Month: December 2021
Cultural Differences Within Intercultural Groups at Workplace
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Methodology to Analyze Critical Incidents
- Dimensions of National Cultures
- Group Development
- Critical Incidents in Multicultural Work Group
- Willingness to Tell The Truth
- How to Maximize the Strengths and Reduce the Weaknesses of Intercultural Groups.
- Conclusion and Discussion
- References
Abstract
The master construction management and engineering program at TU Delft has the goal of being able to work with all parties with various backgrounds for a construction project in the future. This requires proper understanding and implementation in order to achieve the specific objectives of intercultural understanding and communication. To deepen understanding, there are two intercultural experiences within the working group that will be explained using the critical incident approach and explained using Dimension of Nation cultural theory (Hofstede, 1991), group development (Tuckman, 1965) and some other supporting literature. The results of the analysis lead to strategies to maximize strengths and minimize deficiencies that can be concluded that the strategy can be through two approaches namely by opening up the differences and willing to work together to achieve common goals. However, approaches through other theories can be proposed in order to broaden critical intercultural incidents that occur and hence can enrich the possibilities of other strategies.
Keywords: Engineering, Analysis, Critical, Incidents, Intercultural, Group, Management, Workplace
Introduction
According to the International Labor Organization (ILO), there are an estimated 164 million migrant workers worldwide in 2017. Due to the large number of foreign workers, there is a demand to form a collaborative group between local workers and foreign workers in the workplace. Therefore, many multicultural groups are created with various nationalities. The experience of working with people who have different origins in the workplace will provide intercultural work experience. Therefore, it is important to learn how to manage or adapt to differences in values, ways of thinking, behaviors that work in these conditions. By studying it we can find out the advantages and disadvantages of multicultural groups. Strategies to maximize benefits and reduce deficiencies can also be developed and implemented. hence, several questions arise, as follows, what are the advantages and disadvantages of having a multicultural working group? and what strategies can be used?
To answer these questions, some cross-cultural work experience will be analyzed systematically. There are two events called critical incidents that come from my work experience to be analyzed using a methodological framework. Several theories relating to critical incidents will be explained first in the framework. Then, events will be explained and analyzed in more depth using several related theories. Strategies will be proposed to be able to handle similar events in multicultural groups.
In this article, the experience I will describe is the result of my observations a few years ago when I worked with foreigners in a German automotive company. My observations are also influenced by my cultural background as a Chinese descent living in Indonesia and at the time of the incident, I did not have much experience in interacting with foreigners. Because of this, other people who have similar experiences may have different views.
Methodology to Analyze Critical Incidents
To produce structured analysis, the method for gathering intercultural work experience will be used the critical incident technique (CIT). Critical Incident Technique is a set of procedures for collecting direct observations of human behavior in such a way as to facilitate their potential usefulness in solving practical problems and developing broad psychological principles (Flanagan, 1954). Referring to Everly & Mitchell (1995), there are three stages in interpreting an incident:
1. The visible incident which describe the facts seen by outsiders (narrative)
2. The interpretation of the conflicts
3. Determinants or notions which provide terms and theories to explain the incident.
The narrative approach will be used to explain critical events that are physical actions or interactions as well as emotional upheaval between group members. The determinant or perspective to be used to analyze critical incidents is dimension of national cultures (Hofstede, 1991) and group development theory (Tuckman, 1965). In addition, some other literature will be used to explain the analysis of critical incidents.
Dimensions of National Cultures
According to Oxford Dictionary, dimension is an aspect, or way of looking or thinking about something. Align with this definition, Hofstede in 1991 grouped phenomena or perspectives found in people's lives in 6 dimensions of national culture, as follows:
1. Power Distance Index (PDI): an Index of (high or low) acceptance of social inequality.
2. Individualism vs. Collectivism (IDV): an index of a strong (collectivism) or loose (individualism) bond between an individual and a group, besides himself and his family.
3. Masculinity vs. Femininity (MAS): an assessment of a society that has an orientation to achievement, heroism, assertiveness, and competition (Masculine) or an orientation to cooperation, simplicity, quality of life (Feminine)
4. Uncertainty Avoidance (UAI): a tolerance level of cultural members (high or low) for unknown or unexpected events.
5. Long-term orientation vs. short-term orientation (LTO): an assessment of community actions or responses relating to short-term (low) or long-term (high) orientation.
6. Indulgence vs restraint (IND): an assessment of people's freedom to fulfill and regulate human desires with strict social norms (restraint) or relatively free (Indulgence)
However, this dimension does not mean that the culture of one country is better than another. However, a general description and estimation of understanding other cultures and what is expected of them and how to behave towards groups from other countries can be explained through this dimension.
Group Development
The process from beginning to end of a group that has the same goal is called group development. The phases in the process occur unavoidably but are also needed for the team to grow, be ready to face challenges, overcome problems, find solutions, plan work, and deliver results. Based on the group development model from Bruce Tuckman (1965), there are 5 stages in group development as shown in the diagram below and explained later.
Critical Incidents in Multicultural Work Group
There are 2 critical incidents that will be explained in the analysis using the framework proposed earlier.
Difference in Punctuality
To start a development project in Indonesia, an initial meeting was held that would be attended by 3 Germans, and 3 Indonesians including me. Before the meeting time began, all representatives from Germany and I arrived. However, at the time the meeting should have started, my two colleagues had not yet arrived. While waiting, the three Germans occasionally looked at their watches with agitated faces. Fifteen minutes later, the two Indonesians came casually and apologized without showing any guilty expressions. The three Germans showed unhappy faces while warning them not to be late again and immediately starting the meeting. Although there are no answers in the form of words, but on the faces of both Indonesian colleagues look offended by the reprimand. This incident can be explained by several theories about the development of culture and groups.
First, this incident occurred in the first stage of group development, which is forming. At this stage, new group members only met and did not yet have knowledge of the character, background, and culture of each individual involved. According to Dimensions of National Cultures, in the UAI dimension, German rank and score is high (rank 43-44, index 65) and vice versa Indonesia rank and score is low (rank 62-63, index 48). The high UAI index reflects the level of anxiety that exists in certain communities in the face of an uncertain future so that it has more written and unwritten norms. Then, German scores are low for PDI (35) while Indonesia has a high score (78). countries with low scores on this dimension are more supportive of equal treatment between individuals. Although punctuality related to personality factors and individual differences, attitudes, and contexts (Dishon-Berkovits & Koslowsky, 2002; Koslowsky, Sagie, Krausz, & Singer, 1997) but also lateness can imply that the time norm violated (Levine, 2008). Thus, from these two dimensions, physical and non-physical responses from the two countries regarding punctuality can be explained.
Willingness to Tell The Truth
When the project has been running for 8 months, I made a big mistake that caused a delay of 2 weeks. First, I confessed my mistake to my two Indonesian colleagues. then the face of one of my coworkers panicked and advised me not to say this error to my German co-worker because I would be in big trouble if I admit it. However, I feel guilty if I don't say it and cover up problems from them. Finally, at a meeting, I ventured to tell the problem arising from my mistake in a trembling voice and tried not to cry in front of my German colleagues because I was very afraid they would express their anger at that moment. However, their response was not even angry and even expressed gratitude for my honesty and one of them said 'You don't need to be afraid, even though you made a mistake, but you are not a mistake.' and his words surprised me.
This incident can be explained by examining the culture adopted and applied by a person in daily life (Chinese culture) and not just focusing on citizenship status (Indonesia). According to the Global Times, in the eyes of the Chinese, taking responsibility and being honest in disputes puts the person in a 'lost face,' which is the worst thing that can happen to the Chinese. Moreover, this incident occurred during the storming phase of group development where conflicts arose, so they did not yet have a deep mutual trust between members.
Then, the Chinese score is high on the PDI dimension (80) and vice versa the Indonesian PDI score is low. Countries with high scores on the PDI dimension not only demand equality but also act and think based on social equality values. then, Germany is an individualist country (score 67) while China is a collectivist country (score 20) and Indonesia too (score 14). The individualist state has direct communication and tends to be more honest, even if it hurts others while the collectivist country is more careful in talking and maintaining relationships in social life.
How to Maximize the Strengths and Reduce the Weaknesses of Intercultural Groups.
Through these two critical incidents, showing that group activities with members who have different cultures can provide advantages and disadvantages. Intercultural working groups can provide losses in the form of slowing down and decreasing performance due to the difficulty of integration among multicultural members who have prejudice and misunderstanding in communication. But on the other hand, greater benefits such as better character growth for each member, results in innovation and creativity obtained from diverse and complementary cultural perspectives.
To get the maximum advantages and minimum losses, a strategy in a multi-cultural working group is needed. Strategy can be taken through two perspectives from two theories used in analyzing critical incidents, namely strategies for dealing with cultural differences and strategies for working together in groups. Each person's purposes appear to be uniquely established when the individual starts life, it can be seen that no two individuals can perceive any object or other person in exactly the same way (Kelly, 1957). Therefore, self-awareness that everyone is different in a positive perspective must be followed by attitudes to accept differences in knowledge due to a country's level of development, and openness (Lobel, 1990) through applications that reflect flexibility in interacting or acting between cultures, for example willing to come on time.
However, the act of working together in groups is not an easy thing to do. Therefore, each individual needs to reduce prejudice through contact between members who need active and goal-oriented efforts (Pettigrew, 1998). The athletic team provides a prime example (Chu & Griffey 1985, Miracle 1981, Patchen 1982). In an effort to win, inter-racial teams need each other to achieve their goals.
Conclusion and Discussion
In this paper, a framework was proposed to explain and analyze two critical events which are my personal work experience. The analysis is used to produce strategies that can maximize profits and minimize losses from multi-cultural work groups. These strategies basically respond to two theories used in analyzing critical incidents, namely the dimension of national culture (Hofstede) and group development (Tuckman). Both theories provide conclusions through different perspectives but are complementary.
Through the dimension of national culture, critical incidents can be explained by the existence of cultural differences that must be faced by each individual. hence, an important strategy for being able to adapt to cultural differences is to have an attitude of openness and mutual respect for differences. Then, critical incidents occur with the influence of certain phases in group development where each group member brings different backgrounds.
Due to each situation is unique and there is no precise way to ensure that the problem can be solved, then basically, every individual needs to have a sense of group ownership and remember and pursue the vision of the group. Over time, further learning of cultural change is needed and analysis using other theories will also provide different perspectives and strategies to produce better strategies.
References
- China, Germany, Indonesia. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.hofstede-insights.com/country-comparison/china,germany,indonesia/
- Chinese Culture (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/982317.shtml?fbclid=IwAR2RejQDY9Z-L0fJZ uPcssw_GbBWrISr7-EZtpaU_VC6DNBOjrqqM1aOOg
- Chu D, Griffey D. (1985). The contact theory of racial integration: the case of sport. Sociol. Sport J. 2:323–33
- Dimension (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/dimension
- Dishon-Berkovits, M., Koslowsky, M. (2002). Determinants of employee punctuality. The Journal of Social Psychology, 142, 723-739.
- Flanagan, J.C. (1954). The critical incident technique. Psychological Bulletin, 51(4), 327-358.
- Hofstede, G. H. (1991). Cultures and organizations: Software of the mind - Intercultural cooperation and its importance for survival. New York: McGraw-Hill Publishing Co.
- KELLEY, E. (1957). The significance of being unique. ETC: A Review of General Semantics, 14(3), 169-184. Retrieved from www.jstor.org/stable/42581679
- Koch, P. T., Koch, B. J., Menon, T., & Schenkar, O. (2016). Cultural friction in leadership beliefs and foreign invested enterprise survival. Journal of International Business Studies, 47(4), 453-470.
Cite this page
Cultural Differences within Intercultural Groups at Workplace. (2021, Dec 29).
Retrieved November 4, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2021/12/page/8/
Understand how to Manage Process and Monitor Services
Introduction
On Linux based server or VPS or any Linux machine managing the services is the essential task to keep your server running and working fine. There are lots of services are running on the server at the same time such as HTTP service or PHP service or SSH service or crontab service or any third party services. Sometime this services may create problems an in a result it may create trouble to the server to avoid this circumstance we need to understand how to manage and handle and monitor these services, managing services is not a difficult task, so in this blog, we are going to see what is services and commands to manage services.
In Linux, service or daemons is an application that’s run in a background, waiting to be used or to be carrying out essential tasks. Controlling Services with systemctl System startup and server processes are managed by the systemd System and Service manager. This program provides a method for activating system resources, server daemons, and Other processes, both at boot time and on a running system. Daemons are processes that wait or run in the background while performing various tasks. To listen for connections, a daemon uses a socket Sockets may be created by daemons or may be separated from the daemon and be created by another process, such as systemd, which then passes the socket to the daemon when a connection is established by a client.
There are mainly two types of services one is self-service and another one is xinetd service
Self-service: The self-services mean the services which are initiated by the system itself most of the time these services are managed by systemd service manager. This kind of services is coming under essential services because if they didn’t run continuously it may affect the server or machines behavior. The services such as HTTP, DNS, Cronjob, etc.
Xinetd service: Xinetd services mean Extended Internet Services Daemon this is exactly the opposite of self-service this are not come under very essential services. This type of service we can run as per requirements, so because of that system utilized fewer resources and keep memory and CPU free for other processes or services. For example FTP, TELNET, SSH, SMTP, etc. services.
Before we start as we already seen the type of services. We also need to know where these services are get stored. Like in windows your all program file drivers related application files are get stored inside C: drive, exactly in the same way the services in Linux are getting executed from /usr/lib/system/system path and if you want to see all services and their port listed in the operating system you can go to /etc/services path. Now let see commands and there use to manage the services one by one.
- 1. # systemctl status ---To check the live status of service (e.g # systemctl status crond) ---Here crond is name of crontab daemon.
- 2. # systemctl stop ---To stop the running service.
- 3. # systemctl start ---To start the service.
Once you start the service in the Active section it will show you the status of service as well as date and time when service gets started. Highlighted in red box.
- 4. # systemctl restart ---To restart the service.
- 5. # systemctl reload ---To refresh the service.
- 6. # systemctl disable ---To permanently disable the service from boot time.
After disabling the service it will still show disabled in the service section. So now if it is self-service it will not start at the time of booting it need to start manually.
Let see some aspects regarding the Loaded and Active option.
- 7. # systemctl enable ---To permanent enable the service from boot time.
Now if it is self-service it will start running when the system will boot.
- 8. # systemctl mask --- To lock the service, it will prevent performing certain tasks regarding service such as start, restart, reload, enable, etc.
If you notice or compare the previous image in a Loaded section it shows you the path of the running service with status. Once you mask the service it will not show you any of that.
- 9. # systemctl unmask ---It unlocks the service, it will remove the restriction of performing certain tasks regarding service such as start, restart, reload, enable, etc. after unmask it shows you all the details in Loaded section.
- 10. # systemctl -- type = services ---it will show you all active services with their status and description.
- 11. # systemctl --failed ---It will show you all failed services.
- 12. # systemctl --type =services --all ---it will show you all active and deactivated services.
- 13. # systemctl -H status
---by using this command you can control the services of hosts or another machine. Here -H is defined as host. (e.g. # systemctl -H root@192.168.0.101 status crond )
Conclusion:
By using the above command you can able to manage the services running on the server or any Linux machine. These commands may not work on every Linux operating system because systemctl command is introduced from RHEL 7 and CentOS 7. For an older version, you can use the command as follow.
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Cross-cultural Differences in Mental Health
Abstract
My research is focused on explaining why we find differences between Eastern and Western culture regarding mental health. My topic is focused on taking a biocultural approach by examing different environmental, social, and biological factors that could possibly influence these differences. My initial research found that one of the hugest differences is anxiety disorders occur more in western cultures as opposed to eastern cultures. This topic is important because mental illness affects many people around the globe. This research topic is important in regards to Eastern immigrants who moved to Western countries. Specifically speaking, the United States. Cultures seem to play a huge part in treating mental illness. If we gain some insight into these differences, we may be able to help treat immigrants with mental illness more efficiently.
I obtain ten scholarly sources using the Univerity of Florida database and Google Scholar. I examine the sources I came across to make sure the research related to my research topic. The results seem to reflect that these difference are mainly due to the culture difference. Generally speaking, Eastern cultures seem themselves as a collective group. Whereas, Western cultures view themselves as individuals. Western cultures are goal driven. While Eastern cultures are a focus on obtaining harmony. This could be a huge reason why the prevalence of anxiety disorders in Western cultures is higher. I believe using this information, we can impact the mental health field. We can change our treatment based on a person's culture and even learn something from different cultures. In American, we can try to help people see success as harmony rather than personal gain. I believe this research can help make a huge improvement when it comes to mental health and increases the number of people who are reaching out for help.
Annotated Bibliography
In their research, Butler and Gross discuss emotional suppression. Emotional suppression is often found in Asian cultures. This is quite the contrast in American cultures. Generally, studies have reported that Asians will suppress unpleasant feelings. While Americans are generally encouraged to share their unpleasant feelings. This demonstrates the different social aspects of eastern and western cultures. Butler and Gross found that Americans suffer more deleterious effects due to emotional suppression than Asian cultures. Although this research is fascinating, it does not mean that people from Asian cultures do not experience deleterious effects from suppression. This research is quite important because emotional suppression can affect one's state of mental illness. Emotional suppression can explain why we see differences in mental health in western and eastern cultures. This study is useful because emotional suppression can be common for racial minorities. We can use what we know to prevent emotional suppression as it can cause harm to the individual.
Authors Cohen and Gunz both examined emotional perceptions of Easterners and Westerners. The findings the researchers found were quite interesting. Asians were more likely than Westerners to see view themselves in the perspective of another person. It was found that Asians are also more likely to view memories in the third person than Westerners. Westerners typically view memories in the first person. Moreover, when trying to read the emotions of other people both Westerners and Easterns took different approaches. Westerns tended to use egocentric projection. They expected emotions in other people to work just the same as their individual emotions work. Easterners were completely opposite. Easterners tend to use relational projection. This study relates to my research topic because it discusses the social aspects of how Easterners and Westerners different in regards to emotional perspectives. Emotional perspectives can extremely important when conducting therapy. For example, it is very imperative for the therapists (especially western therapists) to stray away from using egocentric projection as it can lead to miscommunication when discussing mental health. This research is useful to help us understand how to be careful to avoid bad habitats when it comes to therapy for clients.
Corrigan discusses self-stigma. Self-stigma is when an individual feels inferior or weak due to a ailment they might have. They are many types of stigma. Corrigan found that self-stigma can affect ones self-efficacy and self-esteem. Althought it doesn’t discuss any differences cross culturally. This research is related to my topic because the stigma is something that greatly affects mental health. It is nearly impossible to eliminate. This research is useful because in the health field we typically discuss how other people stigmatize others, but individuals internally stigma as well.
Furnham and Cheng collected data from Japan, China, and Britain. They sought out to measure happiness, mental health, and overall health. Surprisingly they found that British have higher levels of happiness, mental health, and physical health. This seems to contradict my research on anxiety disorders is more prevalent in Western countries. Although data was not collected from Americans. The results could vary if Americans were chosen in this study. This is related to my topic because it looks at the overall health of people, which can be an indicator of mental health. Physical health is important to measure because somatic symptoms can be a sign of distress. I think this study is useful because it is important to recognize that each culture could use improvement in the mental health filed. Moreover, we all face problems, regardless of our culture.
Koenig, Zaben, and Khalifa compare and contrast mental health in the West and the Middle East by examing religion. In the West, it is overwhelming Christian beliefs. While in the Middle East, it is overwhelmingly Islam beliefs. The authors collect research from religious people from West and East countries. The researcher examines their self-esteem, well-being, a locus of control, optimism, and purpose in life. Overall, they found both East and West religious people have higher self-esteem than those who are not religious. Religion plays a huge part in their mental health. The research shows that when religion is incorporate in therapy for both groups, results from therapy were improved. This study is useful for my research because while there are differences among West and East, it is important to note there are similarities as well. It is important to note research that might not support my questions to avoid purposely skewing my results.
The authors focus on the measurement tools used to assess depression and anxiety in East Asia. We find that East Asians use different measurements than Western cultures. While these tools are different, they seem to measure anxiety and depression very well for East Asians. The research also suggests that East Asians experience somatic symptoms of anxiety and depression. These findings are imperative because people might not recognize that have a mental health issue and put it off as something physical issue. My prior research has found many people will have some level of distress in their lifetime, but most will not reach out for help. The fact that symptoms manifested in people differently suggested that health professionals need to educate the public, so they can be aware and seek help if needed. This study relates to my topic by showing a biological basis for why we see differences in mental illness in easterners and westerners. This research is useful because it can help the public be more aware of their symptoms that could be due to mental illness and seek help.
Mori reviews a problem that is not widely discussed at American universities. The concern of international students is often 'overlooked' (Mori, 2000) Mori address the problem in his article. International students can often go through a culture shock, especially students from collect countries. Mori found that international students experience more distress than native students and are less likely to utilize resources at school. This is related to my topic because it refers to students who are coming from different cultures who might struggle to adjust to schools in America. This research is useful because college campuses need to sure that there are resources for international students.
Research has found that in individualistic cultures emotional experiences were associated with life satisfaction. While collectivistic cultures consider emotional experience important for life satisfaction as well. Although, there is evidence that an individual's life satisfaction is determined by social and cultural norms. In short, outside forces play a stronger role in collectivistic cultures. This research is related to my topic because it discusses the different social factors of cultures. Life satisfaction is viewed quite differently across cultures. This is useful information that can be used for many implications. It suggests that one must consider the role that other people play in one's happiness. Especially if the person's family is collectivistic or individualistic.
Uchida and Kitayama found that generally Japanese and Americans view happiness quite different. The study found that Americans associated happiness with personal achievement. While the Japanese associated happiness with “social harmony.” These findings are related to my topic because they discuss the cultural differences from eastern and western countries in regard to happiness. Happiness is related to one's mental health. Moreover, how people view happiness is determined by one's locus of control. A person’s locus of control can determine how someone tackles conflict or stress. This study is useful because it shows statistical data of how both eastern and western cultures differ in regard to mental health. However, this study takes a different angle, by looking at how different groups view happiness and unhappiness.
According to the World Health Organization about 'one in four people' (WHO 2001.) will be affected with a mental illness at some point their lives. However, roughly 66 percent will not seek treatment. (WHO 2001) Many do not seek treatment because of stigma and expensive cost. So many people could potentially want help, but don't have the access to resources to do so. This is related to my research because stigma and money is a social reason people don't seek help. These factors can greatly affect one's mental health regardless of one's culture. This study is useful in my research because it can help public servants find ways to make treatment and resources available to everyone despite these social factors.
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Shaping One’s own Shortcomings
Everybody builds up a discernment about their own shortcomings, qualities, and different attributes that basically make them their identity, which is otherwise called a self-concept. These discernments consistently change over a lifetime. In spite of the fact that I have not been on this planet for a considerable measure of time, it doesn't really mean I have not had a lot of obstacles. There have been a huge number of episodes that have molded me into the individual I am at this present stage. This incorporates things, for example, my family, communications with different people, catastrophes, upbeat events, and different various events. Alongside different viewpoints that have affected me, I would need to state my social and family foundation has had the best effect upon my life.
I have experienced childhood in a generally little family that has been prominent in the significance of family associations and bonds. My family has had a gigantic effect upon my identity today. I trust that I show an immense measure of my parent's attributes, which I am incredibly pleased with. In spite of the fact that I do possess a lot of my parent's characteristics, despite everything I feel that I am one of them. Individuality is a human trademark that an immense measure of the worldwide population, especially the Middle East. This feeling of individuality is the point at which an individual concentrations upon specific characteristics or a trademark that basically recognizes them from others. I firmly trust that I am a person that has a lot of attributes to offer. I have dependably been pleased with my race and social foundation. I am of Muslim ethnicity and originated from the moderately little nation of Middle East. My ethnic gathering has reliably been under separation from different religious and ethnic gatherings. My family endured an amazingly heartbreaking occasion that fundamentally affected us.
I would like to describe my characteristics in beautiful terms as dedicated, enthusiastic, delicate, brave, laid back, reasonable, cheap, an endorsement searcher, rule devotee, legitimate, an organizer and innovative. In my free time, I took in a great deal about myself through social correlations. Now and again it clearly influences my confidence and different occasions it influences it adversely. When I was growing up, I was constantly contrasted with my more established sibling and older sister. They generally did well in school and in light of the fact that I didn't progress admirably, I was constantly contrasted with them.
Because of that, I grew up imagining that I wasn't wise or a 'decent child.' This badly influenced my confidence. I didn't assume that I would ever come close to them. It wasn't until I kicked more established and in reality off attempting in school that I understood that I was more intelligent than I had idea. After some time, my confidence expanded yet it required a long investment to get over sentiments of insufficiency. I think this identifies with birth request since I was the most youthful and should pursue the walks of my sibling. My sibling needed to do well since he was the most established child. As the new born of the family, I must be much the same as him. I additionally think this is identified with our way of life since we originated from an accomplishment-centered culture. This kind of social trademark centers around material achievement and the objectives that persuade us to be effective. Accomplishing in school was critical to my folks. I understand since they contrasted me with push me. Not on the grounds that they needed to be mean.
We as a whole have distinctive encounters and those encounters, shape our identity and how we consider ourselves. In the event that don't have comparative encounters, at that point we don't generally observe eye to eye. I have experienced a lot and I desires all that I have experienced has affected me and transformed me. When I originally begun school, I didn't know whether not I would come up short or succeed. I have never set off for college so I didn't have a clue how I would do. My first semester went poorly well. I wasn't utilized to the opportunity and the way that instructors wouldn't send a note home to my folks on the off chance that I didn't appear at class. I was put on post trial supervision and understood that I expected to change. I began to go to class and study which rolled out a major improvement in my evaluations! I got up to a 'B' normal and with each semester I expanded my GPA. I jumped on the Dean's rundown and stayed on Dean's rundown for many times. It was from this experience I shaped a personality that contained the accompanying words: hardworking and outstanding.
The experience of doing admirably in the majority of my classes expanded my confidence. I felt that I could do well in anything since I even did well in classes that I ordinarily didn't do well in. I endeavor to oversee and keep up that personality of being a hardworking student. At whatever point I get requested to accomplish something, I generally attempt to show improvement over any other person. I additionally aims to gain from each experience I have, in spite of in the event that it is a decent one or awful one. In my college, I suspected that it would be a decent method to make new companions. Sadly, they couldn't have cared less for school or esteem learning. The main thing they thought about was young men and celebrating. Since I admired school, I began to maintain a strategic distance from the bad company guys. This teaches me how to keep away from evil things and thus this creates a sense of distinguishing between good and bad. I have an inclination that, I have to dependably have the outlook of an understudy else, I will quit developing as an individual. I attempt to keep up those personalities since that is the sort of person I am. My school experience likewise shown me my qualities. Qualities are what have been deep rooted in us and what drive our convictions, frames of mind and activities.
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The Management of International Cultural Differences
Introduction
International business regards the transnational or global trade of capital, technology, services, and goods as well knowledge. Nonetheless, the management of cultural diversity denotes one of the significant predicaments that undermine the execution of business in the international business scope. The aspect regards both working as an expatriate in the international environment as well as the management of a diverse workforce from all parts of the world. A global level business can acquire cross-cultural and multinational teams hence suggesting they can access a broader knowledge base as well as new approaches to the resolution of business predicaments. However, despite the enticing benefits, international companies are also prone to potential obstacles, especially in the scope of culture and the business. That said, this article seeks to discuss several ways of managing cultural variances in the global business environment.
Diversity Training
The approach entails the integration of a program tailored to enlighten culturally diverse individuals on how to work collaboratively, lower discrimination and prejudice, and foster a positive intergroup relation. Accordingly, the initiative can be skill-based or awareness-oriented. In the former, the business aims at developing the efficiency of its workforce in managing workplace diversity. The process involves the integration of multiple tools to facilitate the enhancement of the workforce’s interpretation of the subject matter from mere awareness to a proficient level.
The tools facilitate the comprehension of cross-cultural variances, adaptability, and communication with people from various backgrounds (Brewster, Vernon, Sparrow & Houldsworth, 2016). On the other hand, the awareness-based form of training is integrated to sensitize the workforce. Such raises the awareness of the workforce on the vitality of diversity in the business environment. Most importantly, it helps the workforce realize its cultural assumptions and prejudices regarding one another, hence fostering unity. By investing in the initiative, international businesses can encourage appropriate behaviors within the workforce.
Through cross-cultural training, managers can comprehend various cultures and consequently develop new skills in managing culturally diverse issues. The investment can aid in alleviating the potential cost of failure, as instigated by the ineffective management of cultural variances. When enlightening both the employees and the administration, the trainers must elaborate on the behavioral impacts of culture in the workplace and consequently touch on matters regarding the phenomena of prejudice, assumptions, and stereotypes (Thomas & Peterson, 2016). Through diversity training, managers and employees can envision and realize things in a different context. The business may integrate the diversity training initiative into the already prevalent training to ensure high convenience. It is also imperative to evaluate the effectiveness of the training. If rendered ineffective, the business should embrace alternative methods.
Effective Communication
Effective communication is critical to corporate success. However, it can be challenging to attain the goal in a business environment. The issue is even worse in an international context where extra impediments like language and communicate culture confront the businesses that decide to go global. Therefore, businesses must invest in cross-cultural communication skills in the bid to alleviate the predicament. The presence of clear and effective communication skills between executives, managers, and co-workers helps nurture equal chances in the workplace, thus empowering diverse individuals to excel.
By practicing effective communication, businesses stand to benefit from enhanced performance, whereas the employees enjoy a suitable working environment. Besides, efficient communication also helps in business-market or community communications where it can alleviate miscommunication (Adekola & Sergi, 2016). That said, international businesses must adapt their communication style depending on the culture of the place that they are visiting or making investments. It is imperative to understand how people communicate in the new environment, and such can be easily attained through observation.
Managers must develop efficient listening skills, bolster self-expression, and invest in learning new languages. Every cultural group communicates differently, and managers, as well as the employees, must nurture effective communication through active listening in the bid to foster understanding in the workplace. That said, listening promotes the capacity to communicate clearly while at the same time understanding multiple groups. Concurrently, self-expression is vital, especially for minority groups. They can express their concerns through the platform and have the matter resolved hence bolstering their productivity. Intriguingly, learning a new language helps in communicating with external parties such as suppliers and the market. By so doing, the business can easily make its way to its desired objectives.
Building Teams
Team building is a critical approach to bolster cohesion while at the same time acknowledging cultural differences. Businesses and managers must acknowledge that the varying demographics of the workforce contribute to the need for managing cultural differences in the workforce. However, the challenge that undermines team working in a diverse context is the approach to conservation of the diversity that promotes creative conflicts, group norms, gender harmony, and decision-making (Thomas & Peterson, 2016). One of the most efficient ways of nurturing culturally diverse teams is by encouraging adaptation.
Leaders and the employees must acknowledge, appreciate, and respect cultural variances. Every participant must be adaptable and flexible when working in a team that has individuals from varying backgrounds. Besides, it is also imperative to choose culturally aware team leaders who can facilitate the collaboration of the team. Concurrently, structural interventions are critical to the establishment of diverse teams where adaptation fails to work. It is imperative for leaders to breakdown roles to smaller groups when the team fails to understand each other. However, the initiative must only be embraced as a last resort.
Concurrently, the leaders must set ground rules for the initiative. Managers and leaders have to formulate team norms that can help attain a mutual agreement on acceptable behaviors. It is also imperative to take time when articulating problem-solving endeavors (Brewster, Vernon, Sparrow & Houldsworth, 2016). Such helps in arriving at resolutions that the participants can accept, hence leading to team cohesion. The objective is to have norms as the focus instead of placing cultural variances as the locus of attention. It is also imperative to consider the attitudes to status, power, and authority, which determine the abilities of the staff to speak up.
Leadership
Leadership also plays a pivotal role in the management of cultural differences in an international context. People have varying leadership styles where some may be participative, and others prefer to delegate. Leadership style also facilitates recognition and promotion, depending on how well leaders get the task done. Nonetheless, the capabilities and leadership styles may render as a liability when deployed in an international context, especially when the leadership style does not conform to the societal culture. Effective leaders must have a degree of flexibility that allows them to change their leadership style based on the culture.
Great leadership must nurture trust as a way of managing cultural differences in the workplace. They should be committed to fulfilling the needs of their teams before serving their interests. When the workforce trusts the leader, he or she has to reciprocate the trust and have faith in them to complete their tasks professionally (Bird & Mendenhall, 2016). Besides, by guiding the workforce to trust each other, the leader can play a crucial role in alleviating cultural conflicts.
Besides, it is also imperative to lead by example, as a way of guiding the workforce to navigate through cultural drawbacks that may impede the efficiency of the organization. The leaders must indulge in proactive engagement and lead with diversity as well as inclusion measures. Such individuals must be culturally sensitive when interacting with their culturally diverse workforce as well as external stakeholders. The leader can set the pace for utilizing inclusive language as well as the attendance of internal events. The employees and other stakeholders, like suppliers and distributors, can consequently emulate the leader, hence leading to the effective management of cultural differences.
Conflict Management
The cultural elements that underlay conflicts are crucial considerations for businesses that operate in an international context. Mediators and leaders have to be culturally sensitive and open-minded to avoid bias and resentment in the workplace (Lasserre, 2017). It is also essential to recognize when things are wrong. Not all cultures are accustomed to airing their grievances through the formal channels. Therefore, able team leaders and employees must spot when things are wrong as characterized by aspects like unusual silence, heightened aggression, and frequent speaking of a foreign language.
That said, members of the workforce, as well as the leaders, must learn the art of listening instead of judging others. For instance, Japan and Chinese natives may have problems articulating their feelings, as they are not accustomed to the public discussion of their feelings. Individuals must look for clues depicting the dissatisfaction of such colleagues. Next, leaders and employees must perceive beyond their cultures and comprehend that the people involved in the conflict may just be acting in culture normal to their profession. All the same, it is critical not to assume as the conflict may be because of cultural variance as issues like age gaps and gender can also be common causes of conflict in the international context. Concurrently, individuals must learn to be empathetic and know when to step in. Leaders must learn the art of mediating in resolving the conflicts that extend beyond manageable levels. Nonetheless, most of the cultural conflicts develop when the employees feel discriminated (Lasserre, 2017). Therefore, it is imperative to embrace universal policies and practices. People must learn to be sensitive. Even though they might be unbiased, they have to refrain from actions that can insinuate otherwise.
Technology
Notably, technology has great promises to sustainability in the improvement of the integral relationships that constitute the work environment. Organizations operating in an international context should embrace the platform as significant leverage to bolster employee’s relationships with one another, their managers, and the organization as well. That said, the form of harmonization extends beyond the ancient internal approaches and efforts of communication like instant messaging chats for groups, executive videocasts, and town hall meetings. Instead, it embraces the integration of appropriate and straightforward communication channels accessible to all that employees can deploy in their communication, collaboration, recognize each other, build community, and offer genuine feedback without the fear of exposure or repercussion.
In the managerial context, the development of technological platforms of communication and interactions aims at connecting and aligning. What is more intriguing is that culture technology can offer insight into a given culture as well as the approaches on how to make it better for the overall wellbeing of the business (Adekola & Sergi, 2016). When employed in the right manner, the technology harnesses unity. However, it is imperative to consider critical issues like alignment that may stampede any technological efforts by polarizing people.
Most importantly, global corporate entities should embrace the platform as access to actionable data. For instance, in a manufacturing premise, responsibility hails from timely data delivery to the employees on the task so that they can spot issues and enhance their performance. The teams can consequently work together to arrive at feasible solutions, hence bolstering unity. Besides, the platform helps in creating a culture of accountability and transparency, which are critical in the international context. Mobile technologies foster transparency, which in turn encourages harmony by alleviating bias. Constructive technology can help in promoting team alignment, better connections, and an ideal coaching environment.
Cultural Synergy
Western cultures differ from the eastern way of life. Despite the apparent variances, they all indulge in successful business activities. Therefore, the aspect of cultural synergy appreciates the variance and consequently considers it as a resource. Indeed, all cultures boast of a multicultural uniqueness that can help provide solutions to some corporate predicaments. As such, international businesses should manage cultural differences by using the best parts of other cultures to solve corporate issues. However, such necessitates the expansion of one’s cultural intelligence.
Managers and employees should comprehend that cultural variances are as prevalent as individual differences. Indeed, people from varying backgrounds act differently. The differences may be challenging to recognize or affect (Bird & Mendenhall, 2016). Nonetheless, in global business, context, the mutual comprehension of cultures is critical for a corporate breakthrough. Most importantly, if the business is the seller, it means that it has to heighten its acceptance, recognition, and bridging the gap that manifests among the variances. Compelling effort and curiosity to study and know culture may instigate the capacity to indulge in the seamless copying of cultural differences in the international context.
By utilizing the initiative, leaders and employees must comprehend the implications of cultural variations to the business. They must also familiarize themselves with cross-cultural conflict prediction and resolution initiatives. By harnessing synergy, it means that the business should familiarize itself with cultural practices and tendencies in the management of intercultural issues. In like manner, the management and the workforce must learn new strategies for persuading individuals with cultural tendencies. In line with this argument, the administration must also integrate cultural knowledge in various corporate contexts such as management and hiring, team management, sales negotiation, as well as leadership.
Integrating Employee Relationship Management Systems
Employee relationship management (ERM) entails a protocol deployed by corporate entities to handle all staff interactions with the ultimate goal of attaining the organizational objectives. The HR department can play a pivotal duty in the success of the initiative through measures such as the coaching and training of executives as well as managers (Deresky, 2017). Concurrently, the integration of ERM software can help bolster the culture of the company. The software aids in focusing on staff growth, performance, and development to ensure healthy competition amongst them. As a result, the organization enjoys healthy working relationships and better working conditions for its staff, which can consequently develop a sense of belonging.
The managers who aspire to incorporate workers from multiple cultures should foster good relationships with them. Besides, they can also integrate some programs that may help in the aspect through language teaching, the celebration of various traditional and religious holidays of the employees, as well as the involvement of the families of the employees in some aspects. Through the creation of such encouraging programs, international companies can bolster their employee retention capacity.
It is imperative for the administrators first to comprehend the backgrounds and personalities of their employees. For instance, they can indulge in constructive conversations during social events or downtimes in the bid to foster more comprehension about them. Indeed, the vitality of listening and respecting the workforce in ensuring cultural harmony cannot be underestimated. Besides, the initiative helps familiarize the employees with company policies regarding their relationship. Employees who are knowledgeable to the company policies are critical to the enhancement of cultural diversity.
Values, Attitudes, and Behavior
International businesses that treat their attitudes as the norm often transpire to cultural identity. In other words, their values, attitudes, and behavior determine their relationships, both internally and externally. Notably, values can be maintained both consciously and unconsciously. Embracing positive values in the organizations helps in defining right and wrong while at the same time defining general preferences, thus alleviating cultural challenges (Deresky, 2017). Values are the foundation of comprehending behavior and attitude as they determine people's conduct. In like manner, attitudes manifest in the relationship between people, and some sorts of objects are evaluative statements. Having positive attitudes in work affects behavior. They reflect how the employees feel about a given issue.
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The Question that Made the Scientist Think
According to www.cds.gov, “The vast majority of adults eat more sodium than they should—an average of more than 3,400 mg each day.” 3,400 mg a day is like eating a little less than 4 bowls of Ramen noodles every day! Eating this much salt can cause Heart Failure, Kidney Failure, and your blood pressure to increase tremendously. This caused the scientist to wonder “How long does it take for salt to affect your blood pressure?” If the Scientist took the initial blood pressure of five adults, then gave them 1000g of NaCl (salt) and took their blood pressure every five minutes for two hours, then the scientist predicts that the blood pressure will reach its highest level at the one hour mark of the test. For this purpose, the scientist researched the Chemical compounds of salt, the importance of hypertension, and the effect that salt has on blood pressure.
Salt, also known as Sodium Chloride (NaCl) is a chemical compound that is used in most foods, but it does more to the body than most people realize. Furthermore, the scientist had to research exactly how salt affects the procedure of the experiment the Scientist has to research salt and how it might affect the body. Salt is the chemical compound between Sodium and Chloride. Together they form NaCl, a chemical compound known as salt. The human's body relies on certain minerals and functions for it to work properly. To bolster this, humans have to maintain their salt intake daily.
Salt has a huge effect on the rest of the human body. It affects every single organ in its own way. “If you eat a lot of salt... you will become thirsty and drink water… ultimately you will excrete much of the excess salt and water in urine.” (figure this out) Different people and animals handle salt differently.
After the scientist concluded their studies on salt, they had to research what it effects: blood pressure and the kidneys. Blood pressure is the force that your heart is pumping your blood out. Each time your heart beats, your blood is pushed up against your arteries from this pressure. Your blood pressure is the highest when your heart actually pumps this blood. This pressure is known as your systolic pressure. In between beets, the pressure is called your diastolic pressure. For a patient to figure out if they have high blood pressure, they have to take a test between a two week time period for accurate results. There are no symptoms other than fatigue and headaches. According to Mayo Clinic, “For children and teens, a health provider compares the results of the blood pressure reading to what other kids results who are the same height, age, and gender.” There are two types of high blood pressure: primary and secondary. Primary, also known as hereditary, is when high blood pressure runs in the family and in the genealogy of the patient. Secondary blood pressure is caused by something like another medical condition.
Hypertension can be a bad thing for the body, eventually leading to a heart attack kidney failure or even a stroke. Medicined have been made to lower blood pressure but this does not mean that it works for every patient. A lot of studies have been done on the topic of hypertension. Most of these studies were affected by obesity, gender, age, medical history, and alcohol use. These studies have lead to this. If the patient has high blood pressure, their readings will show their systolic 140 or higher and the diastolic 90 or higher. If the blood pressure numbers are higher than 180/120, then the patient needs immediate medical attention.
Furthermore, the scientist continued their studies by debating how salt really affects the body. After researching salt and Blood pressure separately, They needed to figure out what they do together and how that can cause fatal harm to the body. According to Blod pressure UK, “Saltworks on your kidneys to make your body hold on to more water. This extra water raises your blood pressure and puts a strain on your kidneys, arteries, heart, and brain….Over time, this extra strain can damage the kidneys - known as kidney disease...reducing your salt intake can make your blood pressure medicine work better.’
Salt can really damage every single part of the human body if it is consumed so often at such a high rate. “If you continue to eat too much salt then over time, the damage caused by the extra blood pressure may become so severe that the arteries burst or become completely clogged.” (Mayo Clinic) In short, Eating a lot of salt can badly damage the inside of your arteries from high blood pressure. Furthermore, consuming salt raises the amount of NaCl inside your bloodstream, which then ruins the average balance the human body has and reduces the ability for your kidney’s to drain and remove water.
In the same way, kidneys have a hard time removing water, they also struggle to remove waste as well. Kidneys remove waste from your body through urine. The human body uses osmosis to draw out the water from the kidneys. Kidney failure is when the kidneys work very very poorly at removing waste. They can't filter out the blood normally which causes the waste to remain the body. There are five stages of kidney disease: stage one has 90% or more function, stage two has 60-89%, stage three has 30-59%, stage four has 15-29&, and stage five has less than 15%, total kidney failure.
If the Scientist took the initial blood pressure of five adults, then gave them 1000g of NaCl (salt) and took their blood pressure every five minutes for two hours, then the scientist predicts that the blood pressure will reach its highest level at the one hour mark of the test. To help conclude the Scientist’s hypothesis, the scientist looked at the Chemical compounds of salt, the importance of hypertension, and the effect that salt has on blood pressure. In the end, the scientist learned that salt causes your body to initially be dehydrated, which then causes you to need more water and for your blood to get thicker. Salt eventually starts to deteriorate the walls of your arteries. In the end, salt and hypertension can cause kidney failure, a heart attack, and diabetes. This information benefits anyone who wants to know how salt affects the body. Lowering the salt intake can actually cause the human body to lose weight. Because of this research, the scientist can now continue onto the experiment and can help others with their questions about salt and people trying to understand how it affects the body.
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The Cultural Differences between France and Germany
The cooperation between German and French is often taken for granted, particularly because of the “ friendship” sealed between the two countries fifty years ago. Yet, many cultural differences between the two countries can be noted in the workplace and as a result can turn into misunderstandings. Many studies have established that the culture, drawn from a historical, geographical, religious and beliefs context, have an impact on the relationships between individuals in the workplace. It is therefore primordial to identity the relationships that both German and French maintain with the notion of time, hierarchy, and management as well as the preferred modes of communication and reasoning. To better illustrate, the case of Airbus is an excellent example of a difficult but successful collaboration between French and Germans. Indeed, when the project was launched, several problems related to cultural differences emerged from this joint organization. Despite communication and organizational problems, and a different vision of work, Airbus was successfully launched. Indeed, without the imagination of the French and the rigor of the Germans, the project would not have been achieved. This paper will highlight the influence of German and French cultures in the workplace listing many differences in terms of organization, management and communication.
Germans come from a productivist society, where the community and security are important. According to Gilles Untereiner, these characteristics can be explained due to the history such as the Second World War. The haunting of an authority figure would justify the German’s communal instinct. In Germany, collective interests come before those of the individual, and is also applied in the workplace. Indeed, German do not move forward until everything is secure. The culture of the people is its DNA. Even the younger generations who did not experience the war or the fall of the Wall are conditioned by a prudential approach. Thus, the Germans are characterized by their efficiency, their constancy, their obstinacy but also by a great specialization which forces them to cooperate. They rely on a group, which distinguishes them from the French. The French, meanwhile, are representative of an individualist and productivist society. They favor individual initiatives rather than collectiviste decisions, sometimes at the risk of energy loss. Indeed, versatility confirm an intellectual flexibility. According to Gilles Untereiner, it thus prevail over specialization, considered as “ reductive of free will”. The French are also characterized by their tendency to test, to innovate, and to constantly create by taking risks (Noll, 2013).
As seen above, it can be noted that there are important cultural differences between Germany and France. It is therefore essentiel to see how these differences impact the workplace and the collaboration of projects between French and German. Throughout a presentation for the launch of a new product, the management of a project will differ. Indeed, a German will try to convince by demonstrating the reliability of the project, the risks almost non-existent as well as its profitability. Factual and financial factors will be taken into consideration. In contrast to the Germans, Frenchs will focus on the innovative nature of the project and will go into a great demonstration to present their revolutionary idea. They are in a logic of seduction and do not focus on the financial and technical parameters. Although many grey areas persist, solutions will be found along the way. There is therefore a different way of approaching a project that can create tensions and even lead to a failed collaboration. It is thus crucial to understand both German and French modes of communication and reasoning in order to better work with both cultures.
Edward T. Hall proposes the theory of low and high context cultures. Germany would be a low- context country. Indeed, individuals need much explicit information as they can in order to communicate and interact. This style of direct communication is characterized by the fact that the content of the message is transmitted by the use of the right amount of words. Nonverbal or emotional ties have almost no importance, they simply favor the use of explicitly expressed information to convey a message. In fact, German communicate with clear and concise objectifs in the workplace. For example, “ French are often surprised by the lack of private discussions at the workplace as if there were a clear separation between work time and leisure time as well as a stricter separation between professional behavior and private social behavior” (Davoine, 2013). Meanwhile, France is considered as a higher context country, and its communication register mainly on implicit information (SteveC, 2018).
In French culture, the relationship between interlocutors plays an important role and gives to the communication a strong context, though often not expressed. It thus require the listener to carefully note what is said and implied, and to observe how the message is presented, which requires more effort of interpretation. The different methods of communication illustrated above have a direct impact on the notion of agenda, partnerships and time between Germans and French. In Germany, a meeting will be held in accordance with the agenda, which is less the case in France, where there will be a tendency to deviate from the subject. In fact, French will try to solve varying problems during a meeting rather than sticking to the initial agenda.
Furthermore, the notion of partnership in France will only happen if it involves complicity; while in Germany it involves a community of goals governed by the benefit of a common interest. In France, the human relationship will tend to be more important than the goal to be treated. Finally, the Germans have a different conception of time than French do. According to Hall and Reed-Hall, there are two cultural types of time perception, which they call “ monochronic” and “ polychronic”. While monochromic suggests that all actions are followed by a linear time, and a market for scheduling activities, polychronic suggests that activities are developed according to other factors such as biological time, making time more qualitative. The French then follow a polychronic system while Germans follow a monochronic system (Davoine, 2013).
In Germany, It is important to not waste time by taking long breaks, endless meetings or extended lunchs. Indeed, it is about being punctual, and use work time by being productive. If work is a fundamental element in German’s life, its is a question of producing quickly and use free time for family and leisure. It is rare to stay late at work as it is in France. For example, the idea of taking long meals or breaks are seen as unproductive while staying The Germans scrupulously respect schedules and deadlines. For example, they plan their tasks depending on the time given to them. French, meanwhile, adapt their time according to the amount of tasks they have. In addition to the methods of communication that greatly impact the notion of time, partnerships and agenda in the workplace, the hierarchy also plays an important role. According to Hofstede, French organization is described as a “ human pyramide” marked by a strong hierarchical style of management. Indeed, the final decision is made by the top of the pyramid, and greatly affect the relationship between an employee and its supervisor (Davoine, 2013). This mode of organization is partially due to the French’s political system. According to Hofstede, the German organization is called “ well-oiled machine” describing a relatively flatter organisation.
As a federal organization, the hierarchy is more decentralized and the decision making process is done as a group. Thus, the power distance is shorter than in France (Davoine, 2013). In Germany, the role of top managers is to define the structures, to provide the necessary resources, and to supervise as a whole. They primarily remain available in case of higher level of expertise. While delegation is about responsibility and decisions in Germany, it mainly means delegation of tasks in France (Davoine, 2013). It is therefore important to know who has the most influence in the supervision of a project in both countries.
Many factors such as the role of history, language and education are crucial to explain these cultural differences found in the workplace. Indeed, as seen above, the role of history ingrained in behaviors and can be visible at work. While the French are less afraid of the future and unforeseen situations, the Germans perceive the future as perilous and random. Education is also a major factor in understanding the cultural risks in the management of Franco-German relationships. The educational system and fundamental values vary greatly from one side to anther, highlighting different ways of understanding work situations and socialization. For example, every company in Germany is composed in a very orderly way. Faced with unresolved problems, employees know who to talk to and who is responsible to make the final decision in order to avoid problematic situations. Regarding the French, they tend to identify the key points of a project and define the outlines. At school, students are taught to convince though a brillant presentation while Germans learn to convince by a precise, detailed and factual argument.
French students, who are known to work under pressure, learn how to analyze problems, and find solutions or alternatives. Finally, linguists differences can impact relations between Germans and French in the workplace and can raise tensions. In German, the verb is placed at the end of a sentence which constrain the interlocutor to wait until the other has finished talking. There is a specific word in German “ ausreden” which mean “ let someone finish”. Thus, interrupting someone, a phenomena well accepted in France, remains a sign of rudeness in Germany. Further, in France, the compromise carries a negative value and is only accepted when the people in question disagree. Yet, in Germany, it is perceived as a solution that does not disadvantage any of the parties; indeed, it is beneficial and natural. One concept, “ Konzept”, is in Germany an elaborate project that requires some preparation before presenting it at a meeting. While, in France, it is rather an intellectual representation of an abstract idea. There are also many French expressions implying . In fact, it will be more accurate to say “ I come to see you later”. The French language abounds with fuzzy ornamental formulas, which cannot be taken literally by a foreign interlocutor. It doesn’t intend to mislead the interlocutor, but rather to get the person’s attention and stimulate the conversation. Through that explanation, words and similar expression have a different interpretation in both countries, including in the workplace. It is therefore important to know.
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My Desire to Become a Scientist
Learning about science has always fascinated me. Ever since I was a child, the idea of one day becoming a scientist and being able to help people through it has been my dream as long as I can remember. I remember having pictures of scientists in my walls, such as Albert Einstein, Sir Isaac Newton, Nikolas Tesla, etc. These men have been my role models and they still are. However, recently I was able to find myself in a position that my childish imagination could never entertain as possible. I’m becoming a scientist on a university led by scientists. But not any scientists. Members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints scientists.
The separation from faith and science was always there and will probably always be, until we are enlightened with greater knowledge. The memory of friends telling me that it would be ultimately impossible for me to become a true scientist living the life that I live and believing in what I believe is still very clear in my head, and for a long time I believed them. However, all changed when I learned a very simple but powerful truth: God is the greatest scientist of all times. How could it not be so, since he knows it all and orchestrates all of his creations perfectly? If our ultimate goal is to become like Him one day, why wouldn’t we be able to become scientists like Him and spiritually seek eternal life along the way? This started my path on scientific discoveries and knowledge. Gladly, I was not the only one who had such realizations. There were many others who before me started on this exciting path. Scientists that conquered the frowned upon relationship between science and faith. Members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints who became incredible scientist. Scientists which I had the pleasure to learn some more about at this time.
John Lewis, a renowned Mormon scientist, was the first one that I had the pleasure to study about. John is a former professor of planetary science for the University of Arizona. With his interest in chemistry and the formation of the solar system, Professor Lewis finds himself being one of the top scientists on our world today, specializing into turning potential hazardous near-Earth objects into special resources. Professor Lewis became a member of the church on the year 1980, leaving his Presbyterian faith behind. Listening to his testimony about the Plan of Salvation was a powerful experience. The spirit undoubtedly testifies of the veracity of this questions that scientist have been asking ever since the world was created. This experience magnified my knowledge and testimony that to become the perfect scientist one have to search for perfect faith.
After learning from Brother Lewis, I was blessed to learn about Henry Eyring, another renowned Mormon scientist, father to President Henry B. Eyring, of the First Presidency of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. Being born a farm boy into a hard-working family, Henry Eyring was not a stranger to dedication to learning and growing. Becoming a Doctor at the age of thirty was simply one of his many accomplishments. He immortalized himself by becoming one of the most renowned chemists of the 20th century, being even nominated for a Nobel prize. Even today, his works and findings continue to illuminate the scientific field. Henry Eyring was also very well known as a faithful member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, in a time where scientific discoveries were in a up rise, threatening the faith of many. He served as the Church’s representative for several scientific conferences, never denying his faith and always conciliating scientific truth and eternal truth. Being a very kind and honest man, Henry was an example to all that he met. One of the greatest things that I’ve learned from him is his belief that science is okay, and once we receive more knowledge they would become compatible. This has always been my belief, and learning that I’m not alone with it was a tremendous comfort. His unshakable faith and unwavering testimony should be a lesson to us all.
The last scientist I had the pleasure to learn about was Craig M. Young, a renowned marine biologist. His experience with people thinking strangely of him for being a faith oriented scientist was very appealing to me, having experienced it myself. I was personally touched by how he brings his faith and makes it compatible with his work as a scientist. His testimony and account that prayer can be used for scientific purposes as well brought to me a greater testimony that God is a perfect scientist. I also personally loved how he put Omniscience on a scientific perspective, something I had never thought about it before. His unusual approach to evolution and God’s ways of creating and organizing things on a natural realm was also very enlightening. It was an interesting experience because as I read this, I greatly felt the spirit testifying of these truths. I add my desire to his when I say that I do look forward to meet the Scholar who knows of all things about our world and the natural order of all things.
I believe that God, our creator, is the Head of all. He understands science perfectly and sees it as a way to accomplish His ways. The day speedily comes when we will all be able to see His mighty works and testify that they came to pass by two principles that are eternal and equally important: Science and Faith. Until then I shall remain the awkward “mad scientist” who believes in a supreme creator. At least now I know that I’m definitely not alone.
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Scientific Conclusion Otzi Ice Man
The snow is everywhere and you begin to get tired but the wind keeps you up and hits you face.
Then you get shot, as you tried to get up you fall and hit you head on a rock and then, nothing. For one unlucky person this did happen, but who was, who did he die and why is he important. To begin with, who are we talking about? His name is otzi the Iceman a wet mummy found in the alps mountain range while a couple was hiking and saw a corpse. At first they thought it was a hiker who met his fate, but there was to otzi. It turns out he was from the ice age. Scientist had to do research and study his corpse. How did his body not rot? When he died, his body fell into a depression in in the mountainside therefore his body was kept in a ditch. Next, why did he die and who did it? At first scientist thought he had died of the snow, but then when analyzing his body with a CAT scan they found an arrowhead in his left shoulder. Then in 2013 they found that serious head trauma. They also found a deep gash on his hand. Scientist went to the conclusion that shot by an arrow and fell, then tried to get up and get the arrow out of his shoulder, but fell on a rock and hit his head bleeding out.
Still scientist were stumped, why did they want to kill him? Scientist thought he had a importance to society but still didn’t know why they killed him. They also found that his arrows were still unfinished and left scientist even more baffled. Finally, why was otzi the iceman so important? He is important because he is 5,300 years old. Then when they were doing autopsies there was still traces of food in his stomach. Even the food he ate was mummified! Also another reason he is important is where he died. He died in the Otzal Alps and gave them a image of what it was like. There was another thing that made scientist confused, his copper axe. When looking through his inventory they found a copper axe. Scientist thought this was to sophisticated for otzi’s time, but there it was and because of this scientist re-imagine the copper age much earlier and also thought that was the reason he died. They thought the axe had caught someone's attention so they killed otzi the iceman for the axe but left it so there was no evidence he killed otzi the iceman. In conclusion, otzi a big because of was he was, were he died which was at a high elevation, and his importance. Just to think that there could be bodies over 1000 years old under are feet right now waiting to be discover and found by someone all we have to do is look around.
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The Influence of Greek Mythology on my Life
When I was little my parents and teachers told me that the decisions you make in life impact the way your life plans out. They told me how the right attitude with these changes can affect you and others around you. The first thing that went through my head after that was; that’s absolutely garbage. How could I, a 9 year old at the time have anything to do with the world- a huge and seemingly uncontrollable force I had only limited experience with. But, as the years grew on, I grew up and I came face to face with my new favorite obsession- Greek Mythology. I got lost in the glorified stories of powerful gods, beautiful goddesses and abundant heroes. But as my love for these stories grew all through elementary school and well, up to now I have realized how what my parents and teachers said all those years ago actually makes sense. Behind these stories, all these gods had to make choices that changed the way the world is.
Like how they impacted the formation of the world, I realized my very own actions have a similar effect. In a way, we are all gods and goddesses in our own life and the choices we make and the attitude we have changes everything. How does any of this make sense? Well in order to truly understand the importance of our actions, we are going to glide through the adventures of these mythology heroes and look at just how they changed the world. Then, we’ll zoom back to the present and look at the heroes in our own world and how their decisions impacted our existence. With the mention of Greek Mythology we have to acknowledge Zeus.
Zeus grew up in a cave, outcasted by society but grew and became a powerful god. He married Metis, a very smart goddess who helped him trick and conquer Kronos -his evil power hungry dad- by making him sick. With the sickness, Kronos threw up his kids he consumed in order to keep power; These gods were Hades, Poseidon, Hera, Hestia, Demeter. Cronus surrendered and Zeus split his powers with his siblings. The Titans, the original gods, were angry about being ruled by the Olympians and a war went on between the Olympians and the Titans. The Titans lost and Zeus locked them up in Tartarus. We can see how Zeus and the way he set out in life helped him and his siblings have a better control of their power. (D’aulaire) Another life influencer in Greek mythology and one of the most important god to the humans was Prometheus- a titan and the creator of men. He made man from clay and gave them godly gifts. Prometheus asked Zeus if he could help his creations with the gift of fire. Zeus said no but Prometheus didn’t stop there, he could not leave his creations alone. In order to help them survive, he stole fire from the gods and taught humans about metalworking in order to help them survive and let them thrive. When the Zeus found out about his betrayal, he decided to punish Prometheus. Prometheus was tied to a pole on top of a high mountain and every day during sunset an Eagle would come and eat his liver…. Yes everyday! Since he was a immortal, it would always regenerate and get eaten the next day.
Even though he met with a terrible fate, he helped us humans against the odds of the world. (“10”) Of course Zeus still wasn’t satisfied. He wanted to punish the mortals like he punished Prometheus- that’s when Pandora comes in. Pandora was created by Hephaestus with the beauty of Aphrodite as well as immense curiosity. When she came to life, Zeus handed her a box and told her not to open it and was sent to earth. When she went down to earth, all the mortals loved her and they were attracted to her beauty. She was still curious about the box so she opened it and it spewed all sorts of miseries. She closed the box before hope escaped. Zeus thought that introducing these things would make people good but they were cruel. He was disgusted with all of them and decided to drown them all in a flood (don’t we all wish we could do that with our problems)- all but one. (D’aulaire) Deucalion, the son of Prometheus, was the only one not affected by the nasty evils. Prometheus warned his son about the upcoming flood. He made an ark to survive. After the flood, the earth was bare and Zeus felt pity for them. He gave them the ability to create new people. They took stones and threw it over their shoulders to make new people.
Their choice to fight through the destruction was worth it in the end and created newer, stronger, better humans. I mean look at us now (insert person eating doughnut and on the couch). I for one, totally agree. (Pollard) Now that we have seen these mythological gods in action, we will now go to talk about influential people in our society that had an impact on the world just like the Greek gods themselves had. Here are a few examples of everyday civilians who grew to impact the world. Steve Jobs, the creator of a very successful business called Apple had to make many decisions in order to grow. He was a normal man- he lived with his parents and worked in his parent’s garage. He went through flunking high school, he even got fired from his own company. He got hired later on and with all of these things he ended up creating a multibillion dollar company. He made decisions that changed the way we use technology today. (Levy) Martin Luther King Jr was an advocate for racial equality and fought peacefully to get to where he is. He wanted to fight for African Americans to live peacefully with whites. He was thrown in jail multiple times and people were against what he was trying to do. His sacrifices changed the way the world functioned and he ultimately made the world better by spreading love. (Biography.com) Now we will continue on with a more somber note.
There’s also always a negative side to everything and we see there are people in both Greek mythology and the real world who negatively affected the world with their hatred. Eris In Greek mythology was the goddess of discord and was known for causing problems. When she wasn’t invited to the wedding of Peleus and Thetis, she put the Apple of Discord with the words “fairest one” in the party. Long story short, Hera, Athena and Aphrodite fought over it and cause a series of events that lead to the Trojan war. (“Eris”) Adolf Hitler in the real world spread his hate, far and wide. He was responsible with the death of millions of Jews, separation of groups of people and isolation of humanity. His decisions, like Eris caused war and hatred. (Lukacs) That is not a world I want to live in and I realized I could be a part of making the world better. This is because everyone, our voices and actions alone affect the way the world turns out. Whether it’s bringing the world closer, spreading love or inventing something that can positively change our future, our life is filled with endless opportunities and it is our choice on how we use them. After all these years, I finally found out I’m not just a small speck of gray in a world of colors-I’m actually a light within a world of candles and with one choice,one movement- I can light up the world. No matter how cheesy that sounds, just know that we all have the power to change the world for the better.
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One of the Titans the Daughter of Uranus and Gaia
My research paper is about the goddess Rhea, in my opinion, she is the most intriguing god there is. Rhea was one of the Titans, the daughter of Uranus and Gaea. She was the sister and wife of Cronus, also a Titan. She was responsible for the way things flow in the kingdom of Cronus (her name means 'that which flows'). Rhea is the Greek Titans of Motherhood, as well as the wife of the Titan King, Kronos, and therefore the Titan Queen of Mount Orthys. My figure is very important in Greek mythology because she is the mother of very important gods such as Zeus and Poseidon. If you conduct further research, you will realize she is basically the mother of all the existing gods. Rhea can also be known as “Rheia”. The second-largest moon of the planet Saturn is named after her. My figure is somewhat related to everyone because she is the mother god. Symbols that represent Rhea are 2 lions. Another one of Rhea's symbols is the swan. Rhea is a very thought-provoking god. She is protective and daring, she is also patient. In defense of her children, she is ultimately crafty and daring. However, she is patient because she put up with Kronos eating her children for far too long.
Rhea gave birth to the most powerful gods there is. The father of Rheas children is Kronos. Kronos is also Rhea’s brother. Some of Rhea children also got wedded to each other. Rhea has more than 10 siblings. Gaia and Uranus told Cronus that just as he had overthrown his own father, he was destined to be overcome by his own child. As a result, Kronos was not the best father as he used to eat his offspring’s; and unceasing grief seized Rhea. However, Rhea was in love with Kronos and decided to put up with him. Rhea’s children were the wise Zeus, god of all the gods. The loud-crashing Earth shaker Poseidon, god of sea and water. Hera, the goddess of marriage. Demeter, the god of harvesting. The mighty Hades, god of the underworld. and Hestia, the goddess of hearth and home. All her children were gods and caused a great impact on Mythology.
Rhea had a problem maintaining her children lives. As I previously said, Kronos, Rheas husband, has a problem eating his offspring. Kronos was warned that soon one of his children would overthrow him. Rhea, Uranus and Gaia formulated a plan to save her children. Rhea concealed the birth of Zeus in a cave on Mount Dicte in Crete. Rhea gave Cronus a stone wrapped in swaddling clothes. He swallowed the stone in belief that it was his infant son, Zeus. Rhea requested her attendants, Kouretes and Dactyls, act as a bodyguard for Zeus. They also were helping conceal his whereabouts from his father. In some accounts, by the will of Rhea a golden dog guarded a goat which offered her udder and gave nourishment to the infant Zeus. Later, Zeus changed the goat into an immortal among the stars while the golden dog that guarded the sacred spot in Crete was stolen by Pandareus. Subsequently, Cronus was vanquished by Zeus and was forced to disgorge the swallowed children.
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Attacks on the Titans are a Figment of Hajime Isayama’s Imagination
The creator of “Attack on Titan” Hajime Isayama, was first inspired by his own personal experiences. He began his inspiration by having humanity build walls to block out enemies who would constantly attack. Being raised in a similar manner, Isayama felt isolated and had no idea what lies beyond the mountains (acting like his own personal walls) that he grew up by. (Oita,Japan where Isamaya was born and raised) As a child he would dream about what lies behind the mountains and he would even imagine monsters lurking there. Another inspiration that should be credited is a japanese manga called “Hell Teacher Nube”. This manga helped Isayama developed the idea of the Titans because a character named Mona Lisa who was a cannibal and a gigantic, humanoid creature. One can only assume that seeing this as a child, Isayama could not get his mind off of it and it would later play a huge role in the making of the Titans. Another significant factor in the story is the use of vertical maneuvering equipment. The idea came from, yet again, another manga called “Desert Punk” and fighting in the air using wired equipment to grip onto walls or trees, inspired Isayama to also use these kinds of equipments for his manga.
Isayama first pitched his idea to the publishers of Shonen Jump and it is known to be one of Japan's most popular manga magazines as it has produced many well known and loved mangas such as, One Piece, Naruto, and Dragon Ball. He was suggested by the editor of Jump to change his manga style a bit to suit the readers. Although given this advice, Isayama was determined to do things his way and he decided to not change his style but to change his publisher. With that he ended up getting his manga published at “Bessatsu Shonen” and since at the time, the magazine was not very popular, Isayama was able to publish his very first manga the way he wanted and envisioned it to be.
Attack on Titan is considered to be one of the most popular animes out there to date. It debuted on April 6, 2013 and since then, its popularity has soared. There are many reasons for this and some being that it has many different kinds of problems with different themes involved.
Another reason for its popularity is the relatability of the characters such as Erin, the protagonist. He is determined to do as he promised, which is wipe out the titans for revenge on his mother's death. A very interesting concept that is used throughout the anime is that many important characters are dying and it shows that even in the fictional world no one is safe from death. Attack on Titan is a show that is different from any other because of its diverse.
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Walking the Line between Good and Evil
“All our lives are a combination of what we are born into--over which we have no choice- and what we choose (Davis 2016 pg. 20).”In society today we are taught what's is right and what is wrong from a young age. In our history we are shown and told who we should look up to not yet realizing our naivete. What is good? What is evil? And most importantly what is a hero? Many would say that taking action for the greater good is heroic. But what is considered to be “the greater good” in this case? I believe Raven to be a hero. She, who sacrificed herself to save her friends even at a the cost of ending the world. To begin with, Raven first appearance was in a DC comic in 1980(Wikipedia 2018). Shown as one of the new members in the new version of teen titans, a half-Azarathian, half-demon hybrid.
“Though the series was commonly used as a way to highlight characters or reintroduce somewhat forgotten ones by pairing them with Superman (comicvine 2018), it also helped save the DC franchise but that's a story for another time. She grew up in an alternate dimension called Azarath, with pacifistic inhabitants. Initially, it was feared that if Raven were ever to feel any strong emotion, she could then become possessed by her father, Trigon’s, evil demonic energy inside of her.Raven, a half-Azarathian, half-demon hybrid has always been one of my favorite heroines ever since the show Teen Titans came out in 2003. I immediately loved her, cloaked in her blue cloak appearing dark and mysteriousness. She was powerful. Gifted with magical, psychic, telekinetic powers and the ability to manipulate energy, emotion and shadows. To my younger self she was someone I admired and wanted to be. And in a way I was her.
We even shared some similarities. family issues, people fearing us for something we had no control over and always wanting one thing we cannot seem to have. I immediately connected with her, recognizing myself in her. In Ravens case, she wanted to be normal, to be herself, but unable to because of the constant threat of destruction that comes with it. She was different and an outcast due to something she herself can not control. And yet she refused to give up searching for away and proved those who believed and told her to give up. But she didn’t, never giving up in trying to find a way for good to win. She is resilient, a trait that every hero has.In fact, she is very similar to another hero we all know (should know) and love, Spock from star trek and here's why. Both are considered to be out casts due to being biracial, half human and half something else, in Spock’s case, being half-Vulcan.. And not only that, their non-human side require them to suppress their emotions.
“Emotions run deep in our race (Vulcans). In many ways more deeply than in humans (Abrams Star trek: the movie (2009)).” though emotions are a something that is also good. And in Raven’s case though she must avoid experiencing any sort of extreme feeling, her demonic abilities also allows her to feel and control the emotions of others, letting her experience their pain, happiness, joy, sadness and more. In my opinion, it teaches us that we are honestly all the same inside. However, Raven is also different from Spock. You see, though they are both outcasts, Spock was still wanted. Raven, wasn’t wanted, not even by her creators, writer Marv Wolfman and artist George Pérez. In fact, it took some convincing for Marv Wolfman to believe that Raven could be a valuable member of the cast in The New Teen Titans. Probably because of the “discomfort about “the place of women” being embedded in the superhero genre for decades (Cocca 2016 pg.219)” making him hesitate in allowing her to make her superhero debut. To further explain, according to the editor of the comic book at the time, Len Wein asked Wolfman and George Perez to add a mystical character to the initial roster for the creation of the new Teen Titans.
And Wolfman who created Raven wasn’t a fan of writing about mystics and was at first resistant regarding the idea. It wasn’t until Perez brought the character to life on the page that Wolfman finally agreed to her being on the new Teen Titans (comicvine 2018). “With a number of female characters, one can be strong, one can be weak, one can be flawed and striving, one can be vulnerable and decisive, one can be unrepentantly villainous, or all or none of the above(Cocca 2016 pg.221).” Raven has been them all. Viewed as evil (and was evil in certain versions of the comics) and avoided or looked at with suspicion when she came to earth seeking help in order to defeat her father Trigon and find a way to break free of her destiny, to destroy Earth. She continued to look and never gave up in searching for a way to change her destiny, to not be evil incarnate born to bring about the end of life but instead a savior. And she did. She was able to become friends, and even considers the Teen titans her family; was able to not only prove those who kept telling her to give up wrong but was able to defeat her father Trigon and save earth due to these bonds she made with the members of the team. Raven is a founder and one of the longest-serving members of the team Teen Titans, in various versions of the team. And a Superhero.
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Attack on Titan Storyline
It is set in a world where humanity is under the threat of titans, which are humanoid giant monsters who eat mankind for seemingly no reason. To overcome this threat, they built huge walls towering over the titans as a way of protection against them. The story focuses on Eren Yeager, Mikasa Ackerman, and Armin Arlelt and how they are surviving and overcoming the constant dangers of the titans. One hundred years after the walls were built everything was peaceful until one unfortunate day.
The presents of the colossal titan reminded humanity of the threat that lurked beyond the walls. The huge titan that stood over the wall Maria appeared out of thin air and it then began to destroy one of the gates that surround the wall. In turn, the gate gets destroyed, letting many titans that were outside, come in and devour every human they could get there hands on. Once they got inside, Eren, Mikasa, and Armin ran to Eren’s house because he realized that the chaos was near his house. As he neared his house he witnessed his mother stuck under a boulder, blocking her from escaping. After not being able to help his mother, Eren is encountered with a titan who is looking for its next meal. Unfortunately, as one would guess, Eren’s mother gets ripped in half and then devoured. Because of this traumatic experience, Eren vowed vengeance on the titans and threatened to kill every last one of them. As a way to try and fulfill that vow, Eren along with his friends decide to join the military to then be part of the Scouts Regiment.
The Scouts Regiment is one out of three different military regiments that are tasked to do different things. It is said that joining the Scouts Regiment is suicide because they are tasked to go outside of the walls and fight the titans head on. Because of this almost all of them die and not even half are able to be buried because there's nothing left. The three military groups are called, the scout's regiment or the survey corps, the stationary guard or the garrison, and the military police.
The main characters that are involved in the series being different elements and help develop the storyline with their personalities and importance in the story. As I have previously stated, Eren Yeager is the character that this anime revolves around. He also has two very loyal companions who are Mikasa Ackerman and Armin Arlert. Mikasa Ackerman is Eren’s adoptive sister. When she was just a child, Mikasa’s parents were both murdered by human traffickers. Eren saved her and she then lived with his parents till the fall of wall Maria. Armin Arlert is Eren’s best friend and he has been with him since childhood. They first met each other one day when Armin would get bullied by the other kids and he began crying beside a wall, then Eren peered over and suggested that he should fight back and that is where the friendship began.
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Beliefs of Islamic Culture and their Customs
The Muslim population is one that varies significantly when compared to other populations. Carrying out highest quality care to the Muslim population entails becoming aware of the practices and beliefs of the Islamic culture. In order to provide care to the Muslim population, it is crucial to first do extensive research on the specific culture to further understand their beliefs and values. Islam is considered to be the second biggest religion in the world, following Christianity (Islam, 2018). “Islam” began in Mecca, Saudi Arabia in the 7th century, until it soon after began to spread across the entire world. The population that practices and follows Islam are called Muslim (Islam, 2018). Muslims follow one God, known as the Allah, who they submit themselves to. They do not do anything without the permission of the Allah (Islam, 2016).
Today, more and more Muslims are immigrating to the United States, creating a more diverse country. Nationwide, Muslims make up roughly two percent of the United States population (Elgamal, 2016). Although this does not seem like a high percentage, the Muslim population has had a significant effect on the United States. This number continues to increase dramatically, with 600 million to be expected in the United States by 2030 (Elgamal, 2016). With this increasing number, it is essential for the United States to be cognoscente and accommodating towards this diverse culture. Although it is important for everyone to be accommodating to the Muslim culture, it is especially important for health care providers who are going to be providing direct contact with them to be accommodating.
As health care providers, it is critical to always provide high quality care to our patients. In order to do this, health care providers must be culturally competent and accommodate to the needs of each patient that we encounter and care for. With the growing population of Muslim’s in the United States, nurses are going to be providing care now, more than ever to this group. This is why nurses have to understand and be aware of their differences in their cultural and spiritual values. Some differences include but are not limited to their diet, their ideas of modesty, their privacy requirements, their touch restriction requirements, etc. (Attum & Shamoon, 2018). Considering their different preferences will allow nurses and other health care providers to deliver suitable care in a non-judgmental, culturally competent way.
One of the first items that should be considered is the patient’s view of health and illness. According to Attum and Shamoon (2018), “For Muslims, health is a state of physical, psychological, spiritual, and social well-being and is considered the greatest bless God has given humankind.” This definition of health is similar to the United States definition of health, which can make it easier to care for them. As nurses, it is crucial to not only address the patient’s physical ailments, but their emotional and spiritual ones as well. If a patient is not healthy emotionally, then they are not going to be healthy physically either. Being “healthy” includes a variety of factors and is not solely based on one thing. It is also important to address their religious beliefs as well in order to provide culturally competent care. Muslim’s believe that illness is no more than a test from God and is considered to be the releasing of one’s sins (Attum & Shamoon, 2018). Having knowledge of their beliefs and values will allow the nurse to provide more efficient care to the patient.
Touch is a huge deal in the Muslim culture and must be addressed during any visit with a health care provider. Oftentimes, Muslims are very hesitant to reveal their bodies to just anyone (Nursing Times, 2015). It is crucial for the nurse to first ask the patient for permission to expose any of their body parts and to always be aware of what they are doing. If a nurse did not know this about the Muslim culture, then the patient could become extremely upset and not want the nurse caring for them. Providing culturally competent care is always the top priority. We always want to build rapport and have trust with our patient’s. Understanding a patient’s culture is the first step in allowing this to happen.
Along with the reluctance of revealing their bodies, they also require a health care provider of the same sex to care for them. It is not permissible for a male nurse to care for a female patient and vice versa. According to the Nursing Times (2015), “Touch – even shaking hands – is prohibited between members of the opposite sex, with the exception of immediate family members.” This can make caring for Muslim patients somewhat difficult if for example, there was a male patient with no male nurses on the floor that day. If it is not possible for this to be accommodated, then it should be expressed to the patient in an appropriate and respectful way. According to Attum & Shamoon, if the patient cannot get a same gender nurse, then the same gender staff member should be in the room, or a patient family member (2018). The nurse must always ask the patient if they have any special requirements so that the nurse can provide care that is respectful and accommodating.
Another important aspect to the Muslim faith is their diet. The Islamic religion prevents Muslim’s from drinking alcohol, eating non-Halal animal fats, pork, and by-products of pork (Attum & Shamoon, 2018). If a Muslim patient is in the hospital and receives hospital food that contains pork for example, this can be extremely offensive to them. In order to be culturally competent, the nurse must customize their diet for their cultural needs and make special arrangements if medically safe and possible. In addition to making accommodations to their diet, it is important to address fasting during Ramadan, Muslim’s fast (Selvam, 2013). Ramadan is considered to be the most sacred month of the Islamic year where the Muslim population fasts from sunrise to sundown for one whole month (Attum & Shamoon, 2018). Ramadan should always be a consideration for the Muslim population because there are special requirements that the nurse should follow in order to provide culturally competent care. For example, there are certain medications and interventions that can and cannot be given during the time of Ramadan.
The medications that can be given are eye drops, ear drops, inhalers, nebulizer treatments, insulin injections and nasal sprays. Dental care and immunizations can also be provided to the Muslim population during Ramadan. Interventions that cannot be performed during Ramadan are IV fluids, donating blood, and oral medications (Attum & Shamoon, 2018). Although it is the duty of the nurse to respect the patient’s wishes, it is important to inform the patient of the possible negative consequences. This is an especially important consideration because not eating or drinking anything can potentially be detrimental to the patient. For example, if the patient is diabetic, this may be harmful to their health and wellbeing. The nurse should educate the patient on the importance of monitoring their blood sugars and keeping them under control in order to prevent complications. The nurse should also provide education on the importance to cease the fasting if the blood sugars get too low. It should be emphasized to the patient that the symptoms of low blood sugar are shakiness, feeling sweaty and disoriented (Nursing Times, 2015). Although this can be a challenging situation, the nurse being knowledgeable about Ramadan and what it entails allows the nurse to be attuned to any potential complications that may occur.
In addressing the Muslim culture regarding privacy, the nurse must be cognoscente of their cultural needs in order to provide respectful and culturally competent care. During a patient’s hospital stay, the nurse should ask the patient for permission prior to entering the room. This is an important question to ask because Muslim patients receive many visitors during their hospital stay. It is an obligation according to the Islamic faith that if a person is sick, close family and friends must go visit them (Attum & Shamoon, 2018). If the patient is receiving multiple visitors, this has the potential to get very overwhelming for them. Asking for permission is a simple, yet effective way in allowing the patient to feel more comfortable as well as at ease. If the nurse gains permission to enter the room, this can show to the nurse that the patient trusts them.
Another way that the nurse can provide care that is respectful is to always ask before doing anything. It is always required that the nurse ask the patient if they can do something before they do it. Although this is important with every individual, it is especially important to the Muslim population because of their religious beliefs. The nurse must adjust their care to the patient’s needs if indicated as well. The nurse should also explain everything that they are doing prior to actually doing it. This will provide a sense of safety to the patient and allow the nurse to have a better relationship with them. Being in the hospital can be a very scary place, if the nurse can allow for the patient to feel more safe and that they are being respected, this will create an all-around better environment for both the patient and the nurse.
In addition to privacy, individuals who practice Islam require health care providers of the same sex to care for them in the hospital setting. According to Padela, Gunter & Killawi (2011), “Our data suggests that this accommodation, above all others, can influence health care seeking patterns.” If the patients are not feeling like they are being respected, then they are going to be less likely to seek medical care. This is why it is extremely important to be culturally competent and accommodating to every patient that we encounter. Although having the same gender nurse might not be a big deal to other cultures, it is a big deal to the Muslim population. This makes it the duty of the health care professionals to address this and to always make our patients feel like they are being listened to and respected. One field where the same gender nurse should be especially accommodated for is in maternity and gynecological care (Nursing Times, 2015). One study was done in 2016 on American Muslim women to figure out whether or not they were apprehensive to receive health care.
Two hundred and fifty-four women of Muslim faith were surveyed asking a series of questions including aspects such as beliefs, discrimination, modesty, and alternative medication (Vu, Azmat, Radejko & Padela, 2016). Studies showed that fifty three percent of women revealed that they postponed seeking medical care due to the fact that there were no female clinicians available to care for them (Vu et al., 2016). It was also shown that individuals who have lived in the United States for greater than twenty years were less likely to postpone getting medical care if there was not a female clinician working (Vu et al., 2016). This study shows that individuals are not going to get medical care solely because there is not a same sex clinician working. This can result in many detrimental effects for the individuals who are very sick but not receiving the care that they need and deserve. It is essential for health care providers to deliver culturally competent care and if that means getting a provider that is of the same gender, then this is what should be done. Doing so has the potential to allow these women to feel more comfortable. If they feel more comfortable then this may change their perspectives on receiving care and they may not be as reluctant to receive the care that they deserve.
When delivering medications to the patients, the nurse must always be conscientious of what exactly is in the medications. Giving a certain medication may have something in it that is against the patient’s religion, having the potential to cause many issues. Any medication that has alcohol, gelatin or pork must be avoided (Attum & Shamoon, 2018). It is important to be aware of the medications that contain those ingredients so that any errors can be prevented. The only time that these medications can be given is in an emergency but even so, alternatives should always be considered. (Attum & Shamoon, 2018). The Muslim population are huge believers of traditional healing methods and remedies. Keeping this in mind will allow for a better relationship between the nurse and the patient. The nurse should ask the patient if there are any alternatives that they would like to use. Together, they can do some research to make sure that any alternative remedies they want to use are compatible with other interventions that are already being utilized. Some alternatives that the Muslim population like to use are olive oil, nigella sativa, honey, cupping, cautery, etc. Olive oil is a fat that can be used as an alternative to help decrease the rate of deaths from cardiovascular disease. Olive oil can also assist in decreasing inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and thrombosis (Nursing Times, 2015).
Nigella sativa can be given in seed or oil form and is used for treating many respiratory, stomach, and intestinal issues. It can also be used to help with kidney, liver, and circulatory issues, as well as improve the immune system and improve health at large (Nursing Times, 2015). Honey is widely used in Islam as a wound dressing to aid in healing. One study was done that showed how honey was effective in decreasing body weight (Nursing Times, 2015). One very popular remedy that is used around the world is known as cupping. Cupping can be used for a variety of reasons. It can treat headaches, jaundice, stomach aches, nausea, muscular pain and insomnia, amongst other things (Nursing Times, 2015). Cautery is used to break up abnormal tissue by the process of burning, searing, or scarring. This instrument produces electrical currents and is used often in the Muslim population (Farlex, 2018). Cautery is used for issues such as eye problems, headaches, mental illness, jaundice and cancer (Attum & Shamoon, 2018). Cautery is typically used when other remedies do not work. Although these remedies can be very beneficial for these patients, it is always important to first make sure that they are safe to use and should be individualized.
Although verbal language has a huge impact on health care, non-verbal language is just as important. While eye contact in the United States is a sign of respect, eye contact in other countries and cultures mean something different. In the Muslim population, eye contact between individuals of the opposite sex indicate a sexual interest (Attum & Shamoon, 2018). This is one of the reasons that patients should be cared for by health care providers of the same sex, in order to avoid this from happening in the first place. If this is not possible, then the health care providers should be aware that the patient is not giving eye contact for a reason and that the patient is not being rude. If the health care provider is aware of this, then this will avoid any misconceptions and misinterpretations.
Another important consideration is hand shaking. The same thing applies with hand shaking as it does with eye contact. Individuals of opposite genders should not be shaking hands with one another (Hammoud, White, & Fetters, 2005). Knowing this will illustrate a sense of respect toward the Muslim patient and show them that the health care provider is being culturally competent. In addition to hand shaking, the Muslim population believe that the left hand is extremely dirty. In order for the health care provider to be culturally competent, they should be knowledgeable of this and hand anything to them in their right hand (Attum & Shamoon, 2018). Another important consideration is that men who wear beards are not doing it for no specific reason; a beard holds a symbolic meaning (Attum & Shamoon, 2018). If the beard needs to be shaven, the health care provider should ask prior to shaving it so that the patient feels that they are being respected and offense can be avoided. These are just a few of the many considerations that need to be address and followed. If the health care provider is well-informed of these important beliefs and values, then the patient will be more apt to trust the health care provider, which helps to build rapport as well as create a positive environment for all.
The family dynamic in the Muslim population is a unique and powerful part of their culture. The health care providers must be aware of this when delivering their care. As stated above, it is necessary to have a health care provider be of the same gender as the patient. In instances where this is not applicable, the significant other should be in the room with the patient. For example, if there are no female health care providers for a female patient, then the patient’s husband should be in the room with her. Also, in most cases, the husband will answer for the wife (Nursing Times, 2015). The health care provider should be aware of this and always inquire about their needs and wishes. Also, the families make decisions together as a unit, as opposed to the individual making all of their decisions regarding their care. According to Attum & Shamoon (2018), everything the patient does is significantly guided by the spouse, the children, and the relatives. All important decisions made involve the extended family as well. Since the traditional Muslim family is extended, it is important to involve everyone in the patient’s care. Becoming aware of this will allow culturally competent care to be emphasized and delivered.
The Muslim culture is very diverse and although extremely complex, needs to be respected and complied with. More and more health care providers and hospitals have assimilated to environments that are more concentrated on their needs. For example, more hospitals are now serving foods that are specific to the Muslim culture, including Halal (Selvam, 2013). In addition to adding more cultural diversity related to the diet, alternatives to medications have also been offered to the Muslim population. Trainings have also been in place to address the need for the same gender clinician, as well as being aware of female modesty (Selvam, 2013). There still is a lot that needs to be done in order to be culturally competent health care providers regarding the Muslim population, but our society is headed in the right direction.
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National Culture of Pakistan and their Holidays
Culture embraces of the virtues and codes that preserve in any particular nation, which becomes the traditional value of that nation. Every country has its own culture. In Pakistan, we come through many different cultures which represent us as a nation. Pakistani culture is a mixture of different provinces and tribes, for instance, Sindh, Punjab, NWFP and Baluchistan. Either it is a food or a dress code, Pakistani culture is of its absolute quality.
The history of Pakistan dates back to 1947. This was when China was being given independence by the Great Britain. Many Muslims under the leadership of Ali Jinnah were fighting for the liberation of Muslims. The Great Britain thus took a part of India and made it a place for Muslims. This is the reason about ninety-five percent of the 135 million Pakistan population are Muslims. An estimated 40 million live in urban areas, with the balance in rural areas. During August the same year, Pakistan was given independence. The national and official language of Pakistan is Urdu. Some international officials also use English and it is referred to as an informal official language. There are other small languages used in Pakistan.
If we travel around the nation, we could easily locate the traditional qualities. Pakistani regular nourishment is celebrated all through the world. For instance, Balochi saggi, Peshawari kabab and Sindhi Biryani and so on. Punjab is the core of social qualities. In Pakistani culture, there are clear indications of Indian culture that is the reason it is known as Indo-Pak culture. Especially Pakistani weddings are the impression of Indian culture. There are numerous recorded places in Pakistan which demarcate the traditions of Mughal time.
Food in Pakistan is a theme that is commonly used in Pakistan. Pakistan being a country of mainly Muslims has a few rules about what food should be eaten. During the month of Ramadan, rent or fasting is significantly observed. Food is used to mark and celebrate many occasions. During the end of the Ramadan period, a great feast takes place. Muslims believe in sharing. Those that are capable are supposed to share meals with the poor and the family members. Muslims also show their submissiveness to God by offering sacrifices. During sacrifices, those that can are supposed to slaughter a camel, goat or cow. They are then required to divide the meat into three equal parts. One is given to the poor; one portion to friends and the rest is prepared and taken to the home of the one offering the sacrifice. When celebrating childbirth, a goat is slaughtered in the case of a girl and two in the event of a boy.
In Pakistan we celebrate so many festivals but two of these are main pillar of Islam and Pakistan. Eid-ul-Fitr is a religious celebration for Muslims, and it is praised toward the finish of Ramadan subsequent to fasting and on first of Shawwal of each Islamic month. Individuals praise this celebration with a ton of astuteness and euphoria. Young ladies wear henna on their hand on Chand Raat which is the latest night of Ramadan.
Eid-ul-Azha is another Eid is tied in with watching the extraordinary forfeit that was offered by Prophet Abraham (A.S.) celebrated on 10 Zilhaj on 12thmonth of Islamic Calendar. Individuals get together for aggregate petitions in Masajids and make the forfeit of goats, sheep, bovines or camels. Their meat is circulated among the family relatives, companions and poor.
Pakistan has a well-defined system. Women are the homemakers. They are responsible for building the homes. On the other hand, man is supposed to be the breadwinner. They are supposed to provide for the family. Women are however given as many rights as men counterparts. They are allowed to be involved in gainful employment and own property. The right of custody of children in Pakistan is left to the mother.
Poetry is art and profession in Pakistan. It was begun in Persian Empire. After the self-sufficiency section is made in Urdu vernacular and moreover nearby tongue. Faiz ahmad is considered to have been Pakistan's most noticeable author. Pakistan is known as place that is known for section and about each has stayed in contact with some refrain.
The national game of Pakistan is hockey the hockey is customarily it had been played solely in the western territory of Baluchistan, however the cricket is the most well-known game in Pakistan. There are numerous recreations played in Pakistan which reflected social identity. Wrestling, hockey, cricket, b-ball kabaddi and squash are a portion of the amusements played everywhere throughout the nation at the universal level Pakistan have contended ordinarily at summer Olympics in fizzled hockey, boxing sports, swimming and shooting.
In Pakistan, Culture of Pakistan is Islamic yet Pakistan additionally has their social decorum dependent on South Asia's impact, as British. Culture of Pakistan is rich and lively. Visitors will observe their hosts to be considerate and cordial. English is to a great extent talked in real urban communities, for example, Karachi, Rawalpindi, Islamabad and Lahore and different business network. Pakistan is a particularly understanding spot regardless of its administration upon Islam. Visitors should take note of that there is a huge social and financial hole between the social classes in nation. Over the previous decade, the white collar class of nation specifically has been valuable by Pakistan's monetary and political unsettling influence, however it is still quick expanding. It is ideal, anyway not obligatory for visitors to have a neighborhood have who can help and go with them directly through their excursion. The new decorum in Pakistan is a mix of western and eastern part behavior as Pakistan individuals are especially pulled in toward the western and eastern standards and qualities.
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Impact of Racing Sport on Car Cars
The sport of racing has had its fair share of contributors over the years but few have had as much of an impact on a sport as these men. In this paper, I am going to tell you about 4 people/Organizations who have had a significant impact on Stock, Pro-stock, Top-fuel, and Funny cars. The individual who contributed the most to stock car and Pro-Stock Car racing is Bill France. William Henry Getty France Sr. was born on September 26, 1909, in Washington D.C. As a child, he grew up on a farm and was enamored with fixing cars and racing Bill finished High School and attended the Institute of Banking in Washington DC. In 1947, Bill formed the organization that would eventually be called Nascar in Daytona Beach, Florida. He made the company because drivers were at the mercy of their promoters and he wanted to provide stability to racers. He was able to create the company by collaborating with the drivers.
Big Bill also wanted to make the sport safer for the drivers and more fair by creating classes or cars and parameters for car modifications. Before him, the driver's hospital bills were not always paid, and the conditions were not as monitored for the racers. He faced financial problems but his experience as a bank clerk helped him do all the paperwork. Today NASCAR racing is the number one sport to watch, and also the organization responsible for popularizing racing Marketing, and advertising on cars is very lucrative. The Organization that had the biggest impact on funny car racing is Dodge. It was the corporation that built the first “Funny Cars” and also popularised the sport of drag racing. dodge was founded in 1913 by the Dodge brothers in Detroit, Michigan, And the first funny cars were made in 1963. The reason they were made was to boost sales for Dodge and also just to make a really fast car. The cars were made as light as possible for maximum speed and that made them weaker and seen as more dangerous. This hurdle was overcome by the efforts of Don Beebe, a race promoter from Michigan who decided to promote the Funny cars and paid $250,000 to build them and support the drivers.
The cars were a success with them generating a decent profit and what occurred as a result was that the drivers wear firesuits now and the added parachutes. Funny cars added excitement to the car racing sport and pushed the limits of speed. The man that had the biggest impact on Pro-Stock racing was Wally Parks, who popularised hot rods. He was born in 1913 in Goltry, Oklahoma, but grew up in California. In 1937 he joined a precursor to the NHRA and also worked as a test driver in a General Motors plant. When WWII rolled around he was deployed and drove around the Philippines fixing anything the military needed him to. He became the business manager of the SCTA shortly after returning and organized the very first hot rod show. In 1951 he founded the NHRA or national hot rod association because of his love for cars. One of the biggest challenges was the name hot rod, as it once was a term for inexperienced teenage racers. Although a long battle, he eventually popularised hot rods and also set many of the standards for the sport. Today hot rods are also known as Pro-Stock and the NHRA is still a very popular organization today. CJ Heart Was one of the most influential people to the field of Top-fuel cars.
He was born in Findlay, Ohio, on April 29, 1911. His mother died within days of his birth, and his father gave him away to his neighbors. He had a criminal reccord, and one time he was caught stealing moonshine. He was a dragster and even reached a top speed of 156 mph. After being chased out of an abandoned navy airfield, he asked airport officials if he could race cars on their runways and they agreed. The deal was that the races would only happen on Sunday and the airport would get 10% of the admission fees. In 1950, He opened the first official drag strip in the state of California at John wane airport. His impact on drag racing was groundbreaking and transformed drag racing from a peer to peer event into a spectator sport. In conclusion, the impacts of these men on racing are almost immeasurable as they were responsible for shaping the sport. If they had not done what they did, then the sport of racing would be unrecognizable from what it is today.
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Is Slot Car Racing is Popular again
Being a young kid you could love nothing more than slot car racing. Free time and broken piggy bank loose change were spent at the track, where you and your buddies gathered, gripping hand-held electric controllers, racing their cars down the track. It was just fun and you stayed out of trouble. How long ago doesn’t matter. Whether it’s on a wet, snowy, cold afternoon or a super-hot day, at any age, at a slot car track you relive being that young child all over again. Enthusiast of different ages and backgrounds, skill levels gather for slot car racing in a nearby slot car raceway bringing in their tools and pit boxes filled with and. Friday nights are the nights to be at the spot.
Cars are built on 1/24th of size chassis. Some are dragsters, pro mods, bar and no bar cars with different fast times. Some are so detailed and so real like looking just like a brand new pristine condition right off the dealership showroom floor but just half pint size, light and more affordable without the down payment and monthly commitment contracted agreement. Racers of all ages model how to race and compete one another down the track for hours. Each racer test, tune and tweak their cars. Racers can earn points and bragging rights as they compete and race to the finals, where the action gets faster and more intense as the competition begins to lesson with each run. The final racer in each class division could also win money prizes depending on the event. Not everyone can be a winner. Just make sure you have fun and enjoy the run.
Sadly not everyone can take losing lightly and it becomes a challenge to learn lessons. Sometimes faster reaction times are easier to obtain than for others. It takes time to perfect driving skills with practice. But when you do win, the feeling is great and you know the time invested into the practicing was all well paid off. Experiencing the whole nostalgic hobby is definitely encouraged for anyone and everyone to try at least once. It’s a hobby you either love it or hate it but also shown with some interest. Interest in the once-popular hobby, which at during the 1960s was the most valuable niche of the massive U.S. toy market, then and even some may see it dying or even dead hobby now. I see it reincarnated and reliving in another ear genre. With new and updated technology and gadgets making it easier. Sure the old ways of slotting was cool and innovative in its day; just imagine then now with newer faster better and exciting experience and new traditions to follow ahead. I encourage you to experience it for yourself and even with young ones. Go to a slot car race/drag way today.
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Economics of Southeast Racing Parts in North Carolina
Southeast Racing Parts (SRP) sells engine and chassis parts as well as safety and set-up equipment for entry-level racers. The factors affecting the demand for these products differ at the international, national, state, and regional levels. The major factor affecting the global demand for race-car engines and chassis is technological advancements in the automobile industry. Some of the latest advancements that may affect consumer demand for engine parts include the development of electric vehicle engines, turbo-charged engines, and techniques for reducing the emissions from internal combustion engines after-treatment techniques for internal engines (Tripathi, Dhar, & Sadiki, 2018). Many consumers would, therefore, be in need of the latest technology in racing car engines to keep up with the market trends. Meeting the consumers’ need for the latest-technology products would increase the costs of the engine parts since the newly-released technologies would be harder to access and would be relatively scarce.
At the national level, the demand for the engine and chassis parts of the racing cars would depend on the number of races held during the year, the pricing of engine and chassis parts in various locations around the country, the availability and cost of racing cars in the country, and the number of novice racers. A large number of races hosted within the country during the year would translate to high demand for the engine and chassis parts as racers would be in need of reliable cars and novices would be interested in joining new races. The second factor – the pricing of the engine and chassis parts in other places around the country – would affect the demand for SRP’s parts since the availability of alternative options would reduce the demand while the availability of fewer options would increase the demand.
The third factor affecting the demand for SRP products nationally is the availability and the cost of racing cars around the country. If there is a large supply of fully-assembled racing cars, the demand for the parts would be low and vice versa. Furthermore, if the costs of obtaining such assembled cars are lower than the costs of obtaining parts and assembling them, the demand for parts would be significantly low. Finally, the number of novice racers determines the demand for the products that SRP offers since a large number of novices would translate to high demand for the engine and chassis parts. For all the factors, high demand for the parts would translate to increased prices of the parts as a result of a relatively low volume of the available parts whereas a low demand would result in a lowering of the prices of the available parts.
At the state and regional levels, the factors affecting the demand for engine and chassis parts would be relatively similar. The first factor is the availability of racing cars in the geographical area. If fully assembled racing cars are easily available to the target consumers within North Carolina or their county of residence, the demand for the parts that SRP sells would be low. However, if the fully assembled cars that are available are more expensive than the process of acquiring parts and assembling them, then the demand for the engine and chassis parts of racing cars would be high.
The second factor affecting the demand for SRP products at the state and regional levels is the availability of assembling companies in the geographical area. If there are companies that assemble racing cars within the state or region, consumers would find it easier to obtain cheap parts and have them assembled, thereby increasing the demand for the parts. Otherwise, the demand for fully assembled cars would be higher. The last two factors include the number of entry-level racers and the number of races held during the year within the target geographical region, whose effects are similar to those observed at the national level.
Based on all these factors, high demands would translate to higher pricing of the products due to a relatively low availability or scarcity. If all the factors were to come into play at the same time – a large number of races, availability of assembling companies, fully assembled racing cars being more expensive and the unavailability of cheaper alternatives among others – then the demand for the products that SRP offers would be quite high. At the same time, due to the high demand, there would be a reduced amount of the available products, resulting in scarcity.
At the international level, there is one main factor that affects the supply of racing car engine parts, chassis, and safety and set-up equipment, which is the cost of production of engines and chassis parts. The production cost is a function of the labor charges, material costs, new technologies in the production process, and machinery costs (Lumen Learning, 2019). Consequently, the supply of racing car parts will be higher if the production costs are minimal, thereby guaranteeing the producers more profits, and it would be lower if the production costs are high. Based on the production costs, SRP would price the parts depending on the supply: if the supply is high, the pricing would significantly reduce, and the amount transacted would be relatively high. Similarly, low supply would mean that SRP would price the products highly and deal with fewer products.
At the national level, the major factors affecting the supply of the SRP products include the cost of production in the country and the government policies and subsidies. The cost of production in the country affects the supply of the parts in a manner similar to how it affects the supplies at the international level. The second factor is the policies that the government adopts including taxes and regulations (Lumen Learning, 2019). The tax policies may affect the cost of importation, local production, and the purchase of the parts whereas the regulations determine how the company promotes sustainability in the environment. In case the government policies and regulations are costly to the process of acquiring the products, the supply would decrease, the product prices would be higher, and the company would trade lower volumes of the engine and chassis parts. However, in case the government gives subsidies for purchasing the parts internally, the supply of the products would be high.
At the state level, the factors affecting the supply of parts include the costs of production parts within the state, the costs of importing parts from other states, the state government’s policies, and the availability of suppliers. The costs of production have a similar effect on the supply of the products at the international, national, and state levels. The second factor at the state level is the cost of transferring products from one state to another – if the costs are high, it would be difficult to import the products from other states, leading to a low supply. The third factor is the policies of the state government on issues such as taxation, environment, and subsidies on automobile parts. If the policies and regulations are favorable, the supply of the products would be high, which would translate to a lower pricing and a higher amount obtained from the sales.
At the regional level, the costs of acquiring the parts are the major factor influencing the supply of the SRP products. These costs are dependent on all the factors at the international, national, and state levels. If the company incurs high costs in obtaining the parts from various suppliers in other states or outside the country, then the supply would be low, leading to a higher pricing of the products and a lower volume of sales. However, should the costs of purchasing the products be affordable, their supply would be high and their pricing would be lower for the target consumers.
Generally, the demand for the products that SRP offers depends on the technological demands in the automobile industry, the number of motorsports races, pricing of engine and chassis parts, the number of entry-level racers, the availability and cost of ready-made racing cars, and the availability of assembling companies. Due to the popularity of motorsports in the United States, the demand for racing cars is relatively high, and depending on the factors mentioned above, the demand for engine and chassis parts is equally high (Simone, 2018). However, the supply for the parts may depend on the factors including the cost of production of the parts, government policies on taxation, importation, and production, government subsidies, the availability of suppliers, and the costs of acquiring the products. If these factors are favorable, then the supply of the products would meet the high demands.
The demand for a product or service is considered to be elastic when changes in its pricing produce a significant change in the quantity of the item that the market demands (Lumen, 2019). There are five major factors affecting the price elasticity of demand, which is defined as the degree to which the quantity of an item that is on demand changes with a change in its pricing (Lumen, 2019). The first factor is the availability of substitute products, with elasticity being higher when there are a large number of substitutes. In the current market for racing car parts, there are few substitutes that the target consumers can access, which make the price to be relatively inelastic.
The second factor is the percentage of the consumer’s budget that they utilize on the product – products are more elastic if consumers spend a fortune on them (Lumen, 2019). In the purchase of engine and chassis parts as well as the safety and set-up equipment, racers usually spend a large proportion of their income, which makes the price to be elastic. The third factor is the level of necessity since consumers have a tendency of buying necessary products regardless of their price, making them inelastic (Lumen, 2019). Since racing car parts is essentially a necessity for novices to participate in car races, they are highly likely to purchase the parts they need regardless of the cost, hence making the price to be inelastic.
The fourth factor is brand loyalty, with consumers’ attachment to specific brands making them relatively insensitive to price changes, resulting in inelasticity (Lumen, 2019). SRP customers have varying degrees of brand loyalty, which makes the price relatively elastic. The fifth factor is the time it takes for the price change to be in place (Lumen, 2019). Durable goods usually have a lower elasticity in the short-run since consumers would still purchase them regardless of the price, but the consumers would look for alternatives in the long-run, increasing the elasticity (Lumen, 2019). Generally, the demand for the durable engine parts, chassis, and safety and set-up equipment is inelastic since most of the target consumers need them regardless of their costs.
The demand for the SRP products is not strongly inelastic. Based on the analysis of the determinants of elasticity, there are factors that contribute to an element of elasticity in the demand for the products. The first factor is the large proportion of the consumers’ income that they spend on the racing car parts, which makes the demand to be elastic. The second factor is the novice racers’ varying degrees of brand loyalty, making the demand to be relatively elastic. Therefore, even though most of the determinants point to the SRP products having an inelastic demand, there are still consumer attitudes that lower the strength of inelasticity. Consequently, if the pricing of the products changes, the demand will slightly change as some consumers would be affected by the two factors while some of them would delay purchasing the car parts (Woodruff, 2018). Most of the consumers who are willing to enter into races, need racing car parts, and can afford to pay for them would not be greatly affected by the price changes.
The determinants of elasticity that informed the classification of SRP products’ demand as inelastic included the availability of substitutes, the level of necessity, and the short-term versus long-term timing of the price changes. Based on the competitor analysis in SRP’s market niche, there are few alternative products to the engine and chassis parts that the organization offers, which means that consumers have fewer substitutes to select from. Therefore, when they need the products, the demand would not change significantly even if there are changes in the pricing.
Furthermore, based on the analysis of market needs, entry-level racers require the services and products first before considering the price and availability. Moreover, they need the best engine and chassis parts to give them a winning shot at competitive racing, meaning that they have a high level of necessity for the products that the company offers. This high level of necessity makes the demand to be inelastic (Woodruff, 2018). Finally, the engine and chassis parts, as well as the safety and set-up equipment that SRP offers, are durable in nature. The durability means that short-term pricing changes would not greatly affect the demand for the products, which means that the demand is inelastic in the short-term timing of prices (Woodruff, 2018). However, the demand would be relatively elastic if the price changes are in effect for a long duration.
The inelasticity of the demand for the SRP products makes the prices directly proportional to the revenue obtained from the product sales. In other words, when there is an increase in the product prices, the revenue that the company accrues from sales would increase, and if the price reduces, the revenue would decrease (Hutchinson, 2016). Consequently, the organization can develop relevant pricing strategies depending on the demand for the products. Since the demand is inelastic, SRP can strategically increase the products’ prices without the fear of losing customers (Woodruff, 2018). However, the sales and marketing teams need to implement price increments after considering the factors determining the demand for the products.
There is a potential for SRP to influence the elasticity of the demand for its products. As Fletcher (2017) explains, there are firms that have succeeded in taking advantage of consumer behavior to develop successful business strategies. It is, therefore, possible to adopt ethical strategies to exploit consumers’ habits and preferences to influence the elasticity of demand for specific products. Based on the findings of the market analysis, motorsports is becoming increasingly popular in the United States, and SRP can tap into this racing culture and habit to make the demand more inelastic (Simone, 2018). The company can exploit the habit by making attractive offers for entry-level racers to seek for reliable engines and chassis parts and the services they need to get their racing cars ready for any competition that they would like to register in. The reason behind making the demand more inelastic is to allow the company to have the flexibility of setting pricing strategies that would see it become more profitable without losing customers.
As Aurora University (2017) explains, there are four main market structures: pure competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly, and pure monopoly. The products in a pure competition are identical among a large number of competitors, with little or no differentiation. It is an ideal market structure and does not fit SRP’s goods and services. In a monopolistic competition market structure, there are a large number of small companies which sell similar products that are highly differentiated. However, the element of the existence of several competing companies offering similar products disqualifies it from being close to SRP’s products and services. The other market structure is the pure monopoly, where a single organization produces goods and provides services that have no close alternatives (Aurora University, 2017). Since there are alternatives to SRP’s products and services, it does not belong to a pure monopoly.
The market structure that best describes the company’s goods and services is an oligopoly. An oligopoly is characterized by the existence of a few organizations that offer products and services that are homogeneous or differentiated (Aurora University, 2017). The automobile industry is an oligopoly, which is also true for the firms that sell engine and chassis parts for racing cars. From the competitor analysis, there is only one significant competitor for SRP’s products and services within the market niche as well as a few rival companies including NASCAR Winston Cup suppliers, Asphalt late model chassis builders, and national mail order suppliers. Therefore, the industry has a few firms that offer differentiated products, with SRP’s products and services being unique to the target geographical location.
The knowledge of the market structure enables the formulation of an effective pricing strategy. As Zhai & Zhao (2016) explain, oligopolists are price setters, that is, they have the ability to set their own prices due to the differentiation of the products and services from their competitors. Consequently, since SRP belongs to the oligopoly market structure, it is possible to institute price-setting strategies with the aim of maximizing its profitability in the long-run (Zhai & Zhao, 2016). For instance, since SRP has few competitors within its niche market and target geographical market, it can select the zone pricing strategy to ensure it has the best prices to offer within North Carolina and its environs (Adams & Williams, 2017). Consequently, an understanding of the market and its structure enables the management of the organization to develop the most suitable pricing strategies that would ensure profitability and customer retention.
The knowledge of the market structure also informs the advertising strategy to adopt. In an oligopoly, most of the players adopt an informative advertising policy since advertising also becomes an element of competition between the players (Han, Heywood, & Ye, 2016). For instance, the most relevant strategy that SRP should implement should have the objective of selling the company’s differentiated products and services and how they are distinct from what competitors offer. In the target market, the competitors offer chassis building services, supply circle track products, offer mail order services, sell used vehicle parts, or offer similar products and services at higher fees and in different locations. The advertising strategy, therefore, could focus on selling SRP’s value propositions by distinguishing its products and services from those that the existing competitors offer.
Therefore, the market structure has a huge impact on the pricing and advertising decisions that the management of SRP should make. With few competitors, the strategies should focus on offering the customers the best value. Furthermore, since there is intense competition in the advertising done by players in oligopolistic markets, the company should invest in advertising to ensure that it consistently reaches out to the target customers.
The company would prefer to stay within the oligopoly market structure. There are three major advantages that the structure presents that are preferable to the benefits that the organization can incur if it were in a pure monopoly, monopolistic competition, or pure competition. The first advantage that oligopoly offers, is the large profit margins due to limited competition (Ayres, 2016). Furthermore, since many entry-level racers are in need of engine and chassis parts, there is already high demand for the products that other companies are currently not meeting.
The second advantage that the current market structure offers is the simplicity of choices available to the consumers (Ayres, 2016). For instance, the entry-level racers only need to see SRP’s products and services and compare them with those that the few competitors offer and decide to purchase the products from SRP. The structure reduces the burden that consumers face in selecting products from a long list of options available in a monopolistic competition or a pure competition.
The third advantage is the ease with which consumers can obtain information regarding the products and services on offer, making advertising to be simpler and relatively cheaper than in other market structures (Ayres, 2016). Due to the availability of information, novice racers would easily access SRP and obtain the products and services that they need. Therefore, these advantages present SRP with the chance to maximize its stay in the oligopolistic market structure. The advantages also inform the decision against preferring a different market structure. Furthermore, based on the research done before deciding to focus on the present market niche, SRP decided to be in an industry that offers the least competition and high chances of profitability.
According to the Corporate Finance Institute (CFI), economies of scale refer to the advantages in cost reduction that a business obtains by expanding its output levels (CFI, 2019). This reduction in the costs incurred in the production of goods results from the reduction of the fixed costs per unit of the good produced. Furthermore, the variable costs reduce with the increase in the level of outputs, the promotion costs reduce, and the logistical costs also reduce. As CFI (2019) explains, the production entails all the processes and activities involved in transforming a product from its raw material to its presentation before the purchase by the final buyer. Based on this definition of production, economies of scale play a vital role in SRP’s business operations.
One of the roles that economies of scale play is the reduction in costs when the company purchases the supplies in bulk. Bulk purchases essentially reduce the per-unit fixed costs, reduce the logistical costs in shipping the products from the sellers to the organization’s facility, and enhance the discount prices that the suppliers offer (CFI, 2019). The second role that economies of scale play at SRP is in management, where the firm can lower its average costs by employing more skilled and experienced managers who would see it avert common costly mistakes (CFI, 2019). The third role that economies of scale play is technological, with the adoption of the latest technology in the services that it delivers making the processes more efficient and reducing the overall costs of maintenance. Therefore, economies of scale play an important role in the purchasing, managerial, and technological elements of the organization’s operations.
References
- Adams, B., & Williams, K. (2017). Zone pricing in retail oligopoly. New Haven, CT: Cowles Foundation for Research in Economics, Yale University.
- Aurora University. (2017, November 28). A guide to types of market structures. Retrieved from https://online.aurora.edu/types-of-market-structures/
- Ayres, C. (2016, July 11). Oligopoly advantages and disadvantages. Retrieved from Connect US: https://connectusfund.org/oligopoly-advantages-and-disadvantages
- CFI. (2019). Economies of scale. Retrieved from Corporate Finance Institute: https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/knowledge/economics/economies-of-scale/
- Fletcher, A. (2017). Exploitation of consumer decision-making and how to address it: Lessons from past demand-side interventions. Journal of European Competition Law & Practice, 8(8), 517-523. doi:10.1093/jeclap/lpx065
- Han, S., Heywood, J. S., & Ye, G. (2016). Informative advertising in a mixed oligopoly. Review of Industrial Organization, 51(1), 103-125.
- Hutchinson, D. E. (2016). 4.2 Elasticity and revenue. In D. E. Hutchinson, M. Nicholson, B. Lukenchuk, & T. Taylor, Principles of microeconomics. Houston, TX: OpenStax College, Rice University.
- Lumen. (2019). Price elasticity of demand. Retrieved from https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-economics/chapter/price-elasticity-of-demand/
- Lumen Learning. (2019). Factors affecting supply. Retrieved from https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-microeconomics/chapter/factors-affecting-supply/
- Simone, D. J. (2018). Motorsports and American culture: From demolition derbies to NASCAR ed. by Mark D. Howell and John D. Miller (review). Journal of Southern History, 84(1), 225-227. doi:10.1353/soh.2018.0067
- Tripathi, G., Dhar, A., & Sadiki, A. (2018). Recent advancements in after-treatment technology for internal combustion engines - An overview. In D. K. Srivastava, A. K. Agarwal, A. Datta, & R. K. Maurya, Advances in internal combustion engine research, energy, environment, and sustainability (pp. 159-179). Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore.
- Woodruff, J. (2018, June 29). The relationship between price elasticity and total revenue. Retrieved from Chron: https://smallbusiness.chron.com/relationship-between-price-elasticity-total-revenue-24544.html
- Zhai, Y., & Zhao, Q. (2016). Oligopoly dynamic pricing: A repeated game with incomplete information. 2016 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP). Shanghai, China: IEEE.
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How Race Extinction Happens
“The whole world is singing, but we’ve stopped listening.” The greediness of humans is causing a ticking time bomb to the state and conditions of Earth. The things that we do on a daily basis is causing Earth’s health to plummet quickly before our eyes. With a little more awareness about the world around us, we can put our destruction into reverse. Prior to watching Racing Extinction, I knew that the state of Earth was rapidly declining, and life as we know is starting to change. Carbon Dioxide emissions is practically killing our planet. Carbon Dioxide is needed to assist process like photosynthesis, where CO2 is taken in by plants and released as oxygen for us to breathe, but too much of something is never good.
America is the second leading country in CO2 emissions, emitting 5.27 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Everyday activities that we partake it ? driving to school and work, turning on the lights, making dinner on a gas stove, are all contributing to this outrageous amount of CO2 emissions going into our atmosphere. The high levels of CO2 is the leading cause for the climate change taking place before our eyes. Another reason Earth is deteriorating is because we are cutting down trees, to meet our own needs (to make land to grow food, fire wood, paper, etc.). Trees absorb carbon dioxide and turn it into oxygen for us to breathe, so by us cutting down trees, we are asking for more CO2 to be in the atmosphere. The scene where the photographer talked about the barrier reef forest caught my attention.
The photographer showed the first panoramic picture of the underwater forest back in 1960. It was a beautiful sight. The reefs were alive, bright, and vibrant and wildlife there flourished. When the photographer came back almost 20 years later, the once beautiful scene was dead. This made me think about how miseducated we are as a whole and how ignorant we are to the world around us. Everything we do affects our environment deeper than what it seems. When we burn fossil fuels, not only is the CO2 being released into the atmosphere, it is also being absorbed by the oceans, causing a disturbance to the rest of life around us.
The oceans produce most of the oxygen that we take in, (thanks to phytoplankton). But with us releasing obsessive amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, we are causing not only the Earth’s temperatures to rise, but we are also spiking the ocean’s temperature as well, ultimately causing wildlife in the ocean to decrease, including phytoplankton, our oxygen producers. Another scene that caught my eye was the bird scene where the male was calling out for a female companion but never got a response because he was the only one left, and he ended up going extinct. The scene showed me how quickly a species can go extinct, especially because the human race is doing things to cause it, like cutting down their habitats. If we don’t soon come together and reverse the damage we have done to this Earth, there will most definitely be a sixth mass extinction. The Earth and oceans are heating up. Phytoplankton population is down forty percent.
Our oceans are becoming acidic. We are seeing the population of species go extinct more rapidly than they should. If we keep moving in the same direction that we are heading, we will be the cause of the sixth extinction. One person making a change can cause a chain reaction. According to the Japanese Reverend, it’s “Better to light one candle, than curse the darkness.” This statement is very powerful and it is taking place around us today. In the film, a famous delicacy in China, shark fin soup, was causing many sharks to suffer alone in the ocean with cut off fins, causing many of them to die.
When people started finding out about this problem, they began to protest to save the sharks, and former NBA star, Yao Ming, starred in a commercial persuading people to protest the soup. With enough awareness, it finally became illegal for the soup to be sold in China, ultimately benefiting the population of the sharks. When the final credit of the film rolled, I knew that there is still hope on saving our planet. One thing that I could do to improve biodiversity around my community is turn off lights and anything else that releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. This would reduce the amount of CO2 my community emits into the atmosphere. I would urge my family and friends to do the same and spread the word to make them conscience of how they are affecting the environment. It is up to us when it comes to how the story of Earth ends or continues.
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The Ultimate Racing Games for Android
Car racing games are one of the biggest racing genres that is admired by huge following around the world. There is a long list available of these mighty games on Google Play Store. Here, we have discussed some of these ultimate racing games for Android.
Clash for Speed
Try this extreme combat car racing game to test your racing & shooting skills. This powerful game come equipped with abundant features to make your gaming experience seamless. This game offers you 15 pre-defined tracks with more than 8 upgradable battle car options to dive deep into racing adventure. Here, you can upgrade your cars & weapons as you level-up each time in game. It also allows you to upgrade your tires, decals and car stickers with each win. While racing through the powerful tracks, you will experience 5 unique 3D game environments on different planets. It offers in-garage option to help you customize your cars with features like customized wheels & armors, turbocharger and updated engines.
This amazing game is governed by a mighty intergalactic character named Speed Ho, who owns all the planets in the game. He likes power battles and he guides you through your wins. You start this game from Green Valley and go through different planets ending game in Sci-Fi Gravity. In addition to pre-defined tracks, Clash for Speed also allows you to design your own 3D tracks for racing. You can do this by simple gesture of your finger on the screen. You can draw simplest to most tough tracks to make it hard for other players to win the race. Here, tough tracks will help you win more trophies that you can use to unlock other features of the game. Further, you can also collect all the bounty to explore & unlock new levels. As you level-up in the game, it will become more difficult. You can play this fast car racing 3D game to experience extreme racing adventure.
Xtreme Turbo Drift Car Racing
Xtreme Turbo Drift Car Racing is racing gamers delight as it allows players to race fast on deadliest asphalt tracks. It offers multiple car options to select from where you need to race against the opponents. It sets different goals for you to achieve when you finish the lap. It offers unique car racing physics with breathtaking 3D graphical environments. While racing through the dangerous paths it makes your driving seamless with smooth controls. To complete the challenging missions, you can use nitrous boost and other useful options. It offers an immersive car race game with realistic sound effects.
Turbo racing 3D
Next in the list of ultimate car racing games is Turbo Racing 3D. This powerful endless arcade racing game lets you through some of the busiest highways in the world. It allows you to earn cash to upgrade your cars. You can even buy new cars with this cash. It offers easy one finger control model to help you play game seamlessly. Here, you can tilt your phone to control direction of your car and touch the screen of the phone to accelerate the speed. In other features, it offers amazing tracks, realistic car handling, stunning 3D graphics, smooth controls, rich type of NPC racers and more.
Buggy of Battle
Try this amazing arena war beach game if you like racing buggy games. It is powered with the V12 engine where it helps you boost your racing speed for ultimate experience. It offers dual links to help you dodge your enemies. You can play this monster truck racing game where you need to fight really hard in canyon racing circuit. While driving the cars, if you crash into other cars it will attract your penalty. Here, you get options to select from police & army vehicles to win the race. By dodging your enemies, you get a chance to win new cars. Once you win all the races, you will be Arena War Champion in the game.
Nitro Nation
If you love drag car racing then Nitro Nation is the perfect game for you. It offers powerful cars from big car manufacturers around the world. To set level playing experience, you needn’t to wait for fuel and you will also get “delivery time” for cars or upgrades. You can play this multiplayer game in real-time with players around the world. Further, you will get chance to appear for weekly regional tournaments to test your skills and compete with powerful players. It offers 3 tiers of aftermarket blueprints and 33 unique car components to help you customize your car.
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Consequences Public Condemnation and Lies
What would you do if thousands of people starts to blame, shame, embarrass you on social media? Will you fight back or stay quiet? Social media provided shy and voiceless people, a voice where they can share their thoughts, opinions. Also, through social media they feel connected to the society but these voiceless people can turn into completely different person in a matter of a moment. These voiceless people can take advantage of others mistake and shame them and bully them throughout their life and could potentially bring suicidal thoughts into their mind.
In the play “The Crucible” by the living legends of American theater, Arthur Miller illustrates how conflict can lead to death of an innocent people. For example, Abigail William says that the slave, Tituba called the devil on Betty. But the slave Tituba confesses even though she is completely innocent and have no connection with the devil to save her life, she said “Look! I have white people belong to me and I look-and there was Goody Good and there was Goody Osburn” (Miller 1262). After this, girls started confessing other peoples like “I saw Goody Sibber with the devil”and “I saw Alice Barrow with the devil” (Miller 1263), that gave lots of power to the girls so they took advantage of this new found power and think that they are the most powerful ones and no one can stop them. Fake in front of the judges to accuse innocent people guilty. In modern times, similar situations happening on social media platform.
Other than confessing each other one of the most important thing is social media shaming. Although some voiceless people are feeling connected to the society through social media, some still misusing and abusing this platform. Vulnerable people are getting hurt everything single day. For example, a woman named Justine Sacco, PR from New York. She tweeted a funny joke while she was waiting to board the plane at the airport. She said “Going to Africa. Hope I don't get AIDS. Just kidding. I'm white!”. After long hours of sleep, she woke up and this short joke has completely turned her life around while she was asleep. People calling her racist, horrible, worst human being ever on social media. Everybody were against her. No one supported her. After all this, Sacco was fired from her job and lost her happy life just from a single funny joke. This shows these voiceless people are really power and abusing this platform to damage people's reputation and shame people. They abusing the power they had. From this he lost everything from a short sentence that she thinks it was funny. Public shaming is starting to get out of control.
Public shaming and lying to someone has become too far. The people who are hiding behind their computer screen and shame others. In The Crucible, the girls are not receiving any kind of punishment, they get away with putting innocent people in jail and killing some of them.
Judge Danforth said that “ You must understand, sir, that a person is either with this court or he must be counted against it, there be no road between” (Miller 1298). This quote shows that Salem court’s perspective toward the witchcraft. The court is belong to God and it only do God’s work and nothing else. Everything that goes against the court is associated by the Devil. Anyone who disagree with the court must be servant for the Devils. So John Proctor was sentenced to death because he said “ I say- I say- God is Dead!”. This is tells the court that he work for the Devils and that he is not connected with God. So must be dead to keep the town safe and clear of Devils.
Voiceless people get to have voice and connecting to the society through social media is a good thing but the misuse and abusing of this could potentially put someone in danger like Justine Sacco, that she lost her life, her job because of a joke that she tweeted spreaded throughout the social media and everybody starts shaming and attacking her. Also, the girls in the play “The Crucible” knew that they had the powers and use them to hurt people and families. So, if you have the power, don’t do anything that could potentially torn someone’s life. Be careful not to abuse the power.
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Public Shame Whores Program
In society, women are seen as less and more as something to be controlled. We are brought up to fit a certain image placed upon us by society, anything else is seen as wrong. Slut-shaming is used by people to “put us in our place” and tell us what we are doing wrong, and how to act. Although slut-shaming in reality has a different agenda. An example of slut-shaming is when we have confidence or find pride in ourselves, and are attacked for being too much or acting out of line. To a society created by misogynistic values, this confidence is dangerous. We are ridiculed and sexualized to become degraded and fear men, making controlling us easier and preventing pride of being a woman. Although women are a part of society, we are still under the foot of men, because men want to have power and authority over us. Women are also responsible for slut-shaming, but of the fear controlling them of not being accepted by society or facing similar treatment. Slut-shaming occurs because men are afraid. Men are afraid of strong independent women who cannot be controlled and are independent.
Slut-shaming is the act of degrading women by calling them out on being too “sexual”, but in reality it degrades self-assertive women. It is a method of controlling and hurting women who know their self worth and don’t need society to know they are powerful women. In her article, “The Truth About Slut-Shaming” Leora Tanenbaum explains, “slut-shaming is not really about women’s sexuality. It is grounded in the belief that men get to assert themselves, and women do not. It may be getting a lot of attention these days, but slut-shaming is really just a catchy way to signify old-fashioned sexism.” Slut-shaming was never intended to bring attention to women who are sexually active “sluts.” Even women who do not partake in sexual activities can still be slut-shamed. The purpose of slut shaming is so men can reassure themselves and women of their position over them. Tanenbaum also wrote, “Clearly, sluttiness to some people indicates a woman who asserts herself, sexually or not.” A woman who is confident, bold, and knows her self-worth is seen as a slut only because she created her own confidence and does not rely on the opinions of society, which could not be permitted.
Women are the only victims of slut-shaming because it was created specifically for women only. It was brought up to oppress and ridicule women pushing them towards their minority role in society. In the journal, “‘Good Girls’: Gender, Social Class, and Slut Discourse on Campus”, authors Elizabeth A. Armstrong, Laura T. Hamilton, Elizabeth M. Armstrong, and J. Lotus Seeley argue, “...slut shaming is based on sexual double standards established and upheld by men, to women’s disadvantage. Although young men are expected to desire and pursue sex regardless of relational and emotional context, young women are permitted sexual activity only when in committed relationships and ‘in love.’” Why can women be slut-shamed but not men? The incentive is that this system of control and oppression was never intended to be used on men or boys. Its purpose was to place a gap on what women are allowed and not allowed to do, and show how men will never have to worry about these restrictions. It allocates the idea that men are free to do what they want because of their power, leaving women to their mercy.
In the blog written by the Institute for InterGroup Understanding called, “Women Have Been Oppressed and Disadvantaged With Great Consistency Back to the Beginning of Recorded History — and Probably Long Before” states, “We have strong patterns of men doing discriminatory things to women...The patterns of men with power taking advantage of women in sexual ways clearly involves both instinctive values and situational manifestations of behavior patterns that we need to directly address well if we want to enjoy a society where women are safe in all settings…” The values that lead to slut shaming are those implemented to not only men, but everyone to discriminate and oppress women. Women are victims of a system that keeps them at their stature in society, making it impossible for us to rise above it. This system secures the superiority of men above women and assures them of their position, with little empathy to how much they hurt women.
Due to the pain brought upon women, other women join in on the slut-shaming but not for the same reason. In a TIME article called “Study: Women Slut-Shame Each Other On Twitter as Much as Men Do” Megan Gibson says, “...the norm online includes a lot of derogatory language and harassment of women, it makes sense that other women would join in and pile on, even if only to fit in.” To fit in and prevent receiving similar repercussions, women join men in the hate speech. Going against what society says leads to consequences for women, even if it's to protect other women. These women go along afraid of the same being done to them rather than standing up for themselves. It is deeply embedded in our minds that hurting women is acceptable to avoid pain inflicted upon us by men and their society. “Though it might seem reasonable that women would push back on every instance of misogyny they encounter for their own benefit, this terminology is so thoroughly woven into every corner of our culture, sometimes it can be hard to recognize,” Gibson relays. It has become so normalized and something women are taught to be afraid of that in order to protect themselves, they reflect the same pain as men.
Slut-shaming was never meant to call out women on their over-sexualization or sexual lifestyle, but rather as a system of fear to control them before their confidence becomes great. Women face repercussions and are ridiculed even if they aren't sexually active to be more easily controlled and act accordingly to society’s perception of us. Despite having this image of being sexual and the existence of slut-shaming, men don’t face the same repercussions as women and are rather encouraged to engage in sexual activities. Unfortunately, due to the fear of being labeled as a slut and facing the consequences, women slut-shame and accept their role to protect themselves from society itself. This system was created to control women who know their self worth, by men who are afraid of strong independent women who do not need them.
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Mental Illness Stigma and Pill Shaming
Introduction
Stigmatization and pill shaming is evident in contemporary society where people stereotype mental illness as lack of self-control (PROBLEM). For example, the mentally ill are labeled as unpredictable, violent, insane, and drug addict. A significant number of people suffer from different types of mental illness, such as anxiety, depression, bipolar disorder, and post- traumatic disorder that affect their behaviors and relationship with others in the community. The stereotyping of the illness subjects patient to discrimination and stigma. Although the mental disorder is evident in the world today, people still classify it as a phase of life rather than an illness. Lack of information and ignorance causes individuals in current society to victimize and stigmatize people suffering from a psychological ailment. Therefore, people should be educated and informed about mental illness to reduce stigmatization. Persons with mental disorder should be respected and handled like patients with other health complications, such as heart attack or blood pressure. Mental disorder is rampant in the world we are living today, and lack of knowledge and stereotype increases stigma and pill shaming to a person suffering from the ailment which limits their recovery process.
Background
Stigmatization and pill shaming are societal problem because the population is ignorant and afraid of the mentally ill individuals. Though humanities eliminated harsh mistreatment, such as killing, burning, imprisoning, or drilling holes into the brain, discrimination and stigma are still prevalent. Research conducted to investigate the extent of stigmatizing and stereotyping of people with mental diseases, indicate that countries, societies, and cultures treated people with a mental disability different from the healthy ones (Parcesepe 385). People also discriminated individuals regarding to the type of psychological ailments. For example, they developed a social distance with people suffering from schizophrenia more than the depressed. They also express negative opinion toward drug dependence.
Different groups of factors contribute to the increased stereotype, discrimination, and stigmatization of mentally ill people. Media portrayals, such as television shows and films disseminate biased information that depicts a psychotically ill person as violent and criminals (Canfield 43). Healthcare professionals contribute to discrimination where they express reduced willingness to have contact with the patients (Stuart13). The mentally ill foster stigma when they internalize the humiliation leading to low self-esteem and self-efficacy. Stigmatization, discrimination, and pill shaming of people suffering from psychological ailment inhibit them from seeking medical care and limit their recovery.
Mental illness is evident around the world and people with disorder face discrimination in different situations, such as workplace, at home, or in the public places. People claim that the mentally ill persons lack the ability to control their emotions. They fail to understand that chemical imbalance inhibits people with mental disorder to exercise self-control. The mentally ill are stereotyped as insane, unpredictable and violent, which makes them face rejection or isolation from the healthy people. In the modern society, people still associate mental illness with demon possession, where mentally ill persons are taken to religious clergy for prayers or spiritual rituals. The patients are also believed to be cursed thus are isolated from others to avoid spreading the curse to others. The stereotyping and diversity in beliefs expose people with mental disorder to prejudice and stigmatization which hampers their recovery process.
Stigma as a Barrier for Recovery
A significant number of mentally ill persons suffer from discrimination expressed by family members, friends or coworkers .They are categorized as dangerous and unpredictable, and people tend to create a distance between them. The marginalization lowers the self-esteem of the patients and inhibits them from participating in social and economic development activities (Stigma as a Barrier to Mental Health Care). Despite the availability of different treatment services, the mentally ill person fails to seek for intervention and those who begin it they fail to complete. Prejudice and discrimination are the hindrances because they discourage patients from seeking effective healthcare services. Different levels of administrations also foster structural partiality when they fail to provide finances and resources for research as compared to other diseases (Stigma as a Barrier to Mental Health Care). Failure to include mental health services in medical insurance also increases the stigmatization of the patients. The desire to evade public stigma, discrimination, and the association with negative stereotypes compels people with the psychological disorder to avoid seeking treatment which hinders their recovery process.
Pill Shaming of the Mentally Ail People
Patient with mental disorder are prescribed to a single or six daily pills to stabilize their emotions. The medication procedure enables the patients to stay afloat and calm their nerves. For example, the patient is prescribed six pills on a daily basis to reduce anxiety and keep them composed (Parcesepe 385). People in public express a negative notion about people who take drugs to treat mental illness. They label the patients as junkies who are not able to deal with the problem on their own. Societies regard the mentally ill as drug addicts and people with a weak mind. The shame and accusation discourage the patients to seek medical care which hinders them from recovering. It subjects people with cerebral problems to pressure and stigma which compel them to take actions, such as suicide. The stereotyping discourages the family members of the ail person from taking the person for diagnosis or treatment. For example, the medication is regarded to trigger violence, suicidal thoughts, severe depression, and low libido (Shrivastava 71). Based on the allegation patients and their relative opt to avoid the medicine. To neutralize the negative public notion about the medication and reduce discrimination that leads to stigma, the community should be educated about mental health and how to relate to people suffering from the ailment. Public awareness reduces the stigma and encourages patients to seek treatment.
Counter Arguments
The increased prescription of pills to mentally ill patients has triggered debate among different practitioners including people who underwent the treatment. The opponents claim that there are various methods to treat people with psychological problems, such as counseling and self-help groups. They add that psychiatrists and medical experts prescribe the daily pills for their profitability without considering the side effects of the medication on the patient (Joanna). The adversaries condemn the increased use of antipsychotics, such as tranquilizers, Zyprexa, and Seroquel. They explain that the drugs are used for other purposes rather than treating severe mental disturbance. For example, they are used as a preventive measure in young people who are not psychotic but are at risk, and the medication is also recommended to aged adults who have dementia (Joanna). The opponents presented different side-effects of antipsychotics, such as metabolic changes, shrinking of the brain, and increased death as a result of a stroke or heart attack (Joanna). Therefore, antipsychotics should not be prescribed for mental treatment.
The Flaw of Opposition’s Logic
Although the challengers of prescribing medications to the mentally ill patients have presented reasons to prove their arguments, their logic is flawed. They fail to acknowledge that different people with psychological problems respond differently to anxiety and depression. They fail to admit that natural remedies, physical exercise, and counseling do not heal all mental disorders. Although the adversaries claim that people who have mental illness should be enrolled for counseling or self-help groups, they have not provided evidence to describe the success of the methods. Therefore, the mentally ill persons should be allowed to seek help that is suitable for their ailment, and they should not be victimized. For example, those who prefer pills should not be shamed or condemned for depending on medications to calm their emotions. Allowing people with mental illness to seek medical treatment, eliminating stereotyping, and avoiding isolation reduces stigma and facilitates the recovery process.
Public awareness would reduce the rate of discrimination, stigmatization, and pill shaming thus allowing people to seek medical help and increase the chances of recovery. Mental health should also be handled like other diseases, such as heart attack, blood pressure, cancer, and AIDS. The federal, local, and state administration should also implement policies that eliminate structural discrimination. For example, they should provide finances and resources to institutions that deal with mental health to conduct research and raise awareness to the public about the disorder. Medical insurance cover should also cover medical bills for mentally ill patients. Reduced structural and social discrimination eliminates stigmatization and allows people to seek medical services.
Conclusion
A significant number of people around the world have a mental disorder, and lack of awareness, ignorance, and stereotyping increases stigma and pill shaming to a mentally ill person which hinders them from recovering. Discrimination and stigmatization of people with the cerebral disorder were evident from the ancient time where victims were imprisoned in asylums, killed, burned and sterilized. Though doctors carried out researches and formulated treatment methods, people in societies continued to categorize mentally ill people as violent, unpredictable, and weak. In the contemporary era, folks still fear and discriminate people with psychological problems which lead to pill shaming and stigma. Based on the evidence, researching and creating awareness about mental health would reduce prejudice and stigmatization. The researchers conducted numerous studies in the past concerning the topic of stigma and pill shaming; however, different issues, such as the causes of the disorder, appropriate treatment, and the side-effects of the medications are yet to be clarified. The subject of stigma and pill shaming is significant to the public because it provides them with relevant information about mental health and how to evade stigmatizing people in a society.
Works Cited
- Canfield, Brittany A., and Holly A. Cunningham. 'Deconstructing Stigma in Mental Health.' (2018). https://books.google.co.ke/books?id=3VJVDwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=stigmatization+of+mental+illness+in+contemporary+society&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiI_bmR0JnfAhUo4YUKHel6DToQ6AEITDAG#v=onepage&q=stigmatization%20of%20mental%20illness%20in%20contemporary%20society&f=false
- Joanna Moncrieff. “Why ARE So Many People Being Labeled Bipolar?” Daily Mail, 23 September 2013,dailymail.co.uk/health/article-2430129/Bipolar-Why-ARE-people-More-celebrities-say-theyve-got-.html. Accessed on 7 December 2018.
- Parcesepe, Angela M., and Leopoldo J. Cabassa. 'Public Stigma of Mental Illness In The United States: A Systematic Literature Review.' Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, vol. 40, no.5, 2013, pp. 384-399. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3835659/ Accessed on 7 December 2018.
- Rössler, Wulf. 'The Stigma of Mental Disorders: A Millennia?Long History of Social Exclusion and Prejudices.' EMBO Reports, vol.17, no.9, 2016, pp. 1250-1253. europepmc.org/articles/pmc5007563
- Shrivastava, Amresh, Megan Johnston, and Yves Bureau. 'Stigma of Mental Illness-1: Clinical Reflections.' Mens Sana Monographs, vol.10, no.1, 2012, pp. 70. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3353607/ Accessed on 7 December 2018.
- “Stigma as a Barrier to Mental Health Care.” Psychological Science, 14 September 2014, www.psychologicalscience.org/news/releases/stigma-as-a-barrier-to-mental-health-care.html. Accessed On 7 December 2018.
- Stuart, Heather, and Julio Arboleda-Flórez. 'A Public Health Perspective on the Stigmatization of Mental Illnesses.' Public Health Reviews, vol.34, no.2 (2012) pp. 12. publichealthreviews.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1007/BF03391680. Accessed on 7 December 2018.
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Shame is a Serious Problem that is too Often Ignored
In the speech presented to ISB HS students during assemblies, I used various appeals, diction, simile, and tone to convince the audience that period shaming is a serious problem too often ignored. I appealed to ethos and pathos by sharing a personal anecdote “…Oooh Becky is on her lady days, no wonder why she is so moody.” I gained credibility because I have been shamed before and know what it feels like to be the victim. In fact, I was driven to write about this topic because the vivid, embarrassing memory allowed me to realize that a change is needed. Moreover, this anecdote stirred feelings of empathy by revealing the stigma in our society and how it is affecting girls. I appealed to logos when I implemented statistics, “In more than 190 countries, there are about 5,000 slang words for period,” identifying period as a global taboo and society’s unacceptance of it, because euphemisms are made so that people could avoid directly saying the word.
Thus, by using slang words, it is easier for boys to joke at girls’ discomfort. Diction was used when I said, “…boys would finally realize that periods are not gross or dirty.” The negative, ugly adjectives emphasize the disgrace around periods and illustrate the unrespectful manner boys use when addressing the topic. I also used simile by comparing girls hiding their sanitary products to an FBI agent, referring to the secretive, adept actions, and the fear of getting mocked if someone finds out. Lastly, by developing a strong and almost imperative tone through a call-to-action conclusion, “Say no to period shaming; let us strive for gender equality by respecting girls and their bodies!” it convinced the audience to rectify their actions and stop period shaming. To summarize, I effectively persuaded the audience to respect girls and their bodies.
Once every month, I feel like a top-secret FBI agent. With quick and swift moves, I grabbed a pad tucked in the innermost layer of my backpack and hid it in my sleeve. Unluckily, I failed the “mission.” The pad slid down from my sleeve and landed effortlessly in front of a male classmate. I gulped, my heart raced, and the room suddenly became really hot. He came close and asked me, “What is this, a pad?” My mind told me to just say yes, but somehow, I struggled to say it out loud. The boy thought I did not hear him, so he repeated loud enough for everyone to hear, “Is this a pad that dropped out of your sleeve?” As if things could not get any worse, someone added, “Oooh Becky is on her lady days, no wonder why she is so moody…”
I remember the day when I first got my period, my mother told me four words, “Do not tell anyone.” With that incident, I was made fun off and I felt ashamed, but none of that would happen if nobody knew I was on my period, right? NO! 58% of girls feel embarrassed from just being on their period, and 42% have experienced period shaming (shethinx.com). Have you ever wondered why so many girls worldwide are affected by something their body does naturally? And have you thought of why boys tease and bully girls about it?
Here is the answer: periods are considered taboos. In more than 190 countries, there are about 5,000 slang words for period (clue.com). Boys have misconceptions about periods, and girls feel too uncomfortable to correct them. There is a lack of social transparency, resulting in period shaming.
Boys, in your life, you will encounter girls on their periods needing sanitary products and feeling cramps; shaming them is not the solution We can fix this by letting both genders have sex education together, because it provides them the opportunity to communicate sensitive topics together and learn from each other’s perspective. As classmates and friends, make an effort to ensure that the school environment makes the females around you feel safe. At home, provide support to your female family members. If both genders are willing to take the time to care and learn about this topic, it will significantly reduce the number of upsetting jokes made, and boys would finally realize that periods are not gross or dirty.
Period shaming leaves the impression that girls should keep their periods as a secret; however, if you think about it, periods are so important that our entire human reproduction relies on it. You and I would not even be here without girls menstruating every month! Having no period shaming means that understanding and empathy are developed. It would be a step towards gender equality and the establishment of a friendlier society because girls would no longer be marked with disgrace. Say no to period shaming; let us strive for gender equality by respecting girls and their bodies!
Work Cited
- Brannagan, Toni. “How You Can Overcome Period Shame.” Thinx, Thinx Inc, 19 Sept. 2018, https://www.shethinx.com/blogs/thinx-womens-health/overcome-period-shame-swns-infographic
- “Menstrual Euphemisms by Language.” Clue, Clue, 24 Feb. 2020, https://helloclue.com/articles/culture/top-euphemisms-for-period-by-language
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Impact of Mood Disorders on Women and their Children
In Durham Region, as many as one in five women will experience perinatal mood disorders (PMD) during their pregnancy and/or within one year of giving birth (https://www.durham.ca/en/health-and-wellness/postpartum-depression.aspx. Perinatal mood disorders are a cluster of disorders that include depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. In Canada, the prevalence of postpartum depression averages at 13% while it is estimated that 15%-21% of pregnant and postpartum women in the United States experience symptoms of PMD (Byrnes, 2018). PMD can negatively impact not only the women who experience these disorders but also their families, specifically, their children as early as infancy (Byrnes, 2018). Effects of PMD on parenting and child development Mood and anxiety disorders during the perinatal period can lead to impaired maternal behavioral response which may lead to long-term behavioral and cognitive problems among exposed children.
During the prenatal period of women experiencing PMD, there is generally inadequate level of prenatal care and poor nutrition which may result in higher incidences of preterm birth and low birth weight (Canadian Paediatric Society, 2004). As a result of PMD, interactions between infant and mother also get affected resulting in long-term behavioral problems and cognitive delays in children. A study by Field, 2010, shows that depressed mothers tend to be more irritable and hostile, and portray a general lack of warmth and engagement with their infants. The study also compares postpartum, depressed mothers, with non-depressed mothers who demonstrate a difference in the frequency and affectionate behavior towards their infants. Postpartum depressed mothers are seen to be more negative in their manner, as portrayed in the form of rough pulling and poking. There is also a difference in vocal behavior including the use of longer utterances, fewer explanations, suggestions or references to their infants’ behavior. Several caregiving activities also appear to be compromised as a result of postpartum depression effects.
Parenting roles such as feeding practices, especially breastfeeding, sleep routines, and well-child visits and vaccinations (Field, 2010) were compromised. Mothers with high postpartum depression scores were significantly more likely to discontinue breastfeeding at 4 to 16 weeks postpartum, substituting breast milk with water or juice. In the same study, thoughts of harming infants are shown to be more frequent among depressed mothers. In one sample, 41% of depressed mothers compared to 7% of non-depressed mothers admitted to thoughts of harming their infant. More than half the depressed mothers had a problem with thoughts of harming their infant, fear of being alone with the infant, and an inability to care for the infant (Field, 2010). In toddlers, there is usually less creative play and interaction from their mothers, which may lead to passive noncompliance, less mature expression of autonomy, internalizing and externalizing problems, and lower cognitive performance. Among school ages, children, affective, anxiety and conductive disorders can be seen, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (Canadian Paediatric Society, 2004).
Conclusion
The information and data provided in this paper highlight the need and necessity of screening of maternal depression during the prenatal and postpartum period. Screening tools, such as the Edinburg postnatal depression scale are available and are highly recommended by The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists to be screened for depression and anxiety at least once during the perinatal period and once post partum (Byrnes, 2018). It is also important to recognize the risk factors for developing PMD, which can include socioeconomic factors, low education attainment, a lack of social support, and a history of mental illness (Byrnes, 2018). However, disturbances in the interactions between depressed mother and child are universal across all cultural and socioeconomic groups.
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Onset of Depression after Childbirth
It is hard to imagine a parent that would become extremely sorrowful after the incredible, beautiful, and miraculous birth of their child. However, this behavior is not uncommon for many new mothers. In fact, nearly ten to twenty percent of these women will experience a prolonged period of sadness and hopelessness after giving birth, frequently referred to as postpartum depression. Postpartum depression is a psychological mood disorder that mainly affects mothers after the birth of their child, but it can occasionally affect women who miscarried, or women who recently weaned their child off breastfeeding (“Facts about postpartum”). In addition, recent research has also shown that this type of depression can have a dramatic impact on men (Mann, “Out of the Blue”). Postpartum depression has the ability to evoke anxiety, severe sadness, and mental and physical exhaustion. These effects interfere with daily routines and hinder people’s capability to take care of themselves and others(“Postpartum depression facts”).
There are many different and contributing factors that can lead to the development of postpartum depression; therefore, there is not a single cause. The interaction of physical and emotional factors often are responsible for the development of this disorder. A few possible contributing factors are sleep deprivation, changing hormone levels after childbirth, mood swings, or other lifestyle factors (“Postpartum depression facts”). Moreover, some women are genetically predisposed to depression or have a history of depression in their family. This could increase somebody’s likelihood of developing this disorder (“Facts about postpartum”).
Postpartum depression usually starts out with a common and milder depression known as the Baby Blues. In fact, nearly fifty percent of new mothers experience the Baby Blues. This condition contains intense and sudden mood swings, often characterized by emotions of euphoria and extreme sadness. People who experience the Baby Blues are at an increased risk of eventually developing postpartum depression. However, postpartum depression is distinguished by more severe feelings of anxiety, sadness, and despair. In addition, it is more prolonged than the Baby Blues. Symptoms are expected to worsen without medical attention (“Facts about Postpartum”).
Besides the aforementioned symptoms of despair, anxiety, and sadness, there are many other symptoms that also characterize postpartum depression. For example, losing interest in activities, experiencing feelings of irritability, and withdrawing from friends and family (“Postpartum depression”). Furthermore, people may notice trouble focusing, trouble sleeping, headaches, chest pains, or a change in their eating patterns. In extreme cases, mothers may experience recurring thoughts of harming themselves or their baby (“Facts about Postpartum”).
Although postpartum depression is a serious disorder, it is temporary and can be treated with medications and therapy. The two most common types of therapy that can be used to treat this disorder are cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and interpersonal therapy (IPT). Cognitive-behavioral therapy focuses on helping people recognize and alter their negative thoughts, actions, behaviors, and ways of thinking. Interpersonal therapy concentrates on helping patients navigate and solve problems in their personal relationships with other people that could be causing or playing a significant role in their postpartum depression (“Postpartum depression facts”) .
In addition to therapy, medications can also be prescribed to treat this disorder. Antidepressants are the most effective medications because they affect the chemicals in the brain that are involved in regulating moods. Most antidepressants require continued use for a few weeks before they are greatly effective. The majority of medications for postpartum depression are safe to use while breastfeeding, but people should always consult their doctor about possible risks before using the medication (“Facts about Postpartum”).
Along with therapy and medications, individuals can make some lifestyle changes that may help reduce the symptoms of postpartum depression. For example, getting sufficient sleep, exercising, eating healthy and regular meals, and relying on friends and family for support are all essential in overcoming this disorder. Yoga and meditation have also been shown to reduce stress and ease symptoms. It is especially important to take time off sometimes to relax and destress if somebody is suffering with this disorder (“Postpartum depression”).
In conclusion, postpartum depression is a mental disorder that is most common in women after childbirth and is characterized by extreme and prolonged feeling of sadness. However, this disorder can be treated through a combination of therapy, medication, and individual lifestyle changes. Treatment plans usually differ with each patient and are adjusted to meet the specific needs of the client. The treatment also depends on the severity of the depression. Although postpartum depression can seem like a scary thing, it is imperative that people take the necessary steps to make positive changes in their life to restore their health and well-being.
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Effects of Yoga on Postpartum Depression
Antepartum depression (ADP) and postpartum depression (PPD), disorders characterized by mood changes during pregnancy and after delivery, negatively impact maternal and child physical and mental health (Bershadsky et al., 2014). Triggers of postpartum depression may stem from before the mother was pregnant, while the mother was pregnant, or after birth. Different aspects of the mother’s life pre-pregnancy may lead to her developing depression once the baby is born. These things include but are not limited to poverty, death of a family member, stress at work, or stress with the spouse. While the mother is pregnant, she may experience regret, guilt, sadness, or stress about the baby coming in a few short months. The mother may also experience many happy feelings as well. Post pregnancy she may be diagnosed with postpartum depression disorder if the depression is present after the birth of her child. The symptoms for postpartum disorder include but are not limited to uncontrollable crying, insomnia, depression, anxiety, or feeling hopeless. If a mother is stressed during or after the pregnancy, more than likely their child is going to end up with some type of mental disorder. Postpartum disorder can be very fatal to both the mother and the child.
When dealing with postpartum depression there are many different techniques that can be used to treat postpartum depression such as medication, therapy, psychologists, exercise and yoga. Yoga, a type of mind-body-spirit relaxation exercise has been established as a potentially powerful intervention (Chen et al., 2017). Yoga teaches relaxation techniques, breathing techniques, calming sensations, and different forms of poses to help the body in many different ways. Yoga has many different benefits including weight loss, better flexibility, improving your posture, increases blood flow, lowering blood pressure, and making people happier. There are different types of yoga such as Ahimsa, Satya, Asteya, Brahmacharya, Aparigrapha, Saucha, Santosha, Tapas, Svadhyaya, and Ishvara Pranirdhara.
These types listed are all composed of different poses and breathing techniques and that is what differentiates them from one another. Yoga is very helpful for people with or without mental disorders. According to the article Yoga and social support reduce prenatal depression, anxiety and cortisol yoga has advantages of being more affordable, being transportable, and can be learned and practiced using a DVD. Several studies have reported positive effects of yoga on depression (Field, T 2012). One is able to buy a DVD and yoga mat of their own and do their yoga practice for the day at the time and place that is most convenient to them. If the mother does not feel like attending yoga classes with other people, she has the power of bringing yoga into her own home. Yoga is also very versatile because the mother can not only pick and choose where and when she wants to do yoga, she can also choose the type of yoga that she wants to do that day. Yoga is one of the best, most functional types of treatment for depression.
Yoga has been proven to be very helpful for women dealing with postpartum depression. The article Efficacy of yoga for depressed postpartum women: A randomized controlled trial tested their hypothesis that the women in the yoga group would improve more with depression and anxiety than the control group. In their research study, they assigned 28 mothers to a control group and 29 mothers to a yoga class. They took assessments of the mothers at pre-treatment/control, two weeks, four weeks, six weeks, and post treatment/control. These assessments consisted of questionnaires that dealt with their current state of depression and symptoms, their diagnosis of depression (if present) and their depression and anxiety symptoms combined.
The mothers who were in the yoga study then went to 16 sessions that were one hour in length over an eight-week period. The results of this study concluded that women in the yoga group improved at a significantly faster rate on measures of depression, anxiety, well-being, and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) relative to the WLC group. (Buttner et al., 2015). Although their hypothesis was accurate this study had some limitations. They did not have a large sample size therefor it ended up resulting in a bias within their participants. Most of their participants ended up having the same qualities between one another such as the mothers being white, married, and well educated. The last limitation of the study was that the yoga instructor taught most of the classes but not all of them. Even with these three limitations the experiment was still ran well and they were able to get the results that they were looking for.
The article Immediate stress reduction effects of yoga during pregnancy: One group pre-post test also supports the testament of yoga being useful is reducing stress for pregnant women or for helping those who have developed postpartum depression. The article Immediate stress reduction effects of yoga during pregnancy: one group pre-post test states that there are three components of yoga that reduce stress. First, body muscle tension could be loosened by various poses. Second, it is suggested that slow and deep breathing lead to control the autonomic nervous activity. Third, while meditating, participants were especially conscious of their breathing and mind, allowing greater relaxation (Kusaka et al., 2016). This study consisted of women from Japan going to yoga class twice a month and then doing yoga on their own with a DVD 3 times a week in their home.
This study was conducted from the time the mother was 20 weeks pregnant until she had given birth to the child. The experimenters were unique in the way that they gathered their data compared to other studies. They decided to take a five-cm straw and run it under the mother’s tongue to conduct their sample for cortisol. Once the salvia was collected they froze it at 80 degrees Celsius. The reason that they were testing cortisol is because the further along in the pregnancy the mother gets, the higher levels of cortisol that is being produced. They were looking to compare the effects of yoga to the cortisol levels throughout the pregnancy. Their findings resulted in a decrease in cortisol levels due to the presence of yoga. The limitations in this study include things such as there only being one group who completed the experiment, it was done at one hospital, and they could not completely hide the purpose of this study from the participants in the study. Even though this study also had limitations, it proved that their hypothesis was also correct.
The article A randomized controlled trial of yoga for pregnant women with symptoms of depression and anxiety had a hypothesis that yoga would be feasible to provide for depressed and anxious pregnant women and that it would be associated with significantly decreased symptoms of depression, anxiety, and negative affect as compared to TAU (treatment as usual) (Davis et al., 2015). There were 46 participants in this study who had symptoms of depression and anxiety that are higher than “normal.” The yoga classes consisted of going into class once a week for eight sessions that lasted 75 minutes each. The classes in this study consisted of breathing techniques, sitting and standing poses and a cool down. Along with just doing yoga, the researchers had the participants complete various forms of questionnaires. While they were in the study they also had to complete a yoga diary and tracking sheet.
The diary and tracking sheet were to try and hold the mothers accountable for getting up and going to yoga and doing yoga on their own time as well. At the end of their study, they ran an analysis to compare the control group to the treatment group. Their results indicated that the treatment group did not have a significantly higher decrease than the control group. The study says that both groups had a steady decline in depression and depression like symptoms after the study was completed. There were not very many limitations in this study. The researchers said that they need to find a more diverse and inclusive group of people to bring in if they were to run the experiment again. In order to have accurate data the study must include those of different backgrounds, cultures, race, income etc. Even though they did not have a lot of limitations in the study they were only partially correct with their hypothesis but were still able to get the data they needed.
The last article I choose to go over is Effects of prenatal yoga on women’s stress and immune function across pregnancy: A randomized controlled trial hypothesized that pregnant women practicing yoga would have lower salivary cortisol and higher salivary IgA levels than pregnant women receiving routine prenatal care (Chen et al., 2017). The control group consisted of going in to the doctor for routine prenatal checkups while the treatment group got both, the prenatal checkups and attended yoga. The mothers who attended yoga had their salvia taken before and after yoga to compare their cortisol levels. The salvia was collected on weeks 16, 20, 24, 28, 32, and 36.
The yoga classes consisted of six classes for 70 minutes each for 20 weeks. The results showed that immediately after practicing yoga pregnant women’s salivary cortisol levels decreased and their salivary IgA levels increased (Chen et al., 2017). In this study yoga, did reduce stress and depression from those mothers. They also found that the mothers who practiced yoga had babies who weighed more than the mothers who were in the control group. The limitations in this study include not measuring the long-term effects of yoga, the amount of yoga may not have had a long-lasting effect on cortisol levels and they got banished the mother’s results who were unable to make it to more than 85 percent of the yoga sessions. Even with these limitations they were still able to support their hypothesis and conclude that yoga reduces stress and depression in pregnant women.
Postpartum depression and depression during the pregnancy is nothing to joke about. If the mother is depressed during the pregnancy it can affect both her and the child especially once the child is born. Once the child is born the mother’s lingering depression can have a lasting effect on the child. Yoga has been proven to be very effective to mothers that are battling depression, anxiety, and postpartum depression. Yoga has many different benefits for those with or without mental disorders. Yoga can decrease the levels of cortisol that is being produced from the pregnant mother and in result lower the mother’s anxiety and depression symptoms. Yoga can help the mother lose weight after giving birth, helps her relieve some of the stress that comes after giving birth, helps get the mother’s posture back to normal after carrying around all that extra weight, lowers blood pressure and increases blood flow throughout the body. Yoga is a great way to help everybody deal with their depression, postpartum depression or just day to day life.
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