Month: December 2021
Antidepressants Versus Acupuncture in Postpartum Depression
DepressionEvidence-based practice (EBP) is the use of the best current evidence and practices integrated into patient care. Using EBP when caring for a patient is considered to be best practice and the hope is that it results in good outcomes for the patient (Ignatavicius, Workman & Rebar, 2018). This paper will discuss the concept of using EBP in regard to the treatment of postpartum depression. It will compare a pharmacological treatment to a non-pharmacological treatment and discuss which treatment plan has been shown to be more successful in study samples.
Postpartum depression is a significant global health issue that affects about 26% of postpartum women in the United States. Of these, 10-15% have been found to deteriorate to a major depressive disorder (Komori, 2018). The effects of postpartum depression can be upsetting. In addition to the poor physical and emotional quality of life for the Mother, some studies have shown that Mothers with postpartum depression may experience poor bonding and interaction with their child and that there is a risk of cognitive impairment of the child (Komori, 2018). The specific pathophysiology of postnatal depression is believed to be due to the rapid hormonal changes taking place during the perinatal period along with the physiological and psychosocial stressors of pregnancy and early parenthood (Komori, 2018).
Studies have shown that inflammation and immunity are involved in the pathogenesis of depression and the process of acupuncture may help reduce the inflammation process (Wang et al., 2017). While acupuncture therapy in postpartum depression may not be widely studied, acupuncture is believed to significantly reverse general depression symptoms (Wang et al., 2017). The go-to method for treating postpartum depression due to its effectiveness is antidepressant medication therapy, however antidepressants do have some adverse effects and may present potential negative effects on the infant (Komori, 2018). Some women may not find this option to be preferable due to the side effects and risks and therefore will not be adherent to the treatment plan. Because postpartum depression is a serious topic that affects so many women and families, it is worth exploring all the EBP treatment options to provide women with information and choices.
PICOT is a question format that helps the nurse to develop answerable and researchable questions. Asking the right question is vital to effective EBP because it leads to discovering relevant evidence. A well-designed clinical question includes five parts, referred to as PICOT (Case Di Leonardi & Salmon, 2014). The five parts include the following: Person or population, intervention, comparison, outcome and time.
PICOT Question: In women with postpartum depression, is acupuncture therapy more effective than antidepressant therapy in controlling symptoms within a 6-month period?
This paper examines two studies that compared acupuncture with the oral antidepressant fluoxetine in the treatment of postpartum depression. All participants were women above the age of 18 years, without previous diagnosis of other psychiatric disorders or other serious physical illnesses. The studies used the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) which is a widely used clinician-administered depression assessment scale. In this scale, a score of 0-6 indicates no depression, a score of 7-17 indicates mild depression and scores about 18 indicate moderate to severe depression (Komori, 2018). In the first study, the control groups received fluoxetine and the experimental groups received acupuncture treatments five times per week. This study found that the acupuncture group had an effective rate (meaning HDRS scores were reduced) of 86.7% compared to the effective rate of fluoxetine of 73.3% (Komori, 2018). A second study concluded that the available evidence suggests that the early treatment of depression using both antidepressant and electroacupuncture therapies is more efficient than treatments with antidepressants alone and leads to a better and earlier control of symptoms (Zhang, et al., 2016).
Larger studies will need to be conducted in order to come to more comprehensive conclusions, but these two studies reported no significant differences between acupuncture and fluoxetine for depression. The scope of future studies may also consider broadening to include ante and perinatal depression, considering that around 50% of women who have postpartum depression also show symptoms in the antenatal period (Komori et al., 2018). There were no adverse effects noted in the acupuncture group, but in the fluoxetine group, there were four cases of nausea, four cases of decreased appetite and two cases of dizziness (Komori et al., 2018). The studies show that acupuncture is a well-tolerated treatment option with the potential for playing a role in treating postpartum depression. They show that acupuncture is a safer option for providers and mothers to consider in the postpartum period. Further studies may also consider cognitive behavior therapy and mindfulness in conjunction with acupuncture to see if that increases the benefits of acupuncture in postpartum depression.
In conclusion, this evidence-based practice research paper provides preliminary yet encouraging results showing that acupuncture as a treatment for postpartum depression can be effective. It gives the patients more information as they are making an informed decision about their care. This research is a stepping stone for further exploration on a solution to a common problem that affects many people and may prove to be a very valuable treatment in the future.
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Antidepressants Versus Acupuncture in Postpartum Depression. (2021, Dec 29).
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Extinction of Species Due to Global Warming
Greenland is mostly covered in ice making it susceptible to melting from warm temperatures. The reason this country is named Greenland is because when Erik the Red was banned from Iceland he discovered this icy country and gave it the name in hopes of people settling (Pandita). In July and August of this year, the number of surface melt days on the Southwestern coast of Greenland was significantly above average, which is clearly an indication that global warming has begun to affect Greenland’s ice and that sea level will eventually rise (Scambos, et all). Greenland is classified as the world’s largest islands (Coffey).
Greenland’s ice sheet is melting at its fastest rate in at least 400 years (Harvey). If or when Greenland melts it will raise sea levels and more than likely will flood coastal cities. “Eight of the ten largest cities in the world are near coasts, and 40% to 50% of the global population lives in coastal areas vulnerable to rising seas (Kann).” Greenland melting could cause species populations to drop or even become extinct. With sea levels rising it could result in land space decreasing across the world. The percentage of pollution could also rise with the fact of cities being drowned. About 269 billion tons of ice have melted away each year since 2002 (Irfan). The cause of the ice sheet melting is because of global warming. Temperatures rising in a long-term aspect describes the term global warming.
While it may take thousands of years before Greenland’s ice melts away completely action should still take place as soon as possible. Humans are one of the leading causes of global warming. Global warming is caused by the increase of greenhouse gases. Humans contribute to the rising levels of greenhouse gases by building factories that pollute the air with chemicals such as carbon dioxide. Humans also contribute to deforestation which releases carbon dioxide into the air. With the release of too much carbon dioxide it raises temperatures outside. Raising temperature increases the chance of ice to melt. The melting of ice then raises sea levels, destroys habitats, floods cities, and causes a detrimental decrease in land and species.
One species that could be at risk with Greenland shrinking are polar bears. Polar bear population is slowly decreasing because of the fact that they survive in cold temperatures. A polar bear’s fur coat is made for cold temperatures. With the fact that temperatures are rising polar bears are more likely to have heat strokes, or suffer from heat related sickness. Polar bears also prey on animals like seals but with ice melting seals are disappearing. Without seals the polar bears are running out of food. The human race could fix these problems if they begin to watch how much pollution is being put into the air and onto the Earth.
Greenland is in between the arctic, and atlantic oceans. Sea ice in the Arctic is melting faster than anywhere else, the ice is shrinking 14 percent per decade (Leahy). “Greenland is more vulnerable to climate change, as Arctic air temperatures are currently rising at twice the global average rate (Adamson).” With the ice melting its increasing temperatures in Greenland. Many Greenland residents are actually happy about this. “Greenland is one of the poorest nations in the.
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Extinction of Species Due to Global Warming. (2021, Dec 29).
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Drop in Polar Bear Population Due to Global Warming
Global warming is a big problem. The ice age happened 1.8 million years ago, it only got six degrees colder and it nearly froze the Earth. Now all the scientists agree that earth has gotten one degree hotter and that is very dangerous for our planet and we are afraid that it will gradually get hotter each year and that we won't survive all these horrific forest fires. Scientists are even calculating what our planet would be like with it 2 degrees hotter even 3 degrees hotter and it is not looking good. What will the future look like if global warming doesn’t come to an end?
Earth's average temperature is rising, winds and ocean currents move heat around the globe in ways that can cool some areas, warm others, and change the amount of rain and snow falling. Global warming is now accelerating the rate of sea level rise, increasing flooding risks to low income communities and high-risk coastal properties whose development has been encouraged by today's flood insurance system. Some people ask are the effects of global warming really that bad? The answer honestly is yes. If the temperature goes up even a little than that is enough to cause a dramatic transformation of our planet. If the Earth's temperature goes up in even one degree than we could suffer from something so traumatic. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).
According to the IPCC, the extent of climate change effects on individual regions will vary over time and with the ability of different societal and environmental systems to mitigate or adapt to change (Jackson, 2018). Some people say that there is nothing wrong, nothing is happening to our earth. They don’t need to be saying that because there are people out there actually fighting to survive all these intensifying natural disasters. Like people in southern California, Arizona, and even some part of Texas. The country with the most flooding is Bangladesh. It is located next to India. Bangladesh is a low-lying country with over 230 rivers. 18 percent of Bangladesh is flooded every year. They have a population of 14.4 million people and they lose about 5,000 people and destroying more than seven million homes. Global warming is heating up this planet, and that means that wild fires are bigger and more harmful towards all animals including humans. Most wild fires happen in the west of the united states. The largest wild fire recorded has been the wallow fire in Arizona and New Mexico. The wallow fire covered over 788 sqaure miles (504,409 acres). This fire was massive, and it destroyed many people's homes. The Wallow Fire, named for the Bear Wallow Wilderness area where the fire originated, was a massive wildfire that started in the White Mountains near Alpine, Arizona on May 29, 2011.
The fire eventually spread across the Stateline into western New Mexico, United States. The fire was started accidentally by two men who were camping. Four commercial buildings were destroyed; 36 outbuildings were destroyed and one damaged; 32 residences were destroyed and 5 damaged. The estimated cost was $109 million. On July 3, the fire was 95% contained. The Wallow Fire was declared 100% contained as of 6 p.m., July 8. The wallow fire is something that is going to take a very long time to recover from, and it did. Five years after the wallow fire happened, they now have rebirth, and regrowth (jeong,2016). Some evidence that global warming is happening is the ocean is warming, global temperatures are rising, shrinking ice sheets, glacier retreat, decrease is snow coverage, sea levels are rising, extreme events. Plenty more damage has come from global warming like, temperatures will continue to rise, hurricanes will become stronger and more intense, sea levels will rise 1-4 feet by 2100, more droughts and heat waves, changes in precipitation patterns, artic likely becomes ice-free, change will continue through this century and beyond (Jackson, 2018). The polar bears are being affected in a bad way.
Polar bears are affected by several factors, including hunting, pollution and oil extraction. Most notably, hunting, particularly following the introduction of snowmobiles, airplanes and ice breakers, led to a huge decline in certain subpopulations. Polar bears are found in the Arctic circle and surrounding land masses. There are 19 recognized subpopulations, and estimates place their numbers at about 20,000 to 25,000. According to skeptical science.com not all subpopulations are affected to the same degree by climate change, and while some subpopulations are well studied, for others there is insufficient data to make broad statements about current and past numbers. Changes in habitats due to global warming have also affected polar bears negatively. Some polar bears are stranded on land during long summers that prevent sea ice from forming and packing. Declines in permafrost levels can also lead to forest fires that destroy polar bear dens during the summer. Climate change is a very big threat to the polar bears. There are also a variety of animals effected by global warming like, moose, rising temperatures and booming parasite populations, salmon, salmon require cold, fast-flowing streams and rivers to spawn, snowshoe Hares, and many other animals.
Climate change is doing 'widespread and consequential' harm to animals and plants, which are struggling to adapt to new conditions. Sea turtles are harmed a lot by global warming. Various populations of sea turtle species and their nesting sites are vulnerable to sea-level rise, increased storminess and changing temperatures, all impacts of climate change can affect them. These factors may result in current nesting and foraging sites becoming unsuitable for federally threatened and endangered turtle species. Sea turtle have a wide range of habitat, since sea turtles lay eggs on beaches but spend their lives in the ocean, they are affected by climate change by both the land and the sea, if they even make it to the water once they are born. The world will get much worse if nothing is done to stop global warming. Periods of great change make the biggest difference. 97% of climate scientists agree that greenhouse gases emitted by human beings are having a dominant influence on the climate. So, us humans are making worse and may have even started up this whole thing. As the years go by it gets hotter and hotter. Earth's average temperature has been climbing. Ocean and wind currents move heat around the globe in ways that can warm some areas, cool others.
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Drop in Polar Bear Population Due to Global Warming. (2021, Dec 29).
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Habitat of Polar Bears
Polar Bear is in the vertebrate class of mammals. Polar bears live in countries that ring the Arctic Circle: Canada, Russia, the United States (in Alaska), Greenland and Norway They have Adaptational to some of the plants coldest regions and depend on a thick coat of insulated fur, which covers a warming layer of fat. Fur even grows on the bottom of their paws, which protects against cold surfaces and provides a good grip on ice. The bear's stark white coat provides camouflage in surrounding snow and ice.
But under their fur, polar bears have black skin—the better to soak in the sun's warming rays which is why it is so successful today in surviving these fringed regions. Their diet consisting of mainly ringed seals keeps their thick layer of body fat. This helps keep them warm while swimming and maintain their double-layered coat insulating them from the Arctic freezing air. Unfortunately, due to climate change somewhere around two-thirds of the world's bears may be lost. According to the United Nations' Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), ice coverage is likely to fall below one million square kilometers by 2050. With this loss of land for the polar bears to live, it has led polar bears in the US to be listed as an endangered species in 2008. No sea ice means no seals. And no seals mean there will be no polar bears.
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Polar Bears in the Zoo Banned
Have you ever been to the zoo as a kid? Or brought your children there for a fun day to see all the amazing beautiful animals? One animal particularly affected by climate change is the polar bear. As the temperature rises, the polar bear population decreases. These hotter levels are taking their homes away from them. New studies have shown that there has been a dramatic drop in their population. It has fallen to at least 40% in the Southern Beaufort Sea. Due to the loss of sea ice in climate change, the polar bear subpopulation in Northeast Alaska and Canada is also falling. This can affect polar bears in many ways. They use this sea ice to capture seals. If there is no ice it makes it hard for polar bears to stay close to their natural habitats. Instead, they are forced to move into climates that they aren’t very used to. Ecological Applications studies have shown that from 2001-2010 the population of polar bears went from 1,500 to 900 bears.
If numbers like this keep happening, generations to come will not be able to see these majestic creatures. Studies from the University of Washington (funded by NASA) used satellites to see the movement of the ice what they found was that the ice melts early in the spring and would later grow more in the late fall across all 19 polar bear subpopulation. This can impact the polar bear’s in many negative ways such as feeding and breeding capabilities. “The Cryosphere” a paper published in September 14th was one of the first papers to talk about which quantify the changes which goes on in the sea ice across the Arctic region using the metrics that are relevant for polar bear biology. Co-author Harry Stern a researcher from the University of Washington Polar Science said that “This study shows some declining sea ice for all subpopulations of polar bears.” This is a crisis for their species because the analysis shows that some critical timing of ice breaking up and ice freeze up is changing in all directions and this could lead to the extinction of polar bears.
Climate change is also not only impacting polar bears but is also affecting our health and wellbeing. This could affect you by more extreme weather, fires, disease, and air quality. If things keep happening this way we may not be living here for long. Climate disruption to the agriculture has been increasing and are to be projected to be more severe over the country. In some regions there are already having water quality diminishing as we speak. There are prolonged periods of high temperature in some regions that can associate with more droughts, longer wildfires, and longer fire seasons in certain places. For these towns that to be closer to the coast would likely have more sea level rise with a combined with coastal storms. Some few other risks that can come from climate change is increased risk of erosion, heat levels rise, Extreme storms, floods, heavier downpours. Some fellow american see the beneficial things that climate change can brings us for example longer growing season for farming, no ice in the sea for less ships stuck in the great lakes.
The problem with longer growing seasons is pollination and carbon build up can intensify the growing process and allergic people in our world. Problems with ice free seas is the lake effect of snowfalls be more increased in some cases. In the Rocky mountains the Mountain pygmy possum has been forced out of hibernation and are forced to starve to death. Deer in Europe called the Roe deer are rapidly declining from peak fitness. In one study all four seasons says “the each of them will start 1.7 days faster than before since the 1950’s”. This extreme weather is affecting the way we live, animals and plants to not function the same . According to the U.S Environment Agency reports that average temperatures in the U.S have increased in the U.S have increased 0.14 degrees. In Renee Cho’s “Climate Change Poses Challenges to plants and animals” a study during 2011 showed us that species are spreading to higher elevations and also are moving more higher in latitude as well. They are said to have on average reach up to 36 feet per decade and moved approximately 10 miles in latitude.
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Polar Bears in the Zoo Banned. (2021, Dec 29).
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Effects of Climate Change on Ursus Maritimus
Polar bears are the mystic creatures residing in the northern apex of the world, they are one of the few animal that currently live with the least human encroachment. There are estimated about 25,000-31,000 number of Polar Bears alive today divided into 19 subpopulations (Rode, K. D., Robbins, C. T., Nelson, L., & Amstrup, S. C. 2015). The Arctic circle is one of the most delicate ecosystems on the planet, and because of fragile nature of the ecosystem (McConnell., et al. 2007), Polar Bears are the first ones to feel the detrimental effects of climate change. This paper will examine literature about factors affecting the natural habitat of the Polar Bears. Literature Review Ursus maritimus (Polar Bear) roughly translates to marine bear because they live on partly on ice and partly on land, specifically they utilize sea ice, sea ice is essentially ocean water that freezes and melts during the year forming sheets of ice-land that’s extends into the ocean (Andrew., et al. 2004).
After the boom of the industrial revolution, many machines that use fossil fuel began to be mass produced. Combustion of fossil fuel emits carbon dioxide that was once contained in the fossil fuel in the form of carbon. Released carbon dioxide in the atmosphere traps the solar heat and radiation in the atmosphere (Siegenthaler, U., & Oeschger, H. 1978). Increased carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is prevents the ice from staying frozen as it used to before the industrial revolution, Carbon fossil fuel combustion alters chemical and physical properties of the atmosphere and snow albedo, “from 1906 to 1910, estimated surface climate forcing in early summer from [Carbon] in Arctic snow was about 3 watts per square meter, which is eight times the typical preindustrial forcing value” (Ménégoz., et al. 2013) which BIOL 2140.001 2 translates to delayed formation of the sea ice and it melting away in the earlier months of summer. When ice melts away fast, it reduces the time Polar Bears have, to hunt for food. Polar bears hunt during summer months and hibernated during the winter months.
Monthly (black) and annual (red) BC concentrations from 1788 through 2002 measured in the Greenland D4 ice core. (B) Winter and summer BC concentrations show that long-term changes in BC were greater in winter (red) than in summer (black) during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The free carbon radical in the air creates a greenhouse effect by capturing the heat and radiation from the sun with the atmosphere acting as a blanket, this contains the heat that would otherwise reflect back into space. The greenhouse effect is slowly increasing the temperature of BIOL 2140.001 3 the water in the oceans resulting in the temperature around the arctic circle to steadily climb. Because of the rise of atmospheric CO2, toward the end of the 21st century, seawater surface temperatures have been predicted to increase by 0.71–2.73 ?C in the surface ocean (Legrand., et al. 2017). “During the peak period 1930-40, the annually averaged temperature anomaly for the area 60° - 90° N amounted to some 1.7 °C”, the increased temperature of the ocean water is making it harder for ice to form and warmer waters are also changing the patterns of ice formation in the arctic circle (Bengtsson., et al. 2004). The places where Polar Bears usually hunt for seals and fishes are becoming less and less stable with the increased water temperature compromising the integrity of ice below the surface of the water.
Sea Ice that is not structurally sound is dangerous to the bear population that is not apt for swimming with the preys i.e. Bear cubs. Fig 1: Monthly March ice extent for 1979 to 2016 shows a decline of 2.7 percent per decade. BIOL 2140.001 4 Changing ice patterns is a sign of deteriorating polar caps, for a species that is depended on ice for its survival, melting ice is very harmful. The change in the temperature causes ice to freeze improperly, which gives way to structurally unsound ice. When ice isn’t frozen properly it breaks apart easily under pressure or any exertion (Xu, Z., Kim, D., & Kim, S. H. 2013). when the water waves hit the sea ice with force, it breaker apart because of the ice that didn’t compact during freezing, this can have detrimental effect on the main land since this increase the surface area of ice that is available for sunlight to melt, this is going to slower the formation of ice in the winter.
This can be dangerous to bears when they try to catch prey, as the ice can break away from the main sea ice. When sea ice breaks away from the main ice, it starts to float on the ocean as an ice berg. Polar bears eat seals (Hamilton., et al. 2017), and floating ice bergs mean that there is lots of places that seals can climb on and sit safely, away from the main sea ice. This makes it harder for the bears to get their food since the floating ice can provide a safe haven for the seals, they have to move farther away from their home to find food. A longer time to find food translates into more energy expend on trying to find food. To conserve energy they are being forced to move closer and closer to the edge of the sea ice. The ease of access to food was what helped to keep the bears in the heart of the arctic, but now with the loss of the accessibility, they are having to move and explore their options. Often times they are not successful in finding food. The life cycle of polar bears is eating and storing up energy during the summer and hibernating during the winter months.
The seals are harder and harder to capture due to the sea ice breaking away but some bears are fasting (Pilfold, et. al 2016) by not trying to catch the seals to conserve what little energy is left in them. There was a substantial change in the masses of observed bears. The bears that fast have learned hold a BIOL 2140.001 5 depressed metabolic state while on land to conserve energy due to the lack of food availability. “From the formation of annual sea ice in the autumn until breakup in summer, polar bears hunt seals from the ice surface. Hyperphagia occurs in spring, timed to the reproductive activities of ringed seals, and provides the energetic stores for survival through the open-water period, when prey are less available. Fluctuations in foraging activity are likely greatest in seasonal ice areas, where sea ice melts completely each summer and polar bears lose access to prey.” (Pilfold et al. 2012, 2015). Fig 3: Map of polygons, ice survey points (asterisks), and ringedseal sightings (diamonds) used to quantify shore ringed seal density, polar bear density on land, and the distance to sea-ice on the Alaskan coast of the Southern Beaufort Sea.
The scarcity of the staple food has forced polar bears to some extremes, they have been forced to move away from their main habitat and have tried to find food elsewhere. The human population of Southern Beaufort Sea have started to witness more bear sighting than before. the bears are raiding campsites and research areas to find sustenance (Schliebe., et al 2008). Wild animals only leave their natural habitat once their ecosystem has been altered and the polar bears are being forced just like any other animal, to move into the human territory because there is a lack of food due to the changing climate of the arctic. The sighting has increased over the past 10 years and it is expected to increase even more during the open water season, it has clustered around the expected ringed seal locations but it has raised security concerns for the bears food resources. It is possible that the bear population not living near human encampment might not have the privilege to get food and start dwindling in population. The polar bears living near the nest of arctic birds have found a more creative way to cope with the lack of food. they have started to attack the nests on these bird to provide temporary nourishment.
The Polar bear predation of Arctic bird eggs is increasing because of earlier sea ice breakup, which forces polar bears into nearshore terrestrial environments where Arctic birds are nesting but it is unclear whether nest foraging can provide an energetic benefit to polar bear populations, especially given the capacity of bird populations to redistribute in response to increasing predation pressure” (Dey, C. J., Richardson, E., McGeachy, D., Iverson, S. A., Gilchrist, H. G., & Semeniuk, C. D. 2017). The food sources that are available in place of the seals are not dense enough for the bears to last through their hibernation, the eggs and the scrape of food does little to keep the mass of adipose on the bear (Rode, K. D., Robbins, C. T., Nelson, L., & Amstrup, S. C. 2015). It was observed that the female masses were still trying to get to the location with energy dense BIOL 2140.001 7 food to provide for the cubs and herself. This was inefficient in energy since the cost of getting the getting energy efficient food was offset by the travel time and the energy cost of travelling the distance. The population of polar bears has started to decline over the past two decades, in an arial survey (Peacock, E., Derocher, A., Thiemann, G., & Stirling, I. 2011), the clusters of bears seem to be very sparse and scattered, the factors in the destruction of sea ice has caused the food factor to be sparse which in turn has affected the population density of the bears to decline.
Synthesis and conclusion The slight changes in the abiotic factors of the environment of the planet creates massive changes in the habitat of polar bears. the carbon in the air has caused ice to melt faster and the carbon dioxide in the water has reduced the speed the ice forms in the winter. The change in temperature has changed in the patters of ice formation and sea ice has been weaken due to the rise in temperature. Sea ice that is not compact and strong breaks away creating a safe haven for ringed seal, which are a staple diet for the polar bears. ice that’s breaking away also has become dangerous of the bears. Just like any other wild animal, the polar bear has had to improvise its diet to survive, they have started to raid the human settlements and have started to eat from the nests of the arctic birds. This has not been an improvement in their diet as the body masses have shown to decrease. The scarcity of food has pushed the polar bear population to decline. With the restoration of the sea ice and the patterns of ice and ringed seals returning to normal, there can be a chance for the polar bear population to bounce back in number.
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Effects of Climate Change on Ursus Maritimus. (2021, Dec 29).
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Dr. Gerty Radnitz Cori’s Passion for Discovery
Today the Cori Cycle is introduced in numerous biology classes. It is the mechanism of how our muscles produce and store energy. It has become such a basic part of science that it is easy to forget how revolutionary it was in the 1920s when Gerty Radnitz Cori alongside her husband discovered it (McGrayne 93). Throughout her life, Gerty Cori faced many hardships and obstacles, yet she was able to accomplish so much and make many more discoveries.
Dr. Gerty Radnitz Cori was born Gerty Theresa Radnitz, daughter of Otto Radnitz and Martha Neustadt on August 15, 1896, in Prague, Czechoslovakia (Exton 5). While she had a wealthy Jewish family and her father was a chemist and her uncle was a pediatrics professor, attending a university was not easy. Gerty was homeschooled, by her mom, until the age of ten, she then went to a girls’ finishing school that did not teach her the required subjects to enter a university (Exton 5). With the encouragement of her uncle, she did everything possible to attend medical school, even learned three years of Latin in one summer (McGrayne 101).
Once in medical school, Gerty met her husband Carl Cori and became fascinated with biochemistry (McGrayne 94). Since women were not socially accepted, Carl played a major role in the success of Gerty. Once they graduated from medical school, Gerty and Carl were married, since Gerty was Jewish she changed her religion to Catholicism, not only to marry but to avoid religious discrimination (McGrayne 5&98). For a while, they worked in Europe, where the living conditions were not the best, so they made the decision to move to the United States.
Carl was the one receiving job offerings; however, he did not accept any job offers from any university if they did not offer one to Gerty (McGrayne 93). The Coirs were a well-wired team, the talents of one completed the skills of the other. While many thought Carl was the genius of the partnership it was not exactly like that. Both were ambitious, but Carl was more of the visionary and Gerty was the genius, but it was because of Carls Contemplative talents and Gerty’s instinct for ferreting out information in the lab that they made one discovery after another (McGrayne 101).
Gerty's first job in the U.S. was a pathologist assistant, although it was not what she wanted to study, it gave her time in the lab (McGrayne 99). The Coris slowly started studying how the body sends energy from one place to another. Through the 1920s Gert made sure she and Carl carefully measured “minutes amount” of sugar, glycogen, and two controlling hormones in laboratory animals (McGrayne 100). After six years of intense work, the Coris could explain how mammals get energy from muscle exercise. According to their theory, energy moves in a cycle from a muscle to the liver and back again to a muscle (McGrayne 100). “The muscles extract most of the energy from the sugar, but leave some in the form of lactic acid. To conserve its resources, the body recycles the lactic acid back into glycogen in a series of elaborate steps” known as the Cori Cycle (McGrayne 100). First, it is sent from the muscle to the liver. Next, the body supplies oxygen, so that the liver can convert the lactic acid back into sugar. The sugar then returns to the muscle, where it converts back into glycogen for storage (McGrayne 100).
It became difficult to study carbohydrates in a cancer research institute, so the Coris looked for a new job and accepted a job at the Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, Missouri, where Gerty worked as a research assistant (McGrayne 102-103). The lab there was less equipped than other labs, yet their careers still took off there. They discovered the glucose compound, Glucose-1-phosphate, how glycogen breaks down into sugar, and made glycogen in a test tube, something that was said could not be made without living cells (McGrayne 105-106). The Coris became the leaders in the enzyme world discovering one enzyme after another. At the time biologist and physicians thought that biochemistry was irrelevant to their work, but the Coris understood that precise chemical processes occurred in the body and revolutionized biology and medicine (McGrayne 104). Their work had wide Implications for the treatment of diabetes and pushed Biochemistry closer and closer into modern molecular biology (McGrayne 106).
Even with all these incredible discoveries and accomplishments, Gerty was still a low research associate and it was not until 1944 that she became associate professor and was given tenure (McGrayne 107). By 1947 the Coris established a lab to focus fully on enzymes (McGrayne 107). Gerty spent every working day there, she was a very passionate woman with high standers, she was ruthless at times and could cut students and Noble prize winners to shreds if their minds were not working right (McGrayne 110). In 1947 Gerty along with her husband and scientist Bernardo A. Houssay won the Nobel prize for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen (book or 112). She was the first American Women and the third woman in general to win a Nobel Prize (McGrayne 93).
After winning the Noble Prize Gerty was diagnosed with a fatal type of anemia that left her needing blood transfusions for the rest of her life (McGrayne 113). This was the second disease Gerty dealt with in her life, Gerty developed xerophthalmia, a form of blindness when she lived in Europe (Exton 5). Even with her illness Gerty kept on working and did some of her most important work while sick. She discovered the second molecular disease through a bet she made with Joseph Larner, the disease was caused by a missing enzyme (McGrayne 115). Gerty was “elected to the National Academy of Sciences and received an award from the American Chemical Society, the Squibb Award from the Endocrine Society, the Garven Medal of the American Chemical Society, the St. Louis Award, the Borden Award of the Association of American Medical Colleges, and many honorary degrees.” (Exton 147).
The rest of her remaining years, Gerty’s main interest was to define the enzyme deficiencies underlying certain glycogen storage diseases (Exton 145). Gerty died on October 26, 1957, at the age of 61. Gerty was “a human of great spiritual depths…modest, kind, generous and affectionate to a superlative degree and a lover of nature and art.” (McGrayne 116). Her work opened an entire field of genetic diseases for study and laid a foundation for the understanding of how cells use food and convert it to energy (McGrayne 116). Gerty Cori was an amazing colleague, scientist, and friend to many and even heroic to her husband (McGrayne 116).
Dr. Gerty RandiCori studied carbohydrates metabolism, enzymes, and children diseases caused by an enzyme deficiency. She was the third woman and the first American women to win the noble prize. She grew up in a time where getting a college education was possible but difficult. She faced religious and gender discrimination and was diagnosed with anemia that left her needing a blood transfusion for the rest of her life. Through it all, she continued to work and stay just as passionate about her research. She survived in science because she was passionately determined and in love with her work. Biochemistry was her love and she continued to love it until she died. ?
Works Cited
- McGrayne, Sharon Bertsch, et al. Nobel Prize Women in Science: Their Lives, Struggles and Momentous Discoveries, Joseph Henry Press, 2001. ProQuest Ebook Central, https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gbcnv-ebooks/detail.action?docID=4388329.
- Exton, John H. Crucible of Science The Story of the Cori Laboratory. Oxford University Press, 2013. ProQuest Ebook Central, https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gbcnv-ebooks.
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Passion Provides the Potential to Succeed
It catalyzes hard work and encourages advancement in everything we do. But passion without a goal is ultimately futile. As for my future endeavors, I have always had passion to work in the STEM field, and a strong interest and calling to the field of science. My ambition is to become a Family Nurse Practitioner, in which I will deliver primary healthcare to a diverse community through diagnosing and treating illnesses and provide health education to patients based of medical and physical examinations. In order to achieve this goal, I planned to utilize every opportunity that I know will educate and push me towards my ambition, thus why I took such a strong interest when I learned about the CASE Advancement Internship program.
My name is Konrad Shirley and I would like to thank you for taking the time to read my personal letter regarding the CASE Advancement Internship program. I am currently a sophomore at the University of Illinois at Champaign-Urbana, and I am majoring in Chemistry. I am applying for this internship program, because I strongly believe it will provide me with an opportunity to elevate my level of professionalism in the work place and propel my potential to be successful in my desired career path. I learned about the CASE internship, because I was referred to the program by a board member of the Project of Higher Education. From my research, I immediately understood that CASE emphasizes professional development, a quality that many of my peers entering the workforce do not possess. After seeing this, I realized that I would love to take on the role as a CASE intern, if fortunate enough to gain the opportunity.
In order to prepare myself for the workforce, I have taken many opportunities to strengthen my abilities as a leader. I currently serve as Provincial Lieutenant Strategus of Kappa Alpha Psi Fraternity Inc. where I focus on the educational advancement of collegiate students in the Midwest. I also serve as an Elected Senator for Hall Council at my university, in which I focus on the needs and desires of the students in their different halls. These positions taught me how to lead and manage large groups of people in a professional way while also achieving the goal I had set. Regarding my work history, I have worked as a Physical Therapy Aide. This program not only gave me my first introduction into the medical field, but also showed me how to instruct and assist patients as they practiced exercises and activities with the care of medical trainers. This experience provided me with humility and patience while also pushing my passion deeper into the medical field. Though my passion for the medical field is strongly an internal desire, I would be amiss if I said I found it by myself. My parents have always encouraged me to find something that I love and to always put my best foot towards it. I am reassured that these previous experiences have provided me with many qualities such as strengthened leadership, increased maturity, and an elevated sense of responsibility. Though these experiences have guided me, I understand there is much more I must learn to be successful in my career.
I am certain that your internship will fortify my strengths and bring awareness to my flaws. I hope to utilize what I have learned so far and merge my experiences with the education I would receive from the internship. I am extremely excited about the idea of being able to work as a Case Intern and I am confident that my passion, past job, leadership experience, and educational background will match what you are looking for in the position.
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Juxtaposing the Tragedies of Failed Searches for Passion
This consequence of jeopardizing stability is dissolved by the fact that this play is a comedy. It serves to juxtapose the tragedies of failed quests for passion by illuminating successful ones. It also serves as a guide to teach contentment within one’s own class through the character of Simon Eyre. Lacy and Rose represent the dissolve of class differences as a whole through their marriage. Lacy abandons the nation by not serving in the war and instead, serves himself by masquerading as a shoemaker. Rose abandons preserving her social climb by marrying Lacy who is now a shoemaker. Lacy shirking his responsibility to the nation to instead serve himself is rewarded in the play by the king.
The king gives priority to individuality over the national at the end of the play by saying: Besides, your nephew for her sake did stoop To bare necessity and, as I hear, Forgetting honors and all courtly pleasures, To gain her love became a shoemaker. (xxi. 117-122) Dekker provides a happy ending for almost everyone in the play, partly due to the fact that this play is classified as a comedy. Lacy’s choice to renounce his obligations to serve in France is awarded with knighthood, and Otley is pleased with Lacy now because his daughter will become a lady. The only person who does not seem pleased is Lincoln. He tells the king that he is satisfied only “since there’s no other remedy” (xxi.127). Lincoln stands for the way things were. The Shoemaker’s Holiday is classified as a comedy, but it can also be classified as a history.
The happy ending, for the majority of the characters, is akin to how history is perceived by the victors. In addition, its incorporation of holidays serves to give it historical value . In “Corporate Nationalism in Thomas Dekker’s The Shoemaker’s Holiday” Christopher Morrow states that “The specificity of Eyre’s Background is contrasted with that of the ambiguous character of the king, who lurks on the play’s margins” (Morrow 423). The king in this play is a diminished character who is further marginalized by other references to historical characters like Sir Roger Otley. Morrow further states that the king in the play is marginalized through the allusions to historical figures like Conand Askew, John Hammon, and Sir, John Cornwall. (Morrow 423).
This is done to provide a historical context to the play. Just because this play is a comedy, it does not mean it cannot be history as well. In “Performing Historicity in Dekker’s “The Shoemaker’s Holiday” Brian Walsh introduces the idea that this play should be classified as a history. He writes: “To read The Shoemaker’s Holiday as an Elizabethan history play helps to redefine the limits of that genre, while also helping to redefine the relationship between popular theater and the emerging historical consciousness of the English Renaissance” (Walsh 324). The king’s decision to award Lacy with knighthood is done to create a happy ending in the play, to popularize it.
However, by not naming the king, it creates an emphasis on other characters who allude to historical figures. It provides them with recognition. Recognition is an important theme in a play that is also filled with disguises. The king in the play is disguised because he is nameless. Lacy throughout the play is disguised as a shoemaker to avoid the war and marry Rose, and Rafe is in a disguise as well. Rafe’s disguise might be the most significant one in the play because he juxtaposes Lacy. Both Lacy and Rafe are drafted for the war, and both try to escape their service. Lacy attempts and succeeds escaping martial service, but Rafe is not as fortunate. While Lacy has his own individual voice that is magnified by his desires, Rafe has others speak for him. Morrow writes that “He does not even speak on his own behalf, allowing Simon Eyre and his entire shop to argue for his freedom. His silence emphasizes the split between the individual and the communal as Rafe relies on his membership in a community of shoemakers to argue for him. His community is unable to save him” (Morrow 436).
The character of Lacy is meant to illustrate how nobility, even when disguised, is able to avoid unpleasant circumstances, while the servitude of the working class is always expected. Lacy was able to avoid martial service by stating that he has serious business and justifying his disguise as a shoemaker as divine and kingly. His “serious business” is his passion for Rose. Lacy rejects the traditional ideals of honor and begins to redefine it in his own terms. He chooses his individual desires over the desires of his country and community . Lacy had the luxury to redefine ideals without any repercussions while Rafe did not. Morrow writes: “Rafe, despite also being in love, is not as lucky as Lacy. When he returns lame from the war in France, he learns that his wife, Jane, has been driven away by Eyre’s wife and he knows only that she still lives in London” (Morrow 436). Rafe’s love for his wife was in compliance with the social norms of society.
Rafe did not have rampant passion driving him to disguise himself or flee the war with his wife. Rafe was considered a common man, one who followed the rules set in place by society. Yet, those rules failed him. In the text Rafe says: “My lame leg and travel beyond sea made me unknown” (xviii.15-6). His wife Jane was unable to recognize him, and she ends up engaged to another man. Rafe, in service to his country and king, ends up being physically disabled, unrecognizable and his wife engaged to someone else. Both Rafe and Lacy end up in disguises, Rafe’s a product of war, and Lacy’s intentional to be with his love Rose. The ramifications of jeopardizing stability are eliminated by the fact that this play is a comedy. The Shoemaker’s Holiday serves to juxtapose the tragedies of failed quests for passion by illuminating successful ones. It also serves as a guide to teach contentment within one’s own class through the character of Simon Eyre.
In “Performing Historicity in Dekker’s “The Shoemaker’s Holiday” Brian Walsh writes that “This historicity is structured around the humble rather than the great. Simon Eyre, and not the king with whom he socializes at the play’s end, is the prominent character in The Shoemaker’s Holiday’s historical narrative. In fact, the king is not even named” (Walsh 328). This is significant because it demonstrates how Eyre illustrates the morality associated with class differences. His ability to regulate his passion and emphasis on morals provided him with respect of his community as well as the king. The king namelessness is intentionally done to juxtapose Eyre with the monarchy. Eyre stands for what the people want, while the king is a minuet figure in the play. Eyre represents the community and that morals and love are the most important to the success of society. In all of these plays, passion is portrayed as lust mimicking love. Marlowe’s Edward II portrays a play about the monarchy that deals with class differences amongst the favored. Gaveston's social status is elevated because he is favored by the king, which demonstrates how passion can shift the social status for an individual. In Arden of Faversham the husband succumbs to an untimely death by his wife Alice because of her passion for Mosby.
This represents how a social institution such as marriage can be easily destroyed by unbridled lust. The fluidity among class differences is most pronounced in Thomas Dekker’s Shoemaker’s Holiday. This play demonstrates mobility among the classes being triggered by love. Lacy moves among the classes by first being a noble, second by becoming a shoemaker because of love, and third being granted knighthood. In all three of these plays, passion undermines the stability of class differences. It is passion that elevated Gaveston in Marlowe’s Edward II, destroyed Alice’s marriage in anonymous Arden of Faversham, and dropped Lacy to a lower and then higher social class in Dekker’s Shoemaker’s Holiday. This observation illustrates how easily the establishment of class differences can be shattered by rampant passion, and how the aftershocks can trickle into social institutions such as marriage, and rank.
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Juxtaposing the Tragedies of Failed Searches for Passion. (2021, Dec 29).
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My Passion for Learning in Life
As a child of Eritrean immigrants, I learned early on to cherish my education, especially since my parents, who grew up in the midst of a war, did not have such opportunities. Being an African American first-generation college student in the making is not only one of the most rewarding experiences I will have but also the most terrifying. From a young age, I pushed myself to value my education and take every opportunity that I could to advance it. Appreciating my parents’ academic and socioeconomic disadvantages has made me gasp every educational opportunity I have and direct my efforts into every challenge I undertake. Aside from my values, I have always hoped to have a career that would combine my desire to help others with my love of science. Upon learning that only 2% of practicing physicians in the United States are African American women, I recognized that I wanted my aspirations to join the medical field to be tightly woven with my passions: to serve my community and to inspire others in the process. The last two years have not been easy.
During the most important years of my high school career I lost my home to the wildfires that consumed much of my city; soon after, I lost my father, who battled brain cancer bravely for two years before he passed in April of 2018. While I struggled to gain my footing on a ground that was seemingly in shambles beneath me I never lost sight of my dreams. Although I have long hoped to become a doctor, it was my personal experiences and the knowledge that there is a lack of diversity in this field that expanded my motivation. I began to realize that I want to not only follow my passion for myself but also for those that come after me.
I want to show them that, regardless of their circumstances, a better life where they turn their own dreams into a reality, regardless of the struggles they face, is not only possible but something worth striving for. I now recognize that this desire I possess to succeed and inspire ultimately drives my passion for a higher education. (363) Think about an academic subject that inspires you. Describe I’ve always had a diverse cluster of intellectual interests; during junior year, I took Biology and realized my passion was the science of life. Our bodies’ intricacies form an infinite puzzle that never ceases to amaze me. When I look at a single cell under a microscope, I witness its unfathomable complexity. Every day my peers remind me that what makes them who they are isn’t just social upbringing but, as epigenetics states, the echoes of their ancestors. As my exposure to biology increased, my curiosity in how it can be applied to the health field was piqued.
Through organizations like Key Club, I dedicated my high school years to raising awareness of Pediatric Trauma and raising money to combat it. We held dozens of fundraisers to raise money for the Pediatric Trauma Program that went towards helping fund the education of medical professionals, educate communities, and buy medical equipment. We also held a city-wide Awareness Fair in an effort to teach easy ways families can prevent these types of traumas. Ultimately, my passion for biology began to blend with my passion for helping my community and from then on I began to take every opportunity I had to continue my passion outside and inside the classroom. I started my four year journey to raise money to provide maternal and neonatal tetanus shots for women and children in third world countries through organizations such as UNICEF.
Furthermore, in my junior year, I won a grant which allowed me to plan a bike safety fair with the fire department and hand out free helmets. I’ve taken a college medical terminology course where I had the privilege of learning not only the structure of common medical terms but also explored the human anatomy, diseases, procedures, and treatments. I got to explore different health related fields and strengthened my desire to join the medical field. I ultimately hope to follow my passion for science through a Biology degree that I will use to guide me in becoming a pediatrician. (336)
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Harnessing the Power of Passion in your Network Marketing Business
Staying motivated and excited about your MLM or Direct Marketing business can be one of the biggest challenges we face as network marketers. Let’s face it, this business takes lots of hard work, dedication, commitment, time management, careful planning, hours of networking and trying like crazy to turn No’s into Yes’s? How many of you like myself, started on this journey while still working a full time job, trying to juggle a family, housework, and everything else life throws at you? Aside from the obvious reasons people fail like not being committed, lack of knowledge, lack of support etc. I believe having no passion is a huge factor for many people that fail in network marketing. Think about this for a minute….ask yourself these questions. Did you ever have a passion for network marketing to begin with? What about for the business opportunity you joined? Did you just like the products, so you decided to try selling? Or did you just lose your passion somewhere along the way? What I learned over the past few years is that passion plays a huge role in our success as a network marketer.
First, I don’t know about you but when I started in network marketing I wasn’t even looking for an opportunity to make money from home through an MLM or network marketing business. In all honesty, I already had a great career and never thought of myself as doing this network marketing. So how did I get started you ask? Well, my journey started because someone I knew introduced me to the products and the opportunity. At first, I was just purchasing the products to support her and when she mentioned the opportunity I thought “what the heck” not sure I’ll be any good at it but why not give it a try; besides, I didn’t have to purchase anything additional to join I just had to pay a $40.00 fee to be able to promote the products. I won’t mention company names but sadly the company had a bad reputation for having you spam your page with product post and people’s messengers with scripts. In addition, the girl who signed me up even started friending all my friends and inviting them to her online parties!! (I had no idea at the time you could hide your friends list). Needless to say it was not the best experience starting out in this industry, and I quickly got frustrated and gave up. I also found that I didn’t really like the products either once I received them.
This leads me to my first point, if you started this journey for the same reasons I did, you probably had no passion to begin with and your likelihood of suffering the same fate as I did is almost guaranteed. You had to have really wanted to do network marketing to begin with in order to have any hope of being successful. I’m sure there are some of you who started the same way I did and may have found you had a knack for this and absolutely fell in love and found great success but the bottom line is for most you won’t. You had to have wanted it to start with not just sorta wanted it.
So you tried a product maybe even purchased them a few times or maybe you never even tried the products at all but someone sold you on the dream. The dream of being your own boss, working any hours you want, earning a free car and trips, and of earning thousands of dollars with their great compensation plan right? This happened to me too, as I stated above I had given up network marketing for about six months and than saw some people who appeared to be having success on my Facebook page and thought maybe I could try this again, after all working for myself sounded pretty good right? All I needed to do was just find a better network marketing company right? I came across another opportunity and someone who had promised I could do this in what little spare time I had and that the compensation plan was amazing. She also promised lots of support and help while I learned this business. I signed up and quickly realized it was more work than I had bargained for.
Now, I am certainly not adverse to hard work but this was in health and wellness let me tell you there are tons of people who want to lose weight or get healthy; but to be honest most don’t want to pay for expensive products or want it bad enough to be consistent. If you’re in health and wellness you know by now that people often need a lot of guidance, ongoing support and motivation right…. Accountability is huge if your in health and wellness. This long story, leads me to the next point.. Now, I am pretty fit and healthy; however, I am certainly not the girl you find at the gym several times a week or reading up on health related industry news or running a 10k, I hate running lol. Recently I have started to get better about trying to eat clean but health is just not something I could say I’m extremely passionate about.
The problem is like myself you may have started with selling something you are not passionate about. Now, you could still do well though if you have a passion for helping people but, you will need to spend a lot of time learning and developing the skills to help people with their journey. To be honest, if you are one of those people that rarely works out, if ever, and who doesn’t watch what you eat or that doesn’t spend a lot of time catching up on the latest diet and nutritional related news you will likely struggle in this industry. You really have to 'be a product of the product” and you will need to be providing lots of value and lots of support. I had several people approach me throughout the years about selling jewelry or make up too. I have never been a huge fan of jewelry, I pretty much wear the same exact pieces of jewelry every day and make-up I only wear when I’m going out or doing a live. If you want to have a any chance of being successful you absolutely must find something your passionate about.
Because others will see through that and you will definitely get burned out and your message will not have any fire behind it. Our passions have a way of energizing us and compelling us to want to learn more and do more. No passion means no story, if you can’t convey the passion you feel you certainly cannot expect others to feel the excitement about your brand either right? Passion is that enthusiasm or excitement we have for something, It is our primary reason as to why we love something. I will be the first to tell you if your not passionate about your side business you will get burned out very quickly and it will be hard to ever make it your primary source of income. Besides if you are going to work for yourself why not love what you’re doing right? So how do you figure out what your passions are?
This was the hardest part for me, I had lots of interests; but, I would not have called any of them a passion. Some people are very lucky they know exactly what that passion is and you’re probably doing that very thing right now. For myself, I was a single mom, worked two jobs and put myself through college all simultaneously for eight years, I hardly had time to sleep much less discover a passion? Passions can be many things. Passions can be things like sailing, cooking, or traveling but it could also be things like teaching, writing, planning events, or designing websites. Just because you are not good at something doesn’t mean your passionate about it, no matter what skill is required regardless of our passion. So find something your passionate about and develop your skills.
Start with these activities to see if you can find yours:
- Write down your hobbies, interest (some of you may know exactly what those are?)
- What topic(s) can you talk endlessly about?
- If money was no object, what job could you do for the rest of your life and not get paid and still want to do it every day?
If you are struggling like I did, you have several interest but don’t know how you would make those cohesive in a message or you have no idea what your passion or interest are then try to look at the underlying theme. Ask yourself these questions
- What is it IN YOU that finds each of these things interesting?
- What single quality or desire or belief IN YOU relates to all those things?
- If you had to boil down all these things to one single thing that lights you up, what would it be?
If you can determine the connective thread this will allow to create your brand around a common theme, not just one interest. The next part of determining your brand is to determine your strengths. If you want to learn about finding your strengths refer to the next post “Finding your Super powers”.
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Trump and Zucker are Codependent on each other
In the article written for the New York Times Magazine, Donald Trump and his presidency has been giving sole responsibility for the saving the 24 hour news station, CNN. Had Trump lost the election, CNN would probably have returned to its previously scheduled struggle for survival. Instead, it has become more central to the national conversation than at any point in the network’s history since the first gulf war. While CNN is not the cable-news network that profited from Trumps current role of politician, Fox and MSNBC has also seen a rise in ratings that has not seem to slow down.
Jeff Zucker was a producer for NBC when the reality show headed by Donald Trump was at its peak. Mr. Zucker worked to ensure the Donald Trump would be known as more than a subpar Real Estate mogul with failing casinos in Atlantic City, New Jersey. The co-dependent relationship between the television executive and the current President of the United States is based on the need for both of them to be relevant. Mr. Zucker needed Trumps reality show to help him climb the corporate ladder. In turn, Mr. Zucker made Trumps even more popular. As the POTUS cements his title as president of political sound bites, once again Mr. Zucker benefits. Mr. Zucker’s political affiliation is not specified in the article but one could assume he is not a Trump supporter and yet there may not have been a President Trump without him and possibly without Trump Mr. Zucker may not be the President of CNN Worldwide.
In the first paragraph, the sentence “had Trump lost…gulf war” was taken from the original article in the exact format but appears as the my original work due to missing quotation marks. The quotation mark would allow the reader to recognize that these are the words of Jonathan Mahler, the writer of the article I am referencing.
In the first paragraph, the sentence “while CNN…seemed to slow down” has only minor modifications to the wording. Synonyms were used so that the sentence is not an exact quote but no attribution was made to the originator of the idea.
In the second paragraph, the sentence “Mr. Zucker worked…failing casinos in Atlantic City, New Jersey” states the main idea of the article written by Jonathan Mahler. Adding the phrase “according to Jonathan Mahler” this sentence looks as if it was used with giving the author of the article proper attribution.
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This is an Autobiography about Kennedy Repak
This is an autobiography about Kennedy Repak In this 7-paragraph essay, you will learn about me and a little bit about my family. And some hobbies The first paragraph is the introduction paragraph. The second paragraph is all about me as a baby. The third and foremost paragraph is about my family. The fourth is about my school history. The fifth one is my hobbies. Hobbies are like something you like to do and you do it a lot. The sixth one is about my future. I don’t really know about that one. The seventh one is the closing. I think that part is not important in my opinion. Me as a baby. When I was a newborn I cried and cried. I was weird. My favorite toy when I was a baby was a Minnie Mouse rattle. I had a dog her name was Alley. Alley would lick my face, and I would giggle and laugh. I giggled too much when she licked me. On my birthday after they sang the traditional song to me, my dad had walked over to me with a fork with cake on it, then he put it in my mouth and I cried for some random reason.
We think it was excitement. That was me when I was an infant. When I was a toddler, on September 19, 2011, my sister Mckinnley was born. After my mom came home I got to hold my sister and my mom assisted. This sort-of long paragraph is about my family. One thing about my parents they like to clean. Especially my dad. My dad’s name is Matthew. My dad was born in Queens, New York on February 6, 1975. My dad teaches 5th grade at Christine Donnell School of The Arts. My dad also had 2 siblings. Like me. My mom’s name is Jennifer. My mother was born in Winslow, Arizona in October. My mom teaches at Fairmont Junior High. She teaches Home Ec and teen living. She teaches 7th, 8th, and 9th grade. I have 2 siblings. An older brother whose name is Harrison. My sisters' name is Mckinnley. I fight with them but we get along most of the time. I have more than 35 family members alive. My school history. I’ve been to 5 different schools so far in my life.
My first school was Joy Christian school. I had the same teacher for my 3yr old class and 4yr old class. Then I went to Apache Elementary school. That teachers’ name was Mr. Fish. He taught kindergarten. Then for 1st grade, I went to Sunset Heights Elementary school. Mr. Fish moved to the same school. I thought that he was going to be my teacher again. Then after I moved to a school closer to my Grandma’s house. For 2nd grade, every time that there was an event or the half day my grandma would come watch me or pick me up from school and take me home. Then I moved to Idaho and came here to Amity Elementary school. All about me. My favorite hobbies are making potholders, bracelets, painting, making stuff that is for my family, making 3d stuff. My favorite sports are basketball, gymnastics, running, triathlons, and football. I only watch football though. I have one pet, and it is a dog. She is named Macy. Macy is a black lab border collie mix so my mom has to walk her every day. I’m pretty sure she doesn’t like doing it, but she has to do the long walks because she doesn’t want us alone walking around the neighborhood with a dog. I like too many books.
Here are some of the ones I really like: Christopher Robin, The Babysitters Club, Prince Warriors, Alice Through The Looking Glass, Celebrate the Year With Winnie The Pooh, Inside out the junior novelization, Charlotte’s Web, Shel Silverstein books, Kingdom Keepers, Survivors, Puppy Place, and Candymakers. I like friends that are humorous but not too humorous. Also, I like sporty and fun friends. I have sensitive feelings. My future. My life is good. I have many friends. My job is not quite ready yet. I want to be a surgeon or a nurse. I am now in Medical school. I am training on a test dummy. My hobbies are mostly still making stuff. But the thing that I most love to do is skiing. I live in Boise, Idaho. But sadly I am being transported to a college in California to continue education for being a surgeon. I have 4 more years to go I hope. I have no husband yet. I am going to get a dog to make me feel like someone loves me that isn't human and plus a friend as well. That is my life story or secretly predicting the future. I know it takes a lot of perseverance to go through a lot of school to get the job you want. But hey it’s worth it! If you are wondering I am willing to do all of the work to get this job to help people.
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This Is an Autobiography About Kennedy Repak. (2021, Dec 29).
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Emissions of Vehicles to the Environment
Introduction:
Currently on the market there are many options for which cars to buy. The price is based on many factors, the brand, the materials used, the type of car, and the horsepower. Horsepower is a unit of measurement for the power output from a motor. This leads to the aim of the paper. For my Math IA, I plan to determine the relationship between the amount of power a car has (horsepower) and it’s price (MSRP in $). I chose this topic because I personally love cars. I love working on my own car, my friends’, or anyone who needs my help. I was looking to get a different car so this should help me figure out which cars have the best value for performance. Horsepower will be the factor determining “performance” because it will be easiest to calculate alongside the price, and MSRP will be the factor determining price. I chose to not use dealer prices for my data because that would skew the data because of the added fees and such that occur when purchasing a car from a dealership. I wanted to see if the Dodge Demon was actually the best car in terms of performance and price. I intend to scour the internet for cars and their respective performance and price information to determine if there’s a correlation between price and power. I used only new cars to keep the data as controlled as possible.
After compiling the data, I will find the data set’s minimum value, maximum value, first quartile, median, and third quartile. I will then use these values to determine the interquartile range (middle 50%) of the data set as well as any outliers. I will also calculate the standard deviation of the data which tells me the variation or dispersion of it, and construct a boxplot of the data to more clearly indicate the minimum value, maximum value, interquartile range (with the first quartile, median, and third quartile), and the shape of the distribution. I will also be finding Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient (“r”). This will indicate whether my data has a strong, moderate, or weak correlation and whether it is positive or negative.
Information:
To collect this raw data I simply searched the internet for the specs of cars and their MSRP. I chose the cars at random making sure to use regular sedans, luxury sedans, regular SUVs, luxury SUVs, and coupes to get as much variation in my data as I could. I wanted to try and capture as many types of cars as possible. Again, I made sure to only use information from new cars to ensure my data is as precise as possible.
Math Processes:
Finding the minimum value, the first quartile, the median value, the third quartile, the maximum value, interquartile ranges, and outliers.
To find the minimum value, the first quartile, the median value, the third quartile, and the maximum value I used a calculator. I will find these values for both the horsepower data, and the price data set.
Horsepower Set Values:
In the left column I inputted the horsepower data for my chosen automobiles. The calculator yielded the following for the minimum value, the first quartile, the median value, the third quartile, and the maximum value.
- Min (minimum) = 78
- Q1 (first quartile) = 274.5
- Med (median) = 350
- Q3 (third quartile) = 550
- Max (maximum) = 808
This means that the minimum value of the data set was 78 horsepower, the first quartile value was 261.5 horsepower, the median value was 350 horsepower, the third quartile value was 555 horsepower, and the maximum value was 808 horsepower. The first quartile represents the 25th percentile of the data set, so this shows that 25% of cars in this data set have 261.5 horsepower or less. The median is 350, this shows that 50% of cars in this data set have 350 horsepower or less. The third quartile is 555, this shows that 75% of cars in this data set have 555 horsepower or less. Every car represented in this data set has 808 horsepower or less.
The interquartile range (IQR) for this data set is 293.5 horsepower. It represents the middle 50% of the data set. I obtained this value by subtracting the first quartile (Q1) from the third quartile (Q3).
- Q3 - Q1 = IQR
- 555 - 261.5 = 293.5
To determine whether or not any outliers were present in the data set I used the following formulas and inputted them into my calculator:
- Q1 - (1.5 x IQR) for the minimum outlier
- Q3 + (1.5 x IQR) for the maximum outlier
- 261.5 - (1.5 x 293.5) = -178.75
- 555 + (1.5 x 293.5) = 995.25
There are no points in the data set that are below -178.75. That means it’s safe to conclude that there are no minimum outliers. No data points in this set have a value larger than 995.25, from this we can conclude there are no maximum outliers.
Price Set Values:
I repeated the steps above on my calculator, but instead, I inputted the price data set and the calculator yielded the following values for the minimum value, the first quartile, the median value, the third quartile, and the maximum value.
- Min = $13,995
- Q1 = $28,170
- Med = $57,000
- Q3 = $131,950
- Max = $417,826
This means that the minimum value of the price data set was $13,995, the first quartile value was $28,170, the median value was $57,000, the third quartile value was $131,950, and the maximum value was $417,826. The first quartile represents the 25th percentile of the data set, so this shows that 25% of the cars cost below $28,170. The third quartile represents the 75th percentile of the data, so this shows that 75% of the cars cost below 131,950. All of the prices in the set are below 417,826.
The interquartile range for this data set is $103,780. It represents the middle 50% of the data set. I found the IQR by subtracting Q1 from Q3.
- Q3 - Q1 = IQR
- $131,950 - $28,170 = $103,780
To determine whether or not there were any outliers in the data set, I again used the formulas and inputted them into my calculator:
- Q1 - (1.5 x IQR) for the minimum outlier
- Q3 + (1.5 x IQR) for the maximum outlier
- $28,170 - (1.5 x $103,780) = -$127,500
- $131,950 + (1.5 x $103,780) = $287,620
There are no points below -$127,500 that means it’s safe to conclude there are no minimum outliers. There are two values above $287,620: $325,000, and $417,826. From this we can conclude there are no minimum outliers and two maximum outliers.
Drawing Boxplots
Using the minimum value, the first quartile, the median value, the third quartile, and the maximum value, I constructed two boxplots (one for each data set) to more clearly indicate the minimum value, maximum value, interquartile range, and the shape of the distribution.
The boxplot for this data set reveals that the interquartile range is 293.5 horsepower, with the third quartile at 555 horsepower, and the first quartile at 293.5 horsepower. The boxplot displays that the median is 350 horsepower. This whiskers stemming from the boxplot show that the maximum value is 808 horsepower, and the minimum value is 78 horsepower.
The boxplot for this data reveals that the interquartile range is $103,780, with the third quartile at $131,950, and the first quartile at $28,170. The boxplot displays that the median is $57,000. The whiskers stemming from the boxplot show that the maximum value is $261,274 (after the outliers of $325,000 and $417,826 are omitted), and the minimum value is $13,995. The outliers are indicated by marks at the $325,000 and $417,826 points.
Calculating Standard Deviation:
I calculated the standard deviation for the two data sets to describe the spread of the data, and measure the average amount each value deviated from the mean.
The two standard deviations demonstrate that the horsepower data set has a much less variation than the price data set at a standard deviation of 100303.38 in comparison to a standard deviation of 189.6728. This may be related to the outliers of $325,000 and $417,826 present in the price data set which have a greater distance from the mean. The horsepower data set did not have any outliers.
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How Emissions Affect our Body
In a town close to Bangor, Pennsylvania, a small number of Italians that originated from Roseto lived together as a community. Roseto, Pennsylvania was its own tiny world, and had stayed strictly Italian from the day it was formed to several decades after 1900. The town remained unknown by most of the world until a physician named Stewart Wolf discovered it. Wolf started to investigate everything about the residents of Roseto, from death certificates to their family genealogies with a few of his students and colleagues. They had “decided to do a preliminary study… in nineteen sixty one” (Outliers 6). They tested every adult in Roseto, and “no one under fifty-five had died of a heart attack or showed any signs of heart disease… the death rate… in Roseto… was 30 to 35 percent lower than expected” (Outliers 7). I thought it was amazing how the people of Roseto had very little heart disease even though their diets were about as unhealthy as the average american’s diet in the 1950’s.
Even though things like “cholesterol-lowering drugs and aggressive measures to prevent heart disease” (Outliers 6) were not done yet, the people of Roseto were healthy because of “where they were from” (Outliers 9). They had created a semi-isolated community that protected them from the pressures of the outside world that the americans were exposed to at the time. I thought it was amazing how one's community could have such a great impact on health. I knew that stress from peer pressure, or stress in general, could affect cardiovascular health, but I had never assumed it could affect health to this extent. Even though psychiatrists in the U.S. earn a large amount of money because of the number of patients they recieve. But my relatives in Turkey haven't seen a psychiatrist because most of them share their problems with their friends and neighbors and solve issues as a community. As a result, most of them are much healthier and happier. This supports the hypothesis that Stewart Wolf came up with which was about how community affects one’s health. These observations taught me that by reducing the negative influences in my community I can improve my mental health greatly, which in return will improve my physical health.
In Canada, thousands of boys start to play ice hockey at a young age, but only the best players are chosen for the Memorial Cup. The hockey players are said to be judged based on their performance and ability, not where they live or how much income their family earns. But, a canadian psychologist named Roger Barnsley observed that most of the chosen hockey players were born in January, February or March. This occurs because in Canada “the eligibility cutoff for age-class hockey is January 1” (Outliers 24). Those who are born in those earlier months are older than the rest of the competitors. Because of their age, they have been exposed to more hockey techniques and have had more practice. Many American schools use the same system as canadian hockey. To begin kindergarten, children in California are required to be five years old by September. In my experience, my older peers that were born in the months of October, November, and December performed better than my younger peers because they were almost a year older than those who were born in the summer. They were physically and mentally more competitive and as a result, they learned how to read and write earlier. More of the older students were placed in classes for gifted children in contrast to the younger students.
The Four-year colleges in the U.S. also employ the same method, and the youngest students in each class “are under-represented by about 11.6 percent” (Outliers 29). These pieces of evidence brings us back to the main point of the first chapter of “Outliers”; “those who are successful… are most likely to be given… special opportunities that lead to further success” (Outliers 30). Students and athletes that are ahead of their peers only the slightest bit are given wondrous advantages that help them get even further ahead of their peers. I think that if more people knew about this phenomenon of relative age, institutions would work on making their system much more fair to gifted students and athletes. When applying to university later on in my life, I plan on keeping in mind that my date of birth impacts my chance of being accepted more than I thought, and that I am lucky to be born in April, and not later on in the year.
In “Outliers”, Gladwell makes an interesting point about how multi millionaires in the technology industry such as Bill Joy, Bill Gates, and Steve Jobs may have become successful because of the year they were born, and the amount of practice they were able to get. Bill Joy was born in 1954, Steve Jobs was born in 1955, and Bill Gates was born in 1955. The pattern seen in their birthdays and the early years of their lives, is that they were born just at the beginning the computer age and were given opportunities to develop their talents. They utilized the opportunities that they were exposed to by working very hard to improve their technical talent. Each one of them worked around 10,000 hours to improve their skills, rose above the few people that were in the field of technology and programming. Gladwell presented an example of how if Bill Joy was born earlier, he would have had to “face the drudgery of programming with computer cards… he would have studied science” (Outliers 67).
Similarly, The Beatles rose to their fame because of their extraordinary talent and the amount of practice and opportunities they got. The Beatles were one of the few early rock and roll groups. To play in a club in Hamburg, Germany created an opportunity for the band to greatly improve their musical skill. They were required to play eight hours a day, “seven days a week” (Outliers 49). As a result, they took the opportunity and practiced much more than most early classical rock bands did in their whole musical career. They completed and exceeded the thousand hour rule of success. I thought this chapter of the novel was compelling; I had always wondered what successful people did to become so successful. I knew of the 10,000 hour rule, but I had not known that some of the most successful americans today owed their success to 10,000 hours of practice in their field. I had assumed that some people just had an innate talent for certain things. This chapter was highly applicable to my life, because it helped me understand that I should practice skills such as writing and painting much more to become more proficient. As it has been said by so many people, “practice makes perfect.”
Chapter 3 of the novel “Outliers” discusses how having an exceptionally high IQ affects the lives of several people. One of the topics of this chapter is a man named Chris Langan, who is said to possess an IQ of 195. An average person has an IQ of around 100, so Langan’s IQ is considered extraordinary. Langan was said to “walk into a test in a foreign language class, not having studied at all… he could skim through the textbook and ace the test” (Outliers 71). Another of the man topics is of a man named Lewis Terman, a psychology professor at Stanford University. Terman met Henry Cowell, the janitor of a “one-room schoolhouse not far from the Stanford campus” (Outliers 73).
Terman took interest in Cowell and tested his IQ; Cowell scored over 140. In 1921, he decided to give the brightest students in each elementary school in California an IQ test. He combed through the tests and discovered “1,470 children whose IQ’s averaged over 140 and ranged as high as 200” (Outliers 74). He called this group of children the “Termites” and watched over their lives. He observed that his “Termites” excelled at school and any competition they participated in, and thought that they were “destined to be the future elite of the United States” (Outliers 75). But it has been proven that an individual's IQ and their success only correlate until one point. For example Nobel Prize winners do not have the highest IQs, their IQs are merely good enough. Their intelligence matters only until one point. After that, other things like creativity start to matter much more. Different tests, such as the divergence test are better representatives of an individual's creativity because they require one to use “imagination and take your mind in as many different directions as possible” (Outliers 87). While this chapter was an interesting read, the information mentioned in it was not necessarily relevant to my life. I assume I have an average IQ, however I would like to explore my creativity and find a university that nurtures my skills.
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Domestic Carpet Market in Nepal
INTRODUCTION
The Objective of the Business Plan.
This Research Focuses on possibilities of growing domestic market of carpet in Nepal and expanding carpets sales in the various city of China. I was nervous at the beginning when I actually had a hard time figuring out the topic for my research. I knew I wanted to do research about my dad's business but I was not sure which topic would be more helpful for my career. After Completion of my MBA Studies, I am planning to go back to Nepal and help my dad with his business. So, I wanted to do research on weakest lead and figure out how can I improvise it. It took me more than a month to start writing this research. After studying so many research books and articles for a month I finally took my laptop and started writing my research report. This is my first and most important research project which I believe will change my perspective and encourage me to take the step for good opportunities. I feel this research outcome will help me in my future career.
This research is the hypothesis of my dad’s business failure before 10 years ago when he tried to extend the domestic market. I am trying to figure out what went wrong and why he couldn't manage to sustain in the market with another competitor. After successfully running a business for almost 8 years my dad decided to open carpet showroom in Laximpat, Kathmandu. His motive to open the shop was to make his products known to the domestic market. But unfortunately, his plans didn’t go well which eventually lead him to close the place within a year. After a bad experience on the domestic market, he started exporting his carpet to China. Exporting carpet in China and attending the exhibition in China was his one of the best decisions which increased his sales and developed a good connection to Chinese customers. I am conducting this research to figure out what was the reason behind his failure and being unable to hold a market place in the home country. This research will focus on the possibilities of securing domestic market and Chances of increasing more sales of carpet in China.
Executive Summary
Bajrayogini Rugs and handicrafts are carpet manufacturing company which was established in 2000. It is located at a northeastern part of the Kathmandu Valley. Bajrayogini Rugs and Handicrafts is well known for creating the highest quality rug with the standard design. My Dad Mr. Narendra Dangol decided to establish this business after working as a Manager for 9years in the same field. Carpets are manufactured with an aesthetic approach to the materials involved which makes it more sustainable and efficient. It has always been Committed to Provide Best price and quality in the Market.
He first Started this business with 70 employees and was selling his product through Mediator. It was a huge risk to sell the product on his own as he was new on the market. After failing to gain market in Nepal. He attended few exhibitions of carpet sale on China's city Chengdu and Shanghai in 2009 which gave him confidence that he can earn a good profit and get good consumer market in China. He builds up a good connection with the retail seller in China as well as was able to promote his product in the Chinese market. After that, he kept on traveling China 3 times a year in different cities of China. His main objective is to offer the most unique products at the best price and make his product known in the market. Bajrayogini Rugs produces high-quality classical Tibetan and Nepali hand-knotted carpets which usually have provided consumer full satisfaction in- terms of quality and its unique modern designs.
Bajrayogini Rugs uses materials such as Pure Tibetan sheep wool, New Zealand Wool, Nettle, Silk, Hemp, Bamboo Silk, and Banana Silk. Bajrayogini Rugs produce 90% of Tibetan carpet and 10 % of customized carpets. Tibetan Carpets are mostly produced in Nepal these days.
Brief History on how the concept of Tibetan carpet arrived in Nepal
Nepal is a small country which borders China in the north and India in the south, east and west. Nepal was Never Colonized by the British. After World War II India gained its independence from British whereas, a communist revolution took place in China which resulted in the internal displacement of more than one million Tibetans citizen. Majority of them took refugees in India and a noticeable number of Tibetans refugees immigrated in the 1950s. In 1959 King Mahendra of Nepal granted Asylum to all Tibetans which led in the major inflow of Tibetan refugees in Nepal. Nepalese government welcomed Tibetan refugees until 1986 where Chinese government pressurizes on strict border control policy. (http://www.tibetanreview.net/tibetan-refugees-in-nepal/) After coming Nepal Tibetan refuges started weaving wools from sheep's and manufactured carpets with help of handlooms. Along with there history, where they come from the handmade carpet, was named as Tibetan carpet.
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Introduction to Nepalese Trade with Relation to China & India
Abstract
Nepal needs to reflect on the massive paradigm shift that the country has undergone in the political, social and cultural life of the people and frustrated expectations of the masses may create massive negative social upheavals if the new political set up and government could not match the expectations of the people for enhanced prosperity based on economic growth. Nepal no more talk about being ‘yam between two boulders but ‘a vibrant bridge between two neighbors’ and now attitude has changed from being ‘India-locked to India-open’. By keeping house in order, particularly having political stability and political commitment, rule of law, better investment environment, time has arrived to bring a way for a “win-win’’ for all three partners: Nepal, India and China, who can cooperate to establish transit links, communication links, and manufacturing together and it can move forward for integration using comparative advantage of each country.
Nepal, as is in between two giant economic neighbors, has great potential for trade and investment. Nepal can mobilize its immense resources such as water and other natural resources including youth population bonanza. It also has comparative advantages for bilateral trade and investments as a transit hub between India and China. The membership with WTO has provided opportunities to Nepal for strengthening trade and investment. Similarly, Nepal’s activism in regional initiatives such as SAARC, SAFTA, and BIMSTEC has encouraged us to go for trade integration regionally and globally. Nepal needs to attract investment and boost trade by making aware the investors and business communities of our neighbors by highlighting that Nepal is liberal on foreign investment and allows 100% foreign ownership in most of the sectors of economy with attractive investment rules and procedures, relatively low tax rates, open and liberal export and import rules and procedures, low labor costs and an increasingly literate population, existence of immense source of hydropower and minerals, reforms in relevant major laws and regulation etc.
Nepal has had major investment boost recently from both neighbors. China became top foreign investor and offered more than a fourfold increase in assistance from the existing 150 million RMB to 800 million RMB for 2015/16. China has accepted and encouraged Nepal as an economic bridge between China and India and beyond to whole of South Asia. However, Nepal’s trade with both the neighbors is heavily skewed towards imports. Nepal’s exports could meet only 15 percent and 2.5 percent of the imports from India and China respectively. Maintaining complementarities is thus a big issue for sustaining Nepal’s trade with these two fast growing neighboring economies. Nepal focuses on products of comparative advantages like cement, high value agricultural commodities and non-timber forest products as Nepal’s export potentials in addition to water and tourism resources. India has been its single largest trading partner from the ancient and medieval to modern times.
There are many areas where Nepal and India could work together to enhance the trade in goods and services. Services, tourism and hydropower are some of the potential areas where Nepal needs to build its supply capacity for increasing exports. Nepalese trade is taking stock of challenges in the light of emerging economies, India and China, which are also contiguous neighbors of Nepal on ways and means to enhance trade with friendly neighboring countries and increase investment from these countries including flow of tourists.
Introduction
General Background
Nepal is one of the most liberalized countries in the South Asian region. However, growth performance has been very poor in recent years, with sluggish exports and stagnating investment. Nepal has been adopting an open and market oriented trade policy for the last two decades with expectations that such policy generates positive impacts on the resource mobilization, economic development and poverty alleviation.
The first trade policy was introduced in 1983 “Exports for development”. Following the wave of economic liberalization and Structural Adjustment Program, Nepal introduced its first Liberal Trade Policy in 1992. Trade Policy 1992 removed most of the trade barriers such as eliminating licensing for import and export, establishing industry etc. The Trade Policy, 1992 primarily covered export policy/strategy, import policy/strategy, internal export policy, and foreign exchange regulation, and internal trade policy, constitution of trade council, foreign trade policy and research institution, and establishment of Nepal Trade Promotion Organization. The Trade Policy, 1992 however, largely remained unable to address issues of international trade dynamism, affiliation with regional and multilateral trading system, expansion of bilateral free trade area, simplification of trade procedures and development of new transit system.
Considering the dynamism in the trade sector and addressing alarming trade deficit, the Government introduced new Trade Policy, 2015 where major highlights carried by new policy were;
- Policy and Institutional Coherence and linkage
- Trade-in Goods, Trade in Services and TRIPS(Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights)
- Trade-Related Infrastructure Building
- Product Development and Value Chains
- Capacity Development and Export Promotion
- Trade Facilitation
- Participation in the Global production chains and value chains
- Market Access/Promotion/Diversification
- Resource Mobilization AfT(Aid for Trade),TRTA(Trade Related Technical Assistance)
However, the poor and backward countries are not able to realize the benefits of trade liberalization due to difficulties in accessing capital, technology and market, and the unequal economic levels existing among the various countries. Nepal, as a country wedged between two big economic power houses of Asia, has immense potentials to add value to its economy by forging collaboration on transport, trade, tourism and hydropower with its neighbors. Both China and India are connected to Nepal through centuries old economic, social, cultural and religious ties traversing over the mighty Himalayas and fertile plains. Nepal not only provided transit passage of trade, business persons, monks and people of high profile between India and Tibet during the ancient and medieval period but also inspired the growth of art, architecture and culture on both sides of the borders. Before 1950, Nepal's foreign trade was virtually limited to those two neighbors.
However, the traditional trade has gone into substantial transformation along with the development of modern transport and communication system and emergence of modern production process and supply chain. The barter system of trade between Nepal and Tibet, China has been replaced by the cash payment; unilateral duty free preferences were available to Nepalese goods in line with the Hong Kong Ministerial Declaration of WTO in 2005 but with no tangible benefits; duty preference available under bilateral treaty of trade with India have been eroding due to liberalization of trade and reduction in MFN tariffs. Thus, there is paradigm shift in economic and trade relations and new challenges are emerging as a result of globalization and technological developments. This provides impetus for having a fresh look over Nepal's traditional trade and investment relations with the two neighboring countries. Nepal’s external trade is characterized by large trade deficits and overly high dependency on trade with India.
Statement of problems
Trade policy of Nepal is facing large challenges especially because of landlocked country. Trade deficits which is hampering Nepalese market, where powerful trade economy neighbor’s India and China their goods are cheaper in Nepalese market. Researcher has tried to show basic vision of Nepalese market and its struggles and deficits of opportunities and trade development issues and barriers suffered by Nepalese trade.
Objectives of study
- To create a conducive environment for the promotion of trade and business in order to make it competitive at international level.
- To minimize trade deficit by increasing exports of value added products through linkages between imports and exports trade.
- To increase income and employment opportunities by increasing competitiveness of trade in goods and services and using it as a means of poverty alleviation.
- To clearly establish interrelationship between internal and foreign trade, and develop them as complimentary and maintain relation with neighboring countries India and China.
Literature review
History of Nepalese trade with relation India & China
The history of international trade dates back to ancient periods that started with barter system and later was replaced by the mercantilist trade in the 16th and 17th centuries. The 18th century saw the shift towards liberalism. In the 19th century and till the beginning of 20th century moved towards economic liberalization wherein customs duties were lowered, quantitative restrictions abolished, currencies were made convertible with gold and people were allowed to move freely for running trade and business activities. International trade during those years was centered to European countries and America as these countries made debut on increasing industrial outputs as a result of industrial revolution. The aftermath of First World War in 1915 changed the entire course of trade as countries started taking protective measures to reconstruct the economy from the ravages of war. This caused contraction in the international trade. Meanwhile, the global economies once again become hostage to economic depression of 1930s that led rise in import duties, imposition of quantitative restriction, import control and licensing.
This trend continued until countries around the world embarked upon the new initiatives of shaping the global economic architecture in the aftermath of Second World War (1939-45) with the establishment of Breton Wood Institutions. Thus, there is a continuous shift in the global trading system as the journey started from GATT-1947 to the establishment of a more liberal trading system under the auspices of World Trade Organization (WTO). In the 21st century, more developing countries, particularly the G20 countries have made a strident surge toward enhancing their share in the global market. The international trade of Nepal, till 1950 was confined with the neighboring countries India and the Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR) of China, with the prevalence of barter trade with the later that continued further until the first half of the last decade. Almost all foreign trade of Nepal till 1950 was concentrated with India which ran to 90 percent during the 1950-70.
This gradually shifted towards the third countries since 1970 till 1995 as the share of trade with India remained stagnant while the trade with rest of the world to Promoting Nepalese Trade and Investment Relations with India and China started growing at an accelerated pace with a reversal in the direction of trade. The reasons behind this includes growth of manufacturing industries in Nepal- various industries in the public and private sector were emerging to help diversification of export, GSP facilities provided by the developed countries in most of the export items of the least developed countries encouraged export of woolen carpets and handicraft and quota on garment under the Agreement on Textile and Clothing (ATC), thus made it possible to export garments and apparel from the country like Nepal. The signing of separate treaty of transit in 1978 also helped to build third country trade of Nepal as this facilitated the transit movement of goods through India. On the other side, the duty free access to Nepalese goods in the Indian market were constrained due to the stringent rules of origin criteria requiring domestic content of 90 percent in 1960 then gradually reduced to 50 percent in 1991 which was difficult to materialize due to the weak resource base of Nepal.
This scenario was reversed again after 1996 when Nepal and India made an amendment to the Protocol-V of the treaty of trade allowing the duty free market access to the Nepalese products based on the certification provided by the designated authority of the government of Nepal. The new arrangements made in the treaty triggered the flow of investment of multinational companies into Nepal and subsequent rise in the volume of export. This trend of leap-frog growth of export continued until the bilateral treaty was amended in 2002 with the introduction of new rules of origin criteria, tariff rate quota and canalization of some products. Nepal and China maintain a very long history of bilateral relation that dates back as early as 406 AD and commemorates the visit of a Chinese monk Fa Xian to Nepal and India. The cultural and social bonds are reflected in the matrimonial relations between the royalties of Nepal and Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR) of China as the Tibetan monarch Strong-Chan Gam Po married Nepalese princess Bhrikuti in the Seventh century and the famous Nepalese architect Araniko pioneered the construction of white pagoda temple in Beijing in the 14th century. The trade relations between Nepal and TAR flourished during the Malla rulers of Nepal and continued further during the latter part of 18th century. Nepal held the strategic position of facilitating transit trade between British India and Tibet-China.
Trans-Himalayan trade was important both for Tibet and British India during those times. Thus, many trade delegations and the visit of Buddhist monks between the two countries used to take place through the territory of Nepal. Nepal's trade relation with China is guided by a number of bilateral agreements and understandings. These are; Trade and Payment Agreement-1981, 3 Promoting Nepalese Trade and Investment Relations with India and China Agreement on Road Transportation-1994, Agreement on Trade and other Related Matters-2002, MOU on Establishment of Nepal-Tibet Trade Facilitation Committee-2009, Letter of Exchange for granting Special Preferential Tariff Treatment-2010, and Cooperation on Developing Border Infrastructures-2012. The quantum of economic cooperation and trade between Nepal and China has been increasing over the past one and half decade.
Issues in trade development
Nepal as a land-locked country is faced with the challenges of enhancing the productive capacity of the economy and competitiveness of export product and services. The geographical disadvantages combined with poor state of transport infrastructure and border delays have resulted in high cost of doing business. Facing high transit transportation and logistics cost. Given low level of investment in the agricultural and manufacturing sector and low economies of scale, Nepal virtually does not provide any competitive and comparative advantages products to trade with its neighbors.
Despite the geographical proximity, Nepal has not been able to reap benefits from the rising economic clout of its two neighbors. Both of these countries provide duty free market access to the Nepalese goods either under the bilateral trade agreements or under the unilateral tariff preferences schemes. The bordering province of Tibet Autonomous Region of China is still a small market in terms of the number of population. Mainland China is located far away and transport connectivity is the inhibiting factor for the growth of bilateral trade and investment relations. Meanwhile, highly populated states of India like Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and West Bengal are bordered with Nepal, but the export trade is restricted due to high non-tariff wall, lack of proper connectivity and regulatory barriers. The preferences available under the bilateral agreement or unilateral preferences are thus insufficient to address the growing challenges of export development in the wake of globalization and liberalization of trade and investment regimes. Non-tariff barriers are the major causes behind the low performances of Nepalese trade. Lack of test laboratories at the land customs stations, no accreditation of the Nepalese laboratories, prevalence of state taxes, informal trade has been a part in the border area and various surcharges in export items are debilitating the export trade of Nepal.
Nepalese Trade development Problems
Some important problems facing by Nepal since ages which is hampering on way of developing Nepalese trade as well as bilateral trade and relations are as follows;
- Existing Trade Agreements with the Neighboring Countries are Losing Relevance
- Non-tariff Barriers Taking Away the Benefits of Tariff Preferences
- Weak Production Base and Supply Side Constraint
- Inadequacy of Transport and Border Infrastructures
- Cost of Transport and Logistics is High
- Slow progress on harmonization of customs and border agency cooperation
- Erosion of Preferences Disproportionately Affected the Nepalese Exports
- Ineffective Institutional Mechanisms
- Dealing with Informal Trade
Briefly dealing with these suffered areas & problems also analyzing its possibilities settlements to manage proper trade structure to carry out potentials trade among the nation and its neighboring countries.
Existing Trade Agreements with the Neighboring Countries are Losing Relevance
The Trade and Payment Agreement concluded between Nepal and People's Republic of China in 1981 has become obsolete as this agreement is framed on most favored nation (MFN) basis and also provides the list of few tradable items between the two countries. This stands no more relevance in context of both countries as the members of World Trade Organization (WTO) are bound to provide MFN treatment on a reciprocal basis. The memorandum signed on 2010 and 2014 on availing duty free tariff preferences to Nepalese products is basically the extension of unilateral preferences extended by China to all least developed countries in line with the announcement made in Hong Kong Ministerial in 2005. This arrangement provides no special dispensation for Nepal beyond the similar preferences extended to all least developed countries.
Similarly, the preferential trade agreement with India provides duty free access to all Nepalese goods in the Indian markets, except a very small negative list. The preferences available under the treaty are being eroded as the government of India has also announced duty free tariff preferences to all LDCs around the world with some products in the negative list. Preferences available to south Asian LDCs are more attractive in comparison with the provisions laid in the Nepal-India bilateral treaty. No substantial provisions are made in the treaty for addressing non-tariff and para-tariff barriers and trade facilitation issues. The preferences available under the bilateral agreement or unilateral preferences are thus insufficient to address the growing challenges of export development in the wake of globalization and liberalization of trade and investment regimes.
Non-tariff Barriers Taking Away the Benefits of Tariff Preferences
Non-tariff barriers are the major causes behind the low performances of Nepalese trade. Lack of test laboratories at the land customs stations, no accreditation of the Nepalese laboratories, prevalence of state taxes and various surcharges in export items are debilitating the export trade of Nepal. Export of agricultural products both to India and China is largely affected due to the sanitary and phyto-sanitary requirements imposed through their national legislations. Nepal-India treaty of trade in Protocol to Article II mentioned that SPS certificate issued by the competent authority of one contracting party will be accepted by the other contracting party, subject to meeting the mandatory requirement of importing country. This provides space for seeking the measures for meeting the requirement of both countries entailing to harmonization of standards, testing and certification procedures. But, these are not really translated into action.
Nepalese Bureau of Standards and Metrology and the Chinese Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine (AQSIQ) signed a memorandum in 2005 for enhancing cooperation on test and certification of the industrial products. But, this agreement has not still demonstrated any results of meaningful operation. First, there are very few industrial products exported from Nepal to China and secondly, there is no vitality in implementation. A memorandum was signed between the government of Nepal and government of China in 2012 for facilitating the export of citrus fruit from Nepal but it has not yet been implemented. There are ten laws and regulations and seven decree of AQSIQ that are relevant to China's SPS regimes. The SPS responsibilities are fragmented and distributed over five different agencies: Ministry of Health, Ministry of Agriculture, ADSIQ, State Administration for Industry and Commerce (SAIC) and State Food and Drug Administration (SFDA). Getting through these institutions and processes poses serious challenges in clearances of export.
Weak Production Base and Supply Side Constraint
Nepal as a land-locked country is faced with the challenges of enhancing the productive capacity of the economy and competitiveness of export product and services. The geographical disadvantages combined with poor state of transport infrastructure and border delays have resulted in high cost of doing business Given low level of investment in the agricultural and manufacturing sector and low economies of scale, Nepal virtually does not provide any competitive and comparative advantages products to trade with its neighbors. Rigidity of labor markets, sluggish industrial and agricultural growth, and weak production base, small economies of scale and inefficient factors of production has constrained the growth of export over the years.
Inadequacy of Transport and Border Infrastructures
Many production areas in Nepal are scattered in small townships and hamlets, and still deprived of connection with the national road network. By the end of 2013-14, Nepal has a total of 26446 km road length of which 11197 km are bituminous, 6086 km graveled and the remaining 9163 km earthen; serviceable only during the dry period. The road density is around 5.57 km per square kilometer, less even from the standards of South Asia. The rural roads constructed by the District Development Committee and Village Development Committees (53143 km) outnumbers the length of strategic road networks under the Department of Roads but those rural roads are mostly unserviceable round the year due to lack of maintenance. Lack of connectivity has discouraged production due to constraint in supplying inputs and providing market access to the agricultural, non-timber forest products and the SME products. Due to earthquake of April /May 2015 has heavy damaged boarders. Some other strategic border posts still lack proper physical facilities for operation. Congested spaces, lack of warehouses and parking facilities for containers and vehicles, insecure operation and choking traffic has caused delays, inefficiencies and high turnaround time for the vehicles and containers, increasing the cost of operation. Domestic air transport is well developed as there are almost a dozen private air carriers and 32 short takeoff and landing (STOL) airstrips in various districts. No Inland Waterways Transport is yet in operation despite the three big river systems existing in the country.
Cost of Transport and Logistics is high
Nepal as a landlocked country is facing high transit transportation and logistics cost. Enormity of documents and complex procedures followed in clearance of cargo at the seaport and hassles in transit movement combined with the inadequacy of physical infrastructures poses greater challenges in reducing the overall transaction cost. Nepal ranks 108 out of 189 countries in the Doing Business Report of the World Bank-2015 which is one position higher from the overall rank in 2014. The country has progressed in the parameters of dealing with construction permits from 126 to 91 and little improvement on the indicators of registering property (from 29 to 27) but fallen back in all other parameters. In the parameter of trading across border the performance is very much dismal as the position in 2015 has fallen back to 171st from the ranking of 169 in 2014. Cost of import of a container into Nepal has been calculated to be around USD 2650 while the cost of export per container is around USD 2545 which is higher from the average South Asian cost of USD 2117.8 and 1922.9 respectively (WBG-2015). Physical infrastructures in the northern border crossings are in a very primitive stage and needs enhancement. Narrow road over the fragile slopes frequently damages the road and bridges almost every year during the monsoon season. Lack of modern facilities equipped with the warehouses, parking space and equipment’s in handling the traded cargo is making the task of trade and logistics expensive and ineffective. Government of Nepal has not yet considered the transit transport agreement with the government of China.
Slow progress on harmonization of customs and border agency cooperation
It has been a much debated issue at the bilateral, regional and multi-lateral forums and also reflected in the WTO trade facilitation agreement. The bilateral mechanisms between Nepal and India at the commerce secretary level and customs DG level have discussed this issue at length in the past. Limited progress were achieved in terms of harmonization of working hour and work days between cross-border customs, but the documents, work processes and regulatory mechanisms still stands in different settings. Moreover, the introduction of electronic lodging of the documents for speedy clearances of cargo and reliability of data is still under discussions, reeling under slow process. Mutual recognition of inspection, test and certification of the traded products could eliminate the need of repeating the same test across the borders. Border agency collaboration is not well defined in the bilateral trade agreement and the mechanisms built in the Nepal-India treaty of trade also does not function effectively. The work processes, particularly the documents and procedures on border clearances on overland trade with china is not harmonized. However, the working hour has been made compatible for the workdays despite that weekend holidays does not comply with each other.
Erosion of Preferences Disproportionately Affected the Nepalese Exports
Nepal has been enjoying duty free market access in India for all products, except a small negative list. Nepalese export to India substantially increased during 1996 to 2002 which is mainly attributed to the arrangement made through amendment in the protocol V to the treaty of trade in 1996. The first decade of the current century witnessed paradigm shift in the pattern of global trade triggered by removal of tariff barriers by various countries. The preferences available to Nepal under the bilateral treaty has been eroded, primarily due to reduction in MFN tariff, secondly, preferential market access provided to other free trade area partners and third on account of India's Duty Free Tariff Preferences (DFTP) schemes for least developed countries (LDCs) that came into effect in August 2008. The scheme with its full operation since April 1, 2014, allows duty-free market access on about 96 percent of India's tariff lines and 2.2 percent of the lines under preferential duties. Only 1.8 percent of the tariff lines have been retained in the Exclusion List, with no duty concession. India has extended tariff advantages to South Asian LDCs well ahead of trade liberalization program under South Asian Free Trade Area (SAFTA) Sixth Trade Policy Review of India-2015, WTO, and Geneva. Accordingly, all the South Asian LDCs are entitled to get duty free access to Indian markets except the alcohol and tobacco products. This has necessarily dragged Nepal in competition with rest of South Asian LDCs in the Indian markets and also diluted the preferences available under the bilateral treaties. Given the low level of competitive capacity, Nepalese exporters are disproportionately affected from erosion of available preferences.
Ineffective Institutional Mechanisms
Nepal-India treaty of trade has constituted the bilateral consultation mechanisms at the level of commerce Secretary and Joint Secretary, called Inter-Governmental Committee (IGC) and Inter-Governmental Sub-Committee (IGSC) and is supposed to meet at least once in a six month period. The meeting of IGC and IGSC is already overdue by one and half year. Given the number of issues cropping up for various exportable and processes. The institutional arrangements made under the bilateral treaty of trade are not functioning very much effectively. The current coordination mechanism is mostly limited to central level and no effective sub-national level mechanism has been construed to discuss the trade and economic cooperation issues. Nepal and China concluded an agreement in September 2009 that established the Nepal-Tibet Trade Facilitation Committee (NTTFC). This committee was mandated to coordinate and facilitate cross-border overland trade between Nepal and Tibet, China. But, this coordination body has not yet been able to make any tangible accomplishment, following its terms of reference stated in the agreement.
Dealing with Informal trade
Dealing with Informal trade has been a part of life in the border area. Whenever, the cost of compliance for formal trade is high, people normally resort to taking the second route of informal trade that is impacting the revenue of both governments and inviting some other social problems as well. Surveillance over a long stretch of open area along the international border is a difficult task which has become more complicated due to closer and almost merging settlements across the Nepal-India border. As a result, the volume of informal trade is high and mostly unaccounted for. A survey done by ICRIER in 2000 reveals that food items mainly rice and pulses, consumer goods namely, salt and cosmetics, textile and ready-made garments are normally traded informally from India to Nepal while electronics items, beetle nuts, and consumable items are traded informally through Nepal to India. Similarly, electronic goods, toys, textile and garments are informally traded from China while the medicinal herbs and plant are traded informally from Nepal to China.
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10daysinnepal Tourism Target in Nepal
Introduction
Nepal Tourism Board is having an ongoing campaign, 'Visit Nepal 2020' with the purpose of having 2 million tourists in 2020, and to achieve this target, #10daysinNepal, 'Nowhere like Nepal' will serve as a supporting campaign. Nepal is well-renowned as a land of mountains, however #10daysinNepal is a tourism campaign designed to show the wide range of cultural diversity, wildlife, and lakes that lie in the landscapes of Nepal. #10daysinNepal is primarily a 10 days long travel package intended for international tourists to visit Nepal in 2020.
Our brand concept is 'Reach Mother Nature, feel Nepal'’ since we want the inbound tourists to visit naturally rich places of Nepal, enjoy their biggest adventure, and feel the real Nepal. Our mission is to explore the hidden beauties of Nepal since there are a lot of breathtaking sceneries left undiscovered in Nepal. While our mission aims at exploring the landscapes in Nepal, our vision is providing a pleasant and memorable traveling experience to our tourists. Within 10 days, we want our travelers to realize that Nepal is not just meant for trekking, but also for creating lifelong memories with world's deepest lakes and, the most diverse wildlife.
SWOT analysis of our brand
STRENGHTS WEAKNESS
- A strong display of culture (temples, traditional architecture)
- Nature and Wildlife explore
- Harmony in Diversity
- Affordable price
- Safety guarantee
- Nepal 2020 campaign weakly branded
- Long hours travelling on the bus
- Inflexibility
OPPORTUNITY THREATS
- An increasing number of Chinese tourists
- Development of rural areas (especially facilities)
- 2 more international airports being built by 2020
- Natural disaster (Earthquake)
- Political Issues
- Culture shock
As of 9th February 2019, 1 Nepalese Rupee equals 0.0088 USD, which means a trip to Nepal is quite affordable. Moreover, our travel package assures a safe visit to all the popular destinations in Nepal without having our customers to worry about their schedule. However, we are a bit inflexible with time as participants must follow our 10 days travel plan, which makes it difficult for those who want to stay longer in a certain place. In addition, based on 2018 data, China is the top second country with a total number of 153,602 tourists who visited Nepal in 2018. According to the Nepal Tourism Board (NTB), there is a rise of more than 50,000 Chinese, compared to 2017. Thus, we believe that this is an opportunity for us to expand brand Nepal’s tourism in China. Even though Nepal has become a popular destination for tourism, there is political instability and, a possibility of natural disasters in Nepal, which is highly taken into consideration while making travel plans to Nepal.
Key challenges facing Brand
The key issues faced by our brand are mostly regarding safety and friendly traveling environment. Currently, there is only one international airport in Nepal, and there are problems on accessibility for travelers. Also, there has been 27 fatal plane crashes until now, which is almost about one plane crash per year. Most of the plane crash occurred in the small domestic airports, but there was a big plane crash in the Kathmandu international airport, which only have single runway and is used for both international and domestic plane. There are many reasons why there are many planes crashes in Nepal, such as landscape, where the airport is located in the area where it is a narrow valley, and it is very difficult to turn in. Also, in Nepal, there are many high mountains which makes the flight difficult. Since they have only one runway in this airport, currently the planes have to remain long holding before landing, which is becoming a big problem. Since there are many difficulties in having only one international airport in Nepal, to have safer flight and having a better traveling environment of the plane, Nepal is now constructing two more international airports. By having two more international airports, planes will have less holdings before landing, which will ultimately prevent the accidents on runways. On the other hand, Nepal’s air quality is worst in the world, which might not give an optimistic view for visiting Nepal.
Brand Inventory
Brand architecture
Our campaign “Nowhere like Nepal” is the sub-brand of the original campaign “Visit Nepal 2020”. It will be the advance step to explore customer’s needs and wants, to try out possible branding and marketing strategies, in order to find out the most suitable ones for this market, furthermore function as a promotion campaign for the original “Visit Nepal 2020”.
Brand aesthetics
Tagline & Logo:
Our tagline is “Nowhere like Nepal” as we want to convey the message of a unique Nepal where the nature, the wildlife, and the spiritual experiences are well combined and it's worth every single penny, every single second spent in Nepal with us.
About our logo, the main color is green as it is one of the most well-recognized color as it is in the RGB chart. The three shades of green represent the diversity in Nepal’s natural beauty. The heart shape of the logo indicates the love for nature, and all the inner small hearts represent contributing factors of tourism such as service, customer care, customer experiences.
The tagline 'Nowhere like Nepal' emphasizes on the uniqueness of the tourism here. There are a lot of sightseeing sites in Nepal which cannot be found anywhere else on the earth. For instance, wildlife national parks with endangered animals such as Bengal tigers, One Horned Rhinoceros, Bengal Fox, Red Panda and the elusive Snow Leopard, and Tilicho lake - the second highest lake in the world. Moreover, Nepal is fifth among the Top 10 countries to visit in the world, and number one in Best Valued Destination in the World. Nepal boasts pristine natural beauty, sky-high Himalayas Range and endless culture and traditions spread all over the country.
Customer Insights
The main customer target of our campaign is first-time travelers regardless of whether they are families, individuals, or groups, hoping that they would come back, and ultimately promote Nepal as a destination for repetitive vacations. We are especially targetting16 to 60 years old people because of their travelling capabilities. However, children are equally welcomed to visit Nepal with their families.
Customer Profiling
Regarding nationality, we generally target all international travelers, but will probably have a deeper focus on Chinese because of their high population, their interest in travelling and the fact that they mostly travel in groups.
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Nepal National Park Tourism
The Nepali government currently does not control the number of tourists allowed into Sagarmatha National Park (SNP) due to the negative consequences that it would have on the livelihoods and people dependent on the tourism both within the park and outside of it (Sanjay, 2005). As stated in the Sagarmatha Park: Porter Survey and Analysis “Tourism related changes have been suggested to have negative connotations including: disruption of the social and cultural fabric; pressure on forests and pastures; growing waste disposal problems; decline in crop yields and cropping area, etc.” (Brower & Dennis, 1998; Coppock, 1978; Ives, 2004; Lachapelle, 1998). Over the course of a year, thousands of climbers and workers make their way to Everest Base Camp for the climbing season. As a result of their presence in this region, approximately 12,000 kg of solid human waste is produced. Because the human waste disposed of in these unlined pits is untreated, and us positioned directly about the Khumbu glacier river that feeds into the water sources for the villages downstream, it poses a health hazard for the Sherpa people living in this region (Salerno et all 2010).
The Sagaramatha Pollution Control Committee (SPCC) was created in 1991 as a means to protect the environment on and near Mt. Everest. Viable methods for the disposal of human trash have been developed, but there are currently no proper disposal methods for human waste. Water pollution was identified as the most serious health problem in Nepal in the State of Environment Report published in 2001, and the contributing factors to the pollution include human activities and domestic sewage (Stevens 1995). In order to proactively address the issue, permanent monitoring sites were developed to monitor water quality and solid waste management which includes generation and disposal of waste (Salerno et. all 2010).
Cultural degradation is also an important element to consider, as the people who are home to this area have cared for the land up to this point. Indigenous Sherpas have left SNP to find more remunerative work (nationally and internationally) due to their unique physical advantages, and experience as high altitude mountain guides. (Panzeri, Caroli, Haack 2013). As a result of their leaving, there is a demand for non-native workers to come in and inhabit the place. A publication was produced by the project entitled, “Institutional Consolidation for the Coordinated and Integrated Monitoring of Natural Resources towards Sustainable Development and Environmental Conservation in the Hindu Kush–Karakoram–Himalaya Mountain Complex,” that examined the social-ecological systems of remote mountainous regions and ways in which decision-makers within the region can work towards sustainable development while raising awareness of the ecological impact of development efforts and potential ways those can be mitigated. (Salerno et. all 2010).
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Nepal as a Culture with a High Context
Anthropologist Edward T. Hall differentiates culture regarding whether they are high context or low context cultures. Conventionally, despite the fact that the elements of high context and low context is related with the correspondence practices in various societies, this characterization can be utilized to recognize culture in a wide manner. A high context culture is a type of culture where communication is not immediate however considers the unpretentious settings that exist while conveying the correspondence. In a low setting society, the message is expressed clearly. In a high context culture, the correspondence is not expressed directly, are precisely planned and non-verbal. (Hall 1959.)
In the view of communication, a high context culture is separated from low context culture in numerous different perspectives. For instance, individuals dress so as to communicate socio-cultural roles in a high context culture and in a low context culture, it is utilized to communicate achievement. Even the culinary inclinations in the high context culture are considered as social event whereas in a low context culture, these are generally for quick conveyance. Feeling of self and space is also unique over these cultures. Though formal motions, for example, bows and hugs can be seen in a high context culture, casual handshake are seen in a low context culture. Support on harmony is the main concern in a high context culture while confrontation and struggle may be viewed as important and normal in a low context culture. (Hall 1960.)
The origination of time is additionally unique in these two types of cultures: as punctual, reliability and linear time is embraced in a low context culture whereas in a high context culture, it is either circular or polychronic. As far as family is concerned, low context culture esteems young people and live in a nuclear family unit whereas in a high context culture, elder members of the family are regarded, and people frequently live in a joint family. In terms of cultural qualities, low context cultures can be seen on those which show the doctrine that all people are equal and deserve equal rights and opportunities which probably do not exist in most of the high context cultures. At a point when business setting is considered, high context culture shows relationship as a major aspect of the business culture, though the low setting society may be errand and deals centred. (Corridor 1960.)
According to Hall’s classification, (Hollensen 2011) has categorized different countries into this taxonomy which is reproduced in Figure 1 in slightly adapted manner. According to Hall's classification, (Hollensen 2011) has classified various nations into this scientific classification which is imitated in Figure 1 in somewhat adjusted way. According to this classification, Nepal is quite clearly situated as a high context culture whereas Finland is quite comfortably situated as a low context culture. As per this characterization, Nepal is plainly arranged as a high setting society while Finland is easily arranged as a low setting society.
As per (Hofstede 1983) culture can be understood by different dimensions and among which, Individualism is one. Individualism manages the degree to which individuals in a culture value individual objectives/aims over the group objectives and in which group harmony is expected over the individual achievement of objectives. More unequivocally, individualism refers mainly to the level of interdependce a society keeps among its individuals (Hofstede Insights 2018). In an individualistic nation, individuals characterize their mental self-image through 'I' than 'we' and individuals in collectivist nations belong a place with different in-group through which people are treated in a good way with exchange of society.
In terms of this dimension, Nepal scores 30 and Finland scores 63 (Hofstede Insights 2018). As far as this measurement, Nepal scores 30 and Finland scores 63 (Hofstede Insights 2018). This signifies that Nepal is a highly collectivist country in comparison to Finland where the individualism score is pretty high. This would propose that in Nepal, distinguishing proof with the aggregate objectives and gathering ID is the standard. This would suggest that in Nepal, identification with the collective goals and group identification is the norm. It would also suggest that in comparison to Finland, Nepalese society is structured around extended family values
where the collective opinion is important to consider. It would likewise recommend that in contrast with Finland, Nepalese society is organized around more distant family esteems where the aggregate conclusion is essential to consider.
The second criteria that is focussed in understanding the distinctions in culture is power distance. This is characterized as how much power contrasts and imbalances in the society is acknowledged as normal (Hofstede Insights 2018. A powerful distance culture is progressive in nature where the contrasts between individuals of different strata of the community is high.
In terms of power distance dimension, Nepal scores 65 and Finland scores 33 (Hofstede Insights 2018). Regarding power distance measurement, Nepal scores 65 and Finland scores 33 (Hofstede Insights 2018). This signifies that Nepal has highly unequal distribution of power in comparison to Finland. This implies Nepal has profoundly inconsistent dispersion of intensity in contrast with Finland.
The society is likewise organized regarding order of hierarchy doled out for the individuals of the society.
In that aspect, Finland is a much more egalitarian countries where it can be assumed to have equal distribution of power. In that viewpoint, Finland is a substantially more populist nations where it very well may be accepted to have equivalent dissemination of intensity. In terms of businesses, it would suggest that there is a wider gap between the subordinates and leaders and that the role of status is more important in Nepal than in Finland. As far as organizations, it would propose that there is a more extensive hole between the subordinates and pioneers and that the job of status is more significant in Nepal than in Finland.
The third criteria of national culture as featured by (Hofstede 1983) is Masculinity. This criterion is characterized as how much people in a society need to be the best (masculine) or like to do what they like the best (feminine) (Hofstede Insights 2018). In a masculine society accomplishment and achievement are organized over caring and thinking about others. In such a manner, status is of higher priority than the personal satisfaction.
In this dimension, Nepal scores 40 and Finland scores 26. In this measurement, Nepal scores 40 and Finland scores 26. In that respect, both of the societies are considered to be espousing femininie or nurturing values although it is much more predominant in Finland than in Nepal. In that regard, both of the social orders are viewed as embracing femininie or sustaining values despite the fact that it is significantly more dominating in Finland than in Nepal. This signifies that both of the culture emphasizes well being and caring of the other members of the society rather than working hard for achievement, status and material gain. This connotes both of the way of life accentuates prosperity and minding of different individuals from the general public as opposed to buckling down for accomplishment, status and material addition.
The fourth criterion portrayed by (Hofstede 1983) is Uncertaintly avoidance. The degree to which a society feels awkward with unpredictable circumstances and attempts to maintain a strategic distance from those circumstances through different methods is characterized as uncertainty avoidance (Hofstede Insights 2018). A few societies might feel undermined by uncertain circumstances and are very risk opposed. These societies attempt to set up rules and guidelines to avoid from such awkward circumstances In a low uncertainty avoidance cultures, individuals are eager to face challenges and are available to unpredicatble circumstances as a major aspect of life.
In this dimension, Nepal scores 40 and Finland scores 59 (Hofstede Insights 2018). In this measurement, Nepal scores 40 and Finland scores 59 (Hofstede Insights 2018). This shows that Nepalese culture is much more open towards unpredictability of everyday situations and are more risk-takers. This shows Nepalese culture is considerably more open towards unusualness of regular circumstances and are more daring people. Whereas, Finnish culture, being high in uncertainty avoidance prefers to avoid uncertainty through structured rules and developed norms in the society. While, Finnish culture, being high in vulnerability evasion likes to keep away from vulnerability through organized standards and created standards in the general public.
The last dimension portrayed by (Hofstede 1983) is the Long-Term Orientation. According to (Hofstede Insights 2018), it is the degree to which a culture keeps and maintains a connection with the past in managing the present and the future. While some culture keeps up the connection with the past and find it is hard to split away from customs, other cultures have a long-term orientation towards future and gets ready for the future with proper planning in advance. Lately, Hofstede has likewise presented a sixth criterion which concerns the aspects of indulgence and restraint. A few societies prioritize for checking requirements for satisfaction of wants while in other cultures, prompt delight of wants is believed to be normal. The criterions proposed by Hofstede are without any doubt important in analyzing cultural characteristics systematically.
In the long-term orientation dimension, Finland scores 38 and there are no comparative scores available for Nepal. In the drawn-out direction measurement, Finland scores 38 and there are no near scores accessible for Nepal. Similalry, in the Indulgence dimension, Finland scores 57 and there are no scores available for Nepal. Similalry, in the Indulgence measurement, Finland scores 57 and there are no scores accessible for Nepal. In the long-term orientation dimension Finland scores lower which means that Finland is more of a short-term oriented culture. (Hofstede Insights 2018.) In the drawn out direction measurement Finland scores lower which implies that Finland is to a greater degree a transient situated culture. (Hofstede Insights 2018.) The Indulgence dimension shows that Finland has medium indulgence which means that short term gratification is not that emphasized. The Indulgence measurement shows that Finland has medium guilty pleasure which implies that transient satisfaction isn't so underscored. Although, the scores for Nepal for both of these dimensions are not provided, it can be safely assumed that Nepal has more long-term orientation and restraint in comparison to Finland. In spite of the fact that, the scores for Nepal for both of these measurements are not given, it tends to be securely expected that Nepal has all the more long haul direction and restriction in contrast with Finland. In the Nepalses culture, there is much more emphasis for traditional values and how that impacts future. In the Nepalses culture, there is substantially more accentuation for conventional qualities and how that impacts future.
People are also generally more focused toward saving, working and planning for the future rather than seeking instant gratification. . Individuals are additionally commonly progressively centered toward sparing, working and making arrangements for the future as opposed to looking for moment satisfaction. Long term orientation and restraint is built into the cultural values rooted in religious values which is predominantly Hindu community. Long haul direction and limitation is incorporated with the social qualities established in strict qualities which is prevalently Hindu people group. Figure 2 shows Hofstede illustration of the cross-cultural comparison by using this approach. The figure compares Nepal and Finland in these dimensions. Figure 2 shows Hofstede outline of the diverse examination by utilizing this methodology. The figure thinks about Nepal and Finland in these measurements.
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Case Study of Bangladesh Migration
To understand the trends of migration happening in Bangladesh there needs to be some degree of understanding of history of Bangladesh or, to be specific, about the land it is situated at. From the early days of human civilisation, Bangladesh has been prime destination of various influx of migration and more significantly the invasion of regional dynasties or empire. More recently, colonial powers from Europe has left big scar on the land and people. Indo-Aryan, who are majority of demographic, is believed to have arrived between 3,000 and 4,000 years ago with Hindu religion. The artefacts discovered during expeditions suggest that Bangladesh was a flourishing, sophisticated civilisation for very early times.
The modern outlook (culture) of Bangladesh was strongly influenced by the Moghul dynasty when they conquered the territory in the 16th century, which resulted in mass conversion from Hinduism and Buddhism to Islam. As of now 89.1% Bangladeshi people follow Islam.[ ] After the weakening of Moghul dynasty, European imperialists such as Portuguese, Armenians, French and British started to arrive to Bangladesh. They forced the dynasty to establish their European military and trade outposts. The end of Moghul dynasty came in 1757 when British force won against the local army by corrupting the general and they ruled Bangladesh or the whole subcontinent for the next 190 years under the name of British Raj. The long excruciating period as colony has a huge impact on the current migration trend of Bangladesh, or South Asian nations in general.
In 1947, British Raj was finally given independence creating 2 states we know now as Pakistan and India. Pakistan consisted of West Pakistan and East Bengal and Sylhet (at the time it was part of Assam). It was called East Bengal because West Bengal existed in India which was a Hindu majority state therefore the idea British diplomats had in their mind was that divide the colony into Hindu and Muslim sector. This concept has resulted to a peculiar geographic country where a nation is divided by 1600 kilometres. East Bengal was quickly renamed as East Pakistan.
From the beginning, East Pakistan was plagued by obstacles. Especially when West Pakistan dominated the resource and became richer and more powerful though their population was smaller. Even though, majority of foreign reserve was acquired by East Pakistan, close to entirety of the capital was invested in West Pakistan. Political control was always is West Pakistan and which resulted in making official language of Pakistan Urdu which caused huge revolt in East Bengal and lead to massacre of protester which was one of the important moments that leads to independence.
There are 3 instrumental reasons why a war ignited between West Pakistan and East Bengal. First, they tried to strip Bengali language from Bengali people as they thought it was not Islamic enough, but Bengali people dearly held to their values. Secondly, there were devastating cyclones in 1970 which flooded 2/3 of Bangladesh but West Pakistan did not send adequate level fund were sent to concerned areas. Thirdly when Pakistan held the first democratic election, Bengali representative from Awami League (Political party from East Bengal) won but West Pakistan vetoed it and executed martial law which lead to breakout of the agonizing war. Two days before gaining victory from Pakistan in 1971, Pakistan Army has made a list which included most of the prominent and influential intellectuals of Bangladesh, many of them internationally recognized, and they have abducted them and ruthlessly killed them. This was done because Pakistan knew destroying infrastructure was not enough to cripple a nation thus they decided to finish the intellectuals, so the nation would not be able stand by itself. Bangladesh lost entire generation of intellectuals which were supposed to be pillars of national development. Pakistanis called this the Operation Search Light.[ ] Which showed by how 50% Bangladesh population was still poverty in 1990’s. It has been said that 3,000,000 people has been killed and 400,000 women and children were raped.[ ][ ] Turn and twists of nation’s faith has hugely influenced the migration of Bangladeshi people.
INTRODUCTION
Bangladesh's history can be considered as history of migration. Bengali people have been wandering in the delta region for centuries. Surge of labour migration (contemporary) days back to colonial times. In past few years, around 500,000 Bangladeshis leave their country to work in a foreign nations.[ ] As large number of people leave the nation, the remittance to Bangladesh has become huge source of income for the government. Migration trends of Bangladesh cannot be defined in a single concept as it has one of the most diverse and unique diasporas, providing insights into number of migration theories that we learned in the courses. This essay will examine various types migration happening in Bangladesh and then will be selecting the most applicable theory based on my understanding from the course.
Permanent Migration: United Kingdom
Migration of Bangladeshis to the United Kingdom can be said as an age-old tradition. According to Tulshi Kumar Das, more than 2.1% of total population living in London are Bengali descendant. More than half of that is comprised of people from Sylhet, which is northern district of Bangladesh. Sylhetis first arrive to Britain as sailors (lascars – word used to describe South Asian sailors) through the 18th and 19th century, but few of them decided to settle in the UK as there was not many Bangladeshi women therefore they could not find marriage options. Large scale Bangladeshi migration into the United Kingdom is a more modern phenomenon relative to that of other South Asian communities.
Current Bangladeshi demographic in the United Kingdom are the consequence of large scale migration in the 1950s and the 1960s, again from the Sylhet region of Bangladesh. This happened after the Second World War; United Kingdom experienced extreme labour shortages and therefore began to attract labour migrants of the Commonwealth states and it was optimal opportunity for Bangladeshis. This is because, before the liberation war with Pakistan, people wanted to flee from the civil unrest in their homeland, and undoubtedly looked for an improved life in Britain. People who arrived in during that time settled in the East London, which is the same location where immigrants of Jewish people from Eastern Europe escaping persecution of Nazi Germany and Austria in the 1930s. Bangladeshi people especially men, at the beginning, found low skilled labour work such as steel and textile mills all around England, but when these industries fallen because of international competition, they started to construct small businesses such as restaurant and small super markets. This trend of creating restaurants of South Asian cuisine restaurants was followed by Pakistani and Indian communities which has led to profound influence. This can be seen how one of British national food has become Chicken Tika Masala. Corner stone of Sylhetis Bangladeshi impact on British culture is from Sake Dean Mahomet who migrated in 1810 and is credited for London’s first Indian restaurant called Hindoostane Coffee House. [ ]
The graph above shows change in the population throughout the years. At first glimpse is increasing exponential manner but if you look carefully how much it is changing based on previous year the biggest leap was done in 1961 to 1971 as it multiplied almost 4 times. The halt of flow of Bangladeshi migrants to United Kingdom happened when Immigration Act of 1971 was passed in parliament and subsequently in 1972, they imposed innumerable restrictions. Under the new law, only wives and children under 16 years old were able to join their father or husband. Therefore, after 1970s, migrants from Bangladesh has become family base which has incidentally rose the amount of fake marriages.
The kind of migration is perhaps best explained by historical-structural theory. As Bangladesh was colony of Britain it was greatly scarred by the ill practices of them which prioritized the benefit of own nation therefore people Bangladesh was compromised of traditional economical structure and tradition life style thus forced to look for wealthy countries that rely on cheap labour, so they can benefit. It is absolutely clear that Bangladesh and Britain do not hold equal economic or political power therefore as the theory the suggests migrants tend to move wealthier nation. One counter argument to applying this theory in this context is that historical-structural assumes that rich becomes richer as they are essential exploiting cheap labour but because Bangladeshi people has huge amount of remittance thus there is withdrawals from the English economy and greatly uprooting Bangladeshi economy. That being said, I believe historical-structural theory best describes the Bangladeshi migration to United Kingdom.
Internal Migration – Rural to Urban
Internal migration has become both a primary concern for the lawmakers and other invested parties resulting into an important public debate in Bangladesh. It has been perceived as both beneficiary and unfavourable in the perspective of national developmental. Internal migration is the one of the essential parts in an economic expansion and modernization but at the same times causes damages the traditional rural life. This dilemma is not an uncommon experience for a nation undergoing a rapid process of socioeconomic transition - from a subsistence level agrarian economy to a middle income, industrialized economy. Without the concern of the policy makers in their mind, enormous amount of people has migrated from rural or suburban areas to urban areas, particularly Dhaka and Chottogram (formerly called Chittagong), as they wish to escape from poverty for a better life for their family. Dhaka is the capital city of Bangladesh thus it naturally attracts companies to construct factories around the area for logistical reasons. If people are not too savvy about geography of South Asia then they might not heard of Chottogram but this the port city of Bangladesh, equivalent to Yokohama of Japan, where all the cargos go through and as result second biggest city in Bangladesh.
According to the research of Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, the internal migration rate has risen from 3.3% in 1991 and 4.5% in 2001 to 6.7% in 2012. This cross checks with Bangladesh’s first nation-wide census which showed that only 15% of total population lived in cities but currently that number has more than doubled and is at 36.5%.[ ] These findings suggest that there is a positive correlation between urbanization of a nation and the rate of internal migration.
Multiple reasons, economic and non-economic factors, are identified to explain this phenomenon. Definitely, poor and middle-class people are attracted by the opportunities of higher wages in cities but equally at the same time, a diminishing average of land holdings, drawbacks of rural agricultural development, and population pressure are pushing rural people to dense and polluted concrete jungles. It also can be said that internal migration of Bangladesh are naturally done for ecological reasons as nation is frequently prone to various natural disasters such as cyclones, droughts and floods. On top of that social conventions such as that many people view city attractive and they could evade pressure of marriage from their relatives.
Previously, majority of the people moving from rural areas were young men. This has significantly changed recently because of hike in demand in the ready-made garment (RMG) industries in the metropolitan cities. As the work in RMG factories not physically intensive, the demand for female workers has increased. Injection of female in work palce has transformed economy of Bangladesh. Bangladesh is still considered as an agriculture-based economy, but now economy is shifting rapidly to RMG sector, which brings by far the most foreign currency to the nation. The sector contributes around 76 % to total export earnings. Around 4.2 million people are employed by the RMG sector and approximately 50 % are considered to be women from rural areas and remote villages. This has not only given women financially independent, but they are given a voice in the family because they some degree of financial contribution. Unfortunately, everything is not bright with RMG sector as it has led to the tragic circumstances because of industrial accidents and fires, labour rights violations, the capitalist mindset of factory owners, negligence of labour welfare, notably Rana Plaza incident.
As Dhaka is most densely populated city in the world, price of land is very expensive, forcing rural migrants to the outskirts of the cities. Most of them are involved in low paying economic activities such as rickshaw pullers, street vendors, construction workers, transport workers, garments workers and low-grade employees therefore cannot afford adequate housing. On top of that, rural migrants generally experience great degree of harassment at their respective workplace either from employers or police. Drastic positive and negative impacts of internal migration in Bangladesh makes assessing a difficult task. Benefits for the national economy and women's rights and participation are obvious but it comes with a huge expense. Next few years is detrimental for raising the standards of welfare and labour rights, a more just allocation of new wealth, and more importantly developing a stable urban community.
Internal migration of Bangladesh is best explained by neoclassical migration theory because it sees migration theory as an important part of the entire development mechanism, where surplus of labour force in rural areas will naturally be attract urban industrial economy as it provided better wages. This model perfectly embodies the situation of Bangladesh as lack of opportunity in rural areas has resulted in large amount migration to urban areas where they provide work and better financial incentive. Harris and Todaro (1970) primary talks about international migration but it can be said that the sheer difference of rural and urban side of Bangladesh is comparable to international migration. As Bangladesh has 27 ethnic groups (independent sources count 45 of them), there is significant language barrier exists for some. A critique of this theory in this context is that it only focuses on economics side of person’s matter, it fails to answer common cases of people leaving rural areas to evade marriage or low-level politics.
Temporary Migrants of Bangladesh
Bangladeshis after their independence tried to leave the nation as Pakistan left it in a chaotic state. Their prime target was to leave for common wealth countries such England, Canada, and New Zealand but because of restrictive immigration policy many were not able to. As an alternative Middle East rose as the 1973 oil boom increased the demand for cheap labour which was perfect opportunity for Bangladeshis (see Figure 3). In 1976, there was only 6,000 Bangladeshis left to work at a foreign nation. But since then there was great increase thus resulting in 1.2 million Bangladeshis left the country between 1990 and 1995. Such trend continued, and out-migration increased to approximately three million between the years of 2005 and 2010.
Based on the findings of National Population and Housing Census, 2.8 million Bangladeshi household members were living abroad in 2011 which 95 percent of them were male. Interestingly, migrants are still identified as 'household members' and not 'emigrants' which depicts the temporary nature of these labour diaspora. The study also shows how more than 500,000 migrant workers has arrived back at home between the years of 2006 and 2011 during the same time frame 3.5 million had departed the nation.
When United Arab Emirates implemented furthermore restrictions on male labour migrants in 2012, naturally the number of male Bangladeshi decreased rapidly but on the other hand amount of female labour migrants quadrupled. In different gulf states such as Oman and Qatar amount of both male and female migrants rapidly increased in recent years, thus became one of the key destinations of Bangladeshi immigrants.
Alongside the Gulf States, there are few other instrumental host countries for migrants such as Malaysia with 198,000 immigrants as well as the United States exceeding 128,000. This might be surprise for some people, but more than 631,000 Bangladeshis have been legally registered in India as a migrant.
Bangladeshi migrant workers regularly face excruciating working conditions and inhumane treatment. Vast majority of labour migrants from Bangladesh who departs for Gulf States are unskilled. Thus, male migrants are employed usually employed in construction industry and in low level business services, such as cleaning and driving. On the other hand, female migrants are given work as housemaids or cleaners in buildings and offices. Best part of the Bangladeshi migrants arrived at the Middle East with intermediary of recruitment agencies where they gain profit by selling labourer to interested party. For most cases, migrant has to pay the costs incurred by visas and workplace permits. The contracts the migrant workers are given are often in nature highly exploitative. For example, female migrants who work as domestic helpers often victim to sexual harassment and even in certain cases rape. Even though with such limitation many Bangladeshi migrants are still willing to pay the expensive payment to broker to suffer the inhumane labour conditions. This simply because the income they earn such places much higher than what they receive at Bangladesh.
This phenomenon could be best described by the migration theory of transnationalism. As world gets closer with development of technology, people do not have to have severe home sickness or fear of foreign nation as they can easily be able to connect with their families from farther way. The fact that it is easier remit money with emergence of international banking there is furthermore incentives to go around the world and earn much as you can rather than staying at the country do the same work for 1/3 of the wage.
CONCLUDING REMARKS
Bangladesh has always has been the nation about migration. Prehistorically, it was about solely avoiding natural disaster, such sentiments are continuing but the focus has become more on the fact of earning maximum amount with owns potential regardless of work condition of home or host nation. With the only example of Bangladesh, I was able to demonstrate the usage of various migration theory therefore it shows the complexity of migration and its nature.
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Largest Migration of African American People
The migration of more than 6 million African Americans happened in 1916-1970 due to unsatisfactory economic opportunities in their current positions. At that time the African Americans were criticized by their color and were discriminated, meaning that they were excluded from some activities. Such as, drinking water, bathrooms, movie theaters, and much more. The African Americans moved to the north for economic relief and better individual rights. Before the African Americans migrated to the north the kkk had been attacking them. Also before they moved all African Americans had to work on farms due to the sharecropping system. While white supremacy had taken toll in the south the African Americans were moving to escape this. Some more segregated parts of the south were that rent got raised a lot. Also white supremacy had not been made illegal in the north so everyone would be equal. So I bet you are asking how they got all the way into the north from the south being over a thousand miles away, well it takes about 19 days on foot to reach the north. Most African Americans did not have any use of transportation so they had to take the 19 day walk to the north. Once the African Americans made it to the north they started making the urban cities into what they thought was urban.
They turned cities that had been all white Into all African American cities. This was a big change because the whites had never had someone stand up against them and change them so drastically. (https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/great-migration) in another topic, in a different perspective. This time we will be looking at it from a white person's perspective. When the African Americans moved to the north they moved from the farms making it harder for the farmers to find work due to the sharecropping. Sharecropping made it very hard if you worked on a small farm because you would have to share your fill to the bigger farms as well. So the smaller farm owners suffered really bad. It also crippled the bigger farms because there was no one to do the work so if you had let’s say , 200 acres and you had 50 workers plus yourself working that farm every day you would get done faster. But since they lost a lot of workers it was harder for them to get any work done. Also since they moved up north they took a lot of jobs and space from the white people. Back then they are facing what we are in the U.S. Also since they morphed some cities into what they are today the white peoples had to relocate, to different places around the U.S. so I total this was kinda a win-lose lose-win situation it just matters how you stand and your skin color. And if you have a job as a farmer or as a worker.
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Popular Migrant City of Chicago
Today many things can be said about the city of Chicago, both bad and good. It is a modern metropolitan city today, because of the original influences of Daniel Burnham, and his views for the Plan of Chicago. His goal was to create a metropolitan American city who people would love and enjoy, to create a vision for the cities planning and its future. He wanted to create his own pan with minor influences of some European cities. With his vision came growth for the city of Chicago in many forms, it wasn’t just in infrastructure, but also in the increase of its city’s population. During this time the African American population of Chicago rapidly rose from 8.2% in 1940 to 14.6% in 1950. In the next couple paragraphs, I will explain what lead to the increase number of African American. What influences during this period pertain to populations growth and is there a trend increase in today’s population that continue to increase or decline. What can be said about the migrating population of African Americans was this a reason to free slavery to the south or was it an opportunity for them to prosper in a new city of Chicago.
Daniel Burnham plan for the city of Chicago was unique as its location was crucial for its citizens. Its location would lot just have a luxurious waterfront and bold infrastructure, but it its location would be accessible and a gateway from seven other states. Unfortunately, the plan of Chicago had many set backs. When the plan was initially published in 1909 the population of Chicago was not diverse, mainly white Caucasian blue- and white-collar citizens. Yet, the plan was to build this city to replicate some infrastructure of European cities and with plans of Paris in mind. The way cities are developed with roads and highways, these elements also work as boundaries and segregation.
Throughout history many African Americans have dealt with slavery, segregation and discrimination. In 1909 with the development of Burnham’s plan was no different. Many African Americans remained in the southern states of the united states attempting to be free and escape slavery. Many faced hardships within their everyday life. As segregation was real, to them jobs and education was limited as well as all means of daily life. Limited to the kind off work they could do they many where laborers, farmers and worked within still know in free America plantations. So, during this time many remained in the south.
This would all change as major events would start to unfold. African Americans did not start to migrate to Chicago until WWI, in which Chicago had an increase of industrial development and the expansion of the railroad system became a necessity for support in the war. By this time Burnham had already passed but slow some of his plans would take shape by his successors. These industries provided an opportunity for Africans Americans to migrate and escape violence and segregation in the south. African Americans went from being a mostly rural population to one that was mostly urban. After the war there was still Africans moving to Chicago not by vast amounts but still in the thousands. They concentrated themselves mainly on the south side of Chicago to be known as “the Black Belt”. This was an area of aging, dilapidated housing that stretched 30 blocks along State Street and was rarely more than several blocks wide. Initially, a pattern of education discrimination had reemerged, and blacks were still excluded from the civil service, industrial jobs, and most unions. Many former slaves worked as pullman porters on trains, which was low paying. Yet, this would be the migration of African Americans from the rural south to the urban north became a mass movement. The great African American migration started in 1915 and went through about 1970’s but there was a big increase between 1940 and 1950’s.
As many African Americans continued to migrate to Chicago it became apparent to many like the European settlers that came to Chicago prior to them they lacked some of the same qualities. Many black and Europeans came to Chicago lacking education and holding limited skills, mainly in farm fields and as laborer’s, but in rapid fashion they had to adapt from their rural living status to adapting to the urban environment that Chicago had to offer. Many blacks knew if they wanted change they would have to develop more skills and become better educated. Still the issue was jobs were limited majority to white men and limited in availability for blacks due to segregation in the Chicago area. Then there was a change in not just the United States but the world, best know as WWII.
Not yet the 1940’s but WWII started in 1939, a time where many Americans where affected drastically but offered many opportunities for others. By 1940 the war was in full affect and soldiers where needed in the front lines. Lacking volunteers President Roosevelt signed the Selective Training and Service Act. This initiated the United States of Americas first military draft. With the draft came they need for industrialization; many new factories came to life which produced many labor jobs to support the war and its mobilization effort. The draft opened the doors for African Americans as white men were called to war due to the draft. This was a major win for the black African Americans. Prior to this period many jobs in skilled laborer where not available for them, and the jobs that where available had no major benefits. Initially many of these jobs that where just available for whites. Many blacks that where hired held lower jobs, with more work and less pay. But now with lack of workers blacks stepped into new roles, yet they did not receive the same compensation as whites.
In 1941 as the war was still going on the industry was still booming, many manufactures couldn’t keep up with the demand needed to support the war. Workers, where pushed to their limits but without reward as discrimination within the industries, was still visible. Many blacks where not happy with the unfair treatment because of color, therefore they decided to threaten protest. In 1941 during this time if a protest would to occur, manufacturing of goods needed for war would almost come to a halt due to the amount of blacks that would not be working in these factories due to unfair treatment and discrimination. But before this could happen the president issues an executive order that banned discrimination in defense industries and established the Committee of Fair Employment Practices.
With new anti-discrimination laws and a needed workforce word of mouth made its way to the south. Thus, increasing the amount of blacks migrating to Chicago. The number grew fast within this period there was an average of around 3000 African Americans migrating to Chicago each week. As they stepped off the trains from the South and made their ways to the Chicago neighborhoods they had learned about from friends, many became worried. The whites where worried because now you had European and black immigrants competing for jobs and housing with the new arrivals, especially on the South Side, where the steel and meatpacking industries had the most numerous working-class jobs. This also created a problem for urban planning and infrastructure. In 1946, the Chicago Housing Authority tried to ease the pressure in the overcrowded ghettos and proposed to put public housing sites in less congested areas in the city. The development of new Highrise buildings I the 50’s to provide an opportunity for shelter to house all people and create jobs. Increase in population means an increase in traffic and other major city functions.
The African American population also brought a lot of good influences from the south. They developed a new renaissance in Chicago and many African Americans became scholars. The brought with them music “Jazz” and “rhythm and blues” which brought soul to its neighborhoods. Many Chicago cities became self-independent and many African Americans took advantage developing their own shops in their neighborhoods. The migrants could spend their hard-earned wages in several shopping malls with well-provisioned department stores, movie theaters, and banks. It also brought some bad things like increase of violence between blacks and euro-Americans and themselves. After the war with soldiers coming back, jobs became scarce as defense production decreased. So many people lost jobs including the blacks. Thus, migration was ultimately a success to the blacks for a period, but the numbers of migration increases as many more immigrated and more where born.
Unlike the1940’s and 1950’s, todays Chicago African population is still dominant. Many African Americans that do make it out of the urban city and get educated leave. For a period, the African American population increased as no one was leaving. Yet in recent studies it shows due to lack of jobs and prosperity in urban Chicago many of them are leaving and numbers are beginning to decrease.
The representation of African American population in Chicago during the decade of 1940-1950, was primarily due to the net gains of African Americans through migration. Key to this that many African Americans wanted to leave the scene of slavery that foreshadowed them in the south for decades. So, migration was a huge factor due to job opportunity, laws against discrimination and fair treatment in the workforce, and some would also say due to word of mouth from family and friends. This increase is mainly since there were many African immigrants coming in and not out or leaving the city of Chicago. Also, with the large number of migrations came an excess of births than deaths, so the ratio of births surpassed deaths. Therefor the black population can be said and represented through the expansion of African Americans beyond the black belt into other cities in the Chicago region. Many African Americans just knocked of the door of opportunity.
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The Importance of Endurance in Seasonal Migration
Migration requires a constant supply of energy that animals secure from resourcing their metabolic fuels. Bats are mammals that make their migratory journeys through flight similarly to birds. Since fat has more energy per unit mass, birds use this as their means for enduring long migrations. It was hypothesized that due to evolutionary convergence bats would use fat stores similar to birds as fuel. Hoary bats (Lasiurus cinereus) would accomplish this through their oxidation pathways and fatty acid transport proteins being seasonally upregulated in their flight muscles.
The objective of this paper is to better understand how hoary bats are capable of sustaining a level of endurance that is required during their seasonal migrations. To do so, 8 lactating-female bats and 7 male non-migratory bats were collected between July 20-August 1, 2018 in Saskatchewan, Canada. 15 female and 15 male migratory bats were captured as well using mist nests in Bernalillo County and Manzano Mountains, New Mexico on May 5 – May 17, 2009. The bats were euthanized and their pectoralis muscles were dissected and stored at ?80 °C. After preparing the tissue through RNA isolation and reverse transcription into cDNA, primers were made for these specific target genes: Heart-type fatty acid binding protein (H-FABP), fatty acid transporter and translocase (FABPpm, FAT/CD36). H-FABP would increase in hibernating bats because they rely on stored fats during hibernation. FABPpm and FAT/CD36 would increase in migrating sparrow birds. After the hoary bat sequence was found, PCR was performed.
Birds were used as a model system to make predictions about migratory bats. HOAD, CPT, and CS are oxidative enzymes whose levels vary seasonally in migrating birds. This should lead to an increase of these three enzymes in migrating bats and mRNA expression. Results showed that the target gene H-FABP increased expression 5 times in migrating females, indicating a variation among sex. The female levels may be higher than male bats because extra energy is needed to reach their destination before giving birth or to find appropriate mates. There was a 32% increase in CPT, a 29% increase in CS, and a 53% increase in HOAD levels. Males displayed a greater HOAD presence, but CS and CPT were not affected by sex differences. During spring migration the bats aerobic capacity increased. A higher demand for fatty acids was required due to there being a greater physiological demand on bats around this migratory time.
I found that this paper presented interesting findings but did not include much data on female bats or pups. Lactating females might have a different metabolic rate because of pregnancy and sub-adults could possibly have a faster metabolism, therefore this could lead to inconclusive data being presented. The study found that bats do not increase their fatty acid protein levels like birds. Bats may have other ways they deal with the possible strains that occur during migration. Bats feed and migrate at the same time, unlike birds that fly at night and feed during the day. Since bats do not feed during the day they can shut off their metabolism and save energy. Perhaps the anatomical structure of the bats wings compared to the birds’ makes their overall energy output less. Since bats wings are more flexible they can get better drag and lift than birds and would need to do less work therefore requiring less fat stores. A bigger sample size would be preferred in this study to diminish any outliers, and a greater focus on protein levels not mRNA. Bats are interesting creatures and there is still more to learn on their hormonal control.
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What you Can Learn from Michelle Obama
Introduction
“Failing is a crucial part of success… Your strength comes in your ability to recover.” (Obama, 2018). Michelle Obama – a strong-willed woman combining career success and a harmonic family life, while being a social advocate across the world. Approachable, and still seems flawless. A quite impressive woman. What can I still learn from Michelle Obama’s mindset, values, and career?
Career Development Theories
Analysing Michelle Obama’s career to date, the first career development theory applicable is Super’s lifespan theory. Career decision making is assumed to be a lifelong process (Eliason et al., 2014). The constellation of biological, social, economic, familial, educational, and chance factors contribute to a constant self-concept development resulting in career changes (Preston & Reno, 2013). This unfolding process leads through various stages; the career is determined by several decisions made during life-spaces such as ‘parent’, ‘worker’, or ‘student’ instead of just one (“Super’s Career Development Theory”, n.d.). Biological factors, such as origin and cultural background, influence Obama’s first career decision, sociology studies, focused on the own racial affiliation. Thus, experiences made during growth stage contribute to the subsequent exploration. A juris doctor enables Obama to work as a lawyer. The woman’s path then leads from town organization and development tasks to university administration, without a definite direction visible. Working for a food processing company, the familial condition of marriage and ensuing motherhood force Obama into part-time employment, moving through the stage of establishment. With her partner Barack’s presidency candidature, his career aspirations become more important to her than her own, so that she finally gives up her own career for supporting his, progressively immerging in the stage of maintenance.
The second theory applicable is Bandura’s social cognitive career theory, outlining the interdependence of self-efficacy beliefs, outcome expectations, and personal goals. It is assumed that a person is likely to choose and succeed in activities at which self-efficacy beliefs and skills are strong and externally supported (“Social Cognitive Career Theory”, n.d.). Characterized by a strong will and ambitiousness (Bair, 2017), Obama shows decisional self-efficacy instead of coping efficacy (Ezefor et al., 2016). Constant commitment repeatedly leads to high performance (Conklin et al., 2013). Those achievements in turn arise Obama’s high self-efficacy beliefs, provoking her positive attitude towards expected outcomes, never losing the hope of making an impact. Obama stays optimistic to make the world a better place, defining achievements in women’s equality and fairly accessible education as her personal goals, reflecting in Obama’s career decisions and engagements.
Regarding my own career, I will apply Holland’s theory of vocational choice. Assuming that occupations result from six personality types (New Zealand Government Careers, 2017), I categorize myself under ‘conventional’. Having always been successful with numbers in educational as well as in professional context, always trying to work as efficiently as possible, being excited about organizational and planning challenges, my personality congruently fits this type. I avoid taking risks and struggle with creativity, and I fear to lose control in personal and professional contexts. My daily life is immensely structured. The choose of major is related to a student’s engagement (Ethington et al., 2012), just as a match of individual and occupation expresses itself in great performance and stress-free satisfaction (Furnham, 2001). Being highly ambitious, I aim for reaching the position of a Chief Financial Officer one day. I may confirm that my motivation and engagement is highly dependent on the subjects I take. Furthermore, I am convinced that I will only succeed and therefor be satisfied in my life, when I am able to meet my occupation’s requirements, but get the chance to unfold the full potential of my personality at the same time.
Career Value Comparison
Having given up her career for her husband’s aspiration, for Michelle Obama family is undeniably a highly important value to her. Although Obama reached the position of being one of the most powerful women in the world (Bair, 2017), she always stays grounded, keen on keeping public contact. “We feel a responsibility to make [the White House] feel like the people’s house… We want the White House to be a place of education and awareness.” (Obama, 2009). Being an advocate for equality, women’s rights and accessible education, Obama seeks moral fulfilment in helping others and the society. “You too can pave the way. You too can realize your dreams. And then your job is to reach back, and to help someone just like you to do the same thing.” (Obama, 2009). Acting as a thought leader, highly valuing diversity, the woman confidently focuses on influencing people in order to raise awareness and to provoke change. Her career as juris doctor and lawyer embodies Michelle Obama’s appreciation for honesty and integrity. She is never afraid of facing challenging problems or making decisions, neither am I.
Quite the contrary, we both welcome challenges and competition. Knowledge and competence are of great importance to us, both having an endeavouring and ambitious personality. Obama put into words: “I never cut class. I loved getting A’s. I liked being smart. I thought being smart was cooler than anything in the world.” (Obama, 2009). But although a great career is crucial for satisfaction in life, Michelle Obama emphasizes the importance of juggling career and motherhood and maintaining a healthy work-life-balance, speaking right from my soul. While this is one of the achievements I admire Michelle Obama for, I myself still struggle with finding the right balance and model myself on her in this point. In addition to intellectual status, I also highly value a powerful status, in general. Unlike Obama, who is constantly staying grounded, I tend to strive for an elevated hierarchical position associated with supervision. A career without opportunities for advancement would neither motivate me for high performance nor lead to my satisfaction. And opposed to Obama, wealth and gain hold a high position in my set of values. I may retrace Obama’s “Success isn’t about how much money you make. It’s about the difference you make in people’s lives.” (Obama, 2018), but nevertheless, this is just not completely covering my line of thought looking forward to my prospective career.
Conclusion
Clearly undergoing life stages, including career changes caused by diverse factors, Obama’s career is best analysed by Super’s theory. Furthermore, Bandura’s theory is well suited, since Obama’s high self-efficacy beliefs, optimism and visionary goals undeniably lead to high performance. My characteristics clearly reflect Holland’s personality type “conventional”. In addition, my conviction that a match between character and occupation will lead to satisfaction, both sides, confirms his theory’s fit to my prospective career.
“Take for granted that [you] are capable of doing whatever [you] want to, but you’ve got to be willing to work for it.” (Obama, 2018). I owe Michelle Obama my hope, optimism, and self-confidence regarding my success in career. And although I see familiar traits when analysing her personality, I still have a great potential to grow in human interaction, down-to-earth attitude, and modesty – three of Obama’s strengths.
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What You Can Learn From Michelle Obama. (2021, Dec 29).
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