Denmark are risking prison because they help terminally ill person die, they do it because they are for euthanasia and wants to chance the laws of euthanasia in Denmark. They have their own group which is called doctors for active euthanasia. Their meaning with this group is that they think it isn't fair that people can't die in a probably way if they are terminally ill, instead of people doing suicide or jump out in front of a train if they don't want to live with their unbearable pain. But why is it that in many countries for example Denmark we give terminally ill animals the right to a peaceful dead, as soon as for example a old dog gets sick and the owner decides that it isn't fair for the ill dog to suffer till it dies by itself. Then the old dog gets a peacefully dead and get to go to heaven, at the veterinary clinic. Many people don't see animals and humans the same way, and people think that a human life is worth more than for example the old dog. But why do dogs get to have a peaceful dead if we can see that they are suffering and will never get any better, when humans can not choose it by themself if there's terminally illness is to hard to handle.
Globally Perspectives on Euthanasia
Only five countries in the world allows euthanasia, Belgium, Switzerland, Belgium, Luxembourg and Canada. So euthanasia is only allowed in very few places in the world. And why is that? The reason why people have choose not to make it legal is because many countries see euthanasia as killing a person, and therefore think it is an unethical thing to do. But as said before a few countries has made it legal, Belgium for example made euthanasia legal in 2002 and they permits and regulates the ending of life by physicians on request by the individual person who wants to end their life based on the unbearable pain. In Belgium there was a story about a totally normal and healthy elderly lady, she choose to die because she didn't see the meaning of living in a day care center for old people, her days were the same everyday, she had even lost her own daughter. She didn't want to live any longer. She wanted a peaceful dead and to see her loved daughter again, in heaven this time. She wanted to get euthanasia and she was accepted by the doctors. And got her wish fulfilled . There was a lot of negative reactions to the doctors and people meant that he had killed a healthy old lady. He had he said, but based on her choice, the doctor says that the old lady wanted to die and she didn't feel happy in her live, so he wanted to help her. His opinion is that its peoples own choice, its own body and life and therefore her decision. If you then look at countries where there live a lot of buddhist, like Thailand, their opinion would be that euthanasia is like suicide, and also buddhist live by the thought of karma, which is a thought they have that when you die you get reborn to a new life, whose quality would be the results of their karma. This produces two problems. Problem number one is that we don't know if they next life would be even worse if they do euthanasia, and then it would be like wasting a life which was already better than their second one. Second problem is that shortening life interferes with the working out of karma, and that alters the karmic balance resulting from the shortening life. So they don't want to legalise euthanasia, based on the fact that they think it is unethical. The main problem for not legalise or legalise it is that people disagree and dont have the same opinion.
Conclusion
So what is the conclusion of this research report and what do I think we can do to this problem?. Well in my eyes there is not so much we can do about this problem since a lot of people have different views on this topic, and we humans cannot agree to a solution, because of the fact that there is so many human beings with different nationality, religion, opinions and so on. We can't come up with one good solution and that is why the right, wrongs and rules on euthanasia is so different from countries to countries. Therefore it is hard to find a conclusion but what I can conclude in my report is that there is so many things that has to happen before we can find out how to handle euthanasia. First of all we have to somehow, not precisely agree but we do have to have some common opinions so that we can try to figure out how to handle euthanasia without having such things as for example the danish doctor group who is risking ending up behind bars because they don't agree on the rules in Denmark. The only thing that bothers my mind is that animals can get euthanasia, when humans cannot. Even though not all people agree on the fact that euthanasia for animals is legal in most parts of the world, it is still made legal. So why can we not make euthanasia legal for human beings to?. I do think we should make it legal, but in a way so it's only the really terminally ill people who can be accepted for getting euthanasia and that it has to be considered and decided by lots of doctors before it can happen. So what I can conclude is that we all have to talk about it even more so that we can discuss about it and maybe we can find a better solution so that hopelessly sick people don't have to suffer like they do know when there is no opportunity in most countries.
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