Month: January 2022
Why Minimum Wage should be Raised
The United Nations has revealed seventeen goals designed to make the world more sustainable for humans. Hunger, poverty, and clean water- are other issues that are also focused on by the United Nations, but one that is also of great importance, that many people do not often speak about, is decent work and economic growth. In many developing countries, agriculture is found to be the main industry that the citizens are a part of, and agriculture does not generate enough revenue for a country to meet the economic growth that many developed countries have reached. Agriculture does not generate enough economic growth because the industry does not yield a high profit margin, since agriculture is a necessity, and cannot charge more money than what people can spend, which is often not plentiful. But developed or rapidly developing countries have large service industries. The service industry does have a high margin of profit because people generally have more money to spend in countries with large service industries. But also, the industry is not a necessity, and can be charged high amounts of money, which is justified by the larger GDP per capita that these countries usually have.
To help further develop poor countries, the United Nations have made it their mission to improve jobs all over the world and make them decent. Decent work can be achieved by giving people easier access to jobs, quality jobs, dignity, higher wages, and gender equality. (International Labour Organization) This can be achieved by numerous factors such as labor regulations. In the United States, specifically along the Appalachian Mountains, there has been a long history of mining coal, which is very dangerous and can be fatal. Along with danger for coal miners, coal is also very polluting for the country. Because of this, the United Nations has created a set of clean energy guidelines that countries may modify if they see fit, called the Paris Climate Accord.
President Trump has arranged a withdraw from the deal, stating that many jobs would have been killed. Many of his supporters agree because most of the states that he won, like Ohio, Michigan, and Wisconsin, which are traditionally blue, do not have other jobs available, which is a problem. The United States has invested in clean energy which creates jobs seventeen times faster than any other industry. (Lant) Jobs like these tend to be safer because they do not require going hundreds of feet underground where vision is often limited, and where there is a high chance of suffocation and other injuries. Another problem with jobs, is wage.
Wages often determines who will work for a job. Jobs that are more labor intensive are often more available to the poor, but do not pay the correct wages. Since this is the case, many local government officials have advocated for a minimum wage increase in their areas. Seattle was one of the first cities to increase their minimum wage to fifteen dollars per hour. Another way that the government could help increase wages, is by bringing back jobs from places like China and Mexico, which President Trump has done. When there are more jobs available, then they create competition, which later results in higher wages.
Another issue is that there is gender equality, especially with jobs in STEM. One way that STEM is bringing more women into the program is by creating the “Idea Incubator,” which would bring many talented women, and have them create new ideas for real world problems. (Forbes) Special scholarships are also given by the car company, Audi, through the STEM program. We can all help to ensure that every human being is entitled to having a safe, good-paying, and decent job. And if we all follow the United Nations’s guidelines, then we can all achieve that goal.
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Technology Examples for Autism
In second grade I started at a new school. I had to meet new people and make new friends of course but there was one person in particular, that I met at my new school. I had never met anyone with autism before and at that age, I did not know what autism was. This little boy was the nicest child in our class, everyone loved him even though he was different and had his rough patches. He was high on the spectrum, but he participated in normal classes with us. At recess, everyone wanted to play with him, at lunch, everyone wanted to sit with him, and even in class, everyone made sure he was succeeding like the rest of us. One day, he excitedly told us he had to get his tonsils removed. He was gone for a week or two and none of us kids had any second thoughts about it. One day, the principal brought our whole grade into the library to talk to us. Our principal had told us that our friend had passed away, that something had gone wrong with his surgery. We never really thought about how great of a friend he was until we only had our memories to remind us.
Even though our friend had autism, he still lived a normal life and had friends just like everyone else. Autism does not stop people from attending school and succeeding in life. ASD or autism spectrum disorder is a developmental disorder in which impairments in social interaction, communication, and repeated behaviors are expressed (Wiggins, Levy, et al.). According to the Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, the CDC or, the Centers of Disease Control and Prevention, currently estimates that an average of 1 in 68 children from multiple US communities has an ASD. We are told that the youngest confirmed diagnosis of ASD is 4.4 years old (Wiggins, Levy, et al.). In other words, ASD is a very common disorder among children in the US. There are a few factors that cause autism, there are noticeable symptoms, and there are assistive technologies to help children with autism strive through school.
There are a few factors that are said to cause autism such as short birth spacing, which means, the amount of time between births, or using assistive reproductive technology. Autism spectrum disorder and birth spacing, tells us that “Children conceived less than 18 months after their mother’s previous birth or children conceived 60 or more months after their mother’s previous birth were more likely to have ASD when compared to children conceived between 18 to 59 months after their mother’s previous birth”. The linkage between birth spacing and ASD is unique because there is no link to birth spacing and any other developmental disabilities (Schieve, Tian, et al.). This means that short birth spacings only major effect on a child is that there is a higher chance for them to develop an ASD rather than a child who was conceived after that sixty-month period.
Another factor that could cause ASD is ART or, assisted reproductive technology. When using ART to conceive a child a person is not conceiving the normal way, they are using different methods that doctors offer. When conceiving a child with ART, that child is two times more likely to be diagnosed with ASD than a child who was conceived naturally (Fountain, Zhang, et al.). Research tells us that the reasons why the likelihood of ASD is higher if using ART to conceive are because a person is more likely to have more than one child, they are more likely to give birth too early, or the child could be birthed too small (Fountain, Zhang, et al.). The American Journal of Public Health states that “among children conceived using ART, about 0.8% of those born as singletons (only one baby carried during the pregnancy) and about 1.2% of those born as a twin or multiple were diagnosed with ASD”. More research is underway to find exactly why there is a linkage between ART and ASD but it is suggested that doing a single embryo transfer could lower the risk of ASD occurring with the use of ART. Knowing what causes autism is equally as important as knowing what the symptoms or, signs, are.
Knowing how to spot the signs of autism is an important thing to learn. Some signs include difficulty in communicating, having a hard time developing relationships, or having repetitive speech or actions. Other characteristics of autism can include concentration problems, problems with attention, activity levels, a risk of anxiety or mood disorders, and learning difficulties. Examples of concentration and attention issues include hyperactivity, short attention span, highly likely to act on impulse, and selective attention. Examples of anxiety disorders in a child with ASD include self-injury behavior, limiting their diet, eating items that are inedible, and expressing obsessive-compulsive disorder. Signs of learning disabilities include grades changing drastically, and not good with reading or comprehending things. Gargiulo states that about just thirty percent of children with ASD have some type of intellectual impairment which is believed to be the cause of early intervention.
There are assessments that can be administered to decide what level of function a child is at. The diagnosis of ASD includes two steps. The first is a screening that helps identify children who need to have a more thorough evaluation and a surveillance, which basically means that doctors will monitor a child to see if they show signs of a developmental disability. The second step is a comprehensive evaluation which includes, clinical and educational observations, caregiver interviews, developmental histories, psychological testing, speech and language assessments. Administering these tests helps doctors decide whether a child has a type of ASD or not, which could lead to testing for other developmental disabilities. After deciding whether that specific child has ASD doctors and professionals can move on to help them receive the correct education and assistive help if necessary. Assistive technology has been created to help children with developmental disabilities, like autism, receive the education they deserve.
Assistive technology means exactly what it says, “any item, piece of equipment, or product system, whether acquired commercially off the shelf, modified, or customized, that is used to increase, maintain, or to improve the education and abilities of a child with a disability”. Each child that is given an assistive technology device has some type of intellectual disability. There are devices and tools for reading, writing, mathematics, and some other academic areas. For reading, seating, positioning, mobility, having options for alternative communication, computer access, educational toys and games, adaptive environments, and having instructional aids in the classroom are all important devices in helping children succeed. Some low tech examples to help reading are using highlighters, highlighter tape, or even highlighter strips. For high tech devices, computer programs are offered that read text aloud to students. (Gargiulo, 2018). For writing, low tech examples would be using pencil grips teaches children how to hold their pencil correctly, using raised lined paper, whiteboards, and even gel boards.
For higher-tech students can use computer programs that help with writing correctly such as, Inspiration or Cmap Tools . For mathematics, there are a few different devices that range from high to low tech that help in the classroom. Some of these ideas are having concrete manipulatives, having calculators, computer access, and fixed instruction. Assistive technology devices range from using paper and pencil to using technology and each of these devices are important and helpful to students with learning disabilities. There are many different factors that cause autism, ways characterize it, many different signs, and ways to help children with this learning disability. Technology and education is growing every day. With these growing, it increases the chances of help for children who live with autism, in life and with their education.
Autism spectrum disorder is very common among children in the United States. There are a few factors that cause autism, there are noticeable symptoms, and there are assistive technologies to help children with autism strive through school. Autism is caused by a few different factors such as, conceiving a child before 18 months after the child before that is born and using assistive reproduction technology. These factors may be unavoidable at times which raises your chance of having a child with autism. Some signs of autism are lack of communication, lack of social skills, self- harm behavior, learning problems, and even obsessive-compulsive disorder. ASD is a disorder that a person can live with and in some cases, have a normal functioning life. Children with autism may need a little extra help in school or in social situations but they are still children who know how to play, how to be happy, and have feelings. After a child undergoes the testing to be diagnosed for ASD, it will decide how much help a child will need in school and what extra steps that may need to be taken to help this child succeed.
Once it is decided how well this child is able to function, professionals will decide what help will be necessary. Schools offer assistive technology to students who may need it and these devices are helpful to each student who uses them. Each child with an ASD is unique and learns at different rates. Each assistive technology device is made to aid each child with each unique problem that they may have in school. These assistive technology devices continue to grow and improve to accommodate for the children who need it. Scientists are learning new things about autism every day, it is only natural that technology grows as well. Children with autism spectrum disorder can be high to low functioning but no matter the degree, it is important to know the signs and technology to help these children succeed in school and in life.
References
- Fountain, C., Zhang, Y., Kissin, D. M., Schieve, L. A., Jamieson, D. J., Rice, C., & Bearman, P. (2015). Association Between Assisted Reproductive Technology Conception and Autism in California, 1997–2007. American Journal of Public Health, 105(5), 963–971.
- Gargiulo, R. M., & Bouck, E. C. (2018). Special education in contemporary society: An introduction to exceptionality. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications.
- Prizant, Barry M., and Thomas Fields-Meyer. Uniquely Human: a Different Way of Seeing Autism. Simon & Schuster Paperbacks, 2016.
- Schieve, L. A., Tian, L. H., Drews?Botsch, C. , Windham, G. C., Newschaffer, C. , Daniels, J. L., Lee, L. , Croen, L. A. and Danielle Fallin, M. (2018), Autism spectrum disorder and birth spacing: Findings from the study to explore early development (SEED). Autism Research, 11: 81-94.
- Wiggins, L. D., Levy, S. E., Daniels, J., Schieve, L., Croen, L. A., DiGuiseppi, C., … Schendel, D. (2015). Autism Spectrum Disorder Symptoms Among Children Enrolled in the Study to Explore Early Development (SEED). Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 45(10), 3183–3194.
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Technology Education in Schools
The debate on whether arts education is beneficial to children and its importance in schools is quite substantial. Despite the evidence in research suggesting arts education promotes development and creative thinking, schools are not supporting arts programs and are focusing on science, math, engineering, and technology-based learning styles. Although art education is being overshadowed by STEM education, arts education promotes critical thinking, academic confidence, and aides' students with self-expression. Arts education has many benefits, one being the promotion of academic confidence in the classroom. One way arts education promotes academic confidence is by reducing test anxiety and stress surrounding standardized testing. Scogin said, 'Standardized testing has been perhaps the biggest hurdle preventing wide-range adoption of experiential-type learning pedagogies.'
Scogin's statement showed that standardized testing is hindering experience in students learning and is only teaching students logic and not inquiry. Also supporting Scogin's claim, Mains (2007), a former educator, stated, 'Further, societal factors such as popular culture, political rhetoric, and the media's preferential attention to success in math and science have affected the nucleus of our public schools' curricula.' This statement explains that technology in modern pop culture and media focus has led the evolution of the education system. Technology-based learning has captured the curriculum and has pushed art education aside, according to Mains. Mains also gave insight into how education is changing toward mainly standardized testable learning and what schools are doing to art programs to adjust to the change. Due to test scores reflecting the jobs of teachers, teachers are teaching students to pass, not learn through experience. Teachers are teaching their required curriculums for their students to memorize the content, opposed to engaging their students to learn to their full capacity.
Mains also stated, 'When these standardized tests are the absolute gauge in a school's accountability, there is a natural tendency to concentrate on the tested subjects to the detriment of more creative activities.' Main's statement showed that students are taught solely on testing ability and are lacking hands-on experience in school. If test scores are the main focus of a teacher's curriculum, the teacher will not focus on the content they are teaching. Teachers will focus on the memorization of how test questions need to be answered, not the art education or hands-on learning that may benefit the students. This keeps students from retaining the information they learned and applying it to other endeavors. Many students deal with test anxiety and poor test-taking skills, and test scores are not an accurate way to track their progress. Perpich studies stated, '[r]esearch finds that students who experience arts integrated curricula meet or significantly exceed state and district standardized test averages, even in schools with high populations of at risk students.
In addition, a notable study finds that arts integration programs do not lower test scores, suggesting there is no negative impact on academic achievement in core subjects from an arts integrated curriculum.' This shows that test scores are not affected negatively by arts education and can actually increase test scores. If test scores are not negatively affecting children's test scores and are actually increasing the quality and quantity of content learning, then why discontinue arts education? Arts education can be used to aide lessons, not complicate them. Arts can be used in many ways, schools can utilize them to enhance lessons. Another wayarts education promotes academic confidence is by causing less disciplinary issues and being a way to prepare students for their future careers. 'Research on students involved in arts education shows that they learn how to communicate effectively, practice constructive criticism and listen better.
In a large scale study, arts programming helped to prepare youth to apply their skills directly to employment opportunities. Another study showed that students who participate in arts education as youth stay in their local communities as adults and contribute to economic and civic growth.' Preparing students for their future in their community as an active member of society should be the sole purpose of education. Arts education is being used to prepare students for employment opportunities and is actually increasing employment and graduation rates in general public schools. Research shows, '4 out of 5 employers agree that all students should acquire broad knowledge in the liberal arts and sciences.' and 93% of employers agree that candidates' demonstrated capacity to think critically, communicate clearly, and solve complex problems is more important than their undergraduate major.'
This is direct proof that arts education is beneficial to student employment after graduation and can help the students find jobs due to excellence in creative thinking, problem-solving, and communication skills.The next major benefit of arts education is the promotion of critical thinking, problem-solving, and creative thinking. The ability to be able to critically think, solve problems, and use innovative thinking can lead to many opportunities and enrich STEM education in schools. Maeda claimed of that innovation has been taken over by STEM (science, technology, engineering, and maths.) The claim is that we should use IDEA (institution, design, emotion, and art.) as much as STEM if not more to help the development and education of children. Innovation being taught in schools is mandatory for the future of idea development and new inventions. Maeda stated, 'STEM needs something to give it some STE(A)M- an 'A' for art between the engineering and the math to ground the bits and bytes...' (2017, p.990).
Maeda believes art is being shadowed by STEM also but supported this claim with the concept of IDEA education being used equally in elementary education settings. Maeda also stated, 'there is a disconnect between the words 'innovation' and 'art' that needs to be resolved if the United States is to prevail as the most creative economy in the world.' (2017, p.987). Maeda said this to prove to Americans that we (Americans) are known for being creative and for constantly creating new products and reinforcing ideas of others. If creativity is not taught in our education system, who will create in our future generations? Teaching innovation in schools will promote creative thinking and provide creative outlets for children. Maeda and art educators have very similar views on the separation of art and education. They both see how technology is shaping and affecting our education system.
To support Maeda's claims, statistics express that over time, the education system has evolved to a technological peak. According to blog.practutor.com, 98 percent of schools have one or more computers per students and 77 percent of teachers use the internet for instructional purposes. This evolution is decreasing art to increase the STEM curriculums in the education system. Technology is rapidly increasing the innovative side of education and is decreasing the creativity in schools, just as Maeda claimed in his argument. One other major benefit of arts education is aiding students with self-expression. Forms of self-expression are confidence in performance, good mental health, and to be able to express your own ideas, opinions, and emotions.
An example of confidence in performance is displayed by authors, Wright, Watkins, and Grant as they talk about a case study created by Ali. A woman named Ali, an elementary teacher, conducted an experiment in her classroom to find out how art influenced how the kids interacted in class, and how they were changing behavior. Ali had her students create an idea for an art project they wanted to do, then they collaborated with other students to gather more ideas from their peers, and finally articulated their plans. Ali analyzed what they did with their time and materials. She then saw that the students were successful with their drawings and many students found confidence and pride in their creations. This showed how art can influence students minds in the classroom. Ali explained, After an hour and with at least two drawings each, the 65 children came inside with their drawings. In the classroom Ali asked everyone 'how did you feel doing the drawing?' and the children made comments, such as 'When I started to draw I didn't think I'd complete it. I kept working at it and I finished it' and 'When I started to draw I felt frustrated, but it got better.
Art can give students' academic and social confidence. Art education is a way to combine creativity and inquiry in the classroom to enhance hands-on learning. If used properly, maybe art could help the current curriculum. These authors used a case study and observation to prove the effects of art education. Another way art education can impact students emotional is through art therapy. Many schools and rehabilitation centers are using art therapy for their students who are emotionally, academically, or physically disabled. These options help reduce anxiety, perfect motor skills, and give hands-on learning options for lessons usually taught in different methods.
Overall, art has many proven benefits as technological advancements do as well. Art is very relevant in our education and can be very useful if used efficiently. America doesn't have to use innovation over art nor art over innovation. These sources all gave an example of how this is possible. Though this method could have disadvantages, the advantages outweigh the disadvantages. It depends on how it is taught and what kind of inquiry is used. Art is used in many forms to give visual examples, hands-on learning, inquiry, and even charts in math classes. Art is a tool, a potentially essential tool in education as expressed in these three sources. Americans may not focus on art enough, causing a decline in the success of education. Although art education is being overshadowed by STEM education, arts education is vital because it promotes critical thinking, academic confidence, and aides' students with self-expression.
Resources
- Mains, R. M. (2007). The creation of a subculture: The decline of the arts in a society dominated by technology, science, and economics. Forum on Public Policy Online, 2007(1). Retrieved from: http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1098480.pdf
- Maeda. J. (2017). On meaningful observation. In A. Lunsford, M. Brody, L. Ede, B.J. Moss, C.C. Papper, K. Walters (Eds.), Everyone's an author: With readings (pp.899-907). New York, NY: W.W. Norton
- Wright, S., Watkins, M., & Grant, G. (2017). Making visual arts learning visible in a generalist elementary school classroom. International Journal Of Education & The Arts, 18(13), Retrieved from: http://proxyeast.uits.iu.edu/
- Scogin, Stephen C., et al. 'Learning by experience in a standardized testing culture.' Journal of Experiential Education, vol. 40, no. 1, Dec. 2017, pp. 39–57., Retrieved from, doi:10.1177/1053825916685737.
- Practutor Blog (2017.) Technology in the classroom statistics. (n.d.). Retrieved November 26, 2017, from htts://blog.practutor.com/9-technology-in-the-classroom-statistics/
- Arts education and academic achievement. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://perpich.mn.gov/index.php?section=arts-ed-academic-achievement
- Liberal Arts Graduates and Employment Setting the Record Straight [PDF.]. (2014). Association of American Colleges and Universities.
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Raising the Minimum Wage Will Reduce Poverty
Government has had a strong place in lifting people out of the poverty line ever since the great depression era. The federal government set a minimum wage law called the Fair Labor Standards Act in 1938. The minimum wage was made for the purpose to create a minimum standard of living to protect the health and well-being of employees. Fast-forwarding 80 years later the minimum wage grew from $.25 an hour to currently $7.25 an hour. Currently, 29 states and the District of Columbia have a higher minimum wage than the federal rate which is due to such a demand for increasing minimum wage. Although the rising minimum wage has benefited the country in many ways, people and businesses have been very opposed of it.
There are many benefits to increasing the federal minimum wage. Many arguments are that the federal minimum wage is far too low to keep working families out of poverty. According to a study in 2017 by the U.S Government Accountability Office, the minimum wage is leaving millions of families in the U.S in poverty. 20% of families working at the federal minimum wage, 13% of families working up to $12 per hour and 5% of families with a worker working for up to $16 an hour are living on or below the poverty line. This is a common argument often brought up by many people, and a reason many states have increased their minimum wage.
Although there are many supporters of raising the minimum wage there are equally as many that oppose it too, especially from businesses. It is important for many businesses to run efficiently and labor might be their biggest costly factor. Opponents often mention that many businesses cannot afford to pay their workers a higher compensation because of the amount of lay-off that would be created. This would lead to an increase in unemployment, which would not only negatively affect our businesses, but our economy. Businesses may be forced to close, lay off workers, reduce hiring and make the hiring process a bit more competitive. It is said that raising the minimum wage would especially hurt low-income communities and teenage workers since businesses may not be willing to pay little or no experienced workers with a higher wage.
Unemployment has become a constant battle the government has been combating since the great depression. The U.S since learned that our economy runs in a cycle, from great times to recessions. Due to our economic climate, unemployment rates always seem to fluctuate. Our economists have always pondered and studied where the countries jobs are going. Outsourcing has played a big role in the loss of jobs in our country since wage and benefits are often protected and increased, leaving companies to find cheaper alternatives. The 14 million outsourced jobs are almost double the 7.5 million unemployed Americans. Countries like china and Mexico often don’t offer work protections and minimum wages so many most companies take advantage of those opportunities. Outsourcing has forced our country to become a more competitive one on a global marketplace scale. Our American job-seeking employees aren’t willing to work for such a lower wage, and companies aren’t willing to compensate them for it so unemployment increases.
Another problem that’s hard to tackle is that if we force restrictions on our country, like when president Trump has suggested to renegotiate NAFTA and add tariffs, this only raises prices and increase costs of all consumers which might be an inefficient strategy for the long run. A compelling strategy for many economists is to re-focus one of our biggest industries into a different direction, and that is from fossil fuels to renewable energy.
Renewable energy is a fast-growing industry that shows promise in bringing jobs into this country. This renewable energy industry includes solar panels, wind turbines, hydropower plants and more. Renewable industry a much more labor-intensive industry than its counterpart like oil. This industry is in demand for work from all types of skilled and unskilled labor like sales teams, project developers, technicians, and more.
Our government focusing their efforts to replace non-renewable energy with renewable energy would create more than three times as many jobs as producing an equivalent amount of electricity from fossil fuels, according to a study by The Union of Concerned Scientists in 2009. This can also bring more stability to energy prices, which would be a good long-term strategy that our federal government should take in consideration. In 2016, the solar industry alone employed more than 260,000 people, including jobs in the installation, manufacturing, and sales sectors, a 25% increase from 2015. The hydroelectric power industry employed approximately 66,000 people, and the geothermal industry employed 5,800 people in 2017.
In contrast, the entire coal industry employed only a mere 160,000 people in 2016 according to the U.S department of energy. The renewable energy industry might as well be called an employment generator considering how much it has advanced in expansion and how much of an influence it’s had on employment. Thousands of Part-time and Full-time positions are waiting for job seeking individuals as the industry expands, so government should further focus their efforts away from fossil fuels and into alternatives like renewable energy.
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Raise Minimum Wage
Why should people go through an everyday struggle when there’s an easy solution? It is time for a change when it comes to the minimum wage. It’s not right for people to live paycheck to paycheck. No one should have to experience the worry of late bills and low amount of food. I believe that the wage should be increased because people can live comfortably, it would increase economic growth, and it would reduce crime rates. There’s no way a person can even work full-time and support a family on less than 15,000 a year.
Minimum wage should be increased so people can live comfortably. The minimum wage as of now is not enough for basic necessities, like groceries. People are struggling to make ends meet. You always hear the saying “health is wealth” and that’s true in this case because people can become healthier if the minimum wage increased. According to How to Improve Mental Health in America: Raise the Minimum Wage, the researchers found that workers who got higher wages because of the minimum wage law also experienced an improvement in their mental health, both in absolute terms and relative to the comparison groups. Importantly, the effect of the wage increase was about as large as taking an anti-depressant medication. That being said, increasing the minimum wage will help with people’sWage health making it at ease to live life comfortably.
Increasing the minimum wage would raise economic growth. Higher job growth and businesses would be on the rise. There would be more customers that can afford to buy products from businesses. More job opportunities would be created for teens, however, according to Charles Blahous, the recent trend toward higher minimum wages is a significant driver of declining employment among teens. The increase of minimum wage would actually slow businesses down and raise unemployment levels. It would not give teens and young adults the opportunity to gain experiences from work and it would lower their future earnings.
Increasing the minimum wage would reduce crime rates. The crime rate is at a high rate right now so increasing the minimum wage would provide sustainable and viable for employment. There would be more job opportunities, more education, and enrichment activities to the point where every low-skilled worker have the opportunity to earn money.
Minimum wage should be increased because people can live comfortably, it would increase economic growth, and it would reduce crime rates. Raising the minimum wage for workers would affect America in a positive way. People can live life and not have to worry that much about certain things.
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Why Minimum Wage should not be Raised
My name is Vanessa Castro, and I’m writing this letter for a school project, but also with the intentions to inform you on some issues I have done some research on, regarding the current minimum wage. In the history of our nation, this has been a big problem, which is why I’m addressing it to you today. Living off of today’s minimum wage affects many, and as a congresswomen I feel that you have the opportunity and the ability to help resolve this situation.
The issue many find with having the current minimum wage of $7.25 an hour is that families across the country need to find their families with basic life necessities, and with this wage I don’t think this is possible. In the 1800s, there were many early labor unions like the American Federation of Labor, who focused on specific workers’ issues including their wages. A lot of the early labor unions later provoked organized strikes, leading to involvement of the militia, and violence harming large amounts of people.
Overall, I don’t believe this type of violence will occur again in today’s society, although there will always be the possibility of protests. Yes there are two sides to the debate on whether minimum wage should be raised, but by doing so many benefits will come to all. Regardless, many sources I have read mention that the majority of Americans support this action. In this letter I will explain to you why I believe the minimum wage should be raised to $10.10 per hour because it can aid those struggling to support themselves and their families, boost the economic and job growth, and possibly reduce crime rates.
As I mentioned earlier, in the history of the United States regarding the 18th century, we can observe the start of urbanization industrialization. We know these two as what gave this country a boost of development on a wide scale. Sure, there are many good things that came with them that changed our economy and society for the better, but there are also some factors worth mentioning that are rather negative. We can see a rise on child labor, poor and hazardous conditions in sweatshops, and long working hours for low wages.
This style of living put many in harm for diseases, and oftentimes even death. During this time, there was a large mass of the population in growing cities undergoing extreme conditions of poverty. According to to theusaonine.com labor workers in factories and mines had to work 60 hours per week, getting paid as little as 25 cents per hour. This wage was what was originally set. Since then we have managed to raise it to $7.25, but this still brings up problems. Back to the 1800s, often times children had to miss school and start working at a young age in order to support their already poor family. Many families lived in tenements, poor and overcrowded apartment buildings was sometimes the only option for the underprivileged class. With poor sanitation/health, a dangerous environment, and children receiving little to no education, something had to be done.
The rise of labor unions began to fight for the rights of workers. They fought for change in the many factors mentioned earlier like the horrible working conditions, child labor, low wages, and long hours. In relation to what we are dealing with currently, there have been various protests for a better minimum wage for the same reasons. Present day protests like one that happened Memphis, gathered many fast food workers supporting a rise on the minimum wage to be $15. Fox News interviewed Ashley Cathey, a Memphis fast food worker, “Fast-food cooks and cashiers like me are fighting for higher pay and union rights, the same things striking sanitation workers fought for 50 years ago...We’re not striking and marching just to commemorate what they did – we’re carrying their fight forward. And we won’t stop until everyone in this country can be paid $15 an hour and has the right to join a union” (Kazin, 2018). Because of events of protest that are happening because of minimum wage is why I think something has to be done,
Although the point of this letter was to explain to you why we should raise the minimum wage, it’s fair to include some of the opposing viewpoints, and explain why they are invalid. One of the opposing sides’ main arguments involves how raising the minimum wage would disadvantage low skilled workers. This side of the debate believe that these low skilled workers cannot justify higher wages, therefore don’t deserve this raise. Other slightly more skilled workers will be put at a disadvantage if they are in the came careers as lower skilled workers.
I disagree with this standpoint because even if an individual is less educated and then put into jobs with minimum wages, life is already pretty rough for them. Why put more pressure on these workers? They probably struggle with giving full meals to their family, while at the same time providing a shelter, proper sanitation, and paying the bills. According to Drew DeSilver, a senior writer for Pew Research says, “those who make more than the minimum wage in their state but less than $10.10 an hour, and therefore also would benefit if the federal minimum is raised to that amount” (Pew Research Center). I believe these people will benefit by being able to access more necessities they weren’t able to with lesser earnings. Another opposing viewpoint I found in my research was that by raising the minimum wage, the housing costs will go up as well. If this were to happen, I don’t believe it should do much of a change that minimum wage overall shouldn’t be raised.
If this did happen, I believe the lower skilled workers would regardless be more able to provide themselves or their families basic necessities. “According to a 2013 poll by Oxfam America, 66% of US workers earning less than $10 an hour report that they 'just meet' or 'don't even have enough to meet' their basic living expenses, and 50% say that they are frequently worried about affording basic necessities such as food”(procon.org). In my point of view, there could be many reasons on why minimum wage won’t be beneficial enough, but putting yourself in the shoes of those really struggling, I think these points rule out because there are more factors contributing to the debate that the wage should be increased.
As for the side of the debate that is for raising minimum wage, one can view many effective reasons on why it’s beneficial to raise it. Firstly, it will aid those who are in the poorer sector. According to a 2015 report from the National Low Income Housing Coalition, a worker must earn at least $15.50 an hour (over twice the federal minimum wage) to be able to afford to rent a 'modest' one-bedroom apartment, and $19.35 for a two-bedroom unit (more than 2.5 times the minimum wage)”(procon.org).
I think that if the minimum wage would stay the same as it is right now, the amount of hours worked for unerprieveled individuals will go up just to maintain the place they stay in, even though it is probably not the best of environments or conditions to be living in. According to an article CNBC, “And the gap is even wider in some high-cost cities. A household with two adults and two children in Washington, D.C., for example, would need to budget more than $106,000 a year to make ends meet, researchers found.
That makes it the most expensive area in the country for a family that size, without taking into account discretionary spending” (Imbert,2015). I believe in families with parents working on minimum wage, it’s almost not questionable that the children when at the right age must also start to work to support the costs of living. This also might affect the kid’s education, because of the pressure of helping their parents maintain their household may distract them from what’s going on in school, which is the backbone of their future.Another valid point of this debate is that by raising the minimum wage, the economy will experience a boost. A 1994 study by economists Alan Krueger, PhD, and David Card, PhD, compared employment in the fast food industry after New Jersey raised its minimum wage by 80 cents, while Pennsylvania did not.
Krueger and Card observed that job growth in the fast food industry was similar in both states, and found 'no indication that the rise in the minimum wage reduces employment'(procon.org). This piece of evidence is important because people on the opposing side of the debate argue that the employment will go down for a numerous amount of reasons. I believe that there is little to no association between these two factors, therefore the wage should not deteriorate the economy, but on the contrary will spur economic job growth. Another point that supports this reason is a prediction made by the Economic Policy Institute, “that a minimum wage increase from the current rate of $7.25 an hour to $10.10 would inject $22.1 billion net into the economy and create about 85,000 new jobs over a three-year phase-in period” (procon).
I feel like the opposing side of the debate can’t really argue on this because there is no correlation between overall economic and job growth with increasing the wage by a few dollars. Lastly, a reason supporting the raise would be the reduction is crime rates. In a 2013 study by a group of researchers they found that, “higher wages for low-income individuals reduce crime by providing viable and sustainable employment… raising the minimum wage to $12 by 2020 would result in a 3 to 5 percent crime decrease (250,000 to 540,000 crimes) and a societal benefit of $8 to $17 billion dollars.' (Fernandez, Holman, Pepper.)
Works Cited
- Jose Fernandez, Thomas Holman, and John V. Pepper, 'The Impact of Living Wage Ordinances on Urban Crime,' people.virginia.edu, July 5, 2013
- “Fast Food Workers Set to Protest in Push for $15 Minimum Wage.” Fox News, FOX News Network, www.foxnews.com/us/fast-food-workers-set-to-protest-in-push-for-15-minimum-wage.
- Katel, Peter. “Minimum Wage.” CQ Researcher by CQ Press, Dec. 2005, library.cqpress.com/cqresearcher/document.php?id=cqresrre2005121600&type=hitlist&num=1.\
- Mantel, Barbara. 'Minimum Wage.' CQ Researcher, 24 Jan. 2014, pp. 73-96, library.cqpress.com/cqresearcher/cqresrre2014012400
- A.U.C., Active USA Center. “The United States of America.” History of the United States, Industrialization and Reform - TheUSAonline.com, www.theusaonline.com/history/industrialization.htm.
- DeSilver, Drew. “5 Facts about the Minimum Wage.” Pew Research Center, Pew Research Center, 4 Jan. 2017, www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/01/04/5-facts-about-the-minimum-wage/.
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Arguments in Technology Based Research
Internet of Things (IoT) is undoubtedly one of the major revolutions that the wireless industry has seen and it is likely to be the key element in driving the future of cellular technology as well. With widespread adoption of the internet, it is evident that every device and every human is being connected to each other today. IoT is the key enabler for this by delivering machine-to-machine (M2M) communication on a massive scale. Ericsson predicts there will be around 28 Billion connected devices by 2021, of which more than 15 billion will be connected M2M and consumer-electronics devices.
Connectivity is the foundation for IoT, and the type of access required will depend on the nature of the application. Many IoT devices are served by radio technologies such as Bluetooth that operate on unlicensed spectrum and are ideal for short-range connectivity for a home or indoor environment. In order to achieve wide area connections of IoT devices, two alternatives are available. On one hand, there are the current proprietary LPWA technologies, such as SigFox and LoRa, which typically operate on unlicensed spectrum. On the other hand, there are 3GPP standardized cellular IoT technologies such as NB-IoT and eMTC which typically operate on licensed spectrum. We are going to talk about the latter set of IoT technologies in this paper.
Cellular IoT (CIoT) is defined as a set of technologies under the 3GPP standardization that enables IoT connectivity using the licensed frequencies while co-existing with the legacy cellular broadband technologies, such as LTE. Owing to its capabilities, numerous services are envisioned for cellular IoT, including utility meters, vending machines, automotive (fleet management, smart traffic, real time traffic information to the vehicle, security monitoring and reporting), medical metering and alerting. But, LTE was primarily designed for mobile communication and there are numerous requirements of the M2M communication systems and applications that LTE needs to deliver. Some of the major requirements are as follows:
Cost Reduction: The cost of LTE supporting cellular modules embedded on phones are not considered very expensive with respect to the other components on a typical smartphone. For M2M, the cost of the communication unit has to be drastically reduced to be integrated with IoT devices because devices such as wearable devices and smart meters lie in a lower price range as compared to phones. Various cost reduction techniques have been considered by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), including reduced computational complexity, reduced data rate, single antenna support, and half duplex operations.
Reduced Power Consumption: This is another important aspect of the battery powered IoT devices because millions of them are deployed in various locations across the world. Regular changing of batteries in these devices is not at all feasible. Enhanced Coverage: There exists IoT applications where devices are sometimes located in remote or not so easily reachable locations such as basements and deep indoors, where there are high chances of path loss between the transmitter and the receiver. Thus, M2M communication services may require a 15–20 dB coverage enhancement with respect to regular cellular services. Scalability: In order to enable a Massive IoT market, networks need to scale efficiently and be able to support millions of devices.
Diversity: Every IoT application will have a different set of requirements in terms of cost, latency, data rate and performance. LTE based M2M communication should be able to handle such diverse set of requirements from different applications. In order to meet the above requirements, 3GPP release two new technologies namely, NB-IoT and eMTC that share the spectrum with the already existing LTE. Section II and Section III of the paper gives a brief introduction to these two technologies in terms of its functionalities and architecture while section IV thoroughly analyzes the difference between them in terms of performance and other parameters. Finally, in the Section IV, we conclude the paper with a brief note on our understanding about their differences followed by the references.
ENHANCED MACHINE TYPE COMMUNICATION (EMTC)
In the Release 13 standardization, 3GPP released a favorable cellular LPWA technology eMTC which is also called LTE Cat-M1. This was done with an intention to minimize the cost, complexity and power consumption over the legacy UE’s proposed in the previous releases for machine type communication (category 0). eMTC achieves this by extending most of the existing LTE physical layer procedures and introducing a set of new features to it. An eMTC UE adopts a narrowband operation for transmitting and receiving signals over the physical channels where the maximum channel bandwidth is limited to 1.08 MHz (or 6 LTE RB’s) out of the available 1.4MHz. The two remaining PRB’S of 180KHz each are used as guard bands to mitigate the interference levels.
The value of 6 RB’S is used to make sure that eMTC can use the same signals and channels used by a regular LTE UE to perform all the cell search and random access procedures. The physical channel and signals are always constrained within the 1.08 MHz irrespective of the cell bandwidth by using a new frequency unit called a narrowband. This also ensures that eMTC coexists with other UE’s and can be controlled by the same eNB with just minor software updates and no other infrastructure changes. In terms of the downlink control channel, eMTC has introduced a few new mechanisms in the Release 13. Instead of the legacy control channel (PDCCH), a new control channel called MTC Physical Downlink Control Channel MPDCCH is introduced. This new control channel spans up to six RBs in the frequency domain and one subframe in the time domain. The mechanism is handled in a way that it removes the necessity to decode PCFICH and have no Physical Hybrid Automatic Retransmission Request (ARC).
Indicator Channel (PHICH) as well. With the deployment of the eMTC network, series of multiple narrowband regions can be configured. That is, it is possible to configure 6 PRBs each within the LTE carrier for narrowband Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) and MPDCCH for data scheduling purposes. Cat-M1 devices are can achieve a maximum throughput of up to 1 Mbps in both uplink and downlink operations for massive IoT. eMTC targets 15 dB coverage enhancement with respect to legacy LTE, which results in 155.7 dB maximum coupling loss between transmitter and receiver. This ensures coverage for IoT devices deployed in remote regions or locations. Thus, we see that eMTC enhances the legacy MTC mechanisms to reduce cost and extend coverage while also seamlessly coexisting with the existing LTE. eMTC is standardized to ensure that for Massive IoT deployment and coverage, it supports long battery life of about 10 years with a 5 Watt-Hour battery system for effective utilization. This technology uses power savings management (PSM) and extended discontinuous reception (eDRX) as its power savings mechanisms to achieve long battery life for Cat-M1 devices.
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Arguments Based on Technology Research
The first cellphone call was made in 1974 by an engineer that worked for Motorola and ever since that occurrence the mobile phone has altered the way people communicate and go about their day-to-day activities. Over 5 billion people own a mobile phone on Earth as of 2017 meaning that over 2/3 of the human population uses a phone on a regular basis to communicate with their associates. Even with the majority of people owning mobile phones, schools across the world are continuously trying to ban the usage of these devices on their campuses. In many cities across America such as New York City, New York, bans have been previously put in place to halt the usage of phones on school grounds. These bans are unnecessary and can negatively impact a student’s learning experience along with their mental well-being. Cell phones should be allowed in the classroom because they allow students to have increased communication with parents, faster access to information, and a better attitude when it comes to school.
One of parent’s biggest concerns when it comes to their child Is their safety, when their child is at school they hope that their child is in a safe environment, but this is not always the case. School shootings, stabbings, and threats are becoming common occurrences across the United States in the past few decades. The number of school shootings in the United States since Columbine is a staggering 270 shootings. Children who possess a cellphone could call their parents or local authorities if there is an emergency situation occurring at school leading to a faster resolution. If the students are deprived of their phones, due to a ban, their safety is also being deprived which is not looked on positively by parents. Cellphones also increase student’s safety when they are capable of being tracked via GPS from their parents phone. A parent can track when their student arrives at school and arrives home every day in order to ensure that their child is always in the right place at the right time. The tracking system could also be used to find a student that evacuated from school during an emergency leading to less hassle for the students, parents, and school.
Overall, the usage of cellphones in and around school’s is vital to a student’s safety and banning these tools would lead to a less connected and more at danger group of children. A mobile phone is one of the fastest and most reliable sources to gain information from which means that it is a perfect tool for the classroom. Many schools have integrated mobile devices such as tablets and smartphones into lessons plans to allow for a more dynamic learning experience. Miami-Dade County is a county in Florida that has input BYOD (Bring Your Own Device) policies that allow students to expand their learning from their own personal electronics. (Rich, Taylor, 2014) The usage of the smartphone makes the students more likely to be interested in the assignments because they are already interested in their smartphones causing them to make a positive correlation between the lesson and their phone.
Advocates of a ban on cellphones state there is no valid use for cellphones in school due to the school providing technology for the students already. While the large majority of schools have computers and laptops provided to students the wireless connection at most institutions is not strong enough for the number of users it needs to work for. As of 2013 only 39% of schools were said to be equipped with adequate wireless connection which reinforces the need for personal cellphone data usage at school. When students have a cellphone at school they can complete basic assignments in the classroom where technology would normally be limited or even non-existent. In conclusion, personal cellphones provide students with learning tools that would not be possessable in lower funded schools, allowing for a school to grow.
School is not intriguing to every student, but it is still a necessary evil that every child must endure to prepare themselves for the real-world. Many students have a negative outlook on school and the removal of cellphones would cause the students to be less likely to want to show up due to cellphones being considered an addiction. Ron Gorsky, a former principal of a New York school affected by the cellphone ban, stated that “trying to enforce the ban caused more conflict than having phones openly in schools would.” The process of trying to eliminate mobile device usage in schools is insanely extensive and most the time not possible because there will always be rule breakers. Allowing students to make their own decisions as to when it is the right time to use their phones would lead to a more responsible adult being formed rather than one that is always being told what to do.
Although naysayers state that students will use their phones for inappropriate uses such as social media and cyberbullying this possibility can be strongly curbed by teachers monitoring their students cellphone usage during lessons in order to ensure they are on task. A study of 1000 middle school students performed by Verizon showed that students who use cellphones in school are more likely to feel smart, be happy, and have the drive to pursue STEM subjects. The large sample size of this study reinforces the need for mobile devices in school because it leads to kids being interested in school which is not an easy task. In conclusion, the usage of cellphones leads to students becoming immersed in their learning and without them schools would slowly lose students and interest in school topics in general.
Schools are places where knowledge should be created, shared, and learned, the usage of cellphones could assist the learning process greatly. Banning cellphones in schools would lead to students interested in school to lose interest and students not interested in school to dropout. When used correctly a cellphone can be the most important thing for a student to have at school even if it's just used as a tool to keep track of due dates. If cellphones were not allowed in schools students safety would be put in jeopardy, their learning process could be hindered or even stopped, and their attitude towards school would change negatively. In retrospect, cellphones in the classroom are not only a necessary tool but they are also a key to opening new doors of information and knowledge not yet discovered.
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Technology Can Solve Big Problems
When Apollo 11 landed on the moon, it gave the world a reason to overcome big problems. Some examples Pontin uses about technology being useful were how we built a stronger vaccine for popular diseases. These diseases were harmful as doctors weren’t able to prevent sickness from spreading or finding the root of the problem. Yet, from 1950-1977, we successfully created the first vaccine that eliminated smallpox and developed a vaccine for polio. The use of technology to create these vaccines are the reason why the younger generation such me do not have smallpox, polio, tuberculosis, or measles.
Technology has even improved transportation. When the airplane was first introduced, the technology sounded impossible for the older generation; therefore, how can a flying machine take you to another country in a day? These technologies created in the past has become useful for mankind because it allows us to live easily and conveniently, but also, let us know that the big problems can be solved if we prioritize it.
However, even the best of technology has not solved the big problems around the world. Pontin explained how the way we utilize technologies nowadays aren't meant to solve big problems. Instead, they're being used for commercializing or making the web world faster. Today, we have used technology to create social media, finding soul mates, or a different economy system (bitcoins). But these things cannot stop cancer or famine. I mean you can use social media to find funds for somebody who cannot afford chemotherapy or food, but it still does not produce a long-term solution.
To an extent, Pontin doesn't outright say technology cannot be used to fix our problems. Instead, he brings up 3 key reasons that explain why we haven't used technology to its fullest capacity. These reasons include not being able to understand the situation, the decision to not solve the big problem, and the problem cannot be solved through technology. Most of these reasons can really be blamed on our political system. To our politicians, prioritizing our economy is more important than investing on our wonder. Therefore, why should we spend $14 billion dollars on researching renewable energy for cheap when we can spend half that amount on cheap petroleum and coals which are abundant in many countries. The concept of not worrying about the big problem is probably, to me, a huge factor why many people aren't using technology to solve the problems. We don't want to spend more money on something that sounds impossible when we can just go for smaller problems that are cheaper and easier to fix.
Although human beings are considered the most intelligent mammals on Earth, we still have questions that we cannot comprehend. Many big problems in the world cannot be answered because we don't know where to start and how to answer all the questions. Cancer has been a long-term disease that we have not found a solution. Pontin mentioned how Nixon launched a project on finding a cure for cancer, yet, it has only been 10 years since we found a temporary cure for cancer. Cancer is very intricate. There are many types of cancer that affect the different part of our organisms. And even today, there is not a single person that knows everything about the body and its function. When we find a solution for cancer, another problem comes up and we have to start the research progress again. Now, this isn't a reason why technology has not been used in the future. Instead, not being able to understand the problem is the reason why haven't established a successful technology. The technology has to keep modifying to endure the vigorous changes of the problem. Chemotherapy is a technology that slowly killed the bacteria affecting certain organisms, but we found out over time that some bacteria can resist these therapy. Thus, the problems prolong and the time frame to use technology is delayed.
Referencing back to how the political system is the cause of our defiant usage of technology, Pontin explained how some big problems are not caused or cannot be fixed through technology. He used the example famine that represented a government issue on managing the big problem. Famine results when government mishandled an issue or made a terrible decision that affected the citizens. For example, Somalia is a collapsed state that have a government that barely exist and a high percentage of famine. The government doesn't know how to manage their constituents and cowards away from the rebellious group that threatens to terrorize the country. How can technology solve this problem? We cannot create a robot to stop the war in Somalia or create a cooking machine to create meals when there are no ingredients or energy that will allow the machine to do its job. This is all in the hands of the government to fix this problem. The governments must rebuild their country first and then solve big problems using technologies.
Overall, I think Pontin's ideas were self-explanatory and eye-opening about technology. However, I think the main point is the word 'big problems.' We all have a different definition of 'big problem.' To me, I think being a handicap is a big problem. It might not be a famine kind of problem or an environmental problem, but it is a problem that affects someone life. I have read a few articles that have introduced a treatment for spinal cord problem. People with spinal cord problem are basically immobilized. Our spinal cord is important in coordinating our muscle and brain. Yet, in New York, a woman who was in a car accident suffered a spinal cord injury that left her paralyzed.
Her brain told her to move her legs but her legs muscle refused to move. A doctor decided to implant an electrical stimulator on her spinal cord that produces an electrical field to allow the spinal cord nerve cells to remember how to walk. I consider this as using technology for the big problem because it gives hope to anyone with a spinal problem to be able to walk and do things without having the struggle of small tasks like opening a door or getting inside a car. The development of solving spinal cord injuries will introduce more development for other problems relating to your body.
It is not that we don't care about solving problems. It is the fact that we need support and understanding of the problem to utilize technologies to help us fix these big problems. If our political leaders can help finance our research or show more attention to the problems, we will eventually be able to fix it using technology. And if we continue researching and never giving up, we will understand the problem. For now, we must proceed to use our time wisely and solve the small problems that will give us the answers to the big problems. Nothing is inevitable. Everything can be solved.
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How has Technology Progressed over the Years
Technology is progressing more and more every day and it already takes part of the average citizen’s everyday life. It is progressing greatly as technology is aiding in many people's lives and even helping some people survive. People may view technology progressing so quickly as a bad thing because they are taking jobs and some people believe that technology will eventually take over the world. Technology progressing so quickly may have many factors in the world, but humans will most likely slow down soon because of the availability of products and availability of the materials the new tech requires.
Technology has progressed so much over the years and the quickest to progress was the smartphone the first handheld phone was the Motorola Dyna-Tac costed $4000 and weighed 2.5pounds! The newest phone the iPhone XR cost $900 and only weighs 177 grams yet it has so much more technology like it has a touch screen and it has fac id which were only dreams in 1973 but amazing technology and inventors made it true. Cameras are also one of the most the most changed inventions, but they are one that changed the slowest the first camera was made in the 1800’s and it used a sliding wooden box to take photographs. And the first automatic camera came out in 1948 and it couldn’t hold pictures it had to print them out. And the first camera that was the most advanced and had the least issues came out in 2009 and now they're everywhere.
Technology is slowly taking over the way that you live and the way that you are served at restaurants and in the grocery stores and it may soon be servicing you I everyday tasks like driving or cooking. One big thing that technology does for people is, it helps design houses and will show them how it may look once it's done and not just a 3-D model of how they want it. Technology is making people calm and is making some peoples life fun and help them experience experiences they may never have the chance to experience because of a disability or maybe an illness with virtual reality which has so many different experiences like rock climbing, sky diving, and all sorts of games they can play, and it looks extremely real. Technology is even helping people survive through things people never thought they could survive through like comas machines help them breath while the cant because their brains shut down or even cancer as there are machines that use radiation in the persons to shorten the cancer or even get rid of it completely.
Technology is developing so quickly that some people think it will eventually take the world over just like in the Sci-Fi movies. People believe that technology will continue to develop so quickly, and they will eventually take all our jobs and possibly even leave the economy in shambles. The more extreme side of some people's beliefs is that we’ll make robots and then they will take over and think for themselves and eventually kill us all which any sane human would know that’s not the case. It's true that technology is progressing extremely fast, yet the takeover of technology isn't coming anytime soon because the tech isn't progressing that fast, but technology will most likely take some jobs like cashiers because its already being used as many people prefer to use the self-checkout line instead of an actual cashier. Technology taking over some aspects may be good for us because of human error with a machine or a robot the mistakes will be lessened. The human errors are a big factor in why technology advancing so quickly could be good, but another thing is the speed it'll take for robots and machines to get things done rather than how fats it'll take a human to get it done for example a human can't run as fast as a car can drive so shouldn’t a robot be able to work faster than a human as well.
Technology has even changed in the kitchen as technology just doesn't have to do with electricity or the internet even though that’s what most people associate it with. The refrigerator is used in every home and its one of the most used things in any kitchen. The refrigerator started as just an experiment with vapor compression but now it's turned into one of the most popular inventions because it keeps foods fresh and safe to eat for an amount of time. Another huge kitchen gadget is the oven which is used for so many great desserts and so many great dishes. They were even used in ancient times to cook about everything because that was there only way of cooking, they used to be made from stone and were powered by extremely hot fires to cook the food because they had to get rid of all the germs and disease.
But now they are used to help develop the flavors in meat with all the new technology now we used metal and really hot light bulbs to heat and cook the food. The stove is even a huge change as now more than 96.8% of homes have a gas of electric stove when in the past only around 25% of homes had a gas or electric stove and in ancient time stoves weren't even thought of because they had ovens and they believed that was their only method of cooking or they used smoke stoves which would put smoke into their lungs and would choke them to death because they didn’t know any better. Stoves are still heavily used to cook great foods and are used a lot more than ovens now when in the past ovens were used as the main source of cooking because it's under the chef's control and they like their meet cooked in a different way like rare, medium rare, medium, or well-done. And Chefs like to have the control in their hands so that they don’t get as many complaints or loss of customers.
So, in conclusion technology is one of the most advanced things in modern history and has some major parts in human life today. Technology helps so many people stay alive and it also helps so many people with things they need to do in their everyday life and is a huge aid to society in about everything we do and everything we need or may need. Technology warns us about so many things like hurricanes, death, tragedies, and it even helps us get in contact with people we may need when they are away from us.
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Does Technology Make Us more Alone Argumentative
My research is about how pilot skill degradation is a real issue in todays industry. In cockpits of modern aircraft today. Computers have taken over all the system operations and functions from what used to be mechanical systems. You see, pilots back in the day had a whole lot more hands on experience with aircraft systems than hands off. Today, with the push of a few buttons the aircraft can practically get from A to B by itself. Highly sophisticated tech but, it comes with a cost. Pilots are losing their skills because of what I call, “button flying.” I’m a pilot myself, from my point of view.
I believe this to be something that can be a problem if you let it. I fly GA aircraft which means I can basically do what I want hands on, hands off, of which I prefer hands on. Especially if I must pay for the hours of flight time of which I use. Airlines however, rather or furthermore recommend that the autopilot do most of the flying. Reasoning for this is passenger comfort. Computers can keep the airliner steadier than a human can this true. However, passenger comfort shouldn’t be a higher priority than pilot skill at all. Computers do fail or have glitches. When they do, pilot error most times is the root cause of accidents. Again, this is because pilot skills have degraded a fair amount.
Automation in the Cockpit and the Cause and the Effects
Today, everyone flies to get from point A to B. It is the quickest, and today the safest way to get where you want to go. But, as with most ways to travel safety is always at the forefront. Whether you travel by bus, plane, train, or ship. My story will focus mostly about pilots losing the fight to the autopilot system and airline accidents such as an Air France flight that was lost in the Atlantic due to a recoverable situation that the pilots mishandled. These types of accidents happen more often than they should. My discussion will also be about automation and the effect it has on pilots today compared to when this system was first introduced. This has been a growing matter since the innovation of automation or autopilot. What was invented to assist and help pilots. Has now taking over the aircraft and does most of the flying which degrades the skills of the aviator. The relevance of this topic should concern the flying public. Which in my view should be most of the world? If you plan to fly, already do fly, you should be aware of the danger. So, lets dig in shall we!!
History of Automation in the Aircraft
What is automation in aircraft? Back in the day of aviation were pilots had to manually steer and maneuver the aircraft for long distances and periods of time in a safe manner. The continuous focus led to fatigue pilots became tired, so the autopilot was an assistant in these matters. As aircraft gained the ability to travel further across nations and overseas, permitting flights to fly for many hours. An autopilots purpose is to act in some ways like a pilot and assumes tasks of the pilot and remove some of the work load encountered on long haul flights. The definition of an autopilot is a mechanism that steers a plane soley by itself, without a person.
An autopilot is meant to relieve pilot from stress as previously stated. The present-day autopilot can even land an airplane without any input from the pilot. An airplane moves about three axes that is X, Y and Z or lateral axis, longitudinal axis and vertical axis. There are three basic control surface which can be operated from the cockpit by the pilot to move the airplane about these axes. Roll is controlled by moving the aileron, pitch is controlled by moving the elevator and yaw is controlled by moving the Rudder.
Now that we know the basics of airplane controls, let me tell you that in the autopilot system these control surfaces can also be moved by electrical actuators mechanically coupled to the control rods connecting the pilot’s input to the control surface. The system has many sensors fitted to pick up any movements about the three axes. They give these inputs in the form of electrical signals to a computer. The computer decides which control surface will be moved, how much to correct this disturbance, and it sends the signal to the appropriate electrical actuator. The control surface moves and the airplane return’s back to its original attitude. Autopilots in today’s modern aircraft move about three-axis which are the y, x, and vertical axis. The phases of flight an aircraft goes through during a flight are taxi, takeoff, climb, cruise, descent, approach, and landing. Autopilots exist that automate all these flight phases except taxi and takeoff.
An autopilot-controlled landing on a runway and controlling the aircraft on rollout is known as a CAT III b landing or Autoland. “Yes” they can land themselves!! Today, autopilots use high tech software to control the aircraft. This software through a series of ground based systems and satellites in space interprets data and determines the current position of the plane, and then onboard flight management computers receives this information and guides the aircraft accordingly. Many autopilot systems also have power control systems that controls throttles to manage the airspeed.
The first aircraft autopilot was developed by Sperry Corporation in 1912. The autopilot connected a gyroscopic heading indicator and attitude indicator to hydraulically operated elevators and rudder. It permitted the aircraft to fly straight and level on a compass course without a pilot's attention, greatly reducing the pilot's workload. It was demonstrated it in 1914 at an aviation safety contest held in Paris. Autopilots do not replace human operators, but instead they assist them in controlling the aircraft. This allows them to focus on other areas of operations such as monitoring the trajectory, weather and systems.
“The two grandstands between Pont Bezons and Pont Argenteuil were packed with spectators. On that glorious sunny June 18, 1914, there were 57 specially equipped planes competing, with Lawrence Sperry listed last on the program. Entries featured such improvements in aircraft technology as magnetos, self-starters, carburetors and other innovations. Sperry’s entry was the sole participant equipped with a gyroscopic stabilizer apparatus, designed to improve stability and control”(Scheck, 2017).
Before the Invention of Automation
Pilots’ “feelings” aren’t easily divided by when the autopilot was invented. Since airplanes last a long, long time, there are many airplanes used today that have no autopilots at all. Many pilots today have not flown with an autopilot, and all have trained without their use. Much of instrument training, for example, is focused on handling distractions such as finding information on charts, tuning radios, or changing flight plans without losing control of the aircraft. Flight instructors and examiners forbid use of autopilots, under the impression that hand-flying was the only way to ensure a safe arrival.
So, the way pilots felt before autopilots is different from how they feel now they can perform tasks more precisely, and more safely with autopilots than without. Recently, improved autopilot capability, increased airspace complexity, traffic and an explosion in cockpit information have combined to force a review of these old attitudes.
The autopilot today of huge aircraft reads its location and the aircraft's attitude, altitude, airspeed and all sorts of information from an inertial guidance system or (IGS). An inertial guidance system does over time develop errors. To counteract this issue IGS have error reduction systems. These systems rotate once a minute so that any errors that exist are removed. Aircraft that fly specific airways that require very strict guidelines when it comes to errors are monitored to make sure a certain amount of errors exist in order to fly those routes. The lengthier the flight, the greater the chance there is for errors to exist within the system. Aids which are used to correct an aircraft’s position are DME, and GPS.
A choice between the autopilot and manual flying is the control flying wheel (CWS). Even though it is less used today on modern airliners, CWS is still an option on many aircraft today. In CWS mode, the pilot controls the autopilot through inputs on the control column. The movements which are read by the CWS to a determined heading and attitude, are the transferred to the autopilot which will then hold the aircraft until told to do otherwise. This gives stability in the pitch and roll axis. The hardware of an autopilot varies but it is manufactured with redundancies and high reliability in the event of system error or failure of a component or part. For example, the Rockwell Collins AFDS-770 Autopilot Flight Director System used on the Boeing 777 uses triplicated FCP-2002 microprocessors which have been formally verified and are fabricated in a radiation-resistant process.
The relationship between pilot and autopilot
Significant relationships are identified between pilots with very recent flying experience and their manual control strategy compared to the use of the autopilot constantly. Results are as followed:
Advantages
- Passenger comfort is increased.
- Improved flight path control and weather minimums.
- Automation relieves pilots from tasks which are tedious.
Disadvantages
- Basic beginning piloting skills and basic thinking skills can be reduced because of lack of actual flying time hands on flying.
- When the autopilot does something unexpected, uncommand disengagement caused by a system failure resulting an inappropriate move by the pilot may lead to an incident or accident.
- Pilots using the autopilot can be a distraction from flying the aircraft, therefore not paying attention can distract the crew from monitoring flight path.
- Pilots spending way too much time trying to understand the causes of an alarm, which can distract them from flying the aircraft.
- Pilots may not be adequately informed of autopilot failures and their effects.
Autopilot reliance which is the root issue has been thought of as an occurrence of pilots who most of the time fly with the autopilot system engaged. Are only confident in their skills and abilities to maneuver or control the path or route of flight of the aircraft using all functions of the system, “HUGE PROBLEM”. Two issues exist from automation dependency:
- First of all, affected pilots aren’t comfortable with reducing the extent of time which they use the autopilot system to deal with situations. Doesn’t matter if they are normal or abnormal.
- Secondly, if the autopilot is no longer useable or it malfunctions and becomes compromised, then for whatever the reason pilots seek to partially use what can be used from the autopilot system rather than acquire full manual authority of the aircraft. The outcome is often a loss of awareness caused by task overload for both pilots.
Here’s a few instances were automation was the leading factor in accidents. Pilots are so used to using automation technology in the cockpit. Experts are worried that some of them lack the skills to manually fly planes. That concern was summarized by the inspector general at the U.S. Department of Transportation, who took the Federal Aviation Administration to task this month, saying the agency does not know how many pilots can take the controls if their electronic systems go dark.
While airlines have long used automation safely to improve efficiency and reduce pilot workload, several recent accidents, including the July 2013 crash of Asiana Airlines Flight 214, have shown that pilots who typically fly with automation can make errors when confronted with an unexpected event or transitioning to manual flying. Automation systems in modern aircraft are helping to make air travel safer and more energy efficient than ever. But those same systems can challenge and even confuse the pilots whom passengers rely on to get them to their destination safely. An NPR investigation examined preliminary findings from a study group report in which Federal Aviation Administration, industry and research members warn of problems with the systems.
Also, in collaboration with a group of reporters around the country, NPR analyzed records from a NASA safety watchdog program. A variety of automation-related problems appeared among safety alerts issued by NASA over the past decade. “The Asiana Airlines crash at San Francisco International Airport was the result of its crew's over reliance on automated systems within the plane, among other possible factors such as crew fatigue, the National Transportation Safety Board said, 'The flight crew over-relied on automated systems that they did not fully understand,' acting NTSB chairman Christopher Hart said in a meeting discussing Asiana Airlines Flight 214. As a result, they flew the aircraft too low and too slow and collided with the seawall at the end of the runway”(Whitnall, 2014).
“This is one accident of many that has taken lives over a system that pilots don’t fully understand and should. Here’s another one, The FAA issued an emergency airworthiness directive to airlines operating the new Boeing 737 MAX, calling on them to better instruct pilots on how to deal with a potential faulty reading from The directive follows the discovery that the sensor was malfunctioning on a Lion Air 737 MAX that plunged into the sea off Indonesia on Oct. 29, killing all 189 aboard”(Ellis-Peterson, 2018). The accident and the FAA warning, which comes after Boeing issued a similar bulletin, may be less an indication that there’s anything wrong with the new version of Boeing’s top-selling plane than a sign of how increasingly automated flight systems are eroding pilot skills, says Keith Mackey, a Florida-based safety consultant who’s a former airline pilot and accident investigator.
In conclusion, man will continue to travel the skies to get to family, friends, destinations and all different kinds of places for different reasons. Everyday, airplanes take the skies and land without incidence. Flying is still the safest way to travel without a doubt. For an accident to occur it takes a chain of events. If a link is removed from that chain, we will keep flying safe. The goal is to make the skies we fly through much safer for our own good. If we as a people, don’t keep safety in mind who will. Automation is here to stay, and it is not going away, again it’s a great tool if used correctly. But, making the threat it causes go away if misused, should be our number one goal. You just never know what could be accomplished as a group when safety is put at the forefront. Therefore, it is imperative that people don’t sleep on this topic and keep writing about it and doing something about.
References
- Aviation knowledge, Automation in the cockpit, over dependence and automation; written by JD Perez, published Sep. 2011
- CN Traveler, how autopilots on airplanes work, how exactly does it work; written by Allison Hope, published Aug. 7, 2017
- History net, genius on autopilot and Lawrence Sperry, written by William Scheck, published Nov. 2017
- How stuff works, how the autopilot works, autopilots and avionics, written by William Harris, published 2018
- Independent, Asiana Airlines flight 214 crash caused by Boeing planes being 'overly complicated, written by Adam Whitnall, published June. 25, 2014
- NY Times, pilots on the autopilot, written by Megan Specia, published Nov. 9th, 2018
- TheGaurdian.com, Lion Air Crash pilot fought to keep plane in the air, written by Hannah Ellis- Peterson, published Nov. 23, 2018
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Does Technology Make us More Alone Argumentative. (2022, Jan 28).
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