Suicide Bombing in Pakistan

You are listening to “The World: Today,' a news podcast about the events happening today and what led up to them. In today’s story we will be talking about Pakistan.

India and Pakistan have been locked in a bitter rivalry with decades-old roots that have almost erupted into outright war several times. *explain history and reason of Pakistan’s and India’s poor relations.

In a contentious post-9/11 world, the threat is even greater as the conflict has, on several occasions, threatened to escalate into nuclear war. However, there is a glimmer of hope. The two countries signed a landmark accord agreeing to cooperate on military matters. Although made between two non-official organizations, it was the first time the adversaries had worked together in such a manner. The accord outlined a plan to share limited military and security information between India’s Institute of Defense Studies and Analysis and Pakistan’s Institute for Strategic Studies.

There was much hope of a new era of good relations, based on love, respect and cooperation, between Pakistan and India, when after assuming office, Imran Khan extended good gestures to India. But those good wishes were not reciprocated. The incident of Pulwama, in which 40 Indian CRPF personnel were killed, further aggravated the already strained relations. The post-Pulwama political situation, especially during India’s general elections, shaped a new narrative against Pakistan in India.

In February 2019, a young Kashmiri man in the town of Pulwama staged a suicide bombing that killed more than three dozen Indian security forces—the deadliest such attack in Kashmir in three decades. India retaliated by sending jets across Pakistan-administered Kashmir and launching limited strikes, for the first time since a war in 1971. Soon thereafter, Pakistan claimed it had carried out six air strikes in Kashmir to showcase its might, and it also shot down an Indian fighter jet and captured the pilot. The confrontation, which de-escalated when Islamabad announced the pilot’s release several days later, represented the most serious exchange of hostilities in years. These prolonged tensions often overshadowed what was arguably the biggest story in both countries in 2019: economic struggle.

India suffered its biggest economic slowdown in six years, and Pakistan confronted a serious debt crisis. The two weren’t unconnected: Given the inability of New Delhi and Islamabad to fix their economies, both governments arguably sought political advantages from the distractions of display of force.

Pakistan had sent over a diplomate to attempt to solve the issue but tensions were high.

Against this tense backdrop, the opening in November of a new border corridor that enables Indian Sikhs to enter Pakistan visa-free to worship at a holy shrine, which in better times could have been a bridge to an improved relationship, amounted to little more than a one-off humanitarian gesture.

Bad as these crises are, they are poised to get worse next year.

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Definition of Suicide in Several Examples

Suicide doesn’t just happen because people are being bullied it also happens when a person is dealing with an insane amount of depression and see no hope to their depression ending anytime soon and decided to take an extreme measurement for example, Robin William was an outstanding actor who brought so much joy to people he didn’t seem he was struggling with depression but sadly after 63 years of living he deiced to end his life.

In the article “Robin Williams’ Death: Suicide Due to Hanging” explains, “…assistant found Williams clothed, hanging against a closed closet door, with a belt secured around his neck, and the other end of the belt wedged between the door and the door frame, Boyd explained.

With respect to the cut marks on his wrist, Boyd noted that a pocket knife with dried red material that appeared consistent with dried blood on it was found near Williams body.”. Robin William brought an insane amount of happiness to his fans I grew up watching his movies and I was, shocked to hear when he committed suicide due to depression, and his long battle in depression till he reached a point in life where he didn’t have enough strength to fight anymore.

Another example, Kate Spade successful designer was battling a lot of anxiety and depression until she committed suicide. By the article “Kate Spade’s husband talks of her struggle with depression” explains, “The handbag and fashion designer, 55, was found dead in her New York apartment by housekeeping staff in what officials called an apparent suicide. Kate suffered from depression and anxiety for many years,” the statement said. “She was actively seeking help and working closely with her doctors to treat her disease, one that takes far too many lives. We were in touch with her the night before and she sounded happy.

There was no indication and no warning that she would do this. It was a complete shock. And it clearly wasn’t her. There were personal demons she was battling.” This two people who spent numerous amounts of hours perfecting their work didn’t seem unhappy and this shows how looks can be deceiving. Living in an abusive household can lead to suicide or suicidal thoughts and this can affect any person at any age for example, in the article “Suicide at Age 27: Death due to child abuse” explains Bill Zeller took his life at age 27 due to child abuse “Bill Zeller's cause of death occurred before he was in his 20s.

Bill Zellers left a suicide note that explains his childhood “My first memories as a child are of being raped, repeatedly. This has affected every aspect of my life. This darkness, which is the only way I can describe it, has followed me like a fog, but at times intensified and overwhelmed me, usually triggered by a distinct situation. In kindergarten I couldn't use the bathroom and would stand petrified whenever I needed to, which started a trend of awkward and unexplained social behavior.

The damage that was done to my body still prevents me from using the bathroom normally, but now it's less of a physical impediment than a daily reminder of what was done to me.'. This shows how a person’s trauma from childhood never leaves them. Then, In the article “Girl who hanged herself on Facebook Live was sexually abused, beaten, rejected, DCF says.”.

A 14-year-old name Naika Venant “…mother who reportedly beat her without pity, left her in bed with boyfriends who watched “sex movies,” and eventually abandoned her — and the state of Florida, which returned the girl to the mother who had expressed little interest in doing better… Her quest ended in a shower stall, where Naika hanged herself with a scarf on Jan. 22 at her latest foster home…” This shows of a person who suffers from abuse at any age, it never lets them forget because a part of them still holds on to the pain. Naika Venant only wanted to be with her mother but her mother was putting her an environment where she was given no love.

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The on Slavery 1619

Have you heard of slavery? Well today I am going to tell you all about slavery. We will begin with my first subtopic, when and why slavery began. Then we will talk about all the tasks and duties the slaves did. Next, we will talk about the end of slavery. Lastly, I have some very interesting facts about slavery. This paragraph is going to tell you about when slavery started. The first 19 Africans that came to the English Colonies came in 1619. The Dutch were the first people to capture Africans in South Africa. The name of the first European to buy an African is Antao Goncalves. This paragraph was just a few facts about the beginning of slavery.

As promised in this paragraph I will tell you about the endless things slaves did. The first type of slave is like a maid but not a maid because slaves did not get paid. They cooked all the meals, and then served the meals. They also cleaned the houses by doing things like washing clothes. They had to take care of the children as well. I will now tell you about field slaves. These slaves butchered and preserved, they picked cotton, built railroads, did some work with carpentry, and did some weaving. They also planted and harvested coffee beans, sugar, rice, and tobacco. This is what field slaves and house slaves did for their masters.

What do you think this paragraph will be about? You guessed it the end of slavery. Abraham Lincoln did not want slavery to enter the U.S territory so he proposed the Compensated Emancipation Proclamation and the Confiscation Acts in 1863. The one that truly abolished slavery is the Thirteenth Amendment passed by congress, the senate on April 8 1864, by the house on January 13, 1865. These are a handful of laws that ended slavery.

The last subtopic will be some interesting facts about slavery. Did you know that Spanish baptized the slaves before embarking them? The colonists treated the baptized slaves better. Overseers watch the slaves and keep them moving. If the slaves did slow down they would be punished. Some of the punishments included being whipped and burnt. This is my paragraph about some interesting facts on slavery. In conclusion, I have told you about why and when slavery began. I also talked about the tasks slaves did. We spoke about the end of slavery, and to top it all off some interesting facts. So now you know all the things there are to know about slavery. I hope you enjoyed these paragraphs about slavery.

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The Child is Slavery

What is slavery? If you were to type this into google, you would get a response such as the following: A condition compared to that of a slave in respect of exhausting labor or restricted freedom (Slavery). We know from readings, documentaries, and etcetera that slavery is horrifically more gruesome and inconceivable than the pathetic, suppressing definition that was given. Slavery played the leading role in the lives of African Americans. Imagine going through so much devastation and not having no one to lean on or comfort you. Imagine feeling unwanted and unloved by majority of everyone around you and being treated in such manner. Well, that was a part of the slavery experience. The prejudice and gory effects of slavery led to black families being ruptured due to the separation of families, absence and capability to love, and the presence of fear.

“Frequently, before the child has reached its twelfth month, its mother is taken from it, and hired out on some farm a considerable distance off…' (Douglass, 338). Children were taken from their mothers and family shortly after they were born in efforts to abolish the child’s support system, history, and any form of identity that the slaves felt entitled to. “I have no accurate knowledge of my age, never having seen any authentic record containing it… it is the wish of most masters within my knowledge to keep their slaves thus ignorant” (Douglass, 337). Separating mother from their children at birth gave white slave owners the power to make slaves feel vulnerable. The separation was the beginning process of how a slave was “made.” Keeping black families separated was a reoccurring event that took place within the lives of slaves.

Throughout the life of a slave, he or she could be moved from various plantations at any given time at any given moment, no matter the age nor family content within the black community. “We were all ranked together at the valuation. Women and men, old and young, married and single…”(Douglass, 356). “After the valuation, then came the division” (Douglass, 357). Separation was a strategy used by slave owners to gain and hold power over blacks. This separation also lead to a divide amongst one another in the black community. No matter how mistreated slaves were by their owner, they often took up for them when something negative was stated about their owner by another slave. These types of occurrences made slaves feel as though they stood for something rather than nothing at all. “These quarrels would almost always end in a fight between the parties, and those that whipped were supposed to have gained the point at issue” (Douglass, 345).

Lack of love caused by slavery was also the cause of rupture within the homes of black families. White slave owners did whatever possible to ensure that blacks were deprived from any sense of happiness, worthiness, self-strength, and, most of all, love. In the following quote Douglass speaks of how he took the news about the death of his mother and how slavery took hold of his feeing towards her. Never having enjoyed, to any considerable extent, her soothing presence, her tender and watchful care, I received the tidings of my mother’s death with much the same emotions I should have probably felt at the death of a stranger. (Douglass, 338)

Due to white landowners separating black families and separating mothers and infants from one another not long after birth (as mentioned above), the normal child to mother bond and love was nonexistent. Children considered their parents strangers. As one can see from the quote, Douglass lacked any normal emotion a child would have after receiving the news that their mother died. Due to the separation, the love and affection was lost. “For what this separation is done, I do not know, unless hinder the development of the child’s affection toward is mother, and to blunt and destroy the natural affection of the mother of child” (Douglass, 338). Black families could not thrive if their bond was constantly broken. How could they continue to provide love or receive it from one another if they were deprived from being around each other? As we know from life experience, the more time you willingly spend around someone, your affection grows stronger for them.

The following quote identifies how strain the relationship is between Douglass’s family as a whole and how the separation led to an absence of love and care. “I found no severe trail in my departure…I had two sisters and one brother…but the early separation of us from our mother had well-nigh blotted the fact of our relationship from our memories” (Douglass, 349). The senseless part of slavery was that white father t black children could not and would not treat their children any different from slaves. Even when the slave owners impregnated their slaves, the white fathers could not show any love or affection with their black kids without severe punishment. If a father wanted to care for his black child, the child had to undergo whippings, from both the white family and the father and the father would be looked down on. To save “themselves,” the white fathers showed their slave children no love and treated them like everyone else (Douglass, 339).

The presence of fear from white slave owners also ruptured black families. Slaves were so terrified of the actions of slave owners. Every day, every second, fear was inserted in the lives of slaves. The smallest thing or even nothing at all could set their slave owner off and cause them to be whipped, raped, or even the unthinkable. Marriage between slaves, relationships, or any form of courtship had to be done in the private of slaves. White slave owners became jealous of the slaves they raped partners. Though sex between owner and slave was not consensual, the slave owners did not want their “mate” with anyone else but them. They felt that the slave’s personal body and area belonged to them.

If the white owner’s companion was found with her lover, she would be brutally punished. Douglass speaks or a similar situation with his aunt and her slave owner. “[He] warned her that she must never let him catch her in the company with a young man, who was paying attention to her…” (Douglass,340). Douglass goes on to describe the brutal outcome that she received. He speaks of how the slave owner stripped her naked, tied her hands together, made her stand on stool, and whipped her with a cow skin whip (Douglass,340). Slavery was a sort of physical and mental control. Due to slaves being made to be afraid of white land owners and losing their own safety, slaves were too afraid to stop any brutality occurring with their family members. These types of actions could have led to disrupt in the family because no one felt safe or taken up for. Slavery cause psychological damages as well as physical effects such as the whip.

Slavery ruptured black families by separating slave families, stripping any form of love between them, and assuring the presence of fear existed. Things that occurred during slavery are beyond anyone’s understanding. Reading these articles and visualizing the emotion that traveled through the veins and souls of blacks is unimaginable. Reading and understanding the severity that slaves went through allows one to understand how slavery mentally, emotionally, and physically affected the bond of black families. Unlike what Kanye West stated, slavery was no a choice, but instead a terror that grew from the separation of families, lack of love, and presence of fear.

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The Slavery Human Rights

In the modern world, more people have to endure the terrible fate of becoming a slave than any other time in history. The seafood industry is one place that has little transparency when it comes to labor practices, and with vast, intricate chains the produce goes through, it is extremely difficult to regulate. Thousands of people are trafficked and forced to fish for little to no pay in objectively horrendous conditions. Action has and must continue to be taken to prevent these practices from continuing. To start out, the situation behind slavery in the seafood industry is grim. Reports which were written by a number of papers and associations including the New York Times and the Associated Press showed instances of migrants trafficked and forced to work without pay or under extreme debts (Siciliano). These reports have done little to end it, however.

Southeast Asia’s fishing industry is dominated by Thailand, which earns $7 billion annually in exports. The business relies on tens of thousands of laborers. They often are tricked, sold or kidnapped and put onto boats that are sent to poach fish(Human Rights Watch). The conditions under which a number of them work for such small wages are grim at the least. Victims described routine beatings, imprisonment with chains and manacles, maiming, and execution inflicted as punishment for attempted mutiny or escape (Siciliano). A specific account is stated on the official page for the Human Rights Watch in an article titled “Thailand: Forced Labor, Trafficking Persist in Fishing Fleets.”

It reads, “‘My colleague, Chit Oo, fell from the boat into the water,’ wrote Ye Aung, 32, of Myanmar. ‘The captain said there was no need to search, he will float by himself later.’” It is a desperate situation which no human being on Earth should find themselves in in modern times. There are than 20 million people being trafficked, and that forced labor generates $150 billion in illegal profits each year, according to estimates by The International Labor Organization (Siciliano). Another victim was recorded saying, “‘I’m sure my parents think I’m dead,’ said Tin Lin Tun, 25, who lost contact with his family after a broker lured him to Thailand five years ago. Instead of working in construction, as promised, he was sold onto a fishing boat and taken to Indonesia. ‘I’m their only son. They’re going to cry so hard when they see me.’”(Human Rights Watch).

It goes without saying that this form of slavery deserves not only public attention but action. Lisa Rende Taylor, an anti-trafficking expert said, “We’ve never seen a rescue on this scale before. They deserve compensation and justice.”(Human Rights Watch). Despite the persistently grim reality of slavery, steps have been taken towards preventing it. The actions the U.S. took against IUU (Illegal, unregulated, and unreported) fishing covered several initiatives. This included a system for tracing supplies and a program designed to better the enforcement of bans on illegally caught seafood (Siciliano). The AP tracked fish to supply chains such as Wal-Mart, Sysco and Kroger, and certain brands of pet food like Fancy Feast, Meow Mix and Iams(Human Rights Watch). Those businesses then took action to keep slave labor from being rewarded with the money that was paid to them for their products.

A large impact on seafood slavery was the rescue of some of more than 2,000 men from Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia and Laos that were identified or repatriated, according to the International Organization for Migration and foreign ministries(Human Rights Watch). A multimillion-dollar Thai-Indonesian fishing business was shut down and certain individuals that were involved were arrested and two fishing cargo ships were taken. Importers in the U.S. finally demanded change(Human Rights Watch). People are continuously being saved from enslavement. Burmese men in Ambon went home at August of 2018, long after being trafficked onto Thai trawlers. Holding onto each other’s hands, the men walked toward buses in January, 2018. As they pulled away, a few of those who still had to wait for their opportunity to go home cheered and tossed their arms in the air(Human Rights Watch). “Reports of slavery at sea were a major factor behind the U.S.

Congress’s decision earlier [in 2016] to close a legal loophole that had allowed companies to circumvent a ban on the import of goods whose production involved slave or convict labor.”(Siciliano). Publicizing and speaking up about such issues has and can cause action. Even with the actions that have been taken against slavery in the seafood industry, it will take much more to end the problem. Part of the issue could be reluctance to properly look into the practices of the organizations seafood is caught by. “‘The companies knew their supply chains weren't transparent. They were obviously embarrassed and humiliated by being called out,’ says Duncan Jepson, founder of Liberty Asia, a nongovernmental organization that focuses on preventing human trafficking.

From our perspective, the question now is, do you want to be involved or exposed to people earning their profits from these types of environments?’” Another issue is overfishing. The less fish surviving and thriving near shores, the further ships need to travel to catch fish. Longer fishing expeditions mean greater costs per trip such and make illegal practices more tempting as a way to turn profit (Siciliano). “Secretary Kerry stated earlier this year, the mistreatment of workers in the seafood industry ‘is as much a story about illegal fishing as it is about human slavery, because the illegal boats are most often where this awful treatment is occurring.’” (Siciliano). The data used by a new risk tool comes from government reports and reliable media reports of known abuses including cases of illegal.

IUU fishing, the number of days a ship is at out of its port, whether there is any documented reason to suspect forced labor, human trafficking, and child labor in a country's other sectors. Countries with slaves in other industries are more likely to have it in their fisheries (Leschin-Hoar). “The new Seafood Watch database, which took two years to design, assigns slavery risk ratings to specific fisheries and was developed in collaboration with Liberty Asia and the Sustainable Fisheries Partnership. Like Seafood Watch's color-coded ratings, the Seafood Slavery Risk Tool aims to keep it simple — a set criteria determines whether a fishery will earn a critical, high, moderate or low risk rating.” (Leschin-Hoar). The actions that have been made to address the issue cannot, in practice, stop the abuse of seafood laborers. Only a cross-cutting, interdisciplinary approach that addresses this form of slavery along with lawlessness at sea will make fighting the problem possible (Siciliano).

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Slavery and Abolitionism Summary

Modern London’s richness was a result of Britain’s involvement in the trans-Atlantic slave trade from the 16th century. It was a centre for abolition—the mass popular movement against the enslavement of Africans, which grew throughout the late 18th century. London played a major role in establishing Britain as the world’s greatest slave trafficking power. It was from London that some of the earliest slave traffickers, such as John Hawkins set out in the mid 16th century. Soon enough, in the early 17th century more companies with the involvement of the slave trade were all based in London.

Owning an African slave was the height of fashion, and a symbol of wealth and status during the late 17th and 18th centuries in London. London was a major port which constantly sends slaves to Africa and the Americas. The city handled most of the sugar and other slave-produced goods that are imported into the country. It was also the financial centre of the trade and economies thanks to its colonies in the Americas. Opposition to slavery was common in London and but only started growing throughout the 18th century. Between the 17-18th century, enslaved Africans tried freeing themselves by running away from their owners, though once they did that, posters of ‘lost property,’ were be posted by their owners.

Some Africans helped each other to escape and sometimes, they’re aided by the commoners in London. It was through one of those aiding that abolitionist Granville Sharp (one of the most famous abolitionists in England/though-out history) met the slave Jonathan Strong. From then on, Granville Sharp started involving in the abolitionist movement. His campaign against enslavement and trafficking started with the help of Africans (African slaves) and their supporters in London. By the 1780s Africans in London had formed their political organization, called the Sons of Africa, and they collaborated with many other abolitionists. As time progressed, more and more abolition organizations were formed such as “The Society for the Abolition of the Slave Trade”, led by Thomas Clarkson in 1787. But the campaigns where most changes were made due to it were ones of the 1780 and early 1790s.

During that time, the movement against slavery was linked with the fight for political rights for people of the working class in Britain. Public debates, sometimes held by Africans were also held in London. Many people also refused to purchase any slave produced products such as sugar, which isn’t the best news towards the economics around the world (not just in the UK). With these growing activities plus the participation of Londoners’ refusal towards slave-produced sugar and the appealing parliament in the late 18th century, a large amount of support was gained in London for an end to slavery and the trafficking of Africans. As previously mentioned, opposition to slavery wasn’t a new concept when abolitionism started. Since the establishment of the Atlantic slave trade in the 16th century, people have voiced their disapproval of the system.

Though despite its brutality and inhumanity, the protests of the system never really begun till the 18th century, when people began to criticize it for its violation of human rights, and religious groups it for its un-Christian qualities. This means that around times like the late 17th century, there is barely any abolitionists towards slavery. Thus can be said that my role as an abolitionist in 17th century London, will be a bit hard and there will be opposition towards my role. My character then shall be someone with the minds like Granville Sharp and Thomas Clarkson except more persuasive and with less “supported”. She shall be a determined person who would have to show how inhumane slavery is and voice her protests loudly.

Eventually, the end of British trade in slaves was achieved by the “Slave Trade Act of 1807” with the help of “The Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade” founded by Thomas Clarkson. The abolitionist movement in the US happened later than the movement in Britain and it mimicked some of the same tactics British abolitionists had used to end slavery in Great Britain in the 1830s. Abolitionism started as a movement with religious support, but very soon, it became a controversial issue—a controversial political issue that divided the US. The ultimate end of slavery in America was eventually brought by the civil war.

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The Thomas Jefferson Slavery

When you are a child, you tend to believe everything that your parents tell you. The environment that you grow up in shapes your views and values. White people mistreated African-Americans and enslaved them. The white children saw this abuse and followed in the footsteps of their parents. When the children saw those around them abusing their power, they knew of nothing else. There is no justifiable excuse for their behavior, however it is important to see that this was a different time. We have to ask questions like why was owning another human being acceptable? Why was slavery legal? We would be missing very important part of history if we only highlighted the horrific acts being commited. We must look at why slavery was allowed in the first place in order to fully comprehend what life was like in those days.

In order to understand why slavery was ever being justified, we need to look at the very start. Slavery began in 1619 when a Dutch ship carrying 20 African slaves was transported to Jamestown, Virginia. According to a timeline made by Ferris State University, the first African to be enslaved for life was John Punch in 1640. Just a year later, Massachusetts sanctioned slavery as a legal institution. A year after, Virginia made it so the status of the mother determined the fate of the black child. If the mother was enslaved, the child was also. Many harsh laws followed throughout the country. Slavery was normalized.

Slavery became part of the white man's lifestyle. When looking at the life of Thomas Jefferson, you can see that he would be nowhere without slaves. Jefferson, like many slaveholders, hated slavery; yet all of his life he profited from it. It is imperative that we realize that this was a different time. We need to take a step back. We can all say that if we were living in the eighteen hundreds, we would be abolitionists and hate the idea of owning another human being; but would we be telling the truth? We do not know or understand what it was like living in a time where owning other people was normal. Did people actually believe that slavery was from God, or were they just lying to themselves?

Many slaveholders justified their owning slaves by asking why white men should do the dirty work when African-Americans could do it. They were also blinded by their need to be or look inferior to the rest of the world. White Americans were so worried about what other countries saw, they were willing to sacrifice the lives of others. Even the white Americans, who did not own slaves were extremely racist and believed themselves to be the superior race. Slavery went from being called a “necessary evil”, to a positive thing that was necessary for human progress.

An abundance of slaveholders thought themselves to be kind masters. In chapter eleven of Give Me Liberty, its states that, “ ‘the master’ wrote one planter, ‘as the head of the system, has a right to the obedience and labor of the slave, but the slave also has the mutual rights in the master; the right of protection, the right of counsel and guidance, the right of subsistence, the right of care and attention in sickness and old age.” Slaveholders thought that if they gave African-Americans a fraction of their entitled rights, that would overlook the fact that they are holding people against their will and forcing them to work under strenuous conditions. This mindset that they called “paternalism” was a poor attempt to try to mask their guilt.

A substantial amount of slaveholders used the Bible as an attempt to justify their actions. They misquoted several passages such as 1 Peter 2:18, “slaves, in reverent fear of God submit yourselves to your masters, not only to those who are good and considerate, but to those who are harsh.” however, “Christian” slaveholders neglected to read 1 Timothy 1:10 where they are being compared to the sexually immoral, liars and perjurers by Paul. Paul also writes earlier in Colossians 4:1, “masters, provide your slaves with what is right and fair, because you know that you also have a master in heaven.” the Christian slaveholders picked and chose what they wanted from the Bible in order to fit their agenda.

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The Modern-Day Slavery

There are many forms of modern-day slavery including Sex trafficking, sex trafficking is what will be discussed throughout this paper. Human trafficking is slavery which involves the excessive use of force, manipulation, or persuasion to get some type of labor or commercial sex act. This is one of the fastest growing forms of contemporary slavery. Human trafficking is a crime that has gained the attention of so many different angles of law enforcement, human rights advocates, and policymakers to try and stop this excessive business. Every year there are hundreds of thousands of people including men, women, and children that are trafficked in countries all over the world, not excluding the United States.

It is said that human trafficking creates millions of dollars each year. This ties in second to drug trafficking as the most profitable form. Sex trafficking is a monetary connected criminal business built upon the foundation of supply and demand. People who pay to have sex increase the use for more traffickers and implement a profit for the owners of these traffickers. Who seek to increase their profits by capitalizing on trafficking victims, buyers of people who choose to purchase sex from prostitution rings need to recognize their involvement in how they are contributing to the demand of the of sex trafficking rings. Women and children have been victims of sex trafficking for thousands of years.

These people should not buy sex and should not participate in this sexual industry. Many women do not realize this life, is the life they will live when they are first brought into this industry, because usually they are met by a man or woman who give them the thought that if they come with them somewhere, they will be given a different life or have a relationship with someone that they need to move across the world for and end up being brought into the sex trafficking life. Children are usually abducted into this life, or they are brought into the life of sex trafficking because their parents cannot afford to take care of them so they sell their kids for money or drugs. An example of sex trafficking is the movie taken.

Taken is about how a former CIA agent and his ex-wife let their seventeen-year-old daughter travel Paris with her friend with no adult supervision. Where this all goes wrong is when they meet this guy at an airport, and share a cab ride with him to where they will be staying at, as they ride with the guy the guy promises to show them around Paris, and they exchange contact information, what they did not know about this guy was that he was part of a sex trafficking ring where he would talk girls into going out but really be a part of the abduction setup. The former CIA agent is on the phone with his daughter while the house they were staying at gets broken into. The girls were not even in Paris for a whole day before they were abducted out of their home.

The father traveled all the way to Paris and ended up finding many sex trafficking places where woman was being held and used for sex, these women were drugged up, sick, and exhausted. When he finally found his daughter, she was in the mist of be auctioned off to a different sex trafficking ring. What this all goes to show is that people are very manipulative and can be a part of sex trafficking rings, and you may not expect it. This can occur anywhere, by the people you may least expect it or never expect it from. In conclusion Human trafficking, is one of the very lucrative and expensive businesses that needs to be stopped. Sex trafficking is a crime that is worldwide where many men, woman, and children are abducted or manipulated into. This is a business where if people reported more crimes of prostitution and trafficking this could be stopped.

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Slavery in Ancient Rome

Freed person in ancient Rome was man or woman released from slavery legally by their owner through the formal process known as manumission. It is thought that most emancipation took place for men by around age thirty and for women toward their end of their childbearing years.But exceptions were always possible.Since there is no statistics the number of slaves freed and their age is not exactly known.Manumission was far more popular and numerous under the Emperor Augustus.The cap of freedom, red conical hat, was symbol of a freed person.This cap, however, was not worn as an everyday covering, it was a ceremonial one.

Once the man or women slave become free they don’t go back to where they came from originally instead become a full member of the Roman society.Freed person were considered as plebeian class which is one of the social classes in early Rome.They become a citizen of Rome with all the rights and restrictions and get a three part name as free Romans.The name consisted of the master or mistress name as praenomen, their slave men and cognomen usually based on professions.The restriction on a freed person was determined by economic circumstances, individual ability, and ambition, not by social restrictions.One of their rights as a Roman citizen was the right to vote.

A freed person does not break ties with his or her familia rather increases them since they took on the role of a client with you master or mistress as your patron. The relationship between a patron and client was expressed by a ritual where the freed person had to visit the Patron’s house and reswear its loyalty and in return the patron would give a symbolic gift like food or toga.The client and patron had mutual benefits.As a client, a freed person was assisted by their patron by either receiving money, getting business advice, legal assistance or could also be an introduction to someone they want to know from business related matters.Therefore, the patron would benefit both socially and financially.

Freed person had to do what the patron asks from them and this could be either by voting for them or by offering their service for free or a lower price.Sometimes they used to overwork for the patron and be abused therefore was stated that a freedwoman over fifty years old could not be forced to provide labour for her patron.In other ways the patron could control future behaviour of freedman by forcing to accept a large loan which binds him to the patron through debt or forcing him to remain unmarried to inherit the freeman’s estate rather than his children.In short, patrons often used legal or illegal means to bind freedmen.

Freedman or freedwomen in the Roman society were the backbone of the imperial economy and civil services.They were usually skilled workers.Even though they had similar rights as a freeborn but after a while a law was introduced stating that a freedman they can have the same rights except that he can’t run for senate if his previous three generation were free.The status of freeman in the Roman society increased under the rule of emperors.There were poor plebeians, middle-class plebeians and wealthy plebeians. A freedman coming out of slavery most often had a trade or occupation that he had learned or trained in as part of his slave experience.Usually, a freed person worked the same jobs as plebeians as craftsmen, midwives or traders.Some freedmen were gladiators,actors ,lawyer ,doctors, artists, and architects.

They were active in a wide range of occupation.A freed person can also have great wealth from their own business like owning a successful bakery or if they had a powerful patron involved in politics by working for them and the last one is if their master or mistress made them the designated heir because they have no family or the freed person had a high place or relationship with the owner. Very few freed people worked as prostitutes which were considered as a lower status job.One of the highly successful freedman who made a lot of money as a bakery contractor was Marcus Vergilius Eurysaces. If a freed person was an imperial slave then to freedman they had access to wealth than any other Roman citizen too.These freedmen were different from ordinary freemen.The imperial freedmen were relied upon the machinery of the empire which was thought of as a great household by the emperor and to be managed like any other estate.There were also times where the wealthy and higher class of the society had to bow to them when bowing to the emperor if they were agents to the emperor.

They received hatred from the elite people since they didn’t want a former slave to have as equal or sometimes more wealth than they had. Freedmen had friendships or rivalries with other freedmen too.Despite their competitions they usually associated with other freedmen.It was also stated that they formed their own association but it was rare. The most significant social accomplishments of freedmen were freedom for himself and his family.Not for all them but with ones who had relationships in slavery it was important in freeing the wife and offspring.The child of a freedman would have the same rights as a freeborn too.They not only found identity in their freedom and families, but also in their work.

In terms of religion freedmen had a rich religious life. Both men and women were involved in religious associations in common with slaves and free men, especially in households.Some freedmen were also priests.They were active in many cults like the cult of Vestal virgins.An example would be Decimus Licinius Astragalus; freedmen of Decimus, was the priest of vestal virgins.They did not do their religion different from free borns, and it was done the same way as others.They worshiped gods of Roman religion like Jupiter.Generally, freedmen levied under stigma because of their previous status in the Roman society and that usually stayed with them for life, no matter how successful.A typical freedman was multifaceted, smart, informed and economically prepared.

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Slavery by Another Name

Some slaves new they were slaves and some didn’t.Though President Abraham Lincoln put an end to slavery ,slaves in Texas had no knowledge of their freedom until two and a half years later. On June 19, 1865 Union soldiers came to Galveston and declared the end of the Civil War, with General granger reading a lou a special declaration that ordered the freeing of 200,000 slaves in the state. Because of the major set back, many African Americans started a tradition of celebrating the real day slavery ended on June 19 aka(juneteeth). But for some, their cheers were short-lived. Thanks to the South's lucrative prison labor system and a deceptive practice called debt peonage, a kind of neo-slavery continued for some blacks long into the 1940s.

Chattel slavery in the classic sense ended with the Civil War's close and Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation. Reconstruction followed, creating new opportunities for African Americans who owned and profited from their own land and dug into local politics. 'It's important not to skip over the first part of true freedom,' says Douglas Blackmon, author of Slavery by Another Name: The Re-Enslavement of Black Americans From the Civil War to World War ll and co-executive producer of the eponymous documentary film. 'Public education as we know it today and the first property rights for women were instituted by African-American elected officials.'

But the social achievements were fleeting. 'Put yourself in that place,' Blackmon says. 'You're enslaved, then liberated for 30 years, and then all of a sudden, a certain group of people begin a campaign to force you back into slavery.' Across the South, laws were instituted that stripped African Americans of their rights, making celebrations like Juneteenth a distant memory. A prison-labor paradigm developed. Jail owners profited from the hard labor of their black inmates who were incarcerated for petty crimes like vagrancy, which carried long sentences.

Prisons sold their workforce to nearby industrial companies to work as coal miners, for example, for as much as 9 dollars a month, and inmates were often worked to death. Elsewhere, whites fabricated debt owed by blacks, forcing them into peonage and trading years of free work for their freedom, a practice that spread across the Bible Belt. But in 1941 President Franklin D. Roosevelt moved against that notion. Following the bombing of Pearl Harbor during World War II by Japanese troops, Roosevelt signed Circular No. 3591 (pdf), giving teeth to the Anti-Peonage Law of 1867, which criminalized the practice. Dispatching a federal investigation, Roosevelt's team prosecuted guilty whites and effectively ended peonage in 1942. However, African-American second-class citizenship has reappeared as a result of the war on drugs and draconian laws created during the 1980s.

As civil rights litigator and author Michelle Alexander points out in her recent book, The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness, the subjugation of African Americans through criminalization continues through the prison industrial complex. 'Racial caste is alive and well in America,' Alexander wrote in the Huffington Post. 'Here are a few facts … There are more African Americans under correctional control today — in prison or jail, on probation or parole — than were enslaved in 1850, a decade before the Civil War began. As of 2004, more African-American men were disenfranchised (due to felon disenfranchisement laws) than in 1870, the year the Fifteenth Amendment was ratified, prohibiting laws that explicitly deny the right to vote on the basis of race.' But Blackmon explains that the American economy doesn't rely on prison labor for major financial gain the way the New South did. For that reason, he is hopeful that the prison business complex won't evolve into a form of modern-day slavery.

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Some Examples of Police Brutality in the 1900s

In the 1980s, police brutality toward minorities was at a high. When the band N.W.A started gaining fame and money, the police treated them poorly, and since the group consisted of African Americans, they received a lot of harassment as they were profiled as drug dealers and other African American stereotypes. The group was once caught shooting paintballs around, which lead to the cops laying them “face down in the street and [pointing] guns at them” (Crawford). Police around this time period shot many African American people, which caused the group to become infuriated. N.W.A released a song in August of 1988, the midst of the police brutality in Los Angeles, called “F*** Tha Police.”

This song was meant to insult the police as well as expose the police brutality to the public. The band used the song was meant to get the public to protest the police brutality. The song lyrics portray the message that the band would be able to beat up the police if the police did not have as much legal power as they should, and the reason the police can do what they do is because of the power the public grants them. Because of this reasoning, when the song was released, there were more attacks by the public on the police. Due to the increase of attacks on the police and the message that violence is acceptable, the FBI sent letters to the band saying the band could not perform “F*** Tha Police” at any of their concerts, and the band always agreed to those terms; however, N.W.A always perform the song. N.W.A believed the FBI should not control their free speech and wanted the public to understand their situation and side with them. The police would storm the stage when “F*** Tha Police” stated playing, so it also showed the public how badly the police did not want the public to hear the song.

The song begins with an introduction where the members have a fake trial in order to mock the judicial system in America. The song itself starts with Ice Cube yelling “F*** the police!” The tone he uses to start the song shows Ice Cube’s anger on the situation, and he wants to provoke the audience as well. He continues by talking about how he’s brown so the police do not treat him as an equal, but rather they have the authority to attack him when pleased. He continues by mentioning how the police commonly attack the black youth when arresting them, and he explains how they hide behind their badge and gun in order to act tough. But Ice Cube mentions that if the police and him were both in prison, Ice Cube would easily be able to take them on. Since the band members were all teenagers or early twenties when N.W.A started gaining fame, the police would always search his possession thinking they were stole or that he made his money of drug deals rather than him actually earning the money. He continues by saying that even if the cop is black, they will still side with the white cops to prove their power over the regular black citizens.

MC Ren takes on the second verse by starting the same way Ice Cube did. He then references Ice Cube’s line “They have the authority to kill a minority,“ by saying “Because the n***** on the street is a majority.” N.W.A was a band from Compton, and in the 1980s and 1990s, it was mostly a black community, so MC Ren comments that the blacks have more authority in their community, so they could start an uprising against the police. He continues to explain that when he’s arrested and the police state the Miranda rights to him, it does not apply to him because the police force was unfair. He continues to explain that he has a history of tricking cops, and he always wins, which got him his reputation of killing a lot of cops.

Eazy-E approaches the third verse with a less violent entrance, but he explains that he’s tired of how he is treated just for being black. His most iconic lyric in the song is “they put out my picture with silence ‘cause my identity by itself causes violence.” He references the social concept that African Americans are feared regardless of their actions. He shows how the police often portray African Americans as vicious. He continues to explain how he had a history with gangs and drugs, but the only thing the police have is their gun and badge with back tracks to Ice Cube’s verse where he explains that the police use their badge and gun to promote their authority and as their only defense mechanism.

Overall, NWA uses the song as a way to release their anger about the police brutality occurring in Los Angeles. They explain that the police treat them with no respect solely because of the color of their skin. Even if they are economically striving, the police assumed they did not earn it, but rather obtained the money by illegal activity. NWA was not attacking only the white cops, but they showed their anger towards the black cops as well. They explained that the government protects the police, but if the cops did not have a gun, the blacks in the community would not give them the authority they believe they deserve because the African Americans could easily beat them.

The song begins with records scratching followed by symbols, drums, and the horn. The band plays sirens in the background to continue with the theme of the police. The tune starts with a drum track going from the highest pitch to the lowest pitch, ending with the horn. At the end, there is a cymbal crash followed by the pattern starting over. The notes in the intro have a staccato style of playing, where the notes are separated from each other. The notes start off being really short and high pitched, but as the intro continues, the notes are held longer and sound a lower pitch. The intro ends with loud record scratching as well has heavy drum sounds.

The first verse begins with a loud drum noise in fast tempo. The guitar is introduced into the first verse, which keeps a constant mid-range pitch. In the second half of the first verse, the guitar pitch becomes higher but still remains constant for a while. The notes on the line beginning with “thinking every” disappear and there is no music for a second, but then when Ice Cube says “selling narcotics” the drums, guitar, and high pitched noises come back louder than usual. At the end of the verse, the music completely cuts out only to hear Ice Cube’s line, and then scratching records comes on.

The chorus of the song consists of mainly record scratching with the occasional high-pitched trumpet noise as the guitar and drum sounds come and go. When the vocals stop in the chorus, the song continues with inconsistent guitar pitches ranging from the lowest to the highest pitch, but this section of the tune is very fast paced. Each of the verses sound the same as the first one, but they emphasis different parts of the lyrics by cutting out the music to focus on the words, then playing the music loudly again. The song displays a homophonic texture because the music and the voices are in unison with one another.

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How did Slavery Cause the Civil War

Abolitionist John Brown was not justified in his attacks on Harpers Ferry. His methods were extreme and very terrorist-like. He also prepared the South for war, an unintended effect of his brash actions. His intention was morally correct and his action was for a good cause, but this does not excuse the horrible acts done by him to achieve this end. He was also accused and found guilty of treason. John Brown’s rebellion was responsible for speeding up the southern states succession. In the end, by further fanning the flames, he helped the U.S. go into Civil War. Slavery is wrong. It destroys the dignity of human life. We are all created equal regardless of race. We should judge a man by his character, not by if he is white or black. We are all children of God, equal in every aspect.

Many people in the outer southern states did not know why slavery should be abolished. They saw it as a gift they were giving to the men, women and children. After a while, they were considered family. When offered freedom, they often stayed. In the deep South, things were very different. It was basically that no one can hear you scream deep in the woods concept. Far away from the north, slave owners were more brutal to their slaves. John Brown fully started his abolitionist life. “In 1837, in response to the murder of Elijah P. Lovejoy, Brown publicly vowed: 'Here, before God, in the presence of these witnesses, from this time, I consecrate my life to the destruction of slavery!” 1 This is a great intention, but his actions made him as detestable as the very thing he fought to abolish.

A hero is someone admired for their brave works and actions. John Brown, however, is someone who will always be known as the first American terrorist. A dead giveaway would be the fact that Brown hacked people to death with swords, not like a hero at all. 'Biography of John Brown'. War and Reconciliation: The Mid-Missouri Civil War Project. University of Missouri-Columbia School of Law. Retrieved 12 December 2016. When Border Ruffians wanted to attack the anti-slavery settlers on Pottawatomie Creek, Kansas, Brown and his family were among the abolitionists in this sharply divided area. Apparently, Brown thought that the sword was mightier than the pen. On the night of May 24th, Brown, with four of his sons and two other men rode to the homes of three pro-slavery settlers near Dutch Henry’s crossing on Pottawatomie Creek. Brown was ready to rid the Pottawatomie of all pro-slavery men he could get his hands on.

They lugged James Doyle and two of his sons, William and Drury, from their farmhouse. When the trio tried a desperate attempt to escape, James Doyle was shot down and his sons hacked to death with short sabers. Brown’s men ignored the pleas of Allen Wilkinson’s sick wife and two children and took Wilkinson away as a prisoner. They decided it wasn’t enough and so, stabbed him repeatedly shortly after. At the third home they visited, Brown’s band killed William Sherman with their swords and threw his body to get lost and never seen again in the rushing water nearby. Other men and a woman found at Sherman’s home were not harmed surprisingly. Through it all, Brown had decided who would die and who would be spared.

He apparently did not do the killing himself but decided to let others do that for him. He acted as if this would keep him clean from the blood of his victims. Giving the order has the same pain and sting of the knife that rips life from the body. Brown yearned to also arm the slaves and start a rebellion on both fronts. The first would be political. The second would be physical, bodied by the slaves fighting for freedom. He did this by raiding a Federal arsenal in October 17, 1859 and by committing treason. They had severed all communications with the capitol and captured a train passing through. Hayward Shepherd, a free black man, consequently was the first casualty of the raid. He was the train bag handler.

Brown then seized the arsenal. His plan was to arm slaves with weapons but the attack was beaten into submission. The few slaves on the farms nearby did not join in the fight. His rallying attempt failed miserably with only Brown’s men at his side. Within 36 hours, Brown's men had fled, been killed or captured by local pro-slavery farmers, militiamen, and U.S. Marines. That day treason was committed against the state. Many agree that the Harpers Ferry raid escalated tensions that, a year later, led to the Civil War. It also prepared the south more readily for war as they prepared for future rebellions.

Was John Brown justified in his attacks? The Double Effect principle can be applied here. As touched upon in “Catholic Morality” by Fr.John Laux ,M.A, “The action in itself must be good or at least indifferent. The evil effect must not be intended but only permitted”.4 John Brown’s intention was good but not his actions. He caused another evil while trying to eradicate another evil, splitting the country in half. So Brown fought for the freedom and equality of slaves. On the downside, he was tried and convicted for murder, conspiracy to incite a slave uprising, and treason against the Commonwealth of Virginia. He also inadvertently gave a wake-up call to the south to prepare for more uprisings. This ultimately led to and sped up the succession of the southern states. He was hung for his actions.

Many people hail him as a hero and martyr because he fought against slavery. Yes, he did fight against slavery and slavery is wrong, but killing slave-owners and anyone in the way, promoting violent rebellions and committing treason is also very wrong. Non-violent ways can be as strong as John Brown’s ways, with the bonus of not losing life. People can also say his intention was good and morally correct. They say the road to hell is paved with good intentions. John Brown did not help himself by his actions. He relied on the sword and quick brash action.

John Brown was an extreme abolitionist who fought for the end of slavery through murder and treason. He managed to speed up the coming of the South’s succession and the Civil War. That war was the most costly in human lives America has ever fought. Abolitionist, Fredrick Douglass, achieved more than Brown by raising not a sword but a pen. He fought for the end to slavery by giving and writing anti-slavery speeches. The difference was one was a great, personal friend of President Lincoln. The other was hung.

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Veterans and Substance Abuse

The type of group that our members have come up with is a treatment group which focuses on returning veterans, specifically from the Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi freedom, who have PTSD. According to the book An Introduction to Group Work Practice written by Toseland and Rivas, they describe treatment groups as a group whose purpose is to address clients’ emotional needs . This differs from a task group, whose purpose would be to complete a task or reach a goal. The goal of our group is to work towards improving the mental health and emotional needs of the clients. The purpose for this group will be to help these veterans reintegrate themselves into the community and into their families by using group recreation therapy.

The setting of the group would begin in a typical group room most likely at the Portland VA Medical Center, and eventually transition to recreational activities out in the community. We have determined that this group will be funded by the veterans VA benefits. This would insure that the group is accessible to all veterans who choose to participate. If the group is successful, it can be implemented in at other VA clinics in Washington, Oregon, and other locations where there is a need. For this purpose of this literature review, I chose to focus on the effectiveness of group therapy on people who suffer from PTSD with or without co-occurring disorders such as substance abuse or depression.

The question formulated to guide this literature review is: How effective is group therapy for people suffering with PTSD with or without co-occurring disorders? Databases used to locate articles for this group were Academic Search Complete (EBSCOhost) and Psychology Database (ProQuest). Search terms that worked were “Group Therapy”, “PTSD”, “co-occurring disorders”, “substance use”, “depression”, “effectiveness”. Search terms that did not work were searching the keywords “Veterans” with “Recreational therapy” and “Group therapy for PTSD”. There was not much on this topic when narrowed down and my group members had already used the articles that did show up, so I decided to broaden my search so that I could find more research that has been done on how effective groups are for people with PTSD in general, including veterans but not limited to veterans.

This research will help us in forming our final group.The possible group intervention that has been described by authors Varkovitsky, Sherrill, and Reger in the article Effectiveness of the Unified Protocol for Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders among Veterans is called Unified Protocol (UP) which is described as a way to focus on, control, and change the regulation of emotions for people suffering with emotional disorders. These authors took well-known cognitive-behavioral strategies that have been empirically supported and tested and combined these techniques together to form a treatment group. There were four randomized controlled trials and two open trials conducted for individuals who have been diagnosed with mood or anxiety disorders. The researchers chose to do a 16-week group session on men and women (43 men, 9 women) examining self-reported symptoms.

The methods used by these authors was inclusion criteria of the diagnosis of PTSD, and receiving services through the VA. They were given a health questionnaire and out of 170 veterans asked to be in the study, 150 of them participated but only 52 completed the whole process. They were given survey packets to complete after the 16-week group treatment session. Information on diagnosis was collected from each participants’ medical records. Unified Protocol uses a variety of treatments and therefore is flexible in its delivery and use (Varkovitsky, Sherrill, & Reger, 2018). For this study, there were eight modules given to each participant. The modules consisted of topics such as how to increase motivation to change, identifying emotional awareness, and modifying emotional reactions and behaviors.

These are all skills that would assist in working to change dysfunctional cognitive patterns. Limitations to this study are the small participant number and that they all need to be veterans. Another limitation is that there was a small number of women tested and non-white veterans, so it is difficult to get an accurate conclusion on if this works well across genders and on diverse populations. After these trials were concluded, the evidence showed that there were improvements for the 18 months they were followed after the Unified Protocol was completed in the symptoms of anxiety, depression, improved quality of life, and functioning on a daily basis.

Assessed in another article written by authors Maio and Jorgensen-Wagers called Efficacy of Group Cognitive Processing Therapy in an Intensive Outpatient Trauma Program for Active Duty Service Members with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder is another method of group treatment for individuals suffering from PTSD. These authors have done research on the effects of certain types of treatment on service members who have been diagnosed with PTSD and also have mild or moderate traumatic brain injury, which is common to see both in these individuals. The research concluded that this type of intensive treatment had positive long-term effects with using Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT) in a group setting.According to the authors CPT is offered in a group format, lasting eight weeks long with members attending three times a week.

This is considered intensive due to the amount of time spent each week. The members write down an account of their trauma report, which might be used during the group, but it may not be used. Within the group, members are asked to discuss their beliefs around six major topics, some of which were topics such as how they feel about safety, trust, intimacy etc. They are to complete this before treatment and after treatment using the Stuck Point Inventory. The authors used the PTSD check list as the way to measure symptoms and improvements.

The authors concluded that there was long-term improvement in the members who returned to active duty after the treatment. They reported that one of the limitations was small sample size as well as trying to identify which particular mode of treatment would be most effective. They also pointed out that there is limited research to support use of this treatment for the targeted population of veterans with the combination of PTSD and traumatic brain injury. After a careful assessment of strengths of available literature, the best available evidence supports a Unified Protocol and CPT treatment group for the purpose of symptom reduction in individuals with PTSD in a group setting.

The evidence that seems to be a best fit for this setting and potential group member is that there were long-term improvements in these veterans with PTSD, symptom reduction, and improved emotional regulation. This shows that either of these type groups implemented into the development of our group would be beneficial. A method used in the literature to evaluate group outcomes that could be used for this group is the survey conducted by the members at the end of the group. Although we are then relying on self-reporting, it has proven to be an accurate assessment and method of getting results.

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With Biopsychosocial Substance Abuse

To understand the health industry, we need to accept mental health. Over the centuries, there has been different frameworks and models that has been developed and used within in the mental health field to help with diagnosing and treating patients with mental illnesses. This essay will explain how addiction relates with the Biopsychosocial Model. In 1977, the Biopsychosocial Model was developed by a psychiatrist named George Engel. Engel created this model to be broken down into three components; biological, psychological and sociological. The Biopsychosocial Model will help clinicians understand the disease and develop an effective treatment plan for their patients. Many people all around the world suffer from some type of compulsive behavior whether its caffeine, gambling, shopping, or even substance abuse.

Drug abuse have become a social pandemic across America leaving mentally ill abusers feeling hopeless and helpless. People should be aware of the severity of substance abuse and addiction. This epidemic has cost many lives and with the research and help with drug treatment centers and dedicated psychologist, it can help someone beat their dependency on drugs. However, it is not just the addict who is suffering, families are affected as well. Families, peers, and environment are all impacted by the substance abuse that has become so common today. To understand the concepts behind this, and what psychiatrists do to help substance abusers and their families, they need to dig deep and find the root of the problem of where it all began.

Biopsychosocial (BPS) Model and how it relates to topics such as drug addiction. It will give a clear background on how it was accepted within the healthcare industry and the strengths and weaknesses for treating patients. The Biopsychosocial model can be used to understand mental health in psychology and covers all the subfields in behaviors and mental illnesses. To understand the health industry, we need to accept mental health. Over the centuries, there has been different frameworks and models

that has been developed and used within the mental health field to help with diagnosing and treating patients with mental illnesses. The biopsychosocial model was developed by a psychiatrist named George Engel. Engel studied and created this model to be broken down into three components; biological, psychological and sociological. In Health Psychology, Biopsychosocial model ties in with mental health and addiction. Drug addiction has become a worldwide epidemic, this includes alcohol and drugs and how it effects people.

In summary of the paper, the Biopsychosocial model will help clinicians understand and provide examples of the disease and develop an effective treatment plan for patients. There will be question What environmental and social factors in an individual’s life cause them to start abusing a drug? What factors cause them to continue? What physiological mechanisms make a drug rewarding? What is addiction, behaviorally and physiologically, and why is it so hard to quit? These questions can be answered in the major theories (models) that are described below using an integrative approach that addresses the problem of substance abuse, and Many people all around the world suffer from some type of compulsive behavior whether its caffeine, nicotine, alcohol, and drugs. Many drug overdoses are the reason many people have lost their lives to addiction.

Although everyone is responsible for making their own choices, our peers can be a huge influence and environment can play big part. What is drug addiction? Drug addiction can be defined as an overused substance that our brain is chemically dependent on. Although dependency happens gradually, a person may think they have it under control. After long history of drug abuse, it can harm the mind and body and can lead to harmful effects such as tolerance and withdrawal symptoms. Many people that do suffer from addiction are starting at a young age and are finding it harder to seek treatment sooner before it’s too late. The help from our clinicians and gaining vital information about someone’s background find it more effective to help treat

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The Prenatal Substance Abuse

The purpose of this essay is to explain how the effects of substance abuse is on its all time rise since 2001 and how exactly it effects a child. Substance has many different effects at many different stages of a child’s life. It can harm a child that is not even born yet but other than the effect it can have on your body physically, it can have a ton of mental effects that a caregiver might not know they could have. Other than pregnancies substance abuse can harm children through childhood and even on to their adult hood. The effects that substance abuse has on pregnancies. Utah done a study among the babies born alive in the years between 1989 to 1996. The study was only done on mothers who at least gave birth that resulted in on baby living.

When the researcher performed the study, they put perspective 16 risk factor that can affect a pregnancy. When observing Zhu, Rolfs, Nangle, Horan asked questions such as, age at delivery, outcome of the most recent recognized pregnancy, number of previous live-born infants who had died, number of previous live-born infants, height, prepregnancy weight, weight gain during pregnancy, trimester at which prenatal care was started, number of prenatal care visits, marital status, education, race or ethnic group, residence (rural or urban), tobacco use during pregnancy, and alcohol use during pregnancy. Pregnancy lasting shorter than six months could be cause by multiple things including tobacco use during the pregnancy.

Pregnancy that last longer than 120 months can be caused by thing like previous stillbirth or abortion or tobacco use or alcohol use during pregnancy. The effects that substance abuse has on children through childhood. In many countries in Europe the number of children that have parents with substance abuse problems range from 5.7% to 23%. When a survey was done for the united states at least 12% of children have lived with one or more parent(s) with a substance abuse problem. When a child has one or more parents with a substance abuse problem, they child is more likely to have mental health problem or even some behavior issues. Some children do not develop any sort of mental health problem they are normally referred to as resilience said by the article Protective mental health factors in children of parents with alcohol and drug use disorders: A systematic review wrote by Olga Wlodarczyk, Mirjam Schwarze, Hans-Jurgen Rumpf, Franka Metzner, Silke Pawils.

There is nearly 4.3 million young- adults that do not use prescription drugs correctly and almost 435,000 adults that use heroin on a daily basis. The number of deadly prescription drugs has nearly tripled over the years starting in 2001 said Rebecca Mirick. Mirick states that since 1998 to 2012 the number of kids that have end up in foster care due to at least one or both parents having substance abuse problem is 14 to 31%. When a child is put into foster care because their parents are user of cocaine or opioids the child is affected a lot more than if their parents just used alcohol or methamphetamine or cannabis (Mirick, Steenrod p.547). When a parent uses opioids, they are not emotionally available or even responsive to the needs their children have. even through when a parent is not always responsive that does not necessary ruin the relationship between them but when the parent is always unresponsive that is what impact the bond between them the most.

According to the DSM-V when a person uses opioids they don not have control of thing like craving or trying to quit, they miss important events such as school or meetings, they use opioids knowing the risk, when trying to quit they will go through being severely sick this is called withdrawal, when a person is using at least two of these will be present. Even though a parent is not always there for the childs need when using opioids, they less negative affect than parents that have an alcohol problem and are less violent than user that use cocaine. The effect that substance abuse has on children through adulthood. Growing up with a parent with an alcohol problem can cause many issues such as financial strain, marital conflicts, social isolation as stated in Young-adult children of alcoholic parents: protective effects of positive family functioning written by Hill, Nord, Blow.

Hill stated that when an alcohol dependent parents is drunk or sober, they are like two different people. The main problem in a family with an alcohol dependent parent is that they can not stick to any kind of family night situation or that they do not hold any kind of responsibility (hill p.1678). Young adults that have a parent that are dependent on alcohol they seem more violent toward their parent and do not share a close relationship with them. On average a young adult has there first drink at age 14 and begin to drink on a daily basis at age 17 and through out high school they drank around 4 drink about two times a month (hill p.1683). Those who had an alcohol depended parent growing up tended to drink more frequently and they tended to drink heavier drinks, they are also more likely to abuse drug and alcohol in the future (hill p.1683).?

Work Cited

Hill, E. M., Nord, J. L., & Blow, F. C. (1992). British Journal of Addiction. Young-adult Children of Alcoholic Parents: Protective Effects of positive Family Functioning, 87,1677-1690. Retrieved November 24, 2018.
Mirick Rebecca G., and Shelley A. Steenrod. “Child Adolesc Soc Work J.” Opioid Use Disorder, Attachment, and Parenting: Key Concerns for Practitiioners,15 June 2016, pp. 547-554., doi:10.1007/s10560-04491
Wlodarcztk, O., Schwarze, M., Rumpf, H., Metzner, F., & Pawils, S. (2017). Plos. Protective Mental Health Factors on Children of Parents with Alcohol and Drug use Disorders: A Systemic Review,1-16. Retrieved November 24, 2018.
Zhu, B., M.D., Rolfs, R. T., M.D., Nangle, B. E., Ph.D., & Horan, J. M., M.D. (1999). The New England Journal of Medicine. Effects of the Interval between Pregnancies on Perinatal Outcomes, 340(8), 589-593. Retrieved November 24, 2018.

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Injustice Due to Police Brutality

Contents

Abstract
References

Abstract

America is one of the most racially diverse and independent countries in the World. What draws so many people to this country is their “melting pot” American dream. But despite the advantages of America, there are many underlying issues that plague the nation. One of these issues is the racial disparities among minorities in the criminal justice system. In order for America to prosper further as a nation, members of the community have to have faith in the legal system. For that to occur, there needs to be major reform in the justice system, so that they can embody the “American Dream” that many bolster about.

Minimizing Disparities in the Justice System Amongst Ethnic Groups While blatant discrimination has seen a moderate declined over recent decades, America, in the twenty-first century is still struggling with injustice in the justice system. The mistrust of law enforcement is nothing new for minorities, in fact, the relationship between law enforcement and minorities has been strained since this beginning of this Country.

This strained relationship reached notoriety during the Civil Rights movement. What is disheartening is amount of time that has transpired since the 1960s, but America is still dealing with the same underlying principles from that time period. A major flaw that seems to continue presently, is the mistreatment and disproportionate punishment against minorities in the legal system.

“Racial disparities in the system occurs when the portion of a specific racial or ethnic group that is in the system is larger than the percentage of the general population” (Fischman 2012). These disparities are also evidenced by the varying sentencing that occurs with minorities compared to white Americans, as well as the unwarranted murders and abuse by the hands of law enforcement. Mauer (2010), states that “one of every three black males born today will go to prison in his lifetime, as will one of every six Latino males” ( pg.14).

The racial disparities in the criminal justice system among ethnic groups causes public distrust of police officers, generational fear of law enforcement and separation within the communities. In the climate of social media, discussion and outrage of police misconduct has sparked and gained the World’s attention. The tragic and high-profile shootings of Michael Brown, Tamir Rice, and the mistreatment of Eric Garner has highlighted the increasing distrust of law enforcement.

And now, it seems that every time the television is cut on, there is another incident where those who are appointed to protect and serve are questioned. Through recent polls it has been shown that most Americans don’t believe police treat all racial groups equally. The polls have also shown that most believe that they are not held accountable for their actions (Mauer, 2010, para.1). It is because of these perceptions, that many minorities hesitate to call the police if there is a crime being committed. It also leads to lack of cooperation during police investigations.

In 2017 Epp, Maynard-Moody, and Haider-Markel discovered that “overuse of investigatory police stops erodes trust in, and cooperation with, the police, especially among African Americans, who are especially likely to be stopped” ( p.168).

But Urbina (2012), urges more people to pay attention to the criminal justice experience of Latinos and Latinas as well: Currently, our understanding of how race impacts police practices is largely informed by the experiences of black citizens. In itself, this research gap demonstrates the need to move beyond the black/white binary to gain insight into the treatment of one of the most diverse minority ethnic groups in the United States (p. 27).

Fear and distrust of law enforcement can become so severe that it is passed down generationally. Children growing up during the social media age have access to videos of unarmed and non-hostile individuals being shot down or abused at the hands of police. Parents are now feeling forced to “coach” their children on how to behave when getting pulled over and even having their cellphones ready to record in case any misconduct occurs. Even these precautions are sometimes, unfortunately, not enough to prevent tragic events from proceeding. This is not to say that every police stop or interaction with a minority leads to police misconduct. In fact, there are many instances that happen everyday with no altercations we just don’t see them. But the cases that have been showed are far too many and shouldn’t be occuring today.

Between the increasing outrage due to police brutality, seemingly unjust rulings and the history between whites and minorities, racial tension within communities is very noticable. Many white Americans can find it hard to relate to the feelings of mistrust and fear that plague other ethnic groups.This is because many have had perfectly normal experiences with law enforcement.

Friedman (2014), studied research that has consistently proven that minority groups report having more direct negative personal experiences with law enforcement ( para. 6). This type of conversation is uncomfortable and is often swept under the rug because it leads to discussion about discrimination and slavery, which have always been sensitive topics. Sometimes it is hard for one to understand what they have never experienced. This lack of understanding can cause racial tension to bubble over within the workplace, school and on social media. Racial discrimination is not only shown on the streets with police officers, but also inside the court rooms.

According to Samuel, R and Satia, A (2014), “Race also plays a role in court: Defendant race, victim race, and juror race all contribute to trial outcomes” (“Key Points,” para. 2). One example of major discrepancy between cases is Chase Legleitner vs. Lamar Lloyd. Compared by MacGuill (2018), these two individuals committed the same crime of armed robbery and they both pleaded no contest to two counts of armed robbery. The crimes were committed in Florida and they were brought before the same judge: Judge Sherwood Bauer Jr.

This judge has a reputation of administering harsher sentences to those with darker skin complexion—these cases were no exception. The only difference in these cases is that Lamar Lloyd—an African American— was sentenced to twenty-six years in prison, while, Chase Legleitner—a white American— was sentenced a mere two years in county jail. Some may think this difference was due to the prior records between the defendants. This was not the case, as each had one misdemeanor on their record (paras. 6-9). Unfortunately, this is not the first—and won’t be the last—case of “same crime different punishment.”

King (2016), pointed out another example of this type of injustice. Corey Batey and Brock Turner were both successful college athletes that were found guilty of sexual assault. The difference is that Brock Turner, was sentenced six months in a county jail, while Corey Batey was sentenced to fifteen years in prison (paras. 1-4) . All crimes deserve punishment, that goes without saying. But when there are cases such as the one mentioned, with such large variances in sentencing with the same crime, there is an obvious problem that needs to be addressed.

To be committed in reducing the unwarranted disparities in the system, it will require local and national efforts. Mauer (2010), suggests that these efforts will need cooperation between criminal justice leaders, policymakers, and community groups (p. 15).

Friedman (2014), recognizes that there is evidence supporting the notion that diversity training for police can improve relations with the community. Communication between law enforcement agencies and community organizations to recognize what systems are proving to be most effective-- resulting in the least amount of harm or damage is in definite need . Gathering data from the community on the best way to make them feel safe and actions that would garner the best responses would be extremely beneficial.

Training on how to spot unintentional racial bias needs to be implemented as a requirement for new recruiters and should be a class that has to be repeated annually. But training alone with police officers will not be enough to cease disparities in the justice system.

According to Samuel, R and Satia, A (2014), other solutions within the courtroom to limit racial bias are: “policy interventions to include jury instructions regarding unconscious bias and promoting better demographic representation in juries” (“Key Points,” para. 2).

Lastly, there needs to be accountability among police officers who are abusing their power. If the justice system keeps protecting their actions why would they believe that what they are doing is wrong? As a Country, America has definitely made major strides in the rights of minorities,but they absolutely need to take steps to minimize the disparities and racial bias against ethnic groups in the criminal justice system.

Law enforcement are vital components to running the nation smoothly and they are needed to facilitate good and bad. But what happens when it is the officers that are doing the bad? Who is holding them accountable? Their bad actions are heightened because they are held to a higher standard at least they should be. It will be a prolonged process, but justice reform is necessary to begin the process of rebuilding trust among Law enforcement and Americans.

References

Epp, C., Maynard-Moody, S., & Haider-Markel, D. (2017). Beyond profiling: The institutional sources of racial disparities in policing. Public Administration Review -Washington Dc-, 77(2), 168-178
Fischman, J. B., & Schanzenbach, M. M. (2012) Racial disparities under the federal sentencing guidelines: The role of judicial discretion and mandatory Minimums. Forthcoming, Journal of Empirical Legal Studies, , 1-50. doi: 10.2139/ssrn.1636419
Friedman, M. (2014, September 9). What Happens When We Don't Trust Law Enforcement? [Blog post]. Retrieved from https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/brick-brick/201409/what-happens-when-we-dont-trust-law-enforcement-0 Gabbidon, S., & Greene, H. (2005). Race, crime, and justice : A reader.
New York: Routledge. King, S. (2016, June 07). KING: Brock Turner and Cory Batey, two college athletes who raped unconscious women, show how race and privilege affect sentences - NY Daily News. Retrieved from https://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/king-brock-turner-cory-batey-show-race-affects-sentencing-article-1.2664945
MacGuill, D. (2018, August 20). FACT CHECK: Did a Florida Judge Give Vastly Different Sentences to Two Men, Whose Only Difference Was Their Race? Retrieved from http://www.snopes.com/fact-check/legleitner-lloyd-florida-race-sentence/
Mauer, M. (2010). Justice for All? Challenging Racial Disparities in the Criminal Justice System. Human Rights, 37(4), 14-16. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/23032406
Samuel, R., & Satia, A. (2014). Racial disparities in legal outcomes : On policing, charging decisions, and criminal trial proceedings. Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 1(1), 103-111. doi:10.1177/2372732214548431
Urbina, M. G. (2012). Hispanics In The U.S. Criminal Justice System?: The New American Demography. Springfield, Ill: Charles C Thomas. Retrieved from https://bcezproxy.bethelcollege.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=502599&site=ehost-live

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Role of the Counselor in Substance Abuse

Marriage is one of the most important relations which we make in our life or rather they are relations destined by the god. However, not every relation reach the path of success due to so many minor or major issues which arise over time. But for any kind of relationship issue, separation is not always a good choice because there are many things which change when you marry and stay together. Moreover, you should show up with a mutual will to improve your relationship for a marriage to work. So, here we bring you some quick tips which you can work to find the best Newport beach counselor who could guide you towards a successful marriage.

Devoted: first of all, you should start your research to find a good counselor. You could simply try to locate a devoted counselor who could help you define your couple goals. You can take a help from your friends or family to suggest you a few names that could work for you. The devotion of the counselor makes a huge difference to your idea of a successful marriage because only such a person can help you work on the pain points of your marriage.

Understanding: secondly, a true counselor will only be able to help you with their desire to understand. The counselor who is informed about the responsibility and trust which couple shows on them would always try to understand the perspective of both the partners. Either it is stress, lack of communication, or anger issues which are making you pull a step back from your marriage, they will have the solution to encounter such issues with their advice and suggestions.

Professional: thirdly, a professional marriage counselor is skilled and trained to deliver the marriage-related assistance. The counselors are trained to look for any negative patterns which are bringing tough times to your marriage. Moreover, they will also help you feel the ease to share your experiences including the things which you think are not working for you. When you align with the idea of counseling, you actually start to work on a process of healing your marriage and convert it into a stronger bond for a lifetime.

Training couples: a good marriage counselor should know the process of training the couples. They must take the shreds of evidence into the role to define the issues to the couples because we understand better when we explore the reasons that are bringing the issues to the married life. Sometimes, one of the partners is stressed over the work and get caught into some sort of substance abuse, other times the couple ends up due to no or lack of communication. Moreover, there are some issues related to sex life which makes it tough for a couple to keep up with a relationship. A marriage counselor knows every trick and process to overcome such hurdles.

Perfect attitude: last but not least, a good marriage counselor could give a great therapy with an approach to a perfect healing attitude. They are not just working to fix the marriage but rather gives you advice that you can keep for entire life longing for a successful marriage and smooth journey of life. So, if you are on the hunt to find the ways which can help you overcome life issues and get a good life with a perfect partnership, make sure you only visit a counselor who stands tall on all of the above-mentioned steps. All the best

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Mental Health and Substance Abuse

Mental health is a person’s condition with regard to their psychological and emotional/ social well-being. Mental illness is a condition that affects a person’s thinking, feeling, mood, and behavior. It affects everything about someone, how they act, what they think, how they feel, and what they do. It also shows how people relate to each other, handle their stress, and how they go about decision making. Mental health problems in the United States are very common (CDC, 2018). An estimated 50% of Americans are diagnosed with a mental disorder or mental illness at some point throughout their lifetime. Mental illness is also the third most common cause of hospitalization in the United States for the age group of 18-44. 1 in 5 Americans will experience a mental illness.

Americans lives with a serious mental illness like schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or depression. There is no single cause for mental illness. Instead, there are many factors that can contribute to someone developing a mental illness. These factors include life experiences like trauma or abuse, experiences that relate to having chronic medical conditions such as diabetes, biological factors such as genes or chemical imbalances in the brain, not having many friends, always feeling alone or isolated, and last but not least drug and alcohol use (CDC, 2018). Drugs change the way your brain and body works.

They change the balance of chemicals and the chemical messaging that helps your brain to think, feel, and make decisions. Most people who are drug addicts are diagnosed with some type of mental disorder, and most people who have been diagnosed with a mental disorder develop a substance abuse problem. Drug addicts are twice as likely to suffer from a mood or anxiety disorder compared to those who don't do drugs. Drug use can also make someone develop short-term and long-term mental health issues. Some short-term issues are anxiety, mood swings, mood disorders, depression, sleeping problems, and psychosis. A drug-induced anxiety disorder includes panic attacks, which are periods of severe anxiety, and your heart rate increases, you experience trembling, sweats, shortness of breath, and a fear of losing control.

Someone could also feel like their surroundings are strange or unreal, and that they’re losing their identity or sense of reality. A drug-induced mood disorder is basically a rollercoaster of emotions. Someone could feel extremely happy and full of energy then suddenly feel sad, tired, irritable, and a loss of pleasure. This could also include more serious effects, such as impulsive behaviors and racing thoughts. Drug-induced psychosis includes delusions, believing things that aren’t true, and hallucinations, seeing and hearing things that aren’t there. Some long-term issues are ongoing mental health problems, such as depression, schizophrenia, triggering a mental illness that someone didn’t know they had, and the drug changing the way chemicals affect your brain functions.

Certain drugs that cause hallucinations work by increasing your serotonin levels. Serotonin is a chemical our brains naturally produce that regulates our mood; it’s called the “happy hormone”. These drugs cause your brain to release a higher amount of serotonin than it usually does. Over time your brain's natural storage of serotonin could drop so much that you could never have the same levels that you once had before you started to use drugs. Once your serotonin levels drop permanently you produce a significantly reduced amount of this hormone that makes you feel happy. This lack of serotonin is what causes depression.

Other drugs can cause schizophrenia. Someone could be at risk of having schizophrenia and not even know it, whether it’s hereditary or not. For those, using certain drugs can trigger an episode of schizophrenia. For example, our brains produce a natural hormone called endocannabinoids. This hormone regulates other chemicals in our brains that control aspects of brain functions and behavior. Cannabis has a compound, called THC, which stands for tetrahydro cannabinoid; this compound is what gets someone high. Because THC is so similar to the chemical endocannabinoid it mimics the effects of the natural compounds and takes over those aspects of someone's brain function. This “take over” causes schizophrenia.

Another disorder that is connected to substance abuse is Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). PTSD is a severe anxiety disorder that is caused by a traumatic experience in a person’s life. Some of these experiences are military combat, motor vehicle accidents (like cars, boats, and planes), industrial accidents, natural disasters, robberies, kidnappings, shootings, rape, child abuse, imprisonment, concentration camps, political torture, and refugees. Those who suffer from PTSD are 14 times more likely to be diagnosed with a substance abuse disorder than those who don’t suffer from PTSD. Substance abuse and PTSD are commonly connected. One of the highest risk groups for both PTSD and substance abuse are veterans. According to the U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs veterans who seek treatment for a substance abuse disorder are usually diagnosed with PTSD.

This is probably due to the emotional stress, physical demand, and mental strain of combat. In the United States, specifically, the most common cause of PTSD in men is military combat, and for women, it’s physical assault and rape. In military women, PTSD is linked to sexual assault and/or harassment during their military service or experience. Around 1 in 5 female veterans have been diagnosed with military sexual trauma by the Veteran Affairs.

Substance abuse disorders and mental illnesses are both caused by crossing factors like genetics vulnerabilities, epigenetic vulnerabilities, environmental influences like exposure to trauma or stress, and issues with certain brain regions. Approximately 40-60% of someone’s vulnerability to a substance abuse disorder is due to genetics. Usually, this vulnerability occurs from complex interactions between multiple genes and genetic interactions with environmental effects. Genes can act indirectly by changing how people respond to stress or by increasing the probability of risky behaviors. This could influence the starting of substance use as well as the development of substance use disorders and mental illnesses (NIDA, 2020).

Epigenetics is the study of changes that affect how genetic information is read and acted on by cells in the body. As stated previously environmental factors like trauma, stress, etc. could make changes in gene expression. This change could alter functioning in neural circuits and eventually change behavior. Environmental factors collaborate with genetic vulnerability during certain developmental stages and increase mental illnesses and addiction. In brain region involvement there are many areas of the brain that are affected by substance use disorders and mental illnesses. The circuits in the brain that mediate reward, decision making, impulse control, and emotions could be affected by addictive substances. These circuits could also be disrupted in substance use disorders and other psychiatric disorders (NIDA, 2020).

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Is it Worth Kneeling: Police Brutality

Currently there is a big debate over kneeling during the National Anthem. For the past 2 years, the peaceful protest has raised so much controversy and has started public conversations about how the protesters are choosing to be heard without saying anything, but on the other hand, others are saying the gesture is being disrespectful towards the flag and to veterans. The American flag is supposed to represent, “freedom, liberty, and justice for all”, unfortunately those principles are not reflecting of what is happening today. We tend to turn a blind eye on issues we do not understand or can relate to. If we took the time to listen to one another, we would understand whom, what, and why protesters are kneeling.

It is a tradition to stand at attention with the right hand over the heart while “The Star-Strangled Banner” is playing. Colin Kaepernick was the former quarterback for the San Francisco 49ers, he began to “take a knee” during the National Anthem during a pre-season game back in 2016. Kaepernick wanted to bring awareness of the many unarmed black men being killed by white police officers. Other athletes from all over the world in many sports other than the NFL, in total, about 200 players have either knelt or sat during the national anthem since the protests began (Coaston, Jane). LeBron James, Kobe Bryant, and other NBA players helped the Black Lives Matter movement by wearing supportive gear encouraging everyone to acknowledge the fact that police brutality and the senseless killings of unarmed African- American men is getting out of hand. Not everything about the peaceful protest was acceptable to everyone, Colin Kaepernick had a price to pay, and it had cost him his football career. President Donald Trump had said during one of his rallies that he wished that all NFL players who decides to kneel during the National Anthem should get fired (ESPN). Kaepernick refuses to comment on any recent NFL protests in response to President Donald Trump due to the lack of understanding behind the kneeling.

Police brutality against black men or people of color make the headlines daily; it’s gaining more attention today because it’s being captured with phones and being posted on social media instantly; we no longer wait until the 6 o’clock news for us to see what is happening. People are recording every encounter that they have with law enforcement, which makes the police officer, and their departments accountable for the unnecessary force that results in brutality and even death mostly. Just to name a few incidents, a white male in Florida had stabbed a couple to death and tried to bite their faces off. “The deputy fired her stub gun at the shirtless man, but it had no effect”, other deputies arrived and punched and kicked the suspect. Nothing” (Jr., Cleve R. Wootson). Eric Garner, a black unarmed man, was killed by officers holding him in a chokehold. Police approached Garner, who was unarmed, for allegedly selling untaxed cigarettes. His death sparked months of protest. The conclusion: A medical examiner ruled Garner's death a homicide, but a jury declined to indict Pantaleo (Hafner, Josh). Communities are angry due to many of the same cases of senseless shootings and the police are not being held accountable, in a sense, they are getting away with murder. Colin Kaepernick along with the others that are supporting the protest would like for us to at least acknowledge that racism exists. The kneeling protest, has never been about the flag; it was never about the veterans.

In World War II, there were a lot of African- Americans that went to foreign soil to fight, they were fighting for freedoms in a foreign land, and when they came home, they did not enjoy themselves. Under the American flag with those veterans, and the country that they are representing, when they came to it, they are second- class citizens. James G. Thompson, considering his service in the U.S. Army, which was racially segregated during WWII, wrote: “Being an American of dark complexion and some 26 years, these questions flash through my mind: ‘Should I sacrifice my life to live half American?’ ‘Will things be better for the next generation in the peace to follow?’…‘Is the kind of America I know worth defending?’ (Smithsonian). People have lost their lives for this country to have freedom and to have such rights as the First Amendment which states, “The First Amendment guarantees freedoms concerning religion, expression, assembly, and the right to petition. It forbids Congress from both promoting one religion over another and also restricting an individual’s religious practices. It guarantees freedom of expression by prohibiting Congress from restricting the press or the rights of individuals to speak freely. It also guarantees the right of citizens to assemble peaceably and to petition their government” (LII Staff). The First Amendment is a beautiful thing until we do not agree with the gesture.

Colin Kaepernick is exercising his right peacefully. He also asked a former veteran of a better way protest without disrespecting the veterans or the flag, Army vet and former Seahawks long snapper Nate Boyer, “I expressed to him, maybe there’s a different way of demonstrating, where you’re showing more respect for those who laid down their lives for what that flag and anthem stand for,” Boyer said of his conversation with Kaepernick. “I suggested kneeling, because people kneel to pray; we’ll kneel in front of a fallen brother’s grave” (Ruiz, Steven).

The race issue goes back over 400 years ago, and we still deal with this today. We’re not going to find a solution in a year and not in two years. We must start with ourselves, and we must become educated with concerns that are happening around us, and the rights that we all have. Some people will only stand up for what is right when it affects them personally, but we should not wait if the problem is now, instead we all should stand for what is right. Some may have never experienced such problems, but we can try to understand it from different perceptives as the cop, the veteran, the African-American male, and even as the prosecutors. For the most part, the kneeling protest was never intended to disrespect the flag nor our veterans of the past present, or future.

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Substance Abuse Linked to Cyberbullying

The problem with nyc school and school all over the world is students smoking and doing drugs in school bathroom.students vape and smoke wax pens in school bathrooms just and don’t get caught or care if they get caught.many high school students get suspended given Detention or expelled and not care they will still go on and vape/ do drugs. No matter what you tell students they will still be addicted to vaping just because the flavors. The teen years are often a time to explore and learn more about themselves as they approach adulthood. Often, this involves experimenting and testing their boundaries. The desire to do something new or risky is a normal part of teen development.Teens who perceive little risk in using drugs are more likely to use drugs. Teens may also use drugs or alcohol to Relieve boredom,Feel good,Forget their troubles and relax,Satisfy their curiosity,Ease their pain,Feel grown up,Show their independence,Belong to a specific group.

The Risk factor Many factors influence a child’s likelihood to use illegal substances or develop a substance abuse disorder. Effective drug prevention focuses on reducing the risk factors and strengthening the protective factors that are most closely related to substance abuse.circumstances or events that increase a child’s use and abuse of drugs. The more risk factors present, the more likely a child may be to use drugs and develop problems. Risk factors for drug use includeLow grades or failure in school

Victim of bullying or cyberbullying,Low self esteem, Permissive parenting,Parent or older sibling drug/alcohol use,Living in a community with a high tolerance for smoking, drinking, or drug use among youth,Attending a school without strict rules for tobacco, alcohol, or drugs and inconsistent enforcement for breaking those rules Belief that there is little risk in using a drug. Protective factors are those characteristics that can reduce a person's risk for substance abuse or addiction. Protective factors that may decrease the risk of drug use include,Strong bond with a parent or caregiver,High self esteem,Parent or caregiver who talks regularly with their child about drugs, Active in faith-based organizations, school, athletic, or community activities,Spending time around positive role models,Living in a community that offers youths activities where drugs and alcohol are not tolerated.

Attending a school with an effective alcohol and drug education program and a non-tolerance policy for alcohol and drugs Belief that using drugs may be harmful or risky. The vapor in vapes contains harmful chemicals and very fine particles that are inhaled into the lungs and exhaled into the environment. Sports: You want to do your best in sports, and vaping may lead to lung inflammation (irritation). Money: Vaping is expensive.Lung injuries and deaths linked to the use of e-cigarettes, or vaping products, have continued to rise in recent weeks . US health officials on Thursday reported 2,290 confirmed and probable cases and 5 more deaths from a mysterious respiratory illness tied to vaping, taking the total death toll to 47 so far this year. Last week, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

This is what’s in your vaping products E-juice or vape juice is a mixture of water, food grade flavoring, a choice of nicotine levels or zero nicotine, and propylene glycol (PG) or vegetable glycerin.In general, vaping tends to deliver far more nicotine than smoking. To see to what extent this is true, consider that the typical full-flavor cigarette contains around 12 milligrams of nicotine. This is as much as an entire bottle of typical e-juice.One 2018 study found that teeth that had been exposed to e-cigarette aerosol had more bacteria than those that hadn't. This difference was greater in the pits and crevices of teeth. Excess bacteria are associated with tooth decay, cavities, and gum diseases.

Some side effects to vaping is “Vaper's tongue” is a condition where — unexpectedly and without warning a vaper loses the ability to taste vape juice. ... Years ago, the phrase became common because many vapers noticed on occasion that their tongue felt like it suddenly developed a thick coating that blocked the ability to taste.Popcorn lungis the nickname for bronchiolitis obliterans. That's a condition that damages your lungs' smallest airways and makes you cough and feel short of breath. It's sometimes caused by breathing in a chemical used to flavor microwave popcorn. But other chemicals or lung illnesses can also cause popcorn lung.Nicotine is also a toxic substance. It raises your blood pressure and spikes your adrenaline, which increases your heart rate and the likelihood of having a heart attack.

Vaping is less harmful than conventional smoking. With the increasing popularity of 'vaping' across the world, a new study from Respiratory Research shows that regardless of flavor, vaping does less damage to the lungs than conventional smoking. ... The potential health effects of e-cigarette vapor are largely unknown.In the coming days, there may be more cases. It's possible the death toll will rise, too. On August 23, officials reported the first death linked to vaping amid the spate of illnesses. The patient an adult woman in her 30s based in Illinois with severe respiratory disease was hospitalized after vaping and died.

A kid from drop out nation that relates to this topic would be Marcus. Marcus relates to this topic because he was smoking a lot of weed constantly he didn’t care about school and got into fights. Marcus has a lot of help from the dean she clothed him feed him and let her live with her until the school year was finished but he got into a fight and got kicked out of school.Marcus almost got kicked out for smoking weed knowing he’s not aloud to because it was a policy in his school no drugs or students on drugs to be aloud in school or go to school they would be expelled Marcus didn’t care about school and he did nothing to stay in school he didn’t listen to any of his teachers principles or dean

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Brutal Cases Committed by the Police in 2016

Contents

Introduction
Topic Being Addressed
Recent Developments of Police Brutality
Gap Between the Literature
Purpose of This Study
References

Introduction

The topic of my paper will be focused on police brutality along with police getting off easily after facing charges of the brutal acts they commit. Police brutality has been going for a very long time. According to Desmond, Papachristos and Kirk “Numerous studies document stark racial disparities in police maltreatment, finding that black boys and men are disproportionately subject to excessive and sometimes deadly police force, even after accounting for situational factors of the encounter and officer characteristics” (Desmond, Papachristos & Kirk, 2016). In a case a black father addresses that his two sons were falsely arrested and brutalized by the police and the criminal justice system (Kennedy, 1996), According to Kennedy “This man's son's education, innocence, good citizenship and occupants, made no different to racist police and a system on white supremacy” (Kennedy, 1996).

Being that this is still going on in the 20th century I have a more updated case to address, In July 2016 Alton Sterling a black unarmed man was killed by two officers: Howie Lake and Blane Salamoni (Morrison, 2017). According to Morrison (2017), “these officers will not be facing criminal charges after killing Sterling”, he also implied that “these outcomes are realities for a near-countless number of families who have lost loved ones to questionable and excessive use of force by police in recent years”. According to Skolnick “Though it is understood that police are trained and authorized to use force, even deadly force when its needed to arrest or apprehend someone who has probably committed a crime” (Skolnick, 2000).

Topic Being Addressed

The topic that I will be addressing in this paper is police brutality along with how most police easily get off when incidents of police brutality occurs. According to Park (2018), “many high-profile cases have ended up with no charges against the officers”. According to Kennedy “Statistically black Americans are significantly more likely to die at the hands of police than white, Latino and Asian Americans” (Kennedy, 2016). Some of these police are using their discretion to the third degree. Do you think police officers are being let off easily? Here are some cases that are either not guilty verdicts, non-indictments or a mistrial: According to Morrison (2017) “Jason Stockley, a former St. Louis police officer who shot and killed Anthony Lamar Smith in 2011, was acquitted in September 2017. Betty Shelby, a former Tusla, Oklahoma, police officer who killed Terence Crutcher in 2016, was acquitted in July 2017; Bryan Mason, the Columbus, Ohio, police officer who shot and killed 13-year-old Tyre King in 2016, was not charged with the boy’s death and Matt Kenny, The Madison, Wisconsin, police officer who shot and killed Tony Robinson in 2015, was not charged”.

In America police brutality on blacks has been huge problem and police are being let off easy for taking lives. In an article Katie stated, “a respected school nutritionist, castile was one of 233 African Americans shot and killed by police in 2016” (Nodjimbadem, 2017). Why are blacks targeted the most when it comes to police brutality? Too many of our black man and fathers are being taken away for nothing. According to the Washington post “blacks are 2.5 more likely to be killed by police officer (Nodjimbadem, 2017).

Despite the evidence and recordings of these profile cases, these police have rarely been convicted (Park, 2018). You would think that the system is to protect us all and treat us fairly regardless of your race, though the system seems to fail a lot of people. Not many officers are convicted for killing and rarely face trial. According to Park (2018), “Between 2005 and April 2017, 80 officers had been arrested on the murder or manslaughter for on duty shootings. During that 12-year time span, 35% of the police were convicted while the rest were pending or not convicted (Park, 2018). Out of the 80 officers that had been arrested only 28 of the 80 officers were arrested. It doesn’t sound as bad when saying 35% until you do the math.

Recent Developments of Police Brutality

There are a couple of recent developments on police brutality that I will address. These first case that I will be addressing the case of officer Mohammed Noor, 32, charged with the fatal shooting of unarmed Justine Damond last July, during a bail hearing (Hendry, Barajas & Segal, 2018). The recent development on this case is that the Minneapolis changes the body camera policy as officers awaits trials for the 2017 fatal shooting (Hendry, Barajas & Segal). The problem within this case is that Noor and Harris, which is the other officer that arrived on the scene with Noor after the 911 call did not activate their body camera until Damond was wounded. According to Hendry, Barajas & Segal (2018), the first week of April 2018, Noor turned himself in on several charges: 3rd degree murder and 2nd degree manslaughter. The same week the city of Minneapolis announced a new body camera policy. This policy required the officers to start recording video footage at least two blocks before reaching a crime and also keeping their device on throughout their shift. This policy also singles out the use of cameras in the use of force situations, MPR notes saying if officers don’t comply they will face 40 days of suspension or termination (Hendry, Barajas & Segal, 2018).

Additionally, there was a case on August 25 of 2017 where two white police approached a black male known as Johnnie Rush on his way home from work (Hendry, Barajas & Segal, 2018). When the body camera footage was released it revealed officer Hickman punching 33-year-old Rush in the head. According to Hendry, Barajas & Segal (2018) “the footage also shows Rush being shocked by a stun gun and Hickman resigned in January”. The most recent development of this case is during the first week of April nine additional videos were released after the city of Asheville petitioned for a court order to make the footage public (Hendry, Barajas & Segal, 2018). One of the videos that stands out is the one where Sgt. Taube arrived. When she arrived Hickman then tells her the story, Taube then tells Rush that he was wrong for resisting arrest (Hendry, Barajas & Segal, 2018). According to Hendry, Barajas & Segal (2018) “City officials said Taube was disciplined for poor performance and received training as a result of this incident.

Gap Between the Literature

The Gap between the literature of police brutality that led to my study is the sociohistorical origins of policing and criminalizing black males. According to Gilbert & Ray (2015) “there were three sociohistorical threats to black male identities following the civil war that speak to PHCRP principles of race consciousness, primary of racialization and ordinariness or racism. The convict lease system was created by the prison of industrial complex (Gilbert & Ray, 2015). This was another form of enslavement which involved arresting many of the recently freed men and women for minor violations. These people were punished with unreasonable fines, prison sentences and working in slave plantations (Gilbert & Ray). Lynching was another threat against black males and also deemed as justifiable. According to Gilbert and Ray (2015) between 1881 and 1968, over 70% were black males; in most of these cases no person was brought to justice for these deaths. Now in 2018 we are still dealing with our blacks being killed and brutalized by police without receiving justice.

Purpose of This Study

My purpose of researching this topic is to find out why people are being killed by police, sometimes for no reason and there aren’t being any serious consequences for these actions. I’m going to discover why the criminal justice system seem to fail families of loved ones that have been killed by officers and they have not been convicted. These officers are being let off easily and there must be a reason behind it. This is something that has been going on for a very long while and is the time to discover the undiscovered.

References

Desmond, M., Papachristos, A., & Kirk, D. (2016). Police Violence and Citizen Crime Reporting in the Black Community. Retrieved from http://www.asanet.org/sites/default/files/attach/journals/oct16asrfeature.pdf
Gilbert, K., & Ray, R. (2015, December 10). Why Police Kill Black Males with Impunity: Applying Public Health Critical Race Praxis (PHCRP) to Address the Determinants of Policing Behaviors and 'Justifiable' Homicides in the USA. Retrieved from https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11524-015-0005-x
Hendry, E., Barajas, J., & Segal, C. (2018, April 06). 4 police misconduct cases had new developments this week. Here's what happened. Retrieved from https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/4-police-misconduct-cases-had-new-developments-this-week-heres-what-happened
Kennedy, R. (2016). Excessive Use of Force by the Police against Black Americans in the United States. Retrieved from https://rfkhumanrights.org/assets/documents/iachr_thematic_hearing_submission_-_excessive_use_of_force_by_police_against_black_americans.pdf
Kennedy, Joseph C. 'Presumed guilty: to racist police, innocence is no defence.' Washington Monthly, Mar. 1996, p. 19+. Criminal Justice Collection, http://link.galegroup.com.cookman.idm.oclc.org/apps/doc/A18116297/PPCJ?u=dayt66553&sid=PPCJ&xid=0a593d27. Accessed 27 Sept. 2018.
Morrison, A. (2017, September 15). 16 recent police brutality cases that show how often officers aren't held accountable. Retrieved from https://mic.com/articles/184491/14-recent-police-brutality-cases-that-show-how-often-officers-arent-held-accountable#.xAkbjt9N0
Nodjimbadem, K. (2017, July 27). The Long, Painful History of Police Brutality in the U.S. Retrieved from https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/long-painful-history-police-brutality-in-the-us-180964098/
Park, M. (2018, March 27). Police shootings: Trials, convictions are rare for officers. Retrieved from https://www.cnn.com/2017/05/18/us/police-involved-shooting-cases/index.html
SKOLNICK, J. H. (2000, March 27). CODE BLUE. The American Prospect, 11(10), 49. Retrieved from http://link.galegroup.com.cookman.idm.oclc.org/apps/doc/A61397459/PPCJ?u=dayt66553&sid=PPCJ&xid=a6d3f1de

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What is Police Brutality

Contents

Abstract
Theoretical outlook on Police Brutality
Social Conflict Theory
Theoretical Application
Shortcomings of Social Conflict Theory
Theoretical Application
Conclusion

Abstract

Police brutality is a central problem in modern Chicago life. Studies have shown that minorities are not just disproportionately victims of police brutality, but more so police deviance. Research has also shown how organizational characteristics, police-minority interactions, and police officers individual characteristics all influence their street-level behavior.

In light of these facts, this paper proposes three questions:

Why do police continue to commit police brutality?
Second, why is it more so toward minorities?
Lastly, which theory best explains the application of police brutality towards minorities and why?

This paper attempts to view police brutality from a social science perspective using two theories:

Social Conflict Theory and Control Balance Theory as the frameworks for answering the questions as well as providing why this act of deviance was applied.
I argue throughout the paper how these theories present only part of the process in the application of police brutality.
Finally, the paper concludes on my beliefs of how police brutality stems and still exists within Chicago’s police department.

Background Contemporary policing did not develop into an organized institution until the 1830’s. After reports of various crimes taking place throughout the country, most northern cities decided they needed better control over quickly growing populations. The disorder became so prevalent during those times because no city in the U.S. had a police department.

No city in the U.S. had an institution that would serve the citizens as well as protect them. This changed for the city of Chicago on August the 15th in 1835, when their police department was established (Mitrani 2013). The police departments around the U.S. were designed to be bureaucratic, disciplined, able to patrol entire cities, and operate effectively with the military, if need be. They are one of the most visible features of governance. For about 183 years, the Chicago police force has been organized, like all other police departments, as a “form of public institution with the assignment of imposing the law” (Fry and Berkes 1983).

For as long as they have existed, this department has received a substantial amount of public scrutiny over issues such as unfairness, racism, excessive use of force, corruption, and an overall lack of professionalism. “As communication technology continues to rapidly develop, police incidents of misconduct and police vs. community tension, have become more and more visible” (Frank 2009). The excessive use of force, racism, and overall lack of professionalism by police has prompted a series of violent chaos all throughout the United States. Specifically, the citizens of Chicago have witnessed police misconduct for a long time.

Dating back to December 4, 1969 when Officer Edward Hanrahan and his police squad raided an apartment of the Black Panther Party located on W. Monroe Street (Grossman, 2014), they entered the apartment and immediately started firing killing Fred Hampton and Mark Clark as well as injuring four other Panthers (Grossman, 2014). At a press conference later that day, Officer Hanrahan falsely claimed of having a fierce shootout between them and the Panthers, which formed the basis of killing and injuring them (Grossman, 2014).

Hanrahan was later acquitted and his conspiracy charges in the civil suit were dropped (Grossman, 2014). This event defined the office in years to come. Fast forwarding to 1972 to 1991, Officer Jon Burge along with 64 detectives, tortured over 135 Blacks, both male and females, forcing them to confess to crimes of murder. This act of police brutality not only got Burge respectfully recognized nationally by the Department of Justice, but eventually categorized locally as a disgrace to the Chicago Police Department.

Burge later served four and half years for obstruction of justice and perjury (U.S. Department of Justice 2011). Nearly four years ago on October 20, 2014, Officer Jason Van Dyke shot Laquan McDonald, a Black teen, while he was walking away from police with a knife in his hand (Husain 2017). When police arrived, Laquan was walking in the middle of the street and then started walking towards the side walk (Husain 2017). Officer Van Dyke stated that he feared for his life, causing him to fire 16 times killing Laquan McDonald (Husain 2017). He was later suspended without pay (Husain 2017).

In all these cases, the common variables that resulted in police brutality are presented in which a minority/ minorities were labeled suspects but unfortunately became victims. On the other hand, the police were never convicted and sentenced for the crimes they committed. What makes these Chicago cases so unique is that after each event occurred there were high-profile protests against police brutality. Studies have shown a correlation between high-profile protests and an increase in the violent crime rate (Balko 2017). I believe violent crime has increased because police practices have battered citizens’ respect for the law, the courts, and the police. Although these events have left a huge stain on citizen’s perception of police in Chicago, especially for minorities, why do police continue to commit police brutality? Why is it more so toward minorities? And which of the two theories best helps us understand their continual application of police brutality?

Theoretical outlook on Police Brutality

Over the last couple decades, a significantamount of scholarly attention has been focused on police brutality (Frank 2009). Many scholars believe that various forms of police misconduct, specifically police brutality, can be explained through theory-based research (Lersch 1998, Wolfe and Piquero 2011). Two popular theories - Social Conflict Theory and Tittle’s Control Balance Theory - will be presented while examining past Chicago Police Department cases to provide a social science perspective on the continuance of police brutality within the Chicago Police Department.

I will begin by introducing the theories, examine Chicago Police Department cases with theoretical applications, answer three questions: “Why do police continue to commit police brutality”, “Why is it more so toward minorities”, and “Which of the two theories best helps us understand their continual application of police brutality?” Lastly I will conclude with my opinion on the continuance of police brutality from an influenced selected theory perspective.

Social Conflict Theory

Karl Marx and several other conflict theorists perceive conflict as an engine of change that creates more conflicts as well as contradictions, which sometimes get resolved. They believe that the history of mankind is a result of conflicts between social classes and that these conflicts have evolved over time as the assertiveness of meeting the needs within society have changed. In Karl Marx’s book titled “Communist Manifesto”, written in 1848, he introduced the Social Conflict Theory.

His theory argues that society, which is made up of individuals competing for limited resources, is best understood as a competition and not as a complex system striving for equilibrium (Lyudmila 2014: 95). It also expresses that there are two classes that make up a society: the ruling class (bourgeoisie) and the subject class (proletariat) (which I will discuss more in detail later) (Lyudmila 2014: 95). These groups have various forms of conflict when seeking to obtain differing amounts of the limited resources. Majority of the time the ruling class uses its power to retain power and exploit the subject class. Overall, the theory states that these classes interact more so on a foundation based around conflict than on consensus.

Marx believed that the constructions of society were built upon the idea of “superstructure” and “base.” He argued that government, culture, social institutions, etc. rest on the base, which is made up of the society’s economic character. For Marx, it is the base (economy) that determines what a society will be like.

(https://courses.lumenlearning.com/alamo-sociology/chapter/reading-conflict-theory)

Marx believed that the society’s economic structure (base) was independent and that society’s superstructure was dependent on that (base). From an economical perspective, Marx argued that conflicts arose between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat as way of bringing about change (Harman 1998). He labeled the Bourgeoisie as the owners of production and the Proletariat as the laborers of production (Harman 1998).

In Marx’s words, “Society as a whole is more and more splitting up into two great hostile camps, into two great classes directly facing each other—Bourgeoisie and Proletariat” (Marx and Engels 1848). Social Conflict Theory on Police Brutality One of the police department’s main objective for their officers is to preserve the status quo of inequality and to assist the powerful to exploit the powerless (Lersch 1998).

As wicked as it may sound, this theory argues this from a historical and sociological perspective. History has repeated itself constantly when examining the Chicago police department. Most minorities, especially when stating their perspectives on police brutality, project a clear vision of iniquitousness from police officers. According to Marx, government institutions such as police departments are a part of the “superstructure” that consist of the Bourgeoisie (ruling class). Falling in this category, police officers exercise their authority by using their power to retain power and exploit minorities. Their reasoning for operating in this manner is so that the owners of production will always be owners and the laborers for production will always be laborers. Furthermore, creating more and more of a gap between equality, for the longevity of the sustainability of power.

Case Examination 1 “On November 2, 1983, police officers John Byrne, Peter Dignan, and Charles Grunhard burst into Darrell Cannon’s apartment and arrested him for the murder of Darrin Ross (Bowman and Taylor 2012). On the way to the police headquarters in Area 2, the officers warned Cannon that they had “a scientific way of interrogating niggers,” and that he was in for the “hardest day of his life.” Officer Dignan then began to crack Cannon across the knee with his flashlight (Bowman and Taylor 2012).

When they arrived at Area 2, the officers marched Cannon into an interrogation room and handcuffed him to a wall. Officer Michael Bosco entered the room and asked Cannon if he was ready to talk. Cannon replied by insisting on exercising his constitutional right to silence (Bowman and Taylor 2012). Officer Bosco responded by revealing an electric cattle prod, assuming Cannon would revoke his constitutional rights (Bowman and Taylor 2012). Officers Bryne, Dignan and Grunhard then transported Cannon to a remote location on the far southeast side of Chicago and began to torture him more (Bowman and Taylor 2012). He was abused for the next several hours. While in handcuffs, officer Dignan presented a shotgun shell to Cannon and stated that he “take a good look” as he turned the opposite direction from Cannon and pretended as if he was loading a shotgun (Bowman and Taylor 2012). Officer Dignan then jammed the gun in Cannon’s mouth and demanded that he confess.

When Cannon refused, the officer pulled the trigger (Bowman and Taylor 2012). Again he rammed the gun into Cannon’s mouth and demanded that he confess. Again, when Cannon refused, officer Dignan pulled the trigger. The officer repeated this at least three times. Officers Dignan, Byrne, and Grunhard then forced Cannon, who remained handcuffed with his hands behind his back, into the back seat of the car and yanked his pants down (Bowman and Taylor 2012). They then pulled out a cattle prod, pressed it against Cannon’s testicles and repeatedly administered electric shocks (Bowman and Taylor 2012).

Cannon succumbed and agreed to say, that he had knowingly participated in the murder of Darrin Ross (Bowman and Taylor 2012). The officers then drove Cannon to a police auto pound. Cannon felt safer there and recanted his statement only to find out that the officers would resume torturing him (Bowman and Taylor 2012). The officers replaced the shotgun with the cattle prod; instead of ramming the gun into his mouth, they shoved in the cattle prod (Bowman and Taylor 2012). This torture continued until Cannon finally agreed again to confessing to the murder of Darrin Ross (Bowman and Taylor 2012).

On November 7, 1983, five days after his arrest, Cannon’s wife filed a complaint with the Chicago Police Department’s Office of Professional Standards (Bowman and Taylor 2012). The State of Illinois had proceeded in charging Cannon with murder but his attorney moved to suppress the confession (Bowman and Taylor 2012). His attorney stated that police officers coerced Cannon by applying torture techniques for a confession (Bowman and Taylor 2012). But these complaints and motions were for naught.

The officers lied to the Office of Professional Standards investigators, stating that Cannon had not been tortured (Bowman and Taylor 2012). The Office of Professional Standards complaint was dismissed as “not sustained,” and the motion to suppress was denied (Bowman and Taylor 2012). Almost a year later Cannon was sentenced to life in prison for the murder of Darrin Ross. (Bowman and Taylor 2012)

Theoretical Application

This case encompasses the aspects of the Social Conflict Theory in the following ways :

Superstructure is represented by the Chicago police department. There is a government institution that exists because the citizens (base) need a form of law and order.
Bourgeoisie (ruling class) is represented by the police officers. They exploited the powerless by applying police brutality in ways such as the usage of the cattle prod, jamming the shotgun in Cannon’s mouth, threatening to kill him, and calling him a “nigger.” Their act of deviance helped them retain power by removing the male figure of the household, which ultimately weakens the family. With a process so prevalent in the history of Chicago’s police department, the woman and children do not pose a threat to the officers or the government in circumstances for fighting for equality due to many reasons such as not having sufficient time outside of taking care of the family.
Cannon is a representative of the Proletariat (subject class). He is powerless in the officer’s perspective, and he presents it during and following the brutality.
The limited resources the two groups are battling for are freedom and money. Freedom is fought more so from the subject class as a necessity compared to the ruling class as an option, perceiving that their benefits of finances outweigh the possible consequences.

Cannon is seeking freedom from racial profiling, police brutality, and conviction/incarceration. On the other hand, the officers are seeking financial freedom, by ways of receiving promotions for their work within the department such as the number of arrest and convictions. In this context of police and minority interactions, as expressed by the Social Conflict Theory, it appears that the effects of the Bourgeoisie- Proletariat conflict influence the dynamics of the police-minority interactions. It’s a clear representation of ruling class interests often imposing control over the subject class. Since the police department’s administrative actions greatly affect officers’ behaviors (i.e. Stephens 2011 and Lersch 1998), there lies inadequate measures to check for police misconduct. This was presented in the case when the Office of Professional Standards dismissed the complaint. This presents one of the many examples that repeatedly occur against minorities, which “may be interpreted as an inevitable outcome of the powerlessness of the political subordinates” (Kwon 2012).

Furthermore, the case suggests that the Proletariat – especially visible minorities – are more rigorously scrutinized by police officers (Lersch 1998). They are also disproportionally represented in the criminal justice system as presented with Cannon’s verdict ending with a life-sentence in prison (Lersch 1998). The case shows the existence of inequality which is widely recognized and refuted by many (Kwon 2012). “Overall, the almost automatic assumption that subordinate groups are composed of transgressors and should thus be controlled is also often portrayed in everyday life interactions” (Petersilia 1983; Walker 1994).

In conclusion, this theory identifies a constant conflict for obtaining power and limited resources within society as a means of surviving. It suggests that the conflicts that occur due to mankind’s history of battle between social classes are the reasons police brutality is so often applied. Furthermore, it presents that social classes seek out limited resources more so by any means than their opponents, which result in conflicts where the higher social class usually wins.

Why do police continue to commit police brutality?

According to the Social Conflict Theory, police continue to commit police brutality as a means of retaining and gaining power for their social class and/or superstructure. This act allows them to portray a perspective of “not to be messed with” to the subject class, which in return, according to the Chicago police department’s history, has minimal to no consequences. This act also assists them in staying in their social class or upgrading because of the incentives for making arrest and convictions. Since there are no harsh consequences and incentives are given for the amount of arrest an officer accumulates, then it is obvious to see why police brutality continues from a Social Conflict perspective.

Why is it more so toward minorities?

Social Conflict Theory presents minorities as part of the base and subject class. With the ruling class consisting of police officers and their desires to retain money and power, it is only obvious to attack the minorities to get what they want. This reason along with the history of social class conflicts, is the result of minorities being targeted with police brutality more so than their White counter-partners.

Shortcomings of Social Conflict Theory

Although this theory does express historical conflicts as a perception of police actions of deviance, specifically police brutality, it only looks at things from a macro-level and not both macro and micro-levels. For example, studies found that 12% of officers in a department received more than one citizen complaint a year (Lersch 1998). This indicated that there was a “small number of officers who account for the disproportionate number of complaints” (Punch and Gilmour 2010:94).

This example presents associated patterns of police misconduct but it does not specify why they commit police brutality at times and places. Also it does not define why other officers do not. It creates a perspective, that all police officers commit police brutality from a macro-level. Because individual level interactions will always be factors in police brutality, and “officers are able to select their victims … in many forms of police misconduct,” “acknowledging the links between the different levels of analysis provides a more accurate and holistic understanding of this phenomenon” (Kwon 2012 and Lersch 1998:82).

Tittle’s Control Balance Theory The Control Balance Theory was originally developed by Charles R. Tittle in 1995. That same year, he presented the theory in his book “Control Balance: Toward a General Theory of Deviance” (Tittle 1995). Nearly ten years later, Tittle polished the theory in “Refining Control Balance Theory” (Tittle 2004). Tittle’s theory attempts to explain behaviors or categories of behaviors, mainly but not entirely, by individuals that the majority of a given group regards as unacceptable or that typically evoke collective responses of a negative type (including actions by officials who act on behalf of a group) (Tittle 2004).

Deviant behavior and control are two focal points that help define the theory. Deviant behavior being the actions that violate social norms and control being the power to influence a persons or people’s behavior are essential points along with many other factors, in understanding this social science perspective on police brutality.

Although some acts of crime are not disapproved and do not draw negative responses from officials, most acts of crime do. Often we see police brutality and the commonness of their non-severe consequences portrayed on the media. To know more about the theory, there are some concepts that must be presented to support understanding of the theory pertaining to police brutality. These two concepts are control balance desirability and seriousness. Control balance desirability may be presented objectively or subjectively when a police officer determines whether to commit police brutality. It expresses the “aspects of deviant behavior that bear on maximization of control manipulation, which involves long-range outcomes and effective escape from counter control.” (Tittle 2004:406).Within the control balance desirability there are four underlining notions that assist in determining the concept.

These notions are:

Constraint, which “acknowledges factors that may set back the desired control balance ratio (i.e. loss of control) as a composite notion (Kwon 2012). This then encompasses the “seriousness” of an offense and the situational risks that are involved in the deviant act” (Kwon 2012).
Control ratio, which are “the social and personal control factors an officer tries to maximize” (Kwon 2012). “It assumes that all people can be characterized globally and situationally, which represent the total amount of control they can exercise, relative to the control to which they are subject” (Tittle 2004).
Opportunity, which “acknowledges the fact that police brutality cannot occur unless it is possible” (Kwon 2012 and Tittle 2004: 412).
Self-Control, which “acknowledges that officers are subject to a great degree of internal and external counter controls* even though they are permitted to exercise a significant amount of authority” (Kwon 2012). Only in a case where the officer does not come into contact with a minority in his/her patrol area, results in the officer’s increased unlikelihood of coming into contact with a minority, which then results in police brutality being un-executable. There has to exists a realistic situational condition to victimize an individual for control balance desirability to be present.

The second concept is seriousness. “It acknowledges that the officers overall level of control is reduced when the possibility of police brutality generates potential counter-controls” (Kwon 2012). For example, a suspect of a murder crime can activate much deliberate counter control from officers, and friends and family of the victim. This crime also causes the suspect to lose some control of their environment. “The central causal process of the theory is a cognitive ‘balancing’ of the gain in control to be achieved from engaging in deviant behavior against the potential counter control that a particular act of deviance is likely to stimulate (representing a form of control loss)” (Heider, 1946, 1958, Tittle 2004: 397).

The theory assumes that everyone has a desire to gain more control but when interacting with people with control imbalances, individual’s desires increase to consciousness towards those with imbalances. Furthermore, the theory contends that deviant behavior is the main method conceived by people attempting to extend their control, once their desire for more control becomes conscious and acute (Tittle 2004). When individuals act on that desire, the theory suggests that it is dependent upon several conditions that make it more or less likely an overall gain in control due to engaging in deviant behavior.

Control Balance Theory suggests that there is one with a control imbalance and one with a control balance. Most of the time adaption occurs for those with control balances. As a result of the adaption, the control balance presents that almost any form of deviance to extend control can be countered by control to nullify that potential gain (Tittle 2004). However, deviant motivation is less likely to be activated in situations with those who have a control balance. The theory assumes that people become aware of their control circumstances only episodically and not so much logically.

Theory suggests that a person is motivated toward deviance when he/she realizes that engaging in deviant behavior will help overcome a control imbalance. Majority of the time, this motivation alone does not lead to deviant behavior but more so the opportunity. A high possibility of applying deviance must be available, which then becomes aware to those with the control balance, ultimately resulting in the application of deviant behavior. Case Examination 2 “On the night of Feb. 9, 1982 in Chicago, Illinois, two Black Americans, Andrew and his brother Jackie Wilson, were pulled over by police officers William Fahey and Richard O'Brien (Perkins, 1994).

The police reports stated that Andrew Wilson took Fahey's gun and shot him once in the head before turning on O'Brien, firing four more times after the officer had fallen to the ground (Perkins, 1994). After being picked up for questioning, Andrew appeared with a slash over his eye and marks on his legs, chest, face and ears (Perkins, 1994). He reported that officers Burge, Yucaitis, Pienta, McKenna, Hill, and O’Hara tortured and brutalized him during a 17-hour interrogation in the old Brighton Park Area detective headquarters on the South Side (Perkins, 1994).

He said the officers gave him electric shocks to his head and genitals, attached clips to his nose and ear, then cranked a 'black box' to produce electric currents (Perkins, 1994). (Black box was a box that had two wires and a crank attached. The wires would be attached from the box to the suspects’ handcuffed ankles and hands. The officers would crank the box which would then send electricity to the handcuffs, shocking the suspect.

The box was also called the “Nigger box”). Andrew also testified that the officers 'got a plastic bag out of a garbage can' and choked him, then beat him repeatedly (Perkins, 1994). At one point stretching him across a radiator causing him to get burned” (Perkins, 1994)

Theoretical Application

This case encompasses the aspects of the Social Conflict Theory in the following ways:

Deviant behavior- was presented in the application of police brutality (electric shocks, garbage bag over the head, choking and beating the suspect, and causing the suspect to get burned). This approach stemmed from internal mechanisms intersecting with motivations that could have been increased by the department’s history, peer pressure, racism, and other factors.
Control- which initially was viewed as a characteristic from the officer’s perspective due to their position within their institution. It was later presented in the process of arresting the suspect. Then presented again in the usage of transporting the suspect to a remote area.
Control Balance Desirability:

Constraint- there were no constraints that the officers took into consideration.
Control Ratio- when the officers transported the Wilson to the remote area, they maximized their control over him by isolating him from a comfortable and known environment.
Opportunity- since there were no constraints that the officers took into consideration, and that this was not their first encounter with police brutality, the officers used past knowledge as their support to present an opportunity to apply police brutality.
Self-Control- there was no self-control present in the sense to avoid committing police brutality. 4. Seriousness- all of the officers applied this concept in their actions.

Balancing- was presented when the officers applied deviant behavior. This act of police brutality granted the officers control and decreased the control of the suspect.
Desire increasing control- officer’s desires for increasing control were presented in the initial process of identifying the suspect as a minority. This then resulted in an possible feeling of anxiousness in securing the suspect with handcuffs; taking the suspect to remote area; applying deviant behavior (police brutality); and finally, forcing the suspect to confess to a crime.
Balance vs Imbalance- the police officers have the balance and the suspect Andrew Wilson had the imbalance. In this context of police and minority interactions, as expressed from the Control Balance Theory, the targeted (minority) individual/groups adapts to the dominant (police) individual/groups version of reality by submission. The targeted group then feels as if they are oppressed and victims of the struggle for power.

In comparison to their White counterparts, they present a more hostile and disrespectful attitude towards police. “Thus, it is partially the demeanor and control balancing of both parties” which result in violent altercations: where “both [parties] are anticipating an unpleasant encounter and the situation may escalate even though neither party originally [may have] intended the situation to deteriorate” (Fridell and Pate 1997; Lersch 1998:93).

Thus, the police is highly aware of the “inability of the minorities to effectively and resourcefully mobilize themselves to use their control over politicians in order to produce institutional arrangements to check extrajudicial force of the police” (Kwon 2012). This constitutes the “low level of realistic measures of “constraints” (i.e. risks to lose their control) as perceived by the police” (Kwon 2012). As a result, this theory supports all arguments that state that as officers attempt to gain control; marginalized individuals are much more likely to be targeted.

Finally, from the context of police and minority interactions, this theory recognizes the emotional functions that play a part in the decision-making process of applying deviant behavior. Furthermore, the theory suggests that this act of police brutality is a result of police being on a “power trip”. (Power trip is when an individual uses there position of authority as leverage to obtaining control over someone by abusing them.) It also emphasizes the desires one has to maximize their control over others.

Why do police continue to commit police brutality?

According to the Control Balance Theory, police continue to commit police brutality when their motivation combines with one of the four underlining notions: constraint, control ratio, opportunity, and self-control.

Again, these notions make up the concept of control balance desirability. For example, the officer’s motivation to commit police brutality intersects with opportunity (“acknowledges the fact that police brutality cannot occur unless it is possible” Kwon 2012 and Tittle 2004: 412), then it initiates an internal drive to commit police brutality.

Since there is an extensive amount of police brutality within the history the Chicago police department, then the officers take this into consideration as well. Also, it is common that an officer will not face a severe consequence for committing police brutality. All of the factors explain why police continue to commit police brutality.

Why is it more so toward minorities? Control Balance Theory presents all minorities as those with imbalances when in the presence of officers. Although some officers may have an imbalance, predominately the officers have balances. In the case of police brutality, the officer/officers that lead the act of deviance have a control balance; seeking to gain more control over on those with control imbalances.

Again, since there is a history of police brutality, both locally and nationally, as well as a very high percentage rate of avoiding any serious consequences, police apply it more so to minorities. More specifically, to Blacks than any other race.

Which theory best explains the application of police brutality towards minorities and why? The Control Balance Theory best explains the application of police brutality towards minorities. I believe that deviance is an internal characteristic that blossoms from teachings within ones upbringing. Their belief system, along with interactions in life with minorities, presents opportunities to practice what they have learned.

Over time, as they transition into adulthood and land the position as an officer, they apply the “practice what you preach” proverb. In a nutshell, the Control Balance Theory looked at police brutality as an internal application resulting in external damage towards minorities.

Conclusion

The main purpose of this paper was to obtain a social science perspective on police brutality within Chicago’s police department.

I examined and analyzed the Chicago police department’s history of police brutality by integrating two theories: Social Conflict and Control Balance. I discussed the logic of each theory, displayed an actual case while using theoretical applications from the theories, and answered the questions “Why do police continue to commit police brutality” and “Why is it more so toward minorities” from the theories perspectives. Also I applied numerous references from other sources to back up my arguments.

Overall, I believe police commit brutality as a sense of being a racist, careless about human life, greedy for an incentive such as promotion, and/or national recognition (which would lead to a promotion), their work culture, and the media’s portray of minorities. Some of the police officers within their police department are racist due to their family’s morals and values being taught to them at an early age.

This more than likely stemmed from the historical events of slavery. Over time, the officers were raised as having a sense of authority over minorities more so than Whites. As a result, they applied police brutality toward minorities as a way of being respected and as a reflection of a slave master. This, along with other factors, leads them to not have a care for human life, more so the lives of minorities.

Consciously, seeing them as a threat to society, and being more so afraid for their own lives, they initiate this act of deviance as a way of protecting themselves and society. This method of applying police brutality causes the minorities, in most cases, to submit to the police officer’s actions. In return, the officer’s receive an arrest that becomes a factor in the representation of their production. This will eventually lead to a promotion, which includes an increase in salary and more objectives. They then apply the same methodology receiving the same results. Their confidence is increased by the culture that they create in applying this methodology to obtain a promotion.

It is then seen by others and applied as well, resulting the same. Although all cops are not bad, a “few bad apples spoil the bunch.”

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Signs of Substance Abuse

Substance abuse can come from drugs or alcohol that affect every day daily activities. It can also affect relationships, financial health, and work. From an article I read it said, “you may think you can control how much substance you take in.” I found this interesting because sometimes people don’t think they have a substance abuse problem until they realize they have to take more of the drug to get the same high, or effect. Signs of substance abuse users can have problems with family and work. These users will eat less and rarely sleep. Substance abuse can lead to addiction, which can cause health problems leading to death. Alcohol is labeled as a depressant and it is one common substance abuse that many people have. Alcohol can slow down your way of thinking.

Drinking too much alcohol or drinking alcohol all the time can cause health problems. For example, cirrhosis of the liver. Many people have this disease due to the substance abuse of alcohol. Another type of substance abuse is meth, it is laced with Fentanyl powder. Fentanyl is transdermal, which means it can be absorbed if it meets through skin and can kill someone instantly People do meth because they say it helps them forget about real life problems, and they are less stressed. Meth users enjoy the feeling of being high. For my research paper, I interviewed officer Gaines. She is a 26-year-old, born and raised in Shawnee, Oklahoma. Gaines has been a certified officer since March 2018 after completing the academy and has now been working for Pottawatomie for one year.

I asked the officer about current substance abuse in her community. According to Gaines, in her area the two main substance abuse problems are meth and alcohol. She mentioned that she encounters public drunks and ends up arresting many people for public intoxication and disorderly conduct daily. Officer Gaines said, “the main drug I see a lot of people I arrest is meth.” People can carry meth anywhere, for example in their vehicles. She also stated, “I’ve seen people carry meth in bras, and everywhere in between it seems.” When someone is on meth, they get strong. One thing I learned from officer Gaines is that people on meth have their pain receptors blocked and can’t feel any pain. She said, “meth users are a huge threat when they are in a fight, because they don’t feel anything.” They have a high tolerance for pain.

This interview made me realize that police officers are putting their lives at risk everyday dealing with substance use. Also, it made me realize that there are a lot of crazy people in this world. Drugs can turn someone into the ugliest person ever. Not only does substance abuse affect the life of someone, but it also affects everyone else around them. What we can do to disable this problem is more highway interdiction stops to cut off the main drug supplies that are being smuggled and sold illegally in our community. If someone is dealing with substance abuse, they can get help from the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Service Administration. Some people with substance abuse is offered counseling and medication to stop the use. Without substance abuse, our community can be a better and safer place.

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On Substance Abuse Nurses

Recreational drug use and alcohol abuse is an emerging public health issue in the United States. Due to physical and mental exhaustion, nurses have become more dependent on chemical substances. Per the American Nurses Association at least 10% of the nursing workforce suffer from substance abuse (ANA, 2015). The abuse of prescription drugs in healthcare workers has become an ongoing problem because of the easy access to the drugs. Chemically dependent nurses pose a threat to safety of the patient, employees, and their overall well-being. It is imperative that all cases of abuse be reported so they can be treated and handled in a timely fashion without sacrificing the reputation of the hospital and the nursing profession. Over the last 35 years the treatment of chemically dependent nurses has improved greatly, however there are still challenges in effectively identifying the chemically impaired nurse.

To treat the addiction that exist in the workplace it is very important that all nurses know the signs and symptoms as they relate to substance abuse. Nurses who are chemically impaired rarely admit to the use of drugs/alcohol and take extra precautions to avoid exposing themselves (Dunn, 2005). Many believe that the problem is under control never realizing the actual despair in their professional and personal lives. Signs and Symptoms of Chemically Impaired Nurses As stated previously, to recognize chemical impairment nurses need to be aware of the signs and symptoms. The most common physical signs of substance abuse include slurred speech, fatigue, unusual weight loss, tremors, and dilated or constricted pupils.

The most common behavioral signs of substance abuse include insomnia, lack of concentration, frequent lying, and frequent anger. Other signs could include frequently volunteering to work on days off or coming to work during a scheduled vacation. These behaviors can often be mistaken for being a great employee or dedication to the job which often leaves substance abuse unrecognized. Chemically impaired nurses can also show signs of drug diversion. Drug diversion can cause discrepancies with the narcotics scheduled to be given to patients. Some examples include but are not limited to incorrect medication counts, frequent corrections on the medication records, numerous reports of pain from patients, and big amounts of medication wastage. Audits are done in healthcare facilities to monitor employees who have access to all controlled substances.

Drug diversion not only affects the individual but the entire facility. Per the CDC, if an employee is suspected of using injectable drugs it must be reported immediately to law enforcement. If cases of drug diversion are caught early this can protect the patient as well as the facility. Reporting the Chemically Impaired Nurse When substance abuse is suspected in a colleague the nurse should report this concern to protect the safety of the patient and the employees. However, many nurses are reluctant to reporting substance abuse due to fear of retaliation such as physical attacks by the impaired person (Bettinardi-Angres, 2011). Many nurses also have a feeling of disloyalty about jeopardizing the chemically impaired nurse employment. It is recommended by the American Nursing Association that nurses initially confront the chemically impaired nurse before reporting to a supervisor.

In Florida, all reports must be made to the Intervention Program for Nurses (IPN) or the Florida Department of Health (DOH). There is a need for education in on responding to chemically impaired colleagues because many nurses are unable to identify the signs related to chemical dependence. If nurses are more confident in addressing the problem, it makes it easier for them to act with understanding and confidence. Nurse managers play a very important role in the reporting process. It is imperative for employees to feel they have support and transparency while in the workplace. Nurse managers should encourage employees to express all needs and concerns. When managers are judgmental it limits communication so it’s important for them to keep an open mind and encourage employees to share information which results in a safer environment for patients and employees.

The literature states that having clear and concise protocols for nursing management and staff has advantages, however many nurses have reported a lack of protocols for interventions as barriers. The ANA states that if a nurse is aware of suspicious activity among colleagues it is their ethical obligation to report it. Treatment and Aftercare Screening has proven to be the best tool in identifying substance abuse disorders in nurses. Simple screening can provide early intervention techniques that could prevent the impaired nurse from facing disciplinary actions or having their license revoked. Screenings could include self-administered questionnaires, the drug abuse screening test (DAST), or the self-administered alcohol screening test (SAAST). Many of the tools are made available to the public and readily assessable.

The goal of these screening services is to place the impaired employee in a monitoring program that eventually help to maintain sobriety and return to their career. The non-disciplinary approach protects the patient while also allowing the impaired nurse to receive treatment and rehabilitation. This approach has been found to be successful and cost effective. Nurses can receive treatment at an inpatient or outpatient facility depending on the severity of the problem. Conclusion Healthcare professionals face many workplace stressors that are very uncommon in other specialties. For this reason, they have an increased likelihood of developing a substance abuse disorder.

It is imperative that all nurses are educated on how to identify substance disorders and proceed with reporting the disturbance. All nurses should also be familiar in the characteristics associated with addition. Nurses can provide support to one another and understanding to the chemically impaired colleagues. Signs of impairment are often physical and behavioral. Drug diversion has become a major problem in the healthcare field and affects the entire facility. Colleagues should always watch and monitor for signs of diversion because impaired nurses often resort to this behavior.

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Substance Abuse in Adolescence

The results presented in “Appearance-Related Teasing and Substance Use During Early Adolescence” by Klinck et al. (2020) come from a longitudinal study of middle school students near Hartford, Connecticut. The purpose of the study was to determine if shape related teasing from family or peers could be a predicter for substance. The study had an 88% retention rate over the sixth-month period. As part of the methodology, the research incorporated the descriptive methods of questionnaires and surveys disseminated by research personnel to the students. The Appearance-Related Teasing Questionnaire from Levine et al. (1994) provided an average score for the amount of shape-related teasing from family peers. Six months later, students were given The Substance Use Survey developed by Ohannessian et al. (2015) to determine the quantity of alcohol consumed on an average day.

Other surveys were given that included demographic data, social status, depressive symptoms, body mass index data, and peer victimization to name a few. Obviously, a large portion of this study relied on self-reporting so the results are subject to bias from students not answering truthfully. The tables presented in this research provided a lot of different rich analysis pertaining to the correlations between survey variables including gender and weight comparisons. There were a lot of calculations presented that I recognized from high school statistic courses but the research became convoluted and very challenging to read.

Essentially, the phrase that stood out the most was that the “Results from this study indicate that more frequent appearance-related teasing was concurrently linked to higher total alcohol consumption, binge drinking, and marijuana use” (Klinck et al., 2020). Adolescent girls showed a higher correlation which is not surprising due to their body images during those defining middle school years. This article showed how challenging a longitudinal study can be from the first step of getting the parent consent forms for all of the students to dealing with absent students on survey days and then transient students when they returned six months later. Klinck et al. (2020) used their resources wisely to complete a strong cross-sectional study about gender and weight within the longitudinal study about appearance-related teasing and substance abuse, as well.

References

Klinck, M. Vannucci, A., Fagle, T., & Ohannessian, C.M. (2020, February 10). Appearance-Related Teasing and Substance Use During Early Adolescence. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors. Advance online publication. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/adb0000563
Levine, M.P., Smolak, L., & Hayden H. (1994). The relation of sociocultural factors to eating attitudes and behaviors among middle school girls. Journal of Early Adolescence, 14, 471-490. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0272431694014004004
Ohannessian, C.M., Finan, L.J., Schulz, J., & Hesselbrock, V. (2015). A long-term longitudinal examination of the effect of early onset of alcohol and drug use on later alcohol abuse. Substance Abuse, 36, 440-444. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08897077.2014.989353

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Prevention of Substance Abuse

Contents

Substance Use Disorder
Relapse
Relapse Prevention Model
Original cognitive-behavioral model of relapse
Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention Model

Substance use disorders (SUDs) causes copious and serious systemic problems within our society. There has been an ongoing increase in the frequency and the complicity of the widespread problems of substance use disorders. It impacts all areas of life. Families are broken and disrupted; it bankrupts a person’s spirituality; people are psychologically and emotionally traumatized; and the financial cost for the crimes committed by substance abusers along with the cost for prevention and treatment has escalated exponentially. The totality of the overall negative effects on our families, especially children has still not been fully realized and recognized. Families are breaking up and breaking down; children are experiencing low academic success and numerous behavioral problems in school, school dropout rates are at an all time high, low or no self-esteem, and suicides are more frequent along with children killing each other (Dailey and Feit, 2013).

According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) 2011, the United States of America spends over $600 billion each year. This cost includes imprisonment of offenders, therapeutic treatment programs, and decline in production and efficiency, hospital and doctors expenses. The National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse (NCASA) states that over 70 percent of the budget is spent in the area of health care and medical expenses related to Substance Use Disorders. These costs are escalating at an all time high and will probably exceed the trillion dollar mark if things keep going in this direction.

In spite of these astronomical cost and the money involved in drug education, treatment and prevention the relapse rate for individuals who have sought professional help is still between 60-90 percent within the first year. This means that for every 10 people who go through treatment, at least 7 of them end up returning to their substance of choice. Many studies have been conducted to analyze and evaluate the effectiveness of the many relapse prevention treatment models. In this paper we will look at the three most prominent models and make an assessment based on the most current research of which one has proven to get the best results. The three treatment models are Relapse Prevention (RP), Treatment as Usual (TAU or 12-Step), and Mindfulness-based Relapse Prevention Model.

Substance Use Disorder

The DSM-5 has reclassified the two separate categories for substance dependence and substance abuse and made one category which is called a “substance use disorder” (APA, 2010). “In the DSM-IV-TR, an individual must meet at least three of seven dependence symptoms: tolerance; withdrawal; using larger amounts than intended; unsuccessful attempts to stop or control substance use; spending a great deal of time obtaining, using, or recovering from the effects of the substance; important activities given up or reduced because of substance use; and continued use despite substance-related physical or psychological problems.

In contrast, the diagnosis of substance abuse is given to someone who might use a substance and suffer adverse consequences, yet does not show dependence. The focus is primarily on the adverse social consequences of substance use. Diagnostically, the individual must meet at least one of the following symptoms: failure to fulfill major role obligations at work, home, or school; use in Physically hazardous situations (e.g., drunk driving); substance-related legal problems; and continued use despite recurrent substance-related social or interpersonal problems (APA, 2000).”

Relapse

Relapse is defined in several different ways. Marlatt “defines relapse as a breakdown or setback in a person’s attempt to change or modify a target behavior.” Moore defines relapse as a “return to any use of substance” (Moore et al., 2014, p. 619). Another word to consider in regards to substance use disorders is “lapse.” The initial return to substance use following a period where a person has not been using is called a “lapse” which could just be a onetime event. But, a continual or ongoing repetition of this substance use behavior is considered a relapse.

According to the current research, relapse is a fearsome challenge facing those persons who are afflicted with substance use disorders. As they attempt to change their self-destructive lifestyles they have to face the almost irresistible cravings, physical and emotional triggers that doesn’t disappear overnight. This has led several authors to describe relapse as “complex, dynamic, and unpredictable (Burhringer, 2000; Donovan, 1996; Marlatt, 1996; Shiffman, 1989).” Substance use behavior is complex and extremely unpredictable. Hendershot and Witkiewitz state that the relapse for alcohol or tobacco is as high as 80-90%. Relapse is exceedingly common following substance use disorder treatment and necessitates the need for greater follow-up and better aftercare interventions.

Relapse Prevention Model

The Relapse Prevention (RP) model has been a foundation of substance use theory and treatment for over thirty years. The unrelenting influence of RP is supported by its assimilation in most cognitive-behavioral substance use interventions. On the other hand, the inclination to consider RP inside other treatment models has created a obstacle to methodical assessment of the RP model. In general, RP is still a prominent cognitive-behavioral structure that can enlighten the academic and scientific approaches to understanding and promoting change in a person’s conduct. Relapse prevention (RP) is an intervention strategy for decreasing the odds and severity of relapse following the termination or decline of challenging conduct. Thirty years from the time when it was first presented, the RP model is still one of the prominent cognitive-behavioral approach in the treatment and study of addictions.

Today, many of the psychosocial treatments uses concepts from the Relapse Prevention model even though the original intent for “relapse prevention” was primarily designed to stand for a definite scientific intervention. Relapse Prevention strategies are now essential to most psychosocial treatments for substance use, including many of the most widely disseminated interventions. Currently, Relapse Prevention has in many ways been transformed into a comprehensive term covering the majority of the skill-based treatments that call attention to cognitive-behavioral skills building and coping responses. Despite the fact that attesting to the extensive influence of the Relapse Prevention model, the widespread use Relapse Prevention approaches furthermore tends to cause difficulties in efforts to define Relapse Prevention-based treatments and assess their overall effectiveness.

This Relapse Prevention model proposed by Marlatt establishes both a theoretical structure for understanding relapse and a set of treatment strategies intended to minimize the possibility of a person returning back to their substance use and abuse. As a result of this cognitive-behavioral model of relapse, Relapse Prevention was originally formulated due to an expansion of a long-established behavioral approach to study and treatment of people who were addicted to substances. The development of this cognitive-behavioral theory of substance use bring noteworthy advancements in the understanding of the process of relapse, several of these came out of the conventional (e.g., disease-based) models of addiction. Case in point, the conventional models often contribute relapse to factors like cravings or withdrawal.

Cognitive-behavioral theorists also rejected the disease model of addiction and did not accept the beliefs that relapse were a dichotomous outcome. Rather than being viewed as a state or endpoint signaling treatment failure, relapse was considered as an unpredictable development that starts before and goes further than the return to the target behavior. Based on this viewpoint, when a person reverts back to substance use after they have had a significant time of abstinence, it is not considered a failure but a lapse. This lapse could result in a total relapse, but not necessarily so. The person could identify and correct the negative and undesirable behavior before it becomes worst.

An important implication is that rather than viewing this as a complete failure in the behavior change process, this lapse could be considered a temporary setback and an opportunity for the person to learn from the circumstances. In looking at relapse as a ordinary (although unwanted) experience, emphasizing related background over internal causes, and distinguishing relapse from treatment failure, the Relapse Prevention model introduced a complete, flexible and positive option to conventional approaches. Marlatt's original Relapse Prevention model is outlined in Figure 1. A basic belief is that relapse actions are followed by a high-risk situation, which is generally defined as any environment that makes a person susceptible to engaging in the risky behavior.

Original cognitive-behavioral model of relapse

According to the APA Dictionary of Psychology (VandenBos, 2007), potential benefits of self-help groups that professionals may not be able to provide include camaraderie, emotional support, practical awareness, individuality, important roles, and a sense of community. Alcoholics Anonymous was founded in 1935 by Dr. Robert Holbrook Smith an Akron, Ohio surgeon and William Griffith Wilson, a New York stockbroker. Alcoholics Anonymous was the first 12-step group. The AA agenda was based on the belief that only someone with the “combined experience” of alcoholism could help another alcoholic in the healing process (Wilson, 1939). On the other hand, this does not mean that AA believe that people who are not alcoholics cannot assist or support an alcoholic in his or her journey to become sober.

One of the authors of the Big Book, Bill Wilson, acknowledged that in the majority of the times, just doing the 12-steps alone would not be sufficient to bring a person back to full mental strength. He encouraged those members of AA to not hesitate to consult with outside help when necessary. When Alcoholics Anonymous first began, most of the people who initially attended the meetings had more than just alcohol use disorder; they had other substance use disorders. But, AA had emerged into a “singleness of purpose” fellowship in which “the only requirement for membership was a desire to stop drinking” (NA Foundation Group, 2013).

Alcoholics Anonymous program has been described as a spiritual recovery movement in a social system that promotes new and transcendent meaning in the lives of their recruits (Galanter, 2007). Spirituality has been defined as that which gives significance and purpose in life (Puchalski 2003) as well as a sense of personal identity and transcendence that motivate individuals beyond the practicalities of daily living (Galanter et al. 2011). Spirituality is fundamental to Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) as demonstrated in the 12 steps that members apply in working the program as well as in the Twelve Traditions that relate to the function of the AA groups. The origin of AA can be traced to the influence of the Oxford Group, a Christian evangelical group that promotes self-inventory admission of personality flaws, repayment for damage done, and sharing with others.

Alcoholics Anonymous as a spiritual recovery movement sees addiction as a disease of the mind, body, and spirit, and requires a pledge to abstinence, and a working of the 12 steps. The primary focus of the 12-steps is to bring a greater consciousness and understanding of one’s own individual point of reference with God. The first step involves acceptance followed by total submission, acknowledgement of mistakes, a desire to have God eradicate character flaws, and a commitment to maintaining a lifestyle of abstinence and growth in spirituality by prayer and meditation. As a person works through the first 11 steps, he will experience a spiritual consciousness which can lead to greater confidence and trust in God. The Twelve Traditions which exemplify the camaraderie of sharing and support are values important to the functioning of AA groups. The traditions are designed to provide guiding principles for AA groups to endure conflict and to function efficiently in the absence of a formal structured governing organization (Detar 2011).

Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention Model

Mindfulness-Based relapse Prevention (MBRP) is a group-based psychosocial aftercare intervention which integrates evidence-based practices from mindfulness-based interventions and cognitive-behavioral Relapse Prevention interventions. The goal is to access the efficacy of Mindfulness-based Relapse Prevention model in comparison with the Relapse Prevention model, and the Treatment As Usual (TAU or the 12-Step) model. A research study was conducted with 286 participants from October 2009 to July 2012. All participants successfully finished a substance use disorder treatment held at a private nonprofit treatment facility. Each person was randomly selected and placed in one of the three aftercare program, the MBRP, the RP, or the TAU one year for observation. During the one year treatment period, individuals were randomly placed into eight weekly group sessions of MBRP, RP, or TAU. 4

In my opinion what made this treatment most effective were the follow-up assessments that were conducted at the third, sixth, and twelve month time periods. The participants did self-reporting and drug and alcohol urine screenings periodically throughout the twelve month time period. In the findings those who were assigned to the RP and MBRP groups had a significantly lower risk of relapse to substance use and heavy drinking. At the twelve month follow-up assessment, the MBRP participants reported a significantly fewer days of substance use and a substantial decrease in heavy drinking compared with other two groups. In conclusion, because of these results I believe that Mindfulness-based Relapse is more beneficial to individuals undergoing substance use disorder treatments.

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Police Brutality and Racial Violence

Police brutality and abuse is one of the worst human rights violations in America today. Police have constantly used the discretion at their disposal to brutalize, molest, beat, and choke citizens without any respect of their dignity. Over the years they have indulged in the ruthless killing, of unarmed citizens and this has led to endless problems that exist between law enforcement and the community. The police brutalities especially the killing of men of color like Rodney King in California, Brown in Ferguson, Eric Garner, Tamir Rice, and Freddie Gray and many others have made people of color in America to believe that black lives do not matter in the eyes of law enforcement anymore. These acts have contributed a great deal to the growing problems between the community.

In 1991, Rodney King became the first unarmed black man to be brutally beaten by Police within the United States, after which massive riots broke out all over America. Racial tensions were high, and the community perceived this as a significant setback in African-American and white race relations. The important thing about the case was how it affected the LAPD once the riots were over and the neighborhoods had somewhat settled down. Because of the Rodney King beating, and the subsequent riots, the LAPD transformed into a diverse, multicultural, and inclusive police department.

First, it would be important to go through the background of the case, and to talk about who King was and why the violence that occurred was so excruciatingly engraved in the American public’s racial consciousness. Rodney King was tragically beaten in LA and was one of the first unarmed black men to raise questions about white police brutality in America. According to Biography (2018), the controversy started when police officers were unfairly acquitted after badly beating King and even being recorded on a video.

This sparked riots that led a chain reaction on the streets of LA around 1992. Rodney King was born in Sacramento in 1965 and was apprehended by LA police following a chase in 1991. When the officers caught Rodney, they removed him from his car and beat him, while an onlooker, George Holliday, videotaped the scene (Biography, 2018). The video, released by several YouTube users, shows the way officers apprehended Rodney, dragged him out of the car and beat him while he was defending himself against blows from batons and punches.

You can see Rodney trying to protect himself in the beginning, but then he gives up, the heady officers continue bashing him while he lays prostrate on the ground (Sanfilipo, 2016). The video is a horrifying glimpse of how police brutality, when unchecked, can reach such staggering levels of violence and horror. According to Biography (2018), what made the case even more controversial—aside from the beating itself—was the fact that the four officers from the Los Angeles Police Department were only initially charged with “assault with a deadly weapon and excessive use of force by a police officer” (Biography, 2018), but were left to go, virtually scot-free, after the trial, which lasted only 3 months. A jury consisting primarily of white members acquitted two of the officers, which sparked outrage within the community and led to riots in 1992 directly related to the beating (Biography, 2018).

The racial issues feature prominently in this case. King was a black man who was dreadfully abused by white officers, who later received no penalty for their actions. Upon watching the video, one notes the officers have virtually no reason to be violent with King, and that he is accepting his fate as an arrested man. This brings up important racial issues within America’s already tenuous criminal justice context.

The particularly brutal beating was what sparked riots and outrage in America, a sense of malaise about racial impropriety and failed race relations between blacks and whites. According to CNN Wire Staff (2012), what makes it particularly difficult is that King himself has forgiven the officers for beating him nearly to death, using their night sticks repeatedly to severely injure the man. King was, at the time, on parole, and was driving from a friend’s house after having been drinking. When King saw a police car chasing him, he feared once again landing in prison, and so he decided to flee. King was struck over 40 times with batons, and had severe injuries requiring surgery that lasted for several hours (CNN Wire Staff, 2012). It was the nature of the beating, which occurred with a helpless and unarmed man, that eventually ignited the African-American and Latino community into protest. Race was the biggest issue presented and was immediately cited as the reason for the bating.

In terms of the case, there were four concrete officers involved, and the legal proceedings were considered unfair, etching a deep scar into America’s racialized history and sparking riots in LA. The four officers in the case were Timothy Wind, Laurence Powell, Stacey Coon and Theodore Briseno, and two of them were acquitted of all charges. This spawned massive riot occurring in the South-Central part of Los Angeles, where over 50 people died and 2,000 sustained injuries. There were about 9,500 arrests for arson, looting and rioting, and $1 billion for various property damages. Even King came out on one of the days of the riots and asked for peace to be established (Biography, 2018). The responses to the riots, which were also quite brutal, led to the resignation of Chief Darryl Gates, the LAPD department head. He was considered, by the minorities in the area and in America more generally, to represent “institutionalized racial intolerance” (Biography, 2018).

After the incident, Willie Williams, an African-American police chief, took the position of department head and incited further investigations into the riots (Biography, 2018). Americans—not just blacks but all Americans—believed the beating of King was deeply unfair and called it an act of institutionalized racial violence because of Rodney’s race. The riots sparked an interest in institutional reform, and after the resignation of white police chief Darryl Gates, an African-American police chief came to work for the LAPD. The riots were initialized because blacks found it to be a case of violence enacted by a white officer on an unarmed black male.

The riots were brutal and were a way for the community to respond to the crime committed, but King himself came out and denounced them as extreme. According to Dungee (1992), there was a crowd chanting King’s name as police cars were overturned near City Hall in downtown Atlanta, in Georgia. One LAPD employee, who did not give his name, says he was shaken up and angry about the verdict received by the guilty parties, and that he wanted to participate in the riots. Other police officers in the LAPD and around America felt the same, but everything changed when Rodney King arrived on the scene on May 1st, in 1992, addressing the crowd who were rioting in his name.

He was shocked by the level of violence and anarchy that was occurring because of the beating and suggested there was no place for this kind of aggression, which was unproductive and destructive. “This can’t help anything,” (Dungee, 1991) King calmly said, repeatedly asking for the rioting to stop. This source says that 58 people had died because of injuries sustained indirectly or directly from the riots, and that over 2,700 were injured.

What differentiated these riots from others was that they spread throughout the US, even ending up in places like Long Beach and the San Fernando Valley (Dungee, 1991). King himself witnessed a man who was lying on the ground being shot, who he says will never return to be with his family again. Some of the members of the prosecution, including Darryl Gates, tried to depict Rodney as a monster and an “aberration” (Dungee, 1991) who did not have the capacity to think reasonably, or to help bring his accusers to justice (Rodney was a recluse who later refused to take part in some of the trial proceedings). In fact, King was likely traumatized by the incidents, wanting to stay out of the public eye, particularly in lieu of the riots that had already claimed over 50 lives. The community responded to the crime against King by initiating national riots, but these turned out incredibly violent.

The riots were particularly harmful to many communities, and witnesses recall seeing participants get beaten and even killed. According to Rogers (2017), a tow truck driver by the name of Dee Young had stopped to get a hamburger at his favorite place, and saw that people were carrying alcohol from a local liquor store. On live television, tow truck driver Reginald Denny was apprehended by black men, pulled out of his truck, and beaten almost to death. Bobby Green, a black man driving a truck, went to the intersection to save Denny from his attackers (Rogers, 2017). In the neighborhood, blacks were perceived as bandits, and were sometimes not allowed into stores, or were viewed as thieves, and the racial wars extended even to the Korean community.

There were also cases of mistrust aimed at the Korean community and local shop owners, and residents of the area where the dominant riot occurred report feeling afraid that there was looting, and equipment being stolen. One young woman cites being afraid of the barrage of bullets that regularly flew over her head, to the point where she was instructed to stay in her home and stay low, under her window (Rogers, 2017). Most of those who had witnessed the riots agree that they were brutal and violent, an unnecessary event spurred on by a dreadfully unfair conviction and a media hype storm. The aftermath of the riots undoubtedly lasted long, with many of the community members venturing outside of Sacramento, returning only much later once race relations calmed down.

The riots, which lasted a long time and prompted surprisingly little response from the LAPD, likely had a significant effect on the way the LAPD decided to respond to the issue. In her NPR article, Bates (2016) looks back on the Rodney King riots and cites there was another case of anti-black crime that occurred around the same time as the Rodney King incident. In South-Central Los Angeles, around the area King was beaten, a Korean supermarket owner shot African-American Latasha Harlins, who he said was trying to steal juice from his store. The Korean owner, much like the cops who killed King, merely received a reprimand and a $500 fine, which sparked further riots within the community (Bates, 2016).

This also prompted the African-American community’s anger with the American Criminal Justice System which they perceived targeted them unfairly. Meanwhile, the LAPD strengthened its core personnel, and reporters suggest that the police grew even more hostile toward blacks, leading to more rigid defense strategies and violence. Some have even called this police tactic, which was largely centered around containment of violence, as “paramilitary policing” (Bates, 2016).

Blacks felt targeted because they were allegedly arrested for petty crimes, and sometimes for no reason. Joe Domanick, a writer who had documented the riots, said there was little response from the LAPD, even during the times when black and Hispanic looters became stealing goods from stores that had been made vulnerable because of rioting. Thousands of business properties were damaged in the ensuing events, and children could not go to school for at least several days, during the brunt of the riots (Bates, 2016). The LAPD failed to act on behalf of its citizens.

Media portrayals of Rodney King differed, and the media undoubtedly influenced how the public viewed the event. According to Bowen (2015), the issue was framed from a civil rights perspective, under a “frame of black hardship,” (Bowen, 2015), which positions King as the victim brutally beaten by oppressive law enforcement authorities. Many media sources also depicted King in a wheelchair, displayed his injuries prominently and focused on how difficult his life now was, after the beating (Bowen, 2015). While this is true, and King did suffer grievous bodily and psychological harm, it sparked outrage within the community to view, read and hear these messages.

There are varied views about today’s LAPD in terms of how far it has come since the King beating, and while some suggest the LAPD had not changed much, others say it has improved vastly. According to Wells (2017), 25 years after the event, experts say that LAPD is different, mostly because of a consent decree that had occurred between the federal government and the police. At the same time, Jeff Sessions has questioned the legitimacy of these consent decrees, and once again plunged the LAPD into potential future racism.

The killing of mentally ill black man Ezell Ford, whose police attackers were not charged even though they had caused the death of another unarmed black man, sparked more riots and protesting within the community. Some also say that the LAPD is not being transparent and is violating the law when it continuously ignored public records policies. Now, however, more than 30% of the LAPD consists of black members, and there are controls in place that ensure proper investigations are conducted (Wells, 2017).

The consent decree was very important in establishing a better community within the area. It consisted of 187 different paragraphs that were about bringing change to the community and fixing racial problems. The LAPD was required to show, systematically, that they had complied at least to a degree of 94% with the provisions and amendments to policy. In the year, 2002, William Bratton became the police chief, and focused primarily on a diversity platform that recruited racially and ethnically diverse members of the community as Police officers and engaged in more transparent practices. He stressed policing on a community level, denounced the use of aggressive or excessive discipline, and denounced using force. Bratton made an enormous difference, as he specifically developed a police unit tasked with ensuring members were compliant with all decree paragraphs. Officers could now no longer abuse and lie to citizens. Before the incident, “the LAPD refused to indict any of its own” (Wells, 2017), meaning the law enforcement department believed that its crimes would go forever unpunished.

Additionally, because of the riots, which sparked debate about whether police officers within the LAPD knew the communities they patrolled enough to sufficiently interact with and contain crime, additional measures were put in place. According to Wells (2017), the police were not prepared for the riots that occurred in 1992. There was riot gear placed in inconvenient locations, where police could not reach it. Command centers were not properly equipped for communication.

Personnel who was hired for patrolling during the day was let off, to leave work, and when the riots took place, Darryl Gates (the Police chief at the time, within the LAPD) was in another area of the country raising money through a fundraiser. When the Police left the riot areas at Normandie and Florence in the South-Central region, some of them did not return. As well, the officers, who were even encouraged to retreat, did not know the rioters or the community (Wells, 2017). The Federal government found it mandatory to implement meetings that would facilitate unity between officers and the Los Angeles community. Officers would soon be required to get to know important neighborhood families, spoken languages and other details that would foster collaboration and consent (Wells, 2017).

The Rodney King beating was tragic but displays how an event like a brutal beating could have such consequences within a community. Ultimately, the LAPD was able to transform itself and adopt more inclusive and multicultural recruitment practices, which somewhat restored the police department’s reputation. Blacks in America continue to face severe brutality and massive incarceration from the criminal justice system, even though reforms are slowly trying to turn this around. The up rise to Black Lives Matter movements in many cities in America has also raised awareness on police brutality of black men

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Police Brutality and Racial Violence. (2022, Feb 06). Retrieved November 3, 2025 , from
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Opinion on Police Brutality

The current strengths of the NYPD relate to the nature of the service they offer to the citizens. One important strength is the efficiency in conflict resolution measures. Whenever there is any form of conflicts or clashes within the city and the police are involved, the matter is settled quickly and professionally.

Another strength lies in the adaptability and flexibility of the officers. In the dynamic city environment, the police officers encounter several new aspects each day but are able to deal with them. As human nature, we tend to be brought down by the numbers of faults or problems. The same case applies to the NYPD. The police department has been connected with corruption several times.

This is in reference to bribery allegations. The NYPD has also been accused of using excessive force and instances of police brutality. According to the Innocence Project, police are trusted people in New York. This is the reason why they are always the first people to be contacted whenever there is a challenge or a situation that requires attention. However, police are also “feared” people. Above, we saw that the police have been accused of using excessive forces in their dealings. Trust level enhances police performance and confidence. The NYPD policing style is like a service, they fight crime.

I believe that a part of it goes by Community Policing. This type of policing is when the police and citizens work together to prevent crime by coming up with creative solutions. They do so through the use of well-devised policing strategies. This is done through data collection and implementation of technology such as street cameras. I think the police should have more empathy as they deal with people. There is no need to use excessive force when it is not necessary on an unarmed civilian. I also think the department should have more integrity to avoid being caught in corruption scandals.

Corruption in police departments can lead to many disadvantages and can affect the society in a negative way. The training of the police should be changed in a way that at the end, officers become more empathetic when it comes to dealing with civilians and not be brutal against them. By not physically beating unarmed criminals. Besides taking lessons at the shooting range, they should be trained on how to create a positive relationship with the civilians and how to work together.

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Opinion on Police Brutality. (2022, Feb 06). Retrieved November 3, 2025 , from
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Jim Goodnight’s Transformational Servant Leadership

Contents

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Physiological
Belongingness/Esteem
Self-Actualization
Interactional Justice Theory
Self-determination Theory
Expectancy Theory
Procedural Justice Theory
Operant Conditioning Tool

Jim Goodnight has raddled the spectrum on the common-thought methods of leadership. His drastic distinction of what it means to be a leader versus a manager has brought much attention to the privately-owned company, SAS. His ability to capture qualities of a transformational, authentic and servant leader have proven successful for his company. Our group determined that Goodnight most resembles a transformational leader according to the following analysis. From the material, we learn that Goodnight self-describes himself as a transformational leader. Goodnight’s ability to ensure his employees know they are important to the overall success of the company, engage in developmental consideration, and ability to communicate his vision are all attributes of a transformational leader. Firstly, Goodnight’s understanding that his employees are essential to the success of SAS displays his transformational leadership qualities. In the video, Goodnight discusses the strategy of SAS.

Goodnight states that SAS is “founded on the philosophy of forming lasting relationships with our customers, our business partners, and our employees”. This shows his acknowledgement that not only do customers play a large part in the success of the company; but also, the employees. Without its employees, SAS wouldn’t be where they are today. Also, transformational leadership can also be described as putting employees first, then customers and stockholders last. This concept suggests that if employees are preforming well, then customers and stockholders will follow. Making the connection that employees are an integral part of the organization has been a great strength for Goodnight. As other company’s notice Goodnight’s success, they attribute it mostly to his privately-owned entity. In Goodnight’s interview, he states that more companies do not adopt his practices because they are influenced by the short-term objectives of shareholders. The freedom from shareholders has allowed SAS to soar in the industry and continue to flourish. In addition, Goodnight’s engagement of developmental consideration is evident in his vast opportunities to help employees grow and excel in their positions.

The video mentions a pleasant work environment, exercise facilities, private work stations, necessary up to date equipment, and reduced work hours as some of the options that Goodnight provides so that his employees can grow and flourish in the workplace. Goodnight’s transformational leadership style is attributed to his involvement in keeping his employees happy and healthy, while providing a good working environment. This demonstrates how he wants his employees to be taken care of both in and outside of the workplace as Goodnight helps his employees become more productive. For example, SAS offers an on-site daycare allowing parents to enjoy eating lunch with their children. In addition, in-house health facilities that care for employees and their families with short waiting time are offered, which get employees back to work with very little loss of work time. Another perk is the fitness center. Employees can work-out and even play pool during office hours. Our favorite perk is the inclusion of social workers. Socials workers assist employees with life events such as finding a good nursing home for the employee’s parents. All these things are a big plus in reducing stress for an employee. Goodnight wants a stress-free environment for his employees and their families.

The employees like and appreciate the perks offered to them as Goodnight’s goal is to “remove distractions that keep people from focusing on their jobs and also reduce stress that comes from dealing with common demands of life”. This displays his effort too supply his employees with tools for success. Finally, Goodnight also portrays the transformational leader as he can communicate his vision for SAS. In the video, we learn of SAS’s core of being built on relationships. They are not focused on transactional purchases or making the most profit. They pride themselves on “critical relations with leading edge software and services, together form[ing] the basic elements of our success”. This statement says that they are committed to providing the best product for its users. This type of approach in such an ever-evolving industry has seemed to work tremendously well for SAS over the years. This is what sets them apart from others in the industry. Their ability to provide great customer support has brought back customers year after year. In addition, they listen to their customers wants and needs. Having user group meetings and developmental priority conferences have kept them ahead of the pace in the technological industry.

On the other spectrum, we also believe Goodnight has traits of a servant leader because he acknowledges that human ingenuity, not technology, are the chief drivers at SAS. For example, the implementation of SAS’s work hour scheduling program, which focuses on meeting the needs of employees by offering different start times to accommodate for life occurrence (e.g., personal, family) and a 35-hour work schedule to ensure that everyone has personal time. In addition, servant leadership is exhibited by how he cares about the customers. He requires that all customer suggestions for product improvements be recorded, reviewed annually and placed on a survey for customers to rank. He also displays his servant leadership through his care for his employees. As a servant leader, Goodnight puts the needs of his employees first. SAS allows for the personal development of its employees so that they may reach peak performance. Goodnight works hard to serve his employees, going above and beyond the norm. Servant leadership is meant to inspire a level of engagement in employees that is not seen through more traditional leadership methods.

Goodnight also shows traits of authentic leadership. He believes in treating his employees well and values their productivity, but also emphasizes his legitimacy through meaningful interactions with his employees. This creates honest workplace interactions where the employees feel valued and that their input matters. Employees in return respect and work hard for Goodnight and the company. Goodnight is seen as an honest man who promotes openness. Overall, we do believe that Goodnight displays all the leadership styles, but he aligns most as a transformational leader as discussed above.

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

SAS has adopted practices such as their management techniques, performance management and pay practices to enhance its employee’s motivation, encourage retention and performance. Goodnight fulfills some of the needs within Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs at the physiological, physiological and self-actualization levels.

Physiological

Goodnight motivates his employees by meeting their physiological needs such as money and healthcare. Money, being a necessity to achieve items such as food, water and shelter are deemed the basics. It is important to mention that Goodnight does not believe that money is a very effective motivator. But, the competitive salaries and knowing their contributions are valued, keep employees around. Knowing that they are a part of the success at SAS makes coming to work each day worth it. Achieving this physiological need is just the tipping stone on how Goodnight motivates his employees. In addition, employees feel cared for as SAS provides on-site health professionals and low deductible health plans. This allows SAS employees to blossom into productive company assets.

Belongingness/Esteem

The employees of SAS feel as though they have a sense of belonging amongst not only each other, but management as well. This sense of social belonging not only caters to the third level of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, but also helps them with their self-esteem. SAS employees are very likely to receive recognition from their peers and supervisors and feel respected in the workplace. Goodnight continuously reminds his employees that their contribution does not go unnoticed, and they are essential to SAS’s success.

Self-Actualization

Lastly, SAS employees can achieve self-actualization by reaching their full potential. Having an open, welcoming, and accommodating workplace for employees to thrive and capitalize on their skills motivate employee’s to be ‘the best they can be’. As far as self-transcendence is concerned, Goodnight is the clearest example of this. Through self-actualization and success, he has been able to work towards higher outside goals through his good deeds and humanitarianism. Overall, SAS is a great example of a company that satisfies Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs.

Interactional Justice Theory

Regarding their management techniques, SAS is adamant about treating their employees as adults. Goodnight believes if you treat employees with respect, you will receive the same in return. Goodnight also mentions that he believes in internal motivation; “coaching and mentoring rather than monitoring and controlling”. Our group really appreciated this sense of mutual respect in the workplace as we feel employees can prosper in this type of environment. Giving employees autonomy in their work will enhance their motivation and build on the success of the company.

Self-determination Theory

As discussed previously, self-determination is a large part of the inherent growth that is molded at SAS. Employees work in their own offices, acquire training for their jobs and work on their own or with a team to develop software for companies. Goodnight provides his employees with the necessary tools to perform their jobs, while holding them accountable. Also, SAS provides semi-yearly feedback to its employees. Our group appreciated this inclusion as it provides a ‘progress report’ for them. Notice of hard work and areas for improvement are beneficial to workplace behavior. Making employees feel as though they are in control of their actions will heighten their internal motivation and feed their need to preform to the best of their abilities.

Expectancy Theory

Expectancy theory is evident as employee’s hard work and are rewarded with a stress-free environment, alongside all the perks SAS offers. Goodnight values his employees and wants to make sure they come back the following day. The employees know that if they perform their jobs well that they are to expect a certain amount of compensation, both fiscally and through other benefits such as free M&M’s on Wednesdays. Employees at SAS are rewarded handsomely by the institution’s management. The package and the rewards that the employees receive are to the level of their expectations. Therefore, they are satisfied and continue offering their loyal services to the company.

Procedural Justice Theory

The Procedural justice theory of motivation applies to SAS because employee’s satisfaction stems from feeling valued and being compensated fairly. Fairness in the way benefits are distributed makes employees feel confident in the company’s management. It also makes them feel the company appreciates the effort that they invest in the company. Unfairness and injustice

have been a major cause of conflict in organizations, resulting in high employee turnover for example. Besides income as a variable of justice in organization, the management’s commitment to attending to employees’ issues also matters. Managers at SAS are highly committed to the welfare of the employee and determined to make them comfortable at work. It is important for organizations to recognize that other than the work of the company, employees also have personal lives. For example, at SAS, employees can have lunch with their children and finish the work day to venture home and spend time with their families. The company needs to be fair and provide employees with a well-balanced work-life schedule, which is exactly what SAS provides.

Operant Conditioning Tool

Goodnight utilizes the operant conditioning tool as he makes distinct classifications for rewards and consequences of actions. His nontraditional take on the tool allows for his employees to capitalize on rewards and avoid consequences. Some consequences that could occur are software bugs and, or loss of trust. Because SAS is a top competitor, they have the pressure to always provide the best products. Employees are aware of the consequence that comes with ill-prepared products, as this will reflect on the company. Also, being that SAS is foundationally built on trust, it is important for them to do all in their power to keep this. Once trust is lost, it is difficult to get it back. Our group felt that a superior trusting their employee strengthens their relationship overall. Having someone constantly monitoring you make it feel as though you are incapable of completing tasks appropriately. Therefore, we feel this consequence is a reminder for employees to remain trustworthy and abide by SAS’s core values.

Goodnight’s ability to communicate this to his employee is the reason SAS is so successful. Avoiding these ‘consequences’ lead to competitive salaries, day care, onsite health professionals, food, and low deductible health plans; SAS employees are well rewarded. Overall, our group determined that utilizing the operant conditioning tool at SAS has created a successful business model for the company, and employees. 3.

Implementing SAS practices into the manufacturing and service interties would possibly show similar success as Goodnight has seen. Meeting the basic needs that individuals prioritize, offering opportunities for them to grow, and giving them the tools to be successful would be practices from SAS that could be implemented. Given that the technological world is considerably different than the service and manufacturing interties. From watching the Lincoln Electric video, we notice that the manufacturing workplace is constantly moving and physically demanding.

The basic needs of providing fair compensation would enhance employee’s motivation and performance. In addition, providing workers with the ability to move to different positions or making a hierarchical jump with performance is an option. Ensuring employees know they are not in a position of “a means to end” will encourage motivation as well. Finally, providing employees with the proper training to successfully perform their job can also increase motivation. In service and manufacturing jobs, they could possibly handle large equipment or work in dangerous conditions. It is more cost effective to provide employees preventive measures to eliminate costs in the future. Ensuring all employees endure training for their safety will enhance their performance. Overall, instilling some of SAS’s practices could enhance employees’ motivation and performance, but adjustments should be made to compliment the industry.

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Jim Goodnight's Transformational Servant Leadership. (2022, Feb 06). Retrieved November 3, 2025 , from
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What is Servant Leadership and how to Apply it at Work

This course has given me the opportunity to learn about various leadership styles and methods, evaluate my personal and professional values, and assess my strengths and weaknesses in being a leader and a follower. I have developed a greater appreciation of the skill and dedication it takes to become a great leader and have been presented with excellent examples of leaders to model. By implementing these leadership styles and techniques that I have learned, I am confident that I will be able to lead and cultivate a team effectively. Although I feel confident in my leadership abilities, I understand that there is always room for improvement. A few of the areas I have learned that I need to develop include finding the right balance of leadership styles and the right motivation technique that will cater to my team members, managing my emotions and helping my team manage their emotions, making sure to avoid “tunnel vision” so I put my team before myself, and understanding how to better handle storming. I need to take time to build relationships with my team, so I understand them on a personal level. By doing this, I will understand how to better lead and motivate them. It will also cause me to care about them and I will be more apt to put them first. I will practice meditation and self-control techniques to help me view decisions logically instead of emotionally and I can teach these techniques to my team. I can also encourage time to destress while at work to help my team think more logically. I need to research storming and speak with mentors who have already dealt with storming with their team members. By gaining their perspective and advice, as well as the information gained through research, I will have a better understanding of what to expect and how to appropriately deal with it.

As I lead my team, I will use my strengths of self-confidence, positive attitude and outlook, motivating people to deliver the vision, being a good role model, and emotional intelligence to guide me. I will also use my values of respect, trust, honesty, integrity, and loyalty to keep me focused and ensure that I treat my team and my company the right way. Based on my strengths, weaknesses, and values, I think that the challenges I will face are more likely to be based on the initial lack of trust and confidence that a team has with a new leader, and a differing opinion in values amongst the team. For example, if a team member believes that it is acceptable to lie or misrepresent information to myself, other team members, or our clients, it will be a big disappointment and challenge that will need to be addressed. I believe that these disappointments and challenges may be avoided though, by modeling the way. By my example, I can further emphasize what I have verbally communicated to be my expectations of behavior and interaction. It will not only show them that I take my expectations seriously, it will also build their confidence and trust in me because I hold myself to the same standard. As I continue to face these leadership challenges, in addition to my positive attitude and outlook, self-confidence, and emotional intelligence, I will also use Tuckman’s Stages of Development to help me.

I believe Tuckman’s forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning stages will appropriately handle any challenging situation or circumstance that I may encounter with my team. To keep myself motivated and encouraged, I will focus on managing my emotions at work, so I don’t become too discouraged to begin with. I will also surround myself with positive influencers that will mentor me and encourage me as a leader. To keep my team members motivated and encouraged, I will make sure that the workplace is toxic free and free of groupthink. If toxicity does find its way into the team, I will be sure to address it immediately so that it doesn’t spread. I will also make it a practice to recognize the strengths of my team so they understand that I appreciate their individual abilities and their contributions to the team. The Five Practices and Ten Commitments are great techniques to help my personal and professional growth as a leader. By Modeling the Way, I will lead by example. Instead of just verbally communicating my expectations for my team, I will show them working alongside them. I will never expect something from my team that I am not willing to do myself. By Inspiring a Shared Vision, I will effectively and clearly communicate my vision for my team and company with enthusiasm and my team will be energized to work together to reach the goal.

By Challenging the Process, I will encourage the team members to always think of ways to improve. By encouraging new ideas, I will ensure that my team continues to take risks and continues to advance by learning from our mistakes. By Enabling Others to Act, I will build relationships and collaboration amongst my team members and will also develop confidence and competence to take on projects and deliver solutions. By Encouraging the Heart, I will celebrate and recognize that everyone is important and needed to complete the task. When a goal is met, I will recognize each individual team member to help them know that they are valued. While reading “Serving First for the Benefit of Others: Preliminary Evidence for a Hierarchical Conceptualization of Servant Leadership” by Grisaffe,, VanMeter, and Chonko, I found that the servant leadership style has great benefits to individuals within the company, the company, and the clients. By putting others first, the individuals are more inclined to put aside their unethical behavior and greed and instead focus on serving in order to benefit those around them. Sometimes this also means that the needs or wants of the company become secondary to the needs of the client (Grisaffe, VanMeter, Chonko, 2016). By doing this, a culture of authenticity, humility, caring, and collaboration is developed amongst the team and within the company. According the article, when a leader is a servant leader, he or she cultivates a “pay it forward” mindset that builds relationships within and without the company (Grisaffe, VanMeter, Chonko, 2016).

Interpersonal conflicts are minimized and there is greater satisfaction both on a personal and professional level from all those involved (Grisaffe, VanMeter, Chonko, 2016). This information aligns with the information discussed in week two of this class regarding Greenleaf’s concept of Servant Leadership (Mindtools, n.d.). It also notes that servant leadership augments transformational and transactional leadership styles. Because of the changes that servant leadership encourage, the performance of the team members rises and ultimately the company’s success is greater than companies who only implement transformational or transactional leadership methods (Grisaffe, VanMeter, Chonko, 2016). Because of this, I plan to implement servant leadership into my leadership style. Serving others and putting others first coincides with my values and I believe that it will grow a culture of trust and loyalty within my company, which will benefit my team and my clients. I appreciate the idea of putting the client’s or a team member’s needs over my own or my companies desire for growth or revenue. I have seen a company compromise itself too many times and sacrifice others for money and I do not want to make that mistake. Not only does it cause disloyalty and fear among team members, it develops an idea that money and growth are more important than values and people as well as sends a message to the community that the company only sees them as dollar signs and they are not truly valued as anything else. Based on my day to day responsibilities, I believe that Tuckman’s Stages of Development, Goleman’s Six Leadership Styles, Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, and Emotional Intelligence are most relevant to me. Tuckman’s Stages of Development allow leaders to understand how a team interacts and grows. It helps the leaders to understand the challenges a team face, especially in the beginning, and how to overcome them (Mindtools, n.d.).

Goleman’s Six Leadership Styles give leaders the qualities needed to be effective and direction on how to use them in various situations that may arise (Casali, 2018). By realizing that each team member is unique and will respond differently, the different leadership styles give the leader methods to adapt and effectively lead each person. Maslow’s Hierachy of Needs helps leaders understand what is important and necessary for team members to feel fulfilled so that they will be effective and motivated (Leadership Central, n.d.) (McLoed, 2018). Emotional intelligence is important to leaders because it gives them tools necessary to overcome emotional problems such as negativity, worry, stress, anger, and frustration that are inevitable in the workplace (Mindtools, n.d.). By using these tools, a leader will be able to transform negative emotions into more positive emotions for himself or herself as well as for the team which will increase the productivity and happiness of the workplace (Mindtools, n.d.). Leadership behavior relates to an organization’s success because the leaders set the tone for the workplace. For example, in the first week of class we discussed how the Office character Michael Scott’s behavior and character influenced his team. He was not respectful or mindful of them unless it suited him, and in return, they felt the same way about him. Consequently, they were not effective as a team, working together towards a common goal. He worked, and they worked, but not together.

Leadership behavior also has the ability to motivate and inspire a team when faced with challenges or it has the ability to crush momentum and breed toxicity and negativity. An example of this is when Goleman’s Six Leadership Styles were discussed, and I researched great leaders who have inspired their organizations to succeed. Oprah Winfrey had the ability to successfully motivate and inspire those around her and she cultivated a culture of loyalty and trust. Through her leadership behavior she was able to rise from a daytime talk show host to one of the wealthiest women in the world with a following of millions even after her talk show ended. As I have discussed in previous weeks, my leadership goals include incorporating emotional intelligence, Goleman’s Six Leadership Styles, and Tuckman’s Stages of Development. I also understand that continuing to develop my leadership abilities is important for myself as well as my team, which is why I will surround myself with mentors and leaders that I respect and have already been successful. They will continue to teach me skills that I will need as a leader and I will also continue to do research on my own. I have already signed up for additional leadership classes through my local small business development center, and they send me emails with links regarding leadership trends and techniques that may be helpful. As stated above, emotions can impact the success of leaders and organizations.

Negative emotions, such as stress, worry, anger, and frustration can create a toxic work environment if not controlled (Mindtools, n.d.). Emotions spread and feed off of each other and if a leader does not stop negative emotions, they can destroy an organization. By using emotional intelligence and leadership styles, a leader can maneuver through the negative challenges, understand where they are coming from and why, and how to stop them and change them into something positive (Mindtools, n.d.). This creates a positive work environment where team members are being fulfilled, happy and motivated. In turn, team members will work together towards reaching the overall success of the organization and achieving the leader’s vision (Mindtools, n.d.). Effective leadership contributes to an organization’s success by developing team members to be the best version of themselves, recognizing the obstacles and challenges that may occur and strategizing methods to overcome them, and inspiring a vision of success among the team members.

My former supervisor exemplified developing team members to be the best versions of themselves. He maintains a positive attitude even in the face of difficulties. When I worked with him, he encouraged me and motivated me to pursue my education and fought for me to be allowed to take job related trainings and courses through the company. My CEO and General Manager at the time did not see the value in allowing me to go to training conferences, but because of my supervisor I was able to take the courses and became better in my position. As a result, I was able to understand concepts that were previously foreign to me and develop strategies that benefited the company’s relationship with its customers and increase revenue. His care and trust in me inspired me to be better and loyal to him even when my loyalty for the company waned. Another example of effective leadership contributing to the success of organizations is based on my husband. He has recently become the general manager of the local radio station on the Indian reservation where we live. This was a transitional appointment where the former general manager was recently elected to be a councilman for the tribe and my husband was appointed the general manager in his place.

My husband has encountered many challenges while in this new position, but he has been able to inspire a vision of success among the team members which has revived the workplace. He began by implementing trainings for team members and working to develop their weaknesses while complimenting their strengths. He has worked with his team to develop strategies that overcome the challenges which has made the team feel valued and appreciated. The community has noticed a change in the programs provided and the attitude of the team members, and my husband has been shown gratitude from the tribal president for his leadership. Implementing effective leadership requires hard work and focus in the leader. Some individuals are born with an innate sense of leadership, but instincts are not what make a great leader. Anyone can become a great leader, but it necessitates knowledge of leadership skills and characteristics, and the honing of those skills. Being a great leader also demands that the leader be someone worthy of respect, trust, and loyalty. By learning and implementing leadership styles, traits, emotional intelligence, and stages of team development, a leader can successfully cultivate a team that will enthusiastically strive to perform effectively and reach the organization’s goals.

Did you like this example?

What Is Servant Leadership and How to Apply It at Work. (2022, Feb 06). Retrieved November 3, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2022/02/page/2/

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