A Society that Revolves Around you Need Money

Money is a very taboo topic in general. Without money, it is very hard for you to achieve your goals. In the 1940s especially with all of the segregation and racism acts. In the book A Raisin in the Sun by Lorraine Hansberry there are multiple symbolic messages in this play that affect the way that characters are perceived and give onlookers more depth into their personalities, two of the main symbols that are found are Money and Dreams that the characters have throughout the book, they both can be physical and physiological.

One of the major conflicts in the play is money, this makes conflicts with the four main characters which are Mama, Walter, Ruth, and Beneatha. In the story, there is a part where Walter and Mama are having a conversation about money and Walter has different views about it when she says, “ Oh – So now it’s life. Money is life. Once upon a time freedom used to be life – now it’s money. I guess the world really do change . . .

Walter: No – it was always money, Mama. We just didn’t know about it.

Mama: No . . . something has changed. You something new, boy. In my time we were worried about not being lynched and getting to the North if we could and how to stay alive and still have a pinch of dignity too . . . (Hansberry act 1 scene 2 page 48)” Mom asks Walter for what good reason he generally discusses cash. Walter replies with 'cash is life,' disclosing to her that achievement is presently characterized by how much cash one has. These lines exhibit the ideological contrasts between their ages. All throughout the play, Mama's perspectives are inconsistent with Walter's and Beneatha's perspectives. For Walter, cash is by all accounts the response to everything. Cash, he accepts, enables individuals to live agreeable and cheerful lives. This relates to the claim because it shows how two different generations preserve money and problems relating to money.

In life, there are conflicts that have to do with the money that makes some people turn selfish and not think about the consequences that it might cause in the future. Mama is having a conversation with beneath about what would have been if Walter didn’t lose the money. She is thinking about everything she would have done for herself not really everyone else. As Mama was talking to Beneatha she said this “Have you cried for that boy today? I don’t mean for yourself and for the family ‘cause we lost the money. I mean for him: what he been through and what it did to him. Child, when do you think is the time to love somebody the most? When they have done good and made things easy for everybody? Well then, you ain’t through learning – because that ain’t the time at all. It’s when he’s at his lowest and can’t believe in his himself ‘cause the world done whipped him so! (Hansberry act 3 page 145)” When you start measuring somebody, measure him, right child, measure him right. Make sure you did take into account what hills and valleys he comes through before he got to wherever he is. This relates to the claim because money can overwhelm your senses in a way that can change the whole way you are seen as in a situation.

Money can affect the relationships between the characters and you see that a lot throughout the book. In one of these situations, Mama and Walter are talking about how she has been to him. Mama is confessing to him that she understands that she hasn’t been good to him. When she is talking about her son’s response is this “I say I been wrong, son. That I been doing to you what the rest of the world been doing to you. Walter – what you ain’t never understood is that I ain’t got nothing, don’t own anything, ain’t never really wanted nothing that wasn’t for you. . . . There ain’t nothing worth holding on to, money, dreams, nothing else – if it means – if it means it’s going to destroy my boy. . . . I’m telling you to be the head of this family from now on like you supposed to be. (Hansberry act 2 scene 2 page 106)” What this is overall saying is that Walter wants Travis to have a way better life than he did. He also wants his son to succeed in life so he won't become like his father. This relates to the dreams part of the claim because Walter is realizing that he's not just doing it for himself to succeed, but he wants the next generation to succeed since it's more important to him.

Money can change the way that people act. This book has no exception! Beneatha wanted the money to be able to stay in college. Beneath is a character who is very determined and she's really getting a new “modern” since she is an educated African American woman who wants to become a doctor. In this book towards the end, Beneatha has a fit because Walter lost all of the money and her “friend” Asagai said basically that even though what happened was bad it's not the end of the world for her, he stated exactly, “Then isn’t there something wrong in a house – in a world! – where all dreams, good or bad, must depend on the death of a man? I never thought to see you like this, Alaimo. (Hansberry act 3 page 135)” Beneatha is awfully discouraged and skeptical, knowing now that the cash for her future instruction is likewise gone and that her future and her fantasies are likely destroyed. Asagai gets her increasingly irate by belligerence that her fantasy and her methods for accomplishing it are inseparably bound up in the demise of her dad and Walter's budgetary keen. While Beneatha views herself as free, Asagai contends that she has been definitely not. This relates to the claim because her dreams and demands are so ambitious that she doesn't care how it affects other people in her family or friends.

The author of The Raisin in the Sun showed how the symbols of Money and Dreams through mainly the Main characters which are Walter, Mama, Ruth, and Beneatha had a strong effect on the character's thoughts and actions. In present-day today people's dreams and ambition, a lot of times have to do with money. In order to achieve these goals, the characters in the book create conflicts with each other and also with themselves to try to achieve the goals the way that they think is the right way. Therefore, society at any point in time revolves on you having money.

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I’ll Give you the Sun

Contents

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This book captivates you right from the beginning, starting off the perspective of one twin, Noah. Nelson then leads on to the future, from a second perspective, the other twin Jude. A combination from both points of view reveals an infinite number of emotions to the reader, making you feel connected and a part of this piece of literature. The author’s portrayal of Jude and Noah helps convey the number of themes in “I’ll Give You the Sun,” which includes the important topics of family, identity, and grief. Jandy Nelson reveals the themes and her purpose of “I’ll Give You the Sun” by the organization of the story, the style, and emotions of the story, and by making the characters appeal and relate to her audience.

Jandy Nelson, the author of “I’ll Give You the Sun,” was born in New York in 1965. As a child, her family was very superstitious, allowing her sense of writing to be very open and “free verse,” as one might say. She now resides in San Francisco, California, where she gathered inspiration for the mythical and dramatic setting of “I’ll Give You the Sun,” Lost Cove. Throughout the years, Nelson has had many educational experiences, receiving a Bachelors's in comparative literature and two Master in poetry and writing for children and young adults. Her master's in poetry has opened up and influenced her emotional and voice-driven style of writing. Some significant life experiences that the author has encountered has been when she had first

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been inspired with the idea to write novels, when an executive editor named Jill Santopolo advocated her with the idea of writing a verse novel after she had heard Nelson reading her poetry. One other major event Nelson underwent was a sculpting class. This class inspired her with one of the themes for the piece of work, which is breaking free to find your identity. One other friend she never forgets to mention for her uprise is author Deb Wiles, her former mentor. As Nelson was beginning her journey of changing her works from poetry to novels, Wiles always told her to never give up and that she would be able to achieve her goals.

For some background information about “I’ll Give You the Sun,” two fraternal twins named Jude and Noah undergo the tragedy of losing their mother due to a car accident. The siblings both blame themselves for what happened, and this causes their relationship with each other and become strained and unknown. Jude turns to art to try to cope with her issues, while Noah starts to become reckless. After a number of events, including Noah almost falling off a cliff, the twins realized all the secrets that had been hidden under the blankets between each other. Noah and Jude finally reconnect, and both of them finally realize their identities in the world after so much tension that had been keeping them away from breaking free.

In “I’ll Give You the Sun,” the structure of the book is in two different points of view, set in both the past and present. The two perspectives come from the two important figures in the book, Jude and Noah. Since the book is set in two sets of time, the audience is able to easily compare and contrast the events and the personalities of all the different characters in the story. Even though it might be confusing at first, the way the story is organized allows readers to be able to visualize the journey the characters experience throughout significant time periods in their lives. As the book is capable of being able to focus on one time period at a time and able to be

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interpreted easily, the readers are able to realize that the themes of love, family, and identity are being developed throughout the second perspective, whereas in the first part, the downfall of the family is being introduced. The shift from downfalls to improvements in the two parts of the piece of literature allows the reader to be able to detect the themes and purpose in a clear and straightforward way, by comparing and contrasting.

“I’ll Give You the Sun” is a book that is filled to the brim with passionate feelings and emotions. Nelson’s style involves lots of compassion, intricacy, and sometimes can even be contradictory. The author finds ways to be able to reveal emotions of love, heartbreak, grief, and hate at the same time, between the different types of situations the characters seem to face. Nelson then reveals how the lives of all the characters are intertwined, and these connections between each other allow the important figures to reconcile with each other and present the story’s main message. Vivid language also brings this story to life; the readers are able to capture the ups and downs of the book and interpret inside their own minds. Because of the author uses this type of language, she reveals the purpose of the book, which is trying to entertain us with all the different emotions teens face in their everyday lives, and how we ultimately love each other, no matter what.

Since the two main characters of I’ll Give You the Sun is teenagers, it automatically brings the attention of an audience of young adults. Jude and Noah are two very emotional people who suffer from trauma, betrayal, and anxiety. Even though some adults believe teenagers dramatize their feelings throughout that specific time period, everyone has their own emotions, good or bad. With the characters riding up and down in an almost never ending emotional rollercoaster, it allows the readers to relate to the characters and almost see themselves

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in their positions. Even if they haven’t suffered through so much as the twins do in the book, the audience can still find some sort of connection between them, which clarifies the themes and purpose of the book. Everyone has gone through secrets, mourning, and grief at one point in their lives, and they are able to fight through it and resolve their problems. This relatable journey through reality is just like “I’ll Give You the Sun,” which shows you just how much the author wanted this book to be so impactful and approachable to everyone, not just Jude and Noah.

In conclusion, the themes and purposes of “I’ll Give You the Sun” are just entertaining us with feelings of love and grief. The audience is captivated with trying to understand the journey of what some teenagers have to go through. This book teaches the readers the meaning of true family and that there can be some rough patches in the road. However, we can always get stitched back up and become whole again through hope. Through the organization, style, and the relatable aspect of this story, the power of perseverance and hanging on to that love for family shines through, ultimately making this book a must read for its theme of how strong love really can be and how it can pick up the downfalls someone can experience.

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Maximum Efficiency of Solar Panels

Contents

Introduction section
Abstract Section

Introduction section

Many solar panels lose energy because they don't face the sun at all times. My purpose is to help move solar panels to get maximum efficiency, from the pannels. The way I will do this is by using sensors to move motors that will track the sun and point the solar panels at the sn.

My project helps the real world by helping maximize energy in the more technological world. When solar panels don’t face the sun they are getting almost no light vs a lot of light when they face the sun so this will help get more energy to power the world. The system will also help track rockets and guide them toward the sun. One of the scientific concepts is the flow of electricity can be used to generate a system of data and 1s and zeros to control a piece of machinery or electric device through pulses of current down a conductor.

This is the fundamental principle that makes my rocket systems work and my tracking work. My system is also known as a line of sight guidance system “Line of sight (LOS) guidance is classified as a so-called three-point guidance scheme since it involves a (typically stationary) reference point in addition to the interceptor and the target.”One of the other ways we could chase down dead satellites is by using a pure pursuit type of tracking “Pure pursuit (PP) guidance belongs to the so-called two-point guidance schemes, where only the interceptor and the target are considered in the engagement geometry” The final way is constant being guidance which makes the interceptor move along one line to intercept the target at a certain point in the fight of the missile often used in air to air missiles.

” However, in a CB engagement, the interceptor is supposed to align the relative interceptor-target linear velocity along the line of sight between the interceptor and the target.” This discusses how the constant being pursuit is like and different from the pure pursuit missile. The way this benefits society is that it will help find space debris and help rockets avoid impact with space debris. The other way it could benefit society is it could help us put people on paces like IO one of Jupiter's moons Even though it is covered in lava we still could detect light coming off the moon from the very hot rock on the surface.

Some previous research was for laser-guided missiles by the soviet union and the united states in the cold war but neither projects were useful to my purpose but they did give examples of how to build a light guidance system” The missile can be operated in multiple secure guidance modes including laser beam riding, automatic guidance”. The research done on light guidance has mostly been done in classified government abs and most research was during the cold war so the governments of Russia and the united states didn't want private companies building weapons. The research that the governments did was inconclusive because the light missiles were dropped for heat-seeking missiles.

I have learned that the light guide has been around for a while but always overlooked and now it has its time to shine with my project which will put it to its full use and I also learned that the

technology to create this system exists it just was overlooked also that in the cold war the USSR and the USA both had the idea of light guidance for rockets.

In conclusion, I have learned that lots of research were done on light tracking missiles and that the technology already exists for a rocket to track light and aim at the light just the tech has never been used in practice so none of the potentials has been explored and none of the boundaries pushed and I intend to push those boundaries.

My goal at the beginning of the science fair was to create a system that could help guide rockets and maximize solar panel efficiency. The results of my tests conclude that my solution will work for the purpose of my project. It tracked the light of the sun through the day which means that if you strap a solar panel on top of it you would maximize its efficiency by pointing it at the light through the whole day.

The other thing I could have done better is I could have gone with my accelerometer solution and made something that could stay vertical instead of tracking a light. My final design is also too large to fit on a normal size rocket.

My project is very similar to a Soviet project in the 1950s for surface-to-air missiles.

This is all I know on the subject because no other information has been declassified by the Russian government. The other solution to the solar panel problem was solar panels on stepper motors that would turn on only one axis and move every hour

My Hypothesis was that I could create a working machine that could track the sun or guide a rocket effectively. My data showed that on a sunny day the device would be able to point a solar panel at a light source throughout the day but if clouds obstructed the view of the device it may not be able to. My device also could track a Delta 4 heavy from 5 km away if it was launched at night because in the day the sun would produce more light energy than the rocket

Abstract Section

The reason I did my project was that we as humans are moving toward a more reusable energy era. With it, we are only getting so much energy from solar panels and that is an issue.

My main build, for my solution, consists of 2 servo motors and 4 photoresistors to track alight. The light hits each resistor a different amount so they move to equalize their input. The code has an interesting feature in which is, that you can adjust the sensitivity of my photoresistors. This means that I will be able to aim a solar panel at the sun all day which will double the amount of energy produced by the panel. The reason the panel gets more energy is that it will aim at the sun all day and even on partly cloudy days as long as there is enough light for it to work. My results showed that my solution worked but it wouldn't work for rockets because it wouldn't fit inside of a normally sized rocket. This, however, is not my main goal, which is to aim at the sun.

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Sporty Fun in the Sun

Barbados can boast a huge array of sports in addition to cricket, watersports, and motorsports. Golf at our beautiful golf courses, horse racing at the historic Garrison Savannah Track where the Sandy Lane Golf Cup takes place in early March, as well as Sailing with the Regatta in January attracting not only competitors but followers from all over the world. Rugby, football, polo, surfing, hockey, cycling all have their place both locally and with annual international events. The Run Barbados Marathon and the Open Water Festival Swimming event continue to grow and have been added to our sports tourism calendar.

Seeking an active holiday? We offer customized travel and a consultative approach to create your perfect trip.

Whatever your interest, whether you would like to be a spectator or a competitor or simply have fun recreationally, we at Blue Sky Luxury pride ourselves in delivering top-quality sports packages that take the worry out of travel allowing our guests to enjoy special moments that will last a lifetime.

Our sporty holidays provide fun opportunities to getaway. Whether you are looking to work up a sweat with tennis on our sunny island of Barbados, zip through the countryside on a cycling break, or improve your golf swing at our world-recognized golf courses, these trips will suit your interests. If you would rather try a little of everything, we offer a variety of different one-on-one activities in a customized bundle pack.

Whether you want to brush up on the basics or hone your skills, you can take advantage of our world-class facilities like championship-sized golf courses and our international racing circuit. Private lessons and helpful personal trainers are available to ensure that you have fun with your chosen sporting activities. At our recommended luxury villa, you can create a sporty holiday that suits your personal tastes.

We offer the perfect combination of luxury and leisure for travelers who want to discover the first-class offerings of Barbados and ensure they have an unforgettable holiday experience.

If you need to cool off and prefer the allure of the water there are water sports options galore. We have an assortment of water activities both over and underwater. If you love to peruse the depths of oceans then we have snorkeling and scuba diving; if not then we have windsurfing, kayaking, paddleboarding, sailing, jet skiing and so much more.

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The American Dream in a Poem by James Emmanuel

In his poem, “The Negro”, James Emmanuel indicates why African Americans are not prosperous when it comes to realizing the American Dream. He ideates that the constant racial stereotypes made of African Americans prevent non-blacks from noticing what they are individually capable of doing in order to succeed. When Emmanuel writes, “Never saw him, never can,” he seems to assert that whites do not have the ability to see past African Americans’ color which tends to be the very first thing they notice about them.

Emmanuel then seems to explain that whites don’t see African Americans as people they can relate to. They instead choose to categorize all African Americans as if they were all the exact same. The writer is hinting that whites regard all African Americans as menacing and or threatening which may be why they are at a halt economically. The reason being is that people who are non-black employers have a negative mentality of all African Americans which rules out blacks from being employed. An additional unfavorable stereotype in the poem relates to a wide-eyed clown which was what African Americans were cast as if chosen for a role. This stereotype is conveyed in the line “eyes a saucer”.

“Yessir bossier” appears to give readers the feeling that blacks are only capable of being servants who should know their place. The clichéd idea that African Americans are ingrained gamblers is also mentioned in the line, “dice a-clicking”. When Emmanuel writes the line, “razor flicking”, he may mean that there is a constant stereotype of blacks that leads people to think that all blacks are ferocious. This stereotype is similarly expressed in A Raisin in the Sun when Mama attempts to convince Ruth to tell her boss she has the flu to get out of work or else it would be assumed that she had “been cut up or somethin’.

” The idea that all blacks are violent results in many of them not being hired considering that the US economy is mostly dominated by whites. Within the compelling line, “The-ness froze him in a dance,” Emmanuel appears to be referring to the fact that African Americans do not have the ability to better themselves therefore they are “frozen”. Emmanuel is explaining that blacks are stuck due to the fact that wrongdoings are constantly expected of them. Lastly, Emmanuel writes, “A-ness never had a chance,” simply meaning the reoccurring lack of opportunity blacks regularly face

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Play by Lorraine Hansberry Raisins in the Sun

Lorraine Hansberry was a black playwright that was born in Chicago on May 19th, 1930. She had a big role in the civil rights movement and wrote plays about it. Her most famous play, A Raisin in the Sun, was about a black family in Chicago. Her plays made it to Broadway and were played many times throughout their lifespan. She won many awards for her plays and was the youngest writer ever to win many of those awards.

Lorraine Hansberry grew up in southern Chicago in the 1930s-1940s and lived there until she went to the University of Wisconsin. She is the fourth of seven children born to Carl Hansberry and Nannie Perry. She grew up in a middle-class family in which her father worked as a successful banker in Chicago. He established the Lake Street Bank, which was one of the first banks that allowed black people. Her uncle, also a very successful person, was a scholar at Howard University in Washington D.C. Her family once tried to move to a strictly white community and they were threatened by a mob. The mob threw a brick through the window as a form of intimidation; which barely missed Lorraine.

The family was forced to leave because of a restrictive covenant. After filing suit, the ruling was eventually overturned in the U.S. Supreme Court. This court ruling opened a lot of areas that blacks could now move into, which they previously weren’t allowed to. After graduating from Englewood High School, she enrolled in the University of Wisconsin but dropped out after two years to study art in Chicago and Mexico. She eventually changed her degree from art to writing and shortly afterward moved to New York in 1950, when she was only 20 years old.

After moving to New York, she wrote for a newspaper called Freedom about racial and economic equality. She also wrote for a newspaper called The Ladder in 1957. She wrote many essays and articles about racism and feminism. She was a racial activist and wrote plays that supported her arguments. She was the first black playwright to make it to Broadway, where her most famous play, A Raisin in the Sun. It was about a black family in Chicago during segregation. It talked about how the family struggles with trying to move into a nicer house with the life insurance money they just received, but the neighborhood was a strictly white neighborhood. The play made it to Broadway, making her the first black woman to have a play on Broadway. It is also the longest-running play by a black playwright on Broadway.

The play showed a realistic inside view of a black family living in southern Chicago, and the struggles they faced. She won the New York Critics' Circle award, which made her the youngest person to win that specific award. A Raisin in the Sun was shown over 530 times throughout its run and was shown thousands of times internationally throughout the world. The play was also named the Best Play of the Year Award by the New York Drama Critics, was made into a television production which won an award at the Cannes Film Festival in 1961, and won Tony Awards in 2004 and 2014. In 1989 and 2008 the television productions were Emmy nominated. Best Revival of a Play was also another one of her awards.

In 1953, She married a theatre producer she had been working with named Robert B. Nemiroff. They were married for nine years before they divorced in 1962. They still had a good relationship and got along. They continued to work together and made a few plays. He continued to work on her plays even after she passed away. He even finished and published a few of her plays that she was working on when she died.

After being diagnosed with pancreatic cancer at the age of 34, she died less than a year later on January 12, 1965. Her ex-husband, Robert Nemiroff, made the book, To Be Young, Gifted, and Blackout of some of her writings and interviews, in 1970. It went on to be a semi-successful book. He also took three of her unfinished plays and finished writing and editing her plays, then published them. Her plays continued to be shown after she died and continued to win awards as well. Many of the awards she won, she actually won after she died.

She was an overall big contributor in the fight for equality and she had an influence on a great many people. Her plays helped show people the struggles of black families in Chicago, but also throughout the country. It helped provoke some leaders to take more action in the civil rights movement and helped show that race doesn’t matter. Her play is considered, by some, to have changed “American theatre forever” as it states in the “about the author” section in her script/book A Raisin in the Sun. She had a greater role in the civil rights movement than most people ever realize.

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The Harlem Renaissance was One of the most Striking Periods in the Development of Art

Artists such as Aaron Douglas, W. E. B. DuBois, and Zora Neale Hurston are just some of the many famous artists of the Harlem renaissance who used art to spread their message of equality and more. In the 1920s millions of blacks moved up north from the south to escape discrimination, many had moved to Harlem which is in New York City. Any Human to Another, and A Raisin in the Sun both share the message of community and feel connected within one another through imagery.

In Any Human to Another, the author discusses how people should share and channel their pain together. A stated by Countee Cullen, “Your grief and mine, Must intertwine, Like sea and river, Be fused and mingle” (Cullen). Here, Cullen discusses how he believes people should stand together to fight pain and discrimination. Using imagery like “Sea and river” and “sun and shadow” Cullen spreads the message of working together to fight discrimination and hate. To conclude, keeping hate and pain to yourself only makes things worse and is only fought by coming together and fighting the hate as a community.

In A Raisin in the Sun, poet Lorraine Hansberry shows that family and community are very important. In the poem, Mama struggles to keep the family together but knows that the need to stay together to make sure things work out. Hansberry writes 'Child, when do you think is the best time to love somebody the most?... It's when he's at his lowest and can't believe in himself cause the world done whipped him so.' (Hansberry) Hansberry believes it is most important to come to somebody’s side and help them when they are at their lowest because often there is nobody else to do it and people would have no way to handle the hate and pain the world gives them. This is shown through the image of the world whipping someone. When whipped of pain, family and their community coming to help them is often the best cure.

To conclude, both Any Human to Another and A Raisin in the Sun push the importance of community and family to get someone through rough times. Using imagery like a whip and the idea of sea and river both show how harmful the world is but how great it can push both of the author's messages. Because of these messages, African Americans all around the country are able to look at these for inspiration whether it was for civil rights or just to better understand themselves. Without the Harlem Renaissance, America would be a very different place that is not very accepting of not just blacks, but people of other races and backgrounds.

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“Raisins in the Sun” is One of the most Important Plays

Lorraine Hansberry was a profound thinker that contributed extremely to American theater becoming one of the country’s most-produced plays. On top of that, she became the first black woman to perform on Broadway. A Raisin in the Sun has been published and produced in about thirty languages abroad and in thousands of productions in the United States, becoming an American classic.

The prejudice that Hansberry and her family suffered, shaped the story of A Raisin in the Sun. The granddaughter of a freed slave, and the youngest by seven years of four children, Lorraine Vivian Hansberry 3rd was born on May 19, 1930. Hansberry’s father was a successful real estate broker, and her mother was a schoolteacher. When Hansberry was seven, her family bought a house at 6140 S. Rhodes Avenue where restrictive covenants prohibited white property owners from selling to blacks. White mobs threatened the Hansberry’s, spitting on and cursing at Lorraine and her siblings. A chunk of cement came flying through a window at the house, narrowly missing Lorraine and landing in the living room wall.

Hansberry was born in Chicago and grew up on the South Side before moving to New York. She graduated from Englewood High School, where she first became interested in theater. After studying painting in Chicago and Mexico, Hansberry moved to New York in 1950 to begin her career as a writer. Prematurely dying of cancer in 1965, at the age of 34, Hansberry had a short life for someone with so much talent and promise. In addition to plays, she had written fiction and essays, demonstrating her intellectual skills, and created wonderful and unique characters.

As a social analyst, Hansberry was Marxist, not Stalinist; as a writer, she was an artist. As a playwright, Hansberry had the natural ability to write vivid dialogue that simultaneously revealed character and promoted ideas. 'Whatever is said,' she once wrote, 'must be said through the living arguments of human beings, with themselves, with the abstractions which seem to them to be 'their society.''

Feminism and gay rights were never explicit in any of Hansberry's plays, but issues of identity for women and homosexuals are suggested in several of them. Hansberry's comment about 'strict separatist notions' accentuates her commitment to articulating the common interests of oppressed groups. 'It is true that all human questions overlap,' she wrote. 'Men continue to misinterpret the second-rate status of women as implying a privileged status for themselves; heterosexuals think the same way about homosexuals; gentiles about Jews; whites about blacks; haves about have-nots.'

The Sign-in Sidney Brustein’s Window and Les Blancs both deal with sexuality. They deal with interracial intimacy, issues that are much less accentuated nowadays although they still exist.

Les Blancs is a play that was adapted and completed after Hansberry’s death by her ex-husband Robert Nemiroff. Les Blancs was initially produced on Broadway in 1970, eleven years after her A Raisin in the Sun became the first play by an African American woman to open on the Great White Way. Hansberry had started drafting Les Blancs, however, nearly a decade earlier amid the various struggles for a black freedom that began to proliferate across the globe during the 1950s and intensified in the '60s. Hopeful that the project could offer important insights about those movements and, indeed, inspire social action, she labored tirelessly on the script, reshaping and revising it even as she battled pancreatic cancer. The drama nevertheless was still a work in progress when the artist-activist died in 1965 Hansberry’s former husband and literary executor Robert Nemiroff, who assumed responsibility for realizing her vision, had to draw on old notes, outlines, and drafts to fashion the work into a performable text.

Other works include The Drinking Gourd, a TV movie script about slavery that was commissioned and then rejected for being too powerful. The story depicts monstrous events that cause a submissive woman to act aggressively. What Use Are Flowers? is an anti-war play that takes place after a nuclear holocaust wherein a dying hermit must impart all of his knowledge to the only other known human survivors, six boys, and girls. Nemiroff also compiled Hansberry's writings, speeches, and letters into the patchwork play To Be Young, Gifted, and Black (1969).

Hansberry's unpublished writings directly reveal her feminist sentiments. She encouraged women to think socially instead of personally and to see their connection with other oppressed groups. In a letter submitted anonymously to The Ladder in 1957, she speaks of how female homosexuals are less likely to stand up for their rights than gay men because women 'are not considered definitively human.' And while in the yet-unpublished essay 'Simone de Beauvoir and The Second Sex: An American Commentary' she argues that 'if by some miracle women should not ever utter a single protest against their condition there would still exist among men those who could not endure in peace until her liberation had been achieved.

A Raisin in the Sun is story is semi-autobiographical in its portrayal of a black family living in Chicago and their decision to buy a house in a white neighborhood. After the play's rejection by several producers who believed that 'white audiences aren't interested in a Negro play', Hansberry read it to her friends, Burt D'Lugoff and Philip Rose. Impressed, Rose decided to produce the play. The cast included Sidney Poitier, Claudia McNeil, Ruby Dee, Diana Sands, Lou Gossett, and Ivan Dixon; the director was Lloyd Richards. The 1959 tryouts in New Haven, Philadelphia, and Chicago were well received and the play opened in Broadway's Ethel Barrymore Theatre on March 11, 1959. A Raisin in the Sun proved to be a hit with 530 performances (66 weeks) and went on to a successful tour during the 1960-1961 season. The first play by a black woman to be produced on Broadway with a largely black cast, A Raisin in the Sun won the New York Critics Circle Award as the best drama of the year as well as the first play on Broadway to be directed by a black director in more than fifty years.

A Raisin in the Sun has the most substantial body of material in the collection. The files document the various media in which the play was produced; stage, movie, and television productions, with production material for each venue. The play has evoked a great amount of interest from the general public and scholars since it was first produced. As such, it has been the subject of criticism by intellectuals of all races and nationalities.

To conclude, Lorraine Hansberry contributed immensely to theatre and society. Hansberry gained respect and fought prejudice as much as she could, she was an amazing playwriter and activist, a pure thinker.

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What was so Significant that Mama had Taken the Plant Last

Contents

Quotes:
Notes:

What makes Beneatha change her mind about becoming a doctor?
Why did Walter change his mind?
What happened after the Youngers moved to the new house?
Who would the main character be considered?

Quotes:

“Bad? Say anything bad to him? No—I told him he was a sweet boy and full of dreams and everything is strictly peachy keen, as the ofay kids say!” Pg 1675; Beneatha is mad at Walter because of what happened with what was supposed to be her money. She wants things to get hard for Walter because she is really mad at him.

“There ain’t no causes— there ain’t nothing but taking in this world, and he who takes most is smartest—and it doesn’t make a damn bit of difference how.” Pg 1677; Walter is trying to make up for what he had done. He tries to change his thinking.

“Son—I come from five generations of people who was slaves and sharecroppers—but ain’t nobody in my family never let anybody pay ’em no money that was a way of telling us we weren’t fit to walk the earth. We ain’t never been that poor. [Raising her eyes and looking at him.] We ain’t never been that dead inside. Pg 1677; Mama explains that they shouldn’t take the money from Karl because it would take away their pride. She has always been in a family who has had pride and doesn’t want to lose it now.

“Yes—I taught you that. Me and your daddy. But I thought I taught you something else too...I thought I taught you to love him.” Pg 1678; Mama wants Beneatha to forgive Walter. She says that she needs to love him because they will need each other.

“Somebody tell me—tell me, who decides which women is supposed to wear pearls in this world. I tell you I am a man—and I think my wife should wear some pearls in this world!” Pg 1677; Walter feels bad that he can't afford pearls for Ruth. He wants her to have everything she wants.

Notes:

Sunlight represents goodness
darkness represents evil
The sun nourishes and allows all to grow and develop
All the darkness nourishes is dark thoughts; plants and people wither in darkness
Lena’s plant - symbolizes hope for a better life, caring for the plant no matter how feeble it becomes, shows that she’s keeping her hope alive
Beneatha’s hair - when she cut straight hair, she’s rejecting social norms of the time and is rejecting the white norms
insurance check money - for everyone in the play, money is the symbol of their dreams; they believe money will be the key to dreams coming true
George Murchison’s white shoes - symbolizes discrepancy between the Younger’s poor lives versus George’s privileged life; Rich blacks worked very hard to separate themselves from poor blacks as represented by his dress
Asagai’s robes - Symbolizes African heritage and fight for freedom colonial rule and importance to Beneatha to find her roots

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Effective Communication and Teamwork Will Help a Business Maintain a Positive Work Environment

Effective communication also permeates throughout all areas of business operations, because a positive workplace means happier employees are interacting with the public and with consumers. Effective communication among business teams begins with leadership that sets clear methods and standards.

Any business should have good communication and teamwork between the employer and employee to share ideas, also allows team members to understand their roles and the roles of everyone else on the team. Since the organization has this it will make them complete projects quicker and more efficiently than others. Besides this, they are also going to be more accurate in their work than others.

To have a great team, there is no surefire recipe for success. A combination of solid leadership, communication, and access to good resources contribute to productive collaboration, but it all comes down to having people who understand each other and work well together. Not every team needs that one superstar player to excel. Having the right mix of trust, ambition, and encouragement among your team members is crucial. Here are ten characteristics you should seek when recruiting to create a great team.

Mutual respect. Knowing each other's achievements and work experience assumes a key job in relationship advancement, the impetus for a solid group. Before another group starts to chip away at a venture, have them meet for an all-encompassing timeframe to build up nature and to bond. Unavoidably, those six degrees of partition that interface every one of us will come to fruition, and your group will find shared opinions and common associations. As the cooperation advances and strife emerges - an unavoidable piece of coordinated effort the group that has regard for one another will have the option to move past clash towards goals and, at last, fulfillment of the objective.

Specialization. Much the same as a group of competitors cooperating in various jobs to dominate the match, great collaboration originates from individuals joining their specific abilities to accomplish an ultimate objective or goals. While one may exceed expectations at composing, another may flaunt prevalent authoritative aptitudes, while another is incredible at introducing to chiefs or the specialty of talk. Making sense of who works best where will easily fall into place as the group gets to know each other, yet it is significant not to stifle singular abilities. Permitting every individual to make their own extraordinary commitments will prompt less clash and an unrivaled result.

Establishing objective. In the event that the objective of the task, regardless of whether little or long haul, isn't obvious from the earliest starting point, numerous hours will be squandered in disappointing gatherings that go no place. The absolute initial step ought to be to portray an away from work and the anticipated final product. Change is constantly fundamental in route, and this is the place our next tip becomes possibly the most important factor.

Adaptation. Being adaptable is a key characteristic of any cooperative person. Facing and settling emergencies, hurrying to fulfill time constraints, or getting a move on for a missing or excused associate are for the most part issues that require adjustment. On the off chance that somebody in a group can't switch gears and pull together, chances are more issues will emerge to additionally confuse the work process.

No finger-pointing. At the point when a serious mix-up is made, it is simple for individuals from a group to discover a substitute or individual to lay the fault on. This will just prompt doubt and low confidence. It is conceivable that on the off chance that one individual continues committing basic errors, they should never again be a piece of the group, yet that can't be the case. The whole group ought to acknowledge the obligation regarding the mix-up and push ahead to address it and ensure it doesn't happen once more

Admission of failure when necessary. This tip can go connected at the hip with number five. On the off chance that the ideal result of a venture has mishaps or is anticipated to be a finished fiasco, it is smarter to concede disappointment and begin once again as opposed to surrendering or introducing a defective item. A decent group will move with the punches, perceive that each progression is basically a trial, and remain positive in any event, when confronting genuine mishaps.

Patience. Working with others requires the most troublesome characteristic of all: persistence and resistance. We as a whole take a stab at it, yet not many individuals are really unflappable. Tolerance will keep a group spurred and relieve struggle.

Delegation of duties. A skilled pioneer will know one of his most significant employments is to designate obligation. A couple of group pioneers ought to never be burdened with all the snort work. Rather the work process ought to be spread out uniformly and every individual is given a sensible measure of ventures and satisfactory access to assets.

A natural-born leader. As noted before, a group needn't bother with a genius to exceed expectations. In any case, they do require a confident, dependable, aspiring pioneer that keeps resolving high and realizes when to get everyone excited. A decent pioneer will listen valuably, go about as a guide, screen the quantitative and subjective outcomes, give reliable input, and keep up a decent affinity with all cooperative individuals.

Competitiveness. A healthy dose of competition is fuel for inspiration. When you are working on a team, all your cards are on the table, so it is easy for people to become jealous or possessive of each other's attributes or contributions. And this motivates others to work harder and develop even better ideas because it makes people ask themselves if he came up with this, can I create something even better?

In conclusion, to build a good team does not mean you have to follow up all the steps we mentioned, because nowadays big companies are divided into well-trained teams or departments to accomplish and get the company in the market. In comprehensive, the company, in any way, has to figure out the way of how to establish their own approach to reach this level for all employees. “ One superstar in the team does not make the team the best, but one bad could ruin the whole team.”

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People’s Trust in Media Coverage

Which would you prefer? A first-hand account of an event from a friend or media coverage of the event? In this way, Chaffee (1986) was concerned to know if people rely on interpersonal or mass channels of information. Chaffee considered that people are less concerned about the type of channel of information to use whether the channel is interpersonal, mass, or both; and their choice depends on the accessibility, and flow. Also, credibility affects people's choice of channel. Credibility is situational and can be modified in situations such as sending a person a message that is different from the one that person expected. Credibility is affected by the source (sender) expertise and the receiver's trustworthiness.

Do people prefer seeking information from mass media, interpersonal channels, or both? What are the factors that influence their decisions? How do people choose the channel to communicate through? Also, Chaffee mentioned that the channel has no influence on which media people choose, what are the factors that influence people's choices of the type of channel to use (mass media, interpersonal media, or both).

Then, Chaffee asked whether mass media and interpersonal channels are competitive, convergent, or complimentary. He mentioned that media can be either competitive, convergent, or complimentary depending on the sender’s or receiver’s point of view. Did mass personal communication substitute or bridge mass communication and personal communication. Mass personal communication did not replace but bridged mass and personal communication. O’Sullivan & Carr (2017) discussed the Mass-Personal Communication Model MPCM. MPCM links mass communication and interpersonal communication by using old and new technologies and combines two dimensions: perceived message accessibility, and message personalization.

This model emphasized that people are the choice to communicate does not depend on the channel whether it is mass, personal, or mass personal communication but upon people interaction goals. MPCM is classified into three quadrants: interpersonal communication, mass communication, and mass personal communication. Each quadrant has two dimensions; message accessibility, and message personalization. Also, O’Sullivan & Carr suggested the fourth quadrant, but it has not yet been implemented.

The fourth quadrant is related to private-impersonal messages such as having a conversation with a stranger on a train or using a billboard in a marriage proposal. How can mass personal communication bridge mass communication and personal communication? What are the factors that affect people's choices of which media to use whether it is mass, personal, or mass personal communication? Will the fourth suggested quadrant succeed in bridging mass and interpersonal communication.

And how can communication scholars use it to bridge mass and interpersonal communication? In both articles, the authors discussed that when people communicate they are not concerned about the type of channel whether mass, interpersonal, or mass personal but about other factors such as accessibility, flow, credibility, and people interaction goals. How will these factors be used to implement the suggested quadrant private-impersonal messages? And how will these factors help communication scholars in implementing new avenues from mass and interpersonal communication?

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Communication is a Cornerstone of Basic Nursing Practice

We need to communicate with patients, families, and other healthcare professionals to be successful at our jobs. When I was a case manager in a nursing home many years ago, there was a patient that was declining and almost at the end of life. After a discussion with her family, I had changed her care plan and “task list,” which was a list of how to care for each patient we kept in their closet, so staff knew how to care for each patient, to reflect comfort cares only. I had updated the LPN working that afternoon on the change, with the expectation the LPN would update the CNAs. That evening, the patient had a fall. Two of the staff had gotten the patient upon the commode, per the previous plan of care, after the patient reported having to go to the bathroom.

In this case, the transmission of the message was not relayed to the CNAs. I had assumed the LPN would relay the message to the CNAs but did not receive feedback from the LPN to ensure that would happen. According to Black (2017), effective nurses do not assume a message is understood without confirming with the receiver. It was the expectation that the staff followed the task list in the patient closet. The task list was a non-verbal form for transmission of the message or plan of care for each patient. Staff later told me, they did not always have time to check the task list. Siegel (2010) indicates that communication gaps between nurses and unlicensed assistive personnel are an obstacle to providing patient care.

After learning from staff they did not always have time to check the individual task list in the patient closet, a facility-wide change was made. In addition to the task list in the closet, we implemented resident data sheets, which listed all the patients on the unit and how to take care of them on 1 sheet. It was then the expectation that the staff carried the resident data sheets on their person. The other lesson learned was that feedback is essential for successful communication, Black (2017).

References

Black, B. P. (2017). Professional nursing: Concepts and challenges. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier
Siegel, E. O., & Young, H. M. (2010). Communication between nurses and unlicensed assistive personnel in nursing homes: explicit expectations. Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 36(12), 32–37. https://doi-org.libproxy.stcloudstate.edu/10.3928/00989134-20100702-02

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Argentines are very Warm in Communication

Contents

Communication
Language
Nonverbal Communication
Group/Teams

Communication

Argentinian’s are very warm, outgoing people that express themselves through bodily conversations. They are quite expressive and emotive in their communications. They tend to ask many questions that may be considered personal; it can be considered impolite if one does not ask such questions. It is common for Argentines to interrupt each other while conversating as it is seen as passion or interaction in the topic. They communicate indirectly with high levels of nonverbal communication.

Language

The official language of Argentina is Spanish, however, due to the strong ethnic ties of many Argentinean’s, other languages are widely spoken especially in the metropolitan area, Buenos Aires. These languages include Italian, Portuguese, English, French, Yiddish, German, Arabic, and in recent years many languages from East Asia. English is not only an ethnic language but is the language of the educated and the middle class who make up a majority of Argentina’s business class. Many Argentinians have the ability to conduct business in English as a sign of their education.

Argentina is a high context culture meaning that Argentinean’s rely more on the way in which a message is communicated than on the words employed. Due to our low context culture in the United States, this could be difficult and could subsequently lead to misinterpretation of the many ways in which Argentinean’s express themselves. In high-context cultures, messages are also understood in terms of the full context of the communicator's relationship with one another. This implies the importance of social etiquette and formality in official situations like business meetings and creates an emphasis on face-saving and respect.

Nonverbal Communication

Argentina has distinctive nonverbal communication that is unique compared to the United States and is important to understand. Four areas of nonverbal communication that are crucial in Argentina are personal space, touching behavior, movement, and eye contact. Argentinean’s stand 3 to 4 inches closer to someone while engaging in face-to-face communication, compared to the United States, where there is roughly an arm’s length of distance. Touch is emphasized in Argentina. Common workplace interactions likely include handshakes with noticeably longer durations than in the United States, touching one’s forearm or shoulder, and greeting kisses between men and women as well as among women themselves.

Argentineans also use their hands considerably more when speaking. Gestures can have negative connotations like placing one’s hands on their hips may be interpreted as seeking confrontation and pointing with the index finger is considered rude. The frequency and size of gestures may lead to some American’s to misinterpret Argentinean’s as more irritated or enthusiastic than gestures read by other Argentinean’s. Lastly, eye contact is extremely important. Maintaining eye contact during a conversation is believed to demonstrate a sense of honesty and interest in the person who is speaking. These combinations of nonverbal communication may seem overbearing in other cultures, but it is significant to try to accept these body language characteristics.

Status and hierarchy are significant and need to be considered when speaking. Titles are very important in Argentina, especially among the elderly. In the business world, it is usual to be referred to by your surname rather than your first name. Titles are also often used like Ingeniero (engineer) or Abogado (lawyer). If a person does not have a professional title, they should be addressed as Senor (Mr.), Senora (Mrs.), Senorita (Miss). Also, different forms of expression indicate varying levels of courtesy and formality. The polite form of speech is to address people in the formal form of ‘you, known as ‘used. The informal ‘you’, known as ‘vos’ is generally used between people who know each other very well such as friends and family. Trust is an important element in determining which voice is appropriate to use.

The Online Seminar i’ve been Waiting for

Contents

Analysis of learning:
Evaluation of learning:

Ms. Shahad Alnasser told us earlier that we are going to attend this Business fundamental: Effective Communication workshop so I honestly was very excited about it. Especially when I knew that it will be an online workshop I got even more excited because I have never attended one before so I am very glad for this opportunity and the new experience. The subject of the workshop is very interesting and enjoyable. I believe that it will benefit me in my job in the future and even in my personal life. Therefore I'm looking forward to developing my communication skills and improving myself in this workshop. This workshop focuses on earning a practical foundation in communication, to enhance our personal effectiveness. Also in this workshop, I was able to share some ideas, comments, and questions. I also enjoyed having some quizzes to review my knowledge which improved my comprehension of the subject.

Analysis of learning:

The main key learning in this workshop was about the importance of good communication and the advantages that you will get of being a good communicator. Because communication helps you to have effective relationships not only in the university but also in your future job with your colleagues and business partners too. it helps you to become more of a cooperative person. From a personal experience I remember in my first semester at college I was very bad at team activities and I did not like this kind of activities, because I was not a great communicator at all. But after a while, I understood how important communication is between the team members as Chris Anderson agrees with me that each important component of human advancement has happened simply because people have shared ideas to one another, and after that, they collaborated to transform those thoughts into reality, so people have turned spoken words into actual achievements by communicating with each other. (Anderson, 2019) so I handled things really well after, that in many times I enjoyed being the leader. Now I am in my second semester and I actually started to have fun when I am in a team activity due to the good communication skills that I have gained earlier that made me a better team player.

Also this workshop focus on what communication requires such as interacting with people, the shared messages between a sender and a receiver through sounds, words, images, videos, spoken or body language. Therefore you have to make sure that you understand your audience really well. So you have to tailor the method of communication to suit them as much as possible. If you want to enhance and develop your communication work on the recipient not the utter. (Drucker, 2019). Also, do not expect that they will share your perspectives because that might lead to misunderstandings, that is why it is very necessary to be prepared for meeting people for the first time who may be from a different context. That will help you to meet your objectives and build good relationships in business.

meetings have many purposes. Just like any other form of business communication, meetings are considered a great chance to meet colleagues, managers, and customers to brainstorm, share thoughts, solve problems collectively, and make consensus-based decisions. Meetings sometimes have one or more objectives. For instance, share information and make a decision at the same meeting. Also, it takes a lot of time, effort, and vitality. That’s why it is important to organize them well. Because good meetings do not happen suddenly, they are the aftereffect of good arranging. The time you spend before will result in significant advantages later (Rebori, 2019). So if they are very long, unfocused, and badly organized it is going to be a waste of the time that we could have used to carry out more productive tasks. If you will have the chance to participate in any kind of a meeting, make sure to read the agenda and the documents before the meeting to avoid wasting everybody’s time.

Evaluation of learning:

This workshop made me understand how important communication is and how to be a good communicator by applying the principles of effective communication. I strongly agree that we all should improve our communication skills in both personal life and in our jobs. Because it is designed to help us see how communication works in our personal, professional, social lives. For example, communication skills are considered so important to have a healthy society. To be effective, express ideas, and evaluate them (Wood, 2019). After what I learned I will make sure in the future to always prepare for the meetings that I will take part in. Or if I participated in teamwork activities I will try my best to communicate with them always. I also learned how to plan and create more persuading presentations and run more profitable meetings. Overall, the workshop was great I loved about it that it was an online workshop which I mentioned earlier was my first time, it was not boring at all like the usual workshops. But, it included a lot of information so it took me a very long time to finish it.

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Six Friends who Lived in Manhattan

Each character brings something different to the table whether it's Chandler and his jokes, Joey and his love for food and flirting, Monica and her passion for cooking, Rachel's fashion sense, Phoebe's way of living life to the fullest, or the way Ross shows his affection. The blend of all these characters and their relationships is what makes the show great. This show also proves some valid points within the communication field that become very apparent as the show progresses.

My message for this paper is the consideration of gender roles/gender differences through situations in the show. In particular, I would be looking at the characters from the TV program, “ Friends ”, to perform my study. I chose Friends because most students in the class grew up watching this show. Many sitcoms at the time – let alone every other communication field within the Media (advertising, magazines, films, newspapers, etc.) – were riddled with formal sex/gender characters that show what living in modern society is really like. But Friends is a show that sticks out to many.

Analyzing the sitcom Friends in terms of gender equality or sexism, it seems like the overall show is perhaps written in conflict to the so-called male-dominated society; gender binaries that are traditionally known to keep down women. (Spangler) The show has conveyed an improvement in the depiction of women in television, through Rachel’s character.

A fashion enthusiast and Monica Geller's best friend from childhood, Rachel first moves in with Monica in season one after nearly marrying Barry Farber who was her ex-boyfriend. Rachel and Ross are later involved in an on-again-off-again relationship throughout the series. Rachel dates other men during the series, such as an Italian neighbor, Paolo, in season one; Joshua Bergin, a client from Bloomingdale's, in season four; and Joey Tribbiani in season ten.

In the season four episode of Friends 'The One with the Embryo', Joey and Chandler challenge Monica and Rachel to a quiz show-like game to see how much they know about each other. With Ross hosting a lightning round of rapid-fire questions, he asks Joey and Chandler what Rachel claims is her favorite movie, to which they respond Dangerous Liaisons. Ross follows their correct answer by asking them what Rachel's actual favorite movie is, which a confident Joey tells him is Weekend at Bernie's.

This show is a perfect example of how gender differences are prevalent not only in this hit television show but in real life as well. Friends explain how people who are going through different situations in their life are able to form different types of relationships and how various types of communication can alter the way each person precepts one another. In the show, Ross and Monica Geller are siblings who end up being right in the center of the whole friend group and they form romantic relationships with the other members of the friend group. Ross has had a crush on Rachel for almost his entire life, but he never thought that it would be possible for them to ever end up together because he sees her as being way out of his league. On the other hand, Monica has a strong attraction toward Chandler Bing who is also a member of their group. It becomes tough for Ross, Monica, and Chandler because Chandler and Ross are best friends in the show and they’re unsure about how everyone will react if they find out that Chandler and Monica have a romantic relationship forming.

This show relies heavily on non-verbal communication because it shows emotion within every character. Nonverbal communication such as body language is a vital component of our communication, and since scholars agree that there are some notable differences in the way men and women use body language, the study of gendered nonverbal communication as a social construction is vital to our understanding of how we create gendered identities. By studying the body language of the characters in the American sitcom Friends, and with a focus on leg postures, I examine how the show Friends enacts and represents stereotyped sex differences in body language. The study encompasses both the distribution of leg positions between the genders and what these postures seem to accomplish in interaction. As for the relationship between gender and leg postures, I observed the sitting positions of the characters Chandler, Ross, Joey, Monica, and Rachel in six episodes from the 1999/2000 season of Friends for the first study. For the analysis of leg postures in relation to the communicative situation, the entire corpus of ten episode recordings was used. Based on repeated inspection of scenes where leg positions could be studied in relation to gender and communication, systematic patterns were identified.

The results of the study are consistent with the findings of scholars like Vrugt and Luyerink (2000); women tend to sit in closed postures or with their legs crossed, which is regarded as feminine, while men sit in wide positions with their legs spread, which is regarded masculine. Furthermore, the characters/actors in Friends seem to perform their gender roles partly by using different leg positions and wideness of postures. However, leg positions alone were not found to be decisive in the messages communicated, and emotions and stance were communicated using verbal and other non-verbal channels and cues. Instead, leg positions remained gender-stereotypical regardless of the message communicated, and men and women seem to communicate the same message using different leg positions. It is therefore concluded that leg positions are an inherent part of “doing gender”, but that leg positions as such are not necessarily related to the type of message or emotional stance that is communicated.

Among the 6 main characters in the show, 3 of them are male and 3 are female. Having an even mix of the genders, it allows for a different type of communication compared to what it would be if the show was heavily dominated by one gender. The communication between a male and female is much more structured because each respected gender has a different way that they communicate with each other. In the first season of the sitcom, they show Ross’ admiration for Rachel and how he wanted to ask her to prom in High School but he was so nervous about how she would react because she was Monica’s best friend, which he felt weird about it. When Ross brought up the idea to Chandler, they went into a deep conversation about whether it was a good idea or not. He practiced his speech directly to Chandler and he made it look effortless. But, when Ross finally mustered up the courage to bring up the question directly to Rachel, he froze up and wasn’t able to get the words out of his mouth. This is a perfect example of how communication is much difference between people of the opposite sex.

Even though interpersonal communication between two people of the opposite gender is more complicated than communication between the same sex, the media portrays this in an interesting way. The media plays important role in today’s society. They report on current events, provide frameworks for interpretation, mobilize citizens with regard to various issues, reproduce predominant culture and society, and entertain (Llanos and Nina, 2011). As such, the media can be an important factor in the promotion of gender equality, both within the working environment (in terms of employment and promotion of female staff at all levels) and in the representation of women and men. The Media uses television shows (Friends being a perfect example) to visualize the issues between genders in society.

In Friends, every episode contains an issue within a person, and it seems to vary episode by episode. For example, in one episode Joey Tribbiani (who plays an actor in the show) was auditioning for a role in a Broadway show where they wanted him to dress up as a drag queen. Obviously, he didn’t feel comfortable with dressing up as somebody of the opposite sex, so they gave the role to a different actor. This enraged Joey because he knew that getting the part would give him a jumpstart to his career. Joey isn’t the only character in the show that deals with issues involving his gender. The next episode of the show included Rachel having trouble in her workplace because she’s dealing with sexual harassment day in and day out. This episode begins inside Bloomingdales which is where Rachel works, and it shows her boss constantly hitting on her and trying to make a move. This shows an issue within the female gender where they literally have to deal with this almost every day and they can be afraid to speak up because that would put their job on the line. Eventually, Rachel speaks up for herself and makes it known that she doesn’t feel comfortable when she arrives at work anymore. Tag, who is Rachel’s boss and also the perpetrator of this whole issue, apologizes and admits that he was wrong.

In modern society, women have always had a tougher time adjusting to certain situations than men do. It is tougher for a woman to stick up for herself and stand up to a more dominant male figure than it would be if another male was in the same situation. Women have been dealing with this issue for years and it doesn’t seem like things are changing that quickly. Friends is quick to point out this issue because they show that men have an easier time adjusting to certain situations than women do. Another good example of this from the show is when Ross takes up a job at the Museum of Natural History and hey finds out that one of his ex-girlfriends works there along with one of his current love interests. This troubles Ross because the job is right up his alley and its what he’s dreamed of doing his whole life. Ross tries to ignore the fact that things may get awkward very quickly but it's almost impossible to do so. One day, Ross goes to lunch at work and he notices the two women conversing at a table across the cafeteria and it makes him feel vulnerable. Although the conversation never became an issue, it was still a tough position for Ross to be in.

Each character in the show has certain qualities that affect how they communicate throughout the show. The female characters are very dedicated to themselves and are always looking for a way to better themselves. For example, Phoebe is the character in the show that does everything on her own and is also the ditsy one. Phoebe tries to survive off her singing career even though everybody knows that she isn’t that good. But, everyone also knows that she’s super confident in herself and her abilities so nobody ever tries to extinguish her flame and shoot her confidence down because they know that she’s content with what she’s doing.

There are many theories within Gender Communication that could directly correlate to this television sitcom. One theory that immediately comes to mind is the “Uncertainty Reduction Theory”. Uncertainty Reduction Theory rests on several basic assumptions. The main assumption is that uncertainty creates cognitive discomfort, which people will try to reduce. Uncertainty reduction occurs primarily by questioning new acquaintances in an attempt to gather information about them. This plays a role right in the beginning of the entire series when the whole friend group is together at the same time. Although four of the members had previously known each other, the situation still changed once Joey and Phoebe were introduced to the friend group. Chandler had previously been acquaintances with Joey and he figured that it would be a good idea to introduce him to the group. The sense of awkwardness is very apparent when they all hang out for the first time, but once everyone gets to know Joey and Phoebe, the feeling of anxiety wears off and they all become best friends because they are able to connect and accept each other.

Friends also do a great job of reflecting the Social Learning Theory by having the characters slowly progress their lives because of each other. For example, in the beginning of the whole series, all of the main characters are still trying to figure out their lives. Every character has a passion within them that is constantly driving them to achieve their goals. As their show continues, each character begins to pick up on certain trends that they learn through each other. At the beginning of the show, it is very apparent that Rachel and Ross are the go-getters because they are so hungry for success. Rachel’s dream had always been to work within the fashion industry in any way, shape, or form. She slowly makes her way to the top of the industry by working for various companies before she eventually takes a high-paying fashion job in Paris, France. On the other hand, Ross is a paleontologist who loves anything that has to do with dinosaurs. During the first season of the show, Ross is still in the process of studying to become a paleontologist and his goal is to eventually work in a museum and spread his love for dinosaurs on to others. These are the only two characters who were completely dedicated to success right from the beginning. As the show continues, the other characters begin to pick up on Rachel and Ross’ motivation and it eventually drives them to be as hungry for success as they were.

The Cognitive Development Theory is another theory that perfectly gels it’s way into the show. The theory deals with the nature of knowledge itself and how humans gradually come to acquire, construct, and use it. This theory is mainly known as a developmental stage theory although it can still hold true for adults. When the characters are still young at the beginning of the show, they are just starting to put the pieces of their life together. As they gradually pick up knowledge about certain situations within their lives, it helps them form into the characters they are towards the end of the show. Joey Tribbiani is an ideal example of this because he had always had a passion for acting, he just didn’t know how to transform his passion into a reality. As he continues to live out his dream, he picks up small gigs along the way which eventually help him achieve the role as Dr. Drake Ramoray in a hit soap opera. So this theory provides a fantastic example of how the characters picked up knowledge along their journey to eventually become very successful for themselves.

As the characters within the show begin to truly find themselves, some of the knowledge that is gained along their journey is shifted in order for them to become a better version of themselves. The Standpoint Theory perfectly illustrates how each individual character was able to slowly pick up new ideas and perpetuate them into their social and professional lives. It is very apparent that each character in the show is able to help one another become better people and open up more around the people that they love the most. Even when Ross started to really show his feelings towards his future fiancée, Emily, Rachel was still right by his side trying to help him out when things began to take a turn for the worst before they eventually broke things off. It’s small moments like that which make the strongest impact. If each character didn’t fully support what their best friends were doing in their lives then would the show really be called “Friends”?

There is still always a sense of jealously between the characters for various reasons within the show. Whether the jealousy was sparked by a relationship between two characters or one character receives a job offer and is going to make more money than the other, it still gives the jealous character a reason to work harder for what they want in their lives. This is a great example of the Symbolic Interactionism Theory because it involves one character watching another do something that they want to do as well. There is one episode in the show where Monica begins to go on dates with her old pediatrician, Richard because they have a mutual attraction for each other. At this point in the show, everyone is fully aware that Chandler has the biggest crush on Monica and would literally do anything in the world to be with her. Once Chandler finds out about Monica and Richard’s love attraction, Chandler becomes apparently jealous and starts to try to be more like Richard to catch Monica’s attention. Monica still has some feelings for Chandler and is flattered at the fact that he would change who he is just to be with her. Moments like that are what make this show so perfect for any situation.

There’s a reason why this is one of the most popular television shows in American history and that’s because almost every person is able to relate to it in one way or another. Previously, when it was mentioned that Rachel was constantly being sexually harassed within her workplace, she needed to stick up for herself and that allowed the audience to feel the need want to do the same thing. If such a popular character like Rachel didn’t stick up for herself, then what kind of message would that send to the young women who are watching and might be in that same situation one day?

With that being said, the males in the show are able to be very discursive throughout. Instead of defending what they do with actions, they do it with words and argument in order to prove a point. The women have more of a non-discursive nature to them because they would rather prove themselves right by showing that they’re right rather than arguing. This can be true for real-life situations as well, it is well known that men are more likely to start an argument to prove their point instead of showing why they think they’re right and it’s the complete opposite for women.

In conclusion, this show proves a lot of points within the Gender Communication field that show how this group of friends are able to progress their own lives by following and getting support from each other. The director of this show does a fantastic job of portraying the two genders and showing the struggles that they each go through in their daily lives. It is also very important that there is an even mix of genders within the group and how interesting it is to see how they are able to communicate with each other on a daily basis. All in all, I think that this is a fantastic show for anyone of any age because it shows true progression among a group of people who are just trying to make something out of their lives.

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Interpersonal Communication Managing Conflict

Contents

Managing Conflict through being Mindful:
Conflict:

The conflict that I am having is that my boss and I have issues with each other and we do not see eye to eye. On top of that, he is very demeaning and blunt, and rude. This paper will help show the problem-solving skills that I have tried and approach the situation so that the situation can be handled better when things occur and the problem can be solved without anger on both sides. Alongside that, I will be comparing examples of when things went wrong because improper conflict resolutions were involved and when they were used in the correct way and see the change between similar situations.

Managing Conflict through being Mindful:

The approach of being mindful in conflict management may seem silly and simple but for me seems to be very effective in maintaining a cool head and a great way to reflect. One big issue is knowing when you are making a “fundamental attribution error” which states,” Error that arises from attributing another person’s behavior to internal, controllable cases rather than to external uncontrollable cases.” (Beebe, p. 75). Or in other words when you have internal issues that may reflect past experience that makes you decide how to act during that situation. Because of this problem I have chosen 3 strategies that have helped me better work through this problem.

Our first step is “Becoming other Oriented” (Beebe, p. 79). Because of the experiences this person has had, we can see that there are issues that they could have from their past that can determine the way they act just like how you have the fundamental attribution error because you likewise have something in your past that reflects your outcome. By being aware of this person past and getting to know them more, not only will you be closed to the person themselves but you will also know what things bother them as you become more associated with them and what things to avoid or help the situation. There are also steps within being other-oriented that may help with being bettered-oriented. It says…

Show Consideration. Demonstrate Respect, For Example, and Ask If It’s All Right To Dump Your Troubles On Someone Before Doing So, Or Ask If Your Phone Call Comes At A Good Time.
Acknowledge The Other Person’s Feelings As Legitimate: Expressions Such As “You’re Right” Or “I Can Understand Why You’re So Angry” Help Focus The Interaction On The Other Person And Confirm That You’re Listening.
Acknowledge The Other Person. Recognize The Importance Of The Other Person. Ask For Suggestions, Opinions, And Clarification. This Will Ensure That You Understand What The Other Person Is Saying From That Person’s Point Of View.
Focus Your Messages On The Other Person. Use Open-Ended Questions To Involve The Other Person In The Interaction (As Opposed To Questions That Merely Ask For A Yes Or No Answer), And Make Statements That Directly Address The Person. Use Focused Eye Contact And Appropriate Facial Expressions; Smile, Nod, And Lean Toward The Other Person.
Grant Permission. Let The Other Person Know That It’s O.K. To Express (Or To Not Express) Her Or His Feelings. A Simple Statement Such As “I Know How Difficult It Is To Talk About Feelings” Opens Up The Topic Of Feelings And Gives The Other Person Permission Either To Pursue Such A Discussion Or To Say Nothing. The Communication Blog

This leads to the next strategy, which is “Let go of the Past” (Beebe, p. 47). This would be defined as things between you and the other person that just reflects the problems only you and the other person have. Things like the demeaning manner that they talk down to you because of superiority in the workplace. Or they don’t like your tone of voice and how blunt they are. There are many things that can go with this, because the first strategy goes with this because without the first one it makes this step harder. If you are able to understand where they come from you are more likely to have sympathy and let go of what they have done. Also having a good talk with them about these feelings and confrontation with them will help you both understand why they do the things they do. There are also five steps to help make sure you can do that. They are, Make the decision to let it go. Express your pain — and your responsibility. Stop being the victim and blaming others. Focus on the present — the here and now — and joy. Forgive them — and yourself. 'Learning to Let Go of Past Hurts: 5 Ways to Move On.'

The third and final Strategy is to “Develop Motivation: Strategies to Accept Others” (Beebe p. 105). This just like the second and first one is important, you are never going to find someone who is perfect and you will like everything about him or her. It’s just how we are made. However, we can learn skills that may help us to accept the things we don’t like if we realize that we ourselves have quirks that others don’t like. Once again there are steps within these as well, they are.

Watch your thoughts. Think about what you’re thinking about. I often think things about other people, judging them, without even realizing it. I’m going to work on paying more attention to my thoughts and do my best to push them in a non-judgmental, more accepting direction.
Look for the positive. Not accepting others is a result of seeing the negative in them. Instead of focusing on why someone is different, I’m going to focus on what’s good about that person and his/her choices and actions. My way is not always the best one.
Avoid right/wrong dichotomies. It’s very tempting to see the world in black and white with a right and wrong way to do things, but that’s just not how it is. Things don’t have to be right or wrong if I choose to accept them as they are. I’m going to stop labeling my way as “right.”
Stop judging yourself. Our judgments of others are often a result of our personal criticisms. If I stop putting pressure on myself to do things the “right” way, I’ll also stop putting pressure on others as well. Not judging others or myself is a crucial step to acceptance.
Focus on the now. A lack of acceptance can generate from comparing things to the past. I’m not going to think about what happened before and try to live accordingly; I’m going to think about it now. Comparing things to the past always hinders an acceptance of what is.
Reverse the situation. I ask myself: What if someone were judging me and not accepting me? How would I feel? I’ll keep these questions in mind the next time I’m not accepting others. I will imagine someone constantly telling me to slow down (and how annoying that would be!). Accept Yourself And Others Just As They Are With These 6 Strategies

Conflict:

My boss and I who have worked together for over 5 years now never seem to be able to figure out how to get problems fixed and our communication is off because we butt heads too much. He is easily the hardest boss I have had and have never met a man so hardheaded and prideful than him. It is hard because everything I do or say he seems to not understand why or doesn’t listen to what I am saying because he has a better idea. Because of the situation, I do not have it to get to the point where I will lose my job.

Overall though throughout this process I have come to learn from asking questions about his family and past, that his dad was very similar in that way, he always wanted to fix things on his own and didn’t accept help, with that he was always wanting acknowledgment of fixing things. So he had taken that same thing his dad did and lived the same way. His wife who also works with us was able to tell me how he feels great when he comes into work and feels like he did something that everyone is grateful for because we can all finish our work. It makes him feel more accomplished that day and happier. The way I learned these things was because I was able to become oriented with his background, let go of the past and find a different approach to the situation, and develop strategies to accept him because I know that some of the things that my wife notices are from the way I was raised and they are things that she doesn’t agree with.

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Interpersonal Communication is the Process by which People Exchange Information

People in this world need to see that changes are being made and we all have to adapt to it sooner or later. The way of communication is being relied on is by social media, emails, and text messages, but not enough face-to-face conversations like back then. Interpersonal is literally one of the top communication in the world since mostly everyone uses one on one conversations.

Overall, what will help the community better the connection with one another would be speaking up for yourself, being more social with the people around you, and not relying on technology for communication. Now a day’s people all around have a hard time speaking up and saying what they need to say, because people don’t speak what’s on their minds. He/she may think that staying silent will keep them away from being involved in any conflict, but that’s really quite the opposite.

Silence is a form of communication just as much as talking, so just by being quiet doesn’t mean that they are left out of the conversation. Humans are involved in any situation and people are not aware of all the lack of it so that’s what strikes most. If they disapprove and the people don't say anything, it will not make it seem any easier when going. As an example, “when going to a job interview they are going to see how your body language is, the way you approach about yourself and how professional you’re dressed. Plus, when it comes to people I’m really bad at ending a conversation” (Thompson) If the problem persists and he/she did nothing people may consider it as enabling and think the issue is as much at fault as the person who actually caused the problem.

People need to see that when it comes to the conversation that the experience and knowledge have value in a given situation. No one else has his/her unique perspective since it is their personal thinking. Yet, that doesn't mean that everything in their brain is worth communicating, but with a little discretion and thought, people will understand and be able to bring value in the situations. Plus, that person's piece of the puzzle may be the most important finisher of a great idea.

People don't automatically recognize the skills, values, ambitions, and desires of what he/she has that are quite unique. If people just waited around for people to notice or read their minds, then we would likely end up on many paths that are not of our own choosing. Relating with people and having that with the person is the most important part in being able to work in large groups or short ones to develop communication skills. After all, you can’t have great social skills without good communication skills, it just won’t work at all, and being able to convey one’s thoughts and ideas may be the single most important. Getting to know who you’re talking to is something you would definitely need to know, no matter if it at work, school, traveling, etc. it's just very important to grow your conversation skills and show the person that you’re not that bad after all. Identifying with others leads to both relationships and friendships at a time.

As most people know, you can’t advance very far in life without being able to leverage relationships. Focusing on relationships will help you land a job anywhere you desire, make new friends, and give you better opportunities in life. An example of why it’s important to have connections is in the book” Human Communication 6e” (page 114-137) it gives everyone the knowledge to know why friendship is important and just having that connection with the person. Connection is key to fixing issues or working together, but having to connect with people will better with society and show that everyone around is a friend, not foe. Why being more social with others will help increase connections with not just friends or work but with relationships and family. Healthy relationships are a vital component of health and wellbeing.

There is evidence that shows that by having strong relationships contribute to having a healthy and happy life and that’s what everyone wants. Without socializing, people will deal with stress, depressed and overwhelm, but with having a strong connection and being themselves, people will live a happy life. Humans seems to be destroying the meaningfulness of interactions we have with people now of days, disconnecting people from all around the world and leading to a sense of isolation. Instead of spending time outside or hanging out with friends/family members, people now rather just call, text or message them. It may seem simpler, but we ultimately end up seeing our friends face to face a lot less now since people are being lazy.

Ten texts can’t even match up to talking for an hour when chatting with a friend at lunch or even when just chilling at the casa. This is why by talking more and being social with people, then we as humans won’t be wanting to use phones, social media and other technology to having a conversation. Phones do have emojis and GIFS now to show how you feel, but it could never replace the ear-splitting grin and smiling eyes you are given a best friends or family member when having a conversation. This doesn’t just apply to our friends or family, but it applies to the world around us as well and that’s the scary part. It should come as no surprise that face-to-face interaction is proven by studies and provide us with some important sense, whether it’s with friends, co-works or family.

While technology has allowed us some means of social connection that would have never been possible before and has allowed us to maintain long-distance friendships that would have otherwise probably fallen by the wayside, the fact remains that it is causing us to spread ourselves too thin, as well as slowly ruining the quality of social interaction that we all need as human beings. An example that proves why is, “More and more, we are interacting with technology to accomplish tasks instead of people.

Technology takes our money and pumps gas into our cars, technology allows us to shop from home instead of with other shoppers, and technology is even the middle man between ourselves and other people most of the time, via computers and cell phones.” (Communication Technology Invasion) Very few, if any enjoy the outdoors and can enjoy life without technology sitting in front of them. Walkthrough campus and see how many times you see two people standing right next to each other, but do not say a word to one another, that will prove how much people are distracted. People have shown they can hold conversations over the internet and through phones, but put a real person in front of them and they will have a hard time coming up with a conversation.

The conversation is now viewed as a skill in today’s society, and people should not have to avoid face-to-face contact just because of their addiction to technology. Overall, people need to see that Interpersonal is the top number one communication skill and we should all learn from this too. If everyone can talk one on one fine then they can talk with groups conversations perfectly fine, but we all need to see that interpersonal is important. If people just believe it will get better for our futures and our kids too. Yet the thing to perfecting interpersonal communication would be to speaking up, be more social around you and don’t rely on technology for communication.

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Early Child Care Theorist Assignment

Contents

Theory
Application
Fredrich Frobel
- Theory
- Application
Erick Erikson
- Theory
- Application
Arnold Gisell
Application
Jean Jacques Piaget
John Bowlby
Maria Montessori
- Theory
- Application
Lev Vygotsky
- Theory
- Application
B. F. Skinner
- Theory
- Application
Howard Gardner
- Theory
- Application
References

He developed the “Maturation theory. The maturation theory studied the pattern and the rate of maturation growth in a normal and exceptional child. He believed that children developed by a pre-determined plan of growth. He was also noted for using a motion picture camera to capture the growth patterns of infants and children. He describes development milestones in ten areas: motor characteristics, personal hygiene, emotional expression, fears and dreams, self and sex, interpersonal relations, play and pastimes, school life, ethical sense, and philosophy.

Application

References

Blog.udemy.com
https://www.britannica.com
https://www.verywellmind.com/child-developmen t-theories-2795068
Herr, Judy (2016). Working with young children. Tinley Park, Illinois The Goodheart-Willcox Company, Inc.
Gordon, Ann Miles & Browne, Kathryn (2017). Beginnings and beyond: Foundations in early childhood education, (10th edition). Cengage Learning

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How Children Build their Thinking, how and why Children Think the Way they Think

Jean Piaget, a swiss psychologist, created the theories of cognitive development that consist of an extensive theory about nature and the development of human intelligence. It attracts with nature of knowledge itself and how individuals get to acquire, construct, and use the knowledge obtained. He figured that children quite reason differently as well. He believed that children are actively constructing their understanding of the world as they grow older. Just as their body grows, their minds grow too.

Piaget disregarded the idea that intelligence was a fixed trait and regarded cognitive development as a process that occurs due to biological maturation and interaction with the environment. Children build a perception of the world around them, then experience differences between what they have known and what they find out in their surroundings. He believed that the mind of children works in different stages. Piaget’s theory presents four age-related stages that are each unique in the way the learner operates cognitively. Therefore, each stage is characterized by ongoing cycles of assimilation, accommodating, organization, and eventually equilibration that result in advancing to the next stage.

Piaget emphasized that the way children reason at one stage is different from the way they reason at another stage. The stages of cognitive development first start at infant age and gradually work up to adulthood. Haroutunian (1978) stated that “each child goes through the stages in the same order, and no stage can be missed out - although some individuals may never attain the later stages”. According to Piaget, the major stages in the development of reasoning ability are the sensorimotor (ages 0 to 2 years); the pre-operational (2 years to 7 years); the concrete-operational (7 to 11 years); and the formal operational (12 years to adult) (Wadsworth, 1996).

The first stage is Sensorimotor, which occurs approximately at birth to two years old. This stage is divided into six substages from a newborn to a toddler. Infants and toddlers think with their sensory and motor systems and this will look at their development. Substage one (birth-one month old): is referred to as newborns or neonates. Newborns in this stage have reflexive movements. These movements include sucking, grasping, and orienting as well. Substage two (1-4 months old): original reflexes become sensorimotor schemes.

These schemes become more refined at this stage. Accommodation begins to occur, which in turn leads to a greater range of actions that the baby can perform. The schemes help the infant understand the world they live in. In the previous stage, actions were independent random but now the schemes have become coordinated. For example, a child could hear a noise and orients toward it or they see an object and then touch it. They also develop primary circular reactions. Some of these reactions include sucking thumb and habitual utterances. Infants are also exploratory and develop new schemes. Substage three (4-8 months old): develop secondary circular reactions.

These reactions include repetition and the development of “dropping and throwing” schemes. At this stage, babies are also learning that their actions have reactions. Their actions are not intentional, and infants are learning they are separate from the rest of the world. Substage four (8-12 months old): the babies behavior becomes intentional and goal-oriented. They are also coordinating their schemes at this stage. This means that an independent scheme has now been combined to achieve a goal. During this stage, they develop object permanence. It means that infants do not recognize that objects still exist even though they cannot see them.

The A not B Error is when infants look for an object in its original spot instead of looking for it in the most recent place that it was hidden. For example, if you give an infant a toy car and you take it away, they won’t look for that toy car because they do not understand that it still exists. Substage five (12-15 months old): babies develop tertiary circular reactions, which means they are repeating actions and behaviors but with more variation. At this stage, they are experimenting with the world and searching everywhere, which means that they solve the A, not B error and that they have a larger repertoire of actions. Tertiary circular reactions are more flexible, they have pleasing results which leads a child to want to repeat their actions so that they can receive a similar result. Substage six (18-24 months old): toddlers can hold mental representations in their mind, solve advanced object permanence problems such as invisible displacement, and join and make-believe play.

Make-believe play (symbolic play), is when a child uses one thing to stand for something else. An example is when babies use a teacup and pretend to be at a fancy tea party where they’re actually drinking tea. They also develop deferred imitation which is the imitation of a model observed sometime in the past. In conclusion of the sensorimotor stage, infants gather information about the world through their eyes, sight, taste, smell, touch, and hearing. That explains why babies are always touching and putting stuff in their mouth, they are curious about their surroundings and objects. As they discover to use their senses, they also discover how to move their bodies around.

This helps them explore the world and discover relationships between their bodies and the environment. According to Jessica McCallister, at this stage, they also develop both physically cognitively. As I mentioned earlier, the physical skills include crawling, grasping, and pulling, as well as general physical growth. As the infants develop cognitive skills, they start thinking about their behaviors and reacting to different stimuli such as noises, movement, and emotions. The main achievement that develops during this stage is object permanence. It means that infants do not recognize that objects still exist even though they cannot see them. For example, if you give an infant a toy car and you take it away, they won’t look for that toy car because they do not understand that it still exists. They begin with random movements which develop into coordinated schemes. They use a variety of strategies to solve the problem of maneuvering a chair into a small space, pretend to be a mother or father in house play, use words and simple language to convey needs and ideas.

The second stage is preoperational, which occurs approximately around age two to seven years old. Children in this stage begin to understand more complex issues but are still dependent on their senses and can only focus on one dimension at a time (Crain, 2005, p.40). At this stage, children start to develop and engage in pretend play. Children pretend to be someone they are not. Examples are superheroes, policemen, nurses, and so on. They will begin to use symbols to represent things through speech and art. This is also the stage when children learn how to talk. As they learn that words symbolize objects that start to help them into the preoperational stage and understand the idea of symbols. Sensory experiences are less crucial to knowledge acquisition. Because children at this age do not understand that other people have a different point of view, they tend to be self-centered. Egocentric thinking is that the child believes that everyone sees the world in the same way as he or she does. Because of egocentric thinking, preoperational children hide by covering their eyes are only parts of their bodies believing that if they cannot see the seekers, then they themselves cannot be seen. The pre-operational stage is divided into two sub-stages. The first sub-stage is labeled egocentric (2-4 years) and the second sub-stage is called intuitive (5-7 years) (Wadsworth, 1977, p.68). Smith (1981) states that, an important characteristic of pre-operational thought is egocentrism.

An experiment was tested by Piaget and Inhelder (1956), they wanted to find out at what age children become no longer egocentric. The experiment started by the child sitting at a table and presenting to the three mountains. All three mountains were different, with snow on top of one, a hut on the other, and a red cross on the top of the other. The child was then able to walk around the model to look at it, then sit down at one side. A doll would then be placed at different positions of the tables. Furthermore, the child is shown ten photographs of the mountains taken from different positions and are asked to point out which showed the doll's view. Piaget gave the assumption that if the child correctly picked out the card showing the doll’s view, he or she is not egocentric. Those children who pick out the card showing the view he or she saw was considered egocentric.

The results are that children at age four years old always seem to choose a picture that represented what they could see and not the doll’s view. On the other hand, only seven and eight-year-olds are choosing the correct picture. Having to say that at age seven, that is when children are no longer egocentric. At around age five, most children become very curious and ask many questions because they are eager to know everything. Piaget classifies it as “the intuitive age” because while toddlers realize that they have a vast amount of knowledge, they have no idea how they acquired it. According to Piaget, at age 7 thinking is no longer egocentric, as the child can see more than their own point of view. Children from 4-6 years old lack the concept of conservation, which is the principle that quantity remains the same, despite changes in shape or arrangement.

For example, when a child is shown a beaker filled with water that is equal volumes of each, that child would be able to determine that both beakers is the same. However, when the same amount of water was poured into a taller glass, it suddenly seemed more than when it was in the short beaker. According to Morgan, children in the late preoperational period often succeed at some of these tasks but fail to provide enough justifications for their judgments. However, once children hit the concrete operational phase, that is when they can supply logical justifications, such as reversibility, for conservation.

The third stage of Piaget’s cognitive development is concrete operational, which occurs approximately at age 7-11 years old. This is where children learn the idea of conservation. They discover the logic and develop concrete cognitive operations such as sorting objects in a certain order. An example is inductive reasoning. Backtrack to the previous stage where children did not tell the difference between the tall and short beaker. In concrete operational, the child is able to understand that both beaker glass has the same amount of water even though the glasses are different sizes. Children at this stage can reason logically about concrete objects and events. Children to be able to learn fundamental skills in reading, writing, and calculating arithmetic problems. Unfortunately thinking and reasoning about hypothetical situations is still difficult to master.

Children are able to do seriation, which means that they can sort objects or situations according to any characteristics such as size, color, shape, or types. In this stage, Egocentrism seems to no longer show. For instance, two dolls are in the situation. One called Sally and the other called Anne are presented to the child. The child is then told that sally has a basket and Anne has a box. Next, the child is told that sally puts a marble inside her basket. She then leaves and goes outside where she can no longer see her basket.

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Moral Values Understanding the Difference between Death and Life

This week’s forum really opened up some older moral values; growing up, I remember this case and I remember feeling very sorry for the family and Terri, but, even at a young age, had a feeling that the husband may not be on the same sympathetic/moral wave as everyone else, although, we most likely understand that his values are what he thought was best (even if some thought he was ready to “pull the plug” in order to inherit his wife’s assets). At a young age, we do not really grasp the difference in life and death (whether natural or by choice, or someone else’s choice), and certainly cannot fathom the feelings that this family had gone through with their daughter, Terri.

We discovered this week what is meant in terms of moral development. We learned that Kohlberg was a fan of Piaget's principle of moral development (Piaget, 1932) and that he was adamant to emerging it even further. We learned a bit about the three different levels of moral development, which include, Preconventional Morality, Conventional Morality, and Post Conventional Morality (Crain, 2016). Each of these levels had a different basis of individual judgment and reasoning, such as level encompassed the basis that those that are younger (children), do not understand the concept of morality, and that it is usually the parents who shape these values during early childhood development.

It is understood in level one, the individual's (child) authority is external and the perceptive stance would be based on one’s physical penalties of their actions (Crain, 2016; Psychology Notes HQ, 2016). In level two, individuals, which are now at the teenage and adult portion of one’s life, moral standards become a bit more adopted; as with above, the authoritative state is now instilled inside someone, although does not become as noticeable (Crain, 2016; Psychology Notes HQ, 2016). The last level, three, is where it all comes to a top mixture, where one’s judgment is now built on their own principles, and reasoning is now built on justice and ones rights (Crain, 2016; Psychology Notes HQ, 2016). With those different levels, there are two stages in each that build upon the different internal morals that are learned throughout one’s development.

As we know from the timeline of the Schiavo case, we are confronted with the court case of a married woman who became stuck in a brain-dead vegetative state, which left her living via medical devices for several years. In the wake of this, while her life was sustained for many years, it came to surface the levels of morality between the family (parents) and her husband, Michael. The question was brought up on whether to keep her living in the state that she is, or to let her go and pass on either naturally (until her body shut down from lack of nutrients, water, etc) or through euthanasia. So, we are asked, where do the parents and Michael (the husband) fall in regard to the stages of moral development?

For the husband, one could justify that Michael basically would fit in stage 5, which is the awareness of the dependence of rules and democracy. Michael, as her husband, was not able to carry out [legally], his moral dilemma to carry out the act of euthanasia in the act to “let Terri die.” He believed that because of her state and discomfort of living, she would have wanted to die and no longer suffer. On the other hand, Terri’s parents were the opposite of feeling, as they believed that Terri would want to live, no matter what her state of living would be. Now, in my opinion, I think the parents fall in stage three, but also stage 4.

These stages are where one will follow one’s values because it’s what others expect, as well as, adhering to the legality of situations (such as euthanasia). On the other hand, somewhat in regard to Michael; we are set to believe that someone cognizant forms their own moral values, as well as acting upon them, whether they are lawful or not, and then which at this point they start to fall into the 6th stage of level three. People at this stage/level are ready to act upon what they feel is to be morally right, whether or not legal or acceptable within one’s society, etc. From this, and what we know about the stages/levels of moral development, we can see that Kohlberg emerged Piaget's principles and outlined them more based upon one’s morals and ethicality.

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Paid Maternity in the USA

The United States is the only developed nation in the world that do not offer paid maternity. Daycare costs now exceeds median rent prices in most states. A large number of specialists on the United States payrolls today are women. Besides, the greater part of mothers, whether they are married or single, work outside of the home, implementing that in most American families, the majority of the grown work and there is no full-time daycare. While the Government and Federal Regulations said that they provide financial support, high quality, and better programs for child care, the truth is that they only provide some programs for families with a low income.

In different nations, parents struggle to find daycares when they are working full time. With the goal to get daycares into the top programs, an expanding the number of states that have been forcing academic standards and rules on daycares providers and using public money to expand access to full-time daycares. In sixteen states, preschool programs are being put forth to in excess of thirty-three percent of four years of age from three unique states(Fetterman). Examinations have come with a cost in some places. Stricter controls for child care centers have been an issue of the shortage of slots. In California, the number of licensed providers of daycares in private homes have dropped in private homes by thirty percent in the recent years. An examination in 2017 established that twenty-two states make up sixty-six percent of the U.S. population, and the greater part of the kids in those states lived in 'child care deserts”, neighborhoods or communities that do not have daycare (Fetterman). In many areas with child care poverty, the federal spending plan incorporated an extra $5.8 billion through the Child Care Development Block Grant, money that states use to help low incomes families to pay for Child Care(Fetterman). Daycare is one of the most highest family costs in the United States, and families spend over 20 to 30 percent of their incomes.

Generally, low unemployment is forcing progress on an issue that has been around since women entered the workforce. Organizations increasingly consider it to be an issue to their work, communities, and government. President Donald Trump added a small raise in financing child care. This number could rise, although it is unclear by how much, the organization is looking into how other factors, for example, control and cash will influence the access of reasonable child care. In New Hampshire, Republican Gov. Chris Sununu has been considering to expanding the whole day for Kindergarten as needed. Whole-day Kindergarten is required only in thirteen states. Several different states offer only terms, for instance, instructive expense or required underwriting at the area level(Levitz).

Financial access are the reason of issues like quality, commerce, and loan fees the subjects that are devastating the money-related news. Preparations that influence the capacity of women to work outside the home influence the capacity of the economy to develop.

The U.S. Department of Labor estimates that if women in the U.S. had a similar rate of workforce participation as women in Germany or Canadian countries that give paid leave and child care help. A 2015 Washington recovery found that seventy-five percent of mothers and half of fathers need to left the workforce or change to a less work activity sooner or later to care of their children(Hamm). The main work-family Government enacted is the Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA), which gives work insurance to workers when they required time off to care of new babies or seriously ill family member. The FMLA law has helped a great number of workers to keep their employments, it does not ensure that the leave will be paid. One other government program that gives child care help to low incomes families is the Child Care and Development Block Grant which is a normality yearly help of under $5,000(Hamm). In 2012, only 28 percent of children had to stay at home, compared with half of the children in 1970(Hamm). Families with two kids in a child care center can expect to pay nearly $18,000 every year which adds up to almost 30 percent of the middle family salary(Hamm). Forty-two percent of Americans make under $15 per hour, and low wages are not their issue(Hamm). Child care forces exalted weights on middle-class parents as well, typically falling on them sometime before they achieve top potential at once in their lives when many are meeting high rents.

The university of Chicago investigates that quality daycare can have a major effect to low salary mothers with access to better projects bring up kids who grow up to obtain more money, “supplying the support for low-income families will lead to a large social return”(Paquette). The expense of child care help with the United States' entry the mortgage, extending from about $5,000 all things considered yearly. An examination of eight states a year ago from the Community for American Progress, a left inclining researcher organization, discovered the greater part of young children in rural Cities occupied a child care desert. A group from North Carolina concentrates on two full-time programs, which gives free consideration to low-salary children from ages of about two months to five years.

An examination followed a group of kids who were born in the mid-70s and got consideration, which included day-by-day instruction works out, and a “control” assemble that stay at home or arrived in less expensive or low programs. Analysts found that mothers who got the free, full-time care benefit while their kids were in preschool and out-earned their associates 20 years after the fact. This program benefits young boys, on the grounds that young kids who grow up financially disadvantaged will probably get suspended at school and land in the criminal justice system.

Child care sponsorship is not a privilege restricting establishing that implies the donations that are not accessible to every single qualified family. About 10 percent of the total of kids meeting government rules really get the benefit(Paquette). As indicated by Davison, 'access to high-quality care for young children can help parents increase their employment and earnings. An investigation by the National Institute of Child Health and Development of America infant care offices are evaluated high quality. Low-wage work makes up a fourth of the economy, under 25 percent of families can pay the cost of child care(Davidson).

After all the way that most American families do not have someone to stay at home in circumstances that have existed for a long time and bosses miss the mark regarding giving truly necessary flexibility, numerous schools keep on working as though the change is valid. The best issue for working parents gives off an impression of being school hours and continuous terminations.

An ongoing report from the Center for American Progress, a left-inclining think tank, spreads out distinct measurements: Schools are shut for a normal of 29 days a year, not including summer excursions, and less than half of open primary schools offer when school care. Lower salary school regions are even less tending to offer consideration of alternatives outside of school. Finding care 'is a very serious challenge for lower-income working parents, who are much less likely to have the high incomes that allow them to pay babysitters for the time that their kids are not in school'(Gomstyn).

Helping parents pay for child care would be costly for society as well. Late investigations demonstrate that any access is expected to enable a financial pay off for parents and their children, even their grandkids. It has the greatest useful outcome on women's work and pay. Particularly supportive for low pay families, since it can drive ages of teenagers toward the increment profit, better employments, upgrade prosperity, more instruction and decrease criminal action as grown-ups. The budgets added from the government do not really support programs to the child care centers or when they apport with some money sometimes is not enough, the government should provide more support to low-income families or give help to women with a child care included in the job by that the economy will not decrease.

Works Cited

Burke, Lindsey M., and Lisa Snell. 'Pre-K Pre-Caution: Don't Learn the Hard Way.'SIRS Issues Researcher, 24 Jan, 2014.
Cain Miller, Claire. 'The Power of Day Care.' New York Times, 22 Apr, 2017, pp. B.1. SIRS Issues Researcher.
Davidson, Joe. 'A National Problem: Costly Child Care.' Washington Post, 09 Jan, 2017, pp. A.11. SIRS Issues Researcher.
Fetterman, Mindy. 'More Money--and Stricter Scrutiny--for Child Care.' stateline.org, 08 Jul. 2018. SIRS Issues Researcher.
Howard, Jacqueline. 'The Costs of Child Care Around the World.' CNN Wire Service, 17 Apr, 2018. SIRS Issues Researcher.
Levitz, Jennifer. 'Why Businesses are Pushing for Better Child Care in America.' Wall Street Journal Online, 10 Feb, 2018. SIRS Issues Researcher.
Paquette, Danielle.”Quality of Day care may Predict kids’ Wealthy”. Washington Post,25 Apr, 2017, pp. A.14. SIRS Issues Research.
Weiss, Joanna. 'Is Day Care Impossible?' Boston Globe, 08 Feb, 2017, pp. K.1. SIRS Issues Researcher.

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Modern Technologies in Bows Children

Save The Child Technology, something that today’s generation cannot live without, and from start to the end of the day, children are surrounded by it. Technology gave birth to a digital world. No matter how hard we try, it is almost impossible to apart children from this digital world. Everyone from the age of two years old to a teenager has some type of electronic device in their hands. Since children are exposed to digital media almost everywhere, it influences children’s lives in many ways such as their social skills, learning abilities, and behavior. However, there are many interactive video games and applications on smartphones that can help children learn hand and eye coordination, help them improve intellectual skills, and problem-solving skills. There are pros and cons to everything, and technology is no exception. Kids are the most vulnerable beings when it comes to using technology. Children of all ages spend more time watching television, playing video games, and using social media apps.

This limits them from face-to-face interaction and physical activities. It can be very easy to distract a child with a phone or TV, while the parents do their daily activities. If technology is not used wisely, it can harm the kid’s mental and physical health. Some of the issues involving longer screen time include sleep deprivation, depression, cyberbullying, lower grades in school, the risk of obesity, and interference with family time. Setting the limits on screen time and having ground rules on the use of electronic devices can be very beneficial to children’s health. Some of the ways to limit the screen time include not placing a TV in the child’s room, keeping the TV off during mealtime and study time, limiting the video-game playing time to one hour a day, and choosing an alternative to digital games such as board games or reading a book.

The main reason parents should limit children’s screen time is that it can help their physical health, mental health and improve academically. According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, “teens who watch more than 5 hours of TV per day are 5 times more likely to be overweight than teens who watch 0 to 2 hours”. Choosing outdoor sports as an alternative to TV can improve children’s physical health. There are many types of serious health problems that follow a sedentary lifestyle, such as obesity, increased belly fat, and a higher risk of insulin resistance leading to type 2 diabetes. In addition, children are exposed to food advertisements which affect their choice of food.

The majority of advertisements of the food and restaurants are not having healthy options for children. Less physical activity can also impact a child’s muscle development and brain development. In order to set limitations on watching TV, firstly, parents should not put the TV in the child’s bedroom. Secondly, they should set the limits on time, when the child can watch TV or play video games. Moreover, parents should not allow their children to watch TV during mealtime, which can drive attention away from important family time and it may cause over-eating. Parents should help the child to pick a TV show or a movie based on its content, so that way parents are aware of what the kids are watching.

Parents should encourage their children to play intellectual games and outdoor activities with their friends. In addition to physical health, there are many mental health issues that have risen in children due to the overuse of technology. Several types of research have shown that there is a positive correlation between the use of electronic devices and mental disorders in children. Many children suffer from disorders such as Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), depression, anxiety, and sleep disorders. Nikken, Peter, and Marjon Schools describe “nearly 75% of teenagers own a smartphone and almost 76% of teens use at least one social media site” (342). Children use social media sites such as Facebook, Instagram, and Snapchat to seek support and approval in form of likes and comments. When they can not get validation from fellow members, it adds to their anxiety and depression. It can also impact negatively their self-esteem and can cause aggressive behavior. Children should be taught healthy media use to avoid negative effects.

Same as the TV usage, parents should also set limits on the usage of smartphones, and iPad, or tablets. Parents should create a media-free zone at home, such as a dining room; therefore, kids can engage in family conversations. Parents can unplug the internet after a certain time at night, which can reduce screen time during bedtime, and ultimately, kids can get better sleep. Parents should download software on children’s devices that can only allow kids-friendly websites to open to eliminate or reduce exposure to inappropriate content. Kids should be taught about online threats and cyberbullying and how to steer clear of those threats.

Parents should make their kids aware that they respect their privacy to gain trust. Parents should know their children’s likes and dislikes, know their friends online, the sites they like to use, and the apps they are using on the smartphone. They should make sure that children understand the benefits of limited screen time. Teens who spend less time on the internet and social media are more likely to have “real-life relationships,” and spend more quality time with their friends and family, which can promote healthy behavior and improve social skills in children (Nikken et al. 350). As digital media has become a part of the young generation’s life, it becomes very important for parents to ensure that children are safe when using it.

Parents may find it easier to be a chaperon at playground or high school compared to kids’ digital media platforms. One thing parents must keep in mind is that it is important to set parental guidelines in the virtual world as well as the real world. Cyberbullying can have the same negative impact on children’s mental health as “real-life” bullying. Stalkers, predators, and sex offenders use online chat rooms, social media sites, and websites to exploit children. Parents should not put their guards down even when children are safe in their own homes.

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Question from the Movie Inside out what’s Going on in their Heads?

“Have you ever wondered ‘what is going on inside their head?’” This question from the movie ‘Inside Out’ has no doubt gone through many people’s minds while watching children or teenagers. The way to answer it is to take a look into the field of psychology. Through developmental psychology, we can see some common behaviors in babies, children, and teenagers.

Information in this paper will show how the brain of an infant develops in the womb, and then how he or she develops outside the womb. From there, the information will progress onto the brain development of children, the steps of their development, what developmental skills they learn, and how it changes their personality. After that, this report will turn onto the topic of teenagers and their behavior due to development, and how it compares to adults.

The brain of an infant starts to be constructed around the fifth week of pregnancy. The first part of brain development starts when neurons invade certain places of the brain and proceed to develop various senses. Touch is the fastest sense to develop. After growing in the womb for a month or so, a baby can experience touch on its nose and lips, and after 12 months, the sense of touch is fully developed. At the halfway point of a pregnancy, babies are able to smell and hear. At this point, whatever they smell or hear they will remember very accurately. For example, there was a conductor who was about to practice conducting a new song with an orchestra. Once he started and the cellist started to play, he instantaneously knew the rest of the piece and did not have to look at the notes once to continue conducting the piece he had never conducted before. Later, he talked to his mother, a cellist, about the experience. She asked him what piece it was that he played, and after he told her, she burst into laughter. She explained to him that that was the piece she had practiced on her cello while she was pregnant with him.

However simple this developing process may seem, it is not. It is extremely fragile. Simple things such as diet, lifestyle, health, the level of anxiety and depression that a mother has can all affect the state of a child's physical and mental development and the rest of his or her life.

The mind of an infant is mysterious. No one knows what they feel, how they perceive the world and our guesses of these things are never identical. We don’t know if they have any understanding of the world originally or if they learn it all. However, there are some things scientists are able to deduce. Scientists figured out a way to accurately gauge the future IQ of an infant. They do it by placing an infant in front of a checkerboard. If they stare at it longer, they have a higher IQ. This technique sounds quite unusual, but it was proven to be true since the babies who looked at the board longer had higher IQs when they were older, and the babies who looked at it for a shorter amount of time had a lower IQ.

Another thing scientists have discovered is that depending on the time of year a baby is conceived, it can affect its personality. For instance, if a baby is conceived in the fall when people tend to have more melatonin in them, the child will more likely be shy and vulnerable as adults.

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Gender Development is Driven Mainly by Growth

As a cognitive psychologist, I would focus on the thought processes that go into the learning and understanding of a subject. Gender development stems mainly from growth and maturing and will continue to change over time. The knowledge and understanding of gender depend on the age of the child.

According to Lawrence Kohlberg, gender development goes through three stages. The first stage children go through is gender identity, which is when they acknowledge, or label, their own sex. They usually reach this point around 2-3 years old. Around 4-6 years old, children develop the understanding of gender stability, the second stage, which is the understanding that their sex does not change, although external features can influence this mentality. If a female was to wear a suit, or a male to wear a dress, the child could think this person was the gender they were dressing as, not biologically classified. The last stage is gender constancy, which is reached by 7 years old. Gender constancy is the understanding that gender remains the same, despite the external features such as clothing, hair, etc. Therefore, a child could see a woman wearing a suit and still understand that she is a woman, or a man could wear a dress and still be a man.

Another explanation is the gender schema theory, which focuses more on the child’s role in their own gender development. According to this theory, as young as 2 years old children develop a basic gender schema, which means that they are able to classify themselves, and others, as female or male. After that, the child will look for more ways to understand “female vs male” and begin to act as others sharing their gender. For example, a young boy at a park could see other boys playing with toy trucks, and begin to play with toy trucks and remove toys seen with females from his collection. The gender schema at this age has a very definitive ideology and children seem to reject even gender-neutral toys because they are not specifically the gender the child is classified as. Gender schemas continue to evolve as we grow and mature. As the schema becomes more complex, the child’s brain becomes more open to understanding the gender spectrum and learns to accept more differences. Generally, as children age, their gender schema relaxes and allows gender-neutral and even opposite gender features to come into play.

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Dentist Abuse Knowledge and Awareness Results

Contents

Practitioners` Perceptions and Attitudes
Barriers to Reporting Abuse
Transmission of Diseases
Conclusion

Kaur et al. (2014) focused on the case of India and involved 120 registered general dentists. Considering the statistics for the actual abuse, 69.5% of observed cases involved girls, and low socioeconomic status was associated with 77.1% of abuses. The survey focused on dentists` awareness and studied their understanding of abuse signs. The research reveals that 89.7% of participants reported they could differentiate between an abuse and a common injury, and 60.7% detected at least one case of child abuse. Though, Mathur and Chopra (2013) point out that in general, Indian society lacks a comprehensive understanding of the problem.

Results obtained by researchers in India reveal relatively high knowledge of dental practitioners. The second highest result in dentists` knowledge is reported by the study by Azevedo, Goettems, Brito, et al. (2012) in Brazil with 78.7%. However, in this study, only 14.3% of practitioners faced such cases during their practice, and only 24% of those reported the case to authorities. Then, in Saudi Arabia, 73.3% of researched dentists were aware of the abuse signs in the oral cavity and claimed they can distinguish them from an occasional injury (Al-Dabaan, Newton, & Asimakopoulou, 2014). As in the other studies, out of 71 (59%) dentists who experienced such cases, only 10% made a report. Then, Bankole, Denloye, and Adeyemi (2008) present results of similar research in Nigeria indicating that 61.7% of dentists recognized a case of abuse in children. Researchers also admit that abuse of females is more common than in males (Bankole et al., 2008). In the United Arab Emirates, a quarter of respondents detected such cases, and only 30% of those reported to authorities (Hashim & Al Dallal, 2018).

Relatively low levels of reporting the cases of detected child abuse to authorities characterize all of the studies of dentists` awareness regardless of the country of research. The role of education is proved to be crucial this question by some studies. Continuing education is associated with higher detection levels among dentists (Hashim & Al-Dallal, 2018). Some researchers also emphasize the dentists` eagerness to learn and improve their skills and understanding in this area. For example, according to Al-Dabaan et al. (2014), dentists report the need for continuing education. Hence, such studies reveal the gap in dentists` knowledge and provide implications for education and learning. The research by Thomas, Straffon, and Inglehart (2006), which involved 233 dental students, illustrates a clear lack of relevant knowledge in students. While the dominant majority reported having studied the subject at school, only 5.5% could define child abuse, 32.2 did not know about their responsibility of reporting, and 82.4% were not aware of where actually to report. The following discussion of their attitudes, perceptions and existing barriers to reporting can clarify the presented information.

Practitioners` Perceptions and Attitudes

Having the right perception of and attitudes to child abuse observed in the oral cavity can help dentists to diagnose and report the case. The perceptions identify the preparedness of a dentist to see the problem. The attitude also defines if a practitioner will be ready to report the case of abuse to the relevant authorities. There are different factors that can affect dentists` reporting frequency. According to Azevedo et al. (2012), some factors that are correlated with the higher detection rates are regular (more than once a month) encounters with underage patients and private rather than public practice. The uncertainty of a diagnosis is a commonly cited reason which affects a dentist`s attitude to a case of child abuse and its reporting (Azevedo et al., 2012; Hashim & Al-Dallal, 2018).

Although rates of reporting cases of abuse are not high, research illustrates that dentists, in general, recognize their responsibilities regarding child abuse. According to Hashim and Al-Dallal (2018), the majority of dentists involved in research recognize their legal responsibility to report. Then, Garrocho-Rangel, Márquez-Preciado, Olguín-Vivar, et al. (2015) illustrate a case of collaborative dentists` efforts to provide treatment to a girl who had been sexually abused. While the case had been already revealed, dentists needed to develop an elaborate approach to a reluctant 6-year old female patient, for instance, positive reinforcement, voice modulation, and even gifting. The example underpins the need to address children`s related psychological trauma.

While injuries, like bruises, hematomas, or lesions, are obvious signs of abuse, there is also emphasized the role of behavioral markers in underage patients. Costacurta, Benavoli, Arcudi et al. (2016) point out that some behavioral signs may illustrate the case of sexual abuse experienced by a child. Such examples are defensive behavior and reluctance to oral cavity observations. Azevedo et al. (2012) stress the role of not only a child`s behavior but also the parent-child interaction, which may help a dentist to solidify any suspicions regarding abuse. In addition to these factors, Brattabø, Bjørknes, and Åstrøm (2018) emphasize such factors, which do not relate to injury in particular, like the refusal of treatment and abnormal behavior. At the same time, researchers indicate that the presence of a child`s abnormal behavior mentioned in a report to authorities resulted in a lesser rate of being investigated (Brattabø, et al., 2018).

The attitudes of dentists are also shaped by a general perception of the question in society. For instance, Brattabø et al. (2018) reveal that the occurrence of such cases in media, education, and authorities may be associated with a higher case of reporting as it happens in Sweden. However, it is not the main determinant, because, for example, in Norway, such cases are less frequently highlighted, but this does not undermine the dentists` ability to detect child abuse. Hence, the personal attitudes of dental practitioners are deemed defining.

Barriers to Reporting Abuse

An important step of dentists, who detected child abuse, is reporting such cases to the relevant authorities. However, the researched literature reveals that there exist various barriers to reporting, which include a lack of knowledge, uncertainty, and perceptions. The rates of reporting among those dentists who detected at least one case range from as low as 10% (Al Dabaan et al., 2014) to 30%, which also is not a high indicator (Hashim & Al Dallal, 2018). There are obviously present some barriers which prevent dentists from fulfilling their legal obligation to report a case of child abuse.

Considering the barriers to reporting, there are identified diverse factors relating to their perceptions, diagnosis uncertainty, reluctance to have complications, or the lack of knowledge and instructions. One barrier on the way to reporting is the lack of education and knowledge about such responsibility or relevant authorities. Kaur et al. (2014) revealed that the lack of relevant knowledge of their role prevented dentists from reporting in 43.9% of cases. In research by Sonbol, Abu-Ghazaleh, Rajab, et al. (2012), this barrier was named by 41% of surveyed dentists. Hashim and Al-Dallal (2018) identify a similar barrier of not knowing the legal procedure and authorities to refer among dentists. Such a barrier exists even in the United States, although the laws of all states mandatory require dentists to report child abuse (Katner & Brown, 2012).

A related barrier reported in the literature is the uncertainty of dentists regarding their diagnosis, which results in a hesitancy to report. In the study by Hashim and Al-Dallal (2018), this barrier was reported by 33% and was the most common. However, in research by Al-Dabaan et al. (2014), this reason was at the second place cited by dentists, and it was reported by 79% of practitioners.

Additionally, in 42.1% of cases, dentists named the absence of relevant history or a precedent as their reason not to report (Kaur et al. 2014). As a result, the lack of social perception and precedents prevent dentists from creating such crucial precedents. Perceptions of dentists also affect the issues, as they often do not believe that the necessary protective measures would be undertaken (Azevedo et al., 2012). Owais, Qudeimat, & Qodceih (2009) even report a position that “it is not the dentist’s responsibility” by 22% of respondents in Jordan (p. 293). The researchers also point out the barrier of not having the relevant history in 76% of cases (Owais et al., 2009).

Another major barrier is associated with the fears of any further complications and problems which may affect a dentist`s career. It is revealed by researchers that being apprehensive about the influence of such a report on the specialist`s further professional practice translated in 14% of non-reporting cases (Kaur et al. 2014). Hashim and Al-Dallal (2018) point out that the fear of violence on behalf of a child`s family was a reporting barrier in 17.7% of cases in Dubai. On the contrary, according to Al-Habsi, Roberts, and Attari (2009), the fear of consequences not for a dentist but for a child was a reason of non-reporting in 79% of cases studied in London. In research by Al-Dabaan et al. (2014), which was conducted in Saudi Arabia, the fear to inflict any negative consequences on a child was cited by 87.7% of dentists as a barrier to report.

It can be seen that there is a wide range of factors that create barriers to reporting the case of child abuse to authorities. However, in researches conducted across the countries, different causes are put at the first place, depending on cultural perceptions and social factors. The impact of precedents on dentists` actions also emphasizes the need to make the cases of reporting publicly known and information more easily accessed and disseminated. Rising general public awareness about the issue is important. Communication between dentists and social care workers is advised (Harris, Elcock, Sidebotham, et al., 2009).

Transmission of Diseases

Child abuse in the oral cavity is associated not only with physical and psychological abuse, but it may also be a cause of serious diseases. The abuse may even lead to the development of sexually transmitted diseases. According to Nilchian, Sadri, Jabbarifar et al. (2012), the oral cavity can become a point of child sexual abuse, but the signs of such abuse are typically not easily detected. However, registering such abuse may become more facilitated for a dentist when there are observed symptoms of some sexually transmitted disease. Signs of such diseases can be detected on a child`s skin of an oral cavity as well as at the mouth (Kos & Shwayder, 2006). Percinoto, Danelon, and Crivelini et al. (2014) discuss a case of a child with symptoms of Condyloma acuminata in the oral cavity and highlight the present challenges. One of them is the reluctance of parents or guardians to report the case because some relatives are most often involved as perpetrators. Understanding the outcomes of child abuse, like diseases and specific signs in the oral cavity, can help to cure the abused children properly (Costacurta, et al., 2016).

Conclusion

To summarize, detection and reporting child abuse in the oral cavity presents a challenging case for dentists. Understanding the routines dentists should use to detect, diagnose, and report child abuse in the oral cavity can be helpful in the prevention of such cases and prosecution of wrongdoers. The reviewed literature contributes to the clearer realization of the knowledge and awareness of dentists across the world. Examples derived from Brazil, India, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Jordan, England, and United Arab Emirates. There are discussed reasons encouraging and preventing practitioners from reporting child abuse cases. The main barriers reported in the literature review are lack of relevant knowledge, hesitancy in diagnosis, and fears regarding the impact on a professional career and on a child. Implications for dentists` education and instruction are provided.

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The Main Components of the Problem of Children

Despite the decline in child mortality in the past five decades, childhood deaths are still a huge source of concern. According to our text, most of these deaths occur from either communicable diseases or from issues that occur such as premature birth. Over half the deaths occur within a few months of birth. Lack of access to vaccinations and malnutrition are major components of the problem. Poverty leads to these issues. Females not having educational opportunities also help propel this cycle.

It was devastating to learn that malnutrition is responsible for 3.5 million child deaths (WHO, 2015). This was devastating to me because globally we should be able to join forces to prevent this from happening. The United States and other wealthier countries should be able to utilize resources to change this trend. Money should be invested in agricultural engineering in order to provide maximum food for the resources and space available. No one should be hungry in any corner of the world in 2018. Another disturbing issue mentioned in this chapter was the genital mutilation that many girls suffer through in countries such as Africa. This inhuman practice causes disease and issues that the girls should never have to endure. Child abuse through both physical and sexual means is a travesty that too many children have to endure.

These types of situations put undue stress on the child causing health and mental issues. The video “Too Young to Wed” was also troublesome to consider. Unfortunately, this practice is happening in many developing countries. Sometimes families do it to help feed their children or to settle the debt. Thinking about how many of these early marriages turn abusive is another sad fact. In addition, the girls are often removed from school. This just perpetuates the cycle of poverty. Poverty causes many issues for children. It actually can affect brain structure and change how people learn.

Poor health, stress, and possible abuse follow the lines of poverty. Children who are part of families whose incomes are below 15,000 dollars are twenty-two more times likely to suffer from abuse (Housshar, 2014). Most of the mortality in children is propelled by poverty. Lack of access to immunizations and food and inhumane practices such as abuse or genital mutilation is often propelled by poverty and lack of education. All children deserve an education and a chance to break the cycle of poverty. Providing more enriching educational experiences is important for all children but especially making this equitable for girls. Humanitarian efforts to feed others in the most effective manner by maximizing the resources and educating people so that they can take care of themselves are of utmost importance.

This chapter has really caught my attention. I do have a passion for the care of children. When you look into the eyes of a young child that is suffering one cannot help feel compassionate. If young children are not cared for or provided for, the results could be devastating for continuing our populations. I hope that we can join forces across the globe to help meet the no hunger goal and to increase educational opportunities for all.

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Over-emotional Imbalance Leading to Drug Abuse

Holism refers to patient care that practices many different aspects of wellness beyond medicine and healthcare rehab facilities. Holistic therapy practices originate from cultural traditions and are known for being close to nature and basically concentrate on the physical, mental, spiritual, and social wellness of the patient. Holistic addiction treatment targets various causes that are known to contribute to addiction. Among these disorders includes Physical evidence of addiction and withdrawal. An overemotional imbalance that leads to drug or substance abuse. Inadequate spiritual foundation can result in self-medicating making drugs desirable. A chemical imbalance from bad eating habits affects the brain and nerves.

The benefit of holistic therapies is that they boost you to find relief from addiction symptoms from within rather than just relying on traditional medical treatments. Since holistic addiction treatment is a positive approach for patients in rehab. it's also very important that they embrace these skills in recovery with strategies for maintaining their sobriety throughout their lives. Most holistic addiction treatment centers believe that the holistic program is the best way to treat addiction and provide lasting recovery. Listed below are the holistic therapies used in combination with traditional medical treatment.

Acupuncture and Acupressure

This helps to reduce uncomfortable withdrawal symptoms, which makes it more likely that someone will successfully get through the first few critical days of addiction treatment. Massage for addiction withdrawal and recovery can relieve pain, agitation, tension, anxiety, and sleep problems by providing a natural alternative method of healing free of drugs. Theta Energy Work Theta Healing uses brainwaves that are slowed to a relaxed condition to remove a person’s limiting subconscious while in a meditative state which relaxes the patient for better physical healing. Theta therapy is used for emotional healing and can be helpful with, releasing feelings of rejection, resentment, easing depression, and helping in relinquishing traumatic experiences from childhood

. Theta Healing can also be helpful for those struggling with addictions like drugs and alcohol, tobacco, caffeine, chocolate, and the abuse of prescription medications. Yoga and Meditation Because meditation produces an increased peace of mind, it increases self-awareness of negative behaviors and emotions, and reduces relapse-causing stressors, and offers therapeutic benefits. Nutritional Therapy It has been recognized by Hospitals that about one in four persons struggling with substance abuse was malnourished, and half were deficient in vitamins and nutrients, such as zinc, several B vitamins, iron, and protein. Biofeedback and Neurofeedback The benefits of biofeedback depend on the skills you need to learn.

Learning to relax the muscles in your back, shoulders, and neck, you may be able to get rid of or lessen back pain, tension headaches, or clenching and grinding of your teeth which can result in jaw pain. By learning to practice a relaxation response other than a stress response, anxiety can be reduced. The Neurofeedback benefits that you learn may increase clarity and cognitive stamina and decrease fuzzy thinking. It’s more important to find the form of treatment that’s best for your specific needs. Addiction is a lethal disease that causes serious health issues and vital organ damage, but everyone suffering from emotional or substance disorders has a chance and the choice to turn their life around with positive energy.

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Impact of Addiction on our Brain

What is Addiction? Addiction is where your brain is “programmed” to think that you need something and can not live without something when you really can. When you take a substance on a regular day-to-day basis, your brain will soon think that this should be a normal thing for the human body. When you go without the substance, your body will start to shut down and make you think you need it way more than you normally do, this is called withdrawal. The Brain and How it Works in Its Natural State The brain is the most important organ in your body.

The brain helps control many spectrums in your life. The cerebrum, which takes up eighty percent of the brain, controls the primary functions like emotions, body movement, learning and remembering vision, hearing, touch, and smell, thinking, and understanding and using language to communicate. The frontal lobes of the brain help with planning, organizing, and changing behavior to fit the environment around the body. The parietal lobes, which are right behind the frontal lobes, are responsible for helping the body recognize temperature, taste, smell and touch, shape, size and it is important for skills like reading and math. The temporal lobes, which are right above the ears, helps to process sounds like music and the understanding of language.

The occipital lobes are at the back of the brain, they help you see. The fifth lobe that is located deep inside the cerebrum is called the limbic lobe it includes the thalamus, which receives all senses except for the smell, and helps cognitive and motor functions. The basal ganglia, which is a group of neurons, are located deep beneath the cerebral cortex. The basal ganglia process information on movement and help determine the best possible response. The hypothalamus, located below the thalamus, helps to regulate sleep, body temperature, and hunger. The amygdala helps to manage emotions that deal with survival, fear, and memory.

Another part of the brain is the brain stem. The brain stem is essential to help maintain life. The brain stem controls the way the body breathes, the body’s heart rate and blood pressure, digestion, body temperature, and the reticular activating system, which makes the brain alert. (Gallo, F., Ph.D. (2015, October 16). How the Brain Reacts to Drugs Drugs can cause many effects and alter the brain in many ways that are necessary for life. The extended part of the amygdala plays a part in the body’s feelings of stress, anxiety, irritability, and unease. These same traits are exhibited after a drug high and cause the person to seek the drug again. This will become very sensitive with increased drug use.

Over a period of time, a person with a substance use disorder uses drugs to get temporary relief from the discomfort rather than to get high again. The basal ganglia are known as the brain’s “reward circuit.” Drugs can over-activate this circuit, causing the feeling of excitement of the drug high. When this exposure is repeated the circuit will adapt to the presence of the drug, which can make it hard to feel pleasure from anything other than the drug itself. When the body becomes excited or happy the prefrontal cortex is sent a signal.

The hippocampus will then record the memory of the event and the amygdala will create a response that encourages the body or person to repeat this behavior. When the prefrontal cortex shifts between “circuits,” it can make a person with a substance use disorder seek the drug repeatedly with little to no impulse control. Drugs can also produce pleasure in the brain. No one really understands why drugs give people pleasure or excitement. The body already has natural opioids (endorphins) and other neurotransmitters in parts of the basal ganglia or “reward circuit.” When you take certain drugs, it can cause surges of the neurotransmitters greater than the smaller bursts that are naturally produced.

The body produces dopamine which is a compound present in the body as a neurotransmitter. It is one of the chemicals responsible for transmitting signals between the nerve cells of the brain. Dopamine causes changes in the neural connectivity that make it easier to want to repeat the activity over and over again without realizing what the body is really doing, which can lead to addiction and bad habits. Drugs produce larger amounts of dopamine than what the body is used to normally which makes the body want it more. Large surges of dopamine show the brain that seeking the drug is a healthier goal and good activity to choose. (National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2018, July).

When drugs are abused it can stimulate two to ten times more dopamine to be released than anything else. Regular drug use can cause the brain to produce or transmit less dopamine which can result in a chemical imbalance in the brain. When the drugs are not being used, dopamine levels drop which can cause withdrawal symptoms and very powerful cravings. Addiction will most likely occur which leads to a loss of control over the number of drugs taken. Then the brain can no longer function normally without the drugs. (Drug Abuse and Chemical Imbalance in the Brain: Dopamine, Serotonin & More. (2018, October 14).

They are alcohol (wine and beer), depressants (tranquilizers, sedatives, and sleeping pills), stimulants (cocaine, caffeine, and nicotine), opiates (heroin, opium, and morphine), hallucinogens (marijuana, LSD, PCP), and inhalants (nitrous oxide and gasoline.) Stimulants include cocaine and amphetamines such as ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, and phenylpropanolamine. Caffeine which can be found in coffee, tea, soda, and over-the-counter drugs is also a stimulant along with nicotine. Nicotine is included because it has some stimulant properties and resembles stimulants with respect to withdrawal symptoms and cravings. All these stimulants increase the activity of a part of the sympathetic nervous system, which helps the body stay alert and produces the fight or flight reaction.

Cocaine acts directly on the brain cells by stimulating the release of dopamine and other neurotransmitters. People who use cocaine eventually lose the ability to feel pleasurable sensations because the brain becomes tolerant to the effects it gives. Opiates are things like morphine, heroin, and endorphins, which are naturally produced in the brain. Opiates have many actions in the body. They can provide pain relief, relaxation and provide a sense of euphoria. Opiates can also cause the pupils to become constricted, provoke nausea, and are involved in the regulation of body temperature. Withdrawal from opiates can include symptoms such as cravings, muscle cramps, diarrhea, elevated temperature, and poor sleep.

Withdrawal can be treated by replacing the short half-life drug, like heroin, with a longer half-life drug, like methadone, and gradually tapering it off. Even when treating an opiate addiction there has always been a very high relapse rate. Hallucinogens are made up of natural and synthetic substances that can alter perception. The effects of marijuana can include relaxation, heightened senses, distortion of time sense, and mild euphoria, but when used in a higher dosage it can cause hallucinations, paranoia, and anxiety. The physical effects it can cause are an increase in heart rate, dry mouth, impaired coordination, and a delay in reaction time. Marijuana is shown to interact with the ventral tegmental area of the brain and is likely to have the same qualities as other addictive drugs.

PCP is included as a hallucinogen because its effects include distortions in perception and judgment. PCP is highly addictive and can cause a psychotic state that can last for prolonged periods of time. It can cause more serious agitation and aggressive behavior. The drug can cause profound stimulation of the brain and nystagmus, jerking movements of the eye, muscular rigidity, and seizures, as well as high fever, increases in blood pressure, and the destruction of muscle tissue. (Henderson, E. C. (2000) Short-Term and Long-Term Side Effects. The short-term and long-term effects of any drug vary in many ways, but psychoactive drugs have different chemical effects on the brain.

The short-term effects that can occur in drug users depend on the amount used, the potency, and whether it is mixed with any other substance. Drugs can impact a person’s thinking, mood, energy, and perception in many ways. They can impair motor functions, interfere with decisions, problem-solving, reduce inhibition, and cause many health problems physically. All hallucinogens may differ in short-term effects but overall, they show many of the same mind-changing effects. The short-term effects of a hallucinogen are things such as hallucinations, heart palpitations, dilated pupils, blurred vision, paranoia, tremors, impaired judgment, and motor control, and significant anxiety and or depression.

Using opiates can be particularly dangerous because they can often lead to respiratory depression. Some of the short-term side effects are nausea, itching skin, pinpoint pupils, slowed thinking and movements, attention problem, impaired memory, drowsiness, slurred speech, and even coma. Barbiturates, like phenobarbital, are prescription sedatives that can depress the central nervous system, induce sleep and reduce anxiety. They can have severe side effects and a risk of dependence. Users will more than likely take more than the amount prescribed or inject the drug to increase pleasure. The short-term effects of barbiturates can be mood swings, cognitive dysfunction, confusion, slurred speech, coma, and poor judgment. Inhalants are typically everyday household items like cleaning products, paint, and markers. Users of inhalants normally would inhale the chemicals through the mouth or nose, directly or from a soaked rag.

The short-term effects only last a few minutes and they are dizziness, lethargy, nausea, delusions, blurred vision, slurred speech, muscle weakness, delayed reflexes, coma, and tremors. Long-term drug abuse can have disastrous mental and physical health consequences. When abusing drugs, the body will soon start to adapt to the substance/s being taken. Physical dependence can develop which can cause unpleasant and sometimes deathly withdrawal symptoms once the person stops using the substance. Physical dependence is not the same as addiction, but persistent use may lead to an addiction. The long-term effects of a hallucinogen can be persistent psychosis, which is extreme psychotic symptoms that do not go away once intoxication wears off. These symptoms can include mood and visual disturbances, disorganized thought, and paranoia. Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder is another long-term side effect. It is shown by the re-experiencing of symptoms while under the influence.

They include hallucinations and visual disturbances. Hallucinogens can also have long-term side effects of memory impairment, sleep problems, an imbalance in hormone production, white matter damage to the brain, and decreased connectivity between the brain areas. Opiates can cause brain damage due to respiratory depression. Chronic opiate abuse can lead to deterioration of the white matter in the brain, which can impact regulation in behavior, stress response, and making decisions. Long-term effects of opiates can also include severe constipation, sexual dysfunction, irritation of the nasal lining, nasal bleeding, HIV, cellulitis, and infection of the heart lining.

Long-term consequences of barbiturates abuse resemble the consequences of alcoholism. Long-term effects of barbiturates include physical injury, assaults or fights, irritability, legal problems, slow pulse, low blood pressure, decreased respiratory rate, memory loss, and changes in alertness. Inhalants can be toxic and poisonous to the body and can lead to many severe health problems. The long-term effects can include liver damage, kidney damage, hearing loss, bone marrow damage, spasms in limbs, asthma, depression, and anxiety. (Watkins, M. (n.d.). Drugs can impair the body in many ways depending on what substance you take and how much of the substance you take. There are many parts of the brain that can be altered when addicted or abusing drugs. Short-term side effects can be very harmful but do not last as long as long-term effects do. Long-term effects can affect you for the rest of your life. There are many symptoms to short-term and long-term effects. The brain is very sensitive and fragile it can be altered in many ways and in some ways you cannot change.

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A Society that Revolves Around you Need Money

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I’ll Give you the Sun

Alzamora 1

Alzamora 2

Alzamora 3

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Maximum Efficiency of Solar Panels

Introduction section

Abstract Section

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Sporty Fun in the Sun

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The American Dream in a Poem by James Emmanuel

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Play by Lorraine Hansberry Raisins in the Sun

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The Harlem Renaissance was One of the most Striking Periods in the Development of Art

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“Raisins in the Sun” is One of the most Important Plays

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What was so Significant that Mama had Taken the Plant Last

Quotes:

Notes:

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Effective Communication and Teamwork Will Help a Business Maintain a Positive Work Environment

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People’s Trust in Media Coverage

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Communication is a Cornerstone of Basic Nursing Practice

References

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Argentines are very Warm in Communication

Communication

Language

Nonverbal Communication

Group/Teams

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Ineffective Communication is when a Disruption during the Communication Process

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Effective Communication Happens Instinctively.

CONCLUSION

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The Online Seminar i’ve been Waiting for

Analysis of learning:

Evaluation of learning:

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Six Friends who Lived in Manhattan

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Interpersonal Communication Managing Conflict

Managing Conflict through being Mindful:

Conflict:

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Interpersonal Communication is the Process by which People Exchange Information

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Early Child Care Theorist Assignment

Theory

Application

Fredrich Frobel

Theory

Application

Erick Erikson

Theory

Application

Arnold Gisell

Application

Jean Jacques Piaget

John Bowlby

Maria Montessori

Theory

Application

Lev Vygotsky

Theory

Application

B. F. Skinner

Theory

Application

Howard Gardner

Theory

Application