Month: January 2022
A Good Minimum Wage
Advice for Employees to get their legal requirement of the national minimum wage rate
Dickens (1999) argues that there is clearly a requirement to gauge the effect of the presentation of the base wage in various extents, including business, as a component of the arrangement assessment. What's more in the setting of the global least wage banter about the late UK experience might be seen as giving a vital "semi test". Since its presentation emulated a period without any base, the UK case permits immediate examination of the essential connection between a singular's position in the compensation dissemination and consequent work probabilities without a base pay and after that examination of any post-intercession change in the relationship.
As the Low Pay Commission call attention to, "this was a significant intercession in the labour market" – they evaluated that in overabundance of 1.5 million workers (6.4%) were qualified for a compensation expand as a consequence of its presentation (Low Pay Commission, 2000). It in this manner gives the chance to explore the impact on work of huge compensation increments for a substantial aggregation of specialists. An extra preference for the test to be led is that the confirmation on the presentation of the UK least wage recommends an absence of overflow impacts onto the wages of higher paid specialists.
Alan Manning (1999) told that the beginning stage of the methodology is that, different things equivalent, one might want the gathering of laborers whose wages must be raised to conform to the new least (i.e. those at first underneath the base) to be more influenced than an aggregation from higher up the compensation dissemination. An immediate examination of the two assemblies won't be proper to distinguish any causal impact since, even without a base wage; those at the lowest part of the pay dispersion have easier resulting livelihood probabilities. Card (2000) narrated that this has the effect in-contrasts approach a common one to take.
The contrast between the two gatherings in a period influenced by the base pay could be contrasted and the comparable distinction in a prior period when no base compensation was set up. In the event that settled expenses for every laborer are high the superintendent will have a tendency to cut the amount of laborers and extend the workweek for those that remain.
In the occasion, the altered expenses of low paid specialists are moderately low: they are low talented, have minimal at work preparing and high labour turnover. Along these lines, hours are more inclined to fall than ascent. Krueger (2000) explained that at last, UK labour law - guidelines concerning excess and uncalled for release for instance – compels firms which craving to conform work downwards (OECD 2006). Subsequently any starting conformity may go along the escalated instead of far reaching edge. Exertion contemplations clue at hours for every laborer being unaltered as opposed to cut. Assuming that the firm now obliges more terrific exertion such that the assignments get finished in 8 hours as opposed to 10 then we might need a cut in hours.
Yet there does not appear to be much scope for this to happen in segments like accommodation, retail, hairdressing, security or consideration homes. Maybe it is conceivable in cleaning, agribusiness and nourishment preparing. The counter contention is as takes after. Full-time specialists are paid (for every hour) more than proportional low maintenance workers. This suggests that full-time laborers are more gainful. Assuming this is the case, firms could be required to stretch the work week in light of a base wage as opposed to decreasing hour
Rights of Customers written in sales of goods act 1979
The Sale of Goods Act 1979 (as altered) states that products ought to be: Of attractive quality - Goods are of agreeable quality assuming that they meet a standard which a sensible individual might see as being acceptable, making note of any depiction connected to them, the cost (if pertinent) and all other applicable circumstances. Acceptable quality likewise incorporates the state and state of the products, their fitness for the reason for which they were supplied, presence and completion, their wellbeing and sturdiness and if they are free from minor deformities.
Open explanations made by the dealer, maker or their delegate identifying with particular qualities of the products, especially in promoting or on labelling must be precise and are an element in figuring out if merchandise are of attractive quality. Fit for the reason made known to the broker - Goods must be fit for their universally useful and any specific reason that a buyer makes known to the merchant at the time of procurement. For instance, in the event that you purchase a resting pack it must function as a dozing sack. Assuming that you make it clear before you purchase it that you require it for -40 degree conditions and the merchant states it will be suitable then it ought to be suitable. As portrayed - Goods should relate with any depiction associated with them. when would you say you are not qualified for anything?
- If the dealer made you mindful that the merchandise were defective before you purchased them.
- If the deficiency was evident and it might have been sensible to have recognized it on examination before purchasing the merchandise
- If you brought on any harm yourself
- If you have altered your opinion about the merchandise for instance they are the wrong size or you don't prefer the colour.
You may have extra rights where
- The contract to purchase merchandise includes credit. For additional data, look at the 'Your rights when purchasing using a credit card' handout
- If you purchase merchandise by separation implies (without eye to eye contact, for example, on the web, inventory, phone) by and large you are qualified for a chilling period and can return products regardless of the fact that you have altered your opinion. For additional data, look at the 'Shopping from home' handout.
- You have consented to purchase merchandise in your home, someone else home, your spot of business or throughout a trip organised by the merchant at a spot far from their standard spot of business. For additional data, look at the 'Your rights to drop when purchasing at.
What are you entitled to?
If the goods do not conform to the contract, in other words are not of satisfactory quality, fit for purpose or as described, you are legally entitled to one of the following remedies:
- A full refund
- Repair or replacement
- Rescission (cancelling) or reduction in price
Damages
If you have been sold broken merchandise, you are qualified for case from the broker any immediate overheads which you have acquired. This is called weighty misfortune. Case in point, if your clothes washer created a deficiency and apparel was torn, you could guarantee for the expense of the dress and in addition looking for repair, shift, full or fractional discount from the merchant.
Demonstrating the issue
If you expect to reject the merchandise for a full discount on the grounds that you have not acknowledged them, it is you, the buyer, who requirements to demonstrate that there has been a break of agreement in that the products are not of acceptable quality, fit for reason or as portrayed at the time of procurement. Assuming that you have acknowledged the merchandise and are looking for repair or trade inside the initial six months after buy, it is for the broker to demonstrate that the products adjusted to the agreement (were not defective) at the time they were sold to you. If you are guaranteeing repair or swap more than six months after buy, the trouble of confirmation is once again to you, the shopper.
If you are in question with the broker, you may need to acquire a master slant to build what the issue is, the manner by which it was brought on, what it will take to deal with the issue and who is to be faulted. For additional data, look at the 'Getting Evidence to Prove Your Claim' pamphlet.
References:
- Abowd, John M., Francis Kramarz, David N. Margolis and Thomas Philippon (2000), “A Tail of Two Countries: Minimum Wages and Employment in France and the United States”, mimeo, CREST, Paris, September.
- Angrist, Joshua and Alan Krueger (1999), "Empirical Strategies in Labor Economics", in O. Ashenfelter and D. Card (eds.), Handbook of Labor Economics, Volume 3 (Elsevier).
- Blundell, Richard, Alan Duncan and Costas Meghir (1998), “Estimating Labor Supply Responses Using Tax Reforms”, Econometrica, 66, 827-861.
- Brown, Charles (1999), “Minimum Wages, Employment and the Distribution of Income”, in O. Ashenfelter and D. Card (eds.), Handbook of Labor Economics, Volume 3 (Elsevier).
- Brown, Charles, Curtis Gilroy and Andrew Kohen (1982), “The Effect of the Minimum Wage on Employment and Unemployment”, Journal of Economic Literature, 20, 487-528.
- Burkhauser, Richard V., Kenneth A. Couch and David C. Wittenburg (2000), "A Reassessment of the New Economics of the Minimum Wage Literature with Monthly Data from the Current Population Survey", Journal of Labor Economics, 18, 653-680.
- Card, David and Alan B. Krueger (1994), “Minimum Wages and Employment: A Case Study of the Fast-food Industry in New Jersey and Pennsylvania”, American Economic Review, 772-793.
- Card, David and Alan B. Krueger (1995), Myth and Measurement: The New Economics of the Minimum Wage, Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press.
- Card, David and Alan B. Krueger (2000), “Minimum Wages and Employment: A Case Study of the Fast-food Industry in New Jersey and Pennsylvania: Reply”, American Economic Review, 90 (December), 1397-1420.
- Currie, Janet and Bruce C. Fallick (1996), “The Minimum Wage and the Employment of Youth: Evidence from the NLSY”, Journal of Human Resources, 31, 404-428.
- Dickens, Richard, Stephen Machin and Alan Manning (1999), “The Effects of Minimum Wages on Employment: Theory and Evidence from Britain”, Journal of Labor Economics; 17, 1-22.
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Essay Title Maker Minimum Wage Hike Harmful Effects
The Peso has gone through a lot of changes since the crisis in 1994. The peso is now the 8th most traded currency in the world and the the most traded currency in Latin America. After the crisis in 1994, Mexico adopted a floating exchange rate regime. As a result, the currency price is set by the forex market with its supply and demand.
Currently, Mexico is the 15th largest economy in the world. As of 2019, Mexico has a real GDP of 2.45 trillion in dollars and a nominal GDP of 1.15 trillion in dollars. Mexico is not in a recession at the time, but GDP growth has slowed down in recent years. In 2018, GDP growth varied a low of 1.2% to a high of 2.6%. At the moment, GDP growth recorded at 1.8% and does not show signs of jump drastically. The IMF recently projected that GDP growth will be 2.1% in 2019, and 2.2% in 2020. The IMF previously projected growth at 3.5% in 2019 and 3.6% in 2020. Increases in GDP results in an increase in supply of peso in foreign countries which will depreciate the Peso. In light of the slower growth in GDP, Mexico can expect miniscule depreciations in the Peso as real GDP increases.
The current political environment also has an effect on the value of the Peso. On December 1st, Mexico inaugurated a new president, Andres Manuel Lopez. President Lopez promised many changes to the welfare of Mexico in his campaigning. In fact, President Lopez has already proposed a moderate increase in government spending for 2019. Government spending is expected to rise 6.1% in real terms. With an expansionary fiscal policy being implemented in 2019, the value of the peso can be expected to appreciate, thus reducing the exchange rate of the peso and the dollar. Alongside increased government spending, President Lopez has already implemented an increase in the minimum wage to 102.68 pesos a day. These effects can be seen on figure 1a. This increase in the minimum wage can have several effects on Mexico’s economy. One effect is increasing the consumption of the low-wage household thus increasing GDP and inflation. However, the effects of the increase in wage are too early to determine.
Inflation rates have shown signs of softening in 2019. Inflation rates for Mexico have dropped to 4.37% in January of 2019, as opposed to the 4.83% at the end of 2018. With inflation rates decreasing, the supply of peso to foreign countries will decrease and increase the demand for dollars in foreign countries. If the inflation rate continues to decrease, Mexico can expect the peso to appreciate. However, Mexico should expect the inflation rate to jump as the newly elected president has increased the minimum wage. The increase in minimum wage will increase consumer spending and firm costs and ultimately increase the inflation rate. However, inflation will always be challenged by the Central Bank with its monetary policies. As a result of softening inflation rates, the Central Bank of Mexico implemented a monetary policy to keep the interest rate at a constant rate of 8.25% on February 7, 2019.
In fact, 8.25% is a decade high interest rate for Mexico. With no change to interest rate at the start of 2019, the peso’s supply and demand in foreign countries should be unaffected by interest rates. With a floating exchange rate regime, the peso’s value should be unaffected by the recent monetary policy. However with minimum wage increase on the horizon, the Central Bank of Mexico will combat the inflation with an increase in interest rates. With further increases in interest rates in the future, the value of the peso can be expected to increase. The effects can be seen on figure 1b.
With GDP, inflation rate, and interest rates considered, one can expect the value of the peso to appreciate in the future. With inflation rates expected to grow as a result of an increase in minimum wage, the Central Bank of Mexico will be implementing tight monetary policies which will increase the interest rate. President Lopez and his promises of expansionary monetary policy will increase the value of the peso.
With factors considered, it is time to look at the exchange rate between the Peso and the US dollar. Currently, the exchange rate is sitting at 19.42 Pesos for 1 US dollar. Since Mexico has a floating exchange rate regime, the forex market will determine the exchange rate between the peso and the dollar. Considering the effects of monetary policies and fiscal policies on the forex market, the peso value will be highly affected by the policies mentioned previously. The biggest effects on the peso will be the expansionary fiscal policy and the tight monetary policies.
A forecast of the peso can be achieved. The peso is expected to appreciate based on current events and policies. The forecasting determination can be seen on the econometric graphs in the appendix. A structural model and ARMA model were run and compared on STATA. Residuals squared and root mean square errors were the main determinants of choosing the optimal model. After performing many tests on the models, forecasting was able to be performed. The forecast of the Peso in 1 year or by the end of 2019 will be 15.94 Pesos to 1 US dollar. Based on the forecasting model, the Peso will either appreciate or the dollar will depreciate in value. The 3-year forecast of the exchange rate will be 15.35 Pesos to 1 US dollar. The 5-year forecast will be 14.82 Pesos to 1 US dollar. These forecasted values do seem unrealistic since the forecasted values predict that the exchange rate will go down by 4 pesos. The biggest thing to take away with these forecasted exchange rates is that the Peso will go up in value in the future. Maybe not as dramatically as the forecasted exchanges rate, but Mexico can expect the exchange rate between the Peso and the dollar to decrease.
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The Great Gatsby Themes
“A book is a loaded gun in the house next door.” Ray Bradbury Banned books are often censored by schools or public libraries for political or religious reasons. Sometimes specific factions find them offensive and sometimes parents and educators feel they need to protect their children from the conventional immorality the author portrays in those books. The Great Gatsby definitely raises many controversial topics and pushes boundaries in its themes and characters. The very negative depiction of the American society in the Roaring 20s, the vulgar language he uses to describe it, the constant reference to sex, alcoholism, and wild partying certainly might leave many people uncomfortable. However, this is a true and lionized masterpiece of American literature that allows us to have a good glimpse into the American culture and the mood of the 1920s.
People reading The Great Gatsby experience American culture of that time through very well-drawn characters while grappling with those characters’ morality and sense of finding love and affection. Fitzgerald portrays the American dream negatively and quite critically. Every American child learns that hard work pays off and there is no limit to what he or she can achieve in life. Yet Fitzgerald paints quite a different picture of American society. He exposes the corrupted society and its obsession with materialism. The main character Gatsby, nee Gatz, is a young man from a working-class family who is a romantic focused on achieving financial success for the sole purpose of winning Daisy’s affection through his wealth. Gatsby erroneously believes that if he worked hard enough, he could remake himself. Ironically even with all his wealth he still remains “the outsider” where all the intricacies and secret rules of the upper class remain hidden.
Generally, in all capitalist societies inherited wealth is the only wealth accepted by the upper echelon, thus they somehow merit their high status, while the poor and the lower class citizens somehow deserve their poverty and lack of opportunity. Tom Buchanan represents the elite society: shameless, self-obsessed egomaniac who despite being completely ignorant and shallow feels superior to others and continuously flaunts his wealth at any opportunity. His personality truly mimics his physique: cruel, imposing, brutish. Jordan Baker’s portrayal is as a liberated woman of the 1920s. She is a cynical, self-centered, gossipy girl who is obsessed with her looks. Jordan seeks success and protects her reputation at all costs. This is especially evident in how she cheated on an important tennis championship. In an analysis of Jordan, Nick Carraway, the book’s narrator, and a representation of an objective witness to the foibles of all the characters posits.
“She was not able to endure being at a disadvantage and, given this unwillingness, I suppose she had begun dealing in subterfuges when she was very young in order to keep that cool, insolent smile turned to the world and yet satisfy the demands of her hard, jaunty body” (53). Given this assessment, Jordan is a woman who makes her own choices without running them by a man. This represents new women of the 1920s. That she cheats, as does Tom and Gatsby, undercuts a moral double standard. In the end, the American Dream, as it is portrayed by Fitzgerald is not really worth pursuing. Gatsby’s life was a desperate attempt to escape his working-class childhood and appear as if he belongs to an upper class or “old money.” However even though he attains immense wealth, he is not truly accepted as a member of the elite simply because of his origins with neither connections nor privileges that came with belonging to the society where people like Tom thrived.
Alternatively, Fitzgerald exposes the corrupted, immoral elite world of the 1920s and makes it very clear that striving to succeed at all costs is wrong. Many Americans can only accept a childlike belief that this country, great as it might or could be, and refuse to accept any criticism. So, they move to ban a book rather than address American greed or vulgarity in a mature manner. The vulgar and excessive party scenes in The Great Gatsby is a pointed critique of the vanity of the rich. Fitzgerald uses parties to show the differences between two classes of the 1920s : working-class citizens and upper-class aristocrats and to highlight the moral degradation of the 1920s. Ultimately both Gatsby and Tom throw parties for their selfish means. Gatsby wants to showcase his wealth to win over Daisy, and Tom wants to showcase his status of an aristocrat to exercise his power and superiority.
While Tom acts entitled and condescending at his parties, entertaining his crass and grasping mistress and her friends, Gatsby simply observes his parties. He seems detached from the action, excluded from the circle of his guests he tries so hard to impress. Later he tells Daisy her presence was the only reason for those fetes. While Tom’s part at Myrtle’s apartment and Gatsby’s blowouts, both have obnoxious guests who lack restraint gorging on food, alcohol, and sex. Even if some critics did not like to acknowledge it, these parties represent the Roaring 20’s culture. Young readers should be exposed to a variety of literary genres. Many educators, parents, and religious groups feel threatened by the content of The Great Gatsby . These themes could damage young minds, but not in an explicit culture of the early 21st century. Likewise, the idealistic romantic minds of kids from working-class families who have dreams and aspirations to achieve greatness could be completely crushed by reading about the corrupted world of the elite and the unfortunate unfulfilled fate of Jay Gatsby.
However, the advantages that students receive by having the freedom to read a variety of literature and debate a variety of topics, no matter how unsettling, far outweigh the possible risk of feeling uncomfortable by something they read. Moreover, as our views and standards constantly evolve, whatever seems inappropriate in Fitzgerald’s time, such as the rampant alcoholism, might very well be deemed as pathological today. Therefore it is crucial that readers have a chance to make their own judgments. The more well-read they are, the easier it will be for them to grasp new concepts and tackle controversial issues.
Parents who feel especially protective of their children’s psychological well being and wish not to expose them to any inappropriate content may do so for their own children. But under no circumstances should they ban any book from the general public. Banning books such as The Great Gatsby will deprive kids of essential cultural and historical knowledge. Students need exposure to different life experiences, different points of view, different perspectives on life to feel confident and secure in their present lives, and form their own viewpoints and attitudes
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Should the Federal Minimum Wage be Increased
Through times like the Great Depression, World War 1, and World War 2, Americans have gone through the most terrifying economic downfall any nation could face.
During this troubling times, increased poverty and lack of jobs almost crippled this nation to its feet. The Industrial factory also known as the “Sweat Factory” not only required the men to work but for the first time forced many women and child to work so that they can be to afford common necessities to feed their family. The cause to this profound change in the social construct in which a women has to labor with her father to sustain a life was caused by the selfishness of factory owners and the disability of the United state government to form a unified minimum wage. Even to this day and age with the unified minimum wage of 7.25 dollars, many americans still survive to sustain a living.
To fix this issue, government intervention is essential through the use of yearly fluctuation of minimum wage based on inflation rate, universal basic income and through federal monetary observation that is essential for the country.
To put it in another way, Americans since 1938 have seen a fundamental change in the minimum wage standard. Compare to 1938 minimum wage of 25 cents with that of recent times, americans can see that they have being a tremendous change in the amount individuals make per hour. The system in which the government would yearly fluatate the minimum wage based on inflation would be beneficial to the economy because it would stimulate consumer spending, improve worker productivity, and reduce employee turnover and absenteeism. It would also boost the overall economy by generating increased consumer demand.
Many americans that are subjected under the fininicial hinders of minimum wage, are focused on rising it that they loss sight of the consequence of that action on the economic. A surey (Sahadi J) conducted by CNNMoney in 2014, found that 71 percent of Americans favored for a the icrease of federal minimum wage. This study emplyed different percept of society including how political parties affect the outcome of the federal wages. With the implementation of yealry fluatauation americans dont have to worry about the conseqces of such action.
Universal Basic income employs a free market idea where citizens and consumers can decide how to spend their money in exchange of goods and services. This type of system encourage Economic liberalism as the better model than government directed economic.
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Is Ethical to Increase Minimum Wage
Thics is a natural comprehensive way of understanding life and the basis of moral judgement. Individuals have demonstrated different kinds of ethical thories in order to rationalize their behaviors and decision making. Typically this involves distinguishing right from wrong, defending and at the same time systemizing concepts. It is necessary to obtain a deep knowledge of human morality that should cohere to an individuals obligations and responsibilities. An ethical theory that has its strength and weaknesses is utilitarianism. This theory is not only based on an individuals ability to foretell their consequence, but to value justice and benevolence equally.
Utilitarianism is one of the ethical theories created by Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill. The idea of this theory is ' The Greatest Happiness for the Greatest Number.' Although, utilitarianism is referred to as 'social hedonism,' it is different from the hedonists in the Greek-Roman period, it focuses on society and not a specific individual. This theory increases societies pleasure and diminishes societies pain. The main concern for utilitarianism to adopt the policies to increase social pleasures to view moral judgements not based on subjective intuitions but objective intuitions.
A specific example that illustrates the idea of utilitarianism, is raising the minimum wage from eight dollars to fifteen dollars an hour. From a utilitarianisms point of view, we would have to calculate the consequences and also weighing the benefits of the majority of the people. We would have to analyze certain data such as inflation, unemployment rates, sociologists, and workers self-esteem. This nevertheless is a complex task in which we resolve moral questions. On one hand, we calculate the difficulty of different options that increases social pleasure or decrease social pain. On the other hand, if it increases societies misery, then it is unpleasant. The degree of pleasure that is linked with the degree of goodness.
Although utilitarianismjustifies the difference between pleasure and pain, it also has its strength and weaknesses. According to John Stuart Mill, the sponsor fro this ethical thoery has included an important distinction between quality and quantity of pleasure. Strengths include happiness, which is a given value, utilitarianisms believe that harming an individual is wrong, objectivism, which includes the positive and negative effects of our actions are understanding right from wrong. The weaknesses that utilitarianism shows is the inability to predict what is actually going to happen in the future, immeasurability which you cannot put a price on an amount of pleasure, people cannot be trusted by acting selfishly upon themselves while still being considered 'good' and subjectivism, in which we have different ways of exhibiting and defining happiness.
Overall, utilitarianism is an ethical theory that differs from other approaches to morality. Utilitarianism is the maximizing of happiness as the purpose of morality. Thus based on our moral responsibility, it is to maximize the quality and quantity of pleasures that society may get into while lessening their pain.
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The Yellow Wallpaper Mental Illness Essay
For the longest time throughout history, women were seen as second class citizens in a male dominated society where they were expected to fit the mold of what society dictated as the ideal woman. They were expected to pursue roles such as taking care of the household and bringing up children. However, anything outside of that realm as far as exercising their freedom of speech and having the right to vote, was seen as stepping out their role. They were not given the right to do so until the 1920’s. Moreover, mental illness was a big conversation of the late nineteenth and first half of the twentieth century, but at the same time, largely misunderstood. Women oftentimes fell prey to being diagnosed with mental illnesses of the time. Hysteria was a common medical term of the time that doctors used when they unable to come up with a diagnosis for symptoms that women were experiencing. Fortunately, today with the advancement in technology and medicine, the use of the term is obsolete and is not longer considered an ailment. In addition, it was also used as a political mechanism to hinder the women’s rights movement, which was used as a tool to refute women’s fight and aspirations for equal rights and a greater role in society. In Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s “The Yellow Wallpaper” and Sylvia Plath’s “Lady Lazarus”, they write to demonstrate and draw parallels between mental illness and how it was used in such a way to oppress them and how it could have exacerbated their current conditions. Moreover, they write to give an outlet for women who otherwise would not have been able to communicate their frustrations and anger that they had against the nature of society during their generation.
Within Gilman’s piece, one can conclude that she utilizes countless symbols to bring her message across to her readers. Firstly, the wallpaper would have to be the most significant symbol in “The Yellow Wallpaper” representing her confinement both personally as wife to a controlling husband and the sense of imprisonment that is being put on women based on the norms of the time. The yellow wallpaper was described as chaotic and hideous, but most of all, portrayed the pattern of “bars”(Gilman, 851). The narrator goes on to describe how individuals who previously stayed in her room had torn off broad stips of wallpaper in certain areas of the room, and nothing has been done to restore it. The narrator symbolically drew parallel to societal values the she lives, which she considers to be complex and illogical sets of regulations that continue to persist regardless of their lack of justification and actual order. Moreover, the wallpaper alludes to what is inside of the narrator’s head. Upon arriving to the house, the narrator’s state of depression was to be treated by S. Weir Mitchell’s rest cure where she is denied any form of distraction such as writing (Hume). With no outlet for the narrator to alleviate her suffering, the narrator ends up resorting to the yellow wallpaper. Similar to her mind, the pattern of the wallpaper is disturbed and has suffered damages created by outside forces. Due to the fact that the narrator has no form of helpful resources that she can utilize to confront her thoughts, she has no other option but to search for her own logic in the pattern of the wallpaper. Furthermore, she uses gruesome language such as “It is dull enough to confuse the eye in following, pronounced enough to constantly irritate and provoke study, and when you follow the lame uncertain curves for a little distance they suddenly commit suicide plunge off at outrageous angles, destroy themselves in unheard contradictions” (Gilman, 845). The use of morbid language hints at the narrator’s depressive nature. This shows how the rest cure forced on by the doctor, her husband, actually magnified her existing condition with depression.
The women in the wallpaper was internally manifested due to the narrator’s illness; however, in spite of it, it ends up mirroring her reality. Gilman writes, “Then in the very bright spots she keeps still, and in the very shady spots she just takes hold of the bars and shakes them hard”(Gilman, 853). At this point in “The Yellow Wallpaper”, the narrator begins to descend into a vicarious experience of madness where she imagines that during the day the woman in the wallpaper remains frozen, and by night, she tries to break free from the wallpaper (Quawas). The narrator and the imprisoned woman can be regarded as one and the same being. Gilman writes, “I pulled and she shook, I shook and she pulled, and before morning we had peeled off yards of that paper” (Gilman, 854). The act pulling and shaking between the narrator and the woman under the patterned wallpaper demonstrate their sense of connection. The woman behind the wallpaper represents the repressed woman within a patriarchal society, and the narrator’s action to strip the paper from the wall served as an act of defiance.
Similarly in Sylvia Plath’s “Lady Lazarus”, she uses grotesque images and makes references to the Holocaust to convey her level of frustration and anger about the pressing issue of oppression. Lady Lazarus makes it clear that she is directing her hateful and aggressive feelings at the male populations when she states “So, so, Herr Doktor. So, Herr Enemy” (lines 74-75). In English, “Herr” would be translated to sir from German, which makes it clear that she is referring to men. Moreover, when she discusses the “peanut-crunching crowd” (line 26), she opens up to the audience by saying “Gentlemen, ladies” (line 30). Most know that the correct syntax of this phrase is ladies and gentlemen, but this order puts emphasis on the fact that she is addressing the men.
Furthermore, Plath transforms the name of the biblical character Lazarus who was resurrected from the dead by Jesus, to Lady Lazarus. As an act of defiance and a change in norms of protagonists being males, she makes the main character of her story a woman. She has the same characteristics of rising from the dead like the original and “like the cat [she has] nine times to die” (line 21). Plath clearly is trying to give a voice to women and in the poem, each time Lady Lazarus dies, she will come back stronger like a phoenix rising from the ashes. Relating it to the patriarchal society that she was living in, she communicates to the women that every time they are oppressed by the irrational rules of society, they need to fight back harder.
In conclusion, these two strong female writers were suffering with mental illness and were living in a society where their freedom was oppressed by male dominance. However, with these hurdles working against them, they turned it around and used it as a pedestal to give a voice to their thoughts and feeling and overall stand as a representative for women. For example, in Charlotte Perkin Gilman’s “The Yellow Wallpaper”, she demonstrates how in fact the rest cure that she forced upon her by the orders of her husband the doctor, actually compounded her existing condition of depression. Additionally, the woman who was trapped behind the bar patterned wallpaper drew a parallel to the self-imprisonment of women within a patriarchal society, unable to fully express themselves and exercise certain rights. At the end of Gilman’s piece, the act of the narrator and the mentally manifested woman in the wallpaper fully ripping yards of the patterned paper from the wall, serves as and act of defiance. In Plath’s “Lady Lazarus”, it may seem like a suicide note at first gland, however, after looking deeper into her piece, it can be concluded that the concept of being resurrected from the dead is similar to the idea of the phoenix rising from the ashes. When Lady Lazarus dies, she comes back to life stronger than the previous time.
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Writing a Research Based Argumentative about Technology Quizlet
One thing that can be certain in today’s society is that technology is ever-changing. In the past decade alone, technology has advanced so significantly that nearly every aspect of our lives can be supervised using technology. Not only has this technology influenced our daily lives, but it has influenced how we teach and how we learn. The field of instructional design and technology is expanding rapidly as businesses scramble to incorporate new technologies into their training and learning realms. Significant advancements have been made; however, the use of technology in employee training programs will only continue to expand as instructional designers are hired to oversee these programs.
A good training program is critical in healthcare because employee performance has a direct impact on the patients. Benefits of a good training program include a positive atmosphere, higher employee retention rates, and increased patient satisfaction. Training should begin before the new employee even walks in the door and continue throughout their career. Today, many employee programs are based around a combination of face-to-face classroom training and e-learning training offered online, often through use of a Learning Management System, or LMS. In the future, I would like to see the primary focus for training at my organization shift from face-to-face to online, e-learning.
In order to achieve a higher level of excellence, the employee training program should be supported by learning theories, as well as instructional design theories and models. The first learning theory I would like to discuss is the sociocultural learning theory. This theory was originally presented in the early 1930’s and focuses on the fact that our environment plays an important role in the ability of a learner to develop. There are primarily three aspects to this learning theory: “culture, language, and the zone of proximal development” (Pappas, 2017). A successful training program must take into account these aspects when training is designed and implemented.
Two other learning theories, which should be taken into consideration when designing a successful training program in the future, are the situated learning theory and the constructivist learning theory. These theories will be discussed later in the paper, as they support the emerging technology to be implemented in my future vision of training at my organization.
Although a successful learning program should be supported by the learning theories as previously discussed, instructional design models and theories should also be taken into account when designing the training program. Two models that support instructional design are the ADDIE model and the SAM model. The ADDIE model was initially used by the U.S. Army in 1975 and stands for analyze, design, develop, implement, and evaluate (Pappas, 2017). In order to provide the highest level of training to employees at my organization, it is imperative that a model, such as this one, is followed when designing the instruction. The ADDIE model specifically focuses on the needs and outcomes of the learning so that the learner receives a more personalized and informative experience.
Another model that is associated with instructional design is the SAM model. Like the ADDIE model, this model focuses on the instructional design process and moving the project through phases in a timely fashion. This model tends to be a little more flexible than the ADDIE model and produces a more complete outcome than the ADDIE model. Lastly, when designing learning at an organization, particularly e-learning, it is important to incorporate other common practices important in traditional classrooms. Individualized instruction should be incorporated as much as possible to personalize the learning experience to suite your learner’s needs. For example, when designing an e-learning online to train a new employee in customer service, the e-learning should be individualized to suite their particular job role.
Currently, trainings such as customer service tend to be generic, which makes it harder for the learner to see how it is applicable to them. Bloom’s taxonomy also plays an important role in helping the learner reach the required outcomes of the e-learning course. Bloom primarily focused on the cognitive domain, and developed a hierarchy that helps the learner progress from basic understanding to mastery (Pappas, 2017). When the learner understands what the expectation is and how to get there, they are more likely to be successful in an e-learning course.
Five years ago, my position as an instructional designer in the Revenue Cycle Quality department at my organization did not exist. Today, my role is expanding at a rapid rate as new training procedures and programs are required for the revenue cycle to function on a daily basis. Technology and e-learning opportunities in particular have become increasingly more important in order to meet the needs of the organization. I envision a fu. Currently, there are two types of AR available for use. These types are location-aware augmented reality and vision-based augmented reality. Location-aware AR requires the user to move through a physical space with a GPS-enabled device and allows digital media to overlay on top of their environment. Vison-based AR allows the user to remain stationary, and simply point their device at an object to experience the digital media overlaid in their environment.
Augmented reality is associated with situated learning theory and constructivist learning theory. Situated learning theory was developed by Jean Lave and Etienne Wenger in the early 1990’s who “argue that learning is a function of the activity, context, and culture in which it occurs” (Culatta, 2018). Some of the key components that justify AR aligning with this theory are that AR is technology-based, focuses on problem-solving skills, engages the learners in complex, realistic situations, and encourages tapping of prior knowledge.
Constructivist learning theory was developed by Jerome Bruner and centers around the idea that “learning is an active process in which learners construct new ideas or concepts based upon their current/past knowledge” (Culatta, 2018). Some of the key components that justify AR aligning with this theory are the development of higher-order thinking skills, active and engaged participants, and the focus on inquiry-based learning.
Incorporating augmented reality into my organization’s training is a smart move because it can provide many benefits to the organization and the employees who utiher motivational levels and learning retention rates in employees (Lynch, 2018).
The ability for a learner to engage with new material in the real-world allows for AR to accomplish things that traditional learning could never do. For example, a new employee would benefit dramatically from being able to learn about and practice tasks in a virtual environment prior to ever needing to do them in the real-world. New employees could be taken on a virtual tour of a space without ever needing to leave their current location. AR also opens open new doors for employee compliance training and onboarding procedures (Quodeck, 2018).
AR provides the opportunity for organizations to offer consistent, high-quality training materials and resources to every single new employee that walks in the door. As mentioned previously, my organization utilizes a lot of face-to-face training. From my experience, this face-to-face training can vary dramatically depending on who is presenting the material. With AR technology, all new employees can be offered the highest quality of training. AR also provides an easy way for employees to get follow-up training on new procedures, as well as, the ability to revisit the training material as often as necessary.
According to Business Insider, approximately 50% of all employees will be working remotely by 2020 (Fifty Percent, 2018). As more and more employees transition to telecommuting, the ability to provide virtual training becomes increasingly more important. A key benefit of AR technology is that it can be viewed from any location without ever needing to travel from the office, home-office, or in the case of my organization, a different state.
The final benefit that AR technology presents is a higher level of employee engagement and retention. An employee is more likely to be engaged and retain the material if the learning provides an opportunity for real-world integration and practice. Through the AR learning process, the employee can demonstrate and experience decision-making that may occur on the job every single day. This decision-making tends to be a behavioral aspect of the job that one only improves upon in real-world practice (Singh, 2018). Augmented reality can provide this!
Although augmented reality offers many benefits to an organization when implemented into a training program, there are also concerns that should be taken into consideration. These concerns include the security, privacy, and safety of users (Roesner, 2017). These concerns are important to address, especially for an organization looking to implement it, due to the high importance placed on cybersecurity, and particularly for health-care, patient information. AR also potentially opens up the door for concerns regarding physical safety of the user. Because AR overlays images onto a real environment, it could become distracting depending on the circumstance, such as a user driving or walking in a crowded area (Davis, 2016). Augmented reality can be used to meet many employee training needs; however, one activity I foresee this technology being useful for is a virtual revenue cycle open house.
The revenue cycle at my organization consists of approximately 700 employees, all working in many different departments and buildings across our campuses. In the past, the revenue cycle open house has been done face-to-face and provided an opportunity for employees to learn about other areas within the revenue cycle and how to better utilize their resources to increase job performance. A major yee to lose a day or two of job tasks. This year, we would like te, and I believe augmented reality would be just the way h augmented reality, the learner can gain first-hand knowledge from the employees who work that department every day, without ever needing to leave their desk. It allows for learning to take place on the employee’s schedule, rather than needing to set aside a full day to attend the face-to-face open house.
Of course, this will be a task for me, the instructional designer, to design a usable augmented reality overlay for each department. However, each department will also need to be heavily involved in the designing process in order to make the augmented reality virtual open house a success. In order for training to progress and move primarily online, my organization will need to adjust the expectations for employee learning. It is not simply enough for an employee to attend a “training”. The employee must be offered the chance to demonstrate their knowledge, and the ability to access that knowledge in the future. This is why I believe strongly in e-learning and the benefits it can provide. Implementing proper e-learning most often requires usage of an online Learning Management System. At my organization, we currently do have one of these in place, but an understanding of how to use and navigate the system is lacking.
It is not being used to its full potential because there are not enough instructional designers who understand how. The first measure to be taken to push an organization’s training towards the future is to implement a strong, usable LMS, and teach the required parties how to effectively utilize it. In addition to an LMS, instructional designers need to have the understanding on how augmented reality works and the benefits and challenges it can present. This will require research, and more than likely, training from an outside resource who is experienced in augmented reality implementation. The final recommendation I can make, which is the most important, is making sure the end-users understand what augmented reality is, how to use and access it, and how it can enhance their job functionality and productivity levels. “Buy-in” is one of the most important factors in implementing anything new. It is important to educate the users so that they are confident, and maybe even excited, when it comes time for the technology to take center stage.
In conclusion, my vision of the future of training at my organization is to see it primarily move online and focus more on the design process so that end-users receive the best possible learning experience tailored to suit the needs of their individual job roles. Augmented reality provides a great starting place for this because it overlays online resources onto the users physical environment. The benefits of online e-learning and augmented reality are plentiful, while the concerns are something that should be discussed prior to implementation. If my department is successful in implementing educational technologies, I believe our training program will set a new standard and pave the way for other training programs across the organization to follow suite.
References
- Culatta, R. (2018). Situated Learning. Retrieved from http://www.instructionaldesign.org
- Davis, D. (2016, July 27). Real-World Risks in an Augmented Reality. Retrieved from http://www.csoonline.com
- Dunleavy, M., & Dede, C. (2014). Augmented Reality Teaching and Learning. New York, New York: Springer Science+Business Media.
- Fifty Percent of U.S. Workforce Will be Remote by 2020: ULTATEL’s Cloud-Based Technology Paves the Way. (2018, February 14). Retrieved from http://markets.businessinsider.com
- Lynch, M. (2018, February 23). 4 Benefits of Using Augmented Reality in the Classroom. Retrieved from http://www.thetechadvocate.org
- Pappas, C. (2017, September 2). Top 7 Instructional Design Theories & Models For Your Next eLearning Course. Retrieved from https://www.elearningindustry.com
- Reiser, R. A., & Dempsey, J. V. (2018). Trends and issues in instructional design and technology (4th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson.
- Roesner, F. (2017, October 19). Who Is Thinking About Security and Privacy for Augmented Reality? Retrieved from http://www.technologyreview.com
- Singh, R. (2018, April 27). Augmented Reality in Corporate Training: Should You Wait or Adopt Now? Retrieved from http://www.elearningindustry.com
- Quodeck. (2018, July 5). 5 Ways to Leverage AR and VR for Training Your Employees. Retrieved from http://www.quodeckspeak.com
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How Technology has Changed the World
Time is always changing. New thing could replace old thing especially in technology. With the education’s quality become higher. Lot of teenager has ability to join the scientist study. Chines governments pay a lot of effort to find those people. After 20 years, china become strong and it communication has changed also. Such like phone, the important tools for people to communicate. After 20 years, people control this device well and it comes to each family home. It became common and popular. Cellular phone is the common name of mobile phone. It was named because of its expensive price and huge size before the mid-1990s. It was first invented by Martin Cooper, an engineer of Motorola in 1973.
The emergence of mobile phone means that China has entered the era of mobile communication. In 1987, Guangdong took the lead in building 900MHz analog mobile phone in order to connect with Hong Kong and Macao in mobile communication. Motorola has also set up an office in Beijing to promote mobile phones. This kind of heavy mobile phone, thick and heavy, looks like a black brick, and weighs more than a Jin. It has no other function but to make a phone call, and the quality of the call is not clear and stable enough. It often needs to shout. After charging one of its large batteries, it can only maintain 30 minutes of communication. Nevertheless, cell phones are still in short supply, and money is hard to find. In that year, the public price of mobile phone was about 20000 Yuan, but it usually took 25000 Yuan to buy it.
The black market price used to be as high as 50000 Yuan. This not only makes the average person flinch, but also small and medium-sized enterprises can afford. But it means china make a big step. Although it expensive. After 5 years, this phone cheaper that more people can buy it. But another device has dominant the market. In 2008, China's Internet users exceeded 250 million, surpassing the United States for the first time, ranking first in the world; in 2011, China's mobile Internet users reached 356 million, and mobile Internet users surpassed computer Internet users for the first time, entering the era of mobile Internet, while wechat launched in the same year broke through 500 million users in only three years; in 2012, China's e-commerce transactions exceeded 8 trillion yuan, equivalent to China's GDP In 2013, China's netizens reached 618 million, and Alibaba launched yu'ebao, which raised 180 billion yuan in just six months.(Li 2014)
With the advent of mobile Internet era, the popularity of smart phones has become a major trend in the mobile phone market. The emergence of such mobile intelligent terminals has changed many people's lifestyle and the demand for traditional communication tools. People are no longer satisfied with the use of the appearance and basic functions of mobile phones, but start to pursue the powerful operating system of mobile phones to bring more, stronger and more personalized social services to people.
Smart phones have almost become the indispensable representative configuration of this era. Nowadays, more and more consumers have focused on smart phones. Compared with the traditional function mobile phones, smart phones have the characteristics of portability and intelligence, which make them better meet the consumers' experience of mobile Internet in the application functions of entertainment, business, news and service. In conclusion, Smart devices have evolved from expensive mobile phones to more comprehensive smart phones that are more affordable. It took more than ten years. But the change is huge. He facilitated people's way of living and changed the main way of communication. This gives hope to the future.
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Technology Advantages and Disadvantages
The article “The Future of 3-D Printing” was written by Avi Reichental, who is the Founder, Chairman and CEO of XponentialWorks, and General Partner at OurCrowd's Cognitive Ventures fund. At the beginning of the article, he talks briefly about how 3-D printing is “an unstoppable force”. It is rapidly changing, always improving. Its functions are broadening with technological advancements that are happening very fast nowadays. It is a valuable asset in many very different industries, such as aerospace, automobile, health care, and even fashion. This industry’s competition and investment are growing rapidly. Then, the article talks about innovations in direct-metal printing. It says that it can now print “high-performance” and complex products, which will soon be available for production. This will reduce the cost substantially.
The article calls these printers “an entire factory in a box”, which can operate twenty-four seven. The predicted annual revenue for this metal business is one billion dollars. The article also talks about innovations in printing speed (what used to take days, not can be done in ten-fifteen minutes) and in selective laser sintering (which is “the ability to produce parts from a variety of nylon materials”; it used to do selective jobs, but now it is ready to go mainstream.). This article concludes with “how these innovations will shape the future” where it talks about how 3-D printing is spreading across many industries. 3-D printers are even becoming mainstream in schools and public libraries, where students learn how to use them.
This article talks about the spread of 3-D printing with a positive connotation. I agree that in many fields, if not all, it is (or will be) a great asset. In the automotive industry it can reduce costs greatly, in health care it can save lives. This is all great, but I think that there is also a down side to this new technology. Some companies, factories, machine shops will go out of business. This means that a lot of people can lose their jobs, so the rate of unemployment will rise. I think that many people “in charge” understand this, but I do not think that this is going to stop the “unstoppable” expansion of 3-D printing technology. With other technological advancements I can find more disadvantages, but with this one I can’t be certain. Will it make people think less? Will it get “get rid” of some forms of manual labor? Is that good or bad in the long run?
I do not know. I guess time will be the judge of that.This article on robotics was written by Jim Pinto, who is an industry analyst and commentator, writer, technology entrepreneur, investor and futurist. It is an overview of robotics. The article starts by explaining 3 aspects of any robot – Brawn (physical strength – how much weight a robot can move), Bone (physical structure based on the work it does – its size and weight), and Brain (intelligence – what a robot can do and think independently). The article says that there are almost a million robots in the world today. Automobile plants, factories, labs, warehouses, energy plants, hospitals, and other industries use robots. Some “smartest” robots are used as space explorers and surgeons (remotely operated). Then, the article talks about new robot configurations. It says that there will be more and more robots that can be programmed – “tooling kinds of robots” – not the traditional robots of today.
Robot constructors want to make robots that look and think like humans, but that has not happened yet. Right not, most robots cannot see or walk. However, thousands are already being used everywhere. For example, they are mowing lawns and vacuuming carpets. (There are also automated gas pumps, bank ATMs, self-checkout lanes.) The article says that there is a “huge potential to mechanize the US postal service”, and that it is not difficult to imagine that all advancements in this area can lead to “the automation of most boring, low-intelligence, low-paying jobs”.
At first, this article talks about robots in a positive manner. It lists all the advancements, advantages, innovations. And I agree - there are many advantages. I am sure that there are a lot of tasks robots can do that people cannot. (However, robots cannot do many things that people can: be creative, have an imagination and curiosity, create Art – literature, poetry, music, painting, etc.) But, in the last few paragraphs, it switches to the negative side of having robots. (It is in the last sentence of the previous paragraph.)
I am not going to say that I am scared of robots taking over the world – like they are usually portrayed in movies. But (like the article says), an estimate of more than 50% of Americans might be unemployed by 2055. What are they going to do? How are they going to earn money to support themselves and their family? On the other hand, is there some way to stop this from happening? I think there isn’t. Hopefully I am wrong. This article starts with a scenario. In it, “you” are going on the holiday by plane, going to the hotel, going swimming, using camera and MP3 player. Every step of this trip involved nanotechnology “from the nanoparticles that coated the surface of your plane to reduce drag, to the way the hotel pool was cleaned” to protecting “your” designer sunglasses against scratches. Most of the time people do not know about nanotechnology that surrounds them.
The article also touches up on UFPs (Ultrafine particles), which are “airborne nanoscale materials” which originate from a lot of sources (e.g. traffic pollution). They can deposit in people’s lungs and can cause such respiratory problems as asthma and lung disease. The article points out that there are naturally occurring nanotechnology, such as silk – its particles are naturally aligned that way. Basically, people are mimicking nature and making big money while at it. One example the article brings is improvement in non-reflective materials. They resulted from imitating cicada insect’s wing nanostructures, which “contain small projections”, so 98% of light passes through them. The author gives several more instances when natural nanotech was used by people in interesting ways. The article concludes by saying that we have only scratched the surface of nanotech; there is a lot more to explore.
It is very interesting how nanotechnology is basically scientists taking nature as an example in many different ways. I never knew that. There are many advantages of its use in many different fields – electronic devices, as power sources, medicine, etc. But there are also disadvantages – potential ones – such as disruption of the economy, and security and health. I think that nanotech is very likely to cause some big changes in the economy. Right now, nanotech products are primarily expensive or specialized. However, as they become more available to the general public, many companies/manufacturers might close/go bankrupt. This would lead to unemployment increase. Also, this nanotech could be applied in weapons (if it is not already being used in that field), which is very dangerous (and not just in the “wrong hands” – in any hands, in the world).
As for health, as I mentioned in the previous paragraph, nanotech could result in respiratory problems. The author of this article is Will Soutter. He is a resident chemistry expert at AZoNano, which is “the leading online publication for the nanotechnology community”. First Will Soutter briefly writes about the rise of nanotech. Across the globe, governments and industries are investing lots of money in nanotechnology. Then, the article lists and explains potential ways in which nanotech can be applied in military. Researchers want to improve medical and casualty care for soldiers, and make body armor that would be lightweight and strong, and have many functions. After that, the author wrote that some applications will be in use sooner than others. For example – sensors (e.g. thermal, motion, biochemical).
Nanotech makes them smaller and more sensitive. Other (future) applications include self-healing (self-repair) material, and adaptive camouflage and structures. The article then touches on recent advances in the field, on being a Zyvex Technologies’ Pirhana boat. It is made using nanotech materials, which are 40% stronger and 75% lighter than aluminum. The article ends with potential concerns. The main one is that there might be a tendency to “let” semi-autonomous systems decide on what to do in developing situations. Another concern is that this technology will be used to commit crimes and for terrorist attacks. This article does not seem to be opinion-based, rather a clear, mostly understandable source of information on the use of nanotechnology in military.
These applications definitely have great potential for very good uses – saving lives, protecting, securing, warning. But there are also concerns, which are not baseless. You put more weapons out there (“better” weapons – lightweight, more destructive, specific) and I think it is inevitable that someone is going to use them to commit crimes, murder, incite fear, etc. Does that mean that they should not make these weapons? I do not think so. It reminds me of Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD) between United States and Soviet Union during the Cold War. If one of these countries did not have nuclear weapons, then the other country would probably have felt threatened by it. But does that mean that if all countries in the world have equal destruction-force weapons, they would not feel threatened?
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Minimum Wage for Fast Food Workers
Fast food workers around the world face many of the same issues such as poverty pay, inconvenient or insufficient hours, stress or employer hostility to union organization, etc. Many fast food workers are working these jobs while in school to support themselves with only making minimum wage. Survival is very important in life. Everyone should be entitled to earn a living wage, but the cost of living varies a lot depending on where the fast food worker live. Many people who work in fast food feel as if they deserve a higher wage salary, and those with college degrees opposes to that accusation.
Fast food worker's jobs are not easy to handle, since many people have a hard time catching on quickly to the fast-paced work environment. Not to mention, fast food workers get little benefits depending on who they work for, and work long hours making minimum wage compared to many people who are paid more for less work. Fast food workers may be unskilled, should still be able to make a wage that helps support themselves and their families. Fast food companies keep employees at low wages while they are making billions of dollars in profits every year, compared to what their employees make yearly. Americans deserve better! It is holding back the economic recovery and contributing to high poverty rates and rates of working poor.
College graduates think it is very unfair. They feel as if they worked hard to earn a degree, and people in fast food want a higher pay compared to those that work their way up to earn a better salary. A variety of fast food jobs does not require a worker to have any skills or formal education depending on where the person applies. Pay should be based on what a person brings to the table. School may not be the best option for many, but many should try to push themselves more and look for work that provides better benefits and pay. It just would not be right for a non-college graduate to make more than a college-graduate when they spent time and dedication trying to make something out of themselves. Many feel it will make the pay insignificant. If fast food workers are unhappy with the position they are in , then they should try to make goals and reach them.
The Federal minimum wage is not going to be raised much higher than it is now. It does not seem like this issue will be resolved. Many employers do pay higher wages to workers in other countries without it hurting their pockets, but it does not apply everywhere. Many people have little hope of relief from poverty wages since they feel like they are stuck in the system. Others have tattoos, piercings, and act unprofessional when they show up to most interviews . Major companies are not going to hire a person unless they fit the mold of being professional, appearance is great with barely visible tattoos and piercings, etc. Many people fail to realize how economics or how business works.
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Minimum Wage to Livable Wage
Poverty is a complex yet highly disregarded social issue affecting millions of families and people across the United States. According to the U.S Census Bureau, the population survey recorded that in 2017 the poverty rate for the Latino population was approximately 18.3% which translates to about 10.8 million people suffering from poverty(U.S Census Bureau 2017). When comparing it to the African American population, the poverty rate was about 21.2% representing 9.0 million people in poverty. The U.S Census Bureau states that official poverty is 12.3% which an estimated 39.7 million people lived in poverty in 2017. Despite the fact that cultural/behavioral theory help us understand how individuals values influence their behavior, I believe it does not take into account the constraining social structure that often encourages deviant behavior like participating in illegal activities.
I will argue that the majority of poverty cases in the Latino population are better understood under the lens of structural theory because it allows us to fully understand the circumstances people are often forced to endure all while trying to make ends meet. It is not that poor people are lazy to work it is just that they aren't given the same opportunities as other groups of people. To improve the life chances of those that live in poverty, I recommend implementing some form of rent control and raising wages where it allows people to live comfortably.
Both cultural and structural theories of the causes of poverty have their pros and cons. As stated by some scholars in Dohan’s The Price of Poverty, cultural theory suggests that people are in the state of poverty because of the different cultural values and norms they are socialized into believing without adopting the mainstream norms that lead to economic success(Dohan 2003: Chapter 1). It assumes that people are poor because they are lazy and irresponsible who do not want to work. This also challenges the individual's cultural values and norms due to the belief that they have not adopted a sense of pride for working and earning your way to the top.
It also proposes that people will seek government assistance programs because they do not want to work or take responsibility which allows them to heavily rely on this kind of aid without having to worry about earning some form of income. In addition, this theory mentions this idea of immediate gratification which indicates that people rush to seek pleasure without thinking about it. For example, one may think about buying a new pair of expensive shoes after payday. They seek to buy unnecessary things to feel a temporary pleasure that they often end up regretting after realizing it was an unnecessary purchase. This theory emphasizes individualism because it demonstrates the importance of these learned norms and values that then shape a person’s behavior to their situation. They might prefer to work towards upward social mobility or they might remain in place by only accepting welfare. This gives the person the freedom of choice to either overcome poverty or remain stagnant based on the norms and values they have internalized. A strength of this theory is the close analysis of the individual by demonstrating how the person or group would respond to the issue at hand.
This theory helps us understand how and why a person reacts to their given situation. However, this theory is flawed by the idea that culture remains the same throughout generations. Surely these foundations of our culture and what it teaches is not easy to just replace, but as newer generations come and adopt that same culture it is bound to have the definitions of norms and values change. Culture is something that keeps constantly changing and with these new changes, it allows for new values and norms to replace the old ones. In addition, this theory puts the blame on the poor people for their living situation and it does not consider external factors that may affect the individual.
While cultural theory focuses on explaining an individual's behavior based solely upon the cultural values and norms they have internalized, structural theory seeks to demonstrate the impact of structural obstacles people face while enduring the effects of poverty. The structural theory of poverty suggests that people are living in poverty because of the lack of opportunities that they have at their disposal. This theory assumes that there are social and economic inequities within these institutions that spawn issues like racism, employer discrimination, etc.
For example, Wilson’s research highlights that African Americans are put at a disadvantage during the hiring process of a job because employees tend to have bias and preference for specific workers by calling African Americans lazy and dishonest(Wilson:111). An employer may prefer a white worker who has fewer qualifications compared to a person of color who has more qualifications based solely on their skin color and the stereotypes they may hold against certain groups of people. People of color but primarily the Latino population tends to work in low wage jobs because it is the only work opportunity that they have at their possession.
The low wage jobs also do not compensate for the high cost of living. Higher wage jobs require more qualifications and a degree above just a high school diploma. The higher requirement for better jobs limits the social mobility of the people within society due to the lack of opportunities available that do not provide enough resources to live outside of poverty. Furthermore, sexism is common in a workplace because society has labeled men as superior to women simply because they are believed to be smarter. This translates to the employer or even institutions having a stronger preference for men because of this idea that men are superior or have a better skill set based solely on their gender. The strength of this type of theory is that it takes into account the external factors that are at times not in the control of the individual but rather the institutions that uphold and support these types of inequalities. A weakness for this type of theory is that it disregards the cultural components of an individual that may influence their decision making in responding to their situation which in this case is how they cope and deal with poverty.
Although the cultural and structural theory has their strengths and weaknesses, I believe the structural approach helps to fully capture the entire scope of the effects of poverty on the Latino population because it examines the power of institutions and how they are reinforced by discrimination, racism, etc. By applying cultural theory to the Latino population it is apparent that they suffer from many social boundaries that do not grant them any kind of mobility. From language barriers to jobs only paying minimum wage, this is only is the tip of the iceberg.
One of the main social factors that cause Latinos to suffer from poverty is underemployment. Dohan’s findings suggest that in both Guadalupe and Chavez, people were employed, however, they worked in jobs that did not provide a liveable wage and had unreliable hours (Dohan 2003: Chapter 2). Companies have the tendency to hire Latinos because of the language barrier they may possess and the persistent work ethic that drives them to work regardless of the treatment and conditions of the workplace. The capitalist system encourages employees to reduce costs, therefore they hire workers who are willing to get paid the bare minimum.
Employees know that even if the Latino workers were to complain about any aspect of the job, they would simply get back in line because these types of jobs are the only ones that are willing to pay without many skills or qualifications. This is also evident in the Foo reading, where the author points out that the employers justify low pay and poor conditions for the Asian and Mexican immigrant women working in the manufacturing factories in Silicon Valley by saying that “they can afford to work for less for assembly line work”(Foo:82). The individual worker then feels powerless and have no choice but to continue working out of necessity. The power dynamic between the employee and the worker demonstrates that structural components can negatively impact the livelihood of those in poverty that are only trying to improve their conditions but are faced with opposing forces that simply want to take advantage of their labor power.
As these low wage jobs unpredictably continue to cater to some of the needs of the Latino population, it ultimately does not provide enough for the cost of living in the United States. The result of working in these types of jobs, unfortunately, impacts the lifestyle of individuals by limiting them to work with what they got. It is no secret that the cost of living as exponentially risen in the past decades.
It essentially does not allow people and families to live in comfort which leaves people no choice but to share an apartment or house. An issue that can arise is overcrowding as seen in the barrios of Guadalupe and Chavez. The story of Ted Galindo’s struggle to find a secure job to pay rent in a shared apartment is an example of the struggles Latinos face in the United States. Ted was not always able to find work and even if he did work, he did not have enough to help with making the payments for the household(Dohan 2003: Chapter 2).
This underlines the economic disparity the Latino population suffers from in these low paying jobs that do not provide the necessary material resources for them leading to overcrowding in houses or apartments just to be able to pay rent. Furthermore, according to the National Low-Income Housing Coalition, “3 full-time jobs paying the federal minimum wage ($7.25) are needed to ‘afford’ a 2-bedroom apt at ‘fair market rent for U.S.” To elaborate, someone needs to work 3 jobs just to be able to secure a two bedroom apartment in the United States. This is not only a shocking statistic but it clearly illustrates the large economic disparity between workers in low wage jobs and those in the good paying jobs. The cost of housing has caused many families and individuals to live fear of losing their household with insecure pay and jobs that are only available to them.
To conclude, structural theory enables us to recognize the structures that aren't always visible to understand the poverty among the Latino population. From the underpaying jobs, the employer's perception of its workers, and the high cost of living are only some factors that can explain the causes of poverty among Latinos. These structural components caused a sense of economic insecurity among the Latino population that limited their social mobility in society. The possible solutions to some of these problems are quite simple yet complex to implement. There should be some form of regulations that protect neighborhoods from overcharging residents known as rent control. This would help manage the cost of living to a reasonable amount. Lastly, there should be higher wages for certain jobs because companies often make lots of money already and they should be able to pay their workers a livable wage.
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Should Minimum Wage be Increased
America has faced the problem of equal economic opportunity and has yet to be able to solve it. Equal economic opportunities are when people have the opportunity to practice regardless of their origin in areas such as education and employment. America has attempted from numerous points of view to take care of this issue since the end of World War II. While America provided the Economic Opportunity Act of 1964, America can still fix income inequality with lowering minimum wage and investing in a high-quality education for children.
America faces unequal economic opportunity, income inequality, in which the government has been attempting to address since the end of World War II. Income inequality is when the income distribution in an economy is unequal. Income inequality affects people’s finances as well with their mental and physical well-being. In recent years, the income gap between races has grown. The average wealth for a white household was $63,200, the average for Black, non-Hispanic is $36,600, and Asian Non-Hispanic with the highest at $80,700. In the website, “Income disparities have become so pronounced that America’s top 10 percent now average more than nine times as much income as the bottom 90 percent.”
The gap shows that income inequality is a real problem that needs to be addressed, and there are ways in which the United States has tried to solve equal economic opportunity.
In the past America tried to solve equal economic opportunity with the Economic Opportunity Act of 1964, this act being the centerpiece for the War on Poverty. The purpose of the act was to combat poverty by providing funding for Community Action Agencies. With the act, people with disadvantages, for example, the poor, can obtain job training, education, and loans for their business. The Job Corps agency helps young adults receive basic education and training in residential centers, allowing people have been struggling to make ends meet to be able to work. Furthermore, it created community action programs that empower the poor to have their say in political issues.
As more people entered the programs, they added more programs that came with a cost, money spent on people's taxes. The program was not fully successful because it was intended to eradicate poverty levels, it only lowered it. The article states, “Since its initial rapid decline after 1964 with the launch of major War on Poverty programs, the poverty rate has fluctuated between around 11 and 15 percent.”
If the rate is around 13 percent that means 43 million people that are supposed to not be in poverty are in it. The act did not do what it was fully intended to do, however, there are ways income inequality can be solved. Because income inequality is a problem a way to fix it is to increase the minimum wage. With the wage rising, it will bring millions of people out of poverty. According to research, “Research shows that higher wages for the lowest-paid workers have the potential to help nearly 4.6 million people out of poverty and add approximately $2 billion to the nation's overall real income.”
A federal increase to $10.10 could bring 4 to 6 million out of poverty. With the increase, people will have more disposable income to be able to buy more goods and services. On the other hand, the increase will force companies to raise their prices, making inflation happen, which will make the wage increase useless. The rise in wages will discourage workers who graduate from college and make barely more than someone who works in a fast food place since the fast food workers will be making almost the same. The website states, “…the company would be forced to close almost half its stores and let go thousands of workers if the federal minimum wage were raised to $15.”
The minimum wage increase will cost more money to employ workers, leading to fewer jobs for companies to offer. The higher costs will cause a trickle effect on the economy and will cause more people to go into poverty. Minimum wage jobs are not meant to sustain a living because they are meant for teenagers. While the increase of the minimum wage may not help there is a more effective way in reducing income inequality. Investing in a higher quality education system and increasing high-quality school access for children will help reduce income inequality. There must be an increase in education programs for children under the age of five because this is the biggest part of education for a child. Many children need proper education, so they do not fall behind for the rest of their school career. According to the website, “Offering universal access to high-quality early education can ensure that all children, regardless of their background, start on a more level playing field…”
Children who have access to better education will start in the same playing field and understand that they need to work hard to get what they want, thus creating a better workforce. With this, children will have greater economic mobility to increase their productivity. It will help to prevent children from having the same number of dropouts in high school in the event they get the proper education. Most of the child’s education they receive determines how well they will do in high school. As the research explains, “Researchers estimate that half of the achievement gap in high school can be attributed to children’s experiences before age 5.”
If the child does not receive the education they need when they are under five, they will be behind all the classmates when they enter high school and will feel pressured to drop out. Children drop out because they felt that their counselor could not help them when they fall behind. As indicated by the site,” Every year, over 1.2 million students drop out of high school in the United States alone.”
This issue should not be excepted and it could all be solved if America adds a better foundation for children. America has tried numerous ways into solving unequal economic opportunity and has not been able to figure it out. They provided the Economic Opportunity Act of 1964 however it did not abolish poverty as it was supposed to do, only lower the poverty line. People to this day are still affected by income inequality, with blacks getting affected the most. A way to solve income inequality could be to raise the minimum wage on the other had it will cause an increase in prices. One way that would work is to get a better education system for children under the age of five. Unequal economic opportunity is a problem that America has faced since World War II and still has not been able to figured out how to prevent this from occurring.
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Against Minimum Wage Increase
In the United States of America, people find success and prosperity through the american dream. The way many people begin their search for the american dream is through a low paying job in order to gain work experience as well as skill. In order to ensure their is fair payment by employers to their workers, a federal minimum wage was first set in 1938 which is implemented by the United States labor law. The wage is set in place to ensure employees will be paid fairly for their job no matter their background or education. Right now there is a nationwide push to get the minimum wage increased to $15 per hour over the next few year and hear it Massachusetts a bill was passed to do just that. Although steadily raising the minimum wage so that lower wage workers can make more money seems like a good plan, the impact of these increases could hurt the economy nationwide.
After years of increasing the minimum wage nationwide, analyst are able to see how much the change negatively affects the United States economy in relations to job availability and the standard of living. Increasing the minimum wage, even to $15 per hour, would decrease the amount of available jobs, take jobs away from those who need them most and effect everyone in the United States while infringing on a constitutional right.
The reason that increasing the minimum wage is counter productive is that it would take away jobs once available in the economy. The first lesson in economics is the law of supply and demand which is when the price of a good goes up, consumers tend to buy less of that product since they may not be able to afford it or may not want to buy it at the increased cost. For example, if a coffee shop were to increase the price of their lattes’, one could expect consumers to buy fewer of them since they are more expensive than before and they cannot afford to pay for them. This law of demand relationship also impacts the market for low skilled workers and lower wage positions. When the minimum wage is increased, it costs the employer more for each worker which means they are not as affordable as they previously were. The previously mentioned coffee shop won't keep their workers employed at $15 per hour if each workers only result in $7.25 in added revenue. If the shop did decide to keep these workers over the course of a year, they would lose nearly $15,500 (1).
With this knowledge, the coffee shop would decide to eliminate that position completely at that wage. History shows that employers will respond to wage hikes in this fashion. According to The National Bureau of Economic Research and a study done by economist Jeffrey Clemens and Michael Wither in 2014, they found that in late 2000s due to a nationwide minimum wage increase of around 30% the employment-to-population ratio dropped 0.7 percentage points which is nearly a loss of 1.4 million jobs (2). The people who suffered these job losses were mostly those who needed that job the most. This brings forth the next reason why the minimum wage increases is not as great as it seems; the minimum wage unfairly hurts marginalized groups and those we are trying to help.
When the minimum wage rises and employers need to cut workers, those that are perceived to be the least productive are those that were hired last and fired first. The job losses are usually endured by the inner city teen from a poor school district or the immigrant with substandard english. They are most likely let go before the suburban american teen from the excellent school district and background. Therefore those at a greater disadvantage suffer most from job losses. This goes in tandem with the fact that raising the minimum wage causes more competition for jobs due to the increased pay. The coffee shop that once paid $10 per hour draws more job inquiries when it pays $15 per hour.
These applicants will include retirees and people with higher education who reenter the workforce only because of the higher wage. Since most of these workers tend to have more skills and experience through earlier jobs, they push out immigrants and those with disadvantaged backgrounds who are likely more desperate for the jobs and are certainly more desperate to gain job experience required to move up in their field. Yet some say that the increase to $15 per hour is so insignificant that it does not impact the United States economy and will give more money to those that need a jump start in life.
The minimum wage is set in place to create entry level jobs for the workforce for workers to gain experience and skill required to move up in the profession. Some believe that the minimum wage is there to create a standard of living for those who need to support a family but the reality is that the minimum wage barely makes ends meet when the worker is supporting more than themselves. Over half of the 3.3% of the population that earns minimum wage or below is under the age of 24 in the United States. Those in that small percentage are mainly teenagers who are working part time to gain disposable income while learning key lessons in responsibility and how to gain experience. Although, however small that number may be there are still families trying to sustain a standard of living on the minimum wage and cannot be forgotten.
Unfortunately, due to inflation in the market, when the minimum wage is increased and the price of goods rises the worker’s net income is increased by an insignificant amount. One study conducted by the state legislature in Oregon and published in the Oregonian shows that when Oregon raised the minimum wage from $9.25 to $15.10 the workers earning minimum wage would result in only a net gain of only $49 per month (4). The only way to truly help those struggling to support a family is through education and training programs tailored to them to give them the experience and skill needed to earn a wage higher than what they are currently at.
When the minimum wage is increased, some believe that the new money into the economy will make sales rise since more consumers will have available funds to spend. It would also appear that those with low experience or skill can apply for these jobs in order to make a living a support their family since it will be paying more than it was in the past. Unfortunately this is not the case in the free market of the United States economy. When a business owner is forced to pay more to keep workers employed, they will simply pass on the burden to the consumers by increasing prices. If the coffee shop is forced to pay $15 per hour as opposed to $10 per hour and cannot afford to fire their workers to cover the cost, they will instead increase the price of their product to pay for their losses in revenue.
Now those that were earning higher wages than before will be forced to pay more for their products and even those that are earning minimum wage are consumers in the economy who will also feel the effects of rising prices. This effectively nullifies the increased wage as it is now more expensive to sustain a standard of living. The increased prices will not only hurt consumers but also small businesses that cannot increase their prices due to risk of losing business. As mentioned before, if the coffee shop that raised the price of their lattes is a local business, consumers will not buy the coffee at the higher price because it is not a necessary commodity. Smaller revenue combined with increased worker wages will effectively drive out small businesses in the nation that cannot sustain this loss over the short term.
Another reason that minimum wage hikes are not needed is because they are not necessary to give deserving workers higher wages when the free market already pays above the minimum wage. Nearly 96.7% of workers in the United States earn wages higher than minimum wage which shows that employers don’t just pay the minimum that are legally required of them (3).
Employers respond to the value each employee adds to their business because talented employees are what makes their company successful. For employers to hire new employees, it can be very expensive and time consuming to bring them onboard and businesses don’t want to lose their best talent to their competing brands. Therefore, employers pay their workers above the minimum wage voluntarily to create an incentive to work harder, gain experience and to stay with their company. When the government imposes a wage hike, some of the least experienced will not only lose their current jobs but it will be incredibly harder for them to find new jobs due to the increased demand for experienced workers.
When the minimum wage is increased, it puts a burden on business to raise their prices to cover their loses. This then pulls the buying power away from the majority of americans and force them to spend less on commodities which can significantly bring down the economy of the nation. The wage hike also pushes out workers who are in need of a job such as immigrants and those from disadvantaged backgrounds due to the increased need for skilled workers such as retirees and those with higher education. In essence, the minimum wage cuts off the first step of the employment staircase. That first, lowest paying step that provides the skills and experience workers need to reach the next step and to continue climbing their way to a better life.
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Pros and Cons of Minimum Wage
No one can represent me or my views this is what became the base for a concept called direct democracy. it is the political framework which allows direct involvement of people in government and lawmaking through their votes as mentioned in article 21 universal declaration of human rights 1948.
A question always arises in my mind being a citizen of a representative democratic country that by electing a representative should I agree with all his decisions in favor of or against any issue or law? The answer from me to myself was always a big NO.
So I think direct democracy is more of a positive way for a society to make decisions. For responsible citizen referendums and initiatives are the best possible ways to use one's power and will in making laws for the welfare of his society. Your direct involvement in the electoral process creates a sense of responsibility that your point of view is of worth importance. The people have the authority to say ‘NO’ if something is not in their favor. The representatives are well aware of the fact of Recall is the best option of check and balance on them by the people, hence makes the system more qualitative, fruitful and functional. Since I have selected Arkansas Issue 5, minimum wage increase initiative(2018) and it has some advantages and disadvantages too which are mentioned below
Pros of Arkansas Issue 5:
- The minimum wage was not increased abruptly rather there is going to be a gradual increase annually.
- This increase has helped the sedulous workers to meet their basic needs with larger payments.
- Arkansas has one of the highest poverty rates in the country and this initiative was the need of time.
- the increase in the minimum wage is considerable.
- Research of “National Low Income Housing Coalition” shows that the average worker in Arkansas has to earn $13.84 per hour to afford two bedroom apartment and the increase in minimum wage is justifiable.
- this increase in the wage has helped the government to reduce their expenses for social programs targeting the poor community.
- It has increased the tax revenue for the government.
Since these were the Pros but there are Cons too for this issue which are mentioned below;
- It would decrease job opportunities. As very less number of employees will be hired with this increased wage.
- Price of items would increase considering the new income. In simple words, there will be an increase in the cost of products.
- Companies would prefer machines instead of a human resource.
- Students may get involved in work and leave their education as they are getting enough income to rely upon.
- Small scale industries or companies may face a lot of difficulties to overcome their expenditures.
After discussing the pros and cons now it is easy to consider one option and I would go with the benefits of an increase in minimum wage initiative because it is in the best interest of people and there are satisfied;e answers to the cons of this issue. In a recent study by UC-Berkely, the increase in the minimum wage of workers didn’t affect the labor market but it has considerably improved the economic condition of the area.
Furthermore, the worker will work hard and effectively and the work quality will be increased. This minimum wage initiative is not a new concept but 21 states of the United States of America along with the district of Colombia have increased the minimum wage in 2017. This initiative is evident to reduce the welfare programs as maximum people will be self-dependent and they may not need such initiatives.
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How Technology Affect our Life
How do you figure out the answer to a question? Do you go to a library to research it, or simply look it up on the internet? Many people have just got used to asking Google or Siri. Technology is affecting people in many ways. In some instances, it is good, and in others, bad. A lot of people rely on technology for everyday activities. Such as schoolwork or in jobs. Sometimes technology seems great, but it can be hurting us in many ways. It is negatively affecting us mentally and physically. People may not realize how much technology can be bad for us. Technology is affecting the way people think, move, talk, and act. It is affecting us in ways like making us lazy, provoking sleep, and causing health problems.
Do you have good vision? Some people might say no to this question if they sit at a computer all day, or stare at a phone or tablet for long periods of time. A person’s vision is one of the many things that can be physically affected because of technology. According to USF Health, “Eye strain and damage may also be affecting a person’s head, shoulders, and neck.” Some ways to prevent eye strain is to stop screen glare from other lights and stay at an arm's length from the screen. The vision council suggests the 20-20-20 rule. Take a 20 second break from looking at the screen every 20 minutes and look at something 20 feet away. This will especially help people who are stuck at a computer all day for work. Another physical effect that technology has on people is laziness. However, some people do not realize that technology has this effect. Some additions to technology, like voice search and Siri, cause people to be lazier because they don’t want to waste the energy to text a paragraph or even a simple sentence.
Technology
Technology is also creating laziness on the entertainment side of things. People can watch movies, watch T.V., play games, and listen to music without getting up from their couch. Food can also be delivered from just sitting on the couch and getting up once to answer the door. Uber eats is just one button away from ordering someone’s favorite food without leaving the house. Group apps where friends can chat with each other is letting them talk without physically talking to them. Talking to friends in person by putting forth the effort to meet up with them, shows that there is no laziness between that person and who they hang out with. Technology is promoting online shopping by advertisements and websites. People do not have to leave the house for anything because it can be shipped right to the front door. Nobody has to leave the house for the daily news when it is on T.V. or a phone. Laziness is a bad characteristic for anybody and should not be proudly taken as a label.
“Second to smoking, physical inactivity is the second highest cause of preventable death in the world.” This is just proving that people need to start doing more physical activity instead of lying in bed all day doing nothing. Technology is causing people to die because they will not get up and get moving. Technology is even causing pollution, which is a problem on its own. When companies are producing new products that are faster, smarter, and better, people just toss the old junk away. The old junk is referred to as E-waste. This E-Waste is being thrown out and sometimes not thrown out properly, causing chemicals and parts to destroy the environment. Tendonitis, inflammation in the tendons, is inherited in the thumb by always pressing buttons on a phone. Hearing is also being lost from technology. The constant noise of music or the time headphones or earphones are in people’s ears is impairing their hearing.
People can reduce the physical effects of technology by doing many things. One solution would to limit the time spent on electronic devices. This will help people to experience the world more. Another way to solve this problem is to put down the phone and do some physical activity. Some activities include jogging, swimming, or going to the gym. This will cause anyone to become more fit and healthier. Even reading a book can be healthy. Find a way to stop technology from physically affecting you! Being stressed can be harmful to a person’s health and especially to the brain, but what causes that stress? Could it be school, work, or even being with family?
One big cause of stress is a technology and it can relate to those top stressors. Stress is a mental “Illness” or problem and is only one of the many mental affects technology can evoke on people. Technology can cause stress by wondering how many likes received on a picture or waiting for a text message and not receiving it. These situations can cause someone to stress over them and mental health can be damaged. People are not the same when they are stressed because of a worried or anxious feeling. Technology can affect attention span. The more time spent looking on the phone, the more distracted someone becomes and do not know what is going on around them. In some situations, there could be danger going on and nobody would ever know, especially when listening to music through headphones or earphones.
Although sleep is a physical effect, it also has a mental effect on people. When technology is taking up most of the day, a person does not get much sleep. Setting a designated time to go to bed can help get more sleep. Not enough sleep can cause sleep apnea, which is when the body does not get enough oxygen and stops breathing at night. People can also get many other sicknesses that affect the brain. So, staying on the phone all night may not be the best idea. Developing a high ego can be a bad effect from technology by wanting to be the best photographer or have the most followers. When accomplishing that, the feeling of being better than everyone else starts to settle in.
Addiction can be developed through being on technology too much. One way is by constantly checking the phone for new text messages or notifications. Another addiction might be to post continuously without even noticing it. Technology is also causing loss of memory by receiving too much information. The brain forgets some of what was remembered because it cannot handle all the information. (Advica Health, 2018.) How can all this be stopped? Do not prioritize technology over something that might improve mental health. School would help if students care about it enough to listen.
All in all, technology is affecting people in many ways, mentally and physically. Some people do not realize that this can be stopped easily. Technology is hurting people and causing problems. Some people might ask why they do not get enough sleep or why they are not feeling good. People may not realize that it can be technology causing those feelings. A person may not realize that they are on the phone six, eight, or even ten hours a day. People might just start to realize how bad technology is affecting the society and the world. Do not rely on a phone, computer, or tablet for everything. People just must realize the negative effects that technology can inflict on them. So, find a way to enjoy life by not spending so much time and wasting it on technology.
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About Today’s Technological Advances
With today's technological advancements, one thing is guaranteed, some sort of computer is needed and is very important to help everyone survive in today's times. To consider how society as a whole would react if they had to go without their smartphone, tablet, or laptop would be completely mind-blowing for most individuals today. In today's technological and computer world, there are many terms, systems, and products that many people may not be familiar with, even though they are using them every day in their home, job, school, etc. Throughout this paper, the discussions of the many differences between what a server, a desktop, and a laptop are and what they individually do will be the main focus of discussion.
In order to understand the differences between servers, desktops, and laptops a person must first understand what each of the different types of equipment pieces is. The first to be discussed will be the server. A server is considered to be a “computer dedicated to providing one or more services to other computers or devices on a network”. A network is considered to be a group of different computers and devices that are all centrally connected either wired or wirelessly. Servers come in a wide variety of sizes and types to fit the needs of the person or business . Servers are used for the storing of content as well as “controlling access” to different types of software and resources that are found on a network. Servers are typically found in businesses, schools, and even in homes. A desktop or laptop computer that is connected to a network, which is controlled by a server, allows access to the hardware, software, and programs on a server.
The second piece of equipment that is important to understand in the technological world is the desktop. Desktop computers are found in the home, school, or business setting. “A desktop, or desktop computer, is a personal computer designed to be in a stationary location, where all of its components fit on or under a desk or table”. With most desktops, there is a computer screen which is considered the “display device” as well as a separate tower that contains the “processing circuitry” (Freund, et. Al., 2017). A more space-saving form of a desktop computer is the all-in-one. The all-in-one does not contain a separate tower but uses one complete piece of equipment that has both the display and processing circuit combined.
Lastly, another important piece of equipment, in the technology world, that is very commonly used in our society today is the laptop. The laptop computer is the go-to for ease of carrying it to different locations, which is why it has a huge success in the technological world today. “A typical laptop has a keyboard in the base and a screen in the lid, with the lid attaching to the base with hinges” (Freund, et. Al., 2017). There are many different features available when looking to purchase a laptop computer which makes each one unique. An individual can choose from smaller to larger keyboards, webcams, touch screen, and even decent speakers to have a good sound system to fit their needs (Freund, et. Al., 2017).
In conclusion, with technology rapidly expanding it is becoming increasingly important to understand what the advantages, disadvantages, and differences are of the different products that are available and offered to consumers. It is important to be educated in these types of details to understand what may be the best technological fit for each consumer is. What one consumer needs may not be what the next consumer is looking for to meet their needs. With technology continuing to expand and adapt, a person must continue to expand and adapt their knowledge to these new systems as well. Even knowing the slightest differences in servers, desktops, and laptops will benefit the consumer when deciding to make a purchase of a piece of equipment for themselves.
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Debate about the Minimum Wage
Students who are not yet certified to get a higher paying job and who also do not have the time to work a full time job are also not making enough to live off of. This is where the infamous “broke college student” stereotype comes from. Paying students who are either just graduated from high school, or are trying to get into college the absolute minimum possible is an outdated and unworkable method for today's society. Students who were going to college say 30-50 years ago were able to pay off their student loans without going into major debt and simultaneously be able to live off of what money they had left over. Over the years, college tuition has skyrocketed, while the minimum wage has risen hardly at all. In an article from The Wall Street Journal, the author writes, “Taking into account tuition, room, board, and fees across 2,312 public and private colleges and universities in the U.S., the average price of an undergraduate degree increased $63,973, or roughly 161%, since 1987.” (Berman, et al, 2017)
Furthermore, companies are not new to taking advantage of their employees in order to cut corners and save their executives some money. In Sam Dogan’s article, How Employers Take Advantage Of Employees To Save Money, he mentions ways in which a worker’s company might be taking advantage of them and how to protect themselves by knowing their rights. “Even the best salesman … doesn’t do well with at least 10% of his clients. Come bonus time, a … manager will … cherry pick the accounts you do not do well in as a reason to not pay or not promote you. … the manager can cherry pick all 10% as reasons to lay you off.”
Additionally, another argument that I have come across is that raising a minimum wage would kill off small business owners who could not survive paying their employees above a poverty wage. Largely. this is an argument made by those who oppose the idea of raising the federal minimum wage in the U.S. The kind of people that try to assume the role of a hero to the small business, working class, and average earner in America.
Many have strove to make the appearance that they are on the small business’s side, saying that a wage increase above that of minimum wage would shut down small businesses and force them to close their doors. However, a poll from 2014 indicates that 3 out of 5 small business owners can afford it and staunchly support a raise to $10 or more an hour. “[A]ccording to the U.S. Department of Labor … , a review of 64 studies on minimum wage increases found no discernible effect on employment…Those that responded believe that a higher minimum wage would benefit business … 58% said raising the minimum wage would increase consumer purchasing power; 56% said raising the minimum wage would help the economy; and 53% agree that with a higher minimum wage, businesses would benefit from lower employee turnover, increased productivity, and customer satisfaction.” (COSE)
While it is evident that the debate over paying more for the labor of those who work in low wage, low status jobs will continue, having a layout of the facts matters. Opponents of a living wage have been cited as repeating emotionally based propaganda that lacks a factual basis. On the other hand, arguments that are in favor of increasing the minimum wage cite statistics, social data, and evidence from history.
Not many argue against the idea that those who can not work due to disability should be given the assistance needed. But many still stand against the argument of increasing the minimum wage in order for those that can work to be able to live comfortably with the wages that they are working for. No one deserves to suffer in a country that is bursting at the seams with resources, while working for companies monopolizing those same resources.
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Debate About the Minimum Wage. (2022, Jan 30).
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Technology in the Classroom
In today’s society, technology is everywhere. Children are introduced to various types of technologies at an early age. Many parents utilize tv’s to occupy their children while they work or take care of other important things. Parents can utilize this time to play educational videos, teaching children about shapes, colors, numbers, and letters. So, can computers can be used effectively in the classroom and at home to enhance early childhood literacy? What are the pros and cons of utilizing computer-based programs in the classroom and its future role? Benefits of Computers, Technology, and Specifically Developed Programs
Phonological Skills
There are many benefits to utilizing online material for young children. One such example is that it has been shown to boost phonological skills. A study of 126 primary school students screened on the Phonological Assessment revealed that when introduced to children ranging in ages four to six years old, an early intervention computer-based literacy program was effective in boosting those phonological skills, mainly when the literacy struggles were not connected to phonological working shortfalls (O’Callaghan, Mclvor, McVeigh, and Rushe, 2016).
Teachers
Utilizing technology specifically developed for young children to enhance English education creatively is an additional benefit for teachers. For example, specifically designed and developed English education systems that can generate interest by applying augmented reality and providing virtual multimedia education with implemented functions such as learning process, progress check, result feedback between instructor and learner in real time can allow the teacher to monitor a student’s progress and provide any additional help that they can see the student may need (Kim & Kim, 2018).
Another example is using an iPad to increase literacy skills. An article by Angi Stone-MacDonald, discussed how educators can positively utilize iPads for literacy development, specifically in children with disabilities ranging from Pre-k to through third grade (2015). Specific apps and strategies are used and has shown to encourage learning and higher learning outcomes of those children.
Basic Computer Skills
Utilizing computers will also help a child attain basic computer skills as well as providing an innovative means of self-expression; advancement of learning, mainly in literacy and numeracy; and enrichment of school programs. Additionally, children who learn basic computer skills through activities such as coding, not only learn literacy skills but aquire computational skills, dvelop problem solving skills, helps them learn perseverance as they learn to handle problems and anticipate errors, as well as facilitates creativity (Rudling, 2019). Cons of Computers, Technology, and Specifically Developed Programs However, the reverse or negative effect of utilizing computers for literacy programs or other means of technology is that children technology dependent or addicted to such technology. Too much screen time can also lead to vision problems and hyper activeness and cost of providing literacy programs for schools.
Cost
There are various types of literacy programs available that are free to parents and educators to use and incorporating it into a child’s education that are beneficial not only to educators and parents but to the child unfortunately, though they are free programs, they are not created equally and may not fit to the educational goals of the classroom or to the individual child. A different program may be better suited but with that comes an added expense for the school and will school be able to fund such an added expense.
Technology Dependence
While computers can be excellent tools in the classroom, students who utilize computers for most school activities lose the ability to spell more accurately and hand writing skills decrease. Finding a balance in the classroom is when utilizing technology in the classroom is essential. With younger children, it is important that parents and educators decide how and when students interact with technology and the length of time used (Phippen, 2017).
Varying Computer Literacy
Every child is unique in their own way. This is true within the classroom and classwork as each student learns differently and can be at varying levels. While some students may be computer savvy, others may have little to no experience. This can be difficult for educators as they want to provide the right level of work for each child as well as working too far ahead or too slowly. Therefore, is it important for schools to provide the technology that best suits the students that they have.
Reduced Interaction
While utilizing computer games as a learning tool. Children who spend a tremendous time on those games may begin to lose important interpersonal skills as compared to if they played a card game or other literacy game with another student. Additionally, the finding of the 2017 study by conducted by Alkhawaldeh, Hyassat, Al-Zboon, and Ahmad, indicated that several teachers felt that computer use was more detrimental to young children and could lead to poor socialization and isolation. In contradiction to the 2017 study, a study conducted by Eun Me Lim, noted that when children utilized technology in the classroom setting, showed the children tended to interact more with one another as they worked together, asked each other questions, or exchanged information among one another (2015). Role of Utilizing On-line Material
Technology
Digital technology is everywhere. I believe that the use of technology is becoming more prevalent and is having an impact on how children are learning. These technologies should be employed as another tool for teachers to utilize in school. Many schools provide websites for parents to help their children gain extra practice when at home. Many of these websites, including the internet can improve a child’s education as it provides a pleather of information for example about a topic being researched and increases opportunities for learning beyond the classroom. Additionally, many schools are moving to utilizing chrome books in the classroom and to effectively assign and communicate with students. While this is most prevalent in middle and high schools, many elementary schools are introducing chrome books to their fourth, fifth, and six graders in preparation for middle and high school.
Parents and Technology for Communication
Including parents in participating with helping children use online material is by utilizing those technological tools to help them. Many parents may feel that they are unable to effectively participate or fully know what is going on in with their child at school (Willis & Exley, 2018). Utilizing today’s technology can help with this. While this is not directly related to the child it will help parents understand how to help their child and what instructional sites they can utilize for their child when at home. It also allows for parent to be up to date and effectively communicate with teachers.
Conclusion
The question of whether utilizing computer-based technology for literacy or really any other subject is really a personal choice. Though there are studies for both sides, the reality is each child is different, each educator is different, and each school is different. Whether utilizing online material or not, it is important to keep open communication with the families on what it is the child is working on and how to help that child become successful. Piaget suggested that children learn by constructing their own knowledge and creating their own theories, by creating, exploring to gain a better understanding of how things work (Schaeffer, 2016). I believe utilizing computer-based technology, not as a primary learning tool, but as an additional tool available to them will only help a child to explore. Younger children who struggle to learn, may find computer literacy programs like ABCMouse.com or ABCYa.com a fun interactive way to help them learn.
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Persuasive on Technology Regarding Obesity
Obesity seems to be an issue not only in the United States, but worldwide as well. There are many factors that play a role in obesity, including the food choices that people make as well as the use of technology. 65% of adults in the United States are either overweight or obese (Pellegrini, 2012). The advances in technology today has both advantages and disadvantages with obesity as well as prevention and treatments for the disease. Obesity causes may health issues including “the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus, coronary heart disease (CHD), and an increase incidence of certain forms of cancer, respiratory complications such as obstructive sleep apnea, and osteoarthritis of large and small joints” (Kopelman, 2015). In a study that was performed, the risk of death between 26-42 years of age increases by 1% for each pound and between the ages of 50-62 it increases by 2%.
However, there are many factors that play a role in obesity among children, teens, and adults today. These factors range from the food choices such as fast food to the use of technology. Technology seems to be related to the cause of obesity in a negative way. A study was performed of times spent on play video games, watching television, and using the computer among adolescents. Body mass index (BMI) and weekly physical activity was also taken into account during the survey. The results were of the adolescents, “14.5% were overweight and 2.7% obese”. The results are that many children, teens, and adults are spending too much time behind a computer screen and not enough time doing physical activities. It is recommended to spend at least 60 minutes doing moderate physical activity 5 days out of the week. On average, 40% of teens spend 3 or more hours watching television and only 33% of those teens have physical education classes in school. It is proven that girls tend to be less active than boys when they become teenagers. Studies have also been conducted showing if the child’s parents were involved in exercising, then the child would most likely enjoy physical activity.
There are also some advantages with the use of technology when it comes to the disease of obesity. There is an approach with a mobile game to help persuade childhood obesity. This application is called MACO. The purpose of this game application is to help children make healthy lifestyle choices by eating healthy food and to be physically active. “Persuasive technology is often developed to shift the attention of people to particular information to modify their thoughts and actions” (Almonani. 2014). The goal of the MACO game is to provide a fun game where children are motivated to start exercising and choose healthy foods to eat. There are two components to the game. The first one shows what foods are healthy to eat, when it is time to eat, and being active. The second component includes two games; healthy food and physical activity games.
Mobile health (mHealth) is another technology approach to help prevent childhood obesity. This application provides preventions and intervention efforts for obesity and can be used for any age group. mHealth is used as a data collection device, assessment tool, and provides interventions for obesity. It also provides “self-monitoring behavior and real time surveillance techniques” (Tate, 2013). There are many advantages when using this application. Instead of using face-to-face methods, behavior interventions can be used with the mobile application instead. Secondly, behavior data is collected in real time and this allows feedback to automatically be sent back quickly such as exercise data.
There are many preventions to help curb the disease of obesity. People can start by making healthy food choices instead of going to the nearest fast food restaurant. Exercising is also a great method to use to prevent obesity. Whether it is walking for 30 minutes a day to doing a full workout. The key is to be active at some point throughout the day and week. The technology based applications for weight loss interventions are also a great tool. MACO and mHealth are great applications that can be used for the prevention of obesity.
There are several treatment plans that are available for patients that are obese. The most common treatment is reducing the size of the stomach to limit the intake of calories and to help the patient feel full earlier. This treatment is done by “creating a smaller gastric pouch within the stomach directly from the interior of the stomach itself” (Sutton, 2013). A pylorplasty procedure can also be performed to treat obesity. This helps reduce the pyloric sphincter incompetent. Lastly, a gastric bypass procedure may also performed. This helps curb obesity by making fats and sugars bypass the stomach and go directly to the bowel.
Conclusion
The percentage of people in the United States who are overweight or obese is high and it continues to climb. It seems that children in this generation are more prone to being obese because of the technology that surrounds them. Children would rather be inside playing video games and watch television than being outside and exercising. This is one downside of technology. However, technology can also be used to help prevent or treat obesity. There are applications that can be downloaded on phones or tablets that can persuade children as well as adults to exercise and eat healthy. mHealth seems to also be a great application that can be used. There are also many treatment plans that can be performed to help curb obesity and create a healthier lifestyle such as gastric bypass surgery. The best prevention to obesity is to just have a healthy lifestyle and exercise at least five times a week for thirty minutes. If people could commit to this, then the obesity and overweight percentage would be maintained and decrease.
Works Cited
- Almonani, E. (2014). Mobile Game Approach to Prevent Childhood Obesity Using Persuasive Technology. Retrieved February 3, 2019, from https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/44597199/Mobile_game_approach_to_prevent_childhoo20160410-4822-hftk1x.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAIWOWYYGZ2Y53UL3A&Expires=1549220971&Signature=WrWfJ2z4glUwrcqk%2FKiW5b9CV7s%3D&response-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%3DMobile_game_approach_to_prevent_childhoo.pdf.
- Deem, M. (2013). Obesity Treatment Tools and Methods. Retrieved February 3, 2019 from, https://patents.google.com/patent/US6558400B2/en.
- Kautiainen, S. (2005, May 31). Use of Information and Communication Technology and Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity Among Adolescents. Retrieved February 3, 2019, from https://www.nature.com/articles/0802994.
- Pellegrini, C. (2012, Sept 6). The Comparison of a Technology-Based System and an In-Person Behavior Weight Loss Intervention. Retrieved February 3, 2019, from, https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1038/oby.2011.13.
- Tate, E. (2013, Dec 3). mHealth Approaches to Child Obesity Prevention: Successes, Unique Challenges, and Next Directions. Retrieved February 3, 2019, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3830013/.
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Persuasive On Technology Regarding Obesity. (2022, Jan 29).
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Should the Government Raise the Minimum Wage
The Case For UBI
With rising wealth disparities and increasing automation, the economic prospects for many Americans appear bleak. Income and wages have stagnated for Americans in lower-skilled jobs (Autor, 2014), and the wealth share of the top .1% has increased substantially - from 7% in 1977 to 22% as of 2012 (Saez & Zucman, 2016). The inevitable reality of job displacement to machine (whether it be robot or AI) amplifies the current economic insecurity for America’s most vulnerable populations (Frey & Osborne, 2017). And considering the owners of AI/robot assets and shareholders stand to be the beneficiaries of this newly automated labor, this stark future will likely exacerbate wealth inequities (Hoynes & Rothstein, 2018).
This harrowing context necessitates a radical change in our welfare organization. Current policy programs insufficiently target the entire population affected by increasing economic insecurity, having either failed to effectively insulate the poor or to consider the integral component of automation. Universal Basic Income, “ a periodic cash payment unconditionally delivered to all on an individual basis, without means-test or work requirement” (Basic Income Earth Network, 2017), has proven positive externalities, including reduced poverty, and viable financing options (Van Parijs & Vanderborght, 2017). A national tech-funded UBI is the best available policy intervention to combat this deleterious and worsening economic climate.
Policy Alternatives
The policy alternatives to UBI contain massive gaps in terms of coverage. Policies addressing reduction in employment are both insufficient in their inclusion and unconsidered in terms of automation. And policies targeting poverty alleviation are riddled with problems that reduce their efficacy. These alternatives are helpful to portions of the population, but not sufficiently comprehensive, and almost all ignore the pressing concern of automation.
Although 85% of Americans would support the restriction of automation to jobs (Pew Research, 2017), there is no policy suggestion along this vein. “The Federal Jobs Guarantee”, the most notable policy suggestion in terms of reducing unemployment, notably fails to consider automation. This is a policy in which the Federal Government creates jobs to fully employ the populace (CBPP, 2014). This type of proposal considers full employment to be a 4-6% unemployment rate, which is a glaring issue, as success still means a level of unemployment that would leave millions of Americans destitute (CBPP, 2014).
It is also important to note that minority populations are more likely to be excluded as the labor market is discriminatory - even when controlling for other demographics, black Americans are more than twice as likely to be unemployed than white Americans (Daly et. al., 2017). Also, this proposal does not address the fact that many of the jobs suggested may soon disappear due to automation - some studies show that upwards of 47% of jobs are at risk (Frey & Osbourne, 2017).
Furthermore, if the governmentally provided job is unnecessary, there is an opportunity cost for that worker in terms of eliminating the possibility of engaging in something more productive. Lastly, a job does not guarantee an avoidance of poverty - a 2012 study by the Economic Institute found that 28% of American workers were paid less than the poverty line (CBPP, 2014). This proposal would require extensive government spending (CBPP, 2014), without a guaranteed benefit for all.
In terms of targeting wealth insecurity, there is an insufficient patchwork of entitlement programs aimed at impoverished Americans. There are mean-tested programs including Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF), more colloquially known as welfare, and Supplementary Nutrition Assistance Program (food stamps), that are too limiting in scope. Food stamps only help with food purchases, and therefore do not provide the breadth of benefit necessary to address large economic disparities.
TANF is also constrained as it does not help many low-income families, like those without children, and contains lifetime restrictions on the length of benefits (Hoynes & Rothstein, 2018). The work requirement also would prove especially challenging in an economic future when finding a job is much more difficult. This need to work requirement also takes agency away from that employee in terms of negotiation - employers are not incentivized to better working conditions or wages ( Van Parijs & Vanderborght, 2017) . TANF also creates “poverty traps”, as income of a low wage job often offsets reduction in welfare, which removes the incentives to work (Hoynes & Rothstein, 2018). Furthermore, means-tested welfare requires huge amounts of bureaucracy (and thereby cost), despite missing out on many of the people it is intended to serve (Hoynes & Rothstein, 2018).
There are currently other American governmental cash entitlement programs, but they target narrow populations. Supplemental Security Income is only provided to the elderly, and Social Security Disability Insurance is only for those deemed medically unable to work (Hoynes & Rothstein, 2018).Programs like SSDI, require large amounts of bureaucracy, making them disproportionately expensive (CBPP, 2014). Moreover, these programs only address a tiny portion of the population - those who are poor, but not disabled or old, receive nothing. Another policy that does not fall into the category of increasing jobs, or serve as type of governmental entitlement, is an increased minimum wage (also known as a “liveable wage”). Studies show that increasing the minimum wage would lift millions of people out of poverty (Quittner, 2016).
However, it is plagued by the similar issue of the Federal Jobs Guarantee, in that it does not address the burgeoning prospect of job displacement by automation; it would only serve those industries that still require human capital. Furthermore, studies show that it can lead to huge job losses when small businesses are unable to afford this new wage (Quittner, 2016). In the context of increasing automation, there is also the possibility that businesses will be incentivized to automate jobs to lower the increased labor costs due to an increased minimum wage, which makes this a poor policy alternative.
Unfortunately, there is no current American policy targeting the combinatorial problem of decreasing jobs (due to increasing automation), and increasing wealth inequality and economic insecurity. It is clear that the current policy alternatives are lackluster in their ability to address the complexity and robustness of this problem.
Policy Recommendations
Comprehensive monetary relief addresses the combinatorial problem of both decreasing job prospects and worsening economic straits. There are several types of basic income that have been contemplated, including a negative income tax and a UBI. Due to more positive externalities, and a better mechanism for implementation, the best policy is a national UBI financed by proceeds generated by an “information rent” - that is big tech companies (i.e. Facebook, Google, etc.) would pay a tax to the government on profits accrued by data sales.
This national UBI must have specific characteristics (i.e. individual-based, in the form of cash) to maximize its benefits. There have been several places where UBI has been implemented, including in America, which have demonstrated several positive benefits (Hoynes & Rothstein, 2018). Although there are large obstacles to adoption, like financing and political feasibility, the components of this plan largely combat those concerns. UBI has a plethora of demonstrable benefits and studies have invalidated many of the anticipated negative consequences. One huge positive externality is reduced poverty and increased wages for those who do stay in the labor market (because employers are pushed to attract workers) (Van Parijs & Vanderborght, 2017).
Currently, the Alaska Permanent Fund gives its residents 1-2K annually from the states oil revenues, which has shown to have partially contributed to Alaska having one of the lowest poverty rates in the country (Jones & Marinescu, 2018). Also, this study demonstrated that there was no impact on employment - it did not decrease the labor supply (Jones & Marinescu, 2018).
This is not as much of an issue when considering automation and our exponentially increasing population (as we will not have enough jobs), but the common argument that basic income will disincentivize people from seeking work has been invalidated by numerous studies (Hoynes & Rothstein, 2018). Other benefits include increased psychological well-being, reduced crime and increased educational attainment (Akee et al. 2018). Furthermore, it is linked to increases in innovation because people are more willing to take more creative and entrepreneurial risks (Van Parijs & Vanderborght, 2017). There are several important characteristics to a UBI that make it the best alternative in terms of increasing overall societal benefits.
First, it must be a periodic payment instead of a lump sum, as that would help those who are more economically established - that is not as helpful to poor people as a monthly (or even bi-monthly) payment (Van Parijs & Vanderborght, 2017). This is one of the reasons it is better than a negative income tax, which is an annual lump sum.
Second, it must be cash, as studies show people know best regarding what they need to increase their welfare (Hoynes & Rothstein, 2018), and moreover, this has the added benefit of supporting local businesses because it increases purchasing power (Van Parijs & Vanderborght, 2017)
Third, this national UBI will be distributed individually. There has been some debate over whether UBI should go to households or individuals, but research supports the former for a plethora of reasons: households would be harder to administer, a household income would discentive people from living together (Van Parijs & Vanderborght, 2017), and considering our deeply entrenched patriarchy, an individual income increases female autonomy.
Fourth, the national UBI must be universal. This will ensure that all poor people are served (as targeting inevitably misses part of that population (see TANF) and reduces the stigma, which can also act as a inhibitor (Van Parijs & Vanderborght). This also requires less bureaucracy than a targeted policy (there is no figuring out who should benefit), and would help middle class earners for whom this income would allow increased human capital - like educational attainment that would otherwise be constrained due to cost (Hoynes & Rothstein, 2018).
Lastly, this national UBI will be unconditional - that is not have any requirements tied to its receipt, unlike a welfare program where you must prove work. This has the positive externality of increasing the negotiation power and leverage of workers, especially low-income workers. They have the security of refusing a job with bad working conditions, and furthermore, this forces employers to make their jobs more attractive, by bettering conditions or even raising wages (Van Parijs & Vanderborght, 2017).
Even with these well-defined criteria, there are still big obstacles in terms of feasibility. The main issue is financing, given the fact that a UBI of 12k per year to all those over 18 would cost a whopping three trillion dollars (Hoynes & Rothstein, 2018). If other entitlement programs were cut, with the implementation of UBI, this would partially offset the financing. However, my recommendation would be to not cut those programs as that would make the UBI regressive when implemented (although as I argued those programs are not alone sufficient). One of the main financing plans posited is increasing taxes on labor (Van Parijs & Vanderborght, 2017).
There are some large obstacles in terms of drastically raising taxes (which is what it would necessitate) especially in terms of political feasibility (Van Parijs & Vanderborght, 2017). An “information rent” would be more politically palatable given that it would require the taxation of a few large corporations who have been freely profiting off of virtually the entire population data. This would also include a “robot tax”, which would address the fact that their current profits only go to owners or shareholders. By taxing the wealth generated by the robot, it would redistribute this wealth, instead of the increasing GDP only going to the economic elite.
One might think that another obstacle would be powerful tech lobbyists opposing this kind of tax, however tech companies want to encourage the public’s support of an increasing automated society. By receiving income from these companies, it would make the population a shareholder in this data economy, and therefore more supportive of increasing automation (Van Parijs & Vanderborght, 2017). This does pose a potentially problematic power dynamic that would likely require regulatory oversight. The fact that these companies would be providing monthly income should not give them a license to do whatever they please at the detriment of society.
Lastly, this recommendation is for a national UBI and not a local pilot program. Several cities have been developing pilot programs, although the funding has been privatized - like the Oakland study currently funded by Y Combinator of 100 million dollars in funding (Hoynes & Rothstein, 2018).
This pilots are good for gauging the best ways of implementing such a program, but there are not a solution to economic disparities faced nationally. It is reminiscent of America’s current healthcare crisis, in terms of access and affordability. Massachusetts passed free healthcare reform in 2006, but over ten years later, the entire nation is still struggling. This kind of incremental implementation takes time that we do not currently possess.
Conclusion
A national UBI, funded by Big Tech, will serve as a necessary supplement for citizens impacted by increasing wealth inequality and reduced job options. Automation is transforming workers into consumers. It is equitable that Americans benefit from that consumption, with money accrued by their data. It will also enable people to seek new educational opportunities and job training that will support their inclusion in this new labor market. In a society where capital is even more central to our economy, for those without capital or the skills required for a new labor market, financial security is necessary.
It is clear that current American policies and proposals, like welfare reform and “Jobs For All”, do not address our automated future or increasing wealth disparities. This recommendation for a national UBI is economically feasible, and politically viable, given the fact that its positive externalities, like reduced crime and increased education, benefit society as a whole. Not only will a national tech-funded UBI benefit all Americans, but this policy ensures that even the most economically disadvantaged will now have some protection from further economic disparities caused by increasing globalization and automation.
References
- Akee R, Copeland W, Costello EJ, Simeonova E. 2018. How does household income affect child personality traits and behaviors? American Economic Review 108(3): 775-827.
- Autor D. 2014. Skills, education, and the rise of earnings inequality among the ‘other 99 percent.’ Science 344(6186): 843–51.
- Basic Income Earth Network (2017). Basic income. Retrieved from http://basicincome.org/basic-income/.
- Daly, M., Hobijn, B. & Pedtke, J. (2017). Disappointing Facts about the Black-White Wage Gap. Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco . Retrieved from http://www.frbsf.org/economic-research/publications/economic-letter/2017/september/disappointing-facts-about-black-white-wage-gap/ .
- Frey, C. B. & Osborne, M. A. (2017). The future of employment: how susceptible are jobs to computerisation? Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 114:254 280.
- Gramlich, J. (2017). Most Americans would favor policies to limit job and wage losses caused by automation. Pew Research Center . Retreived from http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/10/09/most-americans-would-favor-policies-to-limit-job-and-wage-losses-caused-by-automation/.
- Hoynes, H. & Rothstein, J. (2018). Universal Basic Income in the US and Advanced Countries. Annual Review of Economics : 1-30.
- Jones D. & Marinescu I. 2018. The labor market impacts of universal and permanent cash transfers: evidence from the Alaska Permanent Fund .
- Working Paper 24312, N ational Bureau of Economic Research . Retrieved from https://home.uchicago.edu/~j1s/Jones_Alaska.pdf.
- Paul, M., Darrity, W. & Hamilton, D. (2018).
- The Federal Job Guarantee - A Policy to Achieve Full Employment. Center on Budget and Policy Priorities . Retrieved from https://www.cbpp.org/research/full-employment/the-federal-job-guarantee-a-policy-to-achieve-permanent-full-employment#_ftn7.
- Quittner, J. (2016). What a minimum wage hike would really mean for small business. Inc. Magazine . Retrieved from https://www.inc.com/leigh-buchanan/small-business-week-2018-service.html.
- Saez, E. & Zucman, G. (2016). Wealth inequality in the United States since 1913: Evidence from capitalized income tax data. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 131(2):519 578.
- Van Parijs P. V., & Vanderborght Y. (2017). Basic Income: A radical proposal for a free society and a sane economy . Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
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Should the Government Raise the Minimum Wage. (2022, Jan 29).
Retrieved November 3, 2025 , from
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Argumentative Topics about Technology
Technology has changed so much over the years and is being used more and more in everyday lives. The ubiquitous presence of communications technology is apparent, with an estimated 98 % of young adults in the United States between 18 and 29 years old having a cell phone and 85 % of young adults having a smartphone (Smith and Page 2015). Technology is used for watching television, communicating, and many more activities that weren’t available ages ago. Globally, ‘texting’ through mobile phones has increased the rate, speed and frequency of social interactions (KamelBoulos & Wheelert, 2007). Social media is something that is popular in this day and time. Social media is a way that can keep a person in contact with someone they have not heard from in forever. Social media is also place where a lot of bullying and cat-fishing happens. Children are also now being exposed to more technology than they can handle. Screen time is a central activity of children’s daily life and jeopardizes mental health. (Braig, 2018). Children do not like playing outside anymore, which is affecting their development skills.
College students generally reported more frequent contact with parents via phone, text and other types of communications technology (Stein & Osborn, 2016). College students use their phone or computers more than anyone. All of their work is found online, they fill out financial help using technology, and they found out about what is going on around campus. Communication is essential not only to college students, but to everyone. An ex-con even created a tech company to help inmates keep in contact with their families. Frederick Hutson said, “Think about how important images are in daily life on the outside. It’s crazy to think it’d be any different for the 2.3 million people in prison or the 20 million people who want to communicate with them” (Erbentraut, J. 2015). This ex-con wanted to do something food for the inmates he was locked up with. He wanted them to be able to communicate just as those who are not locked up could.
Technology is not all good. In fact, it is ruining how to communicate in person because you are so used to sending texts and emails. Web 2.0 technologies emphasise online collaboration and communication, yet a few families preferred communicating face to face with early childhood professionals (Yost, 2014). Schools are rather to meet up to talk to parents through email rather than tell a parent what is going on with their child to their face. Online dating has revolutionized the way in which we search for a partner, providing us with access to a mass of potential partners, all conveniently laid out like a menu at the click of a button (Gatter & Hodkinson, 2016). Meeting your significant other online is also something that is clicking with this generation. Dating websites are on the rise and sometimes it does not end well. A person can think they are meeting someone they find attractive, but the entire time the other person used a picture that was not themselves.
Technology is not something that came into the world and only changed it for the bad. Everyone is using technology, whether it is for entertainment or education reasons. As technological advances such as the tele-ICU are implemented by health care systems, research will be required to determine the impact of these new technologies and care models on the informational and emotional needs of patients and significant others as well as their perceptions of the impact of the tele-ICU on quality of care. Technology is exploring ways to help those with disabilities and diseases and many other great reasons. These technologies are aimed at providing assistance in overcoming these limitations, allowing individuals with ASD to understand and participate in the socio-emotional world around them.
Technology affects everyday lives. For example, growing evidence indicates that using information and communication technologies (ICTs) can improve older adults’ quality of life in many ways (Berkowsky, 2012). How has technology affected the world we live in? For the review of literature, this research has over fifteen, APA formatted sources. The sources include a range of topics related to technology use and topics related to the terms and definition and research questions. Purpose of the Study: The purpose of this study is to identify the positive and negative ways that the use technology has made the world different for great or not so great reasons. For this research, the following research questions will be explored:
What are risk factors for children who experience too much technology time?
In what ways has technology impacted one’s development?
In what ways has technology been a problem to one’s development?
What environmental factors relate to the use of technology?
How has the use of technology helped those with disabilities?
Definition and Terms: Bullying- aggressive, intentional acts carried out by a group or an individual repeatedly and over time against a victim who cannot easily defend him or herself Development- creates growth, progress, positive change or the addition of physical, economic, environmental, social and demographic components (Meidan, 2018) Disability- Medically determinable impairment of body or mind that restricts, or causes loss of, a person's functional ability to carry on his or her normal activities. (Business dictionary) Technology- The purposeful application of information in the design, production, and utilization of goods and services, and in the organization of human activities. (Business dictionary)
Assumptions
The assumption is that technology has affected the world. Too much technology isn’t great for development. Information and communication technologies (ICTs) is associated with decreased feelings of loneliness and depression, along with increased feelings of independence and personal growth (Yost, 2015). The more technology used, the more a person can feel depressed, because they’re literally sitting in front of screen. Children are limited to TV-time so their gross and fine development skills can grow properly.
Back in the day, children were outside, riding bikes and playing; inside playing with toys and drawing. In today’s time, children spend most of their time watching other children play with toys or learning anything from a TV show. All technology is not bad technology. Technology is also used in hospitals and used to help find cures for diseases. Although, the onset of Autistic Spectrum Disorder symptoms occurs during the first three years of life and the diagnosis can be reliably made as early as 24 months of life, studies have found that the mean age at ASD diagnosis ranges from 38 to 120 months, with a significant proportion of children not diagnosed until school age (Daniels, 2014). Technology has made it easier to detect different disabilities.
Limitations
This research is limited to toddlers through elderly ages in the state of Louisiana. In the state of Louisiana, the population is 4,682,509 (Louisiana Population, 2018). Out of the state’s population, 3,071,973 uses technology in someway.
Methodology
This research was designed with a survey/questionnaire that included questions about how much time does one uses technology, what are they using it for. If the people taking the survey had children, the questions included questions such as; how much time do you allow your children to watch TV, do you monitor what they are doing, if yes how often. The purpose of this research was to discover positive and negative reasons on why technology is essential to the world. The research questions included a series of questions that were related to the study which are:
What are risk factors for children who experience too much technology time?
In what ways has technology impacted one’s development?
In what ways has technology been a problem to one’s development?
What environmental factors relate to the use of technology?
How has the use of technology helped those with disabilities?
This research was designed with a survey/questionnaire that were taken by people at least 18 years of age. This research was limited to residents in the state of Louisiana. In the state of Louisiana, the population is 4,682,509 (Louisiana Population, 2018). Out of the state’s population, 3,071,973 uses technology in someway.
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Technology Conclusion Autonomous Vehicles
While researching the topic of this paper, I decided to conduct a survey on public opinions on the topic of autonomous vehicles. For this self-conducted research, I assembled a Google Form page that asked the sample various questions that investigated the opinions and beliefs regarding self-driving cars: the most common form of autonomous vehicles. This survey drew results from a sample size of 437 people, a fairly strong amount of people to draw conclusions from.
When asked if autonomous vehicles would make driving safer or more dangerous, 94.1% of the people surveyed stated that these automobiles would allow for a safer environment, while 5.9% believed that they would be more dangerous to society. Based on this information, we can observe that an overwhelming amount of people see self-driving cars as being a more viable option for saving lives.
Furthermore, when questioned about whether or not self-driving cars should be legal, 88.2% of the sample believe that they should while 11.8% think that they should be illegal. Although the results still display a significant difference, a greater percentage of people were against the idea of implementing autonomous vehicles. Although most people view self-driving cars as being safer, this does not mean that they believe that they should be legal. This is likely due to how young the technology is, or the common uncertainties on the issue. An example of common uncertainties, as one of the people surveyed stated, is that the vehicles could be “hacked into”, thus rendering control of the vehicle to an unknown person with unknown intentions, or that if the system that allows the vehicles to communicate with one another goes down, then there could be catastrophic car crashes and many deaths. Another mentioned concern mentioned that having a fully autonomous system would “take the fun out of driving.” However, this is a subjective concern as not all people enjoy driving for reasons such as fearing the risk of accidents.
In conclusion, the struggle faced by governments is that they have to consider whether or not the benefits of adopting autonomous vehicle technology outweigh the risks involving human lives. Due to the recent incidents of self-driving car accidents, pressure has been put on legislatures to figure out how to safely resolve this issue. Extensive thought must be put into this issue as human lives are the major cost. Any lackluster solution may result as a threat to public safety and would also decrease support for this technology. After taking into account both viewpoints of the argument and thoroughly analyzing all of their reasoning, I tend to agree with the supporting side that favors full implementation of autonomous vehicles worldwide.
As previously mentioned, the benefits of autonomous vehicles including but not limited to increased safety, efficiency, and productivity are compelling incentives to purchasing a self-driving car. These countless advantages discussed display the possibility of much clearer and safer roadways around the world. However, the largest priority, as with everything in life, is safety. There needs to be adequate testing and enforcement to ensure that these vehicles can operate in conditions, similarly, if not identically to a human being. Safety is the most controversial subject regarding autonomous vehicles, and I believe that full adoption of this technology will improve safety overall.
Having a vehicle monitor and calculate its every decision is much safer than a human driver. Since autonomous vehicles would be operated by a computer with multiple superhuman sensors and cameras at its disposal, the vehicle would be able to see things that a human could not, and would thus be able to act instantaneously in situations when compared to a human. Furthermore, having computers operate a vehicle eliminates human error altogether by removing common causes of accidents such as road rage, drowsiness, driving under the influence, distractions, and other human related weaknesses. Therefore, due to the lack of human error and a computer’s ability to calculate issues that a driver could not, autonomous vehicles would indeed be a safer option as opposed to manually driving.
Furthermore, fully adopting autonomous vehicles would allow mankind to become a more productive society. For many people, a notable amount of time is taken up in a vehicle whether they are commuting, traveling, or simply transporting from one place to another. If autonomous vehicles were adopted, the large amounts of time spent driving could be put towards more productive activities such as working or sleeping. This would allow human nature to become more productive as less time would be wasted. In addition, the time that would otherwise be wasted driving may be decreased as autonomous technology allows for more efficient driving thus enabling vehicles to calculate the quickest way to get to a destination, and if this technology were completely adopted, all vehicles would be able to communicate with each other and thus be able to travel at faster speeds.
Moreover, the autonomous technology in these vehicles is a simply fascinating human endeavor that displays how the world is evolving. Limiting this technology from being adopted will result in narrow inventions, thus restraining the potential that we have to make the world a better place. Completely adopting autonomous vehicles will allow for a safer and more productive environment, legislature simply needs to be smart with their challenging method of adopting autonomous vehicles. Recently, the concept of self-driving cars has evolved from being a dream to becoming a reality. Imagine waking up for work only to have your automobile awaiting to act as your personal chauffeur, with all you having to do is press a button to begin your commute. This is what life could be like in the near future if autonomous vehicles were adopted.
The more autonomous vehicles are implemented the safer they will be, considering that if the majority of automobiles are self-driving and operating on the same navigation system, collisions will be few and far between. Think of it as an air traffic control system: they are safe because all traffic is visible and controlled by the same network. If there were planes that the system was not tracking (in the case of this illustration: non self-driving cars) collisions would be more frequent as the system would have a harder time accounting for them as outside forces.
Adoption, however, is a tricky matter as it would be extremely difficult to get the worldwide population to purchase an autonomous vehicle. In a perfect world, the vision is for everyone to have a Level 5 self-driving car where every vehicle could seamlessly communicate with each other, knowing exactly where every automobile needs to go. This system would be efficient as every vehicle would precisely know the needs of neighboring cars such as if one needs to take an exit to refuel, or if a malfunction has occurred vehicles could avoid a hazardous vehicle experiencing problems. The vehicles would thus adjust accordingly. For example, by changing lane position or speed in order meet the needs of neighboring vehicles, and ensure safety for all passengers on the road. This efficiency would also result in decreased travel time as vehicles that are in sync with each other could seamlessly travel faster.
Nevertheless, this imagination would be difficult to completely achieve in the near future. What could be done in order to implement autonomous vehicles sooner? In my opinion, the best all around solution for adopting an autonomous system would be to add dedicated lanes for self-driving cars on the highway, much like the famous High-Occupancy Vehicle system found in major cities where only vehicles with multiple passengers can take advantage of in order to reduce fuel emissions. With dedicated lanes, autonomous vehicles would be able to communicate and travel in unison on their own without disrupting natural human traffic or being at risk due to human error of non-autonomous vehicles. This solution would satisfy both sides of the argument and also give people a choice whether or not they would like to manually drive, thus preserving the feeling and experience of driving. In addition, the inclusion of dedicated lanes of autonomy would add a sense of security on the road by making passengers feel more comfortable.
For example, if a passenger was in a dedicated lane of autonomy and felt unsafe for any reason, they would have the option to exit the lane and manually drive and confidently feel a greater sense of security. As a result of these dedicated lanes, people will soon realize how efficient of a system it is to be fully autonomous. Much like the dedicated High-Occupancy Vehicle lanes currently existing today where the incentive is to be more friendly to the environment and have less traffic, autonomous lanes would have incentives of being safer, quicker, and more efficient. In theory, people will see the benefits of using these dedicated lanes and, as a result, be incentivised to purchase an autonomous vehicle.
Over time, continuous existence and natural adoption of self-driving cars such as Tesla will also cause a ripple effect and inspire people to purchase these vehicles. The more people purchase autonomous vehicles, the more the price of the technology will decrease resulting in more adoption of this technology worldwide, much like the adoption of the personal computer and smartphones in recent years. Although it always has the chance to fail, technology is improving over time which allows for kinks to continuously be worked out. In the case of autonomous vehicles, the heavy reliance of technology risky at first, but with time comes improvement in the realm of the computers controlling the vehicle. Since Tesla self-driving technology has been on the roads since 2014, it already has had years to progress, therefore displaying the potential for autonomous vehicles to become safer over time. Despite the recent self-driving car accidents flooding the media, these are just two instances that received negative media attention.
The bottom line is simple: accidents are inevitable. In the United States alone, the country where the Uber and Tesla crashes occurred in March 2018, six million accidents occur per year killing approximately 37,000 people (Road, para. 11). Even though six million accidents occur per year, the media rarely reports on them, but once an autonomous vehicle is involved, the media negatively reports on it. Although few faulty instances attract media attention, hundred of thousands of miles are driven autonomously each day without any discrepancies. Ultimately, at this point autonomous vehicles can be introduced and accepted into society at large. Therefore, due to the overwhelming benefits outweighing the few negative instances of autonomous vehicles, this technology should be implemented worldwide because it would allow for an improved driving experience in every aspect.
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Impact of Technology on Society on Rural China
As technologies evolve, humans have the opportunity to make any digital transition a step forward for all citizens. It has become common to have some sort of technology in the home, whether that is a television, cellphone, computer, or all of the above. Technology is connecting citizens and providing information faster than ever before. Consequently, experts are starting to have conversations about the implications of innovation and the impact it can have on rural communities. More than half of the world population lacks any form of telecommunication service (Wamuyu). In spite of the low-cost services afforded by new technologies, the planning of industrialized countries often hampers the introduction of telecommunication services into rural areas. More specifically, slow technological integration has had wide-sweeping impacts on local society, culture, and medical access in rural Asian communities.
According to the World Bank, 651,364,560 of the 1.3 billion people living in the People’s Republic of China reside in “rural areas”. Conversely, over eighty percent of Chinese medical facilities are concentrated in cities, and the majority of qualified health care providers reside in urban areas. In addition, Chinese health insurance has traditionally been employer-based, which favors employed urban residents. Chinese residents living in rural areas tend to be self-employed and have no access to medical insurance. Although the Chinese government has extended medical insurance to rural residents in the past decade, the insurance coverage is limited compared to that of urban residents.
Travel time and distance are major restrictive forces in rural Chinese healthcare. To reach a health care provider many people from rural areas must take long bus trips to urban areas to find qualified providers, limiting rural residents' access to quality medical care. One proposed solution is to use mobile health technologies as tools to increase access to care and care delivery for those living in rural China. Easier access to cellphones allows people living with health issues to feel more connected to their communities. It can give them hope and a way to communicate with others living with a disability, as well as potentially life-saving information about their conditions and needs.
Cellphones have the potential to unlock unprecedented new possibilities in communication, navigation, and independence. Cellular connection can give those living with disabilities the ability to feel more connected and better understand their conditions. Mobile health is the use of portable electronic devices with software applications to provide health services and manage patient information. Telemonitoring is one of the greatest functions of mobile health. According to Ni Zhao, mobile health “… entails the use of an electronic device to generate remote, real-time monitoring of medical conditions, facilitate disease management, and provide patient education.” Many chronic diseases require long-term, frequent monitoring and care. In China, portable health monitoring devices that have the ability to continuously and accurately report physical activity and other important health data (including temperature, blood pressure, heart rate, weight and glucose levels) are necessary tools for clinicians and researchers to overcome physical boundaries between patients and clinicians.
Technology has the potential to provide unbiased patient data that can be used to monitor recovery. Mobile health applications and tools can identify patients most in need of intervention and modify their treatment course. This technology can assist disabled patients or patients recovering from surgery who live far away from hospitals by allowing clinicians to monitor them from afar. This may improve access to quality care and prevent frequent and costly trips to an urban health care facility. In rural China, mobile health technology is really useful in connecting patients with disabilities to a health care provider and is giving a lot of those living with a disability hope.
Minorities, women, and those living with disabilities in rural communities tend to see the effects of technology last though they stand the most to gain. In the last century, women have made huge strides towards equality, especially in rural communities, in part as a result of technological innovation. Technical developments have a huge influence on women in developing society. Economists from the University of California, Los Angeles, and the University of Chicago reported direct and compelling evidence from Indian villages that TV empowers women. They carried out detailed interviews in rural India as commercial cable and satellite TV were replacing the mostly dull and uninspired government programming (Pearce, Fred). These findings demonstrated that as more women and families gained access to television, family sizes began to shrink and women became more likely to pursue higher education and marry later in life. This widespread income will trickle down into other areas of life.
Technology is a powerful tool that can support and transform rural society, making it easier for those living with disabilities to get medical care and influencing women’s positive choices. Technology enables people to learn and work together. With the worldwide reach of the Internet and the ubiquity of smart devices that can connect to the web, a new age of technological development is emerging. Through technological advancements, societies can bring traditionally marginalized groups a modicum of equality and an increase in opportunity. According to the World Bank, one billion people (15% of the world's population) experience some form of disability. Technology in rural communities’ is giving a voice to those who may have never had a platform or the ability to connect with the world. It will be up to world leaders to make the most of the opportunities provided by technology. The effects of technology on society, culture, family, or any other institution causes a ripple effect. The effects of having a television, telephone and or other type of technology in a particular region or country that previously did not have this technology is giving voices to marginalized communities.
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