The Roles of Companion Animals

Humans have owned animals, especially cats and dogs, for thousands of years. At first, these animals served as practical tools; cats hunted rodents in the home, while dogs herded farm animals. However, in the last hundred years, these animals have become less like tools and more like companions. Companion animals, or any domesticated animal kept as a pet, have become important parts of the traditional family.

In recent studies, the benefits of owning a pet have been proven for a wide variety of demographics. This topic is of great importance because the implications of having a companion animal affect millions of people. According to the 2017-2018 American Pet Product National Pet Owners Survey, 68% of United States households own a pet, which equates to 84.6 million homes. Therefore, the pros and cons of having a companion animal should be known so that families can make informed decisions about whether to bring a new pet into their home. This paper will examine the roles that companion animals play in the lives of people, especially between children and adults.

In today’s world, many children are growing up alongside family pets, particularly dogs. The benefits that dogs can have on both neurotypical children and children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) have been well documented. According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, about one in 59 children is diagnosed with ASD. This creates a huge demographic that could potentially benefit from pet ownership. Many families with a child who has ASD choose to bring a trained service dog into their home to serve as the child’s companion. This is because children with ASD have deficits in social skills, and one study found that interaction with service dogs can be associated with increased social skills for children with ASD (Carlisle, 2015).

Not only are service dogs beneficial for children with ASD, but also non-service dogs, as well as other species. This is because children with ASD often find it easier to interact with animals than with people due to the communication challenges that ASD presents. In another study, dimensions of pet ownership were shown to be associated with positive social-emotional adjustment among adolescents with ASD (Ward, Arola, Bohnert, & Lieb, 2017). This further informs the many benefits that pets, not just dogs, can have on children with ASD. Thus, the role of companion animals in the lives of people with ASD is a crucial one to many families.

People with ASD are not the only demographic of people which can benefit from pet ownership; families with neurotypical children have also reported positive feelings toward their companion animals. In a study consisting of observations that social workers have made on struggling families that own pets, companion animals were shown to positively affect their coping mechanisms and resiliency factors (Risely-Curtiss, 2010). This supports the idea that companion animals can have a therapeutic impact on the functioning of people of all ages and cognitive abilities. According to the National Pet Owners Survey, 95% of pet owners consider their pet to be a part of the family. Family human-animal interactions can result in such behaviors as companion animals sleeping with family members; sharing family members’ food; being confided in and read to; and having their birthdays celebrated (Risely-Curtiss, 2010). It is clear from this study how companion animals are treated like members of the family. This can positively influence human development.

Expanding on this notion, Ecological Systems Theory frames development within the context of nested relationships and systems, from immediate proximal systems to broader distal systems (Poteat, 2018b). Companion animals dwell within the microsystem, which is the most proximal system. This speaks to the importance of companion animals in the lives of people; pets dwell within the same system as family, peers, and the home. This could relate to the studies done on children with ASD by further explaining why children are able to form such tight bonds with their dogs; beyond the benefits that the dogs provide for their developing social skills, treating their dogs like members of the family allows the child to make a deep social connection.

Clearly, companion animals can benefit a variety of family demographics. However, these benefits extend beyond just the familial setting. In another study, when faced with emotional distress, neurotypical adults were more likely to turn to their dogs than they were to turn to their loved ones (Kurdek, 2009). This is because in difficult situations, pets can serve as stabilizers by offering love, affection, and unconditional acceptance (Kurdek, 2009). This supports the idea that dogs can serve as attachment figures for adults. The theory of attachment explains how we are born with innate proximity-promoting tools for staying close to attachment figures out of need for safety (Poteat, 2018a).

While attachment bonds are most commonly formed between parental and romantic relationships, dogs can provide their owners with a similar level of security and emotional support that is normally found in human attachment figures. Dogs can serve as important attachment figures for both children and adults. One aspect of this is shown when parents described their children with ASD as being deeply attached to their dogs (Carlisle, 2015). While animals of other species can serve as attachment figures as well, dogs have been the most extensively studied due to their popularity. After evaluating the previous studies, it can be argued that animal companions can serve the role of an attachment figure in the lives of many people.

While the importance of human attachment figures cannot be understated, the rise in popularity of companion animals as attachment figures could be due to the ease in which people form attachment bonds with animals. Animals, especially common household pets like cats and dogs, are friendly and crave human attention. Since pet owners feel a responsibility to care for and love their pet, this causes the attachment bond to grow quickly, somewhat like a parent would grow attached to their child. Furthermore, animals are not judgmental like humans are. This is because companion animals do not require the complex social interaction skills that maintaining relationships with humans do.

People expect that rewards are proportional to costs, and restoring psychological equity becomes a point of tension in human relationships (Poteat, 2018b). This is not necessarily a problem in human-animal interactions because there is no need to restore psychological equity. Companion animals, if well cared for, show unconditional love for their owner regardless of the values and beliefs that their owner holds. With this ease of attachment, many adults become closely bonded to their dog, as informed by Kurdek’s 2009 study. These studies, when connected across all of them, point to a few different roles that companion animals can fulfill: attachment figures, emotional support figures, friends, and family members. If a person is able to keep up with the demands of pet ownership, especially those within the demographics explored previously, the pros certainly outweigh the cons. However, it is also important to note the limitations of these studies: They all contain small sample sizes and somewhat biased selection processes. Future research should aim to combat these limitations.

This research is relevant to my own life because I have personally experienced the benefits that companion animals can have on people. As a shy child, I often found it easier to interact with my animals than with other people my age. These pets provided me with companionship throughout elementary, middle, and high school. I explored research around this topic because I am passionate about companion animals. I think that animals can positively impact people, which thus encourages people to adopt animals in need of a forever home. Additionally, in my pursuit of a career which hopefully combines both people and animals, I wish to educate myself and others on the roles that companion animals can fulfill in the lives of people across all demographics.

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Statistics about Pets

Contents

Introduction:
Conclusion:

Introduction:

Attention capture: How many of you guys have pets: dogs, cats, rabbits, fish, just to name a few. Reason to listen: According to hsi.org, “more than 115 million animals are used in laboratories each year” and undergo horrible experimentation such as having their spinal cords crushed, exposing them to radiation, or injecting animals with large doses of harmful substances. If these acts were performed on your own pets outside of a testing facility it would be considered a crime and labeled as animal cruelty. Establish credibility: After gathering information from several articles and journals I am here to persuade you that animal testing is unethical. I have conducted majority of my research from organizations like PETA, HSI, and cruelty free international.

Preview: Today I am going to talk about why animal testing is unethical and alternatives that we can use instead. Transition: First, I will inform you about what animal testing is.

Body: First main point: What is animal testing? Subpoint: Animal testing happens mostly in settings like medical school, pharmaceutical companies, and universities where animals are captured and brought into laboratories to be experimented on. Sub-Subpoint: The organization PETA states that “more than 100 million animals….are killed in the U.S.” for testing and experimentation. PETA.org specifics that this includes “mice, rats, frogs, dogs, cats, rabbits, hamsters….” many of which we call pets. Sub-Subpoint: But instead of being properly cared for, these animals are again based off of PETA.org to be“forced to inhale toxic fumes, …some have holes drilled into their skulls...others have their skin burned off.”

These innocent animals are abused over and over again until they become too ill to be tested on resulting in death, which could of been avoided. Subpoint: Some may say that animal testing is essential for medical progress. Sub-Subpoint: Although animal testing has been used for finding cures and new medicine to treat certain diseases like smallpox, malaria, HIV, and etc in the past, according to PETA organization “currently, nine out of ten experimental drugs fail in clinical studies because we cannot accurately predict how they will behave in people based on laboratory and animal studies.” Mock diseases that are injected into animals do not react the same or even share some of the same symptoms that human experience.

Therefore many scientist have concluded that animal testing is ineffective. Sub-Subpoint: We normally take action when we hear people say the word dehumanizing but animal cruelty is the same. Animals have feelings and emotions just like humans do. They don’t deserve to be mistreated in laboratories just to fulfill our needs. Transition to second main point: Animal studies instead have slowed down medical advancements. Testing on animal is now outdated and has become a habit of ours. Second main point: We rely too heavily on animals to help us find a cure to these diseases when there are alternative methods we can turn to.

With new technology comes safer and more accurate methods. Subpoint: Harvard's Wyss’ Institution has created an organ-on-chip. Sub-Subpoint: This is a device the size of USB memory stick filled with clear flexible polymers. Inside the stick, there are microfluidic tubes lined with human cells from specific organs. When drugs, blood, nutrients, or toxins are pumped into those tubes, the cells are able to mimic major functions of living human organs such as the breathing in the lungs, deformation in the intestines, and etc.

Sub-Subpoint: In 2015, a group used the organ-on-chip “to mimic the way that endocrine cells secrete hormones into the bloodstream and used this to perform crucial tests on a diabetes drug.” Harvard's Wyss’ Institution created the organ-on-chip to replace animal testing. Subpoint: Another alternative is the use of human patient simulators.

Sub-Subpoint: Because animals are genetically different from human, it can make it difficult to find cures and treatments by testing on them. But using computerized human simulators are different. These simulates are able to breathe, bleed, and even die just like a real human being. Not only can they mimic human behavior but they are able to mimic illnesses and injuries by giving the appropriate symptoms. Sub-Subpoint: For more intense training, the TraumaMan a type of computerized human simulator that is able to mimic realistic layers of the human skin, bleeding, ribs, and even organs in the body is used for teaching surgical procedures. Studies have shown that these human simulators are more beneficial then operating directly on live animals like pigs and dogs.

From PETA.org it states that, about 97% of medical schools all over the U.S. have completely replaced animal laboratories with human patient simulators for students in training. Transition to Conclusion: There are many alternatives when it comes to medical advancement.

Conclusion:

Signal the end of your speech: As I come to an end, you can see that animal testing is not only extremely inhumane but also unnecessary and a waste of time. Summarize the main points of the speech: We know that using animals for medical experimentation is wrong and unethical so why do we still repeat the same practices over and over? Studies have shown that alternatives are just as helpful, if not even more accurate than animal testing without the need to kill millions of animals.

Close memorably: Just recently on October 4th, the biggest petition by Cruelty Free International and The Body Shop went over their goal of 8 million signatures to end cosmetic animal testing over the course of 15 months to bring their concerns to the United Nations Headquarters in New York. With this in mind I want to remind you that your vote and voice counts. I urge and encourage you all to participate in any active petitions and stand up for these innocent animals that are constantly being mistreated. To check the labels of your everyday cosmetic/cleaning supply bottles and support brands that are cruelty free.

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Career Choice – Compare and Contrast

There are two colleges that would be a good idea to go to for the career of graphics designer/game designer. The colleges are Full Sail University, and also Miami University, that is not actually in Miami, but actually in Oxford, Ohio. There are pros and cons to each one, but there are also better benefits then there are disadvantages. They are both out of state. They also both have high degrees and a good rating so they would be good choices. The choice should be clear by the end.

Full Sail University is a private college that costs $23,694 for a full 4 years of college. It is 2nd in graphics design for video games. A graphic designer gets paid a lot more than I currently make so that would be a good choice. It also has an online degree, so you don’t have to go to the campus. The people that made Borderlands 3, a very popular video game, graduated from Full Sail University. You can also get a $25,000 scholarship, which pays for everything but a few of your books, and computer components. It has a 100% acceptance rate, and all you have to have is a 2.0 GPA or up. It is located in Winter Park, Florida. It is also a little ways away but that’s fine.

The other college selection would be Miami University, which is located in Oxford, Ohio. Miami University would be closer than Florida. It is ranked number one in its state. It has the best game designing group in the country. It also has a high passing rate. Video game designing is one of the fastest growing jobs in the economy. It would have many career possibilities and good business opportunities too.

They both have a high acceptance rate with little to no people not being allowed. Full Sail has had more popular games produced by students that have gone there. People seem to leave good reviews on it and it looks like a great college to go to. Miami University has barely any good things about it, it has a lower graduation rate, and it is also more expensive by a lot. It is also farther away, so it wouldn’t be fun to go to a really far away college and it not be worth it.

The best choice would seem to be Full Sail University. It has the best benefits and the best possible outcome of a good career. After reading about Miami University, it does not seem as good as it did at first. It has terrible reviews, and no famous groups or popular games have come from the category that would have been favored. There has been very little for popular in general. It isn’t a college you say, “That’s a good college, I went there a long time ago.” So in the end Full Sail University outweighs Miami University by a lot and would be the best choice.

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APA Course Paper

Throughout history, storytelling has played an important role in the evolution of humans. Due to this importance, storytelling has always appeared in all human civilizations, including today’s society. Art and science are two methods used to convey stories to onlookers. Although they share this similarity, there is a major way in which makes both approaches of storytelling ultimately different. This is that art is seen as subjective whereas science is known to be objective. Since this leading difference exists, it has been shown that many popular art media fail to properly convey science to viewers. A media source this can be predominantly found amongst, would be that of the multi-billion dollar film industry, a leading industry known to have a profound influence on its audience. By creating films that inaccurately portray psychological disorders, the film industry creates insensitivity and ignorance towards people that may actually suffer with these real life disorders.

This paper will discuss the disorder known in the DSM-V as autism spectrum disorder (ASD), formally known as Asperger’s syndrome. It will first define the cause, symptoms, and treatment of Asperger’s syndrome. After this, the change from Asperger’s syndrome to autism spectrum disorder will be discussed. Next, it will consider the film Adam (2009) and the way in which the film portrays this disorder. More closely, analyzing some pivotal scenes that demonstrate an inadequate delineation of the disorder in comparison to its existence in reality. This paper will conclude by summarizing the information mentioned above with a final assessment on the film and why it crudely depicts this psychological disorder.

In an article written by Barnhill (2001), the author discusses Asperger’s syndrome by explaining the brief history behind the disorder, ways in which the disorder is diagnosed, and the importance of individuals gaining the appropriate diagnosis. Asperger’s syndrome is considered to be a disorder that presents during the developmental stages of adolescence. The disorder is thought to be a moderate form of autism. Some characteristics that have been found amongst individuals with Asperger’s syndrome include the inability to have back and forth conversation with others as well as impaired interpersonal skills. Misdiagnosis of AS is quite common and there is a bit of debate amongst clinicians about what the proper diagnostic measures should include. Since AS is misdiagnosed often, it isn’t uncommon for someone suffering with the disorder to go throughout their childhood years and into adulthood without any appropriate treatments that may benefit them. This is why it’s important for caregivers, doctors, and teachers to have a clear understanding of how Asperger’s syndrome presents among children.

Asperger’s syndrome was considerably new in terms of the fact it had only been recognised by the American Psychiatric Association (APA) in 1994 (Barnhill 2001). Since AS hadn’t been recognized for long, the research was fairly limited, causing the frequent misdiagnosis mentioned previously. In the newest edition of the DSM-V, an important diagnostic guide used by many health care professionals, Asperger’s syndrome had been removed, instead being incorporated into the umbrella category of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Parsloe and Babrow (2016) found that this change had sparked concern amongst many individuals who wondered if this change will cause an even higher rate of misdiagnosis. McPartland, Reichow, and Volkmar’s study (as cited in Parsloe and Babrow, 2016) used 657 individuals previously used in clinical trials for the DSM-IV and found that through re-evaluation of the participants in relation to the DSM-V criteria, 39.4 % no longer met the diagnostic criteria. This study is quite alarming in the fact that it proves the misdiagnosis of Asperger’s syndrome will continue to grow due to this change in diagnostic criteria set out by the newest DSM revision.

As background information has now been provided on Asperger’s syndrome, the discussion can be made in regards to the 2009 film Adam and how the film portrays such a disorder. The rom-com follows that of Adam Reiki, an electrical engineer in his mid 20’s who recently lost his father and Beth Buchwald, and aspiring children’s book writer who recently moved into Adam’s apartment complex. After meeting, the two are seen spending a lot of time together. One evening Beth comes to visit Adam and he invites her inside his apartment. After talking for a little on the couch, Adam brings up the previous night they shared in Central Park, asking if she was sexually excited. After Beth answers no to this question, Adam explains that he was only asking because he was and wanted to know if she felt the same. Beth, who is now feeling uncomfortable, gets up to leave when Adam stops her by blurting out that he has Asperger’s syndrome. When speaking of AS he says that when he was younger he would have thought that she was sexually excited because he was. He explains that this is called mind-blindness and that he had to learn to ask what others were thinking.

The mind-blindness theory in regards to autism spectrum disorder is a term that was created by Baron-Cohon to describe his hypothesis that the failure to read minds is exclusive to ASD (as cited in Dinishak and Akhtar, 2013). However, Dinishak and Akhar (2013) found that this term can influence how people view ASD. In their paper, they use an example of Robinson, a man with Asperger’s syndrome, who spoke of a time when he had been told of a person being killed and smiled in response. His neighbor took this as an improper reaction, but Robinson goes on to say that this way only because his neighbor wasn’t able to understand what was running through his mind at the time (Dinishak and Akhar, 2013) .This case is an example of how people thought as neurotypical (NT) can actually display mind-blindness towards individuals with ASD.

In the scene of Adam (2009) previously mentioned, the fact that Adam being the individual with Asperger’s syndrome, uses the term mind-blindness in describing his behaviour exemplifies the way in which Asperger’s syndrome is inaccurately portrayed. Mind-blindness carries negative undertones and by using such a term, the film is contributing to stereotypes created against people with ASD. Dinishak and Akhar (2013) state that instead of viewing people with autism spectrum disorders as being “blind” to what NT’s see, individuals should consider them as seeing differently. By using this information, it can be concluded that the director of the film lacks proper knowledge in Asperger’s syndrome.

Throughout Adam (2009), Asperger’s syndrome is reflected upon how the media continues to view the disorder in a negative way. The film adds to the stigma that savant abilities are exclusive to autism spectrum disorders. This is shown by the way in which Adam seems to carry a special interest in space throughout the whole film. One scene in particular that highlights this would be when Adam is seen sitting on a park bench with his friend Harlan while trying to discuss recent space related developments. Harlan responds by telling him to “Speak English… lunch time is for guy talk” (Adam 2009).

This misconception continues to be seen amongst the media. Tang and Bie (2016) show this through a study they conducted in China. Their 10 year study analyzed the stigma of autism as it was portrayed amongst 5 major Chinese newspapers. As a result of their study, they came to a key finding that people with ASD are most often depicted as savants. According to Draaisma (as cited in Tang and Bie, 2016), “Compared to the clinical reality of autism, the relatively high percentage of savant stories in the media is believed to bias public understanding of autism and to reinforce the social stereotype of autistic persons as savants (Draaisma,2009,p.12).

The last scene to discuss in the inaccurate portrayal of Asperger’s syndrome in the film comes when Beth asks Lyra, the nurse at the school she is working at, if she knows about Asperger’s syndrome. After Lyra gives Beth some information on Asperger’s syndrome, Beth then goes on to say that this means that someone with this disorder isn’t prime relationship material with which Lyra responds by saying not really. This scene again plays into society’s ignorance of the disorder by implying that people with ASD aren’t capable of carrying out romantic relationships.

This claim has been disproven in a study followed out by Strunz, Schermuck, Ballerstein, Ahlers, Dziobek, and Roepke (2017) who aimed to inspect relationship satisfaction and experience in ASD individuals. Their results proved that a large mass of adults with ASD are experienced when it comes to intimate relationships. 44% of the subjects were in current relationships while 29% had confirmed having previous relationships. To conclude, they were able to confirm that individuals with ASD are interested in carrying out relationships.

Asperger’s syndrome is a developmental disorder that widely affects the life of many individuals. Research on Asperger’s syndrome may be limited due to its relatively new nature causing high rates of misdiagnosis. However, as autism spectrum disorders gain more popularity hopefully proper treatments will also become more prominent. Since the media has a strong influence on the way people view others with developmental disorders, it is easy for stigmas to continue if proper education isn’t addressed. In the film Adam (2009), the director fails to accurately represent Asperger’s syndrome, furthering the creation of stereotypes and negative connotations. This is done by using words such as mind-blindness in regards to ASD, Adam being portrayed as a savant, and lastly by the way in which Adam is seen as being incapable of carrying out a romantic relationship.

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APA Papers – Caffeine

Caffeine comes from the word café, a term the French use for coffee. Although caffeine is found in the beans, leaves, and fruit over 60 plant species, it is most commonly associated with the coffee bean plant, kola nuts, and tea leaves. Several other plant species contain caffeine such as cacao, yerba mate, guarana berries, and the yaupon holly. The most commonly used caffeine plants are coffee, tea, and cocoa (ISIC, 2019).?Pure caffeine is called trimethylxanthine and the chemical formula of caffeine is C8H10N4O2 . Caffeine is an alkaline substance, a secondary metabolite, and an organic precursor compound known as xanthosine. The coffee plant produces an enzyme which breaks a clump of atoms from the xanthosine and then a group of atoms forms at another spot. After this process, two additional enzymes are then used to two other clusters. Once this happens, xanthosine is turned into caffeine (Helmenstine, 2017).

As caffeine is a secondary metabolite, it is technically not needed for a plants survival, but it still protects the plant, leaves, and fruit by essentially acting as a shield and pesticide to other plants (Herkewitz, 2014). Coffee leaves are submerged into the soil once they die, wilt, and fall. The soil is then filled with caffeine from the leaves. This poses a problem for other plants as they have difficulty germinating. Because of this, coffee prevents competing plants from growing around it and protects its own surrounding area (Zimmer, 2018). Caffeine not only benefits the coffee plant, but also other plants. When insects and bees feed on the netcar of the coffee plant, their memory is enhanced due to the caffeine compound. They also get an instant buzz just as humans do when they consume caffeine. This process increases the likelihood that the insect will remember the flower and return to it. In turn the insect will keep spreading the pollen of the flower all around and increase the success of its reproduction (Zimmer, 2018). A study by Dr. Geraldine Wright at Neuroethology at Newcastle University shows that caffeine helps the plant as well as the bees feeding on it. Bees that feed on the pollen from a coffee plant continue to attempt to find more of the same plant with the caffeinated nectar. In doing this, they contribute to better pollination and increase their foraging skills and the bees provide the plant with a consistent and reoccurring pollination process (Newcastle, 2013).

Caffeine has a major effect on humans and their central nervous system when consumed. Because caffeine is a stimulant, it fights drowsiness and increases alertness by blocking the neurotransmitter receptors that cause drowsiness (Hartney, 2018). After repeatedly consuming caffeine, a tolerance is built up inside the body and more caffeine may be desired to feel alert. Once consumed, caffeine only lasts around 4-6 hours in the body, so those that rely on the buzz may need to drink numerous cups throughout the day to stay alert (Sagon, n.d.).Too much caffeine can cause withdrawal-like symptoms and long-term overuse of caffeine can lead to many issues such as anxiety, sleep disorders, headaches, heartburn, muscle aches, increased blood pressure, and heart issues. Some of these symptoms are caused by the body experiencing a withdrawal from the caffeine. For example, when the body is experiencing a caffeine withdrawal, the blood vessels in the brain to constrict, causing a headache (Pietrangelo, 2017). However, certain studies have shown that humans who consume non-decaffeinated caffeine regularly have a lower risk of dementia and Alzheimers. It can also stimulate hair growth, reduce fatty liver, and many protect against cataracts (Sagon, n.d.).

References

Hartney, E., Elizabeth Hartney, PhD. (2018, September 22). Effects of Caffeine on the Body. Retrieved from https://www.verywellmind.com/effects-of-caffeine-on-the-body-21841
N. (2013, March 7). Bees get a buzz from flower nectar containing caffeine. Retrieved January 9, 2019, from https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/03/130307145257.htm
I. (2018). Coffee & Health. Retrieved January 11, 2019, from https://www.coffeeandhealth.org/topic-overview/sources-of-caffeine/
Helmenstine, A., Ph.D. (2017, September 5). Caffeine Chemistry. Retrieved January 10, 2019, from https://www.thoughtco.com/chemistry-of-caffeine-608500
Herkewitz, W. (2014). Addictive drugs that are actually pesticides. Retrieved from http://mentalfloss.com/article/55372/addictive-drugs-are-actually-pesticides
Pietrangelo, A. (2017, August 7). The Effects of Caffeine on Your Body. Retrieved January 12, 2019, from https://www.healthline.com/health/caffeine-effects-on-body#1
Sagon, C. (n.d.). Caffeine for Your Health — Too Good to Be True? Retrieved January 11, 2019, from https://www.aarp.org/health/healthy-living/info-10-2013/coffee-for-health.html
Zimmer, C. (2014, September 4). How Caffeine Evolved to Help Plants Survive and Help People Wake Up. Retrieved January 10, 2019, from https://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/04/science/how-caffeine-evolved-to-help-plants-survive-and-help-people-wake-up.html

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Comparison and Contrast the Creation of Earth Within the Iroquois, Islamic and the Jewish Myths

Contents

The creation of earth
The fall of man to earth
Portrayal of the gods
Bibliography

The Iroquois historically have been a very powerful Native American Tribal confederation operating within the north east of North America, as with most civilizations around the earth they have their own unique myths and mythology that give cause to the natural event that humans could not have scientifically reason at the time, among those myths is their creation myth which I shall be deciphering, comparing and contrasting to my own cultural beliefs.

The creation of earth

In Iroquois, land was created on the turtle’s back by the pregnant lady who fell from the sky with the help of the animals of the sea. While within my own beliefs ( Islamic ) the whole universe including earth was created by god within 7 days. While within the Jewish doctrine the universe was created by god within 6 days and he rested on the 7th that’s why in the Jewish culture working on the sabbath is strictly forbidden.

The fall of man to earth

There was a man who lived with his pregnant wife in a sky world, within the sky world the source of light was an ancient Apple tree, once a mighty strong wind blow the tree away and turned their world to darkness and the lady fell in the hole and she landed on a turtle with the help of a bird. As it's believed in my culture the Islamic god allah created Adam followed by Eve and he allowed him to live in heaven as long as they don’t eat a fruit from the cursed tree, but a member from the jinn race known as iblis whispered to them and convinced them to eat from the cursed tree, which angered god, so he banished them to earth. While the Jewish mythology is very similar to the Islamic one as they both evolved within the same region, but their exist slight variations as in the Jewish myth Yahweh(the Jewish god) gave Adam a wife from the same dirt as he was but she proved to be rebellious against Yahweh's commands, so god decided to give Adam a more righteous with Adam’s status as Yahweh’s favorite creature caused jealousy among some of the angles but specifically samael, ha-satan the great accuser who turned into a serpent and convinced Eve to eat an apple from the forbidden tree, the tree of knowledge of good and evil,and she intern convinced Adam to have a bite from the apple, introducing evil to the soul of all mankind, which angered Yahweh, and he decided to banish humans from the heavens onto the earth.

Portrayal of the gods

While both the Jewish and the Islamic creation stories believe that god exists should be worshipped and revered as the only god as he has no equal in the universe, and that man’s fall from the heavens came as a direct result of disobeying him, while the Iroquois creation story comes from a polytheistic culture which believes that the gods are benevolent in nature as the creation myth doesn’t indicate a punishment for mankind, with the fall of man being a mere accident.

As stated above, creation myths are unique to every culture, but each has its own variation which adds a twist to the story, whether it be an all powerful god creating the earth or it could be a combined effort of the animals, at the end it's only there to answer the questions of who we are? and why are we here on the earth.

In this essay I have compared and contrasted between the three mythologies to show the uniqueness of each creation myth while pointing out three of the most glaring differences, which are the creation of earth, the portrayal of the gods and the sky origins of mankind in each creation myth.

Bibliography

Isaacs, J. (2019). Creation of the World. [online] Chabad.org. Available at: https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/246605/jewish/Creation-of-the-World.htm [Accessed 28 Sep. 2019].
Mufti, I. (2019). Story of Creation (part 1 of 2). [online] Islamreligion.com. Available at: https://www.islamreligion.com/articles/11041/story-of-creation-part-1/ [Accessed 28 Sep. 2019].
Cs.williams.edu. (2019). Creation Myths -- Iroquois Creation Myth. [online] Available at: https://www.cs.williams.edu/~lindsey/myths/myths_12.html [Accessed 28 Sep. 2019].
Aslam, I. (2019). Adam & Eve In The Quran | The Revival. [online] Therevival.co.uk.
Available at: http://www.therevival.co.uk/article/adam-eve-quran [Accessed 28 Sep. 2019].
Altein, Y. (2019). The Story of Adam and Eve in the Bible. [online] Chabad.org. Available at: https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/246606/jewish/The-Story-of-Adam-and-Eve-in-the-Bible.htm [Accessed 28 Sep. 2019].

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In the Beginning: a Comparative Look at Creation Myths

The prevailing unanswered questions of humanity are, why are we here and how did we get here? Throughout the existence of humanity, mankind has tried to solve these time old questions. In many ancient societies the way these questions were attempted to be answered was through creation myths. Over centuries, countless creation myths have surfaced from all over the world from different religions and cultures. All of these myths come with the same purpose, to explain the creation of earth and mankind. Some of the oldest creation myths in existence are those from Southern Asia. When looking to these myths, two stand out to me. The first being the story of man (purua) splitting himself in two from the Bhadrayaka Upaniad and secondly that of Prajpati and his children from the Aitareya Brhaa. Hundreds of years later, from another part of the world comes the story of Adam and Eve from the book of Genesis in the Bible. Each of these stories of creation come their own complications, unavoidable subjects that may conflict with cultural values. Many of the complications spark from the inevitable subject of sex. It is nearly impossible to discuss mythology and more specifically creation myths without tackling the topic. This brings up one of the largest complications with creation myths, incest. How is it to be avoided when you have to populate an entire planet with only one or two people? Throughout this discussion I will summarize the three creation myths at hand, while comparing their differences and similarities in working through the topic sex.

Charles Darwin came to the conclusion in his 1859 book, On The Origin of Species, that humans had evolved by means of natural selection from other primates. Darwin shocked the world with his theory of evolution. His theory states that humans have come to be through survival of the fittest and natural selection. However, eventually Darwin came to the realization that merely surviving was not enough, a species must also be fertile and able to pass on favorable genes. Through this Darwin came to the conclusion that sex was a key component in the “origin of a species” (Potts & Short 1999, 5-15). This conclusion of sex being responsible for humanities origin and survival is in reality the same conclusion reached by ancient societies in their creation myths. Sex and love are something which humans have been curious about for millenia. This is why it has largely become the main theme in creation myths. Although the way it is approached always differs.

From an academic standpoint mythology is very difficult to grasp. Varying beliefs and cultural holdings have lead mythology to become a heavily debated subject. Beyond the fact that myths themselves can already be unbelievably complex, the texts they come from oftentimes have been misunderstood through centuries after being rewritten time and time again. There are really no true original manuscripts that most myths come from, so there are multiple different versions of each myth. Additionally, many of the ancient myths that we have today have came from decrepit documents. This means that the documents were often times missing pages and characters, making it vastly more difficult to comprehend them. Overall, this only adds to the controversy.

The idea of how humanity was created is today something which is far from being widely accepted. For many religions the myths discussed throughout this paper are far from fiction. The stories of Adam and Eve, Prajpati and purua are believed within Christianity and Hinduism to be true in the creation of humanity. Myths throughout their existence have proven to be an integral part of society, serving as a vital realites which dominate cultures (Elwin 1949, xiv). Overall myths encompass a broad multi-dimensional scope of cultural identity. However, for the purpose of this discussion they must be equally considered just as myths or ancient stories. Within their present form, there is still infinite amounts to be learned from myths. Each myth lending ear to the thoughts and perspectives from times long ago. A significant aspect of the Hindu creation stories is that there is not just one. There are multiple tellings of the creation of earth as it is thought to be something which is cyclic. It is not something which only happens once, but many times throughout history. This is why we have both the story of man (purua) from the Bhadrayaka Upaniad and that of Prajpati from the Aitareya Brhaa. Both are considered to be true stories of creation.

Each creation myth brings us a new and interesting perspective on a religion and creation. The first myth we will examine is the story of the first man (purua). This myth comes from the Bhadrayaka Upaniad (1.4.1-3), it is the oldest of the Upaniads and thought to have been produced within sixth-seventh century BC (kof 2015, 34-36). The myth begins with nothingness, just the “single body (atman) shaped like a man” (Olivelle 1998, 45-49). This man (purua) found no pleasure for himself, as he was completely alone. In this loneliness he also found fear, although he questions this because what is there to be afraid of with nothing around you. In this realization he decides he wants a companion, which leads him to split himself in two (man and woman). 'The two of us are like two halves of a block,' he states and has sex with the woman (Olivelle 1998, 47). From this, humans are created. The women doesn’t feel comfortable with the fact that she merged her body with the man, since she came from him. This lead her to hide herself from the man in the form of a cow, so the man turned himself into a bull and they again mated which created cattle. The women then turned herself into a mare, so the man turned himself into a stallion and from there horses were created. This pattern carried on until every creature on earth was created. Leading purua to realize he was the creator he states, 'I alone am the creation, for I created all this'(Olivelle 1998, 47). It becomes that anyone who realizes that he was the creator of this all shall prosper from the creations.

The next myth is from the Aitareya Brhaa, one of two Brhmaas, the other being the Kautaki Bhmaais. Together these tell of the creation myth involving Prajpati. Prajpati is known to be one of the Vedic deities of Hinduism (Dalal 2010, 311). In the Aitareya Brhaa it is told that Prajpati approaches his daughter in the form of a stag since she is a doe. The gods are watching and they say, “Prajpati is now doing what must not be done” (O’Flaherty 1975, 29-30). The gods form together to create the deity Rudra, who then pierces Prajpati with an arrow sending him upwards. As this happens his “seed is spilt”, creating a lake. The gods don’t want Prajpati’s seed to spoil, and in saying so they connect this with man. Man becomes that which has not been spoilt (O’Flaherty 1975, 29-30). The punishment leads Prajpati to find a new means for reproduction. In the Kautaki Brhmaais Prajpati instead turns to practising extreme asceticism, extreme abstinence and meditation. Thus, meaning that in this section Prajpati’s reproduction is asexual. It is explained that as Prajpati became heated from the practised asceticism, “five were born from him: Fire, Wind, Sun, Moon, and the fifth, a female, Dawn” (O’Flaherty 1975, 31). Prajpati then tells his children to practice asceticism as well.

Within both of the myths summarized above, there is a clear denunciation to any insinuation of incest. In the story from the Bhadrayaka Upaniad, the women is clearly uncomfortable that the she has “copulated” with the man she came from. This is clearly seen where she states, 'After begetting me from his own body (atman), how could he copulate with me? I know—I'll hide myself.' The women unmistakably takes issue with their incestous relation and goes to the effort to hide herself in the form of another being to stop it from happening again. Although the myth carries on to have them “copulate” hundreds of times the underlying controversy of their incetous encounter prevails. In the creation myth with Prajpati he is outrightly punished for his incentous actions towards his daughter. The gods state that Prajpati has done, “what must not be done” (O’Flaherty 1975, 29-30). In the next part of the story Prajpati finds a way to reproduce without having to copulate, asceticism. This is how the myth is able to deal with the incest compilation within creation while still explaining that incest is wrong.

The final creation myth we will look at is that of Adam and Eve from the first book in the Bible, Genesis. This story begin in the garden of Eden. God created Adam out of dust and tells him he can roam and eat from any tree except from the tree of knowledge of good and evil, the forbidden fruit. Adam wants a companion so Eve is created from a piece of his rib. The two live blissfully, unembarrassed by their nakedness, until one day a serpent convinced Eve to eat the forbidden fruit. She gives some to Adam and they are cast out of the Garden for sinning by disobeying God. With their new knowledge of shame and evil the two become the first humans on earth and populate the planet (Leeming 2010, 303).

Overall, the story of Adam and Eve is a lot less explicit in drawing the line against incest. Although the Bible does prohibit incest, it is not very clearly stated in the story of Adam and Eve how the act was avoided. Even though Eve came from Adam she does not seem to take issue with reproducing with him, unlike the women from the Bhadrayaka Upaniad creation myth.

Darwin understood that sexual attraction and reproduction is an important part to evolution and creation. This concept was also understood by religions and cultures as shown through their creation myths. Although the first two myths discussed here were from a different religion/culture than the last of Adam and Eve, they all have to work through the topic of sex. Comparatively the issue of incest is approached differently in each story, however it is a shared complication each creation myth equally has to work around.

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Native American Creation Myths

The creation myth, or cosmogony (a composite of the Greek words kosmos and genesis – order and birth), is the most important story humans have to tell. That is because it serves as a model for everything we do. Creation myths, like all myths, are universal expressions that aim to explain a culture’s place and role in the world, and they still have anthropological relevance to cognitive processes, logic, and thinking in modern culture (Tychkin 2015). This paper reviews creation myths documented in North America, especially ones that highlight soil and the Earth as central themes to help explain the origin of humans and their world. In today’s post-Freudian era, few would regard dreams as simply untrue stories unworthy of study. Rather, to the extent that unconsciousness is believed real, dreams function as metaphorical or symbolic constructs that contain elemental truths about the dreamer and his or her beliefs. Similarly, myths supply valuable information about both the inner psyche and world view of a particular culture (Levi-Strauss 1963; Malinowski 1926; Sepie 2017). Because no one was there to witness and document our origins, humans have a universal need to construct oral histories to explain the purpose of life and our place in this world.

In the classic Alpha: The Myths of Creation, Charles Long (1963) identified five basic types of creation myths: (1) creation from nothing (ex nihilo, usually but not exclusively in monotheistic religions like Judaism, Christianity, and Islam), (2) emergence from a hole in the earth, (3) world-parent myths (involve a union, separation, division, sacrifice, or dismemberment), (4) creation from chaos -- preexisting, undifferentiated primal elements, and (5) earth-diver myths, which involve diving deep in primordial waters to collect soil for creation. There are, of course, many variations and combinations of these five types (Leeming 2010). Ex nihilo creation myths are found around the world and are probably the most common of all types. Emergence and earth-diver myths most directly include soil for many Native American creation stories. These stories often involve use of clay, dust, or mud to make humans. Even the ex nihilo creator uses clay in the later stages of the creation process and chaos myths are often based on clay as the raw material to be molded (Leeming 2010). Clay or some earthen material, however, is essential in all earth-diver myths. The Hopi goddess Spider Woman, for example, thought of human beings by singing and then formed them from clay. That soil is ubiquitous in so many early creation myths is not surprising given that it was so familiar in everyday life experiences; for example, its use as a basic raw material for making buildings, paintings, figurines, pottery, etc., and serving as the foundation of the Earth’s surface, where humans walk, plant crops, and live their lives.

Earth-diver creation myths can be found in many parts of the world, but they are very important in Native American cultures of North America and they are especially common for Algonquian, Siouan, Iroquoian, and many California groups (Leeming 2010). Earth-diver myths stress the creation of Earth rather than the larger cosmos, with animals often playing an important role in primeval waters, typically with a dualistic tension of good and evil forces. These myths usually begin with primeval waters and one or more rarely two creators who set out to create Earth. Various animals often assist these missions by diving deep to bring up earthen material. North American earth-diver myths emphasize a culture hero or heroine, sometimes a trickster who is mischievous or even amoral. There is sometimes an evil brother who struggles with a good brother for dominance. Algonquian earth-diver myths tend to be post-flood stories, in essence a second creation. The Anishinabe (Ojibwa) have a post-flood story in which the culture hero Nanabozho and a few animals survive to create a new world.

Nanabhozo dove into the waters to search for mud for a new earth, but the waters were too deep (Leeming 2010). Several animals tried too but also failed until the lowly muskrat finally took his turn. After a long time he floated to the surface dead, but carrying bits of earth in his closed paw to make the world. Siouan tribes tell earth-diver myths in which the creative agent is more of a trickster than creator. Coyote is a widespread trickster in many Native American myths in the Southwest, Great Basin, and the Plains. An example is that Navajo, who regard Coyote as an unpredictable and ambivalent being who tests the limits of acceptable behavior (Cooper 1987). Among the Crow, Coyote sends a duck deep into the primeval sea to find the soil to begin creating the world. Coyote breathed on the mud and it became Earth and then plants, animals and people. The Kukulik Inuit of St. Lawrence Island in the Bering Sea off Alaska say that Raven acted as an earth-diver to find sand with which to make the Earth and separated pebbles from the sand to make humans.

The dive is treacherous and many divers lose their lives, as plants, animals, and humans are created by Mother Earth. Whether or not the dive is viewed as a metaphor for descending into an unconscious world in search of consciousness, Mother Earth clearly serves as the source of all life (Leeming 2010). Dundes (1962) sees the earth-diver myths as a case of pregnancy envy on the part of males. Versions of the earth-diver myth with the twin motif serve to mediate the duality inherent in life experiences and existence itself. In the Iroquoian myths, for example, the bad twin creates powerful and dangerous animals of the hunt, while the good twin, favored by his mother, creates good domestic animals and edible plants. Conflicts between two opposing forces can thus be expressions of the conflict between choosing a hunter-gatherer versus an agricultural way of life. Myths help humans to mediate between Binary oppositions (homogenous ones like summer and winter, land and water, earth and sky, upper and lower, left and right, noble and commoner, strong and weak, elder and younger, etc.; or logically heterogeneous ones such as stability and change, state and process, being and becoming, synchronic and diachronic, simple and ambiguous, unequivocal and equivocal (Levi-Strauss 1963, 1995).

Emergence myths, by contrast, involve the gradual creation of particular people in a particular place, a specific emergence site. For many Native American tribes in the American Southwest, that means the center of the world, the place where their people emerged. In New Mexico, Keresan-speaking people such as the Acoma, Laguna, and Zia say that two sister-spirits lived in a dark underworld where they were taught and fed by a goddess called Thinking Woman. Further west, the Zuni were nurtured by Mother Earth before emerging from the underworld darkness nurtured by Mother Earth. Hopi, the westernmost Puebloans, believe they were guided by Spider Woman through three worlds, maturing morally and physically as they traveled, before entering the present world, the Fourth, through a hollow reed and a sipapu (a symbolic hole in house floors and kivas, a type of ceremonial structure) through which humans emerged from the underworld to the present world.

The Nanih Waiya Cave, the possible source of the Choctaw emergence myth described by Bushnell (1910; Cherry 2006), is the end of a long passage where humans and grasshoppers emerged from a large cavern in the earth’s interior where Aba, the Great Spirit, created humans by forming them of yellow clay. Creeks of the Southeast and other groups are more concerned with their migration account of wanderings after they emerged from the ground (McKee 1989; Swanton 1931). Arikara of the northern Plains believe they dug their way out and emerged in the east and then traveled west, led and nurtured by Mother Corn to the place where they settled. The Kiowa say they were led by ants from the underworld through a hollow log and into the world. An Apache myth describes how buffalo aided underworld beings by using their horns to build a ladder up to a hole so they could enter the world. Emergence myths must be ancient, with the mammalian birth process serving as a metaphor. In these myths people gestated in different forms within Mother Earth, often assisted by a midwife-goddess, and struggled through various stages before emerging from the underworld.

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Slavic Creation Myth and its Comparison with the Northern Beliefs

In this essay, I would like to study the plot of the creation myth of the ancient Slavs and compare it with the more well-known concept of the northern peoples from Prose Edda. My choice can be explained very simply - I am an international student from Ukraine, but strangely enough I am better acquainted with Greek and northern (which I learnt during this course) mythologies than with my native Slavic. I would really like to fill this knowledge gap, as well as encourage other people to study Slavic mythology. I decided to compare it with the mythology of the north, because I see many common points between them. It is possible that both mythologies were born from some kind of common forefather, and therefore it will be especially interesting to compare two such similar, but also very different concepts of the creation of the world. Unfortunately, the mythological views of the ancient Slavs were not enshrined in such integral works as the poems of Homer and Hesiod or the “Edda” of the Scandinavians, but remained only in songs, tales, riddles and other works of folk art. These sources are not complementary to each other, and often obscured and distorted by later beliefs. Slavs conception about the world and man creation, views on their deities and their names differ in different tribes. Therefore, there can be quite a lot of versions of the same myth. This also applies to creation myths.

So in these variations the world was created by Rod / Belobog / Svarog (some sources indicate that all of those are the names of the same god) or even some Virgin Ancestor, however we will concentrate on the most popular belief, which is also cited by Britannica and other popular sources. This story is about the creation of the world by God Rod . Legend has it that in the beginning there was only darkness and emptiness where one single creature existed. This creature's name was Rod (I think the name came from the Slavic verb ([rodit’] - to give birth) but that’s not accurate). Rod, in turn, created the egg from which the other god, Svarog, was born. First of all, Svarog created his shadow - this is how Chernobog (Black God) appeared. Dust from the upper part of the egg shell formed the sacred tree (ash-tree), which rose to separate the heavens from the sea and the land. Svarog used gold powder from the underworld, representing fire, to create the world, full of life, as well as the sun and the moon. The debris from the bottom of the egg was gathered and shaped to make humans and animals. I think this legend is really similar to its northern counterpart and I’ll try to identify few basic features to explain my opinion.

So, firstly, it is the darkness common to all creation myths , which was before the start of everything. Of course, this is a fairly logical similarity, because what can exist before the creation of the universe, if not the Great Emptiness However, we continue.

Secondly - the attribute the whole world is built on : the egg and body of the dead Ymir. In both mythologies, it is a symbol that shows the end (the death of a giant, a broken egg), which served as a new beginning. Perhaps this is another reference to the cyclical understanding of time , its variability and constant regeneration; quite common meaning in those ancient times, but forgotten today.

More striking similarities include the concept of the world tree in both mythologies. It (often the ash-tree) connected the worlds - Midgard, Asgard, Niflheim and other worlds in the northern version and heaven, earth and sea (or in different versions Jav, Nav, Prav - present (world of the living), past (world of the dead) and future (world of the gods) in Slavic. Another interesting similarity concerns the underworld: the Slavs, like the northern people, did not have the concept of sin, and accordingly rewards or punishments after death. In Nav / Helheim (by no means gloomy places) the dead continued to live as if nothing had happened, so the death was perceived as the beginning of a new life by both tribes. Unfortunately, these are all the similarities that I managed to find due to the poor data about the Slavic creation myth. However, they are enough to talk about some common motifs in both mythologies.

It's also important to consider some of the main differences between these mythologies and, possibly, find the reasons for these differences. There are quite a large number of them between the studied myths - from giants and a divine cow to the overall level of details and elaboration of the world's image . As we have already said, the reason for poorly data about Slavic higher mythology was the lack of written sources, therefore, any notions known to us were obtained from indirect sources - archaeological data, ethnography, indirect information. However, it is still possible to distinguish such basic features as, for example, a craving for opposites in the Slavic tradition (Chernobog (Black God) vs Svarog / Belobog (White God), which is not so dramatically observed in northern mythology (although let us recall the dualism between the Aesir and Vanir gods). According to the studies of certain scientists, the reason for such tendencies among the Slavs was due to their dualistic organization of society, which divided each tribe into two parts, with a further two-member divisions. Perhaps this, as well as other, more subjective factors, contributed to such a bipolar understanding of the world among the Slavs.

Other differences include the process of creating the world itself - in northern mythology the world tree and worlds existed before the gods, and in the Slavic they (worlds, world tree) were created by the gods. Mankind, the earth and mythical creatures, respectively, were created in one version by three brothers, and in another this process was more transient - the whole world, all races and earth were created at the same time when the universe egg cracked. We can see a much larger number of characters and events in northern mythology, but again I suspect that these are consequences of how little we know about the Slavic tradition. In general, the existing differences were most likely, as is usually the case, the result of different lifestyles of these tribes. Northern peoples lived in a cold world among the snow and sea voyages, while the Slavs probably formed a more comfortable and warm image of the world - by venerating the sun, Mother Earth, fire, home, although it is also worth considering a number of similar deities - gods of war, lightning, the blacksmiths that were honored by both nations.

Before summarizing this essay, I would like to again turn to similar elements in the mythologies of the Slavs and northern peoples and express my opinion, based on more authoritative ideas, about why the creation myths are so similar between many tribes, including the northern and Slavic. It is not a secret that about six thousand years ago in the territory of modern Europe and the Middle East there lived a certain warlike nomadic people called the Indo-Europeans [2]. Their religion was polytheism, based on the veneration of the supreme “thunder god” who travels across the sky in a chariot and throws thunder and lightning (Odin - Perun - Zeus). Particular attention was paid to the warrior gods and agriculture (Freyr - Veles). Indo-European peoples are also known for their, common to more new civilizations, mythological motifs, such as the world tree, the colossal snake, faith in the existence of the underworld, and so on. Based on these facts, we conclude that similar motifs in Slavic and northern mythologies are caused by common Indo-European roots, as well as a similar way of life of these peoples - military campaigns, agriculture, approximately the same level of technological development, etc. Regarding the differences, they, in turn, are caused by the features of the habitat the studied tribes lived - the specifics of the landscape, weather, animal and plant life; the difference between cultural development (including writing) - all this formed two specific and unique layers of world mythology - the northern and Slavic, which are somewhat similar, but also very different from each other.

As a result, I would like to emphasize again the importance of studying not only the most famous world mythologies , for example Greek or Northern, but also the less popular traditions, including the Slavic, because it is such unfamiliar worlds and plots that are in the greatest danger from the point of view of extinction . I am sure, Slavic mythology, with closer attention will become a storehouse of motives for the development of contemporary art , because it has something that cannot be found in any other world mythology - the uniqueness of ethnic motifs, the widely developed lower mythology, an incredible number of plots. To give a chance and incentive to such research is our task , and I know for sure that it will justify itself.

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A Bakuba Creation Myth

Contents

A Kuba Creation Myth
Kuba’s Myth in Relation to Other Myths
Creation Myths Affect on the Culture

“Kuba (also called Bakuba) people are agriculturalist.”(Kwekudee) They live in the southeastern Democratic Republic of Congo. The Kuba people are a smaller group in the Bantu ethnicity. Speak a language called Bushong, which they adapted from the Bantu ethnicity. (Kwekudee) Kuba people, farm many crops including corn, cassava, millet, peanuts, and beans. Men usually hunt in the dry season. They would use traps to get their prey. Men also fished to get food.

The Kuba people were artistic. They made some of the best clothes in East Africa. They also liked to carve things out of wood such as sculptures and wooden masks. They had a dance where they would dress up and wear masks. “The men wore a ceremonial and mask representing a deity.” (Kwekudee)

A Kuba Creation Myth

The God Mbombo started off alone with just water and darkness. Mbombo also know as Bumba. Mbombo was a giant white creature who was very ill, and had been ill for millions of years. “The reason for his illness was his incurable loneliness.” (Parkes, Veronica.)

He was so ill and so lonely that he started to puke things into creation. He first vomited out the sun which created the light and day. The sun made the water start drying up and this created the land. He vomited a second, this time it was the moon and the stars. This created the night. He then puked a third time this time out came animals. The animals were a leopard, crested eagle, crocodile, fish, tortoises, heron, goat, scarab, and a black cat-like animal. From these animals came more creations of more animals. Leading to human life. (Parkes, Veronica.)

Mbombo eventually had three sons. The first son died after trying to vomit white ants into creation. The second son created a plant that helped all other plants and trees grow. The third son created the last bird known as the Kite. Mbombo retreated to the heavens after everything on Earth was created and left the world in the peoples hands. (Parkes, Veronica.)

Kuba’s Myth in Relation to Other Myths

This creation myth falls under the category Ex-nihilo creation myths. I think this because the world started off with an empty canvas and one god, and only water and darkness. He then created light and day. After that came the land, then the creation of animals and the rest of the Earth. These are the main keys to Ex-nihilo myths.

Creation Myths Affect on the Culture

This myth has different effects on its culture. In this creation myth, one of the first things created were animals. This shows that animals mean a lot to them. It also talked about how animals eventually evolved into humans. If humans started as animals then that shows they respected animals very much.

In this creation myth there was no women at all, but the god Mbombo had three sons. Without any existence of women I think this shows they do not respect women. I also do not think that they would treat their women very well. The sons of Mbombo created new things though such as the last bird, and a plant to make everything else grow. Only males created things in this story so I believe they thought of women as useless.

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Confirmation – Saint Francis of Assisi

Saints are people that were holy in life and followed the plan that God made for them. They sometimes had conversions or became martyrs. At Confirmation, we choose a Saint to help guide us through life. There is a large variety of Saints to choose from, and we should choose a Saint that we can relate to in some way. I have chosen Saint Francis to be my Confirmation Saint.

Saint Francis of Assisi was born in Assisi, Italy in the year 1182. His parents were Pietro di Bernardone and the Lady Pica. When his father came back from a business trip, he renamed his son Francesco. I found that Saint Francis had six siblings, but their names are unknown. His family was wealthy, so he had no trouble with poverty. Francis learned to speak Latin when he went to school. Francis followed in his father's footsteps and became a merchant. When he was older, he went to war against Perguia. There, he was captured and held prisoner for an entire year. He became sick shortly after he was let out. He tried to join Count Gentile to fight with the papal forces. He had a vision to come back to Assisi while he was on this journey. He realized this was from God, and started praying to Him. Later, Francis had more visions and times when he was called to become closer to God. Some of these things include having a vision of Jesus while praying in a grotto and hearing a cross speak to him while he was praying. St. Francis founded the Franciscan Order before he died. Francis had a stigmata, or the marks of Jesus’s wounds. He ended up dying from illness in his mid 40s.

There is a story of Saint Francis and a wolf. In this story, the wolf kills sheep and livestock of a town. The townspeople try to kill the wolf, but some of them end up dying while trying. They call on Saint Francis to come and talk to the wolf. Francis learns that the wolf was injured and was not able to hunt anything fast. Then Francis helps the wolf and the town come to an agreement that the wolf would not kill any livestock, and the town would feed him in return.

The vision that Francis had when he was going to join an army was what made him start following Jesus. Francis lived in sin for a long time, and realized that he was not doing what God was calling him to do. He also started praying more when he realized this and got even closer to God. His friends and family did not have much of an influence on him following God because his father got angry when he tried to help the Church.

One way Francis spent his life serving God was by living in poverty and giving all of his money to the Church. He also helped people with leprosy and was not afraid to approach them. Another way he served God is that he founded the Franciscan Order. The Franciscans live a life of poverty and spread the Word of God. The Pope had a vision of Francis holding up a crumbling church and allowed him to form a religious order. The last example proving Francis was a person serving God is that he tried to rebuild a church in San Damiano. The three virtues Francis showed are courage, humility, and charity. Francis had courage because he wanted to help in wars and also wanted to become a knight. He had humility because he always tried to help other people and not himself. Francis had charity because he helped the poor and lived a life of poverty. St. Francis of Assisi was canonized on March 12th, 1622.

One thing I learned is that I should always be generous. If I am generous, I will be able to help others when I am wanting something for myself. I learned that I should also live in humility. If I am humble, I will not spend too much money on things I do not need which might put me in debt. The last thing I learned is that I can always depend on God. If I ever feel sad or make a mistake, I can pray to God to ask Him to help me through the tough times.

I chose Saint Francis of Assisi because I love animals. I spend a lot of time outdoors and we often go to our farm. Also, my cousin used to be a member of the Fransican Order. St. Francis inspires me to be a better Catholic because he always helped others and took little for himself. He can be a model for us today because many people feel that we need material things. They can look to St. Francis for help so that they might realize they do not need so many things.

Finally, the reason I want to be confirmed is that I think I will become closer to God. The reason I chose St. Francis is that he is a great role model for many people living in the modern world. If I were to say a prayer to St. Francis, I would say the following:

St. Francis, Patron Saint of animals, merchants, and ecology. Please help me to always be loving to others and have the strength to give some of my earnings to the poor. Help me to bring peace to those around me. Help me to understand the pain that others have, and give me the strength to help them. Thank you for everything you did in your life. Amen.

References

http://saints.sqpn.com
http://www.catholic.org
http://www.americancatholic.org
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Francis-of-Assisi
www.catholic-forum.com/saints/gallerys.htm

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Padre Pio as Confirmation Saint

Throughout the centuries a selected kind of people do such deeds that would be considered a saintly deed. The great deeds of these people have been recognized around the world. These people are also known as saints. For an example, Saint Padre Pio is one of the saints who has been recognized by people around the world. He was known for being the first stigmatized priest in the history of the church. After his death, people still know about him to this day.

Born as Francesco Forgione, Pio’s real name, was born in Pietrelcina, Italy. His parents names were Grazio and Maria, and their jobs were being peasant farmers. He had one older brother and five younger sisters, but two of the younger sisters died in infancy. Even though his family was poor, they were certainly rich in their Catholic faith. “As a child, he was very religious, and by the age of five he decided to dedicate his life to God” (Catholic Online n.d.). He also had a strange ability given to him that made him see guardian angels, Jesus, Mary, and thought that other people could see them as well. Because his family was poor, he had to work for his parents to tend his family’s sheep. As a result of working he didn’t have the time to go to school and have an education as other kids his age had. He wanted to become a friar of the Capuchin Order by the age of twelve, but they told him that he needed more education. His parents hired a private tutor for his, and his dad got a new job in America. After three years of tutoring he was accepted into the Capuchin Order at the age of fifteen.

As his professional life he would be ordained as a priest, and his name would be changed to Pio after Pope Pius XI in 1910. One day while he began to listen to confessions he felt a strange and sharp pain, and wounds appeared on his sides, feet, and hands. He had received the stigmata or wounds of Christ at that moment and it would come and show up from time to time making him suffer in pain. At the time World War 1 broke out and countries needed soldiers to protect them. In 1914 he would soon be drafted into the military as a medic. During his time in the military, he developed an unknown sickness that would make him leave the military. He returned to Our Lady of Grace Monastery in San Giovanni Rotondo.

After his death, he became a saint on June 16, 2002. His accomplishments included building a hospital through his fame of the stigmata he had. The hospital was called “The Home Relief of Suffering.” He has also established prayer groups that have now spread throughout the world. Another accomplishment for him is being the first stigmatized priest in the history of the Church. “He died of his old age of eighty-one. He died with the rosary in his hands, and his last words were Gesu, Maria, which means Jesus, Mary, until he breathed his last breath” (Padre Pio Devotions n.d). He wasn’t a martyr, and his body is still intact at Our Lady of Guadalupe in Mexico. He died on September 23, 1968. His time on earth has left a mark on the history of the church. The memorable miracles that were accredited to him were something you must see to believe. The first miracle accredited to him lived throughout most of his life.

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Prior Telephone Confirmation to Reduce Absenteeism in Oncological Surgeries

Contents

Introduction
Results
Discussion
Conclusion

Introduction

Quality management in health services is becoming increasingly important to offer better care, combined with scientific and technological advances. In the evaluation of health care, the use of indicators stands out, among them, the cancellation rate of operative procedures that measures the quality and resolution of the operating room. Surgical cancellation is defined as an operation that has been scheduled but not performed. This involves medical, hospital, or patient-related reasons. Cancellations cause harm to the patient, interfere with the outcome of care, and increase hospital costs. Regarding the cancer patient, the consequences are severe, since early surgical intervention directly influences prognosis, increases survival, and reduces morbidity and mortality. Law No. 12.732, of November 2012, of the Brazilian Ministry of Health, ratifies the importance of this intervention, guaranteeing the cancer patient the right to start treatment within 60 (sixty) days after confirmation of the diagnosis.

Thus, the analysis of the surgical suspension rate in a health unit aims to improve the quality of care and efficiency of the service offered to the population of the Unified Health System (SUS/Brazil) associated with the rationalization of human and financial resources . The costs of surgical procedures represent about 40% of total hospital expenses. Inadequate management promotes a negative impact on the care of patients with surgical pathologies, in particular, cancer patients who require surgery. According to the Australian Department of Health, the surgical suspension rate should be less than 2% for any reason, less than 1% due to medical reasons, and less than 0.5% due to patient absenteeism. According to the idea that surgical suspensions should be prevented, Santos et al. demonstrated that pre-anesthetic consultation and prior telephone confirmation two days before surgery were strategies that could be adopted to minimize cancellation due to absenteeism. Obtaining a detailed clinical history of the patient during pre-anesthetic consultation is associated with excellent results and prevention of surgical suspensions, with the improvement of the quality of preoperative preparation. Haufler et al. noted that three of the top ten reasons for surgery suspension were related to the patient's preoperative orientation regarding the scheduled procedure: absenteeism, noncompliance with fasting restrictions, and lack of a responsible adult to monitor the patient .

After the implementation of telephone calls three days before surgery, with clarification on preoperative patients, the study was able to reduce by 54% the number of surgical cancellations compared to the previous year. There are numerous purposes for patient interactions via telephone contact. Counseling, evaluation, and screening for different care routes are performed. Better communication with the patient facilitates compliance with scheduled procedures and reduces surgical suspensions. Abdulaziz and Paschoal reported the following reasons for surgical cancellation related to patient absenteeism: lack of date of surgery, personal and health problems, socio-economic rights, and hospital cancellation. The suspension rate of cancer surgeries in the last three years was between 33% and 36% at Professor Alberto Antunes University Hospital (SOUL System/MV Hospitalar®).

In this context, the present study evaluated the impact of prior telephone confirmation on reducing the cancellation of elective oncologic surgeries due to patient absenteeism to compare whether this indicator improved compared to periods before the study. Methods A descriptive observational study with a quantitative approach was conducted on the impact of previous telephone confirmation on reducing the cancellation of absenteeism surgery. The research was carried out at Professor Alberto Antunes University Hospital, Federal University of Alagoas (HUPAA / UFAL), located in the city of Maceió, Alagoas State, Northeastern Brazil. HUPAA is the largest public health institution in the state due to its physical area, clinical staff, and the development of undergraduate, postgraduate, research, and care activities. HUPAA is a state reference in the treatment of cancer patients. The HUPAA surgical center is composed of seven operative rooms for cancer surgery. The initial study sample consisted of 444 patients, with oncologic surgery scheduled for the period between January and June 2019. Of this total, 205 patients participated in the study after applying the exclusion criteria. The study excluded 26 patients who did not have telephone contact; 101 who did not answer the call after the third contact; 9 patients under 18 years old; 65 patients who were already in the hospital during communication and 38 patients scheduled within 48 hours of surgery. After approval by the Ethics and Research Committee of the Federal University of Alagoas / UFAL (CAAE nº 02833318.8.0000.5013), telephone calls were made to the research participants who signed the Informed Consent Form (ICF) at the last preoperative consultation with the surgeon, authorizing participation in the study. Patient data and several surgeries were collected through the SOUL MV Hospitalar® System.

The number of cancer surgeries from the same period of the last three years was collected. Through this, it was possible to access the nominal list of patients with operations performed or suspended. In the case of patients who did not present the description of the surgery as being cancer or not, it was necessary to access their electronic medical record, ratifying the information through the report of the operation or evolution, in cases of suspension. By telephone contact made 48h before surgery, the user was asked about complementary exams, fasting, use of medications, orthoses/prostheses, and confirmation of their presence in the surgical procedure through a validated questionnaire. The calls were made from Monday to Friday from 7-18h. For surgeries scheduled on Mondays, the requests were made on Fridays before the procedures. Nine cases of absenteeism were reported to the surgeon in charge, with 22.22% of patients being replaced. The variables evaluated in the present study were: oncologic surgical suspension rate, oncologic patient absenteeism, users who received calls for oncologic surgical specialty, users who confirmed absenteeism, and users who were replaced after confirmation of absenteeism. The rate of surgical suspension was calculated by the number of surgeries suspended divided by the total number of scheduled operations, within the defined period for the study, and multiplied by 100. The results were then presented in percentages, according to Ministry norms of Brazilian Health.

Results

During the study period, 435 elective oncologic surgeries were scheduled by ten surgical subspecialties. The number of canceled operations was 90(20.69%), with an average of 3.6 cases/day. Regarding the causes of cancellation, 19(20%) were related to the clinical condition of the patient; 13(14%) lack of hospital beds and materials. Patient non-attendance after telephone intervention represented the fourth cause of surgical cancellation, in a total of 7 cases (8%). Compared to the last three years, the rate of medical suspension due to absenteeism ranged from 16%-26%, reaching a higher value in 2017. Between 2018-2019, there was a 50% reduction after the implementation of prior communication by telephone (Figure 1). The analysis of the year because of the suspension of 2019 (Figure 2), represented by the Pareto diagram, it is seen that almost half of the suspensions were associated with clinical patients and institutional factors such as lack of material and hospital bed. According to the distribution of cases canceled by specialty, the highest frequency of cancellations was attributed to gynecology, dermatology, and head and neck, all with 20% (08), followed by urology, 15% (04); and gastrointestinal surgery with 10% (04).

Regarding the users who received calls to confirm elective surgery, the following are the quantitative according to oncological surgical specialty: gynecology (28.93%); dermatology (27.92%); head and neck (14.21%); urology (11.67%); coloproctology (4.57%); thoracic surgery (2.54%); gastrointestinal (3.55%); ophthalmology (2.03%); neurology (1.52%); others (3.04%). Of these users, 197 confirmed attendance on the day of surgery, 100% said they had no health problems other than surgical pathology, 92.89% had all preoperative examinations, 44.16% had pre-anesthetic consultation. Regarding fasting orientations, 79.19% reported being oriented about it, while 20.81% did not report previous orientation. Finally, 62.44% reported medication use, as well as 43.15%, had orthosis/prosthesis.

Discussion

During the study period, the surgical suspension rate reached 20.69%. The frequency of cancellation of surgeries in different countries ranges from 1% -30% 8, as well as similar cancellation rates ranging from 17.6% -26% [3,11,17,18]. However, in some Brazilian university hospitals, the percentage is slightly below, between 16.1% -17.3% [19]. It should be emphasized that from a quality management standpoint, a low rate of surgical cancellation is an indicator of the efficient use of a surgical unit and the hospital's financial resources.

Regarding the leading causes of cancellation after previous telephone intervention, 19 cases (20%) were related to the patient's clinical condition; 13 (14%), lack of bed and materials; and 7 (8%), for not attending the patient. In this sense, absenteeism was the leading cause of surgical suspension in recent years, with values of 26% in 2017; and 16% in 2018. According to Appavu et al., There was also a prevalence of patient non-attendance in their study (about 65%), as reported by Abeeleh (62.52%), Mesmar (23%), Kumar (19%), Ávila (18.1%), Morris (16.8%) and Garg (16.2%) respectively. As an intervention measure to reduce late cancellation rates, preoperative telephone contact is useful. Avila et al., through preoperative telephone calls, reduced the cancellation rate from 18% to 5.4% while Kaye et al. reported a reduction from 26% to 10.8% in surgical suspension due to patient absenteeism. In this study, after the previous telephone call, there was a significant reduction in cancellations due to non-attendance from 16% in 2018 to 8% after telephone contact / 2019.

Analysis by surgical specialties, no article was found that reported suspension of oncologic surgeries. Thus, the analogy with other studies could not be performed. The highest frequency of cancellations was attributed to gynecological, dermatology, and head and neck surgeries, all with 20% (08); followed by urology, with 15% (04); and gastrointestinal system, 10% (04). A study conducted in a tertiary hospital located in the Middle East, gynecology had the lowest percentage (2%); urology, the largest (7.7%). These results are similar to the Kumar study, where gynecology obtained the lowest percentage, with 1.15%, and urology was among the three most abundant, with 2.1%. Regarding the previous telephone call, when asked about fasting guidelines, 79.19% of patients reported being oriented, while 20.81% reported no guidance. Gaucher et al., in turn, published in their study that 20% of users said they did not fully understand the instructions on the need for fasting.

Another question made through previous telephone contact was the pre-anesthetic consultation: 44.16% of the patients were evaluated, 36.04% did not have the discussion, and in 19.80%, it was not possible to verify whether or not there was. However, it is a mandatory assessment before any elective surgery, ensuring knowledge of the patient's clinical status, as well as providing safety and comfort during the surgical procedure.

Conclusion

Given the above data, it was found the effectiveness of previous telephone confirmation in reducing the cancellation of elective cancer surgery due to the absenteeism of the patient, given the 50% reduction in cancellations related to this cause. As presented, the 16% registered in 2018 were replaced by 8%, after the telephone contact was made, in the same evaluation period / 2019. In this sense, we highlight as relevant the number of patients not located, represented by those who did not have telephone contact (5.8%) or who did not answer the call (22.7%). Alternatively, it is feasible to increase the timeframe for the previous request to three days before surgery.

The likelihood of contact with the patient and consequent replacement in cases of confirmed absenteeism becomes greater. Besides, it is necessary to update patient registration data in electronic databases, making communication more effective. Despite the guidance provided through telephone contact regarding fasting, medication use, and confirmation about preoperative examinations, there was an increase in suspensions due to lack of preparation or due to the patient not having adequate clinical conditions for the procedure, corroborating the importance pre-anesthetic consultation. In this context, it is recognized that the analysis of cancellation causes is essential for the efficient and productive use of operating rooms. Thus, the implementation of a call center to confirm the presence of the user, and increased coverage of pre-anesthetic evaluation, would be a strategy of significant impact in reducing surgical cancellation. The adoption of these measures would reflect on the leading causes of abandonment identified by the study.

In conclusion, considering that cancer diseases require early surgical intervention, the above measures tend to directly influence patients' prognosis, improving survival and reducing morbidity and mortality.

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Advices what to do if you Lost Flight Confirmation Email

Contents

What does the flight confirmation mail consists of?
What if you lost your confirmation email?

Everybody is aware about how to book a flight e-ticket online, but they have no idea about the confirmation email which the airline sends you right after your ticketing process which they need to check when you reach at the airport for the confirmation of purchase. Therefore, when they reach at the airport and asked about it, they have no idea and thus, can’t find the flight confirmation email which leads to a lot of chaos and stress making the whole situation full of hassle. Therefore, this article is all about what should you do if you lost your confirmation email. To know what you can do in such a situation stay tuned and use it for your rescue whenever in need.

What does the flight confirmation mail consists of?

A flight booking confirmation email is a transactional email that later informs the user about their ticket confirmation. It signifies that your ticket has been confirmed and lists all the necessary details about your flight booking in that particular mail.

A flight confirmation mail includes the following mentioned information:

The city, hotel, date, date of your check in and check out, details regarding payment , or if any cancellation cost.
The customer is also given the contact number.
What to do if you didn’t receive the confirmation email ?

Now a days, online e-ticket booking has become a very easy process. But right after the ticketing process, a confirmation email is sent to the respective person of which many are unaware. Therefore, its very obvious if they lost their flight confirmation email or you didn’t receive the confirmation email .Sometimes, the airline might delay in sending the confirmation mail because of the processing time which may vary up to 4 hours. If still not received, call the reservation department.

You may also check your spam folder in the email. To help insure prompt delivery of your email confirmation please add the relevant email to your address book.

If you want to add the relevant senders in the list you can follow these instructions:

1. If an important mail, goes to your spam folder, open that message and then tap on the non spam

2. Use mail and spam controls to add the sender to your customer sender list. Later, you can add the specific domain and make sure that you received the confirmation.

3. Some other email operators serves this way:

Click on the spam mail, drag it to the primary folder and confirm with the operator to save it. Start the particular email.

What if you lost your confirmation email?

Just after you book your flight e-ticket either online or through a contact center, in a span of 15-20 minutes an email is sent to you. What a stressful situation it will be if you know if i have lost my flight service confirmation number. In case you don’t receive the confirmation email, search your in box with the subject “ Your Preach Reservation” in the spam.

If still the problem continues, it means the booking is not completed. Then, if you must be knowing the booking number, click on “click here to confirm the booking”.

There may be other reasons as well:

Email might have been filtered by a specified domain for spam email.
The email address might have been misspelled.
Also, if your email address is having any of the below mentioned patterns, you will not receive the confirmation mail. If your email consists of these patterns, feel free to reach us:
A dot(.) in front of @ mark.
If two dots (..) is marked before @ mark.

Sometimes it’s also possible that you might lost the email with flight confirmation number. To prevent any further issue leading to booking confirmation failure, it’s recommended to pen down your booking number or you also take a print of confirmation page after the payment.

What if you delete your confirmation email?

There are enormous number of mails in your in box, and you might have accidentally deleted your flight confirmation email while clearing your in box. And this might lead to a lot of chaos at the airport.

For getting it back you may call the travel agent and tell him about the same. He may ask you the following details: your name, booking number, date of birth etc. You must have all these details with you whenever such a situation happens. Afterwards you will get the confirmation mail again with you in the in box.

Where you might find the confirmation email?

1. Check your email at first. A confirmation mail must have been sent to you in a duration of 10-15 minutes. Try to look for your destination , or just search for ‘ booking confirmation ‘ if there it will pop up.

2. Couldn’t find it yet ? Check your spam folders. Sometimes the email filters might send the wrong things or your important stuff there.

3. Also, in other case you can look at the bank statement if you had paid through a card. The name of the travel agent or the airline is mentioned right there, where your charge is specified.

At times, you might get the confirmation number on the credit card statement from which you did the payment.

How to recover your flight confirmation mail?

It’s a stressful situation if you lost your flight confirmation mail. But you can recover it easily. You just need to have the following listed things at the time of recovery :

Name on the account
Billing address
Account PIN/ password
Email address
Follow these steps, and you will be through :

There are several ways to recover your flight confirmation mail, in your confirmation mail you will get a confirmation code mentioned at the top of the confirmation mail.
If you have booked your confirmation mail though a party, then you must ask them to provide you the confirmation mail.
Some airlines will send you the reminder email before your flight. You will get your confirmation number there below “ check in online” on the reminder email.
In the end, after trying all this the best you may do is, call the help desk and they will help you in the best possible way.

This article was the best possible way for our customers to know what they can do if they lost there confirmation email. Also, you can reach out to us any time. We are team of motivated workers, who work relentlessly day and night to provide their customers the best service they can with addition to offering amazing discounts. We provide coupons up to 60% off on the actual price of the e-ticket while e-ticket booking, cancellation and refunds. our sole is to encourage all the travelers out there to have an amazing experience of their travel journey so that they can reach out to us again the next time without giving a second thought.

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Panasonic Confirms to Stay All-Weather Friend of Huawei

“A friend in need is a friend indeed” It is a true proverb and it suits in the current situation where Panasonic has confirmed to stay with Huawei. As we all know, it is a challenging situation for Huawei; several companies have boycotted Huawei and one after another, many companies are still entering the list of banning Huawei. At this moment, Panasonic has proved to be the all-weather friend of Huawei.The Challenging Situation for Huawei:

The US and China trade war have affected the business relations of many companies. Huawei is one of them because it is one of the Chinese companies which get supplies from the US companies. Furthermore, it is on its way to becoming the world’s largest smartphone sellers. Therefore, the Trump Administration’s order of banning Huawei is creating a challenging situation for Huawei. One by one, many companies have boycotted Huawei i.e. Google, Intel, Qualcomm, ARM, and Broadcom, etc. According to recent news, Huawei is excluded from being a member of the SD Association. Thus, Huawei cannot put official SD or microSD card support in its devices i.e. smartphones and laptops. Panasonic Confirmation:

Panasonic is a Japanese company that has a long history working with Huawei and other Chinese companies. It said that it will not stop its supplies to a Chinese company- Huawei.

Panasonic had sent an internal notification to suspend transactions with Huawei when the US government banned the Chinese companies. Meanwhile, Panasonic contemplated the situation and later made an announcement saying, “Huawei has always been an important partner with Panasonic Corp.” Furthermore, Panasonic assured to sell the commodities and provide their services to the Chinese companies. Addition to this, it has defined its territory and has confirmed to work according to Japanese law and regulations.

Conclusion

There is no doubt, the US had maintained its monopoly for quite a long period but now there are many nations that are emerging to become developed nations. One of them is China. The whole situation is shifting the world from unipolar to bipolar dimension. The countries need to decide to whom they want to support. The Japanese company, Panasonic has shared to help China and grow its business in China. Well, the Japanese company has played for its regional interest but ultimately it would benefit both the countries; Japan has got a huge market in China and China has got an ally against the US.

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Strengths, Weaknesses and Benefits in Advancement Models of Policing

Contents

Police Activity Research
The Limitations of Conventional Policing
Strengths and weaknesses of the conventional model of policing
Strategic shifts in operational police practice

Advanced model of policing have advancements and contributing benefits. Conventional model of policing has strengths and weaknesses. This essay will discus various issues surrounding the strengths and weaknesses attributed to the main process and benefits in advancement models of policing. The main subtopics of the essay will be rapid advancements in conventional policing, patrol & rapid response, legal authority and constraints, police activity research, challenges to standard model policing. foot patrol police. the limitations of conventional policing, strategic shifts in operational police practice, community policing: strengths, weaknesses, main process and benefits attributed to advanced models, advanced techniques & systems integrate, with advanced models of hot spot policing, third party policing, advanced models for investigating, police diversity within diverse communities, recruitment management and leadership, accountability and regulation and the future of conventional police practice. evidence, examples, issues and conflicts of interest will be examine comparing the contrast from different perspectives.

I hypothesise that contemporary police practice has a proactive focus on crime prevention. Through the integration of traditional policing strategies of effectiveness and efficiency, combined with contemporary police practice. Conventional police practice and organisations all have strengths and weaknesses but overall are proactive in advancing towards better more efficient and reliable consistency of policing.

The standard model of policing has strengths and weaknesses, but with rapid advancements the process is seeing increased benefits within conventional policing. Weisburd & Eck’s (2004) stated that police typology is two dimensional, diversity of approach and level of focus. Standard policing lacks empirical support, instead the focus should be on police practice that is tailored and expanded beyond standardisation within law enforcement would be more beneficial (Sherman 1997). The standard model strategies of the traditional police approaches to dealing with crime were developed largely during the reform or professional era in the 1930s, the standards are the strength and basis of the conventional police force ( Kelling & Moore 1998).

Patrol & Rapid Response
Patrol is the backbone of policing (Walker 1977)
24/7 Geographical coverage through stations and beats
Visibility through uniforms, police cars, foot patrols

Rapids response covered through call centres triage system. Reactive policing is important but a balance of police strategy needs to be considered and assessed by police agencies (Drew & Prenzler 2015). Classical theory of crime deterrence is by certainty, severity, swiftness of punishment and incapacitation.

Standard model of patrol policing includes investigating, traffic policing, emergency assistance and management, missing persons, court security, risky evictions, death notices, random breath testing and dragnets and licensing checks.

CCTV surveillance society tracking people’s movements, credit card analysis and travel movements,
Riot police
Police rescue
Legal Authority and Constraints

Legal power to arrest citizens for indictable crimes or to depend others or themselves with proportionate force. Specific police powers differ for each incident, in an accident or crime scene the police have power to direct, stop suspects, search, question name and address if under reasonable suspicion (Police Powers and Responsibilities Act 2000).

Police have legal authority to constrain a suspect if a assault for example is committed.

Police Activity Research

Police have multiple activities, 10% calls for service represent law enforcement, which includes arrests and burglary in progress. 22% information gathering covers, routine questioning in relation to crime and paperwork which includes filling out forms. 30% order maintenance which includes family and neighbour disputes or troubles. Finally 38% of an officers activity is taken up through service calls (Wilson 1968). An estimated 43% of time spent at the station is taken up with paperwork.

Alleged false assumptions include faster response equals less crime, more police equals less crime, more visible police equals less crime. Community satisfaction depends on perceived expectations in response to faster response times. Witness and victim statements consume police response times in relation to solving crimes.

Foot patrol outcomes don’t is a reduction in crime, however statistics show that people feel safer if they see police around. Public response is positive to police foot patrols. Optimising patrols provide adequate response to the public while engaging in scientific crime reduction. Optimising patrols through crew sizes, shift lengths, triage priorities, reduced public expectations, delaying responses to non critical call outs, offload of non core tasks and prevention of false alarms,

The Limitations of Conventional Policing

The Limitations of Conventional Policing Methods including prevention patrols. Between calls for service, officers are expected to randomly cruise neighbourhoods doing prevention patrols to deter crime. Prevention patrols decrease citizens fears that the police are deterring offenders by their presence. While this may increase the public’s feeling of safety, research shows no significant difference in criminal activity when patrols are present. Rapid Response suggests that responding quickly to the scene of an incident increases the police’s ability to catch the offender. Victim assistance response is more accurate when information is received quickly after the crime was committed. Calls for service are dispatched quickly with new technology, which has improved response time (Kelling and Moore (1998).

Strengths and weaknesses of the conventional model of policing

Women were excluded in the police force historically because they were considered as physically weaker than males. Male police, citizens and academic observatory bodies said that women brought a softer and different mindset and values to the force, but felt that women were unsuited to the physicality of conventional policing (Worden 1993). In conventional recruitment it’s not just size and strength that is taken into consideration. Strengths in conventional policing comes from a better more rounded recruitment process. Psychological tests, job analysis, integrity checks, higher education, equity & affirmative action, representative selection committees and civilianisation are all part of the recruitment criteria. Even with advancements in the recruitment process, police officers still need ongoing psychological checks. Proactive mental health support is a the main process and benefits attributed to advanced models of policing.

Strategic shifts in operational police practice

Politicians and the community reaction to crime is to increase police numbers. The police to population ratio is an objective measure to weather the police numbers are sufficient to fulfil the policing mandate (Drew & Prenzler 2010). A methodological and statistical rigour to understanding the addition of police numbers in reducing crimes rates is analysed in police data (Marvell & Moody 1996). Each additional police officer added to larger cities with an average population of 250,000 reduced the crime rate by 24 fewer crimes (Sherman 1997).

Weaknesses in conventional policing is represented by miscarriages of justice, negligent investigations, failure to prosecute, vindictive investigations/prosecutions, excessive/inadequate penalties and wrongful convictions. Low crime conviction rates in Australia of 4% crimes and imprisonment rate of 1% is not going to reduce recidivism (Mukherjee 1987). Positive effective reforms through community policing through consultations and liaison officers is seeing policies and procedures for alternatives to arrest and detention. This helps with community engagement and increased community and police safety through reduction of escalating situations.

Advanced techniques & systems integrate mixed teams, multi-tasking and specialist agencies. Interviewing has ethical values and is completed with preparation, respect, non coercive voice and assistance for welfare assistance if required. The main process and benefits attributed to advanced models are developing in the technical modern era. Technological advancements for interviews are that they are recorded with modern equipment which will preserve the evidence and case material long term, incase of cold cases or future evidence.

Advanced models of policing now include cold case units, independent forensic science units, independent forensic unit accreditation & auditing, media management, case auditing (quality control, criminal case review commissions, victim & witness communication and computer alerts for victim contacts (Drew & Prenzler 2015).

Contemporary police practice includes community policing, hot spot policing, third party policing and problem orientated policing. Community policing strength is the relationship between procedural justice and police legitimacy and reduced crime outcomes (Sherman & Eck 2002). Weaknesses of community policing is the agencies don’t have a clear understanding of expected outcomes. Community officers need to be more excepted by police, they are working to help them after all. Advanced models of problem orientated policing (POP) is attributing to a better analysis and problem solving in repose to crime reduction outcomes.

With advanced models of hot spot policing the main process is attributing to strengthing the police force but has weaknesses in the approach. Spatial displacement is the main weakness or criticism observed from hot spot policing. The criminals simply move on to another area. The strength of hot spot policing is employing officers to specific crime locations. Advanced models show that specific times of high crime concentration of police officers will reduce crimes committed.

Third party policing builds on police development by adopting partnerships. Third party policing is strengthening the police force through legal, civil and regulators, seeing a positive outcome specifically in controlling drugs, violent crime and youth associated problems ( Mazerolle & Ransley 2006).

The main process and benefits attributed to advanced models for investigating are prioritisation through a triage system to utilise police resources effectively. Investigation of crime has become a formal and major role in policing. The investigation detective units are a positive focus away from private prosecutions to modern prosecutions (Matassa & Newburn 2007). The strength in prosecuting crimes is due to the switch from civil law to modern criminal law. The weakness of detective investigation units is corruption, deterring honest police from applying to join the detective units.

Police diversity within diverse communities are often divided by race, ethnicity, location, social status and gender. The police are challenged to the task of egalitarian and being impartial. Subordinate statue can seem vulnerable, such as homeless people. The weakness is police oppression which is a reoccurring problem amongst minority’s, for example race riots. Racism and discrimination by police within communities shows marginalised groups have less respect for police, as they feel targeted and reserve more attention. In the year 2000, an American survey concluded that support for police from white people was 64 percent but support from African Americans was only 37 percent (Gabbidon & Greene p. 117, 2013).

Improving and strengthening relationships between police and minority’s is coming from the formulation of respect and continuation of programs on both sides, community support and police training.

Recruitment management and leadership effectiveness is essential for conventional police reputation and functioning. Weaknesses occur when the wrong officers are selected for a specific police function which he or she isn’t trained for or hasn’t got the will to authority to do the job correctly. With a large amount of people applying for the police force the strength of officers both physically, psychological and educational makes the selection of recruits of a higher standard level (Kumar 2009). Human resource management is main key process and benefits attribute to advanced models if conventional policing.

Accountability and regulation are proactively adopting new systems and performance measures in conventional police practice. Weakness in accountability was seen throughout the 1980’s with misconduct scandals. Strengthening accountability through new systems and performance criteria is controlling the process more proactively. Police are accountable when on duty and obliged to be responsible and liable. Strengthening in regulations is seeing better control, management, compliance, mitigation, performance measures,standards, strategies and restraint within the conventional force (Prenzler 2019).

The Australian Government Productivity Commission (2018) stated that on average of 82% of people were satisfied with police services and 74% of people agreed that police treat people fairly.

In concluding standard model of policing strengths benefit from increased visibility which is a general deterrence of crime through foot patrols and motorised patrols. Support systems for victims and families are provided through follow up investigations, for example a domestic violence case. Weaknesses include risk of racial profiling and lack of community involvement. Strategic programs are strengthening police approaches to crime with technological advancements. Progress is slow but being made in achieving an optimistic approach to the future if policing.

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The Effectiveness of Community Policing

Prior to reading through multiple sources that research the effectiveness of community policing, it has been found that it was once a useful tool. Research that was done dating back to the 1960’s had been finding that citizens were appreciative of community policing, and felt safer knowing they were present. However, bringing the research to more recent times, it is not something that community members nor law enforcement find beneficial. In addition, it has been found that there are racial disparities when it comes to satisfaction reports. This poses an issue as it is argued that the lower income neighborhoods could benefit most from community policing, and instead research is showing the opposite.

Additional findings include the importance of different variables when considering effectiveness of community policing. Each study that I conducted a literature review on determined that there are different social and environmental factors that can play a role in community policing. These variables included age, race, and the community that they lived in. These factors are important when it comes to implementing community policing because not every city will receive community policing the same as another. This calls for the need of location specific community policing.

Conclusion

After conducting research on the presence of community policing I have found that from past years it was an effective and appreciated tool in law enforcement. However, as times have gone on people in communities have changed their feelings towards law enforcement. In addition to these feelings from community members, law enforcement officers have also reported that they do not believe community policing will be effective without the collaboration of both parties. In addition to researching the attitudes of adults, it was important to conduct research on the feelings of the youth, as they will grow up to be effective members of society. Youth were found to have different feelings towards officers based on their race and environment. However, it was found that youth can appreciate community policing when it is done in a comfortable setting.

Community policing has been around for years, but has decreased in effectiveness. The purpose of community policing is to increase feelings of safety in their community and when in contact with police officers. Although this has been hard to obtain considering all the different characteristics in each community. Essentially, community policing is a tool that could be highly successful if used properly. This research highlighted many different times that community policing worked, and many times that it did not work.

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A True Groundbreaking Civil Rights Figure

Frederick Douglass was an escaped slave, self taught author, abolitionist, human rights and women’s rights activist, and social reformer. He helped shape America through his determination and eloquence. His actions led to the Civil War, a pivotal point in time where slaves were freed. He was an advocate for teaching slaves how to read and write, and his story inspired millions to join the cause of abolition. was almost totally a self-educated man, his tireless efforts on behalf of the oppressed made Douglass a forceful leader and earned him the title in the 20th century of 'Father of the Civil Rights Movement.'

Frederick Douglass expressed the truth about what the world didn't see about slavery and he didn’t hold back about doing it either. The Narrative possesses the genuine force of eyewitness conviction that was often lost in similar accounts whose editors and transcribers could not resist the impulse to sentimentalize or fictionalize for the sake of stylization and emotional effect. In an overview about Frederick Douglass it’s stated that “Douglass always remained true to the facts of his experience, and those facts themselves provide a relentless condemnation of slavery and its supporters”(Lavenier). By doing so he was able to compose a narrative that soon after started a movement where Douglass was an activist to end slavery. It was also pointed out that the narrative was also “the first native American autobiography to create a black identity in style and form adequate to the pressures of historic black experience”(Lavenier). Douglass became the voice of black Americans. He was able to give himself and others like him an identity in society; an identity needed to be fought for.

Frederick Douglass’s creative artistic personality is the first work of the productive individual, and remains fundamentally his best work, since all his other works are partly the repeated expression of this primal creation. As well as how defined the odds of breaking away from slavery. He was “a fugitive slave who seeks to transform himself into the slave's opposite, the free man; and the de facto free man regarding his former life as a slave from the safe distance of the memoirist”(Brewton). The source is informative and objective to how to Douglass came to be and how he as an anti slavery activist helped transformed society. In the Narrative, Douglass writes about his life story and tells the world what slavery is really like. He gave the world an eye opening look into just how cruel it was, which is one of the many reasons he is considered one the people who put an end to slavery in America. The complicity in Douglass's design comes to see the subject of the Narrative as emboldened, strengthened, and spared the consequences of his radical insubordination that has ordained him for the higher cause of abolition, “The persona of the Narrative has a destiny, not merely to win his own freedom but to champion the cause of the oppressed through the literary recreation of his life.”(Brewton). Douglass’s goal after he escaped slavery and wrote his novel was to abolish slavery and he did that by telling the world first hand what slavery really was and he stood behind his story to put a stop to it.

Not only was Douglass an activist for civil rights, he was also a very big activist for women’s rights more specifically black women. In his narrative he witnessed the horrible treatment slave women experienced; from being beaten to raped. He wanted to make sure no women should ever have to be treated so poorly again. According to scholar Pamela Kester-Shelton, “Douglass kept the cause of women's rights before the American people even as the cause was voluntarily eclipsed by its key proponents with the issue of slavery, both before and during the Civil War” (Kester-Shelton). Douglass wanted to fight for women’s rights to their bodies. He felt that no woman should be beaten down and held against her will for the pleasure of someone else. They are human too and should obtain human rights just as anyone else should,“‘When the true history of the antislavery cause shall be written, women will occupy a large space in its pages,’ Douglass wrote in his autobiography, ‘for the cause of the slave has been peculiarly woman's cause’” (Kester-Shelton). Douglass even wrote in newspaper articles about his stance for women’s rights which would then lead him to teaming up with other women’s suffrage activists like William Lloyd Garrison. With a bigger team of activist the more successful they were in making women’s rights equal.

Douglass was a self educated man. At the time people like him had little to no education at all. When he wrote The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, nobody could believe it and everyone thought it was fake because people like him—a slave; could never write something to this extent because they weren’t educated. But Douglass was able to teach himself how to read and write on his own. He was so “prescient” and the strength of his writing and speaking was so great that we are “inclined to pass quickly over many of his conflicts” (Sekora). According to scholar James Matlack, Douglass has to prove that he was not a fake, “Once having fully identified himself, he lost the anonymity which was essential to fugitive slave” (Matlack), because his validation of being an escaped slave would open the threat of being recaptured. But Douglass fled to England for two years and when he returned back to the states he was a free man. Douglass’s lack of formal education was an asset in the abolition movement. Not only did he teach people, he inspired people.

Frederick Douglass had a way with his words. He has a very different point of view than other slaves, he sees things more for how they should be and the other slaves see things for how they are. This appeals to the readers because it is another side to the story of slavery that we haven’t really heard before. Frederick opens our eyes to how it really felt to be a slave. He was able to tell his story in a way where the reader was able to gain an understanding of what actually happened because of the way he could write. Fellow activist William Lloyd Garrison says “as a public speaker, [Douglass] excels in pathos, wit, comparison, imitation, strength of reasoning, and fluency of language” (Garrison). It’s allowed people to cope with him and trust what he was saying. He was gaining credibility to his work. By teaming up with people like Garrison it furthered his movement to end slavery and gain the rights all people should have. Garrison admired Frederick Douglass’s bravery and honesty and believed he would be the one to change America forever.

Frederick Douglass is famous for many things but the one thing he is well known for, was escaping slavery and going on to become an abolitionist for slavery, and orator and an anti-slavery writer he also consulted with President Abraham Lincoln and had held high positions in the US government. He was an icon for America. Not only did he stop slavery, he helped stop segregation and racism in America.

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The Success of Civil Rights Activism in Australia

For generations, Indigenous Australians have had to endure acts of discrimination, prejudice and injustice. Since the arrival of European settlers in 1788, traditional customs and way of life for Indigenous Australians have been majorly altered. When Australian colonies federated in 1901, public policy revolved around the concepts of segregation and assimilation. The inhumane treatment of the Aboriginal people was heavily influenced by the assumption that they were inferior to the Europeans. When the Universal Declaration of Human Rights was ratified in 1948, it constructed the beginning and encouragement of access of basic human rights for those who had been denied of them. The struggle of the American Civil Rights Movement during the 1960’s sparked influence for civil rights activism within Australia. This influence of activism resulted in major changes in the representation, civil and land rights of Indigenous Australians with great success. However, there are still challenges and inequalities that are yet to be addressed and efforts that can be continued to be made in order to tackle these current inequalities.

After the ratification of the UDHR, the fight for civil rights began. In America, the fight for the civil rights of the African American community gained global attention and would later influence civil rights activism within Australian for Indigenous Australians. After WWII segregation was ruled out in by the US Supreme court, however, southern states resisted against the ruling. On December 1st, 1955 in Montgomery, Alabama, Rosa Parks, a civil rights activist, refused to give up her seat to a white passenger on the bus. Subsequently, Parks’ refusal to give up her seat got her arrested. Her arrest resulted in a 381-day boycott of the Montgomery bus service and the boycott ended as a result of the US supreme ordering the end of segregation of black and white passengers on the bus services within Montgomery. The victory obtained from the boycott earned more support and inspired further activism towards ending segregation in America.

Many protests and events followed after the Montgomery bus service boycott, such as the Little Rock Nine (1957), The Freedom Riders (1961), and the Civil Rights Act of 1957. A major figure that contributed to the further success of the civil rights movement in America was Martin Luther King Jnr. King’s engagement in civil rights had inspired protests and paved way to the success of the civil rights movement of America. On 28th August 1963, King led a protest with 250 000 demonstrators participating in the ‘March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom”. It was during this protest that he delivered his influential “I have a dream speech.”. In his speech King stated, “…I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: “We hold these truths to be self-evident; that all men are created equal.””. As a result of the major success of the American Civil rights movement, activism that had begun in Australia on a minor scale would increase significantly to bring many great changes to the policies existing at the time.

The fights for civil rights for African Americans had a profound influence on activism in Australia. Activism for civil rights in Australia began when the sesquicentenary of British settlement took place in 1938, this day was referred to as the “Day of Mourning and Protest”. The Australian Aborigines League and the Aborigines Progressive association planned a protest march for civil rights from the Sydney town hall. This was the first effective indigenous civil rights gathering in Australian history. When the American Civil Rights gained worldwide media coverage, the success of the movement encouraged Australia to take further action to stop segregation and for the civil rights of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. Similarly, the Freedom Riders of Australia followed in the footsteps of the Freedom riders in America influenced by their success.

The freedom riders were a group known as the Student Action for Aborigines who toured regional New South Wales as a protest against segregation. The tour in February 1965 as a fact-finding trip so students could witness the horrible living conditions for Aboriginal people but turned into a genuine protest to fight against segregation. The group was led by the late Charles Perkins, who was one of the only two Aboriginal students of the university. The protest brought attention to the shocking living conditions that Indigenous Australians had endured outside of the towns that were toured. Anyone belonging in the Aboriginal community were constantly denied services in shops, hotels, swimming pools, cafes etc. To aid with ending the segregation, the students would protest against the racial discrimination present at the towns and ensured there was media coverage of the violent responses on news broadcasts.

The footage and evidence of harsh treatment towards Aboriginal people was broadcasted and exposed the racism present within the country. People in urban areas were shocked and the national and international media coverage of the protest sparked an influx of support for better treatment for the Indigenous community. The influx of support would develop a movement for further change and political success in public movements to promote the end of racial discrimination. Thus, the success of the American Civil Rights encouraged the further development of methods of successful activism within Australia.

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The Success of Civil Rights in the World

Many men and women have worked tirelessly to achieve one goal; desegregation. Desegregation is the ending of racial inequality and racial separation. These men and women have fought for this through the many civil rights movements of our past, Spreading the word about what needs to change. The American Civil Rights Movement of the 50’s and 60’s achieved change for African Americans using a variety of different methods. These methods and achievements then inspired a group of Australians to follow in their footsteps and achieve similar things for their countries' Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. So with inspiration and guidance from the American movement the Australian civil rights movement was very successful in achieving their goal of change, specifically desegregation and equal rights for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People.

In the 1960’s African American activism was at its height with the freedom rides and Martin Luther King Jr. Leading the way to a new equalitarian future. Specifically, the freedom riders were spreading the word about segregation during their tours of the Jim Crow South sometimes meeting physical opposition along the way. Though their journey was tough and aggressively opposed they did get the message through to some people. 'Segregation was unfair. It was wrong, morally, religiously. As a Southerner – a white Southerner – I felt that we should do what we could to make the South better and to rid ourselves of this evil.” As said by activist Joan Mulholland. Then eventually after many different rides and a lot of suffering, in September 1961 the Interstate Commerce Commission prohibited segregation in buses and trains nationwide. This result was momentous and inspired others world-wide to think that they could achieve similar things themselves.

The USA freedom rides had a massive influence on Australian activism as the Australians copied their methods and even started protesting on American issues. In February 1965, the Australian freedom rides started, they copied the peaceful protesting methods of the Americans including sit-ins and touring as they were inspired by their success. The leader of the Australian freedom riders, Charles Perkins said that they chose to do this because of the Americans, “It was also a reaction to what was being done in America at that time. A number of students gathered together at Sydney University and thought that they might like to see a freedom ride eventuate here in Australia.”. By using a proven well-known method, lots of media representation and traveling around to spread the word around, they successfully got their message across. This shows that the American activism was a big influence on anti- segregation activism in Australia.

With a combination of American influence and a dose of grit and determination Australian civil rights movements have successfully achieved change for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. One of these many achievements was a change to the Australian Constitution, removing or altering racist and biased sections. In the 1967 referendum Sections 51 and 127 of the Australian Constitution were altered to allow Aboriginals to be counted in the census and enabled the Government to pass the Aboriginal Land Rights Act. This was regarded as not only a Federal but a symbolic change as it changed the way society viewed the Indigenous Australians. As said by NSW campaign director Faith Bandler “When you write “Yes” in the lower square of your ballot paper you are holding out the hand of friendship and wiping out nearly 200 years of injustice and inhumanity.”. This shows that Australian civil rights activism has been successful to a huge extent and was able to make great change in favour of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. An event like this shows why the Civil Rights movements were so important for a positive step forward for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples.

The Australian civil rights movement has achieved a great deal of things including the Mabo Decision and the 1967 referendum but most of all it achieved reconciliation. Reconciliation by definition means to restore friendly relations between people; the Australian civil rights movement has achieved this on many different levels. After years and years of hard work Australian Civil Rights activists achieved the ultimate symbolic form of reconciliation, an apology. In 2008, the current Prime Minister, Kevin Rudd apologised to all Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people for the wrongs committed in the past. This achieved reconciliation between Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people and white Australian as well as bringing symbolic relief to those affected by the actions of the past. The reaction showed the power of the event 'I didn't think it was going to be that powerful. But I thank Kevin Rudd for what he said in his speech and thank him for all Aboriginal people.'. This shows that the Australian civil rights movement was so successful that it achieved reconciliation between our people with influence from American movements. Moments like this in a nation’s historical story, show how everyday people are providing a step forward for change and are learning from the past.

The civil rights movements of the 1950’s was some of the most effective movements in history. In America influential people like Martin Luther King Jr. were leading the way with peaceful protests such as sit ins and freedom rides to spread the word about what needs to change. Then taking inspiration from the American movement the Australian civil rights movement followed suit using similar methods to great effect. The extent of the success of the Australian civil rights movement is outstanding. Before the movement the Aboriginals were beneath all others legally and socially, they were regarded as dirty and inferior and were shunned from white society. After the movement Aboriginals had land rights, the right to vote, the ability to shop in all shops, drink in all bars and enter through any door. The Aboriginal children were allowed to school with the whites, swim with them and were regarded as equal. This shows that along with the influence of the American civil rights movement, the Australian civil rights movement has been amazingly successful and is still to this day moving forward.

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Television with Civil Rights

Imagine a time period without television or social media to influence how Americans view race and social injustice. I believe the Civil Rights Movement would have been a predominantly big factor, but I believe it would not have translated to the ideal American family. Think of a traditional home or family having the white privilege mentality when it comes to forming an opinion about the culture. If there were not television sets showing families the horrible outcomes of these situations, then the Civil Rights Movement would have been at a standstill. During the end of the 1950's, nearly 90 percent of Americans had a TV (Foner, 947). It would not have generated the strength in numbers and could have quite frankly lost members. They would have felt like their cause was no use. White men and white families would forever prosper, leaving minorities at a disposal. Also, most women took care of the children and mainly stayed in the household as opposed to the men who were out working. This would have caused less attention surrounding the movement.

I think the 'conscience of America' would be lost and not know how to handle racial situations when issues flared up. If you had enough money, you purchased a television. It is almost as essential as the refrigerator is nowadays. News would not travel as fast and would reduce the major changes the Civil Rights Movement has made over the past years. Word of mouth would have been present, but i definitely believe most people would have ignored the truth or turned the other way when approached with such news or stories. The fact that people could sit in their home, at their most vulnerable state and watch history unfold right in their face has the ultimate jurisdiction. The news and media influence our persona and the way we think, which leads to humans needing to see it before they can actually believe it. If the TV Programs put out content that depicts negative reactions towards the movement, most likely the people will see those actions and be horrified.

I believe some of the strategies these activists would have introduced would be more campaigns. Using the political platforms as a way to assert your topic and progression of the Civil Rights Movement, forms of campaigning would have been my ideal way of going about things. Especially without the use of television, campaign members could spread the word of their message in favor of the Civil Rights Movement. Another way of informing the public in my opinion would be an Act or Play. Big theatrical plays could have been used to lure in crowds and show them the ugly side of slavery and all the disgusting actions brought forth by white slave owners. I think this could have been a great way to open the eyes of the public and to show all white Americans what truly went on during harsh times. I also think religion and their tendencies would play a factor. Close to 1957, big budget hollywood movies and films recognized and celebrated major films for depicting wholesome Christian ideals that stayed away from mentioning the Civil Rights Movement or anything to do with it (Foner, 953). Most of the films always had white traditional actors and actresses and featured very few African Americans actors if at all.

I really do think if white people were not shown the things they were shown in this time period, then things would have not gotten much better. Racism will never go away. It will always be something that Americans deal with because there are too many mixed people in this country. I believe that it should not matter what skin color, race, religion, sexual orientation, or political standpoint you are or have, but rather it should depend on the type of person you are. Every human being is a person and it should not matter if you are male or female or African American or Caucasian, a person is still a person.

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The Civil Rights Act

The Civil Rights Act is a very impactful event and changed history for the better. The Civil Rights Act is a legislation that was intended to end any discrimination based on colour, religion, race or national origin. But this was also a very controversial issue in the United States. Now with this issue being so controversial no one really knew if this act would work. Questions about the Civil Rights Act were, why was the legislation so controversial?, why did the Civil Rights Act need to be made? and did the Civil Rights Act work and change discrimination in the United States? The Civil Rights Act is known as one of the crowning legislative achievements of the Civil Rights movement.

When the act was put out and proposed there were a lot of different opinions about it. People agreed with the fact that discrimination was getting to a point where something needed to be done. But other people still didn’t believe people of color or other races deserved the same rights as them. The first time someone proposed this act was done by John F. Kennedy. After the Civil War amendments abolished slavery which made former slaves citizens and gave men a chance to have the right to vote.

Now that these former slaves were considered citizens many people became upset about this especially the south. The South was always known for relying on slavery for all their labour work and now that slavery was banned and they were now citizens the South used poll taxes, tests and other measures to deprive them the right to vote.

By 1957 the civil rights act finally made made its way into a section of the Justice Department. With the South still making all these rules attempting to keep the blacks away from being able to vote, the Congress decided to have court-appointed referees. These referees are there to help black peoples register to vote without the South having an effect on that.

John F. Kennedy finally entered the White House in 1961. Even though he fought for the rights act he delayed creating a legislation. But with having the South protesting and still finding holes in the act to get their way, Kennedy decided it's time to create and enforce a act. In 1963 John F. Kennedy created a new Civil Rights Act which included nearly all the elements to stop the South. John F. Kennedy says “ We will not be fully free until all of its citizens are free.” This proves that he invested a lot into having everyone in his country have the same rights. With this act many people were able to have the rights they always wanted.

The Civil Rights Act, the act that changed the world for many people. Discrimination was allowed and at times encouraged which formed a lot of problems. People who weren’t receiving the same rights as they should be would protest and create more problems. Once this act was created it removed all negative hate towards people of different races, beliefs, religions, sex, and national origins. If this act had never been created discrimination would still be a major issue in ir loves today. Discrimination will always exist but at least now there is a act to prevent it. The 50th anniversary of the act was celebrated in April 2014. So if your really wondering why the Civil Rights Act was made here’s why.

Discrimination started way before we were born. Racism is built up of hate towards someone of a different race. This means that these people believe that their race is superior. When you discriminate someone you take away their rights. When you take away someone's rights, you basically tell them they aren’t a citization. With people now being treated like an item instead of a human it caused a lot of disagreements. Things like slavery began and people were losing jobs. Store owners wouldn’t hire people of a different color or race than them. Without this act half of civilization would never be able to get jobs and support their families. We were basically trying to kill off their race because it wasn’t ours. When the Civil Rights Act was put into place it stopped owners from not hiring those people and stopped people from treating other races ina way they never should have been treated.

In the United States, discrimination was constantly booming and slavery was striving. While treating other races unfairly the United States wasn’t making enemies with other countries, they were actually getting along with people since discrimination was so important. People really thought that they owned people of other races and that these people had to do what the white people told them to do. Once the Civil Rights Act was put into place it ended all unfairness to people of color, different races, different religions and or origin. Those people who were thought of as different had no rights and had people making decisions for them. They weren’t aloud to be independent. Their lives were basically taken away from them. With no ability to do what they want or get a job they were at an all time low. Once the act was put into place those disabilities were changed. These people now had the opportunity to find jobs and support their families. They were able to vote for who they wanted to and do things they thought they would never be able to. Things we easily take for granted such as voting or being able to make our own decisions about our future were taken away from people that were ‘different’ than us.

Slavery is and was a major issue and it’s something that will never fully end but this act definitely made it harder for people to have slaves. During the Civil War slavery played a key role, the war would’ve never happened if slavery had not been so important to people. The Civil War did succeed and ended slavery, but the Civil Rights Act refrained it from starting up again.

In conclusion the Civil Rights Act really did make an impactful point on history. Without it, people that have rights and are treated as a citizen like everyone else would have never had this opportunity. There is still discrimination these days but not close to how bad it used to be. Without the Civil Rights Act the way we treat these people now would be much different. No matter what race, color, sex, or origin you are you should be treated like every citizen is treated.

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Fighting for Civil Rights

What do civil rights mean? It is the civilian rights we have. Let’s go back to the past when it was segregation, where blacks and whites had a wall between them. That was a bad time. Now, when we look at it, we say how cruel it was and how horrible it was. But if you lived as a white back then, what would be your mind? You would probably think segregation was a good time. Today I will be talking about Ruby Bridges, Sylvia Mendez, and Martin Luther King Jr. These people fought for the Civil Rights Movement and shaped what is called today.

Ruby Bridges is a black person who went to a white-only school, William Frantz Elementary, at age 4. At that time, if blacks went to this school, it had some nasty side effects. This is because many parents were against integration, creating a harsh environment. On the first day of school, Ruby was crowded by a bunch of angry parents. My first support for Ruby Bridges is when she kept going to the white school. If I was Ruby, I would leave, the first day. Ruby would have done the same thing. She knew though, that she could rise above the rest and go to the white school. She stood up and shaped so much of the integrated schools today. Without her, this world would be so much different. Second, Ruby had an integrationist teacher. Although it was a one-man race in Ruby’s classroom, she had a friendly environment to work with. This contributed to at least 30% of her thoughts for staying in the white school. If the teacher wanted the schools to be segregated, Ruby’s probability of quitting would raise by a huge margin. Finally, Ruby took all these insults like she was a sponge soaking up water. One lady decided to make a coffin of Ruby, which translates to “You’re going to be poisoned”. It started a fire full of fears. Ruby was so scared and really didn’t want to go to the white school. But she knew what was right. Keep going to the white school, because Ruby deserved it. Ruby Bridges is such an inspiration for today and really defined the Civil Rights movement.

Sylvia Mendez is a Hispanic lady who was segregated from the white school for three years. Her family fought for Sylvia and her siblings’ education. Sylvia’s family went through so much to get this result. First, she was bullied on her first day of going to the white school One white kid said Sylvia belonged in the Mexican school. Sylvia, and all the other Mexicans did not deserve to be treated poorly. Sylvia and her family fought so much to get this far. Second, Sylvia’s family had so many people on their side. Then non-integrationists became outnumbered. Sylvia’s family didn’t just get the people. They earned the people. Sylvia’s family went to everybody they could to get an answer to why the schools are segregated. There was no good result until the court case happened. The court person said things that were anything but true about the Hispanics. Sylvia Mendez was an inspiration for the Civil Rights Movement and really fought for today. She even went on to win an award!

Martin Luther King Jr. Was a powerful Civil Rights activist who gave his heart-touching “I Have a Dream” speech in front of so many people. Martin Luther King Jr. was sent to Birmingham Jail and wrote the famous “Letters from Birmingham Jail”. But sadly, Martin got shot by James Earl Ray in April 4, 1968. This, of course, was a tragic death for everybody worldwide. Martin put a bomb in segregation and destroyed it. First, he had white friends. Martin was taking big risks by having white friends. Why is that, you may ask? It is a result many people really hating blacks and whites together and might harm a black and a white that are together. The bad people could even kill people or bomb houses. That’s not all. Secondly, Martin’s “I Have a Dream” speech was sincere to the heart. He impacted everyone not just because of the words, but how he read those words. Martin first read the words by paper but realized that his speech was more than a few pages of paper. He threw the paper away and read by the heart. Martin expressed himself, and every single bit of himself. Martin didn’t hesitate to say how he supported desegregating the community. Martin was a brave man. He didn’t care about how people would judge him. All he cared about was the community, and how the community lived.

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Accommodationist Approaches to Civil Rights

Many historians have debated whether accommodationist approaches to civil rights worked to achieve any progress for African Americans. There have been many different accommodationist tactics taken by different leaders throughout the civil rights movement. Booker T Washington was a prominent figure who advocated a well-educated and economically prosperous lifestyle for African Americans, as he believed this would allow them to change the current situation and persuade the majority that they deserved equal rights. Accommodationist tactics, such as those used by leader Booker T Washington, did achieve some progress for African Americans, as his continuous efforts to help others achieve the skills needed to be accepted into society allowed for a sense of pride to be felt by a majority of their community. However, his techniques did not meet the changing requirements of society, as the shift in industry resulted in his education methods becoming substandard.

Accommodationist tactics contrast with more radical tactics pursued by those who criticised Washington’s approach, such as Web Du Bois. These often consisted of individuals wanting to directly tackle and change the current social standing and treatment of African Americans within society. However, these radical tactics also often deterred a majority of supporters of civil rights due to their more direct protests. Leaders such as Martin Luther King took a more diverse approach to his tactics concerning his work towards civil rights, as he often used peaceful methods but still directly confronted the issues at hand, causing many to question whether his protests were more radical than they originally seemed. This therefore shows that accommodationist tactics did prove to achieve some progress, when the societal conditions were correct.

Accommodationist tactics that advanced economic progression have been frequently debated by historians due to the varying views on the success of Booker T Washington’s work. Washington’s use of accommodationist tactics came at a time when the economic conditions for many African Americans were very poor, due to the societal prevalence of segregation, which resulted in their exclusion from many jobs and also the presence of lower wages. His belief, outlined by his speech known as the Atlanta Compromise, suggested that the previous policy of Radical Reconstruction had been a mistake and that African Americans should focus on developing their economic responsibility. This principle relied upon the assumption that political and social equality would follow, if African Americans were able to become skilled and well-educated citizens. This did produce some progress, as Washington’s views and speeches allowed him to become “the only black leader of his age who could consistently attract large and enthusiastic audiences”, allowing him to spread his message with very little opposition. Many White Americans did not interfere with Washington’s plans, as it supported their view of white supremacy, allowing African Americans the opportunity to successfully gain skills and education through his programs, such as the Tuskegee Institute. This provided them with an economic output which did not agitate others by forcefully advocating for their rights.

However, by 1905 many critics began to emerge, such as W.E.B Du Bois, who believed that Washington’s approach to gaining equality was too narrow to achieve status for African Americans. These criticisms are supported by the lack of great progression at this time, as seen in the IPUMS 1900 Census, where only 37.8% of black boys aged 6 to 13 were attending school, compared to the 72.2% of white boys, meaning that Washington still failed to achieve a greater education for some African Americans. This shows that although Washington’s principles did help to unify the African American protests and beliefs, no real progress was made towards a greater education for African Americans or towards economic equality. This may have been due to the criticisms which appeared at that time, as few African Americans actually witnessed any economic improvements made due to these tactics, consequently resulting in many views changing to more radical ones in hope of a more successful approach towards economic progression.

One leader at this time was Marcus Garvey, who developed and grew his organisation, the UNIA (Universal Negro Improvement Association), within America in 1916. He placed a heavy importance on the economic welfare and employment of African Americans, and dedicated some of his work towards developing the Negro Factories Corporation, which created businesses within African communities which would employ and pay black men and women to work. His creation of the Black Star Line also aimed to push African Americans into trading among themselves and Africa by creating their own trading ships, which would allow many members of the ships and the UNIA a paying wage in hopes of improving their economic situation. However, Garvey was criticised greatly at this time, as his investment into the Back Star Line became insignificant after its collapse. By 1922, Garvey’s BSL “was in a state of economic ruin with virtually no reasonable assets” and had not actually achieved any main trading that would provide members of the UNIA with a continuous payment scheme.

Many leaders, such as Du Bois, became suspicious of Garvey’s aims, as evidence emerged that the BSL had faced the disappearance of many ships and their cargo. Shortly after this event Garvey claimed that his ships had been damaged and even “accuses his associates and employees of dishonesty”. This shows that while Garvey’s aims for the UNIA and the Black Star Line may have attempted to improve African Americans economic conditions, he never achieved any real progress due to the introduction of many critics and allegations against him at this time. The beginning of the ‘Garvey must go’ campaign alongside his obvious lack of funding for the UNIA led his organisations into failure, ultimately meaning he could no longer achieve any other progress than his minimal reputation allowed him to. By the 1930s the economic situation had greatly deteriorated, due to the Great Depression. This resulted in a change of perspectives for many Socialist African American supporters, many of which previously “blamed the oppression of blacks on Capitalism rather than white people”.

After the rejection of Washington’s accommodationist tactics in the early 1900s, many strong black leaders turned to more radical plans to end the era of segregation. One of these leaders was W.E.B Du Bois, who later founded the NAACP (the National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People) and began to work alongside other more radical leaders to fight white supremacy and white violence. Du Bois believed that in order to become economically wealthy, African Americans must have political protection, something that was not readily available during this time. This period of poverty however, did bring some progress from more radical supporters, as it allowed for organisations such as the NAACP to attempt to unite both social groups and call for a “new labour movement” within America. The aim of this was to bring about unity among black and white workers, all of which were suffering greatly through the economic downfall.

However, W.E.B. Du Bois dismissed “the politically fashionable argument that black advancement should come about through a union of black and white workers” and instead took steps towards achieving economic progress through the already developed segregated communities set up in the South. This led to many groups creating their own black unions and organisations, which helped create progress as when part of a union, many black workers found that they had higher autonomy when working as a collective group, leading to more work and opportunities to gain economic assets within their own communities that could not be challenged by other white supremacists. This means that Du Bois did manage to achieve some economic progress for many African Americans within the South during the Great Depression, as his use of already established communities and his encouragement towards the unions they created helped workers to establish paid work and gain some economic benefits within a time of great economic trouble.

The start of World War Two began a new campaign for equality at home and work for civil rights activists, as leaders such as Asa Phillip Randolph began to appear. Randolph’s work towards civil rights began through his assistance in the ‘Double-V’ campaign, which was originally started by a group of editors in the Pittsburgh newspaper. This campaign strived to achieve a double victory, both “abroad against dictatorship, and at home against racial inequality and segregation” using tactics that directly affected the war effort. This campaign did achieve some progress, as the threats Randolph made towards marching 50,000 troops into Washington led President Roosevelt towards the signing of Executive order 8802, which made it obligatory that “all departments [...] concerned with vocational and training programs for defense production [...] are administered without discrimination because of race, creed, color, or national origin”. This allowed many African Americans to gain paid work within the military and war production, through industry routes and military conscription, as the amount of African Americans receiving respect and recognition wildly increased. This is evidenced by individuals such as the Tuskegee airmen, who received a wide amount of credit for the airstrikes they completed over Europe and North Africa. This shows that African Americans did achieve some economic progress during this time, as the legislation passed during this time allowed them to gain better paying jobs. This was an obvious difference to their prior jobs which consisted of mostly farming and low paying industrial work, as the Executive order 8802 now allowed them to take up any government jobs and war-related industrial work with little to no discrimination.

These conditions made within and after World War Two may have helped Martin Luther King’s protests as the newfound respect that some African Americans were presented with allowed them to freely advocate for their rights with a wider amount of both black and white supporters. While radical protests and leaders did achieve some progress, they never achieved the positive reception that Martin Luther King Jr. and his peaceful but direct methods received after the war. Although most of King’s Protests were politically based towards ending segregation and working towards a united society, he also preached for economic justice throughout many of his speeches and events.

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The Houston Astros Cheating Scandal

Contents

Abstract
Current Event - The Houston Astros Cheating Scandal
Problem Analysis
Ethical Analysis
Conclusion
References

Abstract

Houston Astros cheating scandal is among many immoral approaches when it comes to sports. The scarlet letter has been painted “C” for cheaters on Houston Astros. It is the punishment that was handed by Major League Baseball (MLB) after illegally stealing the signs in the 2017 World Series Championships. There were several other sentences that the team incurred, but the biggest of all is that they breached ethical policies in sports. The paper will focus on the problem and ethical analysis of the Houston Astros cheating scandal.

Keywords: MLB, ethics, teleology, value theory, relativism, deontology, intuitionism

Current Event - The Houston Astros Cheating Scandal

In November 2017, Ken Rosenthal and Evan Drelich of the Athletic raised the alarm about Houston Astros cheating. The article reported that Houston Astros utilizes electronic signs during the 2017 World Series Championship season. Shortly after the report had been published, MLB started an investigation, and Commissioner Rob Manfred released the results on Jan 13, 2018. The investigation proved that, indeed, Houston Astros electronically stoles the signs in 2017 and part of 2018 seasons. The club under numerous legal proceedings was fined $5 million and was disqualified from the second-round draft of 2020 and 2012. The perpetrators of the theft GM Jeff Lanchow and Manage A.j Hinch were suspended for one year from the league, and the club later fired them.

Problem Analysis

As highlighted above, Astros utilized a camera that was placed in the middle of the field to cheat on the signs during the play. The personnel would watch feed in a halfway between dugout, and clubhouse and could instead relay the signs coming to the hitter by hitting a garbage can. During the investigation, it was proven that Astros create a technique utilizing illegal systems to create signs so that a runner on the second base could relay the warning to the hitter. Astros could whistle and clap to send the symbols from the dugout before setting on banging a garbage can (Barna, 2019). During the investigation, it was confirmed that throughout the 2017 seasons, the club stole the signs.

The cheating scandal was a huge deal because it was against rules, both written, unwritten, and old-schools teaching. Baseball undertook essential steps of banning this type of behavior that started from 2019 seasons. It limited live-feed access available to a team without any-inhouse camera between foul poles. MLB has since warned all clubs again any form of high-tech cheating in regular or postseason. Houston Astros received five significant penalties, which include the suspension of Manager A.J. Hinch for one year. GM Jeff Luhnow and GM Brandon Taubman were also suspended for one year. The club forfeited the first and second-round draft pick for the subsequent 2 years, and they were fined $5 million. The players, however, received immunity from MLB with an exchange of maximum cooperation during the season (Osborne, 2017).

From the analysis after the investigation, it was concluded that all teams tried to steal the signs because it is part of the game. The main problem is how the signs are being stolen. Houston Astros took the cheating scandal very far because all the players were receiving specific alerts such as whistles and claps. There are many circumstances where the teams have used technology and went unreported or undetected. Houston Astros was the latest club that was exposed, and undoubtedly it will not be the last.

Ethical Analysis

There exist ethical issues surrounding the Houston Astros cheating scandal. Ethics exist in each field and specifically in sports. In the basic terms, ethics is knowing what is right from wrong. The main ethical issue is that the Houston Astros as a team knew that signs stealing scheme are morally wrong (Epstein & Osborne, 2017). Everyone, including the manager, was aware of the plan, and as noted in MLB investigations, the players were also informed. MLB argued that all the players were interviewed and admitted that they knew the idea was wrong and not a fair competition, plus it violated MLB rules.

The cheating scandal can be analyzed using ethical theories such as relativism, teleology, deontology, intuitionism, & value theory. Relativism is a concept that states that there is no absolute truth in ethics, and what is morally right or wrong differs from one individual to another or from one community to the other. From the investigation carried out by MLB on the Houston Astros cheating scandal, it is clear that they were aware of the signs stealing scheme, thus against the values of ethical relativism. The principal value of relativism is truth, and with universal baseball rules, there is no variation from what is morally wrong or right in one team or the other. All the teams should subscribe to one crucial rule in sports, fair competition.

Intuitionism is an ethical theory that states that essential truth is known intuitively. The intuition of a person knows something because it is accurate and should guide a person in each action. It helps a person to understand fundamental morals. About the Houston Astros cheating scandal, the management and players knew that stealing signs is not good, but they were honest that indeed they stole. In this case, their intuition was a pretty powerful philosophy because, at the end of the day, they retain their title, and the players received immunity as long as they cooperated during the investigation.

Value theory, on the other hand, is concerned and asks how and why individuals value somethings such as a person, idea, objects, and so forth. Moral and natural goods are also related to value theory. It also deals with theoretical questions about goodness and values that cross the line between metaethical and normative ethics. In reference to Houston Astros, they valued the trophy more than anything else, and they were ready to cross the line of ethics and make the history books being rewritten. What sounds like a harsh punishment was not a punishment at all because they retained the title, and only two men lost the jobs.

Teleology is an ethical theory that argued that there is a moral obligation from what is right and desirable. Deontology, on the other hand, is the fundamental standard for an action to be morally right, and the actions are independent of the good or bad being generated. From the cheating scandal, it is clear that they subscribed from the teleological approach that the end justifies the means. The teams were willing to do the best for the majority and sacrifice only two individuals that were suspended. The teams clearly selected to follow the utilitarian approach in doing their business as compared to normative ethics. Although the reputation is ruined, the end for sure justified the means.

Conclusion

Each company tends to incline only one ethical approach over others. For Houston Astros, the reputation will take a long time to build when they lost it overnight. They are usually many consequences for each action. Ethics in sports was implemented to create a playing field that people will compete based on their skills, ability, and hard work. It was also designed to protect billions of people, both fans and players, in the future. Doing the right thing is moral in sports, and from this, Astros can be argued that they changed the truth of the game.

References

Barna, A. G. (2019). Stealing Signs: Could Baseball's Common Practice Lead to Liability for Corporate Espionage? Berkeley Journal of Entertainment and Sports Law, 8.
Epstein, A., & Osborne, B. (2017). Teaching Ethics with Sports: Recent Developments. Marq. Sports L. Rev., 28, 301.
Osborne, B. (2017). Legal and Ethical Implications of Athletes' Biometric Data Collection in Professional Sport. Marq. Sports L. Rev., 28, 37.

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Argumentative Writing: Cheating Getting Worse

“Cheaters are cowards that are tempted to chase the fantasy of what could be instead of courageously addressing their own self-destructive behavior and civilization what is”. This is a quote by “Doctor Steve Maraboli”. Cheating refers to the way of achieving a goal. Also, cheating is a reward given to be dishonest. Cheating has worsened during past years for many reasons. Why do people cheat in today’s world? Is a hidden reason about cheating, which is not seen in the reality and not shown in the reality? Cheating is happening due to some numerous issues such as seeking self-discovery, bored, uncontrollable and selfishness. These reasons can further divide into internal and external reasons. These are some major causes as answers to the question why people cheat. Some people are selfish for no reasons. This gives the meaning that the selfishness does not have to be something it is just a feeling, which causes people to pick by them for what they are becoming selfish.

School cheating gives the power to selfishness and further selfishness can divide into many sub categories such as copying. Moreover, uncontrollable gives the meaning that the partners are drive through high sex addiction revenger or anger, drug addiction, which can cause cheating in relationship. Cheating can be done to make someone happy, which is also known as self-satisfaction this is rising the power to teachers cheat. Uninterested or bored can be clarified by linking to cyber cheating since to feel less bored the people use online chatting as a addictive relaxation.

“Cheating is a choice not a mistake,” this quote explains why school cheating is trendy in the world. In the United States, it states that twenty percent of students has start to cheat from the first grade. In Germany seventy five percent of students has caught by cheating the plagiarism. In schools students are cheating in different ways for example, writing in palm, writing in papers and passing the invigilator is looking in a different direction, whispering. These are some popular ways of cheating in schools. A nationwide survey of thirty six thousand has found that sixty percent of cheating on the examination and assignments (The education forum, 2017). Besides, Students are less likely to impart the winning prospect to others students, which shows that the today’s education is challenging.

In addition, the disparity between old system education system and new system education system is that new technology has created a great chance for students to cheat which is an external factor. In addition, Internet entree has open the gates for students to find, analysis and copy the information through Google, Safari because there are billions of website that students can assess and create their own answers. This is particularly bad for home take assignments because the students can duplicate the information without getting caught to plagiarism. David M.Wazsieleski has found that the college students have given the access to complete the assignments, which is more likely to helping them to copy. For instant, recently Devdiscourse website publish an article stating that, 12 medical students in Muzaffarnagar medical college, Begrajpur caught cheating in the examinational hall by using electronic devices. The students have caught hiding the electronic devices under their clothes and under the hair wigs. Moreover, one of the electronic devices has found in college washroom. The main reason behind this cheating is the completion because to pass a medical is not easy, which requires lots of uphill struggle and knowledge.

Furthermore, schoolchildren are more likely to cheat when they do not have enough knowledge towards the subject, which is an internal factor since it is develop by own. Lots of students in new generation studies only the facts that they think that is important to the exam but the professors or teachers does not give what students expect as a result the students must have the ability to answer whatever the question the examiner ask to do. However, lot of students lack in mega cognitive-skills, which is the skill to think beyond what professors and lecturers expect from them. Also the speediness of the students should not lack because when they cannot finish the exam paper at the time, then the particular student who is doing the exam paper get pressured. As a result, this will cause the student to grab opportunities such as cheating, which can lead to the meaning to copy from someone.

Cheating in relationship is getting worse in today’s society. The main reasons that will appear in cheating in relationship are lack of love, sexual desire, anger, addiction and etc. Finland, United Kingdom, Spain, Belgium, Norway, France, Germany, Italy, Denmark Thailand are the famous countries, which has the uppermost rate of relationship cheating. Finland is the most legendary country, which has a higher rate of relationships cheaters. In Finland married couples have many other affairs during their marriages. Finland is having around thirty seven percent statistic of cheaters.

Men’s are more likely to cheat than women since the method that the men direct their love in more physical way so this can gives the meaning that the sex is an important footpath than a real relationship or marriage life this is also known as sexual desire. Some researchers state that the divorce rate is higher than marriage rate since cheating happening in relationships. According to Boston college economist, Donald cox states, ”that poorer women are more likely to cheat than wealthy women”. Women cheat in a way more different than men. The tool that women choose to cheat men is emotional hollowness. On the other words, women try to discount their partners and also seek help from others to stop the current relationship such as in marriages; this is an external factor, which can cause cheating. For example, in today’s world some facts have found that women get help from someone before doing any particular act. As a result, this act might be either effect positive or negative however, when it comes to cheating the women take the negative act as the guidance and this cause the relationship to end with a misunderstanding cause by someone to stop the relationship. Also, partners might feel less interest in the relationship so this will cause the inspiration to move on to another relationship so such cause can create the opportunity to cheat the partners.

“The motivation is the revenge” said by Selterman. Revenge or anger is a feeling, which leads to suspicious the partner. This is like a motivation energetic by someone, who is trying or wants to see an end of a relationship of some particular couple. Moreover, addiction to drugs, alcohol is another way of cheating. When a person is sober he or she may cross the line, which is a misunderstanding that a particular partner might dubious as a result the partners will feel that he or she is cheating. Sexual addiction is a major cheating way, when one partner is enthusiastic to have a sex with someone other than the married partner or the partner in affair then that is known as cheating. This is also known as a certain physical attraction that the partner in affair or partner in marriage does not have but the other girls or boys attraction

“There is no better feeling than the movement of life inside you” is a quote, which gives the meaning that the pregnancy is the greatest gift of mothers. Cheating on their partners is an mysterious fact that ten percent of the men cheat their partner during the pregnancy. Researchers suggest that 1 in 10 men cheat their women, who are pregnant. Doctor Farhat, states some reasons why men cheat women during the pregnancy such as stress, lack of attraction, lack of intimacy. During the time of pregnancy it is really a stressful period for both the mother and father to be but if the father to be is not showing more attention towards the baby to be born then this situation simply gives the reaction that the father to be is likely to accept the baby, as a result this will cause betrayal.

In addition, when the figure shape of the women transform and when men finds the women who is pregnant unsightly then this increase the chance to attract to other women. The main reasons for this act is sexual mental. A woman goes through lots of body changes plus other problems but the men’s who are addictive to sexual desire does not care about women becoming pregnant. Kylee Cochran, who is a famous celebrity know-how cheating from her husband, who is Seth Petersen. She was the only parent for her children because her husband wild her two kids, when Kylee was pregnant during her 7 months. She wanted her husband to justify the accountabilities for his wild children.

Moreover, Lecturers’ cheating is an interesting fact that most of the people have not heard or seen. Hundreds and thousands of teachers has caught cheating because of their own self-career. This is an internal factor since this cheating is done to increase own earnings from the career. Teachers have caught committing cheating in marking papers. For a return teachers frequently committee cheating. For example, a teacher might committee cheating if some parent of a student gives some bribe or some gifts to the teacher as return that teacher might do some cheating in marking exam papers. For instant, the teacher will increase some definite amount of marks in the paper while marking In other words this is know as favoration.

There is an argument saying that cheating is getting worse can be decline such as by decreasing the exam pressure. When the exam pressures of children are less then the students will work generally and this will also reduce the stress of the students. Lowering the grading’s in the exams can reduce the pressure of students when doing the exams. For example, in todays world lots of colleges are giving varieties of grades such as A-, B+, B-, C+ and C-. Moreover, the schools, colleges can provide some workshops regarding what is really important rather competing with other child for marks because the competition only lies for sometime. For example, a student in a college or a school may have a competition with a college student or a school student so if that particular child learns what really means by competition then this can help to decrease the cheating. In addiction, the professors or lectures must give a certain a fair grading especially for home take assignments since the students can copy from online, which is a popular cheating. Then this can help to decrease the cheating rate in the assignments. For example, if the total percentage of home take assignments is fifty percent then the percentage can be decrease for a fair percentage. As a result, this gives an opportunity to the people who are not cheating in the exams and as well as to decrease the chance of cheating in the exam.

Cheating can be decrease in future. There is an argument saying that cheating is getting worse can be decrease to some extend such as by decreasing the exam pressure. When the exam pressures of children are less then the students will work commonly and this will also reduce the stress of the students. Lowering the grading’s in the exams can reduce the pressure of students when doing the exams. For example, in todays world lots of colleges are giving varieties of grades such as A-, B+, B-, C+ and C-. Moreover, the schools, colleges can provide some workshops concerning what is really important rather competing with other child for marks because the competition only lies for one-time. For example, a student in a college or a school may have a competition with a college student or a school student so if that particular child learns what really means by competition then this can help to decrease the cheating. In addiction, the professors or lectures must give a certain a fair grading especially for home take assignments since the students can copy from online, which is a popular cheating. Then this can help to drop the cheating rate in the assignments. For example, if the total percentage of home take assignments is fifty percent then the percentage can be decrease for a fair percentage. As a result, this gives an opportunity to the people who are not cheating in the exams and as well as to decrease the chance of cheating in the exam.

“A real man or women will be honest no matter how painful the truth is. A coward hides behind the lies and deceit”. This is a quote, which explains best for betraying in online chatting. Online chatting is causing unknown cheating, which is also known as cyber cheating. This is happening with a female and male or other genders people other than the spouse or the partner. When a particular partner is bored those people will try on different method such a method is know as online chatting, which they find that they will become less bored such as instagram, face book and other social medias. Further, the online conversations will lead into online relationships where there is no physical contact and emotionally intimacy. No physical contact can lead to betrayal, which is also known as cheating, since the meeting place of the people include only the computers, mobile phones and other technological devices. This is a disadvantage of sophisticate technology, which increases the chance of doing sexual activities not in real but through conversations. For example, when someone is flirting with sexual conversation then that means that the person has taken control over the emotional and physical attention to the partner but this is not always lead to real relationships since there is no physical contact. The more information the particular person share to the opposite person leads to feel closer. This is the emotional intimacy in cyber cheating.

Cheating can be done by anyone because it is a choice; people usually grab the choices without thinking the circumstances. So when it comes to relationships the couples do caught for cheating. Therefore if he or she caught by cheating then the opposite partner must persuade the partner not to cheat the next time. This can be done through many ways such as asking the partner to take the full responsibility that he or she cheated and this will help the partner to be honest and it will help to make the behaviour good. Besides, there is a quote, which gives an advice that the relationship without trust is like a car without gas. If the partner is getting angry for small reasons then the opposite partner should take advice from professional person other than a friend because in todays world friends are unknown, it is hard to find the intention of the friend or else the enemy, who is acting as a friend. The couples can engage in couple’s therapy, which is a therapy done by a professor to help building trust and to reduce the problems of the relationship or marriage life. This can also help to remove unwanted friends who are trying to involve in the marriage life or relationship because in most of the time revenge or anger is a motivation done by a third wheel.

In conclusion many evidences are on for side that cheating is getting worse. Cheating is a major problem for many people such as teachers, parents, wives, husbands and fiancé. These people are the people who are experience major cheating. The most famous cheating is, exam paper cheating as for the detailed information above. This school cheating is done to increase the pride or to take attention by people because the scholars. School students cheat in exams to make someone happy and that someone is mostly the parent and to get attention from friends. The cowards who cheat during women pregnancy time period is because of the sexual desire. Besides, there are teachers, who do not care about the children since some teachers main aim is to improve their own career with many opportunities. Online cheating is a major problem to the world, which has increased for past years. Online cheaters are way more different than other cheaters because they cheat without meeting and through taking control over someone’s emotions. The best advice that the person who is trying to experience cheating is not to take an advice from a third wheel which is a friend who comes into the life as an enemies. Cheating can be decreased is the people change their behavior and the mind set with the help from professionals. When there is no cheating there is no betrayal. Only cheaters can change the evidences that cheating getting worse.

References

Meighan, 2014, celebrity breakup) Retrieved from-https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.celebdirtylaundry.com/2014/burn-notice-seth-petersen-kylee-cochran-divorce-pregnant-split-breakup-cheating-separate-0106/amp/
Mukhtar, 2018, Real life) Retrieved from-https://www.journalpost.co.uk/real-life/why-mean-cheat-during-pregnancy/
Stieg. 2017, cheating in a relationship infidelity statistic) Retrieved from-https://www.refinery29.com/en-us/2017/03/145438/cheating-in-a-relationship-emotional-infidelity-statistics

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Cheating in Esports and how it’s Dealt with

In this essay I am going to be discussing how cheating is prevented in Esports events and organisations such as Gfinity Elite, IEM Katowice and more. I will also be discussing how cheating is prevented with technology and without it. Another aspect of this is, why these organisations need these strategies in place to prevent teams or individuals from cheating. Furthermore, I will also explain what games are using anti cheat systems and what kind of cheats or hacks are used in these games. Later on in the essay I will also bring up cases of cheating in Esports over the recent years now that it has become more popular. For a part of this essay I will be referencing Mia Consalvo’s book “Cheating – Gaining Advantage In Video Games.” Towards the end of the essay I will be giving my opinion on cheating in Esports and how it effects the organisations and the teams involved.

Cheating in First person shooter games like CSGO is used everyday, one of the main cheats that be used in games is aim hacking. Aim hacking is where the players crosshair will lock onto the other players player model giving the hacker 100% accuracy. Another very Common hack in shooting games in particular is wall hacking. Wall hacking is where the player can see red outlines of the enemies through walls even across the map the hacker will also be able to see outlines of teammates which can lead to the hacker giving information to teammates about where the enemies are. Furthermore, a third way of cheating in games is using something called a Bhop script. A Bhop script can be used to help a hacker get across the map quicker than anybody else that is either walking or running. Spinnbotting is when a hacker can just spin around on one spot and look at the floor and kill the whole enemy team in one bullet.

The first technology that I will be talking about is Valve anti cheat. Valve anti cheat is used only on Steam on hundreds of games including; CSGO, Call of Duty, DOTA and Team Fortress 2 just to name a few. Valve will issue timely bans out to players who’re hacking. How long the ban lasts for is determined on how game changing the hack is. For example, if a player uses wall hacks in game they could possibly be banned for life, this is also known as being ‘VAC Banned’. On the other hand, if a player is using Bhop scripts they may only be banned for a week. The way that Valve anti cheat works is that the system will search through the players PC files, find the hacks that the player is using and then ban them accordingly. The ban will only effect VAC secured servers, players who have been banned will still be able to play on community servers.

The second technology that I will be talking about is Easy anti-cheat. Easy anti-cheat also effects games such as CSGO and Team Fortress 2 but only in tournaments from organisations and websites such as Gfinity and Faceit.

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Cheating In Esports And How It's Dealt With. (2021, Dec 29). Retrieved November 5, 2025 , from
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Thwarting Online Exam Cheating

Contents

Procedure – I
Procedure – II
Procedure – III
Procedure – IV
Procedure – V
Verifying Student ID
Honour Code

Academic misconduct is playing a crucial part in our economy. It is an attempted action which degrades the full essence of learning. Maintaining the integrity has been the biggest priority since ages. Different places possess different rules and regulations for maintaining such misdeeds. It is really unfair to the individuals who follow the principles of academic integrity and show honesty in performing the tasks. The practise of academic misconduct should be highly abolished in the society particularly in the educational institutions. Students should be encouraged to be honest to them and also to appreciate and respect the hard-work put in by others. As a matter of fact, academic integrity is a measure of excellence.

Since due to the increasing risk of the ongoing pandemic that is “COVID – 19” across the globe most of the schools, colleges and universities have switched to remote online teaching. Almost all the academic activities are being conducted via online through various platforms such as zoom, discord, Skype, etc. This remote learning technique is actually turning out to be very positive for the students as their studies are not being compromised and they are very well coping up with the teachers acquiring knowledge in the comforts of their homes. But the question arises: Is conducting online exams really worth it?? Isn’t the integrity of the exams is being compromised as there is a greater liability of academic misconduct??

Promoting high level of technology for the students to write the final evaluations has a profound impact on the accessibility and the participation. Due to the increasing concerns about the ongoing pandemic crisis the institutions are not left with any alternative to just keep sticking what the government says and this is creating havoc in how academic misconduct can be prevented. Cause this time the teachers won’t be going to roam around the students the students to keep an eye on what they are doing while writing the examination.

This is totally an obnoxious situation for the institutions in such a complicated situation to maintain the integrity during the online examination as there is a greater risk of students using vast technology to write their exams because they have been granted permission by the authorities due to which there are greater risks for such issues to arise and that too at a very accelerating rate because the students are totally going to take a huge advantage of the situation. They can use numerous sites to write down the examinations, or they can sit together in a group of 2-3 people to write the exam, even though they can seek help from their parents or the books and the course material that has been posted online.

This is a matter of grave concern for the teachers on how to stop such illegal practices from occurring and also to save those students who are being loyal. The need of hour is to implement various methods for conducting the examinations so that such situations should never arise and even people should never dare to opt for these kinds of illegal ways so that honest ones can get a sigh of relief. Using the online exam control procedures can prove to be very effective for stop such misconducts while the exam procedure is being processed.

Procedure – I

Online exams must be computer accessible for only an abrupt span of time, feasibly 15 minutes or so. If the examinee would have just 15 minutes to sign into the evaluations than he/she will just be involved in answer rather than cheating in the exam.

Procedure – II

Randomising the number of questions for each and every student. This means if the individuals try to collaborate during the exams then the questions numbers and the answers options will be totally different from one another. In short the sequential order of the questions and the answer choices would be totally different. The scrambling process will complicate the cheating efforts.

Procedure – III

Prohibiting the students from answering multiple questions at a time. By doing this the students will only be permitted to answer one question at a time without retracing to the previous one by doing so they won’t be allowed to change their answers.

Procedure – IV

Examinees must be permitted to access the evaluation just one time without giving any more chances and should be encouraged to use proper wireless internet connection while sitting for the exam. This practise is mostly discouraged because there are always multiple excuses regarding the not getting the access or losing the access to the internet.

Procedure – V

This procedure requires students to use Blackboard’s Respondus Lockdown Browser (RLB) to access the exam. It is a special kind of browser in which the students gets “locked” into the exam. They are unable to exit/return, cut/paste, or electronically manipulate the system but it doesn’t freeze them so that after completion they can submit their exam and leave the site securely.

Verifying Student ID

Verifying the identity of each and every student before and after the exam to ensure that the right individual is opting for the exam has become really imperative. There are a plethora of ways to ensure the identity. For example, Using thumb print technology or cornea scan can prove to be really effective by totally prohibiting the students from performing such pathetic deeds. ProctorU, a fast growing corporation has gained a huge success in a short span of time by ensuring the security during online tests.

According to the Company’s President and CEO Don Kassner and also the inventor of the company “Most transactions are anonymous, so there’s a lot of opportunity on the internet for fraud. But adding a human element will boost the level of the security up exponentially.” So he designed ProctorU to demolish such threats and secure the online examinations for the betterment of the community. ProctorU requires the students to connect with live proctors, either in person or through webcams. ProctorU uses the three step process by verifying the test takers identities and then monitoring their computer activity using customer support software to ensure there’s no cheating. Hence, there are plenty of ways in which we can totally terminate the chances of getting exposed to such threats.

Honour Code

It is also an ethical approach positioned on asseveration to perpetuate pedantic veracity. It is an ethical approach hinged on proposes and institutions with such a code have stunted level of deception. In a Nutshell Due the ongoing crisis because of the Pandemic the situation demands greater attention on how we can resolve such conflicts arising to save the reputation of the institutions as well as to the protect the integrity of those students as well who are loyal in giving the examinations. While it is impossible to eradicate student cheating completely, it can decelerate if both the faculty and administration work together. At the commencement of each course, it is incumbent upon the faculty to make students aware that cheating in general and plagiarism in particular will not be endured. As a deterrent, it might be worthwhile to let the students know that the internet can be used as a tool to combat plagiarism by doing searches in reverse. For its part, the administration must make the school's position on plagiarism very clear through the catalog, student handbook, and during student orientations.

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Thwarting Online Exam Cheating. (2021, Dec 29). Retrieved November 5, 2025 , from
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Signs a Woman is Cheating on You

Women do cheat, by the way, actually, they are much better at it than men. Women are like a Ph.D. in cheating as compared to men. As an example of what a particular woman did with a guy she was cheating with, she would save his name in her phone with a women’s name, such as, Leila; hiding the actual identity of whom she is chatting with. So if her husband would notice a text on her phone from Leila, he would probably won’t read it. This is just one of the common examples.

Let’s see few signs that a woman is cheating on you:

When she goes to a specific place like work or marketplace and she is changing her appearance differently. If she is all of a sudden looking different, prettier, regularly; or if there’s a big mood change, if they are walking with more of a spring in their step there often means something is going on. For example, if she stops wearing granny panties, that can be a bad sign. Especially if she is not showing you specifically, like, ‘Look what I got! Or Aren’t I too hot?’ It also could mean that it’s not for you so much.

An increase and or decrease in intercourse appetite is another thing to be concerned about. If men or women are cheating, their lovemaking life at home becomes a lot better some times because it increases their libido. In a woman the more orgasms you have, the more you have intercourse and the more you crave for it. So if your wife or your girlfriend all of a sudden start craving for more of lovemaking than she did before that actually could mean she is cheating on you. Or vice versa, if you had a really good physical relationship before and suddenly don’t, that could mean that she could be cheating you. If she’s pulling away, feeling weird about you touching her, could be a sign that she’s into someone else.

If she’s disappearing for blocks of time or is not responding to texts at certain times of the day or certain periods regularly, it could mean to be extra careful. If there is a big change in her day to day routine could mean something not right; either an emotional affair or a physical affair, it can go either way. So look for a few of these signs but be careful not to overthink unnecessarily because of the lack of trust and doubts that you may have.

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Ways to Catch a Cheating Spouse Online

Catching a cheating spouse has become ten times more difficult in this age of technology. Not only your spouse has plenty of ways to cheat on you, but they also have the technology to cover their tracks. Trust is the key in any relationship, but if you are wary of your spouse's activities, then it's better to take matters into your own hands instead of waiting for them to come clean.

Following is a list of some of the things you can do to catch your cheating spouse online:

1. Monitor their browsing history

Checking your spouse's internet browsing history is easy and straightforward. This way, you can track what websites your partner is often visiting and at what hours. If your partner is cheating on you, then there is no guarantee that you will find anything suspicious in their internet history. They can clear their browsing history, and with it, all chances of you ever finding out what they did online.

But them clearing their browsing history every time they log off is hint enough that they are hiding something from you. If not the whole history, your partner can delete specific searches and website visits from their browser history, making your task to track their infidelity more difficult. You must keep a log of when your spouse goes online and when they log off from their computer to track gaps in their search history.

2. Check their emails

This task can be a bit more challenging to complete than the first one. Some states and countries even characterize this behavior as a breach of privacy. Make sure you have a valid argument to clear your name while presenting emails as evidence of cheating in the court. If you have your spouse’s email & password that they shared with you, then checking their email shouldn’t be a problem. But note that most people get security alerts when they login to their account from unfamiliar devices. You can uncheck the “clear cache & cookies” option in your spouse’s browser to keep them logged into their account on their computer. It is a natural way to access their emails without getting caught.

3. Check if they are on dating sites

Most cheating spouses use dating sites where they put themselves as “single” to get matched. They can go on as many dates as they want by using these sites without starting a full-fledged affair with anyone. Tinder is among the most popular dating apps, and a tinder profile search should be the first thing you should do to catch your cheating spouse. There is a chance that your spouse might be using an alias to use dating sites, but their name won’t steer far from their actual identity. That's why you should do a thorough profile search by using their nicknames and picture tracking.

4. Try to catfish your spouse

If you’ve done this before in jest with any of your friends, then this should be easy enough for you to pull off. You can create fake accounts on sites and chat rooms that you know your partner visits often. If you can get close to them online, then there are chances of them revealing information that you, as a spouse, didn’t know. If not the buddy approach, then you can try flirting with them and see how they respond to your advances. Note that you cannot get caught while doing so, and if you do, then your relationship with your spouse will be severely damaged.

5. Use a keylogger program to track their computer usage

Keylogger programs can follow all the activities that your spouse does on their computer. You can figure out their social media and email passwords with the help of these programs without getting caught. There are keylogger programs that you can use free of cost, but paid apps and plans give you more features and security advantages. It is up to you to decide how much do you want to spend on spying your spouse.

6. Trail your partner’s location via GPS tracking apps

You can track your spouse’s current position as well as all the places they’ve visited when they were away from you using their GPS. They must have their phone with them for this method of investigation to be successful. Install GPS tracking software on your and your partner’s phone if you don’t have an in-built one already on your phone. You can figure out whether your spouse is lying or not by matching their statements with their locations.

7. Monitor online bank transactions

Monitoring bank transactions is an efficient way to know what your spouse is doing with their money. Most couples have a joint account, or they at least have access to bank statements mailed at their house. You can read these statements and figure out whether your spouse has spent money on things that they didn’t bring home, especially items for the opposite gender. You need to be extremely cautious while accusing your spouse of cheating based on their bank statements. They can lie their way out of it by telling you that they bought those items as gifts for their colleagues or friends.

8. Profile their social media contacts

You can see your spouse’s Facebook friend list (if they didn’t customize their security settings), Instagram, and Twitter followers. By going through these lists, you can research about specific people that you find suspicious on these lists. You can also see who is commenting on their posts and who appears to be more “friendly” with them on social media.

Wrapping Up:

Catching your spouse cheating online is no easy feat. It is time-consuming and stressful since you need to investigate your spouse’s daily activities without getting caught. If your suspicions are wrong, then your spying can cause a strain on your relationship. That is why you must have concrete evidence of suspicious conduct, even to doubt your spouse. Furthermore, you need to stay connected to reality and plan what you will do if you caught your spouse cheating. Prepare yourself for the emotional fallout!

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Ways to Catch a Cheating Spouse Online. (2021, Dec 28). Retrieved November 5, 2025 , from
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