Month: December 2021
Development of Medicine Elimination of Old Diseases
According to the Canary foundation “The plague of breast cancer has been around for more than a few decades but rather centuries tracing back to 3000 B.C.” this demonstrates how the current prominence of this disease was inevitable as it has been around for so long. I feel as though due to the current spike in prominence of this disease whenever people discuss the topic it comes with such heavy confusion and various connotations--mainly because it has affected various people and isn’t biased towards race, gender, or age. Most individuals are not aware of most of the factors that go into disease such as cancer including the medical definition, diagnosis, signs & symptoms, treatments, and prognosis.
Breast cancer in the public sense is defined as a disease in the breast where cells grow uncontrollably that is easily spread to other areas through lymph and blood vessels. In addition to this overly simplified understanding of what Breast cancer is; the information provided to the public about the diagnosis includes the general tests performed such as a breast exam, mammogram, biopsy, ultrasound, MRI after this the doctor needs to determine what stage cancer the patient has, to subsequently develop a prognosis. Conversely, medically speaking an Oncologist is the specified doctor for cancer patients and they generally describe cancer as a highly heterogeneous disease that has the ability to invade surrounding tissues and to successfully establish metastatic deposits in distant organs called malignant growth making cancer extremely lethal.
Moreover, in regards to diagnosis of Breast cancer Oncologists came to the realization that “regardless of the extent or radicality of the surgical resection the probability of cure was still inversely proportional to the initial stage of the malignancy, based mostly on tumor size and the extent of regional lymph node involvement”(Bonadonna, Hortobagyi, & Valagussa 215). Due to the aforementioned, diagnosis of the disease is constantly developing which increases the risk factor as they are often experimental some consist of the primary systemic chemotherapy which includes high doses of chemotherapy and the most recent one is new antimetabolites such as oral fluoropyrimidines as the traditional medicines are not effective in more advanced stages of Breast cancer.
With my own personal experience with Breast cancer it seemed as though Oncologists and doctors in general are only looking for a payday as a large majority of survivors are economically inclined. In my family we describe Breast cancer as an invasive disease, that similarly in the body, spreads to aspects of the ill’s life that in turn alters personalities. Contrary to what medical professions describe as new more successful treatments based on the resources at my disposable Breast cancer stage II is not the earliest stage to be notified as it makes it less likely that an individual will survive and even make it to the remission stage. While gender does play a role in Breast cancer; It is a common misconception that men are not able to be diagnosed with Breast cancer.
Breast cancer is a disease that affects mainly women and is due to various elements of an individual’s life. Based on “Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Breast Cancer” by Wendy Y. Chen & Andrew Wardley discussed how “the single most common risk factor for the development of Breast cancer in women [is age]”(Chen 21). In respects to the medical point of view the causes of Breast cancer are ongoing but some major studies state that the causes include environmental factors, genetics, age, exposure to radiation, time frame of when the individuals first period occurred, obesity, alcoholism, and postmenopausal hormone therapy etc. In general the public views on Breast cancer as a disease is that it is dangerous although most individuals are not sure of the causes; there are various superstitious attempts to start the conversation of this diseases etiology some examples include but are not limited to having computers on your body while in use others say standing too closely to microwaves also increases the risk of Breast cancer. Others believe that this disease only affects those that have inherited it from a family member.
In the most personal and respective way the best way to understand the etiology of Breast cancer is to experience it for yourself or have a relative experience it; otherwise it seems almost nonexistent or like a mythical disease that everyone is internally afraid of but no one directly speaks about. Simply put by my mother “ It is something that does not become of relevance until it happens to you personally” (Duncan). In my personal experience with my grandmother’s stage 2 Breast cancer I realized that it was in my best interest to find out whether or not this disease was hereditary for me or not. While researching and analyzing my family tree I had no hereditary factors to worry about but I noticed that the disease is most common among Jamaican women and that this cancer is the most prevalent in new cases with a enormous “25.3% of new cancer cases being in women were Breast cancer” based on 2018 studies of The International Agency for Research on Cancer supported by the World Health Organization. Not to mention, they IARC demonstrated that apart from Prostate cancer Breast cancer is the second most predominant cancer on the island which might explain the risk factors that my grandma was exposed to based on her origins.
Based on the research conducted and the sources reviewed stage 2 Breast cancer from a public perspective has an abundant variance of signs and symptoms including a mass/lump, swelling of breast, skin irritation, nipple pain and or discharge; Surprisingly the public is more aware of Breast than expected which is mainly due to its prominence. These signs and symptoms are more common knowledge than say ¨skin thickening and erythema of the breast (signs of inflammatory breast)... multiple nodular tumour masses¨ which are more medical views of the Breast cancer staging symptoms process(Chen 26-27). Moreover, the medical views of the prognosis of Breast cancer varies depending on if the cancer is localized or spreading intensively.
In my personal experience, my grandmother and her journey through cancer up until her death was exhausting mainly because the quality of each day depended on what medications were troublesome at that day whether it be her radiation or the chemo or any immune system building medications. With her deteriorating immune system it was way more likely that she would die of something simple or common such as the cold which made it difficult for her to enjoy the rest of her life with the little she could do especially being as weak as she was.
With fatal and incurable illnesses such as Breast cancer treatments vary based on risk factors, expenses, and how experimental a treatment is. For example, in the medical field cancer is an expensive disease that to this day is still being studied in order to find the most effective treatments to promote the longest life expectancy. Due to the fact that treatments are still being discovered and even the disease itself is still under heavy research and analysis most of the current survivors in remission will have to prepare for the cancer to resurface; with this in mind oncologist and doctors are prepared for the original treatment not to be effective the second time.
To be more precise, the most current treatment options for Breast cancer includes new antimetabolites like “Eniluracil (a drug that inhibits dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase) and Gemcitabine ” as opposed to the more traditional treatments such as “radical mastectomy, breast conserving therapies”, high dose chemotherapy and radiation (306-307 Bonadonna). The chemotherapy previously listed differentiates heavily from the “primary subsequent systemic therapy” as it is intended to have other therapies in addition to it (178 Bonadonna). In the public's point of view or common knowledge the options for Breast cancer consists of surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy as they are not aware of the intricacies of the disease most citizens are only aware that it can happen to anyone but it does not become of relevance until you somehow personally experience it. The public is not even aware that treatment is dependent on the size and advancement of the cancer similarly to how before my grandmother's experience with it I knew basically nothing except to stay away from unnecessary radiation from objects such as microwaves and computers.
In my own experience with my family it seemed almost as though the medical system completely failed us because my grandmother was “one of those people that never missed a check up” yet they did not find her tumor until it was stage 2 which inturn decreased her survival rate and then in terms of treatments we watched her go through 3 terms of chemotherapy and radiation which completely destroyed her immune system (Duncan). Due to the fact that she was immunocompromised in addition to the persistent treatments to keep the cancer as localized as possible. The treatments made my grandma very weak which forced her to be bedridden this required her to need a lot of assistance with activities of daily living. One thing that became more and more evident over time was the need for money and how much that affects the care someone is able to receive.
To conclude, my experience with a close relative suffering from Breast cancer is the driving factor that essentially 'opened my eyes' but more importantly showed me the concerning aspects for my own health not to mention that other life-or-death diseases run in my family. This disease although it has taken someone I care dearly for it is the main reason I felt the healthcare system needed me to change how certain things are taken care of especially regarding financial situations.
Cite this page
Development of Medicine Elimination of Old Diseases. (2021, Dec 29).
Retrieved November 5, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2021/12/page/10/
Importance in Deciding Medical Consent
Within the span of four years Arizona State University has used the DNA of approximately 400 people from the Havasupai Native Nation without their informed consent. This started when members of the Havasupai agreed to donate blood samples for research on type 2 diabetes, as the Native Nation has a high rate of diabetes. When the researchers took the samples, they explained the blood would be used in type 2 diabetes research; which it was, however they also used the samples in other studies in which the participants were not properly informed that their samples would be used in multiple research studies. This case ultimately brought up many issues with informed consent. Medical consent needs to apply to every participant taking place in any form of medical research or treatment, and each individual needs to be completely informed of everything that will or could happen to their samples.
The case of the Havasupai Tribe of the Havasupai Reservation v. Arizona Board of Regents and Therese Ann Markow 2009; Hart and Sobraske 2003, resulted in many questions arising regarding whether or not the participants were completely informed about what their blood samples were going to be used for. In the medical profession when explaining to a patient what will be occuring during a surgery or a simple donation for a study the patient needs to be completely informed so that they can make an educated decision.
When researchers came from ASU to request the Havasupai people to participate in a diabetes research study, due to the fact that the Havasupai people have very high numbers of diabetes amongst the population, the members of the Havasupai Nation were willing to help with the research. The members were verbally informed that the blood would be used for type 2 diabetes research and were not informed that the samples would be used in other research. After agreeing to participate they signed a from stating that they agreed to participate, as is standard for research studies. However, this form stated that the blood samples collected could be used for a number of different tests, such as a Schizophrenia study. “Since mental illness is highly stigmatized in the Havasupai culture, tribe members asserted that they would not have consented to such research had they been properly informed,” (Garrison 203). The members of the tribe later discovered that their blood samples were used for these types of test and were extremely upset; had they known that their blood samples would be used for these types of test, it is unlikely that they would have agreed to participate in the study. The Havasupai Nation then launched a lawsuit against the researchers. The case never went to trial and was settled outside of court with a settlement of $700,000 with all of the remaining blood to be returned to the Havasupai Nation for proper disposal in accordance with their beliefs (Garrison 203). This could have been avoided if the members of the research team had properly informed the participants regarding what their blood samples would be used for. Not completely informing the participants of what the full study consisted of failed the Hippocratic oath.
The action of the researchers was a disregard of the Hippocratic oath. In the United States prior to WWI, “Physicians were taught to withhold distressing information from patients because it was assumed that providing it would only burden them needlessly,” (Lasser 106). Today physicians are trained to completely inform patients of all the information regarding their care. In the United States, doctors take an oath to stay moral and uphold medical ethics of the United States. This oath is a revised version of the original Hippocratic oath written about 2,500 years ago by Hippocrates in Greece (Chaney). The oath is revised to incorporate new technology and new views on how the patients need to be treated. Part of the oath states “I recognize that the practice of medicine is a privilege with which comes considerable responsibility and I will not abuse my position. I will practice medicine with integrity, humility, honesty, and compassion—working with my fellow doctors and other colleagues to meet the needs of my patients,” (Sritharan 1441). This is only a segment of the oath new doctors take in the United States. The Hippocratic oath also states that doctors must assure that patients are fully informed so that patients can make knowledgeable decisions on the situation or whether or not to participate in a study. When taking the oath new doctors also state “I will not permit considerations of gender, race, religion, political affiliation, sexual orientation, nationality, or social standing to influence my duty of care,” (Sritharan 1441). Thus, part of a doctor’s responsibility is making sure they are fair to everyone and give all people the right resources so that patient can be informed on everything and give them the opportunity patients deserve to make the right decisions. These values should hold true for all medical studies and research.
Native Americans along with everyone seeking medical treatment in the United States are covered under the Hippocratic Oath that doctors take either during or after they graduate from medical school. After researchers from ASU used blood samples for mental health research without the consent of the individuals who participated in the research were extremely upset. The people knew that they had been treated wrongfully; as they were not informed on everything that their blood samples would be used for in the study. Being fully informed about any and all research falls under medical consent. After the incident with ASU the “Havasupai Tribe issued a 'Banishment Order' barring all ASU researchers and employees from the Havasupai reservation and halting all research,” (Garrison 204). Since the Havasupai Nation was not treated with respect by the failure to completely inform the members of the use of their blood samples the Nation no longer trusted outside researchers. The Havasupai Nation and other Native Nations are reluctant to change the laws they made to protect them from a reoccurrence of this disregard for their medical consent (Garrison 204). The Havasupai Nation does not participate in any more studies, even though researchers are continually requesting the Havasupai Nation to participate in their genetic studies.
This case ones the concern; how many times researchers have not properly informed participants what would be happening with the participant’s sample, so they can benefit and make sure they have enough participants for their study? “The broader impact of the Havasupai case on biomedical research remains largely unknown,” (Garrison, Cho ). Not knowing how this case will completely affect medical research is worrying to some because this case was not settled in court. It leaves the door open for a reoccurrence to another group of people. These researchers took away the participants sovereignty, self-determination, identity and diversity. They took away the peoples’ right to be informed on the decisions they make for themselves. This case helps me better understand sovereignty because in order to self-govern you must be fully informed about what might happen so the correct decisions can be made for an individual. Self-determination is also described throughout this case because the individuals who participated in the test were not fully informed of what would be happening with their blood samples. The Havasupai Nation was not happy that they were mistreated, and they banned the researchers from coming back onto the reservation and they are still refusing to take part in other studies because they no longer trust outside researchers. During the research process the identity of the individuals is solely that they are Havasupai. Even for medical research a person’s full self needs to be considered. No one can only be evaluated by what their heritage is. Identity and diversity go hand in hand because everyone is different from one another and even in medical research that is something that needs to be considered.
Cite this page
Importance in Deciding Medical Consent. (2021, Dec 29).
Retrieved November 5, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2021/12/page/10/
Medical Cannabis Practice in Life
Chronic pain is defined as pain lasting longer than 3 months and it is also the most common motive for people to seek out healthcare. There are more people in the US that suffer from chronic pain than cardiovascular disease, diabetes and cancer combined. Chronic pain is a very complex event that may be physical, chemical or emotional. Classically, the most notorious forms of chronic pain are divided into 2 categories; “nociceptive pain” or pain that is caused by stimulation of nerve receptors; most commonly by tissue damage. The other is “neuropathic” pain or pain that is related to damage to the nervous system. These two categories help to simplify a complex truth, in which; both acute and chronic pain are induced by several exterior and interior mechanisms. These mechanisms are constantly interacting with one another and several pain control systems.
The main obstacle with chronic pain, is the current lack of treatment options. Health care providers that work with chronic pain patients are often tasked with finding effective, yet safe treatment options. Prescription opioid medications are normally prescribed for chronic pain; however, there are no long-term bene?ts opioid therapy. In addition, extensive opioid use relates to adverse e?ects such motor vehicle accidents, cardiovascular complications, drug abuse, and overdose. The treatment of chronic pain with prescription opioids has been met with widely-publicized deficits, ultimately ending with the current opioid epidemic affecting the United States. Prescription opioids do have an initial role in the management of pain, however; nonopioid pain-relieving alternatives should be examined to increase the collection of available treatments to health care providers. The medical treatment of chronic pain is an ever- evolving challenge that changes with modification of existing tactics, development of new medications and procedures, and cognizance of potential harms and side effects. One of the most obscuring changes in chronic pain has been the expansion of epidemic levels of opioid use and abuse, prompting the need for alternative strategies. [8]
A current talking-point in many political and medical debates is the use of medical cannabis for treatment of various illnesses and diseases. For this study, we will only focus on the use of medical cannabis for the treatment of chronic pain. Anybody has the ability to discuss the future of medical cannabis, but it is important to view the historical-context of cannabis to gauge its current socioeconomic status in the United States. The 1st-recorded medicinal use of cannabis is written on a Chinese document dating back to the 2nd century. Hippocrates and Galen often prescribed cannabis orally, according to 3rd century Greek record. They would often treat a wide-array of symptoms ranging from headaches to GI issues.
An Irish physician named Dr. William B. O’Shaughnessy is accredited with introducing cannabis into Western medicine after his discovery of Indian hemp. In contrast, the United States has a relatively short-lived history with medical cannabis. In 1916, Sir William Osler, wrote in The Principles and Practice of Medicine, and he recommended the use of medical cannabis for the treatment of migraines. At the time, the recreational use of cannabis was associated with minorities, specifically African Americans. Racism was well-known in this time and it caused a stigmatization of cannabis use. Unfortunately, that racism often powered the prohibition of cannabis at the state level and federal level with the 1937 Cannabis Tax Act. [7] In today’s society, cannabis use is becoming more accepted as a medical treatment and a social norm. With the current facts about tobacoo, alcohol and opioid use, the public is becoming more aware and informed about the potential benefits and decreased risks associated with cannabis use.
Medical cannabis is available in several forms. In general, oral consumption is either through smoke/vapor inhalation, consuming baked goods, cooking products, or concentrates (and other concentrates). Vaporizers heat the medical cannabis up to 400°F, when the plant material will heat to the point that vapors form, but below the point of combustion. Many cannabis users prefer vaping to avoid the potentially carcinogenic by-product of combustion burning.
Medical cannabis can be effective and presents less risk in treating patients with chronic pain, as compared to treatment with opioid painkillers. However, there has been minimal research performed on medical cannabis to back this claim. Social stigma and government laws need to be lightened so they do not prohibit proper research and patient distribution of medical cannabis, in regards to the treatment of chronic pain.
Opioid Epidemic
The United States is currently in the middle of an opioid crisis, with an estimated 3.8 million adults abusing prescription opioid medications. Reports suggest that opioid abuse can progress to heroin abuse and, in turn, lead to a 200% increase overdose death rate. [4] These overdose deaths were caused by three prescription opioids involved in particular; oxycodone, hydrocodone and methadone. These three opioids caused over 15,000 deaths in 2015. Last year, the President of the United States issued a national public health emergency regarding the current opioid crisis. The opioid epidemic remains a major public health crisis, despite the national demand for prescription opioid, harm reduction strategies, and finding safer alternatives.
The opioid epidemic can be an advanced system, consisting of a collection of different individuals interacting with one another. From opioid users, prescribers, other medical providers, drug dealers, law enforcement and family/friends are part of a network of individuals involved in the epidemic. [9] Working in a pharmacy, as a technician for 3 years, I received direct insight to the current opioid crisis. The number of patients that I encountered, that came in to fill an opioid prescription every month, was astounding. The amount of lives impacted with this epidemic is unfathomable to the general public.
Cannabis and the Body
In order for health care providers to consider medical cannabis for as a treatment option for their patients, it’s first important for them to understand how the human body reacts with medical cannabis on a chemical level.
There are more than 60 active cannabinoids found in medical cannabis, the main 2 chemicals to be focused on are tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD). THC is the phytochemical believed to produce feelings of euphoria, anti-inflammatory effects, and possible psychosis. CBD is the phytochemical thought to be minimally euphoric, anxiolytic, and antipsychotic. Different strains of cannabis have different concentrations of active cannabinoids; Indica is usually higher in THC, and sativa is usually lower in THC. Nevertheless, significant disparity occurs between strains, and THC to CBD ratios can only be generalized. [7] THC is the primary psychoactive chemical in cannabis and it performs as a partial agonist with high-affinity at 2 cannabinoid receptors 1 and 2 (CB1 and CB2). Cannabidiol receptors are found in high concentrations in areas of the brain that control nociceptive pain in comparable amounts and locations to that of opioid receptors. [1] Cannabinoid receptor 1 is also found in the amygdala, an area of the brain that influences the emotional response to pain. One study confirmed THC’s effect on the amygdala leads to pain relief in the human body. Cannabinoid receptor 2s are extensive and are related to cells of the immune system. THC may apply analgesic effects through both receptors, mitigating perception of pain at CB1 and performing through anti-inflammatory mechanisms at CB2. [1]
Barriers to CANNABIS
Although, Cannabis has started to be researched and is growing as a treatment option for patients with chronic pain, cannabis remains a Schedule I controlled substance under federal law. [4] A Schedule I substance is one that is believed to have no medical use and a high abuse potential. LSD and heroin are a couple examples of other Schedule I substances. However, comparing drugs by their abuse potential and ratio of active dose to lethal dose specifies that cannabis can be relatively safe compared with alcohol, opioids, and tobaccoo. [7] Even with the Schedule I designation, cannabis is currently the most commonly used illicit drug with 22.2 million Americans (12 years and older) self-reported as current users (used in the past 30 days), either for medicinal or recreational purposes (Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, 2016). [4]
There are current logistical barriers to conducting quality research on cannabis. A cannabis study involves DEA registration for investigating with a schedule 1 substance and an Independent New Drug (IND) request to be on file with the FDA. The National Institute of Drug Abuse (NIDA) works with the University of Mississippi to serve as the only provider for the growth and dispensation of cannabis for research. In June 2015, the Department of Health and Human Services removed a regulation that required privately-funded studies to undergo Public Health Service Review additionally to FDA review. Moreover, current regulatory changes have increased the amount of cannabis that may be cultivated and produced by the University from 46 pounds to 1,400 pounds. [7]
There are approximately 50 potential randomized controlled trials exploring the medicinal application of cannabinoids. The US Food and Drug Administration has acknowledged oral cannabinoids for the treatment of nausea and vomiting associated with chemotherapy. Cannabis has also been approved as an appetite stimulus in wasting illnesses. [3]. Besides the potential treatment of indicated diseases, the best data from randomized controlled trials are for the treatment of chronic and neuropathic along with spasticity, commonly associated with multiple sclerosis. [3] The National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM) determined that there is “substantial evidence that cannabis is an effective treatment for chronic pain in adults” [4]
CANNABIS Risks
It is not only important to know what ways a patient can benefit from medical cannabis, but it is even more important to know the potential health risks that a patient might face when medicating with cannabis.
Data collected from multiple systemic reviews that examined the use of cannabis for chronic pain suggest that medical cannabis may be associated with a higher risk of short-term adverse effects, although rates of adverse events did not significantly differ between groups in other trials that were reviewed. [6] There is evidence from 2 cohort studies suggesting high-level of cannabis smoking (daily) has the potential to cause adverse pulmonary effects over time, however, the studies also suggested that low levels of cannabis smoking do not adversely impact lung function after patients 20 years or older. [7]
Certain acute medical conditions may arise from cannabis use. The risk is predicted by age, dose used, frequency, mode of use, and the individual’s temperament. Such acute medical conditions may include panic and mania attacks, impaired concentration/attention, decreased motor skills, nausea, withdrawal/addictive symptoms, psychosis, anxiety, and previously mentioned cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases. Abundant risk aspects for cannabis consumption have been acknowledged. There is also a possible relationship between cannabis consumption and bipolar disorders, however, there appears to be no relationship between cannabis consumption and depression. [7] Early age and long-term and heavy consumption are defined risk factors. Early onset is defined as initiation of use at an age younger than 15? years old. [7]
Evidence does suggest that cannabis use is associated with increased risk of motor vehicle accidents, especially fatal collisions. The established legal thresholds for driver impairment due to cannabis are inconsistent and vary by region. It should be noted that other chronic pain treatments, including prescription opioids and benzodiazepines, may impair a driver’s ability to operate a motor vehicle. Another concern regarding the cannabis, is the use by pregnant females because little is known about the effects that cannabis may have on a fetus. There is a higher risk of non-serious adverse events, among cannabis-using patients compared with comparable control groups. [7]
Opioid-prescribed patients often undergo a comprehensive evaluation that consists of medical, functional, and behavioral specialists that try to determine the proper treatment options for the patient. They also evaluate the risk for aberrant drug behaviors in potential opioid patients. There is also a chance that a patient may not respond well to opioid treatment, so they are evaluated for this, as well. Another crucial process is the evaluation of a patient’s functional abilities and addictive-behavior habits. There is a noted deficiency of guidance concerning the evaluation and supervision of medical cannabis when compared to the well-known guidelines regarding proper prescription opioid treatment. The application of clinical procedures, comparable to those suggested for opioid treatment, is strongly recommended given the known risks associated with cannabis use. [7]
CANNABIS Benefits
There is little known about the benefits of medical cannabis, moderately due to the barriers mentioned previously. Still, it is important for health care providers to know the risks and benefits certain treatment options compared to others. Regarding this study, we will be comparing benefits and risks of medical cannabis and opioid painkillers in the treatment of chronic pain. Improving a chronic-pain patient’s overall quality of life is best seen in the simple decrease of patient’s subjective pain scores, but also through adaptive changes and enhancements in functional levels. Anecdotally, patients who claim relief with cannabis use often report 1) experiencing some slight degree of pain relief; 2) separation from the pain without variation in pain severity; or 3) slight functional improvement, which often came in the form of better-quality sleep. [7]
In a retrospective, mirror-image study, cannabis improved quality of life and pain outcomes in patients with chronic pain. This was best noted with the positive pain outcomes that were produced by the study. These results are reliable with previous reports signifying cannabis’s effectiveness in treatment of neuropathic pain. [1] A vital question concerning medicinal cannabis chronic pain relief is whether or not, cannabis treatment is proficient enough to provide enough pain relief to become a practical substitute for prescription opioid use. There is also evidence that suggests cannabinoids have the potential to raise the pain-relief effect of prescription opioids. This can lead to a patient needs a decreased amount of medication to accomplish proper pain relief. Nevertheless, studies show that these opioid-reducing effects of medical cannabis are inadequate. Furthermore, a decrease in monthly painkiller prescription costs was detected, due to a decrease in the number of opioids prescriptions used. [1]
Two other studies noticed the replacement of cannabis for prescription opioids and reported cannabis use was associated with decreased opioid use. An online survey that was conducted in Michigan, polled medical cannabis users and found that cannabis use was associated with a 64% decrease in prescription opioid use and 45% improvement in quality of life. Another Californian study, found that 97% of cannabis users reported decreasing use of opioid medication when using cannabis concurrently with their opioid medication. 93% of the patients polled reported a preference of CANNABIS compared to their prescription opioids. [4]
Another cohort study was performed in New Mexico that observed patients who were enrolled in a medical cannabis program (MCP) were more likely to reduce daily opioid prescription usage (83.8% versus 44.8%) or to cease filling opioid prescriptions altogether (40.5% versus 3.4%), between the beginning and end of the sample period. The percentage point change in daily opioid prescription dosages also differed between the two groups with MCP patients reducing their dosages by 47 per centage points, while the comparison group increased dosages by 10.4 percentage points. In addition, MCP patients consistently reported reduced pain and improved quality of life, social interactions, and activity levels as a result of their participation in the MCP. [3]
Some recent studies also have proposed that cannabis may be comparatively safer for long-term use in adults. They also determined that cannabis is usually well-tolerated by patients. [3] Another cohort study found substantial improvements in pain intensity and the quality of life over 1 year, among the cannabis users compared with controls. There was also significant improvement among cannabis users in the measure of the sensory pain, symptom distress, and total mood disturbance. These were not the primary findings of the study but are very important when discussing the risk-benefit ratio of medicinal cannabis. [11]
The economic impact of medicinal cannabis may also be measured given the current burden of opioid crisis on healthcare systems. These systems have been forced to conduct costly alterations to general patient care practices, some of these include; drug screenings, treatment of drug abuse and addiction, prescription monitoring programs, more frequent doctor-patient interactions, and other treatment options that may be associated with reducing opioid-related liability. [3]
Conclusion
Medical cannabis can be effective and presents less risk in treating patients with chronic pain, as compared to treatment with opioid painkillers. However, there has been minimal research performed on medical cannabis to back this claim. Social stigma and government laws need to be lightened so they do not prohibit proper research and patient distribution of medical cannabis, in regard to the treatment of chronic pain.
There was slight evidence discovered throughout the research that suggests medical cannabis, can have the ability to improve neuropathic pain but insufficient evidence in patients with different conditions. Most medical cannabis studies are small, and can present with different flaws. There is also little known about the long-term effects given the short follow-up period of many studies. Applying these findings to current practice may be tricky due to the inconsistency of the product and the research. [6] In conclusion, if medical cannabis can serve as an alternative to prescription opioids for at least some patients, health care providers and legislators alike, may want to contemplate medical cannabis programs as a viable option for fighting the current opioid epidemic. [3]
Cite this page
Medical Cannabis Practice in Life. (2021, Dec 29).
Retrieved November 5, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2021/12/page/10/
The Consequences of Medical Malpractice are Tragic
Medical negligence is seen across thousands of hospitals in the United States but is not widely talked about on a global scale. Medical negligence is substandard or little to no care provided by a medical professional to a patient. This has directly inflicted injury or caused an existing condition to gradually get worse over time. There are numerous ways that medical negligence can occur such as misdiagnosis, incorrect treatment, or surgical mistakes (Irwin Mitchell, 2018). There are three main characteristics that have to occur to be considered medical negligence the first one being a violation of the standard of care, according to Admin M.
“The law acknowledges that there are certain medical standards that are to be recognized by the profession as being acceptable medical treatment by reasonably prudent health care professionals under like or similar circumstances. This is known as the standard of care. A patient has the right to expect that health care professionals will deliver care that coincides with these standards. If it is determined that the standard of care has not been met, then negligence may be established.”
In the United States there are 251,000 deaths related to medical negligence. This number is higher than the death rate of those suffering from Alzheimer’s, stroke, and car accidents combined. Why is this the case? Traditionally a job has health screenings for the employees to ensure they can still perform their job to the best of their ability. These types of inspections do not exist for doctors. Today, many of the doctors you see are of older age because they choose to work past the traditional retirement age of 65. In most cases this can be very detrimental to the patients under the doctor’s care, currently, 42 percent of doctors in the United Sates are over the age of 55 and 21 percent are over the age of 65. Many of these doctors try and keep their skills up to date, and remain mentally and physically sound others may face a complete decline in skill and judgment without even realizing it. In an article written by Steven H. Drone, 8,000 doctors still practice in the United Sates despite having dementia and declining health issues. Drone also states that “ To address the increasing problem of doctors practicing despite declining mentally a substantial amount of healthcare practices now require doctors of a certain age to take regular screenings to evaluate them and determine if they are still able to practice, although a few have argued that age alone should be a deciding factor in whether or not the can continue to practice, others think it’s a positive step to take because if not it would be totally left up to the doctor to decide whether or not they want to continue or not”(Law Offices of Steven H. Dorne, 2018)
Although age can play a huge role in your medical care so can your race. Race plays a very key factor in the treatment you receive while you are under the care of the hospital. Recent research uncovered that systematic racial differences has doubled. In 1992, black Medicare beneficiaries were less fortunate than their white counterparts to receive the 16 most commonly performed hospital procedures. In doing this African Americans, Asians and Hispanics received delayed diagnosis or initial failure in the management of chronic disease. Since a large group of black than white Medicare beneficiaries make more out-of-pocket payments than copayments this led to postponement or avoidance of care or treatment. A large variety of hospitals across the United States stereotype their patients off of their race and medical provider. The same thing applies to the medical physician in a study that was performed physicians were found to view their black patients in a more negative light than their white patients. For instance, a study was done by van “Ryan and Burke that showed even after altering the age of the patient, sex, socioeconomic status, sickness or frailty of their overall health and patient availability of social support the results showed that physicians viewed black patients, compared to their white patients as less kind, intelligent and more likely to abuse drugs and alcohol”(Bulatao, Anderson and National Research Council (US) Panel on Race, 2018) , because of this we see a lot of minorities that aren’t being treated or being totally under cared for .
In Addition to age and race playing a key role in your overall health at a health institution, there is also another factor of hospitals understaffing their facilities. According to the (ANA) “American Nurses Association studies directly connects with un-adequate nurse staffing levels. While in the past insufficient nurse staffing levels has been liked to poor patient outcomes, extended hospital stays and heightened chance of patient deaths” [ANA],2013. In addition to understaffed nurses, nurse fatigue appears to play a key role in patient safety according to a survey performed by Kronos Inc nurses were concerned about their ability to preform the tasks safely, with two-thirds of them reporting that they nearly made several mistakes while taking care of their patients due to fatigue. In March of 2013 at the (AONE) American Organization of Nurse Executives conference, they pointed out that nurse fatigue isn’t the only negative effects on operational coast, but patient and employee satisfaction as well. According to their research findings, 54% of nurses reported that they felt that they had an excessive workload, and 96% of them reported that they were tired at the beginning of their upcoming shift, an astronomical amount of 65% of nurses said their health facilities do not have a polices regarding cumulative days of extended shifts. In a Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) found that nurse understaffing lead to higher infection rates among very low birth babies. The evidence is clear that nurse staffing and fatigue is directly linked with poor patient care and safety as a nurse you have a responsibility to ensure the safety and care of those under there care. Most importantly nurses should be able to express the fatigue they feel before it becomes a safety concern to them and those under their care.
In conclusion there many factors that lead to medical negligence such has your race, medical provider, and the over-age doctors that are still allowed to work regardless of their age or metal status. Medical negligence is a global issue that has completely been swept under the rug that not a lot of people talk about nether are the working conditions of their staff are talked about either, this is why there are over 251,000 deaths that are related to medical negligence because there is a plethora of systematic racism, poor working conditions and no standards to keep the physicians or the employees safe , and this is why there are so many cases of medical negligence mainly because of the fatigue of the nurses and the mental decline of the doctors. On the other hand also the systematic racism turning down people especially minorities, because of their medical provider and financial status while their white counterparts get topnotch treatment regardless of their financial status or medical provider, it’s very unfortunate to know that how are society works today but one must realize something’s will never change .
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Biomaterials their Place in Health Systems
Introduction
Biomaterials have a wide application in the medical field solving almost every challenge. One of the significant challenges faced by old people is a loss of smell. Through other, medical and non-medical conditions people can quickly develop these implications. There is limited research on the treatment mechanisms for people who have lost smell. While depending on the condition, some people are treated permanently there is an equal likelihood of losing the smell completely. There is a need for continuous research to increase the efficiency of the treatment method as well as develop new medical strategies to help these patients. Losing smell can be dangerous as one can be exposed to hazardous gas materials. Not detecting a gas leak can be equally dangerous and can lead the patient to be in challenging conditions. There is also the likelihood that one would be exposed to depression and there is a loss of appetite.
According to Langer, R., and Tirrell, (2004) Biomaterials have had an established position in the healthcare systems. The application can include prosthetic and drug delivery substances. Drug delivery systems are the main focus of this research. The treatment methods for smell problems are highly limited. Nasal decongestants have a full application in the medical field and surgery is also a conventional treatment method to remove the nasal polyps. There is yet a more productive application of the biomaterials to be established through research to define and increase efficiency in the treatment of the smelling problem. In the case of anosmia the patient is unable to detect anything thoroughly. The focus of this research is on the use of the biomaterials in the treatment of nasal polyps considered as a significant cause of challenges in the treatment problems. Most often after surgery patients will encounter more difficulties and hence the use of biomaterials likes the nasal packing, and the sinus stents could be useful (Santarelli, & Han, 2016). Biomaterials can offer efficient services to the patients with smelling difficulties especially those caused by nasal polyps since most of the patients and health practitioners fear that such an application could intensify based on association with problems of Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS).
Problem Statement
The main problem is the determination of biomaterials effectiveness in smelling problems associated with nasal polyps. The main problem of focus smells problems that are directly associated with nasal polyps swellings. Chronic rhinosinusitis is a critical challenge that is often associated with the nasal polyps. The nasal polyps cause smelling difficulties to patients, and therefore treatment of nasal polyps needs very sensitive medical systems that will improve the patient's welfare without causing more problems. The nasal polyps can be subjected to surgery since the inflammations are non-cancerous and hence in return exposing the organs into more grave dangers. By use of the biomaterials, the patient's outcome will be significantly improved, and the level of implications will be controlled. The physicians will, however, have a responsibility in determining the effectiveness and the procedures of using the biomaterials in the delivery of services.
The biomaterials can be used for both implants and also in the drug delivery systems following the operations. To use the materials developed and designed by this research the preference of the patients will be put into considerations by the physicians delivering such services. Nasal polyps pose critical situations since they can grow back following treatment such as surgery. Chronic sinusitis is caused by bacteria and fungal infections which are associated with the presence of microfilms that overcome the interventions of the antibiotics. The physicians often avoid surgery treatment since the nasal polyps have that critical tendency to grow back and such the patients may continually develop more implications. With the medical treatment methods also the use of biomaterials would be significantly recommended although their application would be limited and isn't a significant concern of the treatment method.
Implant Design Section
The implant is to be made of well cross-linked mesh-like materials that will enhance adsorbent of the drugs onto the surface of the biomaterials. The materials used for this design is carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) which has the potential to improve hydration and dissolving the materials. The material is flexible such that it will be highly optimized to enhance quick and reliable penetration through the nasal cavity. Technically the materials will be used for delivering the drugs to heal the wounds after the surgery. Most of such operations are limited to the specifications of the physicians. Several models will be designed for physicians to recommend based on the condition of individual patients. This approach is both reliable and dependable in the delivery of substances.
Several polymers can be fitted to ensure efficiency for the overall design. The considerations to be made will include materials like bioresorbable gel stent which are a primary tool for adsorption and are made of hyaluronic acid. The material is not only flexible but also gives the drugs a highly efficient adsorbent material. Most of the medications recommended for treatment of nasal polyps both before and after surgery would require biomaterials with efficient adsorption and flexibility to penetrate through the nasal cavity. This is even more sensitive when the materials to be delivered to the nasal cavity are relied on after conducting the surgery. One consideration is that when the material hydrates the biopolymers will transform into a mucoadhesive gel that is critical for this operation. The stents or the implants can be placed on the cavity to also help in the relieve of pain on the after the patients after the surgery.
Analysis of the Topic
Using the biomaterials for the delivery of drugs after nasal polyps operations would be considered critical to the achievement of these research objectives. The emphasis is placed on an improvement of the overall patients' outcome without interference with other possible medical conditions. The presence of the microfilm on the bacteria which leads to an increased need for intervention by physicians will be utilized for these materials. Most often the physicians have difficulties in the treatment of patients who have challenges smelling since the treatment methods available could either be less effective or would the patients in more dangers. Considering the age most of the patients need well-coordinated interventions that consider the elimination of the nasal polyps, coating the surfaces and delivering the drug substance effectively without causing pain to the patients. Two characteristics of the materials are critical, the absorbance and the flexibility which the elements need to fulfill.
Highlights Recent Researches
The most recent studies are that confirms that biomaterials can be used in the treatment of nasal cavity implications through packing and the sinus stents and especially in the treatment of patients with other infections like chronic rhinosinusitis. The research also affirms that the use of biomaterials in the treatment of the nasal difficulties is a consideration for both the patient and the surgeon. In case the action would lead to increased problems to the patient such a patient would instead be subjected to less efficient operations. However although not fully implemented in the healthcare systems the recommendations highlighted for through packing and stents are being considered as highly effective.
Conclusion
The research for this study affirms that biomaterials have a wide application in the healthcare system. The research identifies a well-integrated design of the biomaterials to ensure they are flexible enough to penetrate the cavity even after the operations. The material needs to have high absorbance to hold a wide range of drugs that are used for the treatment of various infections associated with nasal polyps. In other words, the research builds on the current study to outline how varieties of recommendations could be integrated to give more reliable outcomes for the patient and a clear guideline to the physicians.
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The Boundaries of Medical Practice in Recent Years
Medical and technological advances continuously expand the preconceived boundaries in medical practice. Fifteen or twenty years ago, we could not have predicted how these advanced developments would impact our understanding in treating complex medical conditions, including those associated with cancer and advanced age. Hence, what once seemed beyond the limits of practice, even to the most skilled and technologically advanced practitioners, is now considered routine. However, despite new technology and the endless advances in medicine, there are still limitations on the human life. We do not live forever and eventually reach a point of decline in which attempts for treatment or finding a cure seem futile. The determination of futile care is a complex and sensitive ethical issue. This determination becomes even more complex when a patient cannot make a medically informed decision for themselves, when there is an absence of a living will, or when families and providers disagree about benefits from treatment… as is seen in the following case regarding Mrs. Selina Kyle.
Mrs. Selina Kyle is an 84-year-old woman who has advanced Alzheimer’s disease, is non-verbal, and has been bed-bound for several months in the nursing home in which she resides. She was diagnosed with lung cancer two years ago but did not respond to aggressive treatment, so the cancer has now metastasized. Recently, she developed pneumonia and was hospitalized but her status continued to deteriorate. Physicians realized that she needed intubation and mechanical ventilation to survive; however, given her incurable lung cancer, it was unlikely that Mrs. Kyle would ever be extubated. She has no advanced directives regarding life support, her husband is deceased, and the only family contact made was to her daughter that has never visited her in the hospital. This daughter has requested full treatment and the provider is frustrated, believing that further aggressive treatment is futile due to her decline from the cancer and the high probability that she will become ventilator dependent.
This is a common scenario in medical practice, where a provider must determine competency and help families decide when to stop aggressive treatment in favor of comfort care. The first ethical issue that must be addressed is respect for patient autonomy and informed consent. The main determinant of this principle is cognition, and any condition or treatment that affects cognition may potentially impair decision-making capacity.1 In the case of Mrs. Kyle, she has advanced Alzheimer’s disease which significantly affects her cognitive state, and she is subsequently nonverbal; therefore, due to this lack of capacity, she would be considered unable to make an informed decision. According to the 2018 Florida Statutes,2 “if an incapacitated or developmentally disabled patient has not executed an advance directive… health care decisions may be made for the patient by…an adult child of the patient, or if the patient has more than one adult child, a majority of the adult children who are reasonably available for consultation”. Thus, her health care proxy would be her daughter who has requested full treatment of her mother despite her mother’s declining state and the given medical advice.
First, and foremost, a consultation needs to be arranged with the daughter to determine her understanding of her mother’s prognosis and to provide enough information for an informed decision to be made on whether to continue life saving measures or transition to comfort care. The best effort should be made to arrange a consultation involving all immediate family. Secondly, we need to address the definition of futile care. Unfortunately, there is no uniform definition on futile medical care. “The American Medical Association (AMA) guidelines describe medically futile treatments as those having no reasonable chance of benefiting [the] patient … and The American Thoracic Society says a treatment is medically futile when it is highly unlikely to result in meaningful survival”.3 Any type of treatment will produce some type of effect on a patient, but what is important to consider is whether it coincides with the goals of treatment which follow the professional standards of care and benefit the patient. Futility is a patient-centered concept; therefore, the definition of futile intervention will evolve as the patient’s medical condition and goals change.4 During consultation with the family, the prognosis of the patient needs to be discussed, treatment goals that are in the best interest of the patient need to be determined, and all medically acceptable treatment options need to be reviewed so an informed decision is made.
Families tend to remain optimistic regarding a loved one’s health, even in the worst circumstances. This might lead to disagreements between the provider and the family.
If Mrs. Kyle’s daughter still wishes to continue with intubation and ventilation, the provider should be empathetic and allow her time to process all the given information but remain firm with the medical advice. In the case of Mrs. Kyle, her prognosis from her lung cancer is poor and she will continue decline regardless of interventions. If her heart stops, CPR might break her ribs and inflict more pain. With these thoughts in mind, even though families like to remain hopeful, they also do not want to see their loved ones suffer unnecessary and prolonged pain.3 After giving her time to reflect and providing guidance and reassurance, if she still wishes to continue with aggressive treatment then other providers and an ethics committee should be consulted. Ultimately, a transfer of care to another provider or facility may be necessary since providers should not be forced to practice medicine that conflicts with their morals or ethics.4
Medical futility will continue to be a source of debate, especially since there is no exact definition or criteria that can be created for the generalized population. Opponents of using medical futility are concerned that it gives unilateral decision-making power to medical providers. This is understandable if proper communication is not established, such as when providers speak in medical jargon to families without medical knowledge. Families need to understand how particular medical interventions will potentially help or hinder the medical goals of treatment and be reassured that their loved one will not be abandoned.3 Some opponents also argue that futility is a way to ration resources and reduce the costs for terminal care. Proponents reject this and argue that futility is determined as a professional consensus and is based on the best interest of the patient.4 This simply should not be a factor considering that health care providers make an oath to facilitate moral standards of care to their patients and to uphold the standards of professional ethics. Furthermore, with consensus of the medical team involved and/or an ethics committee, decision are based on the comfort and well-being of each individualized patient.
Ultimately, the goal in medicine and as a physician assistant is helping the sick and incorporating medical and ethical values in all medical decision making. I do not believe that health care providers have an obligation to offer treatments that will not benefit patients. This includes providing futile interventions that may cause further pain or inflict harm on the patient, giving false hope, and delaying palliative and comfort care. I will base my care on professional standards and ethics, scientific empirical research, and clinical knowledge and experience when making medical futility judgments. Moreover, I will be empathetic and sensitive when patients and families are faced with dilemmas of withholding or withdrawing futile interventions. I believe that if a provider’s medical decisions are guided by the ethical principles of beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice then ethically and morally viable decisions will be made regarding futile care.
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Reality or Fallacy of Scientific Claim
All throughout time, all different types of media have proven or shown philosophical ideas. Most examples shown throughout this media source focus on the epistemological argument. The epistemological argument is “a philosophical discussion about the nature of knowledge and how you know what you know (https://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/epistemological). I chose the movie, The Matrix as my media source because it shows the use of epistemological arguments and skepticism, the genuine knowledge in such matters that is unattainable, throughout the movie.
The matrix takes place in the future with a Computer hacker called Neo. Neo has been contacted by underground freedom fighters though messages on his computer. Due to this he searches out to find them and when he does they explain to him that reality as he understands it is actually a complex computer simulation called the Matrix. The Matrix was created by an evil Artificial Intelligence. In the Matrix, it hides what is really happening from humanity. The matrix allows humans to live a convincing, simulated life in 1999 while machines grow and harvest people to use as an energy source. The leader of the freedom fighters is named Morpheus. He believes that Neo is the chosen one who will lead humanity to freedom and overthrow the machines. Together Trinity, Neo and Morpheus fight against the machine's enslavement and Neo begins to believe his role as the chosen one.
One of the most central philosophical issues that lurks beneath the surface is perception. It's a fight between how you know whether the things you perceive are real or just an illusion. Some scenes in the Matrix show this issue where it is directly discussing perception. One example of this occurs during the early part in the movie where Neo talks to the junkie. He asks, “You ever have this feeling where you're not sure if you're awake or still dreaming? Neo thinks his first meeting with the agents is just a dream” (Matrix). There are multiple other examples that show the thought of perception through the film but that was just one of many. The main point is, is that the movie wants you to focus on how you know you're not in something like the Matrix program.
In the film, The Matrix, it is a perfect example of what we have studied in class. In the movie, Morpheus goes on to explain to Neo that human existence is merely a facade. The truth about it all is that the humans are being harvested as a source of energy by evil machines. People actually live their entire lives inside of a pod, with their brains being fed sensory stimuli which give them the illusion of leading a normal version of life.
This leads us to think about the philosophical ideas being portrayed throughout the film. The Matrix is based on a philosophical question created by the philosopher Rene Descartes. One of Descartes's most important theses was the ability to think for oneself. Descartes understood that sensory experiences would not and will not always match what is being seen in reality. Due to this, he used the Wax Argument to demonstrate how unreliable senses are in general. “Descartes first considers all the sensible properties of a ball of wax such as its shape, texture, size, color, and smell. He then points out that all these properties change as the wax is moved closer to a fire. The only properties that necessarily remain are extension, changeability and movability…” (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wax_argument).
Due to this, Descartes becomes suspicious of the knowledge he obtained through his sense and all his own beliefs. He became convinced that one must use one's mind, rather than one's senses, to obtain information about anything. In the system of knowledge created by Descartes, perception is an unreliable way to gather any sort of information. The only way to acquire real knowledge is through the mental process of deduction. Descartes approached all knowledge, including his own, skeptically. Although he was skeptical, Descartes was certain that one could not be fooled about one's own existence. This led to I think, therefore I am. By the act of thinking and doubting, the reality of his perceptions was confirmation of his own existence so he no longer doubted it.
When Descartes said 'I think therefore I am' (rational and emperisms powerpoint), he was defining the idea of truth in terms of doubt. Descartes's argument is an epistemological one. It questions the limits and validity of human knowledge. Instead Descartes questions his own knowledge and interpretation of reality. Using the form of methodological skepticism, Descartes doubted anything that could be doubted. In epistemology, most of the knowledge that we obtain is sufficient enough to explain the world, but there is no such thing as 'absolute' truth.
The idea that Descartes had that all our perceptions are false may seem unreasonable but it is rather difficult to disprove so I agree with the argument. Descartes was right to distrust his senses. A good example of why he was right to distrust his own sense would be the idea of optical illusions. Optical illusions create problems between what is there and what is not there. Even though we know it could or could not be there we normally don't question what we do and do not see. For Descartes though, even the most basic assumption about reality was to be doubted. While we dont need to be as skeptical as Descartes was, we need to keep in mind that he has a point about all of this. It is our senses and our brains which deceive us in the end. Even though we may not be living in a world where humans are being harvested, we all live in our own sort of little matrix whether we want to believe it or not.
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Matrix Size Vs Random Index (RI) Values
Where aij represents the relative importance of the i-th criterion with respect to the j-th criterion. The pairwise comparison is conducted based on SALTY'S Ratio Scale as presented in Table 1. To illustrate, if two of the criteria for comparison are safety and mobility where the respondent has chosen the value ‘5’ in favor of safety (see Figure 1) then it suggests that the respondent strongly prefers safety over mobility.
Intensity of importance Definition Explanation
- 1 Equal importance Two items contribute equally to the objective
- 3 Moderate importance Experience suggests that one be slightly favored over the other
- 5 Strong importance Experience suggests that one be strongly favored over the other
- 7 Very strong importance Item strongly favored and its priority demonstrated in practice
- 9 Absolute importance Importance of one over another affirmed on highest possible order
- 2,4,6,8 Intermediate values Used to represent compromise between priorities listed above
- Mobility 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
The calculation of normalizing the attributes involves each of the values in equation (1) being divided by summation of its columns. After that overall average of the row that will determine the ranking of the alternatives is needed to be taken and the outcome is called the priority vectors. If the criteria are represented as a matrix then this priority vector represents the eigenvector of that matrix. From this calculation it is possible to obtain the eigenvalues which will represent the consistency ratio (CR) of the data. This eigenvalue is important to determine the trustworthiness of the data. The eigenvalue is a simple root of the following equation:
- A×w= ?_max×w (2)
where, A is a matrix of Equation 1, w is the eigenvalue or the local priority vector, ?_max is the largest eigenvalue of matrix A.
Step 3: In this step, the consistency ratio (CR), aka eigenvalue is determined as:
CR=(Consistency Index (CI))/(Random Index (RI)) (3)
Here, CI=( ?_max-n)/(n-1); where, ?_max=maximum eigen value;n=size of the matrix and random index (RI) is such values that have been empirically studied by Saaty(1980) and it has been scaled as shown in Table 2:
- Matrix, size, n 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
- Random index, RI 0 0 0.52 0.89 1.11 1.25 1.34 1.41 1.45 1.49
- (Here, matrix size, n values represent 1x1, 2x2 , … , n x n matrix)
Here, CR assists in determining how consistent the judgements are. A CR0.1 then the responses are dubious triggering the need to revise the data set, revise the pair wise comparison information, and reconstruct the matrix. An acceptable CR value assists to ensure decision-maker reliability in determining the priorities of a set of components (Kumar et al., 2009). The higher CR value acceptance (CR value >0.1) is contingent upon the type of the study, the out coming priorities and the required accuracy (Goepel, 2017).
Step 4: This step consists of deriving relative priorities of the alternatives with respect to each criterion. These priorities are valid only with respect to each speci?c criterion which is known as local priorities (w). For this purpose, a pairwise comparison (using the numeric scale from Table 1) of all the alternatives is conducted with respect to each criterion. The local priority values (w) are next multiplied with weightage factor (µ) to convert them into global priority factors, wglobal. as follows:
- w_global=µ×w (4)
Here, µ is a matrix of the alternative with respect to each criteria using Saaty's 1 to 9 scale which is obtained by following the same procedure stated above, and w is local vectors that was determined from Step 2 when the overall average of the row was taken after normalizing A.
This study employed various packages of open source software “R” for text mining and topic modelling. The “topicmodels” package (Grun and Hornik, 2011) is used for LDA, “tm” for text mining (Feinerer & Hornik, 2015), and “wordcloud” to visualize the word clouds (Fellows, 2014).
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In all Forms the Matrix
Today, Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) has become a widely used sample preparation tool for analytical chemists. This technique was developed as an alternative to extracting liquid (LLE). Historical evidence and some scholars claimed that the first reference literature to the SPE was found in the Bible. But this technique was applied in a late experimental manner, developments that led to widespread use and adaptation to current analytical methods began in the 1970
Initially, SPE was used to concentrate small amounts of organic pollutants present in wastewater samples, but their use has now extended to a wide range of matrices including oil, serum, milk, blood, urine, plant and animal tissues and pharmaceuticals. Simplify the complex sample matrix combined with compound purification, low ion suppression or enhancement in mass spectrometry applications, the ability to segment the sample matrix to analyze the compounds by category, and enrich trace level trace compounds are the main advantages of the SPE.
Mechanism of SPE
To determine the accuracy of the desired analytical concentration in a sample, the quantitative extraction of analyzes from other components in the sample matrix (which may interfere during analysis) is necessary. During the SPE, analyzes in the solution are enriched, separated (or purified) by retaining the absorbent material (solid phase), followed by suction with a suitable rinse. To successfully conduct a SPE process, the mechanical understanding of the interaction between the absorbent and analytical substances of interest is essential. It is also necessary to evaluate their properties based on frantic, polar or inorganic characteristics. The most common retention mechanisms depend on van der Waals forces (non-polar interactions), hydrogen bonding, bipolar forces (polar interactions) and cationic-anionic reactions (ionic reactions). These mechanisms include reverse phase SPE, SPE normal phase, ion exchange-SPE, and polymer-based pipettes. In the reverse phase (SPE), the mobile phase (sample matrix) is polar or moderate phase and stable non-polarity. Interest analysis is usually moderate to non-polar. The normal SPE phase involves a polar analysis, a moderate to non-polarity matrix (mobile phase) and a polar constant (pipette) stage. In the ion exchange technique (SPE), the mechanism of retention depends on the electrostatic attraction between charged functional groups of the analytical and static phase. A polymer-based pipette is used to retain water-loving compounds that contain some water-loving functions, especially aromatics.
SPE Process
Solid phase extraction uses the difference of affinity between an analyte and interferents, present in a liquid matrix, for a solid phase (sorbent). This affinity allows the separation of the target analyte from the interferents.
A typical solid phase extraction involves four steps:
- First, the cartridge is equilibrated or conditioned with a solvent to wet the sorbent.
- Then the loading solution containing the analyte is percolated through the solid phase. Ideally, the analyte and some impurities are retained on the sorbent.
- The sorbent is then washed to remove impurities.
- The analyte is collected during this elution step.
The method of SPE
The chromatographic bed can be used to separate the different compounds in a sample, to make subsequent analytical testing more successful. For example, SPE is often used for the selective removal of interferences.
The technically correct name for this technology is “Liquid-Solid Phase Extraction,” since the chromatographic particles are solid and the sample is in the liquid state. The same basic chromatographic principles of liquid chromatography that are used in HPLC are also used here, but in a different format and for a different reason. Here, chromatography is used to better prepare a sample before it is submitted for analytical testing.
Application of SPE
SPE technique is a useful tool for many purposes through its versatility. Isolation, concentration, purification and clean-up are the main approaches in the practices of this method. Food structures represent a complicated matrix and can be formed into different physical stages, such as solid, viscous or liquid.
Simplification of Complex Sample Matrix along with Compound Purification
One of the most difficult problems for an analytical chemist is when compounds of interest are contained in a complex sample matrix, such as mycotoxins in grains, antibiotic residues in shrimp, or drug metabolites in plasma, serum, or urine. The large number of interfering constituents or substances in the sample matrix along with the compounds of interest makes analysis extremely difficult.
The first problem to solve is the resulting complexity of the analysis itself due to the presence of so many entities which must be separated in order to identify and quantitate the compound[s] of interest. See Figure 2.
Reduce Ion Suppression or Enhancement in MS Applications
The second problem with complex sample matrices can be seen when we look at mass spectrometer output [LC/MS or LC/MS/MS]. For proper MS signal response [sensitivity], the compound ion must be allowed to form properly. In cases where the formation of the compound ion is suppressed by interferences in the sample matrix, the signal strength is greatly diminished.
We can see this effect in Figure 6. The upper output is the signal for our compounds of interest when injected in a saline solution. The lower trace shows significant reduction in response [> 90% suppression] of these same compounds when they were analyzed in human plasma. For the lower trace, only a common protein precipitation step was performed. This technique does not clean up the matrix interferences that cause the ion suppression, resulting in poor signal response.
Common SPE Applications:
- Pharmaceutical compounds and metabolites in biological fluids
- Drugs of abuse in biological fluids
- Environmental pollutants in drinking and wastewater
- Pesticides, antibiotics or mycotoxins in food/agricultural matrices
- Desalting of proteins and peptides
- Fractionation of lipids
- Water and fat soluble vitamins
Conclusion
The SPE system developed with low-cost biomass has no matrix effects during analysis. The minimum pre-treatment of samples without loss of target solution provided by low-cost additives is an important feature of this technique as the added steps during Sample preparation will increase the time of analysis, solvent consumption, change, and large losses of target and sensitivity. In general, the results obtained during this study enable a new analytical methodology for the routine analysis of methylene blue in wastewater samples. The SPE system developed during this study can be a good alternative to commercially available SPE systems.
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Numerical Linear Algebra in Data Mining
Abstract in this era of high-tech innovation, almost every level of application in almost any subject area produces a large amount of data. Extracting interesting knowledge from raw data or data mining has become an indispensable task. However, it is collected from complex phenomena. It is usually the combined result of several related variables, and the definition of these variables is less precise. The basic principle of data mining is to distinguish which variables are related to which variables and how the variables are related. In many cases, digital information is collected and stored as Data matrix. Ordinarily, or assuming that exogenous variables depend on variables in the endogenous linear relationship. Search is 'useful' so information can often be characterized as finding 'proper' matrix decomposition. This paper explores numerical Linear Algebra in Data Mining. How linear algebra techniques can help carry out data mining tasks. Examples from factor analysis, cluster analysis, latent semantic indexing and using link analysis to demonstrate how matrix decomposition helps to find hidden connections and do it quickly. Low-order matrix Approximation is the basis for cleaning data and compressing data. Other types of constraints, such as non-negative constraints, will also apply.
INTRODUCTION
Data analysis is very common across the entire scientific and engineering fields and business applications. Almost an important task in each discipline is to analyze a data to search relationship in exogenous and endogenous variables. Data analysis has two special problems.
First, most information collection devices or methods currently have only limited bandwidth. A fact that cannot avoid the data collected is often inaccurate. For example, the signal received by the antenna array is usually subject to instrumental noise pollution; the information acquired by astronomical images through the telescope is often obscured by atmospheric turbulence; the database is usually subject to subjective judgment bias by document indexing; even empirical data is obtained inherent physical limitations often cannot be met in the laboratory. Any deductive science can be further developed and applied. It is important to first reconstruct or represent data in order to reduce the inaccuracy condition while satisfying certain feasibility.
Second, complex systems always require multiple variables. Observing the data of these systems is complicated by the effects of these variables. When these variables are not quite accurate, it is defined that the actual information contained in the original information may be overlapping and ambiguous. Reducing the system model can provide a close-to-level fidelity primitive system, while facilitating the extraction of hidden important decision-making knowledge.
In a variety of data mining technologies, classification, regression, factor analysis, and principal component analysis are some of the most commonly used methods for achieving quantitative reduction goals. The detection structure between variables and variables. The removal of a common point among various noise methods, model reduction, feasibility reconstruction, etc. is to replace the representation of the original data obtained by subspace approximation with a lower dimension. This has led to the concept of low-order approximation. This paper treats these data mining techniques as a problem matrix decomposition and proposes a foundation for the model and a prospective approach to linear algebra.
LINEAR MODEL
Let represents the data matrix to be analyzed. Each entry broadly represents the score obtained by entity j on variable i. One way to characterize the relationships is in the multiple variables that contribute to the observations. The data Y assumes that is a linearly weighted score that passes entity J through several 'factors.' We tentatively assume how many factors exist, but this is usually the case Point out that these factors should be retrieved during the mining process. Therefore, the linear model assumes this relationship.
REFERENCES
- M. T. Chu and R. E. Funderlic. The centroid decomposition: relationships between discrete variational decompositions and SVDs. SIAM J. Matrix Anal. Appl., 23(4):1025– 1044 (electronic), 2002
- M. T. Chu and G. H. Golub. Inverse eigenvalue problems: theory, algorithms, and applications. Oxford University Press, New York, 2005.
- A. N. Langville and C. D. Meyer. A survey of eigenvector methods for Web information retrieval. SIAM Rev., 47(1):135–161 (electronic), 2005.
- M. Berry, S. Dumais and G. O’Brien (1995), ‘Using linear algebra for intelligent information retrieval’, SIAM Review 37, 573–595.
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Afghanistan’s Volatile Country Matrix
“Strange… I feel like a tourist in my own country” (Hosseini). The Kite Runner, a historical fiction novel by Khaled Hosseini, depicts the life of Amir, as he struggles to shine before his father. Amir goes to extreme extents to achieve validation but destroys the lives of others including his half-brother, Hassan. After fleeing to America, ephemerally relieving himself from his guilt and shame, Amir’s conflicts lead him back to Kabul. Amir strives to be a better person with his old self a distant memory. In the novel, Khaled Hosseini reveals Amir’s internal and external struggles through the harsh Afghan environment showing that recognition and self-pride is often placed over friendships.
During his childhood, Amir’s conflicted relationship with Hassan motivates him to gain attention and admiration from his father. Amir neglects his friendship whenever Hassan is picked on or recognized by Baba. Amir’s jealousy enables minor issues annoy him: “Hassan made his stone skip eight times. The most I managed was five. Baba was there, watching, and he patted Hassan on the back. Even put his arm around his shoulder” (Hosseini 14). Amir’s jealousy climaxes when he hides his birthday presents to frame Hassan of theft in attempt to kick him out: “Then I took a couple of the envelopes of cash from the pile of gifts and my watch, and tip-toed out… I lifted Hassan’s mattress and planted my new watch and a handful of Afghani bills under it” (Hosseini 104). Amir’s behaviour asserts a Middle-Eastern ethic; one must be superior to everyone. On the other hand, Nicomachean ethics state, “It is the same also with those whose affection is based on pleasure; people care for a wit for instance, not for what he is, but as the source of pleasure to themselves,” (Aristotle). Apply these ethics, Amir’s attitude shows how jealousy turns friends against each other. Hosseini’s illustration of Amir’s character development shows the impact man versus man conflict in an Afghan society.
In addition to Amir’s conflict with Hassan, he also experiences social pressures. Afghan social structure is Pashtun versus Hazara with Pashtuns placed above Hazaras. Because Amir is a Pashtun and Hassan is a Hazara, their friendship is socially distasteful. Hosseini reveals this social feud through Assef, a Pashtun. As Hassan and Amir walk down the streets, Assef states, “In fact, you bother me more than this Hazara here. How can you talk to him, play with him, let him touch you… How can you call him your ‘friend’?’” (Hosseini 41). Amir identifies Hassan as his friend in solitary; however, a servant in public; “ But he’s not my friend! I almost blurted. He’s my servant!” (Hosseini 41). He is never even slightly courageous to call Hassan his friend since he is aware of Hassan’s social status. Hosseini includes the Amir’s struggles with society, revealing the ramifications of the rift between Pashtuns and Hazaras. This pressure turns Amir against Hassan, ultimately, illustrating how society can alter relationships.
The Kite Runner epitomizes the crude, harsh societal issues in Afghanistan and their effects on people. Hosseini dives in on the unspoken topics and intense, brutal aspects of social hierarchy in Afghanistan. Through Amir’s eyes, Hosseini depicts the social segregation of Pashtuns and Hazaras, constant threats from the Taliban, fearful public acts of humiliation, poverty, rape, misogyny, and child prostitution; ultimately, displaying the horrid condition of Afghani living. And through his struggles, Hosseini conveys his narrative. He uses his platform to intentionally expose his readers to Afghanistan’s corrupt society, revealing how friendships and family are given up to stay alive. He elucidates how Afghan civilians are in constant survival mode as a result of fear, poverty, and/or the Taliban. Through Amir’s character, he conveys this narrative. Hosseini took advantage of man versus man conflict and man versus society conflict, divulging the heinous, erratic structure of human life in Afghanistan.
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Person Disconnected from the Matrix
America has been run by a “Shadow Government” since 1961. Democrats and Republicans alike are a part of the secret Government: CIA, NSA (17 agencies) which all function unconstitutionally and in secrecy. The Shadow Government rules the Deep state...which controls the finances and our elected officials.
- NSA (National Security Agency) CFR (Council on Foreign Relations) created in 1921.
- CIA (tied directly into the MSM mainstream media - NY times, CBS, MSNBC, CNN, Fox News) as propaganda to alter the opinions of the American public. Jeff Besos of Amazon owns the Washington Post and just signed a $600 million dollar contract with the CIA. The Washington Post publishes stories the CIA tells them to.
The CFR’s stated goal is an “ECONOMIC GLOBAL GOVERNMENT” and they are merging into digital currency (Bitcoin). DHS (Department of Homeland Security), Defense Intelligence Agency engages in the torture program of Americans. (people die). NGSIA (National Geo-Spacial Intelligence Agency) Set up Google Earth through Google to watch us. JSOC: Joint Spacial Operations Command = President’s secret army. Special operators sent into foreign nations in secret to engage in killings and overturn Governments etc. FBI - conducts a war of searches and seizures. (specifically violate the 4th Amendment of right to privacy).
(Lockheed Martin, General Dynamics and others) Eisenhower originally called it “The Military Industrial Congressional Complex”. Congress is tied in so deeply, it determines how each member of Congress votes. Thus, the Military Industrial Complex owns Congress. “We the People” do not have a voice anymore. They own the Intelligence and defense contracts ($$$ billions of dollars- we spend $17 billion each day on the Military alone. That is over 60% of all of America’s discretionary spending). And it comes from YOUR TAXES. And they developed the biometric programs used to spy on Americans. Foreign lobbyists (Saudi Arabia, Dubai, UAE, and Israel might as well have seats on our legislature) They spend $4.8 billion dollars each year to influence via PAC dollars how our Congressmen and Senators vote.
Wall Street funds the Military Industrial Complex. It was actually Wall-Street attorneys who helped George H.W. Bush, Allen Dules, and “Wild Bill” Donovan form the CIA in 1947. Wall Street is so connected to our Government through the Treasury Department, in a partnership, they may as well be business partners in an international conglomerate. The CIA and it’s contractors are supposed to have an overseas mission and function only. Right? Collecting and spying on foreign governments. They are not supposed to have any missions inside the United States. However,
After 9/11 there are now 10,000 secret sites (1271 secret agencies) now involved in secrecy. 4.8 million Americans that we know of, have security clearance and have signed secrecy agreements. 854k have “top secret” clearances. Every single employee within Lockheed Martin from mailroom clerks to secretaries to CEO’s, have signed these NSA or CIA secrecy agreements which would prevent them from saying anything, to anyone, even if they saw something illegal or unconstitutional. There are systems of personal destruction in place which will ruin them, and their families, if they should violate these secret agreements. If they blow the whistle, the Government has the power to institute what is called “the State’s Secrets Privilege” and seal their testimony from court documents, prevent anyone from seeing it, and throw these people in prison under the guise of a threat to National Security.
Under the Defense Authorization Act; The Congressman Armed Services Committee: A secret organization composed of 48 senior members of the House and Senate, to decide how many $trillions of dollars, they will spend on military and on intelligence. Interestingly, they are influenced by the 5 biggest defense contractors the biggest being Lockheed Martin— did you know that Lockheed Martin (a privately owned company) is the Chief Surveillance Information Processor for the CIA, NSA and the FBI? Did you know that Lockheed Martin has created a program which tracks all the communication each private citizen has with the IRS (each phone call, each e-mail, each correspondence letter)?
The payments that you are making to the IRS, are all run through Lockheed Martin. Thus, Lockheed Martin is the equivalent of a private second Government. The average household of America pays what is called a “Lockheed Martin tax”: $260 per year. Basically to spy on us through the CIA, NSA and IRS. They even track our packages which come to us through the U.S. Postal Service. Not to mention the ballistic missiles which Lockheed Martin sells to foreign Governments every year without so much as consulting the U.S. Government (that is called high treason!!!) It is a money making system and to get that money, they have to keep us in a state of perpetual war.
$1 trillion dollars of America’s annual spending for the Military Industrial Complex comes out of our taxes. $46 Billion dollars of that is in Foreign Arms sales. We are the biggest arms dealer in the world. We supply more tanks, bullets, guns, and missiles to everyone in the world, than any other entity. It’s not the Russians. The Russia story is a diversion. It is a smokescreen.
Boeing Corp., Raytheon, General Dynamics, Rockwell Collins, Cessna, Gulfstreet Aerospace, Honeywell, Furuno, MBDA, Beechcraft, BAE Systems, Thales Group, Alliant Tech Systems, Northrop Grumman Corp., and Booz Allen Hamilton Inc. (Edward Snowden) Booz Allen Hamilton Inc. for 30 years has been the second arm of the CIA. They set up the intelligence system for the Government of Egypt. These companies contribute $700k to each of the 48 Congressman and Senator’s re-election campaigns every year.
Federal Reserve is connected to the Central Bank, which is connected to the IMF (international monetary fund) which is connected to the World Bank — an economic Global Government!!!! It is run by the following families: Rothchilds, Rosenbergs, Rockefeller families, George Soros, and the white pope of Rome Pope Francis. Above them is the “Black Pope” of the Jesuit Order Arturo Sosa (President of the World). Above him, are the black aristocracy aka “aristocrazia nera” of Breakspear, Stanley-Orsini, Palaviccini, Rospigliosi, Sforza, Percy, Borghese, Colonna, Medici, Somagnia, Barberini, Borgia, Torlonia, Former Spanish King Juan Carlos, Farnese, and Aldobrandini (SATAN). These are ancient Royal and papal bloodlines which go back for centuries.
The real powerhouse in the U.S. is not the Whitehouse in Washington D.C., in fact Donald Trump is merely a “selected” figurehead. The true power is located in Brookland “Little Rome” in D.C., and also in Georgetown University (the home of the Jesuit Order), and the St. Patrick Cathedral across from the Rockefeller Center.
In Rome, Italy it is The Church of St. Ignatius of Loyola at Campus Martius (Italian: Chiesa di Sant'Ignazio di Loyola in Campo Marzio) - home of the “Grey Pope” Domenico “Pepe” Orsini aka Urbano Barberini (King of the World) ruler of the Vatican, Rome, Milan, Holy Roman Empire, Florence, Geneva, Malta, Venice, Athens, Greece, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Eastern and Western Europe, Poland, Russia, Ukraine, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Amsterdam, Prague, Switzerland,France , Paris, Germany , Austria, Romania, Finland, Greenland, Hungary, Netherlands. and Africa.
In China it is The Ruins of St. Paul's (Chinese; Cantonese Yale: daaih s?am b? pàaihf?ng) the ruins of a 17th-century complex in Santo António, Macau, China - home of Henry Breakspear—King and sovereign ruler of China, Hong Kong, Japan, Thailand, Taiwan, North and South Koreas, all of Asia, Pakistan, India, Canada, Australia, Scotland, Ireland, New Zealand, UK, London, U.S.A., Washington D.C., Georgetown University, and St. Patrick Cathedral. In Spain it is The Sanctuary of Loyola or ‘’’Sanctuary of Loiola’’’ Shrine and Basilica of Loyola home of Bourbon King Juan Carlos, Ruler of Barcelona, Madrid, Spain, Middle East, Saudi Arabia, Mecca, Medina, Qatar, Dubai, UAE, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Afghanistan, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Egypt, Palestine (West Bank & Gaza Strip), Israel, Nazareth, Haifa, Judea, Samaria, Jerusalem.
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Descartes Bacon Matrix Medium
The Anticipations of Nature are something to be weary about according to Francis Bacon because anticipations are typically based around the ideas of our idols, who likely have differing opinions or worldviews. These anticipations or assumptions about the laws of nature tend to excite us and fulfill our need for explanation about the world. Although most anticipations have little to no facts to back it up, our imaginations’ crave a deeper meaning to life and beyond. Religion is one great example of how the masses across the world anticipate the laws of nature based on stories and prophets rather than seeking the proven truth. It’s in our nature to seek pleasure, so it makes sense that most people feel at ease when all of their notions and questions about life can be summed up into one perfectly packaged religion. Most people are drawn to a religion that affirms their own ideas about the world. Without facts, anticipating any law of nature is like the blind leading the blind.
The idols of the tribe, cave, marketplace, and theatre that we look up to are not reliable sources of knowledge whatsoever because they most likely grew up with completely different backgrounds from our own. Views of the idols should be taken with a grain of salt because they are heavily prejudiced and influenced by their environment or other people’s views. Unlike anticipations, interpretations of nature are a bit more reliable but still hold us back from discovering new perspectives and information. Bacon prefers interpretations of nature over the anticipations because interpretations are usually formed according to evidence based on everyday events and our senses. Rather than accepting false information from prophets, Bacon believes that trial and error of the senses is a much more reliable way to find out the truth. Even though our senses aren’t the most reliable forms of information, it gives us much better insight into the truth about the world around us compared to finding the answers in religion and faith.
Most people tend to assume that if something is universally experienced by the senses, it is fact. Yet, every single person has their own unique perspective of the world that is shaped by our experiences and are responsible for molding our views. Bacon’s main issue with interpretations of nature is that science has been interpreted into concrete laws or facts that hinder us from seeking new or conflicting knowledge about the world. When people stop coming up with new axioms about the world, we fail to make any progress and never see the faults in our old ways of thinking. Our more current and past scientific interpretations should be constantly re-evaluated and tested to ensure accuracy regarding our laws of nature. I personally agree with Bacon about interpretation over anticipation of the laws of nature. I derive more satisfaction out of knowing that an axiom has been tested and is universal instead of filling my brain with unproven, convenient fantasies.
In Meditations on First Philosophy by Descartes, it’s clear that the author is doubting everything from science to religion and acting as a sort of mediator between the two ideas. The idea of dualism is a great tool to use in order to satisfy the perspective of the parties who support science and religion. Dualism shows us that the physical and mental realms can both peacefully exist together on Earth. Descartes is extremely skeptical of his own beliefs because he does not trust anything he learned in school or from others’ life experiences. He believes that what is taught to us in school is sometimes unnecessary, bias, or just contradicts other subjects being taught. Other unreliable sources of information come from trustworthy sources like lawyers, doctors, and politicians but typically stem from completely opposite perspectives from our own. Any information or knowledge coming from the external world is considered too bias or not based in facts and should be incessantly doubted. The concept of Radical Skepticism is to doubt literally everything and is a huge contributor of Descartes’ method. He believes that the only logical way to really determine if something is true is to doubt every part of it until the thought can no longer be doubted.
Descartes’ method for finding the truth about the world makes a lot of sense to me after watching the Matrix and questioning whether or not the world around us is a simulation. Honestly, I’m not skeptical whatsoever in comparison to the thoroughness of Descartes’ method for defeating skepticism. I can’t even fathom trying to analyze and find truth in every single thing I’ve learned in life up until this point. There’s so much media and false information being spewed at us constantly from all directions that no one even thinks to question most things anymore. It’s almost impossible to distinguish fact from fiction when every news outlet on television and the internet is considered politically bias nowadays.
Hence, as forward thinking human beings we should never accept the ideas and the realities around us as fact. We should be constantly questioning the basic principles around us and attempt to view them with an internal perspective. The writers of the famous science fiction movie, The Matrix delved into these topics. Specifically when Morpheus is attempting to teach Neo how our minds are much more powerful than we give credit, stating that, “Have you ever had a dream, Neo, that you were so sure was real? What if you were unable to wake from that dream? How would you know the difference between the dream world and the real world?” (Morpheus).
Here, Morpheus is explaining to Neo that he must throw away everything he knows about the world and start thinking in this new fashion. If Neo is not able to accept these new ideas, he will eventually fall victim to the agents coming after him. These thoughts heavily correlate to Descartes’ fundamental thought process for skepticism. Descartes explains in his Discourse on the Method that building on the combined thoughts of others is a false way of thinking. One man is much more likely to reach truths about a society rather than a collective effort of clashing ideals. One will not able to prove certain truths by jumping to conclusions and not allowing oneself to open their mind to inconceivable realities. Also, just because these realities are difficult to understand and go against the norm, does not mean they are false. Rather as responsible members of society we must throw away our established, ungrounded opinions in order to truly prosper.
Descartes doubts everything he once knew about the world in order to create a more concrete foundation for his work in philosophy. The cogito argument explains Descartes’ simple steps in figuring out how to determine that we actually exist in the world. Specifically, Descartes’ most famous phrase “Cogito Ergo Sum” simply means I think, therefore, I am. This phrase is considered the base and first item of knowledge, Descartes conveys this clearly when writing that “without doubt I exist also if he deceives me, and let him deceive me as much as he will, he can never cause me to be nothing so long as I think that I am something. So that after having reflected well and carefully examined all things, we must come to the definite conclusion that this proposition: I am, I exist, is necessarily true” (Descartes, 1-9). The author is explaining how even the notion of contemplating whether one exists is what makes them live. It is the process of thinking that allows one to exist.
It is comical to note that even when humans commit egregious acts of deception, the author is still able to come to the conclusion of our existence. Meaning that people would not be able to deceive or commit any terrible acts if we did not exist at all. It is our thought process as humans that gives us the ability to either love or hate. Additionally, Descartes explains how our senses and other external factors hindering our ability to distinguish what is true or not. So we must doubt and dissect all aspects of our lives with his lengthy method of doubt. Without radical skepticism, we choose to conform to other people’s preexisting notions of the world. Without thinking like an individual, we will never be able to truly understand or form new axioms about our surroundings. Furthermore, if we have the capacity to doubt something, it should be presumed false. If something is actually true, we must take the steps necessary to prove it beyond a reasonable doubt.
The Watermark or Perfection argument explains how we are able to even perceive the idea of perfection if it’s something that does not exist on Earth. As a whole, humans are sinful by nature. We are all plagued by lust and gluttony that stems from our innate drive of selfishness. Since we are unable to comprehend perfection, then this idea of perfection must have come from an external source. Therefore, through the lense of Descartes, God must exist because only a perfect entity could shed light on excellence to a group of utterly imperfect souls. Descartes brings up this idea fluently throughout the third through sixth meditations, when writing that “...this it follows, not only that something cannot proceed from nothing, but likewise that what is more perfect— that is to say, which has more reality within itself—cannot proceed from the less perfect. And this is not only evidently true of those effects which possess actual or formal reality, but also of the ideas in which we consider merely what is termed objective reality” (Descartes, 1-15).
Descartes is communicating that as being imperfect beings, we can not just use our own resources to attain perfection. Humanity as a whole is cursed with many flaws that can only be corrected through a higher power. Hence, I believe Descartes’ arguments are not only convincible, but just makes sense on most levels. By thinking, creating a mind and body connection, we can distinguish ourselves to be living. This thought process creates doubt, but it is human nature to doubt what has been told to us. we would not be human if we were not able to have individual thoughts. As productive members of society we should fixate on trying to prove our doubts so humanity can evolve and flourish. Also Descartes writing about perfection being from a divine source is most likely true as well. Humans are inherently selfish, therefore perfection may only be attained through a divine power.
We look at these ideas of religion and science as being concrete but in reality they have been evolving steadily with the times. By doubting the mental and physical substances while also withholding his preference, he allows both fields to coexist. Galileo and Martin Luther both doubted issues and ideas about their society which they perceived to be false. Martin Luther ratifying the Catholic Church correlates to Descartes because he opposed the masses of the time and had original thought which derived from him being an individual. Galileo was a famous astronomer and pioneer of his time with his seemingly outlandish axioms about the Earth and solar system. Luther and Galileo both once doubted everything they had been taught regarding the physical or mental substances just like Descartes once did, which helped them develop the groundbreaking ideas that had never been fathomed before.
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Travel to Mars is there Life or not
The science labs here at school are full of fun and excitement for a while when you're young. Up until a point where you don’t want to sit in a boring school science lab. It all just feels so repetitive and not so fun anymore. Of course, when your are young you can’t wait to put on the goggles and dissect that frog or play with those chemicals. But once you hit a few years later you want to do something more exciting and educating. Teachers spend so much time creating labs to be fun and exciting but it all just feels the same. That is why I am here today to ask you, the principal if us students can go on a dangerous and educating field trip full of excitement and knowledge we should know for the sake of our science education. By going on a trip to mars and discovering ourselves if there really is life on Mars.
For example the movie The Martian, it’s about a man visiting mars and he becomes stranded. All he has left to do is figure out how to survive. But is there really any way to survive on mars? We don’t know. But meanwhile, on earth NASA members and a team of international scientists do their best to bring him home. But his own crewmates are creating their own risky rescue plan to bring him back. Overall I think taking this trip to mars would be the best option for our science knowledge and education. By taking this chance we would have so many opportunities to be discovering so many first hand science experiments rather than so many second-hand science experiments. We could do experiments like determining what the results would be if microbes were placed in martian soil. Then we would be able to see in result if life actually formed on the planet of mars. Also a mixture of water and hydrogen peroxide freeze at a lot lower of temperature than water by itself. We could figure out if the microbes could survive if using hydrogen peroxide to survive at low temperatures.
Once the microbes survive on mars by using hydrogen peroxide we would then be able to identify life on mars or not? Students would learn so much better on mars because being on a whole different planet is a whole new life. We would be able to see things we have never seen before. We could experience things no one else has. We might even find crazy things on the planet like aliens, crazy wildlife, a human species or discover new creatures never seen. There is so much more we could discover like weather we have never experienced. We could learn so much thereby doing first-hand experiments finding new knowledge and bringing it back to earth. Overall principle Amy Taylor, I am definitely positive that taking a visit to mars to discover and experience new life and more considering our science education.
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NASA Plans to Explore the Red Planet
NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) has announced that the 2020 Mars Rover is going to explore the planet like never before. It plans to carry seven instruments to help explore and investigate the red planet. This project’s overall cost is estimated at $130 million. The overall mission of the 2020 Mars Rover is to collect samples from the planet and bring them back to Earth
The 2020 Mars Rover mission is scheduled to depart in July and is being called “The next step in the exploration of the red planet”. This journey is to try to discover the history of Mars and look for evidence of past microbial life. The mission will also take more rock samples as well as soil and store it on the planet in a cache. It will get as many samples as possible and return them to Earth when completed. Thomas Zurbuchen stated “Getting samples from this unique area will revolutionize how we think about Mars and its ability to harbor life”.
The Rover is expected to land in a site called Jezero Crater that is known for having very rich terrain. Geologists have concluded that that site has landforms that go back 3.6 billion years ago. Jezero Crater is on the Western side of Isidis Planitia, which is a giant basin north of the Mars equator. The crater is 28 miles wide and is said to be one of the oldest and most interesting landscapes that Mars has because it had a river and lake there many years ago called Delta.
Scientists are hoping to discover ancient preserved organic matter and any sign of microbial life as well as soil samples and sediments. The lake Delta is supposed to have at least five different types of rocks, clays, and other carbonates. Another hope scientist has to find is from a large watershed which may contain many new types of minerals from the crater.
The crater has shown great challenge for the engineers for the 2020 Rover due to the craters landscapes. The Rover must be capable of maneuvering in different types of soil as well as being able to move up sprouting landscapes as well as navigating the terrain.
NASA has added a new team to the project called TRN (Terrain Relative Navigation) This team is working on the rocket that carries the rover to be able to avoid potentially dangerous or hazardous areas on the planet.
James Ruether who is deputy associate administrator for the Space Technology Mission is very proud of all that has happened so far on this project and what is yet to come 'We are excited that NASA's Space Technology Program is partnered with Human Exploration and the Mars 2020 Rover Team to demonstrate our abilities to harvest the Mars atmosphere and convert its abundant carbon dioxide to pure oxygen,This technology demonstration will pave the way for more affordable human missions to Mars where oxygen is needed for life support and rocket propulsion.'
The Mars Exploration Program within NASA is hoping to understand the planet's system which includes past, present, and future planets environment, climate cycles, geology, and biological potential. In addition to this NASA is developing future spacecraft to bring mankind to the red planet, which cannot be done without the hopeful future success of the 2020 Mars Rover.
The 2020 Mars rover is also working with previously launched Rovers that will assist the new rover. A Rover already working on the red planet called Insight is getting samples from the interior of Mars and is a key factor in why the 2020 Mars Rover is in effect, without our current data of the planet future possible results would not be possible. And this Rover is in development to many projects before this one.
The 2020 Mars Rover is one of the most advanced future mission of this time in my opinion. The 2020 Mars Rover is working on a whole other planet that will build our knowledge of the planets past, present, and future. It will be working on collecting samples of both solids potential liquids and gasses. I think this is amazing that NASA is trying to learn more about the planet and hopefully get mankind to journey to the planet one day. If this is successful it will be “One small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind”. - Neil Armstrong
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Colonization of Mars as Far as this Idea is Real
The idea of living in space has been talked about for a while, and to be more specific I am referring to the Planet Mars. Any possibility of humans living on the planet Mars is not something that will be taking place in the near future but the idea of it actually is something we could make possible. In this paper, I will touch on the positives and negatives of pursuing a Mars colonization referencing the four essays. It’s important to understand a lot of research goes into Colonizing Mars and making life there sustainable for human life. Initially, I was against the idea of trying to colonizing another place because I feel we as humans have no business going there. Reading these four papers I still believe we as people have no business there but I do believe the possibility should be explored. Eventually, we humans will use up all the resources on Earth and although I don’t believe something like this will happen in my lifetime, I strongly believe we should begin to explore other options now before its too late. The cost of traveling to the moon is very high, and I know the cost of going to Mars is even higher. Going to Mars takes a long time because it is so far and a lot of fuel will be needed. For us to colonize Mars we need to go there with a purpose that will benefit the human race.
The idea of forming a space colony in Mars is actually incredible to think about. Frank B. Golley brought up two great questions, “First, can we design a space-colony ecosystem? And, second, should we design space-colony ecosystems?” (Golley 3). The second of question that Golley asked is very important because we as people need a reason why we should open the money to set up an ecosystem in space. Setting up an ecosystem in space can be very difficult because we have never experienced living on a terrestrial environment therefore we wouldn’t understand it like the environment on earth. In order for life on Mars to be sustainable, we have to build an ecosystem that would support the environment of space and us humans. An ecosystem in space needs to be able to provide food and water for anyone who lives there. I believe setting up an ecosystem on Mars is possible but something like this needs to take time. Scientists need to go to mars and actually experiment to see which things will work. In order for a place like this to be colonized humans need to basic necessities which is food, water, and shelter. Terraforming places a big part in Mars in humans sustaining life on mars. “Terraforming means a rearrangement of a planet's environment by modifications of its energy balance or its material composition so the planet can be habitable to life” (Gollley 5). People on earth need oxygen in order to survive along with many other things. Mars will not be liable if the environment can’t change from the red rock that covers the planet into green grass where trees can grow and animal life can be present.
While reading about the motivation and purpose of colonizing Mars I began to realize what was really important. The purpose of Colonizing Mars is to move way from the problems that exits on Earth in everyday life. This is where the problem comes in. Moving to Mars doesn’t guarantee we will not have the same problems we did before. While in fact I think we as people just going to another planet to go through the same issues as before. One of the biggest problems on Earth now is the issue of Global Warming. An issue like this only gets worse and worse unless we as people do something to to change. If humans are serious about colonizing Mars we need to learn to take care of this planet first before we can even think about colonizing another one.
In the reading, Mission to Mars, it stated “There are three sources: The permafrost layer, the polar ice caps, and the atmosphere” (Collins 7). With only three sources of water on this planet it makes it hard to agree to colonize Mars because of the difficulty to obtain this water. One of the sources requires power in order to refrigerate the water and have it compressed. Another source would require drilling into permafrost which isn’t one of the easier things to do. The other source of water produces a location issue. This is an example of why colonizing Mars can create a concern and might not be a good idea because obtaining water would be such a difficulty. If we as a society would like to go through with a plan to colonize Mars we need to have people working here to obtain a sufficient amount of water that can be provided to people without having to be concerned of a shortage. Water is essential to life and if Elon Musk does manage to have a space colony on mars with the population being in the thousand there has to be enough to be consumed by the people or animals that live there.
In a perfect world we wouldn’t have to colonize Mars and if we did it would actually be a very simple task but unfortunately its not. Colonizing Mars can give us natural resources that we need and some that we’ve never had. This is a valid reason to make the effort but one reason from Humans Should Not Colonize Mars stands out to me. “Settling frontiers is what humans do; it is who we are” (Stoner 10). I strongly believe this is a bad idea because it has not always went good for us before. Settling in a new place because it’s what we’ve always done can cause the same problems we had on Earth. These problems consist of running into conflicts and potentially getting our people sick. This so-called pioneering nature needs to stay on earth instead of venturing into territory we know little to nothing about. Although I strongly agree with reason #4 in the essay which was, “We should colonist Mars as a backup planet” (Stoner 11). This makes sense because in life it never hurts to have a backup plan. The best way to go about this is to put in the effort to improve life on Earth and while this is happening people can be exploring Mars and try to create a way a temporary system of living that can potentially turn into something permanent for us all.
When reading the last essay, I feel like it started to take a different approach towards the subject. It brings up the question, “But is the Red Planet really the best target for a human colony, or should we look somewhere else? Should we pick a world closer to Earth, namely the moon? Or a world with a surface gravity close to Earth’s, namely Venus?” (Warmflash 17). This essay moves away from the idea of colonizing Mars and moving towards another planet and or the moon. Before this comes into play the research needs to be done at all these locations in order for this to be considered. First off the moon should not be considered for a number of reasons. Although the moon is the closet to the Earth other planets would serve as a better solution.
In order to get to Mars we must have transportation which would cost a lot of money. The distance between Mars and Earth is very far to get people there will end up being very time-consuming. Elon Musk said he, “wants to build a Mars colony with a population of 80,000” (Warmflash 18). This idea seems to be very extreme because of the time it would take to bring people up to space will be many of years. The money it takes to build the aircraft is one thing and the amount of fuel that will have to be used will be another issue in itself.
Reading through the various reasons to colonize Mars and the many reasons to colonize other planets and moons, I believe colonizing Mars is a goal that is worth pursuing when the time is right and a plan is set out. If eventually, Mars does not work out we can always look at Venus as well. Building an ecosystem of elements that will work together within the environment and terraforming the environment to sustain life is possible in the years to come. I do not believe this is a project that people should put all their hope into because there is always the possibility that Mars is unable to sustain human life permanently and we as people will have to come up with another solution. While in the process of colonizing Mars we need to explore the possibility that we could have the same problem over there with global warming like we do here. In the case we do colonize Mars, taking care of the planet should be the number one priority. In or for Mars to last we can’t make the same mistakes we did on Earth. If we are really motivated to start life on Mars we will be able to get the money to build everything necessary to get us there.
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Mars Weather and Environment Conditions
The intense period called the entry, descent, and landing (EDL) phase of the mission begins when the spacecraft reaches the top of the Martian atmosphere, traveling at about 13,200 miles per hour (5,900 meters per second). EDL ends about seven minutes later with the rover stationary on the surface. From just before jettison of the cruise stage, 10 minutes before entry, to the cutting of the sky crane bridle, the spacecraft goes through six different vehicle configurations and fires 76 pyrotechnic devices, such as releases for parts to be separated or deployed. The top of Mars’ atmosphere is a gradual transition to interplanetary space, not a sharp boundary.
The Mars Science Laboratory Entry, Descent and Landing Instrument (MEDLI) Suite begins taking measurements. The data MEDLI provides about the atmosphere and about the heat shield’s performance will aid in the design of future Mars landings. The ability to generate lift during entry increases this mission’s capability to land a heavier robot, compared to previous Mars surface missions. The spacecraft also manipulates that lift, using a technique called “guided entry,” to steer out unpredictable variations in the density of the Mars atmosphere, improving the precision of landing on target. Peak deceleration occurs about 10 seconds later. Deceleration could reach 15 g, but a peak in the range of 10 g to 11 g is more likely. After the spacecraft finishes its guided entry maneuvers, a few seconds before the parachute is deployed, the back-shell jettisons another set of tungsten weights to shift the center of mass back to the axis of symmetry.
About 24 more seconds after parachute deployment, the heat shield separates and drops away when the spacecraft is at an altitude of about 5 miles (about 8 kilometers) and traveling at a velocity of about 280 miles per hour (125 meters per second). As the heat shield separates, the Mars Descent Imager begins recording video, looking in the direction the spacecraft is flying. The imager records continuously from then through the landing. The rover, with its descent-stage “rocket backpack,” is still attached to the back shell on the parachute. The terminal descent sensor, a radar system mounted on the descent stage, begins collecting data about velocity and altitude. The back shell, with a parachute attached, separates from the descent stage and rover about 85 seconds after heat shield separation. At this point, the spacecraft is about 1 mile (1.6 kilometers) above the ground and rushing toward it at about 180 miles per hour (about 80 meters per second). The rover separates its hard attachment to the descent stage, though still attached by the sky crane bridle and a data “umbilical cord,” at an altitude of about 66 feet (about 20 meters), with about 12 seconds to go before touchdown. The rover’s wheels and suspension system, which double as the landing gear, pop into place just before touchdown.
We dream about life on Mars because it is the only planet like Earth. Its days are twenty-four hours and forty minutes long; it has nearly half the gravity we have here; its temperatures are the closest of any planet to our own, and it has plenty of water as well as a thin atmosphere. In fact, the air on Mars has more carbon dioxide— the gas that plants breathe— than the Earth’s atmosphere. No wonder the idea of terraforming, or cultivating an oxygen-bearing atmosphere, comes up so frequently, both in science fiction and among real scientists. If humans ever live on another planet, it will definitely be on Mars. And if we are the dreamers, the pioneers are the robots. In the early twenty-first century, the most exciting exploration anywhere is being done by robotic spacecraft. As in the expeditions of previous generations— those of Lewis and Clark, Columbus, Magellan, Marco Polo, or Admiral Perry— the goal is to uncover secrets of faraway lands. Although there is no cost in human lives, jobs, reputations, and scientific discoveries are certainly at stake. This is risky but glorious business
The Mars Science Laboratory mission will place the rover Curiosity at the foot of a mountain of sedimentary strata, or layers, inside Gale Crater. The landing site at 4.6 degrees south latitude, 137.4 degrees east longitude will give the rover access to a field site with science targets both on the crater floor beside the mountain and in the lower layers of the mountain. Gale Crater spans 96 miles (154 kilometers) in diameter, giving it an area about the equivalent of Connecticut and Rhode Island combined. The stack of layers that forms Mount Sharp offers a history book of sequential chapters recording environmental conditions when each stratum was deposited. This is the same principle of geology that makes the strata exposed in Arizona’s Grand Canyon a record of environmental history on Earth. For more than 150 years, geologists on Earth have used stacks of strata from globally dispersed locations to piece together a record of Earth history
Mars Curiosity rover has functioned as predicted for the projected mission time, some problems shown with the wheels and drill element will help to elaborate more efficient approaches to for future missions. Therefore after six years, the program has enhanced the initiatives for NASA successor rover mission called Mars 2020, which is closely based on Curiosity's design. The goal for Mars2020 will be to carry different instruments and take fewer measurements on Mars surface, however. It will also store promising samples for a possible Mars sample return mission in the coming decades.
In the more distant future, NASA will consider a human mission to Mars perhaps in the 2030s but concerns over budgetary constrain could hinder future explorations. For now, Mars curiosity has accomplished the mission it was intended and has proven that water was present in MARS it proved that there were intervals of deposits that are consistent with forming in near-shore environments.
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Which Planet do i Look Like
The planet that I can say I have the most personality with is Mars and it is my zodiac planet. I am an Aries accordioning to the zodiac signs, I was born in April during Aries season. Aries people are ruled by Mars and are also the first fire sign in the zodiac. Mars is red because of iron on the surface has been exposed to oxygen and has become rust-like. Mars has seasons like earth because they have similar tilts. Mars is a superior planet not like mercury and Venus. Mars is also smaller than Earth and Venus. My personality is small, but I have huge ambition and ego. When I want to do something or like something, I work hard for it till I have it but when am not interested it takes me forever to get something done even if it could have taken me an hour, but I would do it in five or nine hours. I must be very interested in something for me to get the best result. Mars has water but it’s in the form of ice and it can be found on its the North Pole.
The only time that I can have a cold-hearted heart is when someone that I trust with my life lies to me in my face or behind my face. I am not the kind of person that hold on to anger, if you know what you do to me and be sincere with your apology I will forgive you and I will give you a chance but if you continue to lie then I will take my love back, turn my back on you and I will move on and act like we never had a relationship. If I see you in public, I will smile but I will not stop to chit chat and waste my time. Mars has two moons named Phobos and Deimos just like how I got two personalities, Mars is named after the Roman God of war Ares who had twins’ sons named Phobos and Deimos. My first personality is I’m very independent I like to stay to myself a lot, even when I need help, I could be screaming for help on the inside and not ask. It takes a lot out of me to ask for help, plus I grow up in a huge family of 11 siblings and I am the youngest to think I would like to play with them, but I wouldn’t it, I would be sitting by myself doing whatever I wanted to do.
My second personality is impatience, I have had a problem with that since I was a kid. I don’t like playing guessing games, my friends know when they need to tell me something, they just go straight to the point otherwise I will stare at a blank face like something is wrong with them if they want me to try to guess. Or if they are like guess what happened to me today at school, I would ask them what happened if they continue what me to guess, then I usually say that it wasn’t important, to begin with and then I would leave without saying anything. One whole day on Mars is 37 minutes longer than on earth and a year on earth is 365 days but on Mars is 687 days but this is because Mars moves at a slower pace around the sun. Mars has the biggest volcano, it's three times bigger than Mount Everest, and it's call Olympus Mons and it has the longest dust storm in the solar system it can last for months and it can cover the whole planet. Mars is small but big with attitudes because it’s half the size of Earth ad it’s twice the days in a year, has the biggest mountain on it and the longest dust storm. I am a short person when it comes to height but my attitude isn’t as big as Mars but I have an attitude; I don’t not like people walking over me or anybody if I see that I mostly say something to that person and I get irritated fast, one little tiny thing can change my mood completely but also one tiny thing can make my mood a whole lot better, I could be in a bad day but I passed by a road that has pretty flowers that warms my heart.
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The Ability of People to Live on other Planets
Mars has not seen any life today but there has been many discoveries that has led to predictions that one day humans will be able to live on other planets other than Earth. Research done has proved that there could be evidence that sustains a possible environment on Mars and early life. Antarctica is the closest environment on Earth compared to what it could be life to live on planets, especially planet Mars. Mars is the planet to research and collect evidence about human adventure and if it is possible to live there, due to it being ten times less massive than Earth and half the distant from the sun.
Mars seems far fetched to have life on its planet because of the lack of water it has for a necessity. There has been no life on Mars for billions of years but there was evidence that at one point there was liquid water and soon after Earth became habitable. Also the cold weather climate provides a problem for any life to be habitable on another planet. This could be the main reason why life died in the early beginning stages.
The Nasa Haughton-Mars Project provides a similar structure of what the surface of Mars would be like by examining the Haughton Crater. The findings of ground ice on the surface at a shallow depth in areas can be used to plan for the future attempt of humans living on planet Mars. Evidence of the Crater erosion rate compared to the Mars erosion rate would place Mars 100 times slower os the environment in the past years did not stay warm at all, rather colder like Antarctica. Another problem if humans were to invade Mars to live their life there would be how to find any medical help if it is needed during their stay. The loneliness and isolation of the planet do not make it easy for it to evolve into an actual living space like Earth is.
Another important challenge that is posed for exploration of the site is what Nasa explorers would wear on the planet's surface. The spacesuit needs to be created and developed differently than other spacesuits before. Due to the harsh terrain, it needs to be comfortable enough to explore in it for hours at a time. In addition to, the conditions of the weather, the below-freezing climate provides a necessity for the spacesuit to be temperature regulated. Not only does it have to be effective and comfortable but it needs to be able to allow communication while exploring the surface of Mars and sending back information on what they find. It is said to be only worn 10 hours at a time before needing to clean and checked out if they are still intact to do their job in the most effective way possible.
Mars is an empty freezer. The cold climate and isolation of no living organisms in it is what it would be like if humans decided that is it a possibility to live on another planet other than Earth. At this point in time, it is not possible for any type of human to have a sustainable life in another solar system.
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NASA Studies Colonization on Mars
This research paper is written to explore NASA in depth. This paper has some important description of Mars. The paper focusing on a future Manned mission which will be held in future toward Mars. This paper also trying to explain about some obstacles that may be faced during mission toward mars, like challenges to astronauts while building spacecraft, managing supplies, and shelter in space. The paper also has little bit comparison of Earth with Mars which help you to understand about colonization in Mars. The description of Orion spacecraft is also discussed in the paper and how it will help scientists to explore Mars in future.
NASA trying to learn about mars more in coming years. NASA used spacecraft and robots to learn about Mars. The Mariner 4 was spacecraft which flew near to mars and gives close pictures of Mars to NASA. Later in 1976 Viking 1 and 2 were successful landed to collect science of Mars. Today NASA have three spacecraft which are orbiting around Mars, to get to know more about mars, the spacecraft are helping in giving daily images, climate changes, topography and about minerals on Mars. The scientist is still in search to find water with helping rocks on the surface of Mars. NASA has a lot of plans to study more about Mars for that NASA planning more robots to send on Mars. Right now there is one orbiter name MAVEN which started its orbits of Mars in September 2014. NASA also planned to launch rovers to be launched in 2020. NASA has big plans to send astronauts to Mars, but with they also trying to find a good home for human where they can stay.
Attempting manned mission on Mars is recent scientific topic. Even before Mars manned missions on Moons were attempted successfully but they were in shorter in duration. The huge distance between Mars and Earth is kind of question revolves around manned mission on Mars. The mission on Mars undoubtedly will we more difficult. Nobody has clue about what psychological and physiological problem will be standing during this research. The leadership one of the most important things needed in this mission with crew understanding with each other. Finding life on Mars is one main research is going in the scientific world. Mars is the main focus of scientists, most of the scientific studies are trying to find how human colonization possible in mars. “Mars is the fourth planet from the sun and the next planet beyond Earth. It is, on average, more than 142 million miles from the sun.”). The Mars is also named as the red planet and, it’s red color because of iron oxide in its soil. Mars climate is around -80 F which is too cold. Mars surface is rocky with canyons, volcanos, dry lake beds. The mars are around 133,404,119 approx miles away from the sun, sunlight takes 11.935660 mins to travel from the sun to mars. Mars completes its year in 687 days.
Before assuming or finding biomarkers of life on Mars it’s important that we must understand about Mars today, and why Mars is not suitable for human habitat. While reading on various sources and websites I found that climate is one of the main reason that Mars can’t afford human life. Mars temperature goes to -100 F, we can’t handle Albany’s -10 temperature How we will exist in Mars temperature. If we talk about life on another planet only two According to scientific studies after Earth-Mars is the most habitable planet in solar system. There are few major signs that prove life on MARS is possible like:- The soil of Mars contains water to extract Mars climate is suitable because it’s not that cold or hot. Mars is neighbor of earth and sunlight on Mars is enough to settle solar panels over there. The gravitational force on Mars is less than Earth, but its force is suitable for humans.
The planning to establish manned mission is started with building spaceship name Orion in Kennedy Space Center Florida. Orion spacecraft is I developing for deep space. The Orion is specially designed to travel human far as far possible in space. After Apollo mission of the 1960s, the Orion will be the second milestone to go such deep in space. According to NASA, the Orion will open the gate for humans in mars. Orion is well tested in the 2020s, in which astronauts explore an asteroid. The asteroid mission will test all recently discovered technologies The mission toward Mars is complex for which the area around Moon which known as cis-lunar space. The cis-Lunar space is rich in an environment which will help astronauts like Solar Electric Propulsion. These all tests of new technologies may also help NASA to understand sending heavy cargo to Mars in advance of the human mission. As expected that Orion mission to an asteroid may help in collecting some amazing samples of the asteroid, it may test all important tools to develop new techniques which will be used in future for a manned mission on Mars.
The Orion also in the test for checking his endurance in high-speed return from space. The heat shield also will one main thing under testing, the astronaut will see does this shield can handle near 4000 degrees F. So basically Orion test human exploration needs like advance spacewalking suits, navigation with gravity, and protection from radiation and extreme temperatures. The others will be under test like does Orion’s computer can handle radiation environment near Van Allen Belt. Orion’s 11 parachutes will under tests too, As compare to Earth, Mars has winds like Earth. Mars gravitational force is almost half from earth. For example “A rock dropped on Mars would fall more slowly than a rock falls on Earth. A person who weighs 100 pounds on Earth would only weigh about 37 pounds on Mars because of the reduced gravity.” Mars atmosphere is thinner from earth because mars contain more 95 percent of carbon dioxide and less 1 percent oxygen.
Long-term missions need to have a controlled ecological life-support system (CELSS) to replenish oxygen, fix carbon dioxide, purify water via transpiration, recover water for storage and distribution, and produce foods and edible biomass for a vegetarian diet. Also, a regenerative process will regenerate waste products to make renewable resources for people’s habitat (Mitchell 1994). From CELSS, people can control pressure, temperature, humidity, and ventilation. They can manage wastes such as metabolic, solid, liquid, and gaseous, as well as detect and suppress fires. This system is very important in order to provide basic and continuous life-support requirements which use plants as a central source of recycling components (SS N.d.) There are some obstacles NASA facing while the manned mission to mars the first they still working on spacecraft that will safely get crew to Mars. Moreover, scientists have expectations to make a capsule which will be safe and good for long journeys in space.
Another then capsule scientists to make a rocket that will be pushed in such a way towards space that will be helpful in shortening the journey. But one main obstacle for NASA is USA government which interfering in researchers like during Barack Obama presidency NASA was told to work on Mars, but on another hand, Donald Trump told NASA to work more on Moon for colonization in Moon. Maybe this confusion making NASA work more hard. And these confusions splits attention of scientists between two objectives, and which affecting the Mars mission of 2030 if this will continue maybe date will be extended. Right now NASA main purpose to search and found best route map toward NASA which will be safe and short to get humans to MARS. Moreover, NASA had some budgets problem too because of too many researches going on same which also a barrier for 2030 Mars plan. Moving toward more challenges that may stand between manned missions, the important issue among them is launching such big mass of the spacecraft into space. The journey to Mars is long and hard, it is obvious that astronauts need food and various other important supplies for daily use like water, fuel onboard along with them toward Mars.
The weight of supplies are the kind issue which will bad and it will affect the efficiency of launch. According to physics, it is difficult it is difficult for spacecraft to take off and get rid of the gravitational force of earth while traveling to space. “We know that astronauts traveling to Mars would not be able to stay for a couple days or weeks like the Apollo space mission. Rather, the Martian astronauts will need to remain in space at least one to three years during the mission” (statement by NASA in 2012). The statement by NASA directly indicating that to spend that much time which is more than a year in space is difficult, and to make that easy for astronauts the shelter need to be made in space that may safe for them, and those shelters protect scientists from rays from the sun. If we spend more than nine months in space, we have to build a shelter which can protect the astronauts from being exposed to radiation risk from the Sun. Adding all these stuff together good cement shelter, supplies of food and water, the extra fuel needed in space is equal tons of weight which may a risk for rocket at launching pad. “to make this happen NASA said they have to make sixty launches for their supplies to be on Mars. It takes a long time and costs a lot of money” ( by NASA).
On the other hand, technologies also have limitations for long-duration missions that people are trying to resolve. First, growing plants on Mars in the greenhouse for photosynthesis to generate oxygen and water does not cost too much, but the greatest cost is lighting and air conditioning for the whole system to work. We need to solve the problem of how to get extra energy to utilize for this activity (NASA N.d.c). Second, the solar cells have their own limitation in the hybrid system. Mars will drift away from the Sun on its orbit every year. There will not be enough sunlight coming down on Mars in the future, and the efficiency to produce energy will reduce (JPLCIT N.d.). Another facet is the solar arrays will be covered by dust over time. Then we need to periodically maintain them and clean off the dust (James and others 1998). SpaceX PALNS FOR MARS SpaceX plans to launch the first cargo Mission to Mars in 2022. The SpaceX has a dream to send humans to space. And that may become true in 2024 of nothing goes bad for the agency. The SpaceX is a first private company to reach the ISS in 2012 with Falcon 9. SpaceX had made an important and such strong name in the astronomical field with Falcon 9, carrying Dragon Capsule, cargos load, forming ISS.
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Socrates the most Influential Philosopher of all Time
His ideas not only changed the course of history but laid the groundwork for what is today considered Western philosophy. First, it is essential to know “who was Socrates?”. Socrates was born in 469 B.C. and spent nearly all his life in Athens, Greece. The city was then at the center of Greece’s “Golden age” a time of rapid development and democratization. He was a soldier and a stonecutter, before devoting his life to be a “philosopher” which translates as “lover of wisdom.” However, little is known about Socrates’s early life and his journey in philosophy as he did not document his life in any form. Everything we know about him is through the writing of his contemporaries and most of which through the literature penned by his student Plato. Plato published a series of dialogues in which Socrates deliberates with politicians and townspeople in Athens.
Moreover, in one Plato’s most famous works, the symposium, Socrates and his interlocutors discuss the nature of love. Socrates claimed that everything he knows about love was taught to him by a wise woman named Diatima. According to Diatima, “love is neither physical nor divine, and it cannot be described as good or beautiful. Instead, love is the desire for something- it is the spirit of seeking something like people, objects, children or beauty.” Socrates concludes that his relentless pursuit of idea makes him a lover of knowledge. Socrates had plenty of ideas, but he was always known to a humble person who was never boastful of his wisdom.
It is debatable as to whether Socrates and his philosophies are relevant in the 21st Century. The central theme of this paper will be to explore the relevance of Socrates, his philosophy and his methods in the world today and in the future.
Socrates once said, “True knowledge exists in knowing that you know nothing.” He went around the city pressing people on their belief, ultimately exposing that they knew nothing — the process of asking, and, questioning known as a Socratic method which was his most significant contribution of the academic world. Moreover, Professionals and academicians still use this method in the 21st century in the legal and English literature classes for critical thinking. method in the 21st century is known as Debate. A ‘debate’ is where two or more parties argue on a topic of common knowledge. This method is significant for developing skills that enable them to engage in a discussion and learn different viewpoints. This method has both academic and professional relevance. For instance - Being a computer science student; In our classes, we get a lot of assignments and group projects, which require a certain amount of discussion wherein we discuss possible on several aspects of the assignment. In this way, we save much time and generate more ideas. Furthermore, group brainstorming helps us to improve ourselves and help identify one's weakness which boosts our creativity and innovative thinking.
Moreover, “He Taught Us to Question Everything” this idea is very helpful in primary and secondary schools. Because nowadays class size of students is very big. The results, that teachers are not able to give full attention on every student because of this result of students are not that good. By using questioning method teacher can communicate with every student. In this way, they can understand the class and material better way. This kind of teaching creates very exciting atmosphere in classroom. And students also give attention. Ask questions will lead the students to express their creativity and imagination about the subjects, For example- In my secondary school, some teachers usually concentrate on theoretical part in class. Because students do not get any kind of interest. Because of which I passed my some of classes with just passing grades. Moreover,
Socrates profoundly once said that “Life Is Worthless Without Happiness.” – As we deliberate on that thought, we understand that without happiness, people are not living their lives the way they want to. Happiness is the way to fight with fears and to discover one's identity. Working on something does not make him or her happy if they do not have any interest because there will be no joy doing what they are doing, and no sense of purpose. For example - in the 21st century, Parents pressure their children to take on higher studies, which generally would secure their future professionally and financially such as Engineering, Management, and others. A general view is that this is a sound decision. However, Parents rarely consent the child as to what they want to pursue in their life.
These insecurities and lack of concern on parents’ part direct their children to the different path which they have not chosen for themselves. The consequences of such decisions are devastating at the time as some of them fail or dropout from universities and colleges. The underlying theme here is that Parents need to understand that getting degrees in computers or management do not guarantee their child’s success. There are many famous examples of people who have been hugely successful in their lives professionally and personally as they followed their passion and did something they love to do; such as Bill Gates- when he was young, he loved to do computer programming which makes him one of the most famous programmers and one of the most productive person in the world. (MalcolmJ). The fact is that happiness is a vital part of every human life because without happiness people will lose a sense of purpose to realize who they are as an individual or accomplish anything significant.
Another significant philosophical thought of Socrates was “Stand Up for What You Believe.” Socrates lived by his philosophies – however, his beliefs were scorned, ridiculed, laughed at or feared by many. The state swatted its gadfly, by trying him as a “corrupter of youth” and forced him to commit suicide.
Believing in something is effortless. However, standing for that belief requires a lot of fortitude and courage. One of the most prominent civil right leader Martin Luther King Jr, said, “A man who will not die for something is not fit to live.” Nowadays, We observe people with the attitude of entitlement without the right purpose of philosophy to follow in life. Now more than ever, it is time when one needs to stand up for one’s firm beliefs. For example - The youngest winner (Malala Yousafzai) ever of the Nobel Peace Prize considers herself lucky to be “the voice of the 60 million girls who are deprived of education.” She fought for those women who do not have the right to education. She believes that “it is imperative that children and kids think that their voices are powerful. It does not matter what ones’ age is. We should believe in ourselves. If we want the future to be better, we need to start working on it right now. Children are in the millions in this world. If millions of children come together, they could build up this strong army, and then our leaders would have to listen to us.”
Jack Ma, the charismatic founder of Alibaba in China, is an example who lives by this philosophy of standing by one's beliefs, he failed the primary school twice and middle school three times. He applied in universities for three years and failed to get admitted to Harvard University about ten times. He applied to several other public sectors and private sector jobs such as police officer and KFC and got rejected. He quotes once “Never give up. Today is Hard, Tomorrow will be worse, But the Day after tomorrow will be sunshine”. It implies one must use failures as stepping stones to success in life. However, do we believe in ourselves and have the guts to stand up for what we believe because that is the time when we make a difference. Jack Ma never cared that how many times he failed but continually believed in himself and took another step when he failed instead of losing heart and stop making any further efforts. The outcome of his persistence is that he is one of the most prominent entrepreneurs to build a remarkable business in China in the 21st century.
Socrates in the latter half of his life warned against the follies of materialism. His ideology was that humans must pursue “well-being” rather than wealth, as amassing wealth will only lead humanity to the vicious cycle of being in the state of hunger for wealth, where no amount of wealth amassed by any mortal will satisfy the hunger for having more of wealth. This is the philosophical thought that is completely lost in today’s world wherein consumerism dominates the minds of a highly capitalistic society where the sense of morality has no existence and where materialistic possessions have become the very purpose of human existence. In one illustrative quote, Socrates Said “ It seems strange enough to me that a herdsman who has his cattle decrease and goes to the bad should not admit that he is a poor cowherd; but stranger still is that a statesman when he causes the citizens to decrease and go to the bad, should feel no shame nor think himself a poor statesman.” This quote is relevant in today's times when a capitalist leads a world superpower nation with sick sense of responsibility to the nation and its people while he continues to change the systems and policies which are only beneficial to him and his allies, it is ultimately the people of the nation that label him as a lousy statesman while he applauds himself for his self-serving actions.
In conclusions, Socrates and his philosophy are relevant to the century, and it will be in many decades to come. He has given us so many ideas to tackle one problem in different ways. These methods have changed the way of seeing one point from several perspectives. For a society that is seeking morality and a sound philosophy to live by, then the methods and philosophies of Socrates can be the moral compass that nations across the world can make the fundamental aspect of every human interaction.
Another, significant philosophical thought was “self-development than on material things”. He encouraged the people to make the good relationship with their friends and loves one’s instead of martial thing. This quote does not fit in 21st century. Because nowadays people just care about their life style and fame. Nowadays don’t want to spend their time with love ones. They want to spend their time with gadgets.
This is the reason that nowadays people have a lot of diseases such as depression. Moreover
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Historical Biography on Benazir Bhutto
“Democracy is necessary to peace and to undermining the forces of terrorism.” This is a quote said by a leader, Benazir Bhutto. Bhutto was a female politician who defeated the odds. She had to face many struggles and try to overcome them. In this paper you will learn about Bhutto’s personal life, goals she set for her and for her own country, and the sheer will power Bhutto.
It all started in Karachi, Pakistan, where Benazir Bhutto was born. She was born on June 21, 1953. Her parents were Zulfikar Ali Bhutto and Nusrat Bhutto. They were both public figures when she was born, her father being a Pakistani politician who later became Pakistan’s 9th Prime Minister and her mother being a senior member of the Federal Cabinet. Benazir Bhutto had three other siblings, she was the oldest. Her siblings were Shahnawaz, Murtaza, and Sanam Bhutto.
Benazir Bhutto had a privileged childhood, education was very important to her family. Her parents took many business trips during her childhood because of her father having many jobs in the government. Benazir went to many Catholic schools in Pakistan as a child, even though her family followed the Muslim religion. Because she went to a Catholic school she was tutored at home, learning about Arabic and the Muslim faith.
After finishing school in Pakistan she continued her schooling in America. At the age of sixteen she attended Radcliffe College in Cambridge, Massachusetts. While at school she earned a degree in government. She went to Radcliffe College from 1969 to 1973. After finishing her degree in government she wanted to get more schooling, for this she also attended Oxford St Catherine's College. At Oxford she also earned a second degree in 1977.
Benazir Bhutto’s father was very involved in the Pakistani government. Her father was the leader of the Pakistan People’s Party, Benazir later took charge after her father’s death. Bhutto was the first woman ever elected to lead a Muslim state. A female leader was and still is very uncommon, especially in a Muslim country. For many people she was a leader who stood up for her people, their hopes and wishes were her hopes and wishes. Benazir knew what her people wanted and she always tried to do the best for her people and her country. That is why so many people supported her. She was elected prime minister on two occasions.
As I have previously mentioned, Benazir Bhutto was the first Pakistani women to run for anything in government. When Benazir first started her campaign it gave a lot of women hope. Her actions and decisions made her a great symbol for women empowerment. Most Muslim women do not get such an education that Bhutto had. Benazir was the first elected women to lead a Muslim nation. Benazir had plenty of intelligence, beauty, and charm says the American Prospect. (http://prospect.org/article/benazir-bhutto-imperfect-feminist ) With all of those qualifications she was more than able to lead a nation. Benazir stood for education for women, employment for women, and equality for women.
Benazir Bhutto was a very popular spokesmen. Benazir spoke out many times, she also did many public speeches. She was taught how to do public rallies by her father. Benazir Bhutto had a very distinct style when it came to her speeches. She was known to “send the message home.” She was always very motivating and able to touch the hearts of the people listening to her. One of her most famous speeches was her last. She delivered her last speech at Liaquat Bagh, Rawalpindi.
While in charge Bhutto went through many struggles, one of the hardest being Muhammad Zia ul-Haq. Muhammad Zia ul-Haq was the man who overthrew her father and imprisoned him leading to her father's death in 1970. Along with causing her father’s death he also had a part in sending Benazir to prison and putting her under house arrest. At one point in her life Benazir Bhutto had to flee her country for eight years, where she settled in London. That is after she was imprisoned for five years because of her father's tormentors. Most of the five years were spent in solitary confinement. After fleeing her country she still continued to fight for what she thought was right, this even included her and her two brothers founding an underground organization that resisted military dictatorship.
Benazir Bhutto was imprisoned multiple times while she was in politics. At one point she was sentenced to five years. Her husband was also sentenced, both for corruption. Her husband Asif Ali Zardari was facing the charge of the murder of Benazir Bhutto’s brother. Her brother was killed in a gunfight that took place in Karachi. Benazir claimed that her imprisonment was a way to get her out of the government, to get her out of the countries politics.
Benazir was sent to a prison in Sukkur. While in prison she heard little about what was happening in Pakistan. One day a nice guard gave her a newspaper that had an article about a group called Al-Zulfikar who hijacked an airplane demanding that General Zia free thousands of Pakistani political prisoners. Benazir was shocked about the news, but even more shocked when she found out some of her family members were apart of the organization. Bhutto’s life in jail was not very pleasant. Benazir was not allowed to get visitors at all .She only had the clothes she had on when she was arrested. The jail cell she stayed in had windows on every side, making the nights very cold. Guards stood around her cell with machine guns. Bhutto often got very sick. She had frequent skin rashes and multiple earaches. Her hair even started falling out. Even though the odds were stacked against her she kept a smile on her face, just like her father did. She tried to stay brave.
Occasionally she would receive letters from her dear mother, Nusrat. Her mother told her to try to stay as healthy as possible. Nusrat told Bhutto to eat as many fruits and vegetables as she could. Benazir barely got food that gave her nutrients. Bhutto tried to do the best she could in the living conditions she had to face. She would try to exercise her body as well as her mind. For her body she would run in place in her small cell. The mind exercise was a little more challenging because she didn’t have any books or up to date newspapers. To keep her mind as aware as possible she would pray. She prayed all day everyday. She told herself many Pakistani people are suffering worse than she was. She realized her religious beliefs could not be taken away from her like everything else had been. Her relationship with God grew to an all time high. She prayed for the other political leaders who had been imprisoned and tortured. She prayed for her family and their health. Benazir also prayed for her release.
Her prayer had be answered. She was surprisingly allowed to leave jail for a special event, her sister was getting married! Although she only got to leave jail for three days, she was very grateful. For three days Benazir did not stop. She of course enjoyed her sister's wedding but she was also preparing. Preparing for jail. Instead of only having the clothes she wore six months ago, she packed. Bhutto packed clothes for the winter and summer. Benazir also packed tons of newspapers, books, and, magazines. Days after returning to jail she was burdened with awful news.
General Zia extended Benazir Bhutto’s three more months. General Zia said he would release her from jail only if she stops getting into politics. Benazir refused. She pushed through another hard three months in jail. She was eventually released but then place under house arrest soon after. This time she could actually get visitors. The only visitors allowed to see her was her mother, aunt, and sister. Although she was under house arrest Bhutto was grateful to be able to see her family. Bhutto was not even allowed to leave when her mother was transported to a hospital because doctors believed she had lung cancer. It was a very scary wake up call to Bhutto and her family. So Bhutto started planning.
Benazir Bhutto had many ideas and goals for her country. She wanted to focus on Pakistan’s future, stability,security, and building political institutions. One major problem Benazir Bhutto said was “political dictatorship.” She wholeheartedly agreed that political dictatorship would lead to religious extremism.
While Bhutto was in her first term as prime minister she had to pick up the pieces of General Zia. He had left Pakistan with thousands unemployed, leaving many people extremely poor. Basic food needs were very pricy because of a recent flood. Farmers lost almost all of their crops. Another problem Benazir had to try to figure out was the amount of debt Pakistan was in. Pakistan owed many countries large amounts of money.
Benazir started small. Her number one priority was to find money for programs for the poor. She also released thousands of people General Zia had imprisoned. Another goal was to improve health by building health clinics and building schools. Building schools was one of the highest goals on Benazir Bhutto's list. She really cared about the education of all of the young and old Pakistani people because of all the opportunities education had given her.
While Benazir was prime minister the violence and terrorism in Pakistan did not get any better. She tried many different methods to help stop the violence but again, many obstacles appeared. She had sent an army to Karachi to stop a riot without the help of the religious leaders in government. The religious leaders would not support her just because of her being a female. To add to the struggles, Benazir Bhutto had to figure out what to do with the three million Afghanistan refugees that were located on the northwest border of Pakistan. To make matters worse the PPP did not have enough votes to pass new laws. You can see where this causes a problem.
With all the difficulties Benazir Bhutto still did her best. She always was at work-almost never taking a day off. She planned many meetings trying to gain support and help from many different countries, one even including the U.S. and the president George W. Bush. During the meeting the president promised that the U.S. would help her and Pakistan. There was a catch though, if Pakistan had nuclear weapons the U.S. would not trade with them. This caused a huge problem. Pakistan's enemy at the time was India. India had nuclear weapons which put fear in many of the Pakistani people. Most people felt they needed nuclear weapons for safety incase India attacked. This is yet another problem that split Pakistan in half.
Although Benazir Bhutto had many enemies, she had many allies. Every time she returned home from meetings,speeches,or being exiled she had many supporters. Crowds of supporters would greet her when she arrived. Roads and streetways would be blocked and businesses would be shut down. Although many people agreed with her, others did not. In 2007 Benazir Bhutto survived her first assassination attempt. More than one hundred supporters and bystanders died in the tragic event.
Pakistan had national elections coming up in 2008. Benazir Bhutto and the PPP were prepared to win another victory once again which would make Bhutto Prime Minister for yet another time. Weeks before the voting was going to take place another attack happened. Another extremist striked again. A gunman fired at her car and then blows himself up with a self destructive bomb. Bhutto was killed by a bullet to the neck. She later died in a hospital. Twenty bystanders also died at the event. Not long after chaos erupted through the country. Riots were happening all over because of the loss of the popular leader. Memorial services and funerals were taking place. Many people attended these services, people from all over the world.
Her son would later take her place. In her testament she said her son would take her place if anything was to ever happened to her. Benazir Bhutto’s son was named Bilawal Bhutto Zardari. He was in school at Oxford when everything happened. He was just nineteen years old when was supposed to take the position of his mom. It was later agreed that his father Asif would be chairmen of the PPP while Bilawal finished his studies. The PPP won the election in 2008, beating their enemy Nawaz Al-Sharif. Yousaf Rama Gillani was a member of the PPP and took the place as prime minister. Later that year the president resigned, making Asif Ali Zardari Pakistan's president.
Although Benazir Bhutto did not live to see the results of what she started, she left a huge mark on people all over the world. Bhutto impacted many known people today including Malala Yousafzai. (Malala received the Nobel Peace Prize.) Benazir Bhutto will always be remembered as a great leader, as well as a great person. Her actions have been celebrated by Muslim women and women all around the globe. She will be remembered for her fight against Islamic extremism and her fight for her people. The people of Pakistan will remember her for fight for the poor and the fight against the military dictatorship which took place in their government.
To conclude, Benazir Bhutto tried to do what was right for Pakistan. She set many goals for herself, some being very successful and some not being able to get accomplished. The PPP is still present in Pakistani politics. While she was prime minister she helped with Pakistan's future. Bhutto presented many bright ideas that she wished would help Pakistan. Her efforts helped with basic human rights, culture, social life, and political problems in Pakistan. Life in Pakistan changed for the best while she was there. Education and life for the poor improved while she was in office. Ultimately she improved the life of the Pakistani people. Benazir was an amazing person and a woman of courage. Throughout her life she went through many political and personal struggles and overcame them. She consistently fought for what she thought was right even if it was hard for her. Benazir Bhutto was a natural born leader. She had courage to stand up to powerful men in a Muslim country, she tried to tackle the problems of her people, she was fearless, and continually bold.
Sources Cited
- Islamabad, Richard Galpin in. “Benazir Bhutto given Five-Year Jail Term and £5m Fine for Corruption.” The Guardian, Guardian News and Media, 16 Apr. 1999, www.theguardian.com/world/1999/apr/16/benazirbhutto.
- Ahmed, Ashfaq. “Benazir Bhutto Remembered in Dubai.” GulfNews, Gulfnews, 29 Oct. 2018, gulfnews.com/world/asia/pakistan/benazir-bhutto-remembered-in-dubai-1.1850722.
- “Benazir Bhutto.” Academy of Achievement, www.achievement.org/achiever/benazir-bhutto/.
- “Benazir Bhutto - When I Return to Pakistan.” The Washington Post, WP Company, 20 Sept. 2007, www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/09/19/AR2007091901705.html?noredirect=on.
- Ahmed, Ashfaq. “Benazir Bhutto Remembered in Dubai.” GulfNews, Gulfnews, 29 Oct. 2018, gulfnews.com/world/asia/pakistan/benazir-bhutto-remembered-in-dubai-1.1850722.
- “Benazir Bhutto: An Imperfect Feminist.” The American Prospect, prospect.org/article/benazir-bhutto-imperfect-feminist.
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Women’s Fight for Equality with Men
Malala Yousafzai has said, “We cannot all succeed when half of us are held back.” The fight for women’s equality is one that has been very tough going way back in time. Women have always been dependent upon men and denied the freedom men are granted. The Victorian Era really captures the struggle and difficulty of women’s lives. Women were considered inferior in all aspects of life. From being considered their husband’s property to being unable to make any decisions. This is why Charlotte Bronte had to change her name and have a male pen name so her book could be published. On top of that, her book was not going to be published at first. The reason was that it addressed all the social issues that were taking place. The male patriarchal system thought her book would change their “utopian” society and women might revolt against the norms. This novel directly relates to the issues of gender roles presented in Victorian society.
The article “Gender Roles in the 19th Century” the article describes the difference in education and marriage rights for women and men. Women were responsible for being homemakers and were often forced to sacrifice their education so that their sons or brothers can go to school. As a result, men were the ones who went to work and were the breadwinners of society. Thus women were expected to be subjugated to men and were viewed as physically weak creatures. However, life was slightly different for middle-class women. They were given education so they can attract men. This reminds me a lot of Estella, from the Great Expectations who's trying to be educated to impress men just so she can break their hearts at the end. Whereas women could wear whatever clothes they want today and choose whatever job they want, women in the Victorian Era could only wear corsets and had very specific jobs. For example, from the article 'A Glimpse of Victorian Era Social Life,' some of the lower class women had to wear tight corsets. It also talks about how women took part in domestic chores as jobs such as the “Sewing Club.”
Based on the evidence presented, women had to choose jobs that allowed them to stay at home because that is where they “belonged.” Women weren’t able to choose their own jobs because at the time, they were considered unlawful for work. Similarly, from the novel Jane Eyre, we can see how Jane had to choose jobs where she was only allowed to work at home. In addition, we can see St. John who’s constantly telling her how she should live her life, and Mr. Brocklehurst treating Jane like she’s a liar. Jane is an educated woman who becomes a schoolteacher and a governess, but she is still mistreated because she is an orphan. People take for granted the rights we are blessed to have today. In the Victorian Era, women hardly had any rights. Before they were even married, they experienced prejudice. According to The Working and Middle Classes in Victorian Era England, women were seen (by men) as emotional and unstable to the point where they were incapable of making rational decisions.” This was completely unfair for women because the fact that they raised kids showed their responsibility proving that they could make rational decisions. This denies their basic human rights because women have the freedom to think whatever they like and make any decision they want.
Once a woman becomes married, all her property would go to her husband and she must live under his shadow. If there was a divorce, the children would go to the men leaving the women with nothing. Men could have premarital sex but women had to be chaste otherwise they would be seen as sinners. The most degrading thing was that employment. The reason why women could not live a single life was that there would be no way they could make a living. As for those who wanted to live alone, they had to choose jobs such as prostitution. Women in the Victorian Era explain that “Women went into prostitution was because other jobs for women were limited and didn't make nearly as much money.” This sad image is a clear example that displays the gender disparity in the Victorian Era. Here we can see women being subjugated under men, forced to obey their husbands. Many husbands were abusive to their womenfolk, an example of which can be seen in Oliver Twist where Nancy was killed because she left her house and didn’t obey her husband. Below we see a woman wearing a corset sitting bored and saddened at home. The reason men felt this power over women was because the Victorian Era was a patriarchal system.
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Malala Yousafzai’s Fight against Gender Inequality
The topic of the gender inequality interests me because I want to know why it exists still after all of this time in the United States where people have seen the good women can do. Gender inequality stems from a culture where women are seen as “weaker” than men. The patriarchy that has dominated most of America’s history has slowly been broken down since the early 20th century. In society, gender inequality is a very large scale problem which ranges from pay gaps, politics, workplaces, sports, etc. Trying to break down this inequality has been a goal of many influential women such as Susan B. Anthony, Sojourner Truth, Hillary Clinton, and Malala Yousafzai. Exploring and learning more about gender inequality is the only way to combat it.
The gender gap is a social issue that many people try to ignore or even deny. Even with mounting evidence towards the obvious presence of a gender gap many people still deny or don’t acknowledge it. In Jillian Berman’s (2018) article, she reveals a staggering statistic from an Institute for Women’s Policy Research report which stated that “over a 15 year period, women earn just 49 cents for every dollar a man earns” (Berman, 2018). The reason for this gap is likely due to the underlying culture of patriarchy in America in which men feel a type of dominance over women. Women suffer from the gap in another major way because their long-term benefits could be affected due to time out of work due to things like childbirth. The time spent out of work can affect the Social Security benefit a retiree gets because it is “tied to their average earnings during their 35 most profitable years” (Berman, 2018). The gender gap is a recurring issue over time and practice is seen in every country across the world. Some believe that the pay gap is inherently caused by the fact that women carry and give birth to babies which men cannot do. Sarah Kliff, a writer for Vox, states that in the United States “women are not guaranteed paid maternity leave and child care increasingly costs more than rent” (Kliff, 2018). The fact that a woman could possibly spend multiple years, depending on how many kids she has if any, out of work without sure maternity leave, could definitely hurt her financially in the present and the future as previously stated by the facts presented in the Berman article.
Pay is only part of gender inequality. In sports there is a lack of female coaches compared to male coaches in women’s sports which can hurt how girls feel about themselves and their view on sports as a whole. In Linda Flanagan’s article for The Atlantic, she makes the point that a male can’t understand a female like a female can. She states that “the absence of women means a dearth of female role models in powerful leadership positions” (Flanagan, 2017). Women being in a position of power will inspire more girls to be whatever that woman is and give them hope and a possible new option at a career path. The overwhelming prevalence of men in coaching shapes the way girls think about the role of coaching and can distort their view on leadership roles and make them think that “leadership roles are reserved for men” (Flanagan, 2017). The majority of coaches being male also shows the way gender inequality can be wired into children’s brains at a young age.
Gender inequality can only be combated by a change in attitude towards issues regarding it. Many laws will probably have to be passed in order to completely shore up gender inequality in the workplace. For instance, “a bill passed in San Francisco requires that their employers pay new parents 100 percent of their normal compensation for 6 weeks of leave” (CEO, 2018). Another way to defeat gender inequality is to build the confidence of our women and not tear them down and limit them to labels and roles, to empower them in their own dreams and goals and allow them to express themselves as any person should be able to.
REFERENCE
- Berman, J. (2018, November 29). The gender gap is much worse than you think. Retrieved January 1, 2019, from https://www.marketwatch.com/story/the-gender-gap-is-much-worse-than-you-think-2018-11-28
- Flanagan, L. (2017, July 28). How the Gender Gap in Sports Coaching Is Affecting Kids. Retrieved from https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2017/07/the-field-where-men-still-call-the-shots/535167/
- Kliff, S. (2018, February 19). A stunning chart shows the true cause of the gender wage gap. Retrieved from https://www.vox.com/2018/2/19/17018380/gender-wage-gap-childcare-penalty
- Leach, A. (2016, March 14). 12 steps to achieve gender equality in our lifetimes. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/global-development-professionals-network/2016/mar/14/gender-equality-women-girls-rights-education-empowerment-politics
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The Sound that Children Make
Jesus adores the little youngsters, every one of the offspring of the world, red and yellow, highly contrasting, they are valuable in his sight, Jesus cherishes the little offspring of the world.' Jesus cherishes the little kids. Furthermore, do you know who else cherishes kids? Mr. Fred Rogers. The narrative, Won't You Be My Neighbor? uncovers how Mr. Rogers, an appointed Presbyterian serve, began a kids' show, 'Mr. Rogers' Neighborhood', and utilized it to show kids and cooperative with youngsters for more than 30 years. Mr. Rogers went to his storage room, put on his sweater, and changed his shoes toward the start of each scene of his show.
He cherished youngsters and showed them exercises, for example, 'You are extraordinary simply the manner in which you are and that they couldn't tumble down the channels in a bath. He needed the best for kids, which isn't generally the situation in our reality. Mr. Rogers encouraged others to recall the individuals who constantly needed the best for us for the duration of our lives from the youth ahead. Do you recall that somebody who constantly needed the best for you? At the present time, pause for a minute to convey them to mind.
I recollect my second-grade instructor, Mrs. Esch. She constantly needed the best for me. Regardless I recall this tune she instructed us: Over spaghetti All secured with cheddar I lost my poor meatball When someone sniffled It moved off the table What's more, on to the floor And after that my poor meatball Took off of the entryway It came in the greenhouse Also, under a shrubbery And afterward my poor meatball Was only mush The mush was as delicious As scrumptious could be Also, ahead of schedule next summer It developed into a tree The tree was altogether secured With delightful greenery It developed stunning meatballs And tomato sauce So in the event that you eat spaghetti All secured with cheddar Clutch your meatball And absolutely never wheeze She played the piano in our classroom as we sang this tune.
I recall Mrs. Esch who even in her 80s got her Doctorate in Instruction. What a motivation! She constantly needed the best for me and as Mr. Rogers instructed, you don't need to do anything exciting to be cherished. This is astuteness for the two kids and grown-ups. In the gospel story, the little girl of the Syrophoenician lady didn't do anything, actually, to be cherished, as she lay in bed with an unclean soul, however, her mother needs the best for her girl, needs her recuperating, and adores her. She chances dismissal dependent on culture, religion, ethnicity, and sexual orientation yet is eager to approach Jesus regardless and oppose the taboos of that day for her youngster. She is a super supporter for her little girl similarly as we as a whole need to advocate when we are wiped out in the medical clinic. She asks Jesus to cast the devil out of her little girl and at last her backtalk spares her tyke; she's the main lady to talk in the Good news of Imprint. Notwithstanding the beginning obstruction from Jesus, her confidence stays solid and prompts her girl's mending. This mother and Jesus are the focal point of consideration in this scriptural story.
We know who the grown-ups are on the grounds that they get all the activity and words. Jesus seems to be inconsiderate in his reaction to the lady when he says, 'Let the kids be nourished first, for it isn't reasonable for take the kids' sustenance and toss it to the pooches.' 'Youngsters,' here, alludes to Israel. Jesus is clearly carrying on of the way of life and standards of the day in his treatment of this Gentile, along these lines unclean, lady.In this Jewish setting, Gentiles were now and again basically suggested as 'hounds.' It's an affront. Be that as it may, the frantic mother doesn't react irately but instead with, 'Sir, even the mutts under the table eat the kids' morsels.' Most Markan researchers propose that some huge change in Jesus' ethnic frame of mind happens at this exact minute in his main goal.
This reaction modifies Jesus' view on his central goal among the Gentiles and her sharp, confidence-filled reaction is the thing that prompts her tyke's recuperating. No flourish, no extravagant 'razzle-astonish' as Calvin Theological college Teacher John Rottman says, however, the evil presence is thrown out of the tyke so when the mother returns home, she finds 'the kid lying on the bed, and the devil gone.' Extraordinary news, correct?
The principal characters in this story, the mother and Jesus, are dynamic and talk yet notwithstanding when the recuperating comes, the tyke isn't gotten notification from nor is there any activity from her. She is an inactive figure in the story to be followed up on however she has no office. There isn't one dynamic action word related to this young lady. Every other person talks however the youngster! Jesus talks. The mother talks. The group talks. Indeed, even the quiet man's tongue is discharged and he talks obviously. Be that as it may, the little girl, the kid, never lets out the slightest peep. It is careful to say that we are muzzling the youngsters? Are there any youngsters in the Sanctuary at the beginning of today? In case you're here, it would be ideal if you state in your most intense voice, 'Great morning, House of prayer!' We need to see you. We need to hear you. Indeed, even in the love announcement work of art, we see the tyke in this scriptural story on the fringe of the supposed genuine activity, inferring the underestimation of kids. Furthermore, in another scene of this fine art when Jesus recognizes the request of the lady and mends the little girl, the little girl is entire to be found in the picture. Recuperated however not heard or seen by any means. It is a visual delineation and prosecution of how regularly youngsters' voices and points of view are quieted and their bodies made undetectable.
In the event that we never hear them, we may come to see them as inconsequential in light of the fact that sound implies nearness and significance. In the event that we never hear certain sounds, specific voices, we will never perceive the importance of specific individuals or societies and best case scenario not perceive their humankind. Coming to voice matters. You have a voice and allegorically it implies you have a personality—that is, your voice. Be that as it may, without a voice you may have a non-character, and be a non-being, even non-existent. Your body is there yet it is detached, not dynamic; it is patched anyway not a recovering administrator, just a body lying on a bed or a walkway or in a jail. There yet no one contemplations to hear your voice, especially the voice of children, including the Syrophoenician woman's daughter. What's more, when kids are hushed, they can move toward becoming casualties of physical, mental, and sexual maltreatment, abuse, neediness, and dread. To be given a voice (as Jesus improves the situation the quiet man) is to be without set (Richard Ward). On the off chance that this is genuine, at that point despite the fact that this young lady is recuperated, she isn't yet absolutely free since she is quiet. Also, all through the Good news of Imprint, there are other kids who never let out the slightest peep. In section 5, a tyke, the little girl of a synagogue ruler, is said to not be dead but rather resting; she's recuperated and gets up to stroll around yet she never talks.
In section 9, another parent fills in as a backer and stands up for the benefit of a youngster who has a soul that doesn't enable him to talk. In any case, even after Jesus mends him and the kid stands up, there is no stable, no words, from this kid. The quieting of youngsters is sin. I've generally said that I'd need a tyke to appeal to God for me over a cleric whenever. Who wouldn't have any desire to have a kid supplicate: Dear God, thank you for the child sibling, yet what I appealed to God for was a little dog? So certified, legit, straightforward, and confidence-filled. These are the voices we need. Youngsters' voices. Mr. Rogers was a promoter, a voice for youngsters, yet he tuned in to their voices profoundly. He had a certified appreciation for the respect of each kid. Despite the fact that youngsters are as yet creating, they are completely human, made in the picture of God, meriting our appreciation and delicate consideration, instead of being viewed as items to be hushed and manhandled, even in the congregation. Do we quietness the kids? Mr. Rogers didn't.
When he met a 14-year-old kid whose cerebral paralysis left him once in a while powerless to walk or talk, Mr. Rogers approached the kid to appeal to God for him. This kid was stunned in light of the fact that he was regularly the object of petitions, however, nobody had ever approached him to appeal to God for them. This kid said he out it an attempt and appeal to God for Mr. Rogers since he suspected that Mr. Rodgers must be close to God Mr. Rogers preferred him he should be O.K. Whenever Mr. Rogers was praised on doing this and increasing the kid's confidence, he reacted along these lines: 'I didn't approach him for his petitions for him; I requested me. I asked him since I imagine that any individual who has experienced difficulties like that must be near God. I asked him since I needed his intervention.' (David Rivulets) A tyke might be a piece of this scriptural story. Youngsters might be a piece of your story and lives. Yet, do they have a voice? Do they talk? Is it accurate to say that they are heard?
Jesus stated, 'Whoever winds up humble like this kid is the best in the kingdom of paradise. Whoever invites one such youngster in my name invites me' (Matthew 18:2-5) and he includes, 'Let the little kids reach me, and don't stop them; for it is to, for example, these that the kingdom of paradise has a place' (Matthew 19:14). Be that as it may, on the off chance that they come, will we hear them out? Malala Yousafzai, a little girl of an educator, was 10 years of age in 2007 when the Taliban seized control of her home area in northwest Pakistan. The next year, the Taliban restricted all young ladies from going to class. Malala started blogging for the BBC about their existence under the Taliban and her craving to come back to class. In the end, she and her family were compelled to escape their home as the Pakistani armed force came back to the zone to ward off the Taliban.
The national armed force was fruitful, however, the Taliban still controlled numerous country territories. Malala proceeded with her exceptionally open battle for instruction rights and, in 2012, when she was only 15, covered shooters boarded her school transport and shot her in the head. She endure, and alongside her family moved to Britain, where she came back to class in 2013 and proceeded with her promotion for young ladies' rights to training. In 2014, at 17 years old, Malala turned into the most youthful victor of the Nobel Harmony Prize. At the point when the youngsters come, the world can change. I wonder if now and again we are hesitant to tune in to youngsters since they will come clean? Be that as it may, in the event that we shut youngsters out, we shut God out on the grounds that in addition to the fact that Jesus loves the little kids, God appeared on the scene through his son, as an infant child. So never think small of kids. One spared the world and we've never been the equivalent.
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The Sound That Children Make. (2021, Dec 29).
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Malala Yousafzai on Discrimination against People
Malala Yousafzai once said,” There should be no discrimination against languages people speak, skin color, or religion”. This quote proves that judging people doesn’t define who they are it defines who you are. In the novel Of Mice and Men, John Steinbeck tells the story of two men who travel together during the Great Depression. Steinbeck explores the major theme of the loss of hope that can be caused by discrimination. Steinbeck used the characters of Crooks and Lennie to show that discrimination leaves people without power or hope.
Lennie, a man of tremendous size, has the mind of a young child. Doesn’t have any family only George. Lennie and George are eating in the forest and Lennie keep telling George if they have ketchup for the beans their eating. George exploded,” Whatever we ain’t got, that’s what you want. God almighty, if I was alone I could live so easy. I could go get a job an’ work, and no trouble.” ‘“[...] An whatta I got,” George went furiously. “I got you! You can’t keep a job and lose me ever’ job I get.[...]” (Steinbeck,11). This quote explains that if Lennie wasn’t around then George would be living life. This shows that George really doesn’t like taking care of Lennie, But really doesn’t have a choice. This relates to the theme because George likes to make Lennie feel bad about himself. Lennie and George finally made it to the bunkhouses.
Their new boss was asking them questions about how they knew each other and where they use to work. After Lennie and George arrived to the bunkhouse the boss kept on asking why isn’t Lennie talking. George said they are cousins and when they were small Lennie go kicked in the head by a horse and he isn’t the brightest. “ You said I was your cousin George” “ Well, that was a lie. An’ I be damn glad it was. If I was a relative of yours I’d shoot myself” (Steinbeck,24). This quote means that George feels superior then Lennie. It explains that George really doesn’t respect Lennie nor Lennie’s family. This relates to the theme because George knows that Lennie doesn’t know how to mentally defend himself. To wrap up, Lennie falls in the category for being apart from discrimination because the characters throughout the story really don’t treat Lennie like a grown adult and don’t take him seriously.
Crooks a crippled black man that likes to keep his distance and demands that people keep theirs. Crooks, Lennie, and Candy were all talking to each other and Crooks finally feel like he’s not being treated differently and he finally has confidence, but that all changed when Curley’s Wife shows up. Curley’s Wife turned to Crooks inverse “Listen, nigger,” she said. “You know what I can do to you if you open your trap” (Steinbeck,80). This quote shows how not only do they treat Crooks differently but, they threaten to take his life. This quote relates to discrimination because it shows that they think Crooks's life is a joke. After Curley's Wife threatens Crooks. Crooks seemed to grow smaller, and he pressed himself against the wall. Crooks avoided the whole subject, “Maybe you guys better go,” he said. “I ain’t sure I want you in here no more. A colored man got to have some rights’ seven if he doesn’t like, em (Steinbeck). This quote, it shows how Crooks went from having Confidence feeling like a normal person to feeling like he’s a nobody again. This means just by one person telling Crooks something he loses all his power as a human. All in all, Crooks is a big part of discrimination because they treat him differently because of his skin tone which relates back to the theme.
To End, this character Lennie and Crooks were being discriminated against because of their looks or mental disabilities. This relates and connects to the theme because they both had hope and dreams but, were sadly taken away from them.
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The Similarity of Views on Education Frederick Douglas and Malala Yousafzai
Frederick Douglass, a slavery abolitionist, once said, “Where justice is denied, where poverty is enforced, where ignorance prevails, and where any one class is made to feel that society is an organized conspiracy to oppress, rob, and degrade them, neither persons nor property will be safe.” Slavery is an awful thing, and throughout his life, Douglass experienced the harsh, cruel effects of it. In the Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass written by himself, Douglass tells of all the hardships and traumas he endured in his life as a slave. Douglass was sent to multiple different slave owners in his life, and the situation was unique to each one. Wherever he was, however, one thing remained on his mind: education. Wherever he was sent, he was always striving to learn more. Douglass thought that education would free him both literally and figuratively. Frederick Douglass believed education was power and leads to freedom.
First, Frederick Douglass believed education is power. He believed this for many reasons, but one specific reason was that the white children knew their ages, and he did not. This made him feel unhappy and discouraged, and he did not understand why he didn’t have the same privilege as they did. At the beginning of the book, Frederick said, “The white children could tell their ages. I could not tell why I ought to be deprived of the same privilege” (Douglass 19). Not having an education stripped Douglass of his dignity. It made him feel worthless. But when he became educated later in the book, his dignity was restored. Therefore, Frederick Douglass believed education is power.
Second, Frederick Douglass’ words are still relevant today. At the Youth Takeover of the United Nations in 2013, Malala Yousafzai made a speech about education. She said, “One child, one teacher, one pen, and one book can change the world. Education is the only solution. Education first” (Yousafzai). Frederick Douglass thought that education is power, and so does Malala. Her speech was in 2013, which was only five years ago. She is preaching what Douglass thought in 1997. Clearly, Frederick Douglass’ words are still relevant today.
When Frederick Douglass is with the Aulds, he realizes that education leads to freedom. He realized this due to multiple scenarios that occurred in his slave career. One of them was when Sophia Auld, his kind, white-faced mistress, was teaching him how to read. Master Auld came in and instructed her to stop because learning would spoil any slave, and it is unsafe to teach a slave to read. That is when Douglass realized that education leads to freedom. Douglass explained, “From that moment, I understood the pathway from slavery to freedom” (Douglass 48). If Master Auld hadn’t instructed Sophia Auld to stop teaching Frederick, he might not have gained the invaluable knowledge he had. Because of this scenario and a few others, Frederick Douglass believed education leads to freedom.
Finally, Frederick Douglass’ words still apply and are still relevant today. At the Youth Takeover of the United Nations, Malala also said that she believes education is freedom, and she wants every child to have the right to a good education. Malala said, “I am here to speak up for the right of education for every child” (Yousafzai). She also said that she wants every terrorist to have an education. This is how strongly she believes in education. This wasn’t very long ago, which proves that Frederick Douglass’ words on freedom are still relevant today.
In conclusion, Frederick Douglass believed education is strong, and it results in freedom. While he was a slave, he learned how to read, which helped him develop his independence. This was what ultimately helped him escape, which later led to his literal and figurative freedom. By being able to read, he gained power over his masters because he started detesting them and realizing how cruel they are. Education allowed him to develop his own opinions and values, which was crucial to his independence. As Frederick Douglass proved, education can truly impact and change our lives.
Works Cited
- Yousafzai, Malala. “Youth Takeover of the United Nations.” Conference Title that Includes Conference Date and Location, Keynote Address, 12 July 2013.
- Douglass, Frederick. Narrative of Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave. Signet Classics, December 1997, New York.
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Anthrozoology – Cat
The human and animal bond is a mutual beneficial thing between both parties. There is also a major called ¨anthrozoology¨ which focuses mainly on the relationships and interactions between humans and animals. Anthrozoology mainly focuses on hominids and primates, an animal such as a chimpanzee. Animals help humans learn the importance of responsibility, loyalty, empathy, sharing, and unconditional love -- qualities particularly essential to a child's healthy development.
As humans we benefit from animals more than they do us, Living with an animal, or even just visiting one, can have health benefits, including improvements in mental, social, and physical health. Moreover, a research from March 2016 showed that people who take their dogs walking everyday has less body fat, were able to move around more, and was more energetic. In a different study, a walking program that matched sedentary people with therapy animals resulted in the participants increasing the time and distance they walked over a period of a year. They were motivated because they knew the dogs needed them.
There is also a disease called Fibromyalgia which is very painful, but research showed that the people who had this disease had a therapy dog and there was a decrease in their pain levels. Furthermore, another study found that an animal’s presence increased positive social behaviors among children with autism spectrum disorder Another discovered that the presence of a dog helped children focus on tasks. Pets can be powerful allies for kids battling health problems, too. In a study, therapy animals helped pediatric cancer patients become more motivated to participate in their treatment. Those kids were also more likely to stay dedicated and want to “get better.”
I have had about five pets in my life, two cats and three dogs, one cat and two of the dogs passed away. I raised my cat from when she was about a month old because I found her in the streets. My cat is very clingy to me she loves rubbing against me and when i’m not around to sleep on she sleeps in my clothes. My cat also stays by the door meowing anytime I go to the restroom, she also loves headbutting me and kneeding on my legs or arm.
Furthermore, I also found my dog on the street, she was a puppy and we decided to take her to get her shots and get her cleaned up. My dog is much more energetic than my cat, everytime I come home my dog is basically attacking with excitement. Often time when I go to the bathroom my dog forces herself in there with me, and I always have to close the door really fast so she doesn’t get in. Moreover, when I took my dog to the vet she said there was sings of abuse and neglect, so she is scared of a lot of things and I have to be very cautious with the things I bring around her, and the things I do around her, but I feel like our bond will grow more once she learns to trust me.
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Who Tracks in more Bacteria? Cats, Dogs, or Humans?
Cats and dogs have been in the lives of humans for thousands of years. Their unique paws protect their feet from jagged surfaces and provide traction. Cats have been living among humans for around 8,000 years. They are the only known animals that have domesticated themselves.First signs of the domestication of cats sprouted from the Near East, which includes the countries of Syria, Israel, Iran, and Egypt, along with many more(https://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/29/science/29cat.html).
When humans stopped following the herds of animals and began farming staple crops like grain, cats are suspected of becoming domesticated (https://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/29/science/29cat.html). The harvested grain would attract rodents, which would attract the cats. The humans in this time watched and appreciated the rodent control against the crops. In return, humans welcomed cats into their homes where they’d protect and feed them. Dogs on the other hand, have been human companions for about 15,000 years, they are thought to be the first animal to ever be domesticated . It is said that canines were domesticated by the lure of food (https://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/29/science/29cat.html) .
During the time of humans following the herds, the canine ancestors were drawn to their camps because of the smell of food, in which the dogs hoped to score leftovers. Dogs continued to come into the camps daily, humans soon realized that these dogs would loudly bark when predators were near. After the realization, humans began to feed the dogs willingly. Since then, dogs have stayed alongside humans, loyally following and protecting. Like The paws of cats and dogs, shoes serve the same purpose, which is as protection against sharp and rocky terrain. Shoes have been worn by humans since 1600 B.C. in early civilizations, like the ones in Mesopotamia (https://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/29/science/29cat.html). The type of shoes worn by mountain peoples were soft and made out of wrapped around leather. In warmer climates, sandals would be worn, whereas in colder climates moccasins were worn.
Although the paws and soles of shoes serve as a protective layer to feet, they can track great amounts of bacteria into homes. Some examples are Salmonella, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Pasteurella, and Streptococcus (https://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/29/science/29cat.html). Animals can contract Salmonella by eating or coming in contact with raw meats or eggs or feces from other animals that are infected. Salmonella can then be transferred to humans by cats or dogs by their waste or an other animals’. Infected pets may not show symptoms, but when symptoms are present in animals it causes diarrhea. Humans can become infected by contact with the feces of an infected animal. When Salmonella is contracted by humans it may cause diarrhea, vomiting, fever, or abdominal cramps.
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, MRSA for short, is a bacteria that is found on the skin of people and animals. It often enters the bodies through a wound. Animals can also display no sign of the disease, but if it is shown, hair loss, redness or a rash is common. If spread to humans, the symptoms can be red, swollen, or irritated skin, or possibly a fever. Pasteurella is not typically harmful to animals, but it could potentially cause infections in the ears, nose, skin, and eyes when passed through a bite and or scratch. When spread to humans however, Pasteurella can cause infections on the skin and soft tissue which could lead to having to have surgical drainage for the wound. Pets can catch Streptococcus from other infected animals by simply eating out of the same bowl, the same bedding and or roughly playing with one another. This bacteria is the same cause of strep throat and meningitis in humans.
In animals, Streptococcus can progress into Canine Streptococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome, which leads to the pet being weak and not being able to move. Many other bacteria caused diseases stem from pets, however humans can track in the same types of bacteria by not taking off or wiping shoes off before entering homes, along with cleaning off an animal’s paws before letting them back into the house. The purpose of this experiment is to monitor the growth of bacteria in six different petri dishes of a dirty dog’s foot and wiped, a dirty cat’s paw and wiped, and lastly the bottom of a dirty show and wiped. This experiment will determine if a dog, cat, or shoes introduce more bacteria into homes.
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