Month: October 2021
MBA 612 Unit 2 Writing Assignment
The Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) was created for the protection of investors by improving the accuracy and reliability of corporate disclosures that are pursuant with securities laws. It called for punishment of behaviors that could lead to a corporate accounting scandal such as those seen with corporations such as Enron, WorldCom, and Global Crossing (Kecskes 2016). The Act came to pass on July 30, 2002 to help ensure that corporations and their accounting firms were being held accountable for the details presented in their financial reporting and imposing financial and criminal sanctions on those that participate in fraudulent behavior (Wilbanks 2016). This was during a time where the public’s confidence in corporations had faltered, and the government had to take measures to restore this confidence and undue losses to shareholders from the fraud that is present in some companies. With proper analysis and study, an organization should find it easy to comply with regulations set forth by SOX so that there won’t be any undo consequences for noncompliance with the rules.
According to Wilbanks (2016), SOX has 11 components that include: 1) Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, 2) Auditor Independence, 3) Corporate Responsibility, 4) Enhanced Financial Disclosures, 5) Analyst Conflicts of Interest, 6) Commission Resources and Authority, 7) Studies and reports, 8) Corporate and Criminal Fraud Accountability, 9)White-collar Crime Penalty Enhancement, 10) Corporate tax returns, and 11) Corporate Fraud and Accountability. Some key provisions of the SOX Act are the creation of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board that has the power to set auditing, quality control, and ethical standard. They also have the authority to inspect accounting firms, conduct investigations, and take disciplinary actions. Another key provision is the increased auditor independence requirement that increases the separation between a company’s attestation and non-attestation activities. There is also enhanced corporate government requirements under SOX that requires the board of every organization to maintain an audit committee that is responsible for the hiring and overseeing external auditors (Hall 2007).
Romans 13:1 says, “Let every person be subject to the governing authorities. For there is no authority except from God, and those that exist have been instituted by God.” From a biblical perspective, it can be inferred that rules are necessary. As believers of his Word in business, we must follow all rules and regulations that are set forth for our organizational industry because God has instituted rules for us in all things that we do. Luke 16:17 says, “But it is easier for heaven and earth to pass away rather than for one dot of the Law to become void.” Because God allows rules and regulations to be created and implemented, we must 100% comply with these laws to show ourselves worthy in God’s sight and as Christian business leaders.
References
- Hall, J. A., Liedtka, S. L., Gupta, P., Liedtka, J., & Tompkins, S. (2007). The Sarbanes-Oxley Act: IMPLICATIONS FOR LARGE-SCALE IT OUTSOURCING. Communications of the ACM, 50(3), 95–100. https://doi-org.belhaven.idm.oclc.org/10.1145/1226736.1226742
- Kecskés, A. (2016). The Sarbanes-Oxley act from a legislative viewpoint. Theory & Practice of Legislation, 4(1), 27–43. https://doiorg.belhaven.idm.oclc.org/10.1080/20508840.2016.1148315
- Wilbanks, D. (2016). The Sarbanes-Oxley Act. Professional Safety, 61(2), 23–25. Retrieved
- From: http://belhaven.idm.oclc.org/logiurl=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspxdirect=true AuthType=ip,url,cookie,uid&db=a9h&AN=112903797
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Human Resource Management Practices and Beliefs
Human Resource Management
The field of business is increasingly getting competitive as the years go by. Every enterprise is devising ways on how to cope with the competition through creativity and focusing on the operation of their businesses. Strategies such as benchmarking, SWOT analyses, and the use of operation management have been employed in various organizations. However, there still seems to be some difficulty in how work is done concerning the employees. As it is evident that every organization or institution needs a workforce for it to accomplish its tasks, there needs to be a human resource management department that decides on the eligibility of employees. Thus, the presence of an active Human Resource Management department is essential for the excellent performance of a company.
The department of Human Resource Management (HRM) performs various tasks for an organization or institution. HRM implies to the governance of people and works to achieve excellence or success. Despite the distinct methodologies different organizations use in their HRM departments, the sole purpose of the sector is still the same; to maximize the effort of all the people who make up the institution to increase the performance of the company. Just like any other field, the HRM has a scope to which it performs its tasks. The department is subdivided into three sectors, which include Micro HRM, Strategic HRM, and International HRM. The Micro HRM is in charge of the significant human practices and policies. The exercises involve selection, induction, recruitment, transfer or promotion, performance management, training and development, and remuneration.
Strategic HRM covers the systematic issues that face the organization and it analyzes all the plans put in place by the institution measuring what impact they have on the performance of the company. It stands for areas such as industrial relations, which involve aspects such as collective bargaining, disciplinary and grievance procedures, union-management issues, settlement of disputes, and joint consultation . International HRM deals with the institutions of the same company but is operating across international boundaries. The subdivision tackles issues such as social-political conflicts that may occur in different countries . It is thus essential that these fields function effectively and efficiently as any error may lead to huge losses.
To achieve a particular level of effectiveness and efficiency, the HRM consists of several beliefs set to guide the department in conducting its operation. These beliefs stress on the treatment of both the interest of the company and the employees as one unit . The unitary approach helps the organization to make well-informed decisions that benefit both the company and the workers. HR is an essential asset which can be enhanced and established in various ways, despite the different job allocations of employees, they are all equal as they all add value to the organization daily. Others include institution operations should be transparent to workers, the openness, trust, enthusiasm, and collaboration of individuals is significant for human resources. Lastly, HR encourages every manager to help their subordinates on how to utilize and develop their capabilities.
Point of View. In the case study, various HRM practices and beliefs are evident. HRM activities such as hiring can be seen from the start of the article, with the author stating that she joined the organization immediately after she completed school. The author also mentions that after several years, she got a promotion to be a program manager for the soft products business. Getting promoted is also an HRM practice under the Micro HRM scope. Her work as a program manager was to coordinate the whole project from testing, planning, development, operations, and finance. Concerning an HR belief on the first page, seeing that the author mentioned that program managers do not have formal authority over anyone. She views that her work is only to guide and give solutions to issues that may develop in her area of work. Her speculations are correct; as we can see her pointing out that she was the judge when the business and development sectors had a disagreement regarding the soft goods.
On the second page, the author still mentions the HRM practices that she went through. She talks of two individuals who deserve a promotion to being the program manager; her and Rachel. First of all the author mentions that it took her about two years to become a leader of the soft goods business, contrary to the six months that she took to become the program manager. In regards to belief, most HRM tends to promote individuals who have years of experience in a particular work and are usually of higher ages. Contrary to that, we see that the author’s promotion was regardless of her many years of experience but instead because of her technicality. There was thus a lot of controversy regarding her promotion because she was young and the fact that Rachel, who is older than her and was once considered her mentor, was also eyeing the position and did not get it.
The author was in charge of the recruitment and selection of workers, which are practices done by the HR department. The writer and her boss made five to six acquisitions that contributed to the increase in the organization’s growth. Additionally, their act of selecting potential workers, who mostly were young and vibrant, helped their division to work better. In another words, she mentions that the soft goods business was the top-performing group. The emphasis given by the HRM department of always informing the employees of the organization’s operation is also evident in the article. Subsequently, explains that to ensure that everything was interoperating; they had to meet, about ten of them, and present their project lists, which indicated what they were planning to do during the next phase.
The author, at the end of the second consideration as the case stated, it is mentioned that while presenting her project proposals, they would first face rejection only to be accepted because her team was very productive. She attributes the top performance to her very selective way of hiring employees. In addition to that, she recruited mostly young individuals who could offer to work for about 80 hours weekly, even if they did need to instead of hiring mature people. If the human resource department recruits competent and highly productive individuals, the company operates optimally and there is often high performance, which leads to the corporation’s excellence. Also, if HR does not choose effective and efficient workers, the firm fails to achieve its objectives, and the organization performs poorly.
Then, the author’s perception of certain HR beliefs was clearly identified mentioning that her approach to her subordinates was not typical, as many HR departments require a manager to be. Bluntly admits that she hates the belief that HRM encourages managers to practice, for instance, not being honest with those under you. A particular example that she uses is the fact that superiors often do not inform their subordinates of the performance at work. Therefore, she explains that the typical attitude the HR department urges managers to do is not to show their workers what they think of them, an aspect she detests. The author states that she hates fake people and that on her side; she told her subordinates if they were doing a good or bad job so that they could either keep up the excellent work or change for the better.
The third page also shows a comprehensive case analysis shows the author exercised the belief or practice of encouraging workers to maximize on utilizing their full capabilities. The author stresses that she often coaxed her subordinates to work hard because she wanted them to succeed. She mentions that there is nothing she would love most than the company being run by superstars who were initially in her team. The author also emphasized that she would not take any credit for what she did not do and that all she wanted was to trumpet the success of her employees, which is a crucial trait of a good leader. In the end, her HR practices of transparency, thorough selection of workers, and constant encouragement helped her team to be the highest performing.
Evaluation of the Strengths and Weaknesses of HR Practices and Beliefs
The sole purpose of the HRM practices and beliefs is to help a company or business attain its objectives of success. Concerning the study case, the HR practices of the program manager were all good as they contributed to the excellent performance of her team. The first strength lies in her thorough selection of who she hires into her division. She mentions that her team often recruited individuals with potential, were competent, and who were very vibrant and dedicated to their work. Through that, her team was able to continually perform excellently as all her workers were skilled in their line of work. The other strength of the author is that she was often transparent with her subordinates. She states that her planning team would always meet to discuss their next strategy and operation, an element that ensured that everything was interoperating. Her employees achieved excellent performance as they knew what they were working for and thus did it enthusiastically. The critical weakness of the HR practices in the case study includes the hiring of Terry. He was not only competent for the position he was given but always did poorly in his area of work.
HR Errors in the Hiring of Terry
Statement of the Problem. The first error that the HR made regarding Terry’s recruitment is deciding to hire him on the basis that he is a friend and scuba coach of the executives. The selection of employees is never based on friendship but on the competency of an individual in the field of work. The second error that the HR made was opting to give Terry a job position despite him failing all of his job interviews. The company had a selection policy of hire or not hire, where if an individual performs poorly in his interview, he gets no hire. The executives still recruited him even though all of his feedback was negative. Their action led to the low performance of the division in which Terry worked.
Areas of Consideration and the Alternative Course of Action. It is important to note that both Terry and Phil, who are the worst-performing employees at the moment in our company, were not hired as per the regulations of employing workers. Additionally, the background of the two individuals does not show that they have any expertise in the area of work that the company performs. Terry, for instance, was an engineer at GE and he was a turbine designer while also being a scuba instructor. Both of these areas do not relate to the tasks performed in the firm, which makes his presence there irrelevant. Terry also did not follow the rules that guide the hiring of employees, he had negative feedbacks from all the interviewers, which meant that he is not eligible to work in the company, but still, the executives gave him a job. The overall performance of Terry is terrible as he often relies on others for him to make judgments regarding his work. It thus makes it mandatory that the company should fire him.
On the other hand, Phil’s story is quite different from that of Terry, although his also a low performer. Phil ended up in the corporation because our firm had recently acquired his company, to which there he was a call center manager. As per our Human Resource policy, an organization does not immediately get rid of the employees of an institution it just acquired. So Phil ended up in the soft goods team where he did various tasks. However, because his primary profession was as a call center manager, he has no expertise in the group which results in his poor performance. However, Phil can accomplish various tasks well better than Terry, which makes the choice of firing him somewhat hard. So, the firm is undecided whether it should fire him or just offer him training.
The Possibility of Firing Terry and Phil
The decision or the Best Course of Action. In the case study, both Terry and Phil are underperforming in their field of work, which puts the possibility of firing both of them, an option. However, in comparison to how both of them perform, Phil performs better than Terry. Thus, if I were a consultant, I would fire Terry and give Phil another chance to improve his performance. Generally, both of them had not been hired according to the regulations that govern company recruitment at all, which makes all of the eligible to getting fired. I would fire Terry because of various reasons; first, Terry failed all of the job interviews, which imply that he does not qualify to be one of the company’s employees. Second, Terry since his recruitment has been performing below expectations with 2.5, an aspect that no organization takes lightly.
The third reason for firing Terry is that he is highly dependent on others, which disrupts the typical work environment for other employees. Thus, to reduce the unrest Terry causes, he should go home. Regarding Phil, I would not rush to fire him because he has occasionally done well in his area of work. However, his position at work is not entirely defined, so to improve his performance, I would find an excellent area to which he could be useful then take him through various training to enhance his performance. It is thus evident that Phil would remain while Terry packs his bags because one is more productive than the other.
Recommendations and Conclusion
All on all, the case study identifies several human resource management practices and beliefs that are essential for the excellent performance of a company. For instance, the program managers' act of being transparent with her subordinates and being thorough during hiring much helped the company. On the first page, she mentions that it is when the company was starting, but through its course, it gains momentum and performs well because of her excellent choice of employees and her transparency with her workers. Concerning the observations made from the author’s experience, the HR department must be keen when hiring individuals to increase the performance of the organization. The best choice in employees that it should consider should mostly include individuals with experience in the field of work and who are punctual in completing their tasks. Furthermore, as a consultant I would highly recommend that Terry should pass through training sessions that adds a value to him as well as leading him to a high level-performance instead having a possibility of firing him. In addition, providing a guidance among retraining Terry gives a chance to learn while performing a job that ensure efficiency and effectiveness to the overall organization.
References:
- Badaracco,Jr.J.L.(2006,July10). Two Tough calls (A). Harvard Business School Press, 9-306-0277
- Boxall, Peter, John Purcell, and Patrick M. Wright. 'Human Resource Management: Scope, Analysis, and Significance.' The Oxford Handbook of Human Resource Management 1.1 (2008): 1-16.
- Hewett, Rebecca, Amanda Shantz, and Julia Mundy. 'Information, Beliefs, and Motivation: The Antecedents to Human Resource Attributions.' Journal of Organizational Behavior: Wiley Library (2018): 570-586.
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Field Experience Portfolio at Primary School
This semester, I was given the privilege to participate in preparing and teaching a small-group lesson. For this field experience, I visited Halcyon Elementary School in Montgomery, Alabama and observed the level of third grade students. Halcyon Elementary’s demographics include a range of race and ethnicity, as well as a range of students with different levels of learning, and financial background. To begin, there is a percentage of 54% male and 46% female students. The percentages of students of different races at Halcyon Elementary are 65% black, 19% white, 9% Asian/Pacific Islander, 4% Hispanic, 3% two or more races, less than 1% American Indian/Alaskan Native. For students with disabilities, there is a rate of 8%, and a 34% percent of low income families.
Within my teaching experience, I was assigned a partner within my group to co-teach, and we were assigned three students for our group. These three students in my group all had different and unique learning levels. Student A was extremely energetic and always wanted to be the first one to answer questions, and to participate in every single activity. Student A’s level of understanding and comprehension was the more advanced of the group. Student B was very eager to participate, as well, and also wanted to be involved in every activity.
Student B always gave one hundred percent effort in each activity, and tried the absolute best in each assessment. Student B had very moderate learning comprehension, meaning they could read and comprehend very well, but had trouble with spelling. Student C was eager to participate, but was very easily distracted by Students A and B. Student C would get very easily intimidated when comparing the work of their own to the work of the other students. Student C would often need some time to recollect themselves and become focused again on their work and participation.
The instructional levels of pre-assessment were of a challenging but manageable for the students to grasp. The spelling test allowed them to use their previous and current knowledge to assess what they already know about sounding out words, processing how the words are said, and spelling them out on paper.
Student C was definitely my focus student. I chose Student C as my focus student because there were many cases where this student required my full attention and guidance. Student C was always eager to participate, but would always fall behind. This student was easily distracted, intimidated, and would often become upset with themselves because they felt their work was not “good enough.” I chose Student C as the focus student because I felt that this student simply impacted me the most.
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Customer Experience with Flight Check-in
Luggage Check-in
While travelling luggage is a major problem for all the customers and needs to be taken proper care of. Customers have to wait in long queues to check-in their luggage & also they have to arrive 4 hours before their actual time of flight.
Customer Care
Contacting the airlines for any information can sometimes be a tedious task. The most common point of contact is calling the customer care helpline which has a lot of waiting or E-mail which can at times take some time for getting the reply from the office.
Misplacement of luggage
The most common problem that the commuters face is of their luggage being misplaced by the airlines and it can days to get back the luggage not necessarily in safe condition or sometimes may even get lost permanently.
Lack of in-flight connectivity
Not all the flights have free Wi-Fi and the charges sometimes for using the facility are exorbitant. In today’s technologically advanced world having internet or Wi-Fi is a necessity rather than a luxury. Connectivity is very important as during long travels there can be felt a need for the same.
WhatsApp for Customer Care
Presently Dutch minimal effort bearer Transavia, a backup of Air France-KLM, has turned into the primary aircraft to coordinate WhatsApp into its web care channels, which likewise incorporate Twitter and Facebook.
Clients can make inquiries through the informing application, for example, making request around a current booking, how to check in on the web or hand baggage rules. Transavia says it plans to react to inquiries inside a hour and the aircraft can be come to through WhatsApp 7 days seven days somewhere in the range of 8am and 10pm.
For the administration, Transavia is utilizing a corporate WhatsApp arrangement called 'SaySimple' which has been created by Dutch IT supplier Information (site in Dutch) and which takes into consideration numerous discussions to be overseen by different care staff.
The WhatsApp benefit divert is as of now accessible in the Netherlands just, however when the administration turns out to be prevalent the aircraft will include different dialects, composes Jerry Downing, Web Care Manager Transavia by means of WhatsApp.
Facial Recognition
This carrier is utilizing facial acknowledgment innovation to accelerate the procedure of air ship boarding. KLM as of late played out a test at Schiphol Airport in Amsterdam that enabled travellers to 'encounter the movement procedure of things to come.'
Facial acknowledgment is being utilized to perceive how the boarding procedure can be made quicker and in addition how to enhance air terminal security. The multi month preliminary is occurring at a few doors of the KLM centre point of Schiphol to inspect the framework's speed and dependability and how easy to use it is.
Air travellers have to register ahead of time and then can scan their boarding passes, faces and passports as a specialized kiosk. This system of aircraft boarding eliminates the need to present boarding passes at security checkpoints, allowing passengers to go directly through to security screenings.
LUG-LOC
Those who want to ensure that they can always keep an eye on their luggage or deal with the problem of lost baggage can utilize the 'LugLoc' to do so. The 'LugLoc' works with Bluetooth technology as well as GSM connectivity to perform a couple different features that travellers will find quite handy.
The 'LugLoc' is planned to be pressed into your things and is flight agreeable to guarantee it's protected to be conveyed in your processed sacks. Clients can keep an eye on their cell phone to check whether their pack made it onto their trip before leaving or to perceive what airplane terminal their lost stuff is in the event that they land to find it didn't touch base with them.
The 'LugLoc' improves the way toward discovering lost stuff by empowering you to tell the carrier what air terminal it's in instead of trusting that them will discover it.
Free WI-FI in the flights
As mentioned above not all the flights have free Wi-Fi. Customers sometimes have to pay exorbitant charges to use it and which is not fair. Wi-Fi or connectivity is like a necessity especially when you are travelling at a stretch for 16-18 hours. One can have some work-related mails to look at or someone may have to call his near & dear ones to look for their well-being and at the same time update them with his own. Also, having connectivity on the flight can be useful in more ways than one. It can be used the passenger to continuously update someone who is waiting for him in a new city with updates about his position like whether the flight is arriving on the scheduled time or might be delayed so that it is convenient for everyone. Also, the passenger can use the internet for entertainment too.
Internet can be used to stay in active touch of the world while still travelling and not be isolated. It can be used to continuously update yourself with information that may be very insightful for the person in the immediate future and helps to keep a track of stock markets too.
In today’s competitive environment lagging behind by even a minute can be very harmful for any individual or any business for that matter as the competitor can gain advantage in that particular moment. If a person is heading for an important meeting to other part of the world from one then he can use the time in his flight to make all the research thorough and cross check all the facts & figures that he already has. This time that he utilizes can go a long way in determining the future of the deal. Thus, having Wi-Fi connectivity can provide an airline with an advanced feature and can be considered as an innovative step towards further enhancing the customer experience and looking after the needs of the customer.
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Personal Statement during my Life at University
During the course of my studies as a law student on a two years intensive degree in The University of Northampton, UK, i was able to develop my Research skills, communication skills, problem solving skills, decision making skills and my time manangement in meeting up with the deadline for my course work. Some of my course work which were real life scenarios enabled me to develop my research skills, problem solving skills and my decision making skills by using the facts of the case infront of me to arrive at a reasonable decision.
Writing a final year dissertation in Law School was very challenging as it requires me as a law student to develop my research skill which is an integral part of my studies. My research topic was 'Could the lay magistrates be replaced with the judges'. Which discusses on one of the important topics that has always been debated on the English legal system. i built up my independent information retrieval, learned how to identify when and what kind of information i needed as well as its processing.
Finding some articles, jorurnals and case studies which had some important decisions and recommendations that was similar to my dissertation topic were very challenging as they were also very important towards writing my disseration. i could not deny the fact that at some point the bunk of the research made me feel overwhelmed because at first it seemed difficult for my to find the exact cases, journals, textbooks that i needed. However, i never allowed that to hinder me from develpoing my research skills and learning experience, but rather i underwent a training for finding the exact materials that i needed which was Lexis training. The research skills that i developed and the training helped me to understand what i was researching about and to write my dissertations susccessfully with less supervision.
I worked as a Correctional Officer with Corecivic for three months before i was promoted as a Case Manager over a Pod in charge of 179 inmates. Being part of the Unit Team has given me the chance to experience the position of being a leader, at the same time being a good team player by supporting my collagues when they are behind their papaerwork. Supervising over 179 inmates and assiting them with their reclassification, getting in contact with their attorneys, Doing their Strong R when they are ready to be paroled, contacting the halfway houses for their release.
I have been able to acquire the essential qualities of being an honest leader by being firm, fair and consistence in all my dealings with the inmates. I develop the leadership traits of being more patience, being a good listener when the inmates are having some challenges especailly the ones with mental issues, the ones that are new to prison that always fall victims to the aggressors. Even though i have developed some of my leadaership skills, i still have more skills to learn to become a better leader as i progress in my career. I was also opportuned to teach the inmates the Congnative Behaviour Intervention Program for the inmates as was required by the States of Tennessee for all inmates. I have never thought any class or lecture anybody before, but during the course of the class i was able to develop my leadership, Confidence, communication and mentorship skill which is going to assist me during my studies as a graduate student.
Coming from a family where my parents were not opportuned to complete their high school, my parents have always advised my siblings and I to endavour and make the best out of life by acquiring new knowledge and developing ourselves through studies. That advise had always been my motivation to develop myself. i would not be who i am today without the advice of my parents as they reflect what i aspire for. Just like my parents advised me, with dedication and strenght of mind, i put forward solid values that will enable me to handle my goals and activities through the road of success. i consider myself as a hradworking and ambitious person, which is why, i have never being afraid to take up seemingly difficult tasks. My decision to go for my master's in computer science after a law degree has been one of immense decision which i know comes with lots of challenges. However, i consider my hardworking and ambitious nature to be the gretest strenght that would enable to be successful throughout the course of my studies.
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Personal Statement about my Grandmother
I made my way into my grandmother's room after hearing her get sick from her chemotherapy earlier that day. Seeing her in that state instantly triggered something in me. I knew from that point forward that no deserves to suffer the way my grandmother did. People deserve to have their voices heard and know that they matter, and by achieving a career as a physician assistant I could have the honor of caring for them in their time of need.
Volunteering at UF Health Cancer Center as a care ambassador on the surgical oncology nursing unit I developed meaningful relationships with individuals who were just like my grandmother. While conducting floor rounds with patients undergoing cancer treatment, I learned about how people react physically and emotionally to treatment. As a volunteer I was able to provide support for them. Over the past year, I have consoled people when they became emotional, placated the impatient, provided solace to those struggling with physical sickness, and provided education for the uninformed. These experiences allowed me to learn more about myself, finding that by being an adept communicator and considerate listener I can provide a more positive environment. By acclimating to diverse personalities, mental distress, and physical illness, I have acquired the ability to feel connected to others on a genuinely personal level just as I was connected to my grandmother.
My motivation for becoming a CNA was to be able to satisfy my yearning for personal interaction with patients while also being a direct part of their care in a team setting. Initially, I lacked the self-confidence needed to be able to provide the best care for my patients due to my lack of experience and knowledge. However, I realized that in order to become a physician assistant I needed to overcome this. Since becoming a CNA I have achieved a level of self-awareness, increased knowledge, and confidence in my ability to provide care. As a result, I feel I am much more interactive with members of the healthcare team and with patients themselves than I was when I was just a volunteer.
Over the past year, it is the meaningful relationships I have formed with my patients that have truly changed me. One patient in particular has impacted my life in the most positive way. John, a quadriplegic of 31 years who I provide total care for, has taught me everything I know about being a CNA. He has taught me how to provide safe and effective care, what it means to be responsible for someone who depends on you, and the ability to adapt and maintain flexibility in completing daily tasks. Through John, I realized being a provider demands that you be a lifelong learner, which is something that I love. I learn more about myself, medicine, and my patients every day; Thus, I am very eager about the possibilities of what I would learn as a physician assistant.
While shadowing a physician assistant who specialized in neurology, I saw that I thrive on the fast moving, rigorous, and intellectually challenging daily routine of a physician assistant. During his patient consultations it was captivating to see such a diverse demographic. Every patient brought with them their own unique personality, stories, and cultural background that helped guide how treatment was advised. While shadowing, what surprised me most was the sheer number of unique illnesses and diagnoses a physician assistant would encounter on a daily basis.
For example, there was a patient with Friedreich's ataxia, which is a rare inherited disease that causes progressive nervous system damage and movement problems. Illnesses such as Friedreich's ataxia express themselves uniquely in each individual, and the correct treatments are diverse. I noticed that such diversity made each patient seem like a puzzle that needed to be solved to find the right diagnosis and treatment. History, physical exams, the labs and imaging all act as individual puzzle pieces that when pieced together, you as a provider can finally solve. It is this kind of problem solving that appeals to my curiosity. Facing a challenge head on in order to treat and diagnose a patient ensures that the patients voices are truly being heard and becomes more meaningful when you are part of the solution.
Medicine is not just about test tubes and needles. It is about how people's conditions interact with their feelings, struggles, and concerns and developing a treatment plan that focuses on all of these aspects. As I've learned through volunteering and working as a CNA, people deserve a physician assistant who is compassionate and empathetic. They deserve someone who loves the challenge of problem solving and developing individualized solutions. They deserve someone who wants to connect to another human being on a genuinely personal level, and I want to be that physician assistant. Until that time, I can be found spending my mornings with John, dreaming about the day I have the honor of being his physician assistant.
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Benefits of Studying at Rural Colleges
College campuses located in rural areas offer numerous advantages that urban academic institutions don’t offer. The location of rural universities, which has often been downplayed and seen as a disadvantage, has recently re-emerged as a highlight (Field). According to Field, institutions such as Northern Michigan University take advantage of their unique locations to lure students into attending their universities. By promoting the environment and nature in their brochures and information sessions, rural colleges use their location as an advertising strategy to attract prospective applicants (Field). An example of this is in the Whitman College brochure, which made no mention of location in it’s previous edition (Field).
Now, the mission statement reads 'Situated within the rich and complex landscape and history of the Walla Walla Valley” (Field). Because urban universities don’t offer the varied landscape and bucolic outdoors of their rural counterparts, rural universities have the advantage of a scenic location that makes all the difference when attending university. In addition to the nature-filled environments, rural universities have the distinct advantage of creating unique courses based on their surroundings (Field). A numerous amount of rural colleges have profited from their natural surroundings by creating programs in fields such as “oceanography, wildlife rehabilitation, or outdoor-adventure management” (Field). Field contends that Northern Michigan University took a giant leap by creating the nation’s first four-year program solely dedicated to marijuana. The university also created a “body farm” located in Michigan’s bitter cold location to study the decomposition of the human body, which further attracted students (Field). By taking risks, rural institutions are set apart from urban colleges and have the advantage of picturesque locations and innovative programs over their counterparts.
While rural universities do have clear advantages over urban universities, there are definitely disadvantages of countryside colleges that cannot be looked over. One of the most obvious of setbacks of rural colleges would be a lack of opportunity in agrarian areas (Davies et al.). Recently, many jobs in rural areas have disappeared due to lack of demand of natural resources such as tobacco, timber and textiles (Davies et al.).
According to Davies et al., there simply is a sparse job market in rural environments, and the wide range of opportunities for jobs in urban areas are unparalleled to the sporadically available internships in rural areas. This has a direct correlation with student life at rural universities, since the lack of opportunity to produce a steady income renders rural students at both a financial and experiential disadvantage compared to urban students (Davies et al.). In addition to lack of job opportunities, there is also a lack of diversity at rural institutions (Davies et al.). Davies et al. mentions that rurally-located universities are “struggling to sustain enrollment and a robust and diverse academic workforce.” Diversity and uniting students with a variety of different cultures are what makes college campuses thrive, and having a lack of diversity at rural institutions can deter students from applying and attending these campuses. Furthermore, the political region of many rural campuses can be seen as a disadvantage (Davies et al.). Although some students may believe that the political leanings of rural areas may attract students whose views are aligned with those, Davies et al. argues that rural colleges located in conservative regions are more likely to face setbacks in recruiting both students and faculty. While the college campus itself might be skewed towards a liberal perspective, students and professors may be uncomfortable moving to a right-wing area (Davies et al.).
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History of Business Ethics and Stakeholders
- (1) They maintain a high-performers leadership panel from stakeholders to the CEO’s position.
- (2) Focus on market positioning through long-range strategic planning.
- (3) CEOs encourage the involvement of business in community services and extra curriculum activities.
- (4) The CEO ensures that employees are better propelled and more profitable.
- (5) The business leader has to assist the business in determining its social responsibility in its community.
As the top supervisor, the CEO is normally in charge of the entire operations of the enterprise and reports directly to the administrator. It is the CEO's obligation to bring the concepts and vision of the board to fruition. Another important task or obligation is to make sure that there is always a smooth operation of the firm, with the help of administration. It is also common for the CEO to be assigned as the leader of the organization; and will be one of within chiefs on the board (Carter, Ulrich, & Goldsmith, 2005).
CEO’s have the responsibility of satisfying and supporting various groups and organizations that they depend on for their thriving existence. They tend to balance the business owner, stockholder and shareholders’ interests that come in the form of profits. They are responsible for balancing shareholder and stakeholder’s business interest. Stakeholders, unlike shareholders, tend to give more focus and concentration to corporate obligations instead of corporate profitability (Carter, Ulrich, & Goldsmith, 2005). They believe that the endeavor of an association should be to strive to accomplish fulfillment among all parties involved, instead of exclusively seeking the highest profits. CEOs help bring balance between profits and stakeholder concerns in the following ways;
(1) They maintain a high-performers leadership panel from stakeholders to the CEO’s position.
It has to be the understanding of high performing organizations that execution happens at the foundation or ground level. It is the line directors, chiefs, and center administrators who get things going. In cases where the CEO doesn't push his or her administration methodology down adequately, it won’t be embraced and followed through on. It has been proven that the best organizations create and develop effective leaders from the bottom up.
(2) Focus on market positioning through long-range strategic planning.
The CEOs, together with other management team members, have to focus their job abilities on maintaining a strong market position through long-range strategies such as the offering of after sale services which attract new customers and at the same time keep the existing customers intrigued and engaged. A good example is where Toyota Car Company offers free car service to their new customers for the first three months.
(3) CEOs encourage the involvement of business in community services and extra curriculum activities.
Through such activities, the CEO can give back to its stakeholders; such as the business environment and community around. Creation of refreshment events such as sports tournaments creates bonding opportunities between the organization and its stakeholders. This helps improve its commercial activity that raises profits (Carter, Ulrich, & Goldsmith, 2005).
(4) The CEO ensures that employees are better propelled and more profitable.
They will expect them to work with a motivated morale compass; hence aiding the business to realize this state of balance in a much easier way. When a business has a decent reputation, it makes it less demanding to recruit workers. Employees might stay longer, reducing the expenses and disturbance of having to constantly hire and retrain.
(5) The business leader has to assist the business in determining its social responsibility in its community.
Doing so will help it to comply with administrative requirements and necessities. Activities such as involvement with the nearby community groups are perfect chances to produce positive press coverage; thus making it a great marketing strategy. Great associations with nearby movers and shakers make working together easy. The more a business understands the importance of having a more extensive effect within the community, the better it gives focus to offering assistance with developing new items and administrations with others. Social responsibility can make a business more focused and reduces the danger of sudden harm to its reputation. The balance between making profits and catering for stakeholder’s welfare can thus be achieved easily.
Competition is the rivalry among business organization and premises trying to achieve goals such as maximizing their profits, increasing market shares, or sales volume. They do so by varying the market mix elements such as price, product, distribution, and promotion. However, some business premises engage in unethical and unfair business practices. They choose to cheat in an effort to win a competitive gain or advantage over their business rivals (Dinwoodie, & Janis, 2011). One example of an unfair competitive practice is when a business has below-cost sales to grab the attention of and attract more customers. Customers are always happy with this type of practice because it allows them to pay a much lower cost for the same product. Another example is when businesses sell imitation products to consumers.
The counterfeit products are not of good quality even though they ae marked the same prices as the better product. My last example is when companies have misleading advertisement that makes promises about products that it cannot live up to. The examples described are bad practices that tend to reduce the business equality and results to consumer exploitation. These practices should not be tolerated. The current market is saturated with businesses that conduct unethical practices and competitions. To be honest, this is sad and very unfortunate. When this is done, the consumer is left being mistreated and misused. In the end, consumers are the ones being charged extra costs. These types of standards and practices should be done away with. Laws should be put into place that would cause hefty fines to businesses .
Welfare Capitalism was a methodology that encompasses large organizations needing to allow employees to have buy-in. Doing so could prevent a potential strike, maintain a strategic distance from Uniontmediation, and keeptprofitability high. As this began, businesses raised wages, gave paid vacations, allowed for health plans, and ithey additionally gave after work services to the workers.
- It results to industrial paternalism- welfare capitalism leads to industrial paternalism which refers to the practice of businesses providing welfare-like services to employees. It ensures that the employees are treated and handledtwelliby the organizations.
- It has resulted in the combination of the capitalist economic system with a welfare state. It has made organization develop a two-fold interest in providing services.
- It has made employees receive benefitstfrom the organization they work for thus improvingttheir living standards .
Howard Bowen, in his book The Evolution of Social Responsibility of Businesses, predicted that many if not all businesses at one point will be inclined to distinguish its social responsibility in the society. He predicted that it would reach a point when organizations will strive towards being able to maintain a good reputation to the public while also making a profit. Bowen’s prediction is definitely a reality because many businesses and organizations are engaging themselves in social activities faster than in times past. It been seen time and time again that businesses will go an extra mile trying to impress their customers. Building a reputation for being a dependable business separates a business entity from the rest. Organizations frequently support suppliers who have mindful arrangements. This is because it can positively affect how they are seen by their customers. Some customers don't just prefer to deal with responsible companies but insist on it .
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Sports Management & Administration in the Organization
Abstract
The paper presents the research of the profession Sports Management and Administration. Sports Management and Administration is not only a business profession, but it has many outlets and routes for the degree. This study is for the individual to further research the interest of future professions, regardless of the seniority of the individual. The purposes are for the course, to make the individual better understand their aspirations after college (to ensure the right degree plan), and to allow the individual to better understand the career path they have predestined themselves. With this research, I am pleased to say the outcome of this research has given me a better perspective on my plans and career goals.
What is Sports Management and Administration?
Sports management engage in strategic planning, manage large numbers of human resources, deal with broadcasting contracts worth billions of dollars, manage the welfare of elite athletes, national sports organizations, government agencies, media corporations, sponsors and community organizations. (Hoye, 2009) Sports managers are usually found working with professional teams, their parent program (ie. NBA, MLB, NFL), colleges and universities, recreational departments, and sports marketing firms. They can be event managers, facility managers, sports economists, financial, promotion, or information experts. (Bogle, 2016) There are a variety of different types of sports managers, but all sports managers have the same goal: to successfully monitor, promote, and communicate with the diverse community that the administration works with.
History
In the mid-1980s, sport management programs were proliferating throughout North America. In 1985, the North American Society for Sport Management (NASSM) was formed.8 NASSM's mission is to promote and encourage research and advancement in the area of sport management. (2018) Two movements were occurring simultaneously: (a) Academics from the U.S. and Canada were creating the North American Society for Sport Management (NASSM), whose purposes would be to host an annual conference and publish a scholarly journal, and (b) the National Association for Sport & Physical Education (NASPE), one of five national associations that comprised the American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance (AAHPERD*), was exploring the idea of providing curricular guidance to existing and emerging sport management programs. (COSMA)
Job and Salary
In the field of sports management, there are a variety of outlets to choose from as a career. These jobs include promotions manager, special events coordinator, athletic director, marketing assistant- just to name a few. Sports management focuses on the business side of sports and recreation, including facility management, promotions and marketing, and event management. 2020) Sports managers' job duties may vary depending on the level of sport they oversee. For example, a high school sports manager will likely not have as many duties and responsibilities as a sports manager for a professional sports organization. These managers may help manage an entire team or organization, but their primary duty is to handle the business side of the sport so that athletes and coaches can focus on competing. (2020)
This may require sports managers to perform such duties as:
- Creating and organizing schedules
- Promoting clients through various forms of media
- Seeking endorsement deals
- Handling and negotiating contracts
- Maintaining positive public relations
- Ensuring compliance with rules and policies
The average annual salary for sports management jobs is $66,000 per year. However, the average salary can vary greatly based on the kind of sports management job you have. If your job is with large industries like professional teams and popular sports, you can expect the average annual salary to be higher, around $90,000 per year. Some sports managers work for individual athletes in smaller fields, so they make less. The amount of education you have, the experience you have, and the location where you’re working will also largely impact how much money you can earn in this position.
Education, Qualifications, & Skill Requirements
Sports managers require at least a bachelor's degree. However, if you are wanting to work at the professional level, the minimum requirement is a master's degree. The level of the degree depends on the specific career path the individual is aspiring to pursue. Ideal majors to enroll in for this profession is sports management, marketing, business administration, or sports medicine.
This skill sets that are required for this position include, but are not limited to:
- Financial Management
- Sports Marketing
- Governance
- Delegation
- Task Analysis
- Communication
- Organization
- Networking
Even though sports management is seen the same as business, the job and skills needed for the job are to a higher degree due to the demand of the business itself. Managing sports organizations at the start of the 21st century involve the application of multiple techniques and strategies evident in the majority of modern business, government, and non-profit organizations. Sports managers engage in strategic planning, manage mass numbers of human resources, deal with broadcasting, and sponsor/community organizations.
Education Planning
On this career path that I have chosen, I will continue to pursue my master's degree after achieving my bachelor's in kinesiology. I have already completed most classes needed for my degree plan and getting my masters with a concentration in administration will allow me to have multiple outlets for the job that I want to pursue. I want to be as prepared as possible for my future- since every day is changing and the world needs better leaders.
The way that I think is best for the career path route I want to go, which is to work with sport broadcasting companies, I will pursue my passions in dance first. I want to be a professional dancer for a pro team: Rockets Power Dancers, Dallas Ice Girls, Houston Texans Cheerleader, or a Dalla Cowboy’s Cheerleader. From there, I will make connections and network my way into the system. I think getting to know the program through my passions and talking to the right people will allow me to be able to multitask the things that I’m most interested in. After that, since the company will know my face, my name, and my work ethic,
If that plan does not work, I will work for my alma matter, Aldine ISD. I will pursue to become the (First Female) Head Athletic Director over all of Aldine ISD and start to implement some beliefs and teaching of my degree. I will want to improve and assist the health/physical education program for the district, and well as start enforcing new policies for the education of physical activity and sports overall.
Related Fields
Although sports management and administration are considered two different degrees, many believe they are the same. Though, not to worry, here are some related fields for the degree.
- Athletic Director
- Sports Executive
- Media Relations Director
- Guest Services Manager
- General Manager
- Advertising Sales Director
- Facilities Director
- Accounting or Finance Manager
Conclusion
In conclusion, from the information I have gathered, I would still like to pursue this career path. Like I have stated in my initial introduction video, I enjoy networking, making an impact, and learning more about the diversity in the community. With the information that I have found about the career I want to pursue, it has allowed me to better understand, in-depth, what I am signing up for before I continue into graduate school. The opportunity of writing, reading, and learning the multiple outlets that the degree itself has, has given me a better perspective of the options that I can choose with the degree I want to pursue. If one plan does not work, why not have a diverse degree to allow me to choose another route?
References
- Watt, D. C. (2003). Sports Management and Administration: Vol. 2nd ed. Routledge.
- Wilson, R., & Piekarz, M. (2015). Sport Management. [electronic resource]. Taylor and Francis.
- Hoye, R., Nicholson, M., Westerbeek, H., Smith, A., & Stewart, B. (2009). Sport management: Principles and applications. Retrieved from https://ebookcentral.proquest.com
- Swayne, L. E., & Dodds, M. (2011). Encyclopedia of sports management and marketing (Vol. 1, 3 vols.). Sage Publications.
- Emery, P. (2011). The sports management toolkit. [electronic resource]. Routledge.
- Bogle, S. (2016, July 5). What is Sports Management? Retrieved June 21, 2020, from https://www.snhu.edu/about-us/newsroom/2016/07/what-is-sports-management
- Western Governors University. (2020, February 11). Sports Management Job Description And Salary. Retrieved June 21, 2020, from https://www.wgu.edu/blog/sports-management-job-description-salary2002.html
- Sports Management Career Guide. (n.d.). Retrieved June 22, 2020, from https://www.gmercyu.edu/academics/learn/sports-management-careers
- Vtl-Admin. (2020, January 07). Sports Administration vs Sport Management – Which Degree is Right for You? Retrieved June 22, 2020, from https://online.uc.edu/sport-administration-vs-sport-management-which-degree-is-right-for-you/
- History. (n.d.). Retrieved June 22, 2020, from https://www.cosmaweb.org/history.html
- The History of Sport Management: University of Kansas. (2018). Retrieved June 22, 2020, from https://onlinesportmanagement.ku.edu/community/history-of-sport-management
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Faculty of Business Administration Crisis
Part 1
Crisis Spokesperson Comment by 10RS4: Remember, this needs to be about you as a crisis spokesperson. Your strengths and weaknesses. It is not clear from your answers.
· A spoken person for a company, there are many strengths to them:
- When the speaker is influenced by people by displaying in a professional manner the merchandise and explaining how to use it, its price, and how to get it on tv.
- His way of speaking and answering questions at a level that allows teenagers or elderly to understand the conservation without getting tired, which helps people think quickly about the good of the product away from showing his feelings.
- when the speaker is using the real facts and the product is being conducted, this method helps increase product discharge and develop solutions for each product.
- The real example of the strength of spoken person:
- the feedback of the customers.
- The social media of the company.
- The brand and the name.
· The weakness of spoken person in the company:
- When the showing of the product is very weak, and difficult to understand.
- During the conference when they repeat the same words and lack of explaining when the costumers ask them questions about the products. Comment by 10RS4: Spelling error: customers
- When they don’t have strategy in their conference like not be on time, don’t take speech seriously, when don’t listen carefully to the conference.
- Did not working hard, making training and watching conferences and engaging in real work environment. All these make the spoken person feel afraid and make the company into dangerous.
strength:
His way of speaking and answering questions at a level that allows teenagers or elderly to understand the conservation without getting tired, which helps people think quickly about the good of the product away from showing his feelings.
To maintain this strength, the spokesperson must follow more on the development of the languages that are being spoken and how they are changing from year to year. It is also possible for him to ask questions to the followers and find out what they are interested in when the speaker is using the real facts and the product is being conducted, this method helps increase product discharge and develop solutions for each product.
Weakness:
When the showing of the product is very weak, and difficult to understand.
During the conference when they repeat the same words and lack of explaining when the costumers ask them questions about the products.
Part 2
Hiding the crisis
Hiding Crises in Lebanon
- selling the crisis: In the event of a crisis, the time may become accidentally wrong. For example, a crisis manager is on board a plane for the purpose of work and suddenly it reveals that he lost the private phone of the smart company, and that he takes one of the clients to another company because it is known that when the managers are a company traveling for work, there are no business managers inside. After that, the competitors get to know special information about the company, which leads to a major crisis. Here the director is confused and does not know what to do and then he persuades clients that things are okay, there is no crisis.
- Frame is a way a problem is presented. It can show 1 problem, and hide other problems. For example, that the manger hide that the economy is in a poor condition during the situation of corona virus but he didn’t say and hide all the information related.
- Also, it is possible to fail by a decision taken by the manager and causing a major crisis related to employees or financial matters and not to recognize them and take solutions based on their personal responsibility.
The solution to getting away from this crisis is to get the wrong thing immediately and work to take full responsibility with all the obligations. The most important thing is that when the company hires people and gives them their positions, they know the experience they have and that the net is in them and not hide any mistake that affects the work and it is possible that the uncle is a common group to find the quick and easy solutions.
How can they frame the crisis?
- The company’s fault must be recognized
- Think about appropriate solutions
- Show them to partners
- Debate it out.
- Announcement of solutions.
Part 3
Double crisis
The three factors are:
- Message Overload: When the company gives many information that is not agreed upon by all members, which leads to an aggravation of the crisis, the clarification becomes an extremely difficult task. Whereas when the information is written in a way that is difficult to comprehend with the audience, it leads to a lack of knowing the facts and joining the unknown.
- Errors in Group Decision-Making: When each of the partners works for his personal goals without agreeing with the rest of the parties, which leads to failure to assess the risks and the existence of the solution correctly. And also the search for information insufficiently or partially to a party. This also leads to many risks during the crisis.
- Info Acquisition Bias: the more information that can be acquired to make a decision, the better, even if that extra information is irrelevant for the decision.
For example, transfer a false information lead the company lose their trust with their clients, so company should study every steps that do to get away from dangers.
Firstly, when there are many female teachers, they feel weary and dissatisfied with what the company offers of other products. Here the company allocates many clients due to the confidence gained. Secondly, when making decisions are not identical with each other and that each team is biased towards a certain thing that leads without any thinking or planning to the collapse of the company while working in the group and taking many ideas helps to expand the horizon and established many experiences that help in limiting the presence of the crisis and its situation quickly. Third, knowing the wrong information from the correct one helps a lot to know the causes of the crisis, including how to solve it because the manager who has experience on how to manage crises sits comfortably because he fully understands how he can solve it with a few losses.
Part 4
What would you do? Pet Food Dilemma.
A) The instructions that the company takes to give sufficient information are: First, we provide a preferred explanation of the toxins inside the food, while highlighting the checks that make sure that the company is interested in knowing the causes of dog deaths through the company’s official spokesman.
Second, the company carries out direct reforms by sending this feed to the specialized laboratories of the major countries abroad and presenting them to the consumer and apologizing for the error that occurs in a number of ways, such as reducing their prices.
B) The messages that can be drawn during the crisis are:
- Establishing the experience directly through social media sites to restore confidence between the company and the public.
- To give the delegated to consumers at a lower price with the establishment of gifts and for a famous ministry to stamp on it to change confidence.
- Lifting the responsibility for the company after fixing that the company has carried out all the required tests prior to distributing the product to the public and fixing that.
C) there are many ways to know that the costumers hear you:
- using social media by sending SMS to the clients explain briefly what happen.
- using Instagram and Facebook sharing live video about animals and their meals.
- spoken person make an interview on TV and also explain what happen.
- fix this information to the log and directories in a way that attract the listener.
D) the organizations are:
Kurdistan Organization
International Fund for Animal Welfare
These three organizations are in Lebanon and you can help us by given these products to feed the animals from them. Here, the clients when we see that this product use their, immediately they return to buy from you.
Also, they can make conferences in the universities to develop a lot information about the products and how they use it.
Part 5
leadership during crisis
A) 1- the name of the company Apple
Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak co-founded Apple in 1977
Tim cook is the CEO of the apple company Comment by 10RS4: This portion was found to be plagiarized. Please find the plagiarism report attached to see the full details. Note that plagiarism (copying word-for-word) is against university policy. You cannot earn full points in this portion, due to the plagiarized text. Thank you for understanding.
The role of Tim cook was responsible for all of the company’s worldwide sales and operations, including end-to-end management of Apple’s supply chain, sales activities, and service and support in all markets and countries.
B) 1-In 2016, the life cycle of Apple phones is a new generation followed by an updated generation a year later, and then another new generation and so on. This is usually since iPhone 3G, then 3GS. Then came the iPhone 4, then the S, followed by the iPhone 5, then the 5 S. This is because we were waiting in 2016 for the new generation of phones, everyone was surprised with a device similar to the extension of the iPhone 6 and iPhone phones, the new phones come in the same design as the previous generation with some slight changes, by adding a new color - Jet Black Glossy Black.
Cook thought rationally and logically, what innovations should be available in smartphones? What are the features or specifications that everyone is searching for? Thinner phones? You will bend quickly. Faster phones? Its temperature will rise and charging will end very quickly. Wireless charging?
C)1- Take risks: The life of a leader is not that easy, especially when driving one of the world's largest companies, so any decision you make will not only be your life or your company will affect the lives of all those around you, so you must be strong, brave, and confident of yourself and your ability to take decision and risk tolerance.
Trust those around you one of the most positive qualities known to Tim Cook is the confidence in gathering his employees, fully listening to them and taking their opinions seriously. Working within Apple on the principle of consultation, not exclusivity in decision-making, as Fawk knows perfectly that creativity and innovation inside each person with this the world and its role is to get this creativity and innovation out of these people.
3- Humility: Never forget where you came from, and what you were ... Tim Cook This match is never forgotten and always based on repetition.
D)1- Facial recognition crisis: Just revealing the iPhone X and there is a fierce campaign from privacy advocates against Apple, due to fears that the data collected by this feature will be used to spy on users or sell them to third parties, which prompted the company to exit more than once and reassure users of the security of this feature.
2-radio waves: Modern Apple iPhone phones do not have radio waves chipset, which has exposed the company to criticism by the president of the US Federal Communications Committee, who believes that these chips are very important especially in an emergency, and Apple deprives users of them to protect their interests, but the company said that the iPhone's subsidiary It is equipped with the AMBER system which allows users to get the weather status and alerts of government agencies.
3-Battery bulge: The worst thing that could happen to Apple during the current period is the emergence of a serious defect with modern iPhones, as there are some users who claim that the iPhone 8 Plus phones bulged during their charging without any explosions, which prompted Apple to start investigations into the matter to monitor its nature and act quickly before The problem spreads among users ’devices.
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Education Matters in Adulthood
I have understood the importance of education since the beginning of my education career at a very young age. My parents were not well educated due to their poor background and they have faced many struggles in their life. This made them to make up their mind very strong to imbibe in me all the importance of hard work, sincerity and dedication in my studies.
I have started my schooling in my native language (Telugu), because my parents couldn’t afford to make me study in an English medium. I am very focussed during schooling in aiming a bright career in future. I made up my mind to study well to get settled in a very good position to look after my parents. My parents have sacrificed many things in their life to make me study though they have many financial crisis. I am the topper of the school during my schooling which grabbed the attention of my principal to change my schooling to English medium with fully funded scholarship. During my high school I was the topper of the school which fetched me the “Prathibha Award” & “Best Outgoing student of the year”. This helped me in getting the scholarship in my Intermediate where I have qualified in my intermediate with a percentage of 96.3.
During this time, I have started working as a tutor to my juniors as a way of contributing financially to my family. I have secured the admission in a good reputed under-graduate college with fully funded scholarship from the government of my state to continue my studies without any financial crisis. With my passion towards entrepreneurship & management I started to work in companies as a freelancer and stated exploring the organization’s eco-system. I have lead teams in organizations and worked for the upliftment of start-ups which fetched me position of Regional Director in APROS INDIA. With social entrepreneurship mindset I have been officially appointed as a STARTUP GRIND CO-DIRECTOR for my city chapter which helped to learn and work with many passionate leaders around the globe. During this time I emerged as a leader in my university in guiding many studies towards entrepreneurship through which I became the head of Entrepreneurship Cell in my university.
Throughout my education career the only barrier was money because of the financial status of my family. Though I was born and brought up in a very below middle class family this back ground barrier could not stop me in my education journey. My passion, hard work, sincerity and dedication towards studies and my dreams fetched me all the ladders in the form of scholarships to climb the higher heights of my education journey. My parents have sacrificed many things for my education, now I have an opportunity to attend an university to pursue my passion of Master’s in Management. I am very much in need of financial assistance to pursue my passion and make my parents dreams come true.
If I was granted scholarship, I will continue applying the same perseverance to my collegiate studies as I have till this point, making education and service as my top priorities. With the help your esteemed university I wish to pave a successful path to my passion to pursue Master’s in Management to become a pioneer in managing organizations and serve better in future by being inspiration to the people. This gives me privilege to learn Chinese culture and very good enterprise and organization ecosystems lively.
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Review of Podcast about Adnan Syed Crime
Serial is a podcast narrated by Sarah Koenig, throughout the podcast she is searching for the person who is guilty of the murder of Hae min Lee. Lee went missing around January in 1999 and her ex-boyfriend Adnan Syed was charged and prosecuted. Although there was no clear evidence that Adnan did it,there seemed to be no one else who really could have done it. The lack of evidence created suspense throughout the story and made the audience question if Adnan really did do the crime. This murder case has many mysteries and unknowns and also has facts that really don't match up. That’s why I have come to the conclusion that Adnan is innocent.
Although Sarah ran this podcast and did many years of research she was never really able to come to a final conclusion. It seemed that the more information, she found instead of solving the case they led to more questions. The podcast says that “On January 13th, 1999 Hae Min Lee was murdered and buried in a forest named Leakin Park. ”I believe that the key evidence to argue for Adnan's innocence is in Jay’s story. The first part of Jay’s story sounded true, but the second part of the Jay’s story seemed very uncertain. If you follow through Jay’s story, Adnan would have been extremely late for his track practice. (Episode 5). Also in one of Jay’s first interviews, he said that Adnan called him to come get him and brought Hae’s body to the drug location, where they meet at. Later in Serial, Jay switched up his story and said that Adnan called from a payphone at Best Buy and showed him the body there. Eventually more research was done, and that research showed that there was no payphone in that lot for Adnan to call Jay. This means how could Adnan have contacted Jay with no phone. My question for readers is why would Jay lie? This lie to me is very suspicious and this is when I really started believing that Adnan is not the murder. (Episode 9). Another piece of evidence that also goes against the accusations of Adnan being the killer is multiple people saying that there was no way that Hae could have been dead by 2:36 PM. A key example is Hae and her friend both competed in wrestling, and Hae was telling her friend that she wasn’t able to attend the meet. They talked for about ten minutes and it would have definitely cut into the time frame of Hae being murdered. Therefore, there was no way she was killed by the time Jay said. Another piece of evidence that goes against Jay’s story, which should be to most readers a source that seems unreliable.
Some people claim that there is key evidence against Adnan, but a lot of it can be dissected down to prove that he is innocent. For example, they found a palm print of Adnan’s on a map book in Hae’s car, including his print on the page of Leakin Park, where Hae was buried. However, there were plenty of prints on the map from different people and nobody knew when the palm print of Adnan’s was put there. Since you can’t find the exact time of Adnan’s palm print this evidence becomes useless.
Also many people claim evidence against Adnan who wrote a note between him and a friend during class and one read “I’m gonna kill.” Many people say plenty of things when they are joking around with their friends, and this, more than likely, was just a joke. I'm sure many people have joked before saying the same words, but this is again not credible evidence to use against Adnan. (Episode 6).
Some people claim that if Adnan didn't do the crime who did? I personally believe that Jay is a dangerous suspect in this story and I think he might be responsible for Hae’s death. In Jay’s story evidence above proves that he lied twice. The only reason I could think of why a witness would lie, is that he or she would have to be involved in the crime. Jay could have had a motive to commit this crime, and it involves his girlfriend and Adnan. Jay had already graduated, but Stephanie was in the same grade as Adnan. The fact those two were at the dance together and such could’ve easily made Jay jealous. Jay also has a very mixed background, working at an adult film store and sold drugs. People have also claimed that Jay is a very kind guy, but he could also be rude and mean. In one of Jay’s first interviews, Jay claimed that he was the “criminal of Woodlawn.” Later, he said that he was a good guy. He went from admitting he’s a criminal to suddenly changing his mind and saying he’s a good person in the wake of lee’s death. The reviews about Jay’s story seemed to be very suspicious to me, because how can a person be kind, but mean at the same time.
After observing all of this evidence, the main argument still continues. There is evidence that shows that Adnan is innocent. Although there is plenty of evidence to prove or go against the idea that Adnan Syed is guilty. My information leads to the conclusion that Adnan Syed is innocent and was falsely convicted for this crime especially with the lack of pure evidence against him.
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The Negative Effects of Technology on Health and Propose Solutions
With the development of technology, new science and technologies are changing the way of people's living styles. New technologies affect people in every aspect of life where it positively improves people's quality of life and contributes to boosting happiness. For instance,technology brings transportation various ways for people to travel; technicalization of production increases labor efficiency and builds an industry of modern agriculture; the information technology achieves the convenience for people to communicate around the world, and the knowledge can spread easily;Internet becomes one of public spaces where people can communicate, and online shopping pushes the development of global economy. These things have greatly facilitated the quality of people's lives. Nevertheless, technology is a double-edged sword, improper use of technology will have negative effects on many aspects. Especially the impact on people's health. In this article, I would like to discuss the negative effects of technology on the health of people.
The technology increases the risk of hearing damage. Nowadays, the headphones canalways be found on the ears of people on the bus, walkers, joggers etc. Wearing earphones can help people to isolate from outside noise, while headphones at high volume can reach more than 105 decibels that it is louder than a power tool,and listening to music with earphones for more than five minutes per day at high volume puts people at an increased risk(Hamilton, 2016). The noise generated by technology surrounds us all the time, we hear the noise of the construction site next door when we are studying; we hear the traffic in the streets;we hear a variety of voices in public places; we get silence only at sleep time.Thanks to technology that we can enjoy music alone with the help of earphones, while exposing to noise for long time makes our ears tired easily. In my opinion, we could temporallyget away from the technology,opening the window to hear the voice of raining, the bird singing and the peace from the nature. Technology accelerates the development of society and takes over our daily life, however we cannot let the technologyseal our ears to the voice of nature.
Not only hearing problem, but many diseases are also mainly caused by the sitting posture. People spend most time on the computer, mobile phone or TV. People keep the same posture for long time. Not exclusively do inactivity causes poor posture, neck strain, and back issues, but it also leads a range of emotional and physical symptoms associated with the condition (Kim et al, 2016). Repeated over long periods of time, this sort of behavior can lead to chronic pain and discomfort that is not easily reversed. The bad behavior also leads people to obesity.
Young people play the video game and use the smartphones all the time at home or school (Sumbrahmanyam et al, 2000). This will not only lead to their physical weakness, also make them have a strong dependence on the mobile phone, and they are not willing to put down their mobile phones to do something that is good for the body. If they lose their mobile phone, they will have depression and anxiety (Wong et al, 2018).Office workers stay in front of the laptop at work time, and they rely on takeaway food and online shopping that they can get everything online. They have less time to do any exercise outside. These behaviors break the balance of the body and the destruction will lead to sickness. In general, new technology brings convenience, but we cannot ignore a healthy lifestyle. Sometimes we can do something without technology such as running, swimming and walking around. We should find the balance between the technologically-modern life and leisure time and maintain a healthy lifestyle habit.
In conclusion, the development of technology has indeed affected people's health but we have no reason to stop the development of new technology. We are in a society where technology is rapidly evolving and innovating, and it is constantly changing our lives.There is no turning back at this point. The key to progress is to find the right balance so that our society can enjoy more positive benefits and reduce negative impacts.
Reference
- Hamilton, M. (2016).Frequet smart phone use linked to poor fitness. Retrieved from
- https://www.today.com/health/frequent-smart-phone-use-linked-poor-fitness-6C10642276
- Sumbrahmanyam, K.,Robert E.K.,Greenfield P.M.,&Gross.E.F. (2000). The
- impact of home computer use on children’s activities and development.The Future of Child.10(2). 123-144.
- Howard-jones, PA. (2011).The impact of digital technology on human well-being.
- Nominet Trust. 98.
- Kim, E.S., Kubzansky, Laura D.,Soo, J., Boehm, J.K. (2016). Maintaining Healthy
- Behavior: A Prospective Study of Psychological Well-Being and Physical Activity. Annals of Behavioral Medicine.
- Negahban, A. (2012). Factors affecting individual’s intention topurchase
- smartphones from technology adoption and technology dependence perspectives. AMCIS 2012 Proceedings. 5. Retrieved from https://aisel.aisnet.org/amcis2012/proceedings/AdoptionDiffusionIT/5
- Wong, M. (2018, Jan 01).Mobile phones linked to anxiety and severe depression in teens. Chicago Tribune, P.1
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The Effect of Modern Technology in the Academic Performance
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
Everything in this world is subjected to change, whether it’s huge or small. These changes have its corresponding effects, either good or bad. And technology is a concrete example of those things that are currently undergoing a huge change.
In the present time – the Age of Modern Technology, where almost everything is high-tech, fast, easy and in progress. Modern technology is simply an advancement of old technology. Modern world is unimaginable without things such as electricity, computers, vehicles, and much more. The youth have unprecedented access to modern technologies and use them in expected and unexpected ways. Teens all over the world are growing up in a world in which the internet, cellphones, text messaging, television and video games, and other technologies dominate their communication and are an integral part of everyday life. Children are immersed in a world abounding with information .
The number of mobile phone users in 2018 is 5.135 billion, up to 4% year-on-year. On the other hand, internet usage in the Philippines remains on a growth trajectory with seven million users added over last year. Internet penetration now stands at around 63 percent out of 105.7 million Filipinos. Moreover, more than half of the population, or 61 million, access the internet using a mobile device, according to The New 2018 Global Digital suite of reports from We are Social and Hootsuite.
Along with the changes and betterment of technology are the people who instantly adapt to these changes. And for a generation of young people, technology does have a significant role in their social and educational lives. Technology is an integral part of most adolescents’ lives, hence it is important to understand the impact it has on academic achievement.
With the advancement of this modern world, study habits have also changed. Unlike the older generation; they only rely on educational materials such as books, notes, articles and solve problems manually just to study their lessons. Now, in just one click, you got all the things you need. Gone are the days of slaving over a book in the library, and taking down notes on paper to find information. The availability of modern technology makes finding information easier, it makes knowledge more available not only to students but to everyone, and exposes them to a much wider variety of subjects. Overall it is really serving its role in terms of academics and education.
The researchers aim to investigate on how modern technology affects the academic performance of students knowing that technology has a lot to offer in terms of education.
B. Research Paradigm
C. Statement of the Problem
The problem of this study is to evaluate the effects of technology to the Isabela National High School grade 11 students’ academic performance for the school year 2018-2019.
Specifically, this study sought to answer the following questions:
- What are the advantages of technology in the academic performance of the students?
- What are the disadvantages of technologies in the academic performance of the students?
- What is the significant difference in the effect of technologies of respondents when grouped according to profile?
D. Purpose of the Study
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of technology to the students’ academic performance. Specifically, the study is designed to:
- Investigate the differences in the academic performance of students if modern technology or traditional method is used in teaching and learning process.
- Compare the academic performance of students in group 1 (learning process of students using modern technologies) and group 2 (traditional method of studying).
- Identify the appropriate or inappropriate technology used by the teachers and students as tools in their teaching and learning process that might affect the academic performance of students.
F. Significance of the Study
The researchers view the study to be significant to the following:
Students: This study will enhance the understanding of students regarding the effects of technologies in their studies.
Community: This study will benefit the community by spreading awareness and helping them to control their usage in technology.
Teachers: The results of this study will help the teachers to see whether using technologies as one of their way of teaching is more effective than using the traditional (chalk and board) method.
Researchers: It can increase the researchers’ knowledge regarding the benefits and the researchers can establish a better understanding about the effects of technologies to the academic performance of the students.
Future Researchers: This research shall also provide basis for future references and shall help the future researchers to have a broader investigation in the future.
G. Scope and Delimitations
Our study only focuses on the effects of technologies to the academic performance of the students of Isabela National High School Senior High. We will interview few students from different strands of grade 11 to see the effects of technology to their academic performance.
However, the researchers will only gather data limited to our skills, intellectual capacity, knowledge about the study and personal connections. Related studies and literature also considered in the process of the study as a basis for analyzing our study.
H. Definition of terms
Advancement - development or improvement.
High-tech - employing, requiring, or involved in high technology.
Academic Performance – the extent to which a student, teacher or institution has achieved their short or long-term educational goals.
Technology - the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes, especially in industry.
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
This chapter of the paper addresses related literature and studies concerned about relevant information about the effect of modern technology in the academic performance of grade 11 students of Isabela National High School. It is subdivided into specific categories regarding the said topic for easy comprehension. It shall help the reader to further understand the project.
RELATED FOREIGN LITERATURE AND STUDIES
According to Thomas Friedman's book, The World is Flat, worldwide economic trends are flattening. In education, however, opportunities for learning are actually expanding or opening up through a myriad of emerging distance technologies .
Christensen states that needs-based technology integration education is shown to have a rapid, positive effect on teacher attitudes, such as computer anxiety, perceived importance of computers, and computer enjoyment. This type of education is shown to have a time-lagged positive effect on the attitudes of students as well.
Global penetration rates of mobile devices are driving the evolution of e-learning to mobile learning but research on the impact of m-technologies on the learning process is still limited. Mobile devices are finding their way to the classroom, and educators need to qualify the m-learning hype to construct sound pedagogy. Research to date warns of a new mode of teaching, as learners become nomads no longer bound by the confines of a classroom. Mobile technologies create an experience that is seamless and life-long, bridging informal and formal learning spheres into a continuum available anywhere, anytime. M-learning demonstrates potential through its ability to create a culture of collaboration that engages the student in active learning. This paper delves into the details of how mobile technologies impact the learning process, providing educators a holistic view of current research, along with design considerations of how to align mobile technologies with appropriate pedagogies .
Williams, Grimble, Irwin, and Marilyn stressed that high school students often use online databases and the Internet in the school library media center (SLMC) to complete teachers' assignments. This case study used a survey to assess teachers' awareness of electronic resources, and to determine whether their directions influence student use of these resources in the SLMC. Participants were teachers from an Indiana high school. Findings revealed that teachers encourage student Internet use in the SLMC, but most do not direct students to use databases. Teachers consider information from electronic databases to be more reliable and focused, but they say the Internet is faster, easier to use, and has a greater scope of information. Findings, conclusions, and recommendations reported should not be generalized beyond the local environment for this exploratory study.
Roberson and Hagevik (2008) stated that cell phones are fast becoming an integral part of students' everyday lives. They are regarded as important companions and tools for personal expression. School-age children are integrating the cell phone as such, and thus placing a high value on them. Educators endeavor to instill in students a high value for education, but often meet with difficulty. Involving technologies such as cell phones that are held with high value to students into teaching and learning cannot help but motivate students. Thus, utilizing the cell phone as a teaching and learning tool should increase the desire of students to become fully involved in their education.
RELATED LOCAL LITERATURE AND STUDIES
ICT has proven to be beneficial in supporting career planning and assessment activities. Kim and Kim used a computer-based program called ‘My Vocational Situation’ to provide career guidance to secondary school students. Reile and Harris-Bowlsbey detailed how the Internet can be utilized by career development practitioners for counseling, training, and assessment. Even the education of career counselors can be enhanced by ICT .
However, in developing countries such as the Philippines, the practice of ICT in education, in general, and in school guidance in particular, is somewhat limited for various reasons. Foremost of these is the lack of ICT resources in schools due to a lack of adequate funding. The low per capita income of the Philippines is the major reason for the slow diffusion of ICT in the country (Baliamoune-Lutz 2003). A 2001 national survey of ICT resources in schools conducted by the Southeast Asian Ministers of Education Organization Regional Center for Educational Innovation and Technology (SEAMEO INNOTECH 2001) revealed that only around two-thirds (66.1%) of all elementary and secondary schools in the Philippines had electricity; 14.3% had computers; 2.0% had Internet access; and only one out of every seven schools had teachers who were computer literate.
Other reasons for the limited practice of ICT in education in this context have been the lack of coordination between private and public technology initiatives, and limited exposure to ICT by education practitioners (including guidance counselors) during their pre-service and in-service periods (Rodrigo 2001, 2003).
Proficiency in ICT skills has been identified as one of the core competencies needed by not only school teachers (Fisher 1997; Scheffler and Logan 1999), but also guidance counselors (Offer and Sampson 1999; McCarthy 2004). But technology use by guidance counselors is a relatively new phenomenon (Van Horn and Myrick 2001). Gerler (1995) observed that the discipline had been slow in exploring how technology could be utilized to offer better services to students, parents, and teachers.
Only a few studies have investigated guidance counselors’ use of technology. Owen and Weikel reported in 1999 that around 88% of school counselors in one U.S. State alone were already using computers, but mainly for routine applications such as word processing, record keeping, and class scheduling. Computers were also utilized for counseling-related tasks, such as interactive vocational guidance and testing, but to a lesser extent (less than 20%). No such numbers are available for guidance counselors in the Philippines, although several surveys have been conducted on the use of ICT in education in general (Rodrigo 2001, 2003).
Librero, Ramos, Ranga, Triñona & Lambert (2007) stated that cell phone now is the most widely used medium in Asia, has major educational implications. Most users, however, do not realize the cell phone's potential for education, nor even for the communication functions for which it was originally designed. Most educators still see the computer and the cell phone as unrelated devices, and the tiny cell phone more as a personal accessory, especially for young people. With falling prices and increasing functionality, however, it is virtually certain that not too far in the future all of the world's students will have a cell phone. This is sufficient reason and motivation for educators to explore the possibility of making the cell phone an important tool in the educational systems of developed and developing countries. This article describes the experience of two major projects that are studying the potential of cell phone and short message service (SMS) techniques for formal and nonformal education in the Philippines and Mongolia. The studies have yielded positive reactions from students and trainees about the potential of these techniques, and are suggesting design and logistical principles for use in educational cell phone implementation.
According to Christensen and Knezek (2008) ten years of instrument development are summarized and placed within a framework for assessing the impact of technology in education. Seven well-validated instruments spanning the areas of attitudes, beliefs, skills, competencies, and technology integration proficiencies are presented, along with data analysis examples. These instruments are proposed for use in modeling the process of technology integration, which is believed to be an important intermediary step in effective use of technology in teaching and learning.
Rodrigo (2001) noted that the Philippines is one of many developing nations that have turned to information and communication technology (ICT) as a tool to improve teaching and learning. Unfortunately, implementation suffers from several shortcomings: the absence of information on how ICT is actually used; a lack of coordination between public and private sector efforts; and insufficient teacher preparation. This paper begins with discussion of the pedagogical, social, and economic benefits that developing nations hope to gain by infusing schools with ICT. It cites national policies and programs to infuse schools with ICT, as well as parallel programs initiated by the private sector. The paper then discusses each of the mentioned shortcomings in turn.
Masagca and Londerio (2008) stressed that this qualitative study presents the difference perspectives of teacher-participants in Luzon, Philippines on the use and application of ICT in guidance counseling and the school counselor’s advocacy role. Certain property of story-telling or conversation was employed. This ethnographic technique is naturally occurring phenomenon/process of sharing and telling stories among individuals to figure out or to make sense about their world and experiences.
A snowball sampling technique was used in the study that utilized an open-ended format to investigate the different questions and developed an interview guide rather than pre-determined schedule consisting of the three topics:
- uses of ICT
- problems/issues/gaps on the use and application of the ICT or computer technology
- innovative ways in using/applying ICT in school guidance.
Results indicate that the teacher-participants appear to have not fully understood the over-all uses and application of ICT in education/school counseling. However, as the potential uses, the subjects generated various uses as what they have learned from their graduate courses on technology in education and knowledge management in education. The issues and problems mostly relate to the economic aspects, costs, administrators attitude towards the use of ICT, quality of information and on the issue of commercialism. Innovative programs presented dealt on the individual needs of the pupils and on the career services, but not on the ways to improve professional capabilities of the guidance counselor.
It was recommended that continuous re-training and establishment of well-defined capacity building programs for guidance counselors focusing on individual skills of the counselors as to the other uses and application of ICT should be undertaken. On future research, accountability of administrators on ICT integration in school counseling can be carried out as well as more empirical studies on the different perspective of administrators on ICT integration were noted. Furthermore, inquiries related to assessment/evaluation on reliability of information can be done by looking into the research outputs of students and faculty with the online materials cited on the bibliography. School counselors are to be guided through school-based-in-service training and DepEd-sponsored programs on capacity building by putting emphases on the benefits of ICT use as well as case presentations of the various experiences of counselors in the Philippines about ICT integration on the implementation of the school guidance programs.
Synthesis
In conclusion, these related local/foreign literatures and studies that we gathered are relevant to our study. According to these, technology has a big impact in the academic performance of the students. Through the use of technologies, the students are able to understand the lessons well. The students also
References
- Bonk (2009), The World is Open: How Web Technology Is Revolutionizing Education. In G. Siemens & C. Fulford (Eds.) Proceedings of ED-MEDIA 2009—World Conference on Educational Multimedia, Hypermedia & Telecommunications (pp. 3371-3380). Honolulu, HI, USA: Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE). Retrieved January 29, 2019 from https://www.learntechlib.org/p/31963/.
- Christensen (2014), Effects of Technology Integration Education on the Attitudes of Teachers and Students. Retrieved January 29, 2019 from https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15391523.2002.10782359.
- Christensen and Knezek (2008), Instruments for Assessing the Impact of Technology in Education. Retrieved January 30, 2019 from https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1300/J025v18n02_02?src=recsys&fbclid=IwAR0n77e8k0TQU_HxicAn3UNARlZmGeSwExiv7gSVdezaDLvI_YYtM802n7E.
- Librero, Ramos, Ranga, Triñona & Lambert (2007), Uses of the Cell Phone for Education in the Philippines and Mongolia. Retrieved January 30, 2019 from https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01587910701439266.
- Masagca and Londerio (2008), Teachers’ perspectives on the integration of information and communication technologies (ICT) in school counseling. Retrieved January 29, 2019 from http://ijedict.dec.uwi.edu/viewarticle.php?id=593.
- Munawar and Cukie (2011), Assessing the m-learning hype: Do mobile technologies enhance the overall learning experience?. In C. Ho & M. Lin (Eds.), Proceedings of E-Learn 2011—World Conference on E-Learning in Corporate, Government, Healthcare, and Higher Education (pp. 792-807). Honolulu, Hawaii, USA: Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE). Retrieved January 29, 2019 from https://www.learntechlib.org/primary/p/38808/.
- Roberson and Hagevik (2008), Cell Phones for Education. Retrieved January 30, 2019 from https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED518598.
- Rodrigo (2001), Information and Communication Technology Use in Philippines Public and Private Schools. Retrieved January 30, 2019 from https://www.coursehero.com/file/20805109/Local-Studies/.
- Vinluan (2010), The Use of ICT in School Guidance: Attitudes and Practices of Guidance Counselors in Metro Manila, the Philippines. Retrieved January 30, 2019 from https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10447-010-9110-4.
- Williams, Grimble, Irwin, and Marilyn (2004), Teachers' Link to Electronic Resources in the Library Media Center: A Local Study of Awareness, Knowledge, and Influence. Retrieved January 30, 2019 from https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ965623&fbclid=IwAR0Ke-l_qRCFW8hXJ5hSnHtpcaYvYbn81rHZt5e8SRaj1zNXySZdzqicsPs
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Technology Impact on the Economy of the Country
Research Paper
Although the overall poverty rates have been steadily decreasing in the United States, one problem that is rapidly increasing is the enormous economic divide between the wealthy and those living under the poverty line. Throughout the mid-to-late twentieth century, the world experienced a second industrial revolution known as the Digital Revolution. According to Techopedia, the Digital Revolution, which marked the beginning of the Information Age, 'refers to advancement of technology from analog electronic and mechanical devices to the digital technology available today.' This revolution has had many different social, cultural, and economic effects. One major socioeconomic impact that this advancement in technology has had is the growing wealth divide between the upper-class and the poorer lower-class. When analyzing this increasing economic inequality, one might be left with certain questions.
Research Questions
- What direct impact does the advancement of technology have on the economy?
- Does the advancement of technology have stronger impacts on different groups of people?
- Why does the advancement of technology have an effect on the economic divide in the United States?
As I start this research paper, I must discuss a few general topics. The poverty threshold is the minimum level of income for a household deemed adequate by the federal government. Currently, for a four-person household, a family must be earning $25,100 to be considered above the poverty line . This poverty threshold is mainly used by the federal government and government agencies for statistical purposes . Throughout the last half-century, the poverty rates have fluctuated between 11.1 percent, in 1973, and 19 percent, in 1964 . In 2017, the poverty rate in the United States fell to 12.3 percent (Edwards). Although this statistic seems like it has dropped significantly from 19 percent fifty years ago, the overall number of people living in poverty has more than doubled since 1973 . Almost 47 million American are presently living at or under the poverty line.
Another important topic when speaking about the economy is the unemployment rate. Throughout the last decade, the unemployment rate has been rising and falling more than usual. As a result of the “Great Recession” of 2008, unemployment shot up more than five and a half percent to just over 10 percent. This is only the third time that the unemployment rate reached above 10 percent since the beginning of the twentieth century. The first occasion in which unemployment skyrocketed and stayed above 10 percent was during the Great Depression, which at its peak around 25 out of every 100 Americans were jobless (Amadeo). The second time happened during the early 1980s when a slight recession caused by high oil prices occurred . Since the Great Recession of 2008, the unemployment rate dropped down and has remained constant at 3.7 percent since September of this year (Bureau of Labor Statistics Data). Although over the past few months the national unemployment rate remained stagnant, 'approximately 250,000 jobs were created in October 2018' (Brainerd). The image below depicts the U.S. unemployment rate between 2008 and 2018.
As the major focus of my term paper is to research technology’s effect on the economy and the economic divide, it is important to understand how the technological job sector is developing. Even though you may think that a specific job has no relation to technology, a majority of jobs and occupations do require some form of technological or digital skill. A statistic shows that “more than 50 percent of today’s job require some degree of technology skills” which proves that technology is invading almost all parts of the economy.
According to the same statistic, “experts say that percentage will increase to 77 percent in the next decade” (Macaulay). Some predictions say that occupations in computer and information technology will experience significant growth over the next decade. The Bureau of Labor Statistics project that employment in this field will grow 13 percent from 2016 to 2026 ('2017 Median Pay'). This projection is equal to the addition of 557,100 new jobs in computer and information technology ('2017 Median Pay'). According to the same source, 'the median annual wage for computer and informational technology occupations was $84,580 in May 2017, which was higher than the median annual wage for all occupations of $37,690' ('2017 Median Pay').
A study done by Stanford, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Northwestern University, and Indiana University looked to understand 'how much a company’s stock price was impacted by news that it had been issued a new patent' (Moritz). This study looked at over 1.8 million patents granted to companies between 1926 and 2011. According to the study, a new patent had a strong impact on the company’s stock price. Moritz stated that '[the] more game-changing patents they racked up, the bigger they grew and the better their edge was over others.'
The research team also found that the top 10 most innovative companies had growth around 1 to 3 percent faster than companies that innovated at the normal speed (Moritz). The researchers discovered that an upsurge in technological products correlated to a boost of the average annual U.S. economic output by between 0.6 and 6.5 percentage points (Moritz). Admittedly technology may not appear to have a major impact in the economy, the U.S. economy’s average growth since 1947 is less than 3.5 percent per year (Moritz).
As I move into the second portion of my term paper, I would like to research another aspect of the how the advancement and development of technology affects the economy and the economic divide. Using my second guiding question, I will research, learn, and report on how, and if, the advancement of technology affects the economic status of certain group of people.
Two groups of people that are affected by technology very differently are people with high incomes and people with low incomes. A 2012 Pew Research Center report shows that 'only 62% of people in households making less than $30,000 a year used the internet' (Soltan). This is much less than the 90 percent of people making between $50,000-$74,999. A large amount of low income households depend much less on the internet than households with middle-to-high incomes. Another Pew survey showed that teachers of lower income students often reported that they had more problems using education technology effectively than those teaching in affluent schools (Soltan).
Another statistic that shows the difference in technology availability between groups of high and low incomes says that in areas of high income, 70 percent of teachers said that the school gave them good support for bringing technology into their teaching while only 50 percent of teachers from low income areas said that they had been given good support (Soltan). As shown in the images above, people with lower incomes are much less likely to have digital devices than those with higher incomes.
One group that is being tremendously affected by the numerous amounts of advancements in technology is blue-collar workers. The term 'blue-collar worker' is used to categorize people that usually perform some sort of unskilled manual labor. Many blue-collar jobs are simple, mundane, and repetitive tasks that can be done by most people. Some examples of blue-collar jobs are jobs in sanitation, manufacturing, food processing, and warehousing. Wikipedia states that 'educational requirements for [blue-collar] workers are typically lower than those of white-collar workers.' It is also says that 'often, only a high school diploma is required.' One facet of technology that has a major impact those with blue-collar jobs is automation.
Automation, or sometimes more commonly referred to as artificial intelligence, is a type of technology that is pre-programmed to complete a specific task. Many blue-collar jobs are in jeopardy due to the very nature of automation. One blog states that 'automation has a single purpose: to let machines perform repetitive, monotonous tasks' (Evans).
Works Cited
- “1980-82 Early 1980s Recession.” Westward Expansion: Chinese in California, 7 March 2011, bancroft.berkeley.edu/ROHO/projects/debt/1980srecession.html
- United States, Congress, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, et al. “Poverty in the United States: 50-Year Trends and Safety Net Impacts.” Poverty in the United States: 50-Year Trends and Safety Net Impacts, Officer of Human Services Policy, 2016, aspe.hhs.gov/system/files/pdf/154286/50YearTrends.pdf
- “Bureau of Labor Statistics Data.” U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, data.bls.gov/timeseries/LNS14000000.
- “What Is the Digital Revolution? - Definition from Techopedia.” Techopedia.com, techopedia.com/definition/23371/digital-revolution
- Edwards, Ashley. “Poverty Rate Drops for Third Consecutive Year in 2017.” Census Bureau QuickFacts, United States Census Bureau, 12 Sept. 2018, census.gov/library/ stories/2018/09/poverty-rate-drops-third-consecutive-year-2017.html.
- Brainerd, Jackson. “National Employment Monthly Update.” Affirmative Action | Overview, 2 Nov. 2018, ncsl.org/research/labor-and-employment/national-employment-monthly-
- update.aspx.
- Macaulay, Fiona. “Technology Skills Training Critical to Employ Low-Income Youth.” Safety & Security Manager | Devex, 22 Sept. 2014, devex.com/news/technology-skills-training- critical-to-employ-low-income-youth-84377.
- “2017 Median Pay.” U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 13 Apr. 2018, bls.gov/ooh/computer-and-information-technology/home.htm.
- Grisham, Preston. “Press Releases.” CompTIA Information Technology, 3 Apr. 2017, comptia.org/about-us/newsroom/press-releases/2017/04/03/us-tech-sector-employment- approaches-seven-million.
- Moritz, Katie. “How Does Technology Affect the Economy?” Rewire, Rewire, 18 Dec. 2017, rewire.org/our-future/technology-advances-economy/.
- Soltan, Liz. “Digital Divide: The Technology Gap between the Rich and Poor.” Digital Responsibility, digitalresponsibility.org/digital-divide-the-technology-gap-between-rich- and-poor/.
- Anderson, Monica. “Lower-Income Americans Still Lag in Tech Adoption.” Pew Research Center, Pew Research Center, 22 Mar. 2017, pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/03/22/ digital-divide-persists-even-as-lower-income-americans-make-gains-in-tech-adoption/.
- “Blue-Collar Worker.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 23 Oct. 2018, en.m.wikipedia.org/ wiki/Blue-collar_worker.
- Evans, Dave. “So, What's the Real Difference Between AI and Automation?” Medium.com, Medium, 26 Sept. 2017, medium.com/@daveevansap/so-whats-the-real-difference- between-ai-and-automation-3c8bbf6b8f4b.
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Impact on Medical Technology Due to the Passage of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act
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Abstract
- The Intent of the PPACA
- Medical Technology
- The Patient Perspective Relating to PPACA and Medical Technology Advancements
- The Manufacturer’s Perspective Relating to PPACA and Medical Technology Advancements
- The US Healthcare Perspective Relating to PPACA and Medical Technology Advancements
- Conclusion
- References
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to outline the overall impact that the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA), most often referred to as ACA, has had on Medical Technology. This will investigate the perspective of the patient, vendors, and manufacturers as well as the overall health care system in the United States (US). The PPACA was one of the most broadly sweeping legislation that impacted health care in the US since the advent of the Medicare and Medicaid programs in the 1960s. Included in this overview will be the positive impacts and the unintended impacts of this act.
The Intent of the PPACA
The PPCA provided sweeping changes to the health care sector, with the main goal of addressing access to healthcare by expanding provisions for Medicaid expansion and 'near-universal' insurance coverage. The entire Act brought opportunities and barriers for the citizens of the US. That stated, it also provided medical technology advancement opportunities through funding demonstration projects, incentives and expansion of insurance, such as Medicaid and Medicare’s Innovation Center. This Act also cited a movement towards disruption and primed the path for companies such as Amazon, Wal*Mart, Walgreens retail Clinics, mergers and smart devices to force systems of health care to think differently about the standard care delivery settings.
The patient was the intended focus of the PPACA, and their engagement drives the response from the manufacturer and the systems itself. The Government continues to drive change in the healthcare system to reduce cost and improve quality with value-based risk-sharing demonstration projects. The consumerism that is embedded in our US Healthcare system under a free market will continue to be the greatest challenge to bending the cost curve, US citizens demand the newest and best without barriers to access or availability.
Medical Technology
The definition of medical technology is broad. It is defined as 'the practical application of the scientific body of knowledge to improve health and create efficiencies in the delivery of healthcare.' Medical Technology encompasses improvements in medications, imaging services, surgical services, laboratory testing, medical devices, telehealth, research home monitoring as well as electronic medical record systems. As a science medical technology has changed the care delivery settings as well, as technology advancements occur the need for specialized skill sets leading to different educational tracks and specialties has been realized. The growth in Life Science cannot be omitted from these advancements, especially regarding research that helps with understanding and treating diseases.
The Patient Perspective Relating to PPACA and Medical Technology Advancements
The patient is the center of everything we do in healthcare. The relationship between the provider and the patient drives referrals, choice, and utilization. Typically, patients must have access to care and be engaged, different generations access and value healthcare differently. This generational difference has led to market drivers in medical technology, especially around personal and smart diagnostic devices.
Let’s focus on access first, this was one of the core elements of the PPCA; which is accessible as defined by the supply of services and the ability to afford healthcare services. The most impact on the patient was the new supply systems that were now available, whether it be retail clinics, patient portals or telehealth this opened new dimensions for all sectors, especially those within generational sectors that were as interested in developing relationships as having immediate access to care when, where and how they wanted to access care. The 'disrupters' in the market have also provided new platforms for access to care, such as the 'Minute Clinics', Amazon and Wal*Mart. It is important to note that the expansion of these service settings puts immense pressure on an already scarce labor supply to staff. Theses retail clinics can further cause disparity as they do not feed into a complete medical record for patients who are seeking care outside of fully integrated systems of care.
Telehealth services and smart devices have added to access in all settings of the delivery systems and improved care access. The barrier to most in the rural care settings is access to enough broadband internet service for stable platforms and the technology itself. Rural areas have a higher preponderance of older populations who may not adopt such platforms, but when it is available it further allows for care management.
Patients have also benefited from the expanding growth in new technology services, such as 3-D Mammography, open and wide bore MRI's and rapid resulted in laboratory testing. Providers such as Hospital and stand-alone ancillary testing centers were relieved of further governmental burdens under the PPACA regarding proving the need of services through the Certificate of Need (CON) process. The PPACA felt that the CON process was a barrier and conflicted with the concept of improved access by limiting competition and consumer choice.
Ultimately, patients have benefited from the PPACA by increased access to government-subsidized health insurance plans, more competition in the market, improved access to care and a growing amount of technology. These advanced technologies, such as gene mapping, is not inexpensive and the balance between cost and benefit against human lives will be the ethical dilemma we continue to face.
The Manufacturer’s Perspective Relating to PPACA and Medical Technology Advancements
PPACA's cornerstone themes are access, efficiency, accountability, and quality. Manufacturers' will need to be aligned in meeting these themes. PPACA is a major influencer in the growth of consumerism in the healthcare sector. The PPACA will increase the demand for healthcare services and with that will come the need for advancement in medical technology as well as increased equipment needs. Manufacturers' that focus on medication, smart or personal devices, home monitoring diagnostics, and efficient high-end therapeutic devices will lead the market.
As payment structures invoke a quality component and steer patients to higher-quality providers, efficient and effective care settings will drive market competition. This has led to the growth in outpatient care settings such as ambulatory surgical centers, mobile imaging services, and retail care clinics.
The disrupters such as Amazon have let to smart speakers that monitor patients’ activities and medication compliance and will send prescriptions refills through “Pill Pack”. Smart devices that measure insulin, or blood pressure, such as those with Apple technology have brought healthcare personal diagnostics to a new level and the consumers’ expectation of care delivery to an expeditious rate
The one sector which has both benefited but also been in the crosshairs of most discussion is the Pharmaceutical sector. This advancing technology saves lives, however, the cost of developing rapid cures is immense and the ability to pay for these life-saving medications is often the burden of insurance companies or providers through free or charitable care. The vast amount of specialty drugs and the increased prices will not be sustainable and the need for regulation will be required.. This sector is by far the single most contributor to the increase of healthcare than any other and continues to grow exponentially. It is important to note that the US consumer drives the demand for new technology and innovation to meet this demand the associated cost is high.
The US Healthcare Perspective Relating to PPACA and Medical Technology Advancements
The PPACA provided the basic protections for citizens regarding the access to health care, just shy of the bill of rights, this legislation laid the groundwork for coverage. “This Act’s main aim was for 'near-universal coverage' through shared responsibility by government, individuals and employers.' This also meant solidifying that there was equity in the quality and affordability of health insurance for all citizens. Last, the Act was to look for efficiency, improve quality and reduce wasteful spending.
The growth in medical technology has moved most procedures to a more efficient outpatient setting, however, that was also driven by payment reforms that incentivized providers through DRG's aligned with lowering the average length of stays and bundled payments. The innovation necessary to move to these outpatient models of care has led to improvements and has removed some of the overhead burden resulting in lower cost.
The growth in biomedical advances has added to the improved quality of life but has come at a high price of time, resources and cost. The value of innovation must not be dampened by reimbursement models that look at cost and quality without promoting innovation and new technology. It was noted that “payers are making the determination of what is “experimental vs. medically necessary” and this will harm innovation and improved technology and silence the patient”.
The US Healthcare System's impact from advances in medical technology is ever-changing, the dynamic amount of research, development, innovation, and consumerism will determine its' trajectory. The PPACA has allowed for more access to care by providing a platform for 'near-universal' healthcare insurance coverage, paved the way for Medicaid expansion in most states and provided minimal essential service requirements within all insurance plans. The requirement of the PPACA that insurance coverage must have minimal essential service benefits which are preventative in nature, such as screenings and annual physicals. Covering these services will lead to better health outcomes and reduced costs over the lifetime of the patient and ultimately to the US Healthcare System. This improved availability of expanded healthcare coverage means medical technology will play a greater role in meeting the demands, understanding the needs of those needing services and be primary in Population Health Management.
Conclusion
The PPACA was groundbreaking and revolutionary its' impact will be felt for generations to come. The major themes of the Act outlined the provision of improved and greater access to care for all citizens, higher quality and better outcomes of care while holding providers, payers and individuals accountable will continue to drive the role of medical technology. The US Healthcare System has globalized healthcare and improvements, it has done so by being a leader in medical technology and sciences that promote curative responses.
The impact on the patient, manufacturer, and system itself is underscored by one theme and that is an improvement. The improved patient experience and accessibility to care, the improvement in technology and advancements in health outcomes and improvement are systems of coordinated care for all. This, however, is not without ongoing needs for adjustments and regulatory refinements, such as pharmaceutical cost control, as well as provider payer oversight. Medical technology will be impactful on every sector of the healthcare system and will be necessary for the ongoing provision of care and innovation to cure disease and extend life-saving advancements.
References
- How The ACA, Regulations, And Other Trends Are Reshaping The Medtech Industry. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.meddeviceonline.com/doc/how-the-aca-regulations-and-other-trends-are-reshaping-the-medtech-industry-0001
- Rosenbaum, S. (2011). The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act: implications for public health policy and practice. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3001814/
- McClellan, M. B., D. T. Feinberg, P. B. Bach, P. Chew, P. Conway, N. Leschly, G. Marchand, M. A. Mussallem, and D. Teeter. 2017. Payment Reform for Better Value and Medical Innovation. NAM Perspectives. Discussion Paper, National Academy of Medicine, Washington, DC. doi: 10.31478/201703d
- McIntyre, A., & Song, Z. (2019, February 26). The US Affordable Care Act: Reflections and directions at the close of a decade. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6390990/
- Date: 2 March. (1970, March 2). Effects of the ACA on Health Care Cost Containment. Retrieved from https://ldi.upenn.edu/brief/effects-aca-health-care-cost-containment
- Shi, L., & Singh, D. A. (2019). Delivering health care in America: a systems approach. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.
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My Socio-economic Success
When I was a kid in grade school I used to think that everyone else in the country went to school and got an education just like I did. Not once did I ever think that there were kids in the world that had many more privileges than me. As I began to mature and grow up, I came to the realization that my own schooling experience wasn’t the same as everyone else’s schooling. I saw that from one neighborhood to the next the resources and opportunities that I had at the public school’s that I attended were not much at all compared to that of the kids that attended private school. I am a U.S. born Mexican American, with both my parents being born in Mexico and immigrated here in the late 80’s.
My culture, ethnicity and the fact that my parents are immigrants put us initially at a disadvantage in terms of our finances and mine and my sister’s education. At this age, I now know that the education I received during k-12 was in the lower half in terms of educational and extracurricular opportunities due to the socioeconomic level that I was born into. I went to elementary school in Richmond, CA and then in Concord, CA. I went to school in Richmond for only two years and it was for my pre-K and Kindergarten but I surprisingly do remember the school that I attended. It was quite a small school with only about 12 class rooms. I remember most of my classmates were diverse and primarily spoke another language other English like Spanish which was the most common.
I know that most of the kids that I attended school with were Latino, Asian, or Middle Eastern. Today I now realize that I was put in a social group because of one thing we all had in common. It was a free public school, there was no after school opportunities and the school provided the bare minimum of education. Every kid that attended was in the lower economic class of society and their parents shared the same economic status.
I remember even during recess things were quite limited. We had tricycles that everyone would fight over because they were the most entertaining things to use but there was only about 4 or 5 of them. I remember being so ecstatic if I ever got the chance to ride one of them because as soon as the bell rang everyone would run to them and it would be a rare occurrence if I ever got a turn to play on one of tricycles. Eventually my parents realized that they wanted to give me more opportunities than the elementary school in Richmond was offering. Today it makes sense to me why that was the only choice of school I had at the time. Ogbu discussed how “the school learning and performance of minority children are influenced by complex social, economic , historical , and cultural factors “ (Ogbu, 1992, p.6).
I was living in a tiny one bedroom house with both my parents and my older sister. The house was very similar to that of section-8 housing because every house was connected together and there was nothing but a bathroom and a small section for the “kitchen” inside of them. It was comparable to the size of a two-star hotel room. The only difference was that the houses were not government-owned. My sister and I shared the living room which we made our “bed-room” and would take public transportation or walked to school.
Fortunately, my father was awarded a small raise and the company he worked for moved him to another city where I started my schooling in Concord, CA. In Concord I attended Cambridge elementary school for 1st-5th grade that was much bigger than the small 10 classroom school I attended in Richmond. I was so excited to start school here because I believed that it would offer several more resources that the previous school never had. Today however, I realize that while it was much bigger, the elementary school was still was in the middle to lower class of society. I had a great time at this elementary school but I never knew there was other elementary schools with enough laptops for every student to use at the same time or enough fully-inflated balls for every kid to play at recess. Ignorance is bliss, that is the best way I could describe the reason I enjoyed my elementary school years so much. I was still going to school with the same racial backgrounds as the school in Richmond but I noticed the Hispanic/Latino population was slightly dominant throughout the school.
As for the educators, four out of five of my teachers were Caucasian, middle-aged women. This was similar to what Valenzuela (1999) explained “Despite rising Latino student enrollment, no equivalent change in the composition of the faculty took place…” (Valenzuela, 1999, p. 93). Although a slight change ended up taking place in the school described by Valenzuela, there was no change at my school with the staff. The fact that the majority of the staff at the school was Caucasian only affected the children negatively. Not because Caucasians are bad people, but because the children didn’t see any representation of themselves in those successful adults that they were surrounded by for half of their day. A lot of these children saw representation in their neighborhoods by elders who were in gangs or selling drugs. It was difficult not to look up to those people. They were flashing quick money and jewelry. Most of these children were living in what would be considered “The hood”. As Jones and Newman (1997) explained “If you live in the ghetto when you’re 10 you know everything you’re not supposed to know.
When I was 10 I knew where drugs came from. I knew about every type of gun” (Jones and Newman, 1997, p. 33). These children where I grew up, including myself were exposed to all of these things at a young age and it was our representation of what was cool and what may be expected of us as we got older. Fortunately for me I had strict parents who kept me from falling through the crack of this society. Comparing my school to the schools today in wealthier areas is something I find amazing.
I have been to several elementary schools in richer areas because of previous volunteer work. I have seen opportunities ranging from engineering club to computer coding club and school supported sports from football to soccer. Most of these kids that I worked with came from gated communities and are mostly all Caucasian. I have been to 12 different schools and every single time in a classroom of 30 kids, at least 25 will be Caucasian, four will be Latino or Asian, and rarely there will be one African American. I need to mention that these institutions are all public and anyone within the district can attend. Almost every day I work at one of these schools and see the opportunities they have I think to myself, “I wish I had this when I was a kid”. Fast forwarding to middle school, I was able to move up a small step socioeconomically.
The middle school that I was supposed to go to, Oak Grove middle, was notorious for being a mediocre school in terms of educational resources. Luckily, my parents were able to get me into another middle school about 20 minutes away in the next city over. It was not an upper-class school but it was at least in the lower middle class. The name of the institution was Sequoia middle school and it started from 6th-8th grade. The fact that my parents were willing to make the drive everyday just to give me more of an opportunity still amazes me. They knew the difference it would make in the long run.
This was mentioned by Orfield and Frankenberg where they say “The differences in segregated minority schools as compared with schools with more White and/or middle class students include fewer educational resources, stability of enrollment, and advanced instruction” (Orfield and Frankenberg, 2014, p.718). The school had a lottery system for the vacant spots and I was lucky enough to win one of them. My parents were aware that Oak Grove, which was in my neighborhood did not have much to offer and was filled with gang activity. Middle school brought more opportunities to me in terms of extracurricular activities.
For example, I was able to play the saxophone from 6th-7th grade. I was so excited because I personally could not afford an instrument and the fact that the school would let me borrow it for free shocked me. I remember there being a few sports teams, school dances, and a couple clubs that were ran mostly by students. The student population was very diverse I saw all different kinds of ethnic and cultural backgrounds so, there was not really a dominant nationality. In terms of financial status most of the students were in the middle class range with a few outliers being in the upper middle class, which we would call the “rich kids”. I was grateful that I actually got into this middle school because due to the fact that I lived in a certain area and I belonged in a lower class at the time I almost did not get exposed to all the opportunities I listed above. I was able to get a decent education and started thinking about higher education a little bit early.
If I had received the bad luck of the draw I could have easily ended up in the previous middle school that I mentioned did not offer many opportunities. I find it fascinating that because of the class and neighborhood that I was born into I almost ended up getting a less than sufficient education. Middle school was a good refresh however, once again the problem of my education being in jeopardy because of the socioeconomic class I was put into came back to haunt me. The high school I was scheduled to go to due to the location I was living in was even worse than the middle school that was shut down. My parents had heard several rumors of there being strong gang influence and violence at this school that was called Mount Diablo High school.
I am not saying that it was one of the most dangerous schools in the state but it was easy to fall through the cracks and make bad life changing decisions if you hung around the wrong crowd. It was also known for having very limited opportunities of helping students get into colleges as well as having non-passionate teachers. My parents would not stand for that so they made the choice to send me to the high school in the next city over and make the commute all over again for the next four years. The fact that my parents were willing to go out of their way to put me in the best school they thought they could offer me is something I really appreciate. This act is relevant to what Lareau (2003) said, “Individuals’ chances of interacting with any given kind of institution are not random: Families from elite backgrounds tend to participate in institutions serving the elite, and families in poverty tend to be involved with institutions serving the poor” (Lareau, 2003, p.14).
Since I was closer to poverty than I ever was to wealth I was predestined to go to a high school serving the poor. The high school I ended up going to was called Ygnacio Valley (Y.V. for short) in Walnut Creek, CA. Now this was nowhere close to any kind of elite or privately funded school but it was definitely better than the high school I was predestined to go to. At Y.V. I was exposed to the health academy where I got more interested in the medical field. Starting from 10th grade all the way to 12th I stayed in the health academy which influenced me to study kinesiology today. Like any other high school there was language requirements but since I am Mexican I actually was put at an advantage in one small aspect. I started in Spanish two right off the bat instead of Spanish one since I already spoke fluent Spanish at home. This meant I only needed one year of a foreign language to graduate versus everyone else who had to take two years. There were other advantages that my low income status actually helped a lot in.
For example, I would always qualify for free breakfast and lunch while other people had to pay for it. There was also the case where I only had to pay $5 for advanced placement tests which were normally $90 for everyone else. Lastly, due to my low-income status I was able to get four free college applications that are usually $50 a piece. Initially my family and I started at quite a disadvantage in terms of having to commute twice as much than most kids at my school. I was also assigned to attend the schools closer to poverty and with little to no educational opportunities or connections to pursue higher education. Luckily, with the extra effort of my parents I was able to make the best of a tough situation in the end. Yes, my parents were Mexican immigrants who could not help me with any school work or give me everything I wanted economically. However, I was able to find another way to get into the college I wanted to even though my economic class could not get me into the best high schools.
I managed keep up with those better off than me although I could not afford the things they could. My race and my class were two things that could have easily put my education in jeopardy but I made the best of a bad situation. I used the socioeconomic class I was born into to the best of my advantage to reap the opportunities I did have and pursue the best education possible.
References
- Jones, A. & Newman, L., with Isay, D. (1997). The beginning, the hood, and school from Our America: Life and death on the south side of Chicago, New York: Schribner, pp. 28-45
- Lareau, A. (2003). Social structure and daily life. In Unequal Childhoods: Class, Race, and Family Life.
- Berkley: University of California press, pp.14-32
- Ogbu, J. (1992). Understanding cultural diversity and learning. Educational Researcher,21 volume 21 (no.8). pp. 5-13.
- Orfield, G., & Frankenberg, E. (2014). Increasingly segregated and unequal schools as courts reverse policy. Educational Administration Quarterly, Vol. 50(5), pp. 718-734.
- Valenzuela, A. (1999). Seguin High School in historical perspective: Mexican Americans’ struggle for equal educational opportunity in Houston from Subtractive schooling: U.S.-Mexican youth and the politics of caring. New York: State University of New York Press, pp. 33-60
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Adnan Syed was Innocent
Researchers found that 149 people were cleared in 2015 for crimes they didn’t commit; do you think that Adnan could have been one of those people back then? I think so. Adnan Syed was charged with murdering his ex-girlfriend, Hae, back in 1999. I genuinely don’t think it was a fair trial because it seemed like they just wanted to charge someone and not actually find the person responsible for it. Personally, I think Adnan was not guilty of the murder due to DNA on a bottle not tested that was near Hae's body, lack of evidence, not enough witnesses to testify against him. Indeed, he had the most evidence against him in the trial, but many other critical factors were left out as well that could have identified him as not guilty.
Lack of DNA test and other Non-Circumstantial Evidence can serve to justify that Adnan was innocent. As Chaudry tells us, police collected swabs from Lee’s body in addition to vaginal swabs – but they neglected DNA test on them despite the fact that Lee was found with her long black skirt gathered above her waist. Based on Wilds testimony, after they buried Lee, Syed drove her car from the park to a nearby street where he dumped it yet from the report of the test carried out by Baltimore Police crime lab there was no soil in both Leakin park and in Lee’s car as clarified by Chaudry. As it unfolds, it is clear that the results from the rape kit were never tested in addition to the liquor bottle and the rope found at the scene. DNA tests were never carried out on the two unidentified hairs found with the body of Hae Min Lee, and the crime lab did not check her fingernail clippings. 'Nobody realized that there was this evidence that could have been tested and was never tested. I think the prosecution may have feared DNA testing because it would discredit their case, and the outcome of the test would show that Syed had no involvement with Lee’s murder. “They didn’t test it, and Gutierrez didn't hammer them for not testing it; so that's what makes me think she missed it.' 'She was strangled, so what was under her fingernails would matter,' says Enright. . I think this could have been Don's bloody flesh stuck on her fingernails or one of the 'serial killers'. But not only they never called AM, they also neglected the test of DNA Privileged confession which according to me justifies Adnan supposedly was innocent and did not deserve imprisonment for 16 years.
Contrary, Adnan may have been associated with the homicide however he might not have choked her himself. You can get into the points of interest of how throughout the day, however something occurred among Jay and Adnan that prompted her passing. I think Jay most likely murdered her with his hands, got terrified after he did it, and stuck everything on Adnan. I don't know whether Adnan was there, yet there's simply no chance he isn't included. Overlooking where you were the evening a cop calls you revealing to you your girlfriend is absent? By what method would that be able to occur? When you take a gander at the actualities of this case and remove the majority of the feeling, the turn Sarah puts on the story, you are left with the way that Adnan was a part of her demise. Regardless of whether he essentially arranged it or murdered her with his very own hands, he was included. Adnan appears to be a pleasant person, and it's hard when tuning in to him to trust that he could do it. I wish I could trust he was blameless, however I can't.
There was no physical proof connecting Syed to Lee's homicide, and there are no observers who saw them together around the season of Lee's vanishing or the supposed time of the homicide. Everything else the arraignment exhibited at preliminary – the words 'I need to execute' composed on the back of a bit of paper in Syed's note pad; conflicting cases that Syed approached Lee for a ride after school; the 'Nisha' call – was conditional. Except if the state can make sense of how to fix the issues with their star observer's conflicting proclamations, set up solid substantiation for their timetable and effectively impugn the guard's justification witness, they will have an exceptionally troublesome time persuading a jury of Syed's blame. For the time being, Adnan Syed remains an innocent man.
Work cited
- Lawson, Oswald. 'Serial: The Alibi–Opinions on the So-Called “Revolutionary Podcast”.'
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Should Tablets Replace Textbooks in Schools
Ernest Hemingway was one of my greatest influences growing up. He repeatedly said that “There is no friend as loyal as a book” (Kowalczyk, 2017); followed by William Feather who suggested that “Books open your mind, broaden your mind, and strengthen you as nothing else can” (Skip Prichard, 2014). For years, textbooks have been that fundamental part of our educational infrastructure and have also been used in the development of students’ cognitive skills. Moreover, textbooks are a critical component of the type of learning design used to facilitate active classroom participation, but over the years as new technologies such as laptops, tablet computers, etc., have made their way into the classroom. Too often, society has pushed us towards the path of digitalization, but that should not mean that it is time to implement such technology into the hands of our upcoming generation.
Though we have seen the positive effects of technology, there are, however, pitfalls such as Wi-Fi issues, prices, distraction factors, apps, etc. Today, this has cause needed debate on the topic, leaving us to answer this question “whether or not tablets should replace the use of textbooks in K-12”. As such, I believe that tablets should not replace textbooks in the educational system. Therefore, this paper aims to present supported arguments towards this position, presenting a counter argument and rebuttal and finally closed by summarizing what was discussed in this paper.
In selecting the two premises for this paper, a list of pros and cons were reviewed on the website ProCon.org, as such two opposing views were selected to support my position as to why tablets should not be used in the classroom. Firstly, the cost of tablets is said to be more expensive than that of print textbooks and would eventually marginalize poorer communities (ProCon.org, 2016). Typically, implementing tablets in schools would require the purchase of the hardware’s and software’s, Wi-Fi infrastructures, and putting together of training programs to adequately support the system (Times, 2015). These implementations all come with a high cost; for instance, it was estimated that the cost of e-textbooks on tablets was 552% higher than new print textbooks in an average high school (The Education Business Blog, 2012). Not overlooking the cost of installments, but we also need to acknowledge the cost associated when replacing damaged or stolen tablets (Times, 2015).
According to Lee Wilson, a prominent marketing expert, estimated that the annual cost per student per class with tablets is $71.55US compared to $14.26US for print textbooks ‘see figure 1.1 & 1.2 in appendix’ (The Education Business Blog, 2012). Taking this factor into account, the needed finances can be diverted towards other resources, e.g. school infrastructures, program developments, as well as increase salaries for teachers’. Alternatively, allocating finances for the purchase of tablets would inevitably leave low-income communities at a disadvantage based on wealth distribution. For example, when parents incur the cost to finance these devices, they ran the socioeconomic inequity inherent in the already existing school system. However, this further illustrates that it would be beneficial for schools to maintain the use of textbooks rather than implementing tablets; as it would be the best bargain and also save money.
Secondly, there are numerous health factors associated with tablets both from an individual and environmental standpoint, which can affect the learning atmosphere of students. According to the American Optometric Association, handheld devices contributes to what is called ‘Computer Vision Syndrome’ otherwise known as ‘Digital Eye Strain’, which is a “group of eye and vision-related problems that result from the prolonged computer, tablet, e-reader, and cell phone use” (2018). Some of the symptoms associated with this syndrome are increased headaches, blurred vision, and dry eyes (American Optometric Association, 2018). In addition, students and teachers also experience a higher rate of musculoskeletal disorders which is associated with repetitive strain on the muscles, including carpal tunnel syndrome, neck pain, shoulder pain, and fibromyalgia (Cheng, Wong, et. al., 2016).
Let’s be real, with a device that causes such health risks, why would anyone want to implement such technology into the school system, which can pose destructive and dangerous in the long-run. To further add to my premise, according to an article from the New York Times, written by Daniel Goleman and Gregory Norris, the 'adverse health impacts from making one e-reader are estimated to be 70 times greater than those from making a single book' (2010). Additionally, when these devices eventually become obsolete—which they would—they release toxic chemicals into our environment, adding to the health issues that are already prominent. In a research done by Goleman, et. al., it was found that one tablet amounts for approximately 33 pounds of minerals, 79 gallons of water, and 100 kilowatts an hour of fossil fuels which results in an overall 66 pounds of carbon dioxide (2010). In comparison, only two gallons of water are required to produce pulp slurry and two kilowatts an hour to form and dry the paper (Goleman, et. Al., 2010). Basically, physical textbooks only produce at least 100 times fewer greenhouse gases than that of tablets; therefore, I believe textbooks pose a better health risk than tablets.
Many advocates for tablets claims that they are much lighter than print textbooks and causes less spinal problems than that of a crammed bag of textbooks.
They say that tablets can hold hundreds of textbooks, save the environment by lowering the amount of printing, increase student interactivity and creativity and that digital textbooks are cheaper than print textbooks. Tablets contain many technological features that cannot be found in print textbooks (ProCon.org, 2013). Tablets give users the ability to highlight and edit text and write notes without ruining a textbook for the next user. Tablets have a search function, a backlighting option to read in low light, and a built-in dictionary. Interactive diagrams and videos increase student creativity, motivation, attentiveness, and engagement with classroom materials. (for technology)
Tablets should not replace textbooks in schools. The affirmative side makes some valid arguments for the need of tablets, however, it uses these same arguments throughout not only their constructive speech and cross-examination but also into their own rebuttal as well. They pair affirmative facts against the presented negative facts in a fight of who can say the same thing the most in order to win. In the affirmative constructive speech, it was stated that “…the student would have to pay for another tablet on their own just like they would if they would lose a textbook. There are always consequences for things that we do…They also may be penalized by the school not buying a new one for them and they won’t be able to learn or read their school material if they don’t have a tablet.” When asked by the negative cross-examination about the circumstances of a low-income student not being able to replace a tablet, the affirmative switched from a solid. (Rebuttal)
To conclude, I can agree that the tablets are an essential device for transmitting information, but to implement them in the classroom is not the answer. However, I strongly believe that education should not revolve around the use of technology, but should be centered around the use of textbooks. At the same time, what makes a difference in the educational systems is that student’s learning stems from information learned through experience, not in the form of gadgets. Hence, With the continued use of textbooks, we can guarantee that the cost of education and the health factors would be of a minimum. A statement released by Boston College’s Walsh, states that “I would prefer a good traditional experience over a bad digital experience” (Reiss, 2013). As such, authorities should take a closer look at the potential risks and pitfalls before we put them into the hands of our generation.
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Impact of Biotechnology on Modern Medicine
Throughout history we have discovered many great achievements, some may argue that most of them are not ethical, yet we continue to evolve as a society. What is the first thing you think about medical biotechnology? According to Fereidoun Mahboudi, “A standard definition of biotechnology was achieved in the Convention on Biological Diversity (1992) – ‘any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms or derivatives there of, to make or modify products and processes for specific use’” .
From what I understand this means that biotechnology is the use of biology to better understand a human works and what are other techniques to help develop a better understanding how the body reacts to certain medical disease or disorders. An optimistic would say that this would be a good achievement for science to develop, but a pessimistic would say that why would we need this technology? What if someone would be injured? In general, we see within every discovery there will always be someone to oppose it or either continue to live with the evolution of society as a whole. Society will either evolve with technology or stay behind. Some of the major impacts that medical biotechnology may include; better health, will it be unethical, how will society react, will it be affordable, and security.
First, everyone in this society wants to be in better health, but what does it actually mean to be in better health? Society has its own views on better health, some may say that being fit and exercising is a better use of the body and to be in better health. Other may argue that eve thought they are health and have a balanced diet, but their body has a sort of disorder that acts as an obstacle to have a better life choice in their health. Little things like this make the human not know what the true meaning of how a body is supposed to be in better health.
The use of biotechnology can help many disease or even disorders. Some of the most common forms of medical biotechnology are, “from then, new and more affective vaccines, drugs and diagnostic tools have been developed by medical biotechnology for cancer, autoimmune disease, and infectious diseases such as tuberculosis” . This is a better understanding of how medical biotechnology has help society as an overall and how it can continue to help. I believe that using medical biotechnology can impact society overall because although there are many unknowns to this biotechnology we have seen a great evolution to better understand how the body reacts to using medical biotechnology.
Secondly, when it comes to new and improved technology there always comes someone that argues if this technology is ethical. In general, when someone asking what does ethical mean? Ethics means a branch of philosophy that may deal with morals and their principles and some may argue that ethics and morals are both based on culture . Culture is seen to be different within each household that the word culture is different to everyone in society. The usage of medical biotechnology is easily developed to become something that is unethical, “commit themselves to keeping pace with scientific advances, they should not fall pray to the trap of captivating biotechnological victories by ignoring their ethical-social responsibilities” .
Some pessimistic person may argue that medical biotechnology has more controversies then if it may actually do any good. Some of the ways that medical biotechnology can be unethical may include but not limited to using the biotechnology for weaponizing something this technology can be easily accessible and harm society rather than doing good. With every newly discovered technology there will always be the question if this product is ethical? Although everyone is entitled to their opinion and their way of thinking only thing that is left is, will they evolve with everyone or stay behind?
Next, how will society react to the usage of medical biotechnology? Although this technology can help many people not many may agree that this technology is beneficial to society. Without having biotechnology then how would we be when we need a vaccine of some sort? What would society do when everyone around was sick? Having these benefits of medical biotechnology has helped society to better understand how the body reacts to certain types of medicine and how this research can help the next person to discover something that was not thought about yet. Some people may think that this technology is in way scientifically objective because as part of this society as humans are easily influenced by emotions and perception from everyone around us rather it comes from close family members to coworkers.
We as humans let our emotions get the better out of us and sometimes that is what makes us not go to our full protentional. According to Nastasia Belc, “In the long term, biotechnology will have a profound impact on our perceptions of health and age; it will increase our capacity to protect the planet and material science and bioengineering with an important impact on the environment and on the entire world economy” (Belc, 5). This quote impacted me and made me realize that as a society we depend on biotechnology in ways that we do not actually think about. Thinking back to the years, before this technology was taboo in a way we see how many people suffered to get to where we are as a society. Everything around us is changing and technology will advance further, and medical biotechnology can help society live longer and have a better future overall.
Furthermore, we see that medical biotechnology can help society, better health, and rather it meets the reasoning behind ethics, but someone may ask will this medical biotechnology be affordable to society. In today’s society we hear in the news of newly discoveries and how this research has helped everyone, but we do not see how this new technology will cost everyone. Even today medical biotechnology is quite expensive, simple medicine over the counter can have its costly prices. One may ask how does this research actually cost? Well according to Kenneth Gertz, “Spending on research exceeds $35 billion, and clinical grant spending now tops $11 billion” .
We can see that medical biotechnology can be quite expensive, but the outlook one may see is although this money is a lot, society can see that this could benefit society more and have a better understanding of how this research can help other people in the world. When everyone comes together and understands this medical biotechnology, society will have a better understanding of how the human body is and be aware its reasoning towards certain disorders or diseases. It is quite shocking that total spending of several federal sources, pharmaceutical, biotechnology, and medical device companies have reached nearly $94 billion in only 2008 (Gertz, 32). This is a lot of money to only go into medical biotechnology but what I see is that this money can be used for the greater good, these new discoveries, and research can help society becoming a better living environment overall.
Following, all of this there comes a time when this research maybe accessible quite easily that it can be hacked and given to the public for easier access. So, with that being said what can society do for security? When it comes to security we often do not think about how this medical biotechnology can affect one another. Information about medical biotechnology can be powerful in a way that anyone can easily hack the research and claim them as their own, “Information plays an important role in the development of a country; thus it is essential that measures be taken to ensure and enforce information security”.
On the news we always hear about how research can help someone when they are looking to something similar to the topic, but we rarely hear about the people that hack their way into the research or even plagiarize. Cybercrimes are not often known, but there are said to be many of them by mimicking the way a real scholarly source would look like. (Dadkhah, 32). Situations like this are what makes you wonder of how this research could have a better security, but someone may argue to what extent is this really necessary. Security is important while others disagree. For example, when one goes to the doctor we hope that the doctor will keep the information private, but what would happen if they get hacked and our information is out in the open? Security should have a better development; such as a good algorithm for hacking purposes as well for researchers in medical biotechnology to keep their work in a safe place.
As a conclusion, these are some of the major impacts of how medical biotechnology will change and improve society as an overall. One may wonder how will these new discoveries impact society and how will they react? We see that better health can have an impact in way that we get a better understanding of what the concept of health truly is. Ethics takes a part of medical biotechnology because a scientist should have proper morals, mind, soul, and a clear conscious. We all wonder how society will react to these newly improved medical biotechnologies and we guess that society will evolve with these new discoveries. The cost of the this newly improved technology will always come to mind, but it would be good to weight out the options on which is more important to help understand the human body. Lastly, security will always be around, and someone will always want to take the information and claim it as their own. That is why it is important for anyone to keep their research somewhere safe, rather than to have it out in the open. Overall, medical biotechnology is always changing and improving for the greater good of society, rather society will agree or not.
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Running Head: the Impact of Technology on Education
Introduction
Sezgin’s (2002) study states, environments enriched with multimedia class software increases students’ success levels. Technology is useful to monitor students learning experiences and help the students develop mentally . “Technology can foster a student to conjecture, justify and generalize mathematical contents by doing fast and accurate computation and analysis of various representations.” Some teachers also stated that lessons were able to be given much faster and with ease because of the reduction of questions and increase in understanding on what students were doing in the science-based classroom , The curriculumn in turn became more fact based (Smith and Southerland 2007; Taylor et al. 2008).
Literature Review
Technology has advanced rapidly throughout the years and has become a part of our everyday life. The development of architecture, art, literature and even music has been influenced and changed because of this advancement. The usage of technology has even been implemented into the classroom to try and make learning and organizing things easier. According to Sezgin’s study, environments enriched with multimedia class software increases students’ success levels.” Also, Aktumen and Kacar have come to the conclusion that having an electronic device that is connected to an internet source enhances learning and comprehension while research conducted by Aktas, Alio?lu and Vardar have pointed towards a lower academic success rate.
Teachers who depend on technology to help when giving out extra assignments for students when they are at home embrace the use of technology in the classroom. Technology is useful to monitor their students learning experiences and help the students develop mentally . Also, it is stated that technology not only enables and facilitates learning, but also provides many different learning spaces, venues and tools . Lew and Jeong, 2014, stated, “Technology can foster a student to conjecture, justify and generalize mathematical contents by doing fast and accurate computation and analysis of various representations.” The writer of the article describes technology as a catalyst that greatly influences the speed that students studying mathematics learn at as “impressive.” Some teachers also stated that lessons were able to be given more faster with ease because of the reduction of questions and increase in understanding on what students were doing in the science based classroom , The curriculum in turn became more fact based .
Technologies implementation into today’s modern classroom has caused a shift or change in the way different tasks are done. In the Literacy field, technology makes students release their inner creativity with its different texts and multimodal features. . According to Kress & van Leeuwen, 1996, 2001 technology is seen as just another tool to writing rather than a new level in which a student can change the way they write and carve their form of writing. The significance of technology is how the user encompasses it and uses it to further change the way the writing process is undergone.
Recent studies have shown that there is an increase in learning with technology. In North Carolina courses are being offered that show students to solve problems using two dimensional and three-dimensional animating software . Also, tablets and computers are becoming increasingly used in the medical field due to the fact that it helps effectively transfer information while medical examinations are in process (C. Baumgart, 2017). Stables (1997) described technology in three ways; gaining experience and proper knowledge through practice, a tool that helps children learn about the outside world and learning to socially interact with one another.
A success in being able to integrate technology into a teacher’s curriculum showed that technology can be used in the learning process. Gardner and Hill,1999, said that technology is used in the classroom in order to help develop their student’s capabilities and self-esteem when they figure out a solution to a problem. Bungum stated that a teachers’ ‘‘beliefs and actions ultimately shape the kind of learning that young people get.” Research also stated that preservice methods should be implemented in order for teachers to adopt the same technological teaching methods of other professionally trained teachers. The usefulness of technology is not being accurately being measured with research and statistics states Garmire and Pearson 2006 and contributes to the ongoing debate on whether technology is really necessary in the classroom. There is still a lot of observing and investigating left to do in order to determine what is needed in order to have a technological classroom that meets student’s needs and helps enhance learning processes and student mindsets when it comes to learning.
Lai et al., used international data to determine the definite impact of technology, primarily computers, on student overall academic results and came to the conclusion to no significant evidence was found to find positive increase on student learning. The results of the research point towards no overall change in a pupil’s ability to increase overall percentage in exams and in classwork. Some students, as stated by the research, developed negative influences because of the assignation of computers in the learning environment.
“Digital literacies are increasingly being treated as an integral component of teaching and learning in more recent policy documents (e.g., U.S. Department of Education, 2010), reflecting an evolving conceptualization of literacy over the years .” This information shows that technology is being highly depended on as a source of general information and is being treated as beneficial in order to improve a students’ academic potential and overall grade.
Ben Jacob’s,2001, inferred that due to technological advancements in the new millennium students would be more astute, prepared, and independent when it came to their education. Jacobs inferred this because of the amount of resources available and steadily growing on many different platforms and databases. The amount of resources readily available gives a certain expectation out of today’s students and a push to further advance students into a higher level of academic understandment. Meagher, 2012 stated the early integration of technology into the learning environment helps the student feel more comfortable in their subject area and especially in mathematics.
Being more comfortable in the subject being studied helped the student be more accurate when solving a problem and also helped alleviate anxiety when taking tests. Dixon & Brown, 2012; Franz & Hopper, 2007 stated that evidence has portrayed a better understanding of science-based concepts and use of mathematical skills because of the integration of technology. Technology is being seen as necessary in order to educate the people in the “era of technological advancement” and is being put emphasis on by educators looking for a more efficient way of scoring each student’s individual academic potential.
Even though technology is being heavily depended on there is also evidence that it is being used poorly. A study conducted by researchers indicated that teachers fail when adopting new uses for technology and its uses. The study also pointed to a poor usage of the technology already bestowed to them until the teacher begins to comprehend the potential use of the technology and uses it correctly. Teachers also admitted, according to a study, to not be fully trained and qualified to integrate technology into the classroom environment (NCES) (2000). Studies also indicated that a “tech savvy” teacher couldn’t correctly integrate the use of technology into student’s learning environment . Schools that had many sources of technology readily available to students did not push students to use the technology as an advantage in the learning process. The result of these studies showed that in order for easily accessible technology to be put to use four factors had to be present; time, teacher’s attitudes, beliefs, and how comfortable the instructor felt on the usage of technology.
“The new millennium learners are considered as digitally literate, mobile, social, and experiential. They have short attention span; they choose not to pay attention, lack reflection and text literacy. Their learning preferences are in terms of peer to peer. They are visual and kinesthetic learners, they prefer to be engaged and enjoy learning based on their experience.” The students of this age are described to be unable to focus on their given task and therefore need the use of technology in order to give a straightforward visual representation of how to solve a problem and think with more logic. Students are so used to having technology in their daily lives for communication and entertainment purposes that according to the article they need to have some form of technology in their educational routine in order to best feel comfortable and more prone to understanding and learning a topic. There is still insufficient evidence today that shows solid results of the effects technology has on students and their academic improvement or degradation. Quantitative research is difficult to obtain because of the lack of technology in most schools and lack of experience when instructing children on how to use and best take advantage of the tools they have in hand.
The use of Web 2.0 tools has also been embraced by teachers seeking to find more uses of technology in the classroom. Carlos (2018) stated that the use of web tools increased the amount of participation in the classroom and students who were mostly quiet participated more by typing and discussing their answers. Web 2.0 tools introduced students to typing out their answers and discussing it online while at the same time preparing and being a catalyst for teachers once Web 3.0 tools are introduced. Gareis, Hylton,White, and Moye discussed the use of “Assessments”, which by the use of tools help to collect data and judge students on areas of struggle and areas of comfort. Assessments were described as better than “evaluations” in the fact that Assessments collect data on students while evaluations just gave the student a percentage. Gareis stated that teachers that taught at a higher level would give assessments that were lower than the standards that were taught during class.
“With the addition of these technologies come great responsibilities and the need for leadership ”. Merisotis and Kee both agree with the need for a leader who monitors how technology is implemented and the right way for it to be implemented in order to meet the requirements of many STEM programs and at the same time introduce students to a new system of technology. This can help technology evolve in the most effective and student beneficial way. Having the opinion of the leader can help districts determine whether a piece of software is necessary or should even be funded. The role of leader also surged various questions such as who the “leader” would be in this scenario. Most theories that have formed suggest the instructor using the technology as the leader therefore the teachers being the ones holding the opinion on the effectiveness of technology. Murphy (2001) stated that the problem with adding and using technologies into school isn’t solely based on the “leaders” but the fact that technology is politically, economically and socially funded and certified. Murphy states that it is up to technology coordinators in all school districts to provide the change and acknowledge different classes that can serve as opinion leaders.
Ozerbus stated that a technology friendly classroom needs specific features and not just a random set of electronics spread across the classroom. This shows how difficult the technological environment must be in order to have acceptable results. According to Ozerbus, students should have their own personal mobile device, some form of communication (internet connection), a screen that the teacher can control that the students can look at and follow along during lectures, an interface where the class can learn together, and a device management system that can be used to charge or store devices. Ozerbus describes these requirements as essential in order to be able to use technology to its full potential.
Research Method
“Research methodology is the procedures by which researchers go about their work of describing, explaining and predicting phenomena. It is also defined as the study of methods by which knowledge is gained. Its aim is to give the work plan of research” . The research I am conducting requires me to use a mixed-method research study in order to attain the best results. A mixed method study is defined as “The type of research in which a researcher of team of researchers combines elements of qualitative and quantitative research approaches for the purposes of breadth and depth of understanding and corroboration.”
I chose the mixed method research method because it allows me to both gather quantitative data, which is numerical, and qualitative data, which is based on observations. Having these two types of data allows me, the researcher, to better validate my results because of the increase in data and therefore the strengthening in results.
Participants
A total of 5 participants participated in this research to help gather the required data. The surveys were filled out anonymously and were completed through a web link. Also, this survey was required to be completed by teachers that teach High School students. I also sent the survey to teachers in the school I’m currently attending.
Materials
I used a computer to create my survey. I had also used “Survey Monkey”, a survey making website that gathers results once a survey is completed and compiles the data into graphs and charts. The survey, titled “Technology Impact”, included 9 questions that were a mix of numerical and qualitative data. The questions were mostly numerically based and also had a “comment” box in which a teacher could describe their answer or add their opinion in. This helped me achieve the mixed-method research method efficiently.
Procedure
The process in this research was long, but not so hard. When I first began the AP Course I started off by thinking about the simplest, in terms of whether it is doable and in efficiency, topic I could research. I started off on Gun Violence and how it affects different populations of people but noticed It would be a long process which didn’t fit with the time frame I was given in order to conduct my research and compile my data. I had to take the amount of time it took me to collect my data and even the time it took me to find people that were affected by cases of gun violence that would be willing to be part of my research. I decided to take an approach in which I could complete my research in my school which would decrease the time needed to find participants. This led me to use teachers, technology, and their students. Surveys were also a quick and easy method in order to gain results and question teachers quicker, so I decided to stick to that method. I then completed my survey by first introducing myself and my goal. I asked questions that would help me get to know the teacher being surveyed and then gradually started asking the questions that would complement my research best.
REFERENCES
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Running head: The Impact of technology on education. (2021, Oct 14).
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Technology Impact on Accounting Companies
Companies might need to assign individuals with new skills, arrange opportunities for them to continue, and train current employees to operate more analytical services and strategic thinking. For instance, Mauldin & Jenkins, a regional firm in the Southeast, established a Forward and Strategic Thinking Committee in fall 2017. This was done to examine how the new surrounding is going to impact a company of its size and the audit service. While technology leads to more compliance-related tasks and CPAs convert their concentration to advisory services and value-added strategic input; the possibility for profit and growth seem to be shiny at any spot in the profession's history.
As a result, the growth of accounting profession in the soon decade; small and mid-accounting corporations will obtain the number of benefits to their existing services and intellectual capital if it joins certified public accountant (CPA) associations although it is not a new profession. So, accounting firms probably will be deeply different in 10 years and perhaps as few as five years, said AICPA President and CEO Barry Melancon, CPA, CGMA. Leaders of this profession agree that CPAs are going to keep a fundamental role in the new business environment. In addition, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics continues to anticipate a positive future for accountants and career growth of 10% between 2016 and 2026.
Technology will assist accounting for better performing and drive the changes. In particular, 'the rollout of 5G cellular will allow for untethered, always-on, superfast, and secure internet allowing CPAs to connect to firm and client information resources and do analytics in real time using Artificial Intelligence and big data analytics tools' . To illustrate, accountants can observe and manipulate information to provide actionable advice in order to assist business to succeed. They can use sensors on inventory to track logistics, determine volume surges, and produce other real-time knowledge; when connected with data already reachable through physical internet connections.
According to the future of the accounting profession as deliberated by various accounting firm leaders as well as the technology-related factors which are believed to influence their corporation within the future. Thus, topics covered include the disruptive effect of artificial intelligence (AI) and massive data, the benefits of AI, machine learning(ML) and data analytics on accounting firms, and the role of technology in the interpretation and communication of data to costumers. Moreover, Anderson (2018) said that 'Auditing is moving to systems, process, and people, rather than an exclusive focus on the numbers' Anderson serves as an adviser to the AICPA's audit of the future initiatives. In fact, AI is an appropriate system but to know who to move from one place to another acceptably into vehicles traffic, stop and light signs, people have to add numerous pictures and information that the system is able to learn from.
To conclude, even though accounting companies are getting better than a few years ago, the exitance of technology helps the accounting firms to improve a lot soon. Also, Automation is going to decrease the number of lower level accountants in the future. On the other hand, it will increase the number of experienced CPAs which would confer clients to have a better connection. According to Bureau of Labor Statistics that the accounting career will grow 10% from 2016 to 2026. Overall, technology will have a huge assistance to accounting firms in the future.
References
- Tysiac, K., & Drew, J. (2018).
- Accounting firms: The next generation. Journal of Accountancy. Glickman, R. (2000).
- International association. Journal of Accountancy, 189(1), 41- 64.
- Retrieved on December 2, 2018 from: https://eds-b-ebscohost-com.ezproxy.net.ucf.edu/eds/detail/detail?vid=6&sid=d535be8a-e4a2-43ab-913c-19d13fcf750d%40pdc-v-sessmgr05&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmUmc2NvcGU9c2l0ZQ%3d%3d#AN=511145896&db=bf
- Happy New Year! Now, Everything Changes!: Firm leaders discuss the accounting profession’s future. (2018).
- Public Accounting Report, 42(1), 4–8.
- Retrieved from https://login.ezproxy.net.ucf.edu/login?auth=shibb&url=https://search-ebscohost-com.ezproxy.net.ucf.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=buh&AN=127290641&site=eds-live&scope=site
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Technology Impact on Accounting Companies. (2021, Oct 14).
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Analysis of the Impact of Medical Technology in Education
Technology over the past decade has advanced so dramatically and improved so many people’s lives in a variety of ways. Health and wellness fields have benefited from these technological advances as much as any industry. With these advancements, healthcare providers are able to improve the quality of care they provide for the people they serve. With the evolution of technology so has the development of electronic medical records (EMR) and electronic health records (EHR) systems. The importance of EMRs and EHRs are growing due to the need for large amounts of data and the ability to access information quickly.
Healthcare providers are under immense pressure to improve their effectiveness, limit errors, improve quality of care and reduce costs. New technology and electronic systems give providers the ability to improve patient care using a development similar to analytics, called informatics. According to Wan (2006), “Healthcare informatics research is a scientific endeavor that applies information science, computer technology, and statistical modeling techniques to develop decision support systems for improving both health service organizations' performance and patient care outcomes” .
Informatics can be used in clinical and non-clinical settings as well. Clinical settings use informatics to facilitating better overall diagnosis, treatment, and research with information found from medical images, bio-medical, clinical trials, and medical records. “People trained in clinical informatics help transform health care by analyzing, designing, implementing and evaluating information and communication systems that enhance individual and population health outcomes, improve care and strengthen the clinician-patient relationship” . This information allows physicians to make the most informed decisions possible when providing care to patients. The non-clinical application of informatics is utilized to facilitate communication and collaboration on the administrative levels. Primarily integrating information involving EMR/EHR systems as well as financial and administrative records. Non-clinical informatics also includes consumer health informatics, information system planning, data security, and project management Ashrafi et al., 2014.
Telehealth is another advancement in the healthcare field that has been made possible by the improvements in technology. “Telehealth technologies include a range of telephone, video- conference and internet-based applications that allows consultations, assessments and intervention services to be provided over a distance”. With special equipment, telehealth is able to help patients stay connected to their providers. The specially designed equipment is able to record patient data and communicate the information with doctors and/or caregivers. Although the equipment is very high-priced, the capability to generate a personal digital health record from without being in a health care facility is invaluable. According to ACE.edu, “This health record manages personal data and provides consumers with trending statistics which are displayed through different illustrated graphs. This information can also be merged with other consumer data and grouped together to provide population-based care” .
Recommendations for EHR and Technology Improvements
In my school district, we have an intranet system with our records and data that can be accessed by educators, administration and nurses. Through our intranet system you can access 504 plans, individual education plans (IEP), health screenings, immunization records as well as any other health issues including; asthma, diabetes, allergies and/or students prone to seizures. In addition to the intranet, the nurse has access to a system called I-CARE. I-CARE is handled by the Department of Public Health and allows our school nurse to look up immunizations and physicals on students whose provider uses this system.
My school's intranet system is not as progressive as the systems being used in the healthcare field. Our system was primarily designed for educators, not nurses and/or healthcare. The system we use is very rigid and does not allow the system to communicate with itself. This makes entering in information very tedious, time-consuming and increases the chance for errors. “The translation of the logic of health-care integration/continuity into practice lies in the planning and implementation of health-care networks and procedures” . More specific training with our processes and guidelines as wells as teaching individuals how to use the system more productively is very important. It is vital that we are able to use new technology to strengthen our coordination and develop more continuity within our system and district. “The use of technology allows nurses to access patient information more quickly, improve efficiency, reduce potential errors and access timely and relevant patient information” .
Other areas that need to be improved within our system are designing a specific area to document chronic and non-chronic injuries, dates of certain testing and the ability to run reports more easily. The nurse is able to input vaccination dates, physical/dental/vision/hearing dates, any illness or injury, health conditions, parent communication, medications, however; there is not a specifically designed area for this information. There is not template, protocol or a specific process for how it is to be entered. The nurse enters the information in the best way they see fit. We need more training, protocol, and process set up to maintain consistency within our electronic medical records system. After they are trained properly in these areas and know how to use the new tools, our nurses will have the skills to reach a new level of maintaining, delivering, and utilizing information that benefits our students .
Overall our system needs to be modified or in my opinion adopt an entirely new system. A system I have heard great things about is Skyward. This system gives nurses the capability to be more effective with adding and integrating student health information within the flexible but structured software. Using the same platform educators can use skyward to track student record grades, access curriculum management, accommodations for students, parent communication and more. The skyward software has both the educators and health professional bringing overall continuity.
As a physical educator, my role in health care aspects within our school is limited and focuses more on preventive health. I am able to access and view health issues for students through our district intranet system, however; I cannot enter any new information. That process of any health information and documentation goes through the school nurse. When a student in my class gets injured they bring a doctors note to the office for the nurse and the nurse makes an extra copy for my file. One improvement that would make this process more effective is adding doctor’s notes to the online system and eliminating paper copies altogether. Possibly have notifications set up in the system for when students are medically limited from participation and/ or cleared to resume activities. The skyward system I mentioned above incorporates a version of this within their system.
References
- Ajayi, N. (2013). Impact of health informatics on nurses' computer skills and the role of the library. The Electronic Library, 31(2), 157-166. doi:10.1108/02640471311312357
- Ashrafi, N., Kuilboer, J., Joshi, C., Ran, I., & Pande, P. (2014). Health Informatics in the Classroom: An Empirical Study to Investigate Higher Education's Response to Healthcare Transformation. Journal of Information Systems Education, 24(4), 305-315. Retrieved from Retrieved from http://jise.org/
- Di Stanislao, F., Visca, M., Caracci, G., & Moirano, F. (2011). Integrated Systems and Continuity in Health Care: A Navigation through the Concepts and Models. International Journal of Care Pathways, 15(3), 82-89. doi:10.1258/jicp.2011.011008
- Reed, D. (2015). Technology, Leadership, and Health Informatics Module 1: Computer Technology Part 2: Understanding Informatics [Powerpoint]. Retrieved from https://a19-91135688.cluster19.canvas-user-content.com/courses/1564812/files/91135688/course%20files/course-content/module-content/01-module/m1-04-video-02.html
- Reed, D. (2015). Technology, Leadership, and Health Informatics Module 1: Computer Technology Part 4: Telehealth in Healthcare [Powerpoint]. Retrieved from https://a19-91135688.cluster19.canvas-user-content.com/courses/1564812/files/91135688/course%20files/course-content/module-content/01-module/m1-04-video-04.html
- Wan, T. T. (2006). Healthcare Informatics Research: From Data to Evidence-Based Management. Journal of Medical Systems, 30(1), 3-7. doi:10.1007/s10916-006-7397-9
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Analysis of the Impact of Medical Technology in Education. (2021, Oct 14).
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List of Episodes Featuring Students of Royal Woods High School
This is a list of episode in The Loud House to feature some students of Royal Woods High School, not counting Lori, Leni, Luna, Luan (sometimes), and Bobby.
SEASON 1
GET THE MESSAGE
Whitney is mentioned by Lori in this episode.
PICTURE PERFECT
Carol Pingrey (doesn’t speak) debuts in this episode.
FOR BROS ABOUT TO ROCK
Whitney (debut) makes a cameo in the line for the SMOOCH concert.
THE LOUDEST YARD
Whitney (cameo) makes a cameo in the bleachers in Lincoln and Lynn’s football game.
SEASON 2
SUITE AND SOUR
Whitney has a small speaking appearance in this episode, where she asks Leni, whom she mistakes as Fritz, how she’s supposed to get to her room if the elevator is broken.
CHEATER BY THE DOZEN
Dana, Teri, and Teri’s Boyfriend debut in this episode. Total is 3 high school students.
PARTY DOWN
African American Teen Boy, Becky, Black Haired Teen Girl, Chaz, Dana, Gray Haired Teen Boy, Joey, Tad, Teri, and Teri’s Boyfriend appear as the guests of Lori’s sophisticated party in her basement. Total is 10 high school students.
L IS FOR LOVE
Chaz (doesn’t speak properly) is Leni’s crush. Sam is Luna’s crush. Sam has two unnamed friends, one is a boy and one is a girl. Only the girl speaks. African American Teen Boy, Becky, Black Haired Teen Girl, Dana, Gray Haired Teen Boy, Joey, and Teri’s Boyfriend make a cameo in the high school. Whitney makes a cameo as a customer in Banger’s & Mosh. Total is 12 high school students.
SPELL IT OUT
Carol and Whitney are mentioned by Lori in this episode. Later, Becky, Dana, Black Haired Teen Girl, and Blonde Haired Teen Girl hang out at the Loud House thanks to Lori. Total is 6 high school students (4 appear physically). The high school students in this episode are girls.
JOB INSECURITY
Carol is mentioned by Lori in this episode.
ARGGH! YOU FOR REAL?
African American Teen Boy, Becky, Black Haired Teen Girl, Gray Haired Teen Boy, Sam’s Friends, and Teri’s Boyfriend make a cameo as the spectators in ARGGH’s Most Haunted Tour’s visit to Royal Woods. Total is 7 high school students.
CHANGE OF HEART
Carol and Whitney are mentioned by Lori in this episode.
HEALTH KICKED
Whitney is mentioned by Lori in this episode. African American Teen Boy and Black Haired Teen Girl make a cameo outside of the Royal Woods Arena. Total is 3 high school students (2 appear physically).
NO LAUGHING MATTER
Gray Haired Teen Boy makes a cameo in the Chortle Portal.
LEGENDS
Black Haired Teen Girl, Teri’s Boyfriend, and Whitney make a cameo in the airport. Total is 3 high school students.
MALL OF DUTY
African American Teen Boy, Becky, Black Haired Teen Girl, Dana, Gray Haired Teen Boy, Sam’s Female Friend, Tad, Teri, and Teri’s Boyfriend make a cameo in the mall. Total is 9 high school students.
READ ALOUD
Dana and Black Haired Teen Girl make a cameo for one shot in the Royal Woods Library. Total is 2 high school students. The high school students in this episode are girls.
THE CRYING DAME
Becky and Whitney make a cameo when they visit Lori in the Loud House. However, due to Fenton’s repeated song, the girls leave unenthusiastically. Total is 2 high school students. The high school students in this episode are girls.
SNOW WAY OUT
Black Haired Teen Girl and Gray Haired Teen Boy make a cameo as competitors of Bobbie Fletcher’s contest at the Burpin’ Burger. The person who finds the golden tire mark wrapper is the winner and gets to be on Bobbie’s pit crew, but the teens didn’t make it. Total is 2 high school students.
SEASON 3
ROADIE TO NOWHERE
Tad, Teri, and African American Teen Boy make a cameo in the Red Herring for Chunk’s concert. Becky, Black Haired Teen Girl, Blonde Haired Teen Girl, Gray Haired Teen Boy, Sam’s Friends, and Teri’s Boyfriend make a cameo in the high school’s Royal Rumble for Luna’s concert. Total is 10 high school students.
SELFIE IMPROVEMENT
Carol Pingrey appears as the antagonist character in this episode. Becky, Black Haired Teen Girl, Blonde Haired Teen Girl, Dana, and Teri make a cameo in the flashback to the high school’s homecoming pageant, in which Carol beat Lori to. Gray Haired Teen Boy appears as the crown holder. African American Teen Boy, Becky, Chaz, Tad, and Whitney make a cameo in the flashback to Lori’s golf camp, where Carol won. Total is 11 high school students.
CITY SLICKERS
African American Teen Boy and Black Haired Teen Girl make small cameos in the city. Total is 2 high school students.
FOOL ME TWICE
Luna is pranked by Luan when she sees her double interrupting Sam’s concert (with her friends) and playing polka music. Total is 3 high school students.
UPCOMING
An upcoming episode will take place in the high school. Gray Haired Teen Boy, Tad, Teri’s Boyfriend, and Whitney are featured in one scene.
LIVE LIFE LOUD!
Sam Sharp appears in the story Sam’s Pick, where Luna thinks she loses the guitar pick Sam gave her yesterday. Luna stalls her until she tells the truth. Sam shows Luna she puts both her and Luna’s picks in Luna’s guitar case to make sure they wouldn’t lose them. Luna apologizes, and the two girls have a rock concert in the attic.
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List of episodes featuring students of royal woods high school. (2021, Oct 14).
Retrieved November 3, 2025 , from
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Wyatt Reynolds Mainland High School
If modern medicine is so advanced, then why do preventable diseases kill so many people every year. According to MD Paul Offit, “more than 3 million people die from vaccine-preventable diseases each year. Approximately 1.5 million of these deaths are in children less than 5 years old.” There are a lot of contributors to this, a country might not be medically developed enough, they might not be able to afford national coverage, or an impoverished population. But the main reason in developed nations is false research, outdated studies, and gullible people. They're called antivaxxers and they raise the question, how did this movement start and grow?
\When kids aren’t vaccinated, diseases that haven't been a problem in decades, or even centuries, can spread like wildfire, and become a problem because of human error. Liz Meszaros states, “Mumps: In 2016, multiple outbreaks occurred, totaling 6,366 cases in the United States. Compared with the 229 reported cases in 2012… Pertussis: Between 10,000 to 40,000 cases of pertussis occur annually, according to CDC estimates, and cause up to 20 deaths. In 2014, California reported an outbreak that infected 9,934 people; in 2012, Washington state had a reported 2,530 cases.” (2018), if we have such advanced and proven medical techniques, then the recent uptick in cases of these preventable diseases and more, wouldn’t add up, if it weren't for a recent poll from Research America “The number of Americans who believe vaccinations are crucial to public health has fallen by 10 percent in the last 10 years” (2018). The poll shows a clear drop in support for vaccines, but why?
“Only 71% of those surveyed said it was “very important” to have their children vaccinated, down from 82% in 2008. The survey also saw a drop in the percentage of those who were confident in the system’s evaluation of the safety of vaccines, down to 77% from 85% 10 years ago.” -Natasha Bach (2018). Americans are beginning to lose trust in vaccines, because of research done by Andrew Wakefield in 1998. “This doctor, Andrew Wakefield, wrote that his study of 12 children showed that the three vaccines taken together could alter immune systems, causing intestinal woes that then reach, and damage, the brain.” says Clyde Haberman (2015). In the same paragraph Clyde also says, “Dozens of epidemiological studies found no merit to his work, which was based on a tiny sample. The British Medical Journal went so far as to call his research “fraudulent.” The British journal Lancet, which originally published Dr. Wakefield’s paper, retracted it. The British medical authorities stripped him of his license.” His findings were never accepted in their time, and the General Medical Council took his license. And yet, today millions are supporting his research and taking it as an absolute truth.
The problem is that when worrying and over-protective parents see a study that says they could be giving their young children autism, they don’t even question it, and consequently experiments like Wakefield’s spread like wildfire. “Despite the small sample size (n=12), the uncontrolled design, and the speculative nature of the conclusions, the paper received wide publicity, and MMR vaccination rates began to drop because parents were concerned about the risk of autism after vaccination.” -T. S. Sathyanarayana Rao and Chittaranjan Andrade (2011). When people think with their hearts not their minds, things like the antivax movement form.
So where did Wakefield go wrong with his study. As previously mentioned, his sample size was far too small, using twelve children to represent the entire youth of the western world doesn’t make much sense. Other than that, Wakefield’s study was largely supported financially by a lawyer who was working on a large anti-vaccine related lawsuit, “the Wakefield study’s funding sources included a lawyer who was working on an anti-vaccine lawsuit for people who believed that the vaccines caused their children’s medical conditions. Secondly, the lawyer paid Wakefield to assist with the lawsuit” -GI Society (2018). Wakefield also largely profited from his “not-for-profit' organization “Thoughtful House Center for Children”, where his salary was roughly $300,000 a year. “The organization was technically not-for-profit, but Wakefield received an annual salary of nearly US$300,000.” -GI Society (2018). Which does seem like an awful lot to be making of a not for profit organization. Wakefield and his associates clearly had a lot to gain from publishing this fraudulent study and preying off the fear of parents.
It's very interesting to see people's judgement be affected by fear and worrying to such an extent as creating a dangerous movement that puts our society, and the lives of children in danger.
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