Month: April 2021
The Little Rock Nine and the Civil Rights Movement: Trailblazers of Equality
The Civil Rights Movement really helped propel our nation a step forward, doing something that was long overdue. Slavery in the United States begin in 1619. It was never really ended until 1865 due to the 13th Amendment. Although slavery with African Americans was over, equal rights and opportunities to these individuals were not close to being achieved. Many people and groups played a big role in giving African Americans, as well as other individuals, those equal opportunities that they strived for. Whites went to different schools, had different bathrooms, even had separate water fountains from African Americans. On September 4, 1957 a group of 9 African American students, at Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas, wanted to be the change that they wanted to see.
Minnijean Brown,16, Elizabeth Eckford,15, Ernest Green,16, Thelma Mothershed,17, Melba Patillo,16, Gloria Ray,15, Terrence Roberts,15, Jefferson Thomas,15, and Carlotta Walls,14, were brave enough to take on a journey that they knew might be difficult and very hard to deal with mentally and even physically. Daisy Bates, who was the President of the NAACP in Arkansas, picked these students to be the ones who would begin school at a predominately white high school. They soon later became known as the “Little Rock Nine.” So, on September 4, 1957 8 of the Little Rock Nine made their way onto the campus of Central High. They were driven by Daisy Bates. The one that didn’t arrive with the rest of the nine was Elizabeth Eckford. Eckford arrived to Central alone because she did not have a telephone, so she was not aware of the transportation plans. The Arkansas governor of that time, Orval Faubus, sent in the Arkansas National Guard to keep the nine from entering the school. Faubus said that this was for the student’s protection, rather than it being a problem with the African American students being in a school with whites. While the nine were trying to enter the school there were many whites yelling, spitting, and protesting the idea of mixing blacks and whites in a school setting. The National Guard was removed 16 days later on September 20. 3 days later the nine were escorted through the angry white protestors. With fear of the nine being injured, the police took them away to safety. On the 25th President Dwight D. Eisenhower sent 1,200 people from the United States Army to escort the Nine. Finally, the Nine African American students arrived at school and were able to take part of a regular school day. All but one of the nine finished the school year after being bullied and made fun of daily by white students. Minnijean Brown was the one who didn’t make it to the end of the school year. Brown was kicked out for lashing back at the bullying. These nine were a huge reason to why the civil rights movement was successful. Especially with the nine all being younger than 17 and making such a big impact on the world.
The Little Rock Nine inspired more movements and progression to be made in the goal for everyone to have equal rights. Melba Patillo, who was one of the nine, said that the soldier who was instructed to protect her told her that in order to get through the year she would have to become a soldier. He said, “Never let your enemy know what you are feeling.” Patillo obviously took the soldiers advice as she made it through the year. That soldier-like attitude was a common attitude that civil rights leaders had to adopt. I would say that the Little Rock Nine were significant in 3 main different ways. The first is that the Nine were able to integrate blacks into schools with whites, which made a big impact in civil rights. The second is that they were so young compared to most civil rights leaders. Lastly, they never gave up on going to Central High even when they were tormented every day, but it led them all to being successful people.
The Little Rock Nine were the first African Americans to really cause a stir by going to an all-white school. They probably didn’t know that they would do something that would change the world and be talked about 60 years later. 3 years before in 1954 there was the Supreme Court case of Brown v. Board of Education. Oliver Brown filed a suit against the Board of Education in Topeka Kansas. This was a result of Brown’s daughter not being able to enroll at an all-white school in Topeka. Brown said that schools for African American kids were not on the same level as white schools, as in the quality of education. He said that it violated the 14th Amendment. It was ratified in 1868 and basically said that citizenship is acknowledged to all the people who were born in the United States, even if the person was a slave. It also gave citizens equal protection. Oliver Brown had a valid argument that the 14th Amendment was not being put to use. Brown v. Board of Education ruled that segregation in schools went against that equal protection of citizens that was ruled in the 14th Amendment. The Little Rock nine basically tested Brown v. Board of Education to see if the ruling changed anything. Obviously, the ruling didn’t change much with all the difficulty of these black students trying to enter the all-white Central High School in Little Rock. Many whites didn’t want to see black students in schools with their kids. After these 9 students attended a white school it became more common for whites and blacks to attend school together. They really made the 14th Amendment go into effect singly handedly.
The fact that the Nine’s ages ranged from 14 to 17 is impressive in itself. They had the confidence and bravery to take on a huge challenge that would get a ton of publicity. It was shocking at that time to see young teenagers that just destroyed segregation with their bold moves. There were many leaders in the civil rights movement but there may not be any that were younger and made as big of an impact as the Little Rock Nine. Obviously today we have schools with all kinds of ethnicities. This is largely in part of these brave students. Most of the time young people may be overlooked because of their youth, especially as young African Americans. These nine young men and women didn’t care. They faced segregation head on and fought for their equality. Martin Luther King Jr. in his famous “I Have a Dream” speech said, “I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character.” The Little Rock Nine achieved this. Eventually they were judged by the content of their character and not the color of their skin.
Lastly the nine students never gave up. The NAACP president in Arkansas believed in these young kids to achieve what they wanted done. The first day they tried to attend Central High School they were mocked and protested against. Elizabeth Eckford, who was the youngest that arrived alone, was spat on. There is a famous picture of Eckford, where in the background a white woman is yelling at her. Eckford looks calm as she keeps on walking. Like the soldier told her, Eckford has a soldier-like attitude, which all the nine had. They were tormented daily but still woke up and faced those challenges every day which displays a lot of heart and bravery.
The Little Rock Nine still, today, is making an impact on the world. They now have a foundation called “The Little Rock Nine Foundation.” It was created to help advocate for equality for all human beings. Although there are still some less fortunate and minority kids that do not receive the education to allow them to be successful. The foundation’s mission is “to provide direct financial support and a mentorship program for students to help them reach their educational goals. They strive to inspire kids to be proud of their education and to want their education. The Foundation encourages these kids to take advantage of the opportunity to have a quality education that will set them up for future success. Even their foundation has inspired others to take part in helping young, less fortunate children, especially African Americans. Professional NBA basketball player, Lebron James, has built a school in James’ hometown of Akron, Ohio. The “I Promise School” provides a free education to many kids in the Akron area. They provide free breakfast, lunch, and snacks for the kids as well as many other benefits. Without the Little Rock Nine this opportunity still may have not been accomplished to this day.
The Little Rock Nine’s story is still shared today. There is was an off-Broadway play that was called “Little Rock.” Those who were able to get the play to the big national stage explain that it’s hard to hear about this story of these nine young teenager, but it is also very important to hear their story. They also explained that it was important to them to draw black, as well as white, audiences to the play. It’s important for all of us to understand the risks that people had to take to get this country to where it is today. To be more prepared and knowledgeable of the Little Rock Nine’s story they talked to Ernest Green, who was 16 when he attended Central High. He said he was driven to act the way he did by the example set by his mother and father, as well as other civil rights leaders, including athletes such as Jackie Robinson. It took over ten years for them to prepare for “Little Rock” to finally be ready for performance. Finally, they took the stage in September of this year and told the story to thousands.
Today 8 of the 9 are still living. The deceased was Jefferson Thomas. After high school he went on to serve in the Army and was deployed to Vietnam. He operated a business with his family and also received a bachelor’s in business administration at California State University. He passed away in 2010 from cancer.
Melaba Patillo went on to graduate from San Francisco State university with a bachelor’s degree in journalism and also worked to receive her Ph.D. She became a reporter with NBC in San Francisco. She has written two books that have to do with her experiences that came from her bravery in 1957. Now she is in the communications department at Dominican University.
Carlotta Walls, who was the youngest member, graduated from Central High School. She attended the University of Northern Colorado. She is now the President of the Little Rock Nine Foundation, as well as a real estate broker.
Elizabeth Eckford was the one who walked to school alone. She did not graduate from Central High School. After high school she attended a few colleges and eventually earned a bachelor’s in history. She served in the U.S. Army as a journalist and also used her degree to be a history teacher. Today she lives in Little Rock where she is a probation officer.
Ernest Green was the only senior of the Nine. After graduating he went to Michigan State and earned a bachelor’s in social science as well as a masters in sociology. He also went on to be appointed as the Assistant Secretary of Labor during Jimmy Carter’s administration from 1977 to 1981. He is now the Senior Managing Director at Lehman Brothers, which as an investment banking firm.
Gloria Ray graduated from Kansas City Central High School and went on to attend Illinois Institute of Technology. She earned her bachelor’s in chemistry and math. She worked as a public-school teacher for a short while. Eventually she moved to the Netherlands to work for a telecommunications company. Ray retired in 1994.
Minnijean Brown was expelled from Central High after lashing back out at her antagonizers. Eventually she graduated from a high school in New York. She graduated from Southern Illinois University with her degree in journalism and also got another degree in social work from a University in Canada. She became a social activist and also served as a deputy assistant secretary for workforce diversity in the Clinton administration. She had a documentary made about her life.
Terrence Roberts moved to California after his year at Central High and graduated from Los Angeles High School. He went to California State University, where he earned his bachelors in sociology, as well as the University of California, where he received his master’s in social welfare. He then received a Ph.D. at Southern Illinois University in psychology. Roberts became a CEO of his own management consultant firm. He as well wrote about events that happened in 1957 and his experiences with them.
Thelma Mothershed received her diploma from Central High, which she received through the mail, in 1959. She too graduated from Southern Illinois University. She earned her bachelor’s in home economics, as well as her masters in guidance and counseling education. Mothershed taught in the Illinois school system for 28 years. She also worked a detention center for juveniles. She Retired in 1994 and now lives in Little Rock.
I have learned a lot about and a lot from these people. They were such brave, young people. They took a big risk to leave somewhere that they were comfortable at and had friends and did something that changed the country. Being so young these 9 relate to many teenagers today. Many young African Americans, as well as whites, look at their story and find inspiration. They teach how important education is to help us become successful. Not only that but that having heart and the desire to not give up no matter how far away your dreams may be, if you fight and work hard enough we can all achieve and reach those dreams. The Nine also broke the color barrier single handedly. 9 young African Americans wanted to walk into a school surrounded by whites to receive a quality education and also the show they deserved everything that whites had. They showed that everyone was equal. The Little Rock Nine played a big role in the Civil Rights movement. They made the 14th Amendment be used and forced people to abide by it. Thankfully today because of them the quality of education for everyone is much better. Today it is the norm to attend school with many different races. These teenagers proved that the color of your skin or how you look doesn’t matter. All that matters are how much heart you have. We should all be thankful for September 4, 1957 and how they day changed America and how these teenagers proved that if you stay on the right path you can be successful and overcome every obstacle that is put in your way.
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The Little Rock Nine and the Civil Rights Movement: Trailblazers of Equality. (2021, Apr 17).
Retrieved November 3, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2021/04/page/3/
Review of the Movie “Beach Party”
I choose the movie "Beach Party? for my film report. Beach Party was released August 7, 1963. The film was written by Lou Rusoff and directed by William Asher. The music for this film was composed by Les Baxter featuring Dick Dale and the Del tones, Annette Funicello, and Frankie Avalon. The film starred Frankie Avalon as Frankie and Annette Funicello as Dolores. Beach Party is a romantic comedy/ musical that was directed towards teenage audiences. The social norms presented in this film included friendships and romantic relationships coupled with peer pressure and jealousy. This made the movie very relatable for teenagers in the 1960’s.
Annette Funicello stared in the film as Dolores. Annette Funicello was born October 22, 1942 in Utica, New York. Annette got her start in television when she was discovered by Walt Disney and became one of the original Mouseketeers on The Mickey Mouse Club. After The Mickey Mouse Club ended, Annette went on to guest star in other television shows such as “Zorro” and “Make Room for Daddy”. Afterwards, Annette starred in several movies including “The Shaggy Dog” (1959), “Babes in Toyland” (1961), and “Beach Party” (1963). Due to her incredible singing voice, Annette was pressured into starting a singing career. She released several singles including “Dream Boy” (1961) and “What’s a Girl To Do” (1967). On September 14, 1993 Annette received her star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. Annette published her autobiography in 1994 called “A Dream is a Wish Your Heart Makes: My Story”. She tells the story of how she got discovered by Walt Disney and what life was like being an actress. She also wrote about her diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis and how it effected her life. Annette passed away from complications of Multiple Sclerosis on April 8, 2013 in Bakersfield, California.
"Beach Party" is set on a beach during the summer in the early 1960’s. The music in this film is connected to the material learned in units two and three on early Rock and Roll and Surf music. Rock and Roll and Surf music were very popular among teenagers and young adults during the 1960’s. The music in this film was part of the storyline, it was upbeat and featured songs that made people want to dance. The characters in the film were not portrayed as musical artists, they were portrayed as normal teenagers enjoying summer vacation at the beach with friends. The songs that the characters sang blended into the storyline and featured songs about surfing, dancing, and love. The overall role of the music in this film was to portray feelings of summer love and fun with friends.
An important scene in the film took place at the restaurant/ night club. Frankie Avalon’s character wanted to make his girlfriend Dolores jealous so he asked another girl to dance with him. As sounds of the electric guitar and drums filled the air, Frankie began singing “Don’t Stop Now”. While Frankie was singing, he began dancing with multiple girls as his girlfriend watched in anger. Soon, everyone in the club started dancing while Dolores sat alone. This is an important scene in the film because it sets the musical tone for the film and shows how peer pressure can effect personal relationships.
This film review was helpful in learning about music in the 1960’s era. Additionally, this film featured Dick Dale who was a guitarist that would go on to shape Rock And Roll and Surf music in the years to come.
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Review of the movie "Beach Party". (2021, Apr 17).
Retrieved November 3, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2021/04/page/3/
About Immigration to the United States
Going back to history, America was built by immigrants coming to this country in hopes of the American dream. Today, immigration is the number one subject every media and politics talk about. Coming from a family that immigrated to America for a better future, I take it personal hearing a topic that brings so much controversy at a national level. Immigrants are always talked about with an aggressive and negative tone, especially to Mexican immigrants. You see newspaper headlines reading “Are immigrants a drain on government resources?” (Lowrey 2018). Unfortunately, the public is fed lies, on how immigrants are here to take over the United States, giving Americans citizens a less opportunity to find a job.
Imagine coming to the United States with hopes for a better life, and leaving loved ones behind. Visualize, crossing the desert with just a gallon of water in a 98-degree weather/temperature of boiling sun over your head, not knowing if you would make it. Think about yourself being close to the finish line and all of sudden you see flashing lights of an officer approaching you. Envision yourself and your child being separated for no reason nor explanation of where you would see them again and how it negatively affect your life. Just like how being labeled a minority and called other names such as wet bag, illegal alien, infest, etc can also affect you personally. An immigrant children work harder to have an equal opportunity in today’s society.
Immigration in America goes back to the 1880’s, during the Colonial Era. The majority of the fellow immigrants came to America for freedom, to practice faith, economic opportunity or against their will. Over the year United States have created immigration laws and have changed who is eligible for citizenship. Unfortunately, rising number of immigration claims Trump’s Administration has taken action to stop this overflowing. Controversial has argued Trump’s Administration is not handling the situation fairly. President Trump has made immigration policies top of his presidential agenda. This issue the most disputable and controversial issue in politics and media.
My parents came to America in 1993, they both were newlyweds and eager to start their family in a land of the free. My mom was the middle child and was the first one in her family to leave her hometown and travel 1,615 miles to a small town called Salinas, California. She left home, not knowing when she would see her family again. She never lost hope. Her status as “illegal immigrant” didn't stop both my parents, they work hard everyday to provide a better future and higher education for my siblings and I. Even though I grew up as a citizen with immigrant parents, I was still labeled as a minority. My childhood was rough, worked twice hard to prove society. The big picture here is that immigrants are the foundation of the American dream.
Instead of framing immigration in such a negative ways, we should create a new narrative that focuses what immigration has contributed to the economic, social and political process that are fundamentals to the United States because of Trump administration has made it challenging to people view this issue in a different light. One of the most common narratives I've heard is, since Trump’s presidential campaign he was using the illegal immigrant, “build the wall” swollen to get media attention and the vote of the people. “We are calling on Congress to build a great border wall to stop dangerous drug and criminals from pouring into our county” (Liptak, Merica and Kopan 2018). His comments are problematic referring to immigrants as being dangerous drug dealers and criminals. However, it is important to realize that not everyone coming into America has a criminal history or background. Majority immigrants seeking refuge Trump’s administration denying. Perhaps their home country economy is not a realistic place to raise a family. A narrative immigrants referred as “pollutants or infested” is inaccurate, but it is also problematic.
David Cisneros’ article “Immigrants as Pollutant” states, “when the nation is convinced as a physical body, immigrants are presented either as an infectious disease or as a physical burden...immigrants are represented as criminals, invaders, or dangerous” (Cisneros page 57). Visualize yourself being called infested in a country that you have built a home and contributed to the economy. Trump has always had strong hate toward illegal immigrants.
Trump brutally honest towards immigrants. Trump’s language referring immigrants as animals when he called them infested is unacceptable and dehumanizing. As the commander of chief of the United States, everyone feels entitled to believe what he says. Recent assumptions towards Trump’s administration when recent news issue a proposal that it would be more difficult for legal immigrants to become citizens or get a green card. It's hard to see the way the country is turning toward closing all board and not letting anyone in.
A tactic Trump’s administration is procuring to stop immigrants infest the country. The beginning of time, America accept refugees. News media narrative the target of immigrants as the toxic people taking Americans’ jobs or draining government resources. The reality is far dissimilar, immigrants who are authorized to work in the United States and undocumented immigrants do in fact pay taxes too. “The most recent IRS data, from 2015, shows that the agency received 4.4 million income taxes return from workers who don't have Social Security numbers, which includes a large number of undocumented immigrants. That year, they paid $23.6 billion in income taxes” (Campbell 2018). Sadly, undocumented immigrants are paying taxes for benefits they can’t even receive. It proves many immigrants are here for the better quality life and not for the government benefits. If Trump’s administration would allow them to have some government benefits, knowing they help contribute to the economy, could help the economy grow more.
Another common narrative I see in news is immigration is having the “problem” for crime wave. The Trump’s administration regularly asserts that undocumented immigrants are threaten public safety or national security. “They found that dramatic influx of undocumented immigrants similarly, did not drive up rates of drug and alcohol arrests or the number of drug overdoses and DUI deaths” (Burnett 2018). In a study research that looked at nonviolent crime and found no evidence that undocumented immigrants increases crime wave. In recent news, caravan Central America immigrants referred by Trump “stone cold criminals” (Gomez 2018). The caravan are seeking refugee in American while Trump calling them criminals and denying entree. It shouldn't be viewed that undocumented immigrants are the cause of the crime in America. Numerous of the immigrants try to stay under the radar to avoid getting deported. They live in fear everyday. Trump should not entitle the whole caravan population. America has not granted any more immigration acts since 1996, however in recent years President Obama granted a program called Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) whom protected eligible immigrant youth who came to the United States against their will when they were children. This gives young undocumented immigrants, protection from deportation and work permits. This was a deal for young teens wanted higher education. “About 690,000 young adults are currently protected under the DACA program and officials are processing more that 34,000 additional first-time application, according to the latest government figueres” (Shoichet 2017). Sadly, since Trump’s campaign, he vowed to dismantle the program, but once he took office he suggested a different approach. Still this didn't stop many young adults to fight and file lawsuits for something that had help them so much. Imagine receiving the news their a possibility you can get deported to a country that is unknown to you. DACA was made to be only a temporary solution. This is a huge issue because majority of are working people or doing something that is benefiting the United States economy. Trump’s administration noticed this can affect the economy and they can potentially contribute to the economy. Obama’s administration also accomplished a Deferred Action for Parent of American or short for DAPA. This plan was to help qualifying illegal immigrants avoid immediate removal and find a chance to apply for residency. To be eligible your children must be birthright citizenship in America. This was to help prevent any separation of family if the children was under 18. From the moment it was conceived, it has been heavy controversial. Sadly, DAPA never actually happen. It was estimated that around 3.6 million undocumented immigrants would had benefit (Akula 2017).
The Trump administration has introduced a “zero-tolerance” policy, “These include largely eliminating gangs and domestic violence as grounds for asylum and introducing a “zero-tolerance” approach to border enforcement that entails prosecuting..” (Meissner 2018). This affected parents getting separated from their children when they enter the country together. More than 650 children were separated from their parents during a two-week period. Prior presidential administration, families were detained together and sent back immediately. “A viral photo of a small child crying with his hands gripping the side of a cage has sparked outrage as the national debate on immigration toils on” (Conner 2018). This type of inhumane policies need to stop trying to aim for better immigration policies. Children are detained like prisoners. Visualize if that was your child in the a cage like an animal. Trump Administration revived backflash. Merit-based migration is based on the concept of bringing in migrants with valuable skills. The rationale for this change is to verify that people will be contributing member of society and not depend on government resources. “Each year, the U.S gives out more than 1 million “green cards” permanently allowing foreign-born individuals to live and work in the United States” (Flinchum 2017). The current proposal Reforming American Immigration for a Strong Economy (RAISE) act is based on awarding points to applicant based on, job offers, types of skills and ect. Immigrants are always narrative to “draining on government resources” still with existing laws which already bands many non-citizens from accessing public aid controvest to what society labels immigrants.
Trump’s administration is trying to close the border for any migrant trying to come to America and work, it would definitely impact the economy. America has to consider looking outside of the United States for employees to work jobs like agriculture and meat packing jobs since employment rates are low. Immigrants come to America with hope for a better wage job, even if it means working long hours under the hot sun. My dad worked the majority of his life in agriculture. Everyday I would remember him working from dust to dawn, not a single day did he complain. “Agriculture is one of the United States’ most important industries, employing more than 24 million workers or 17 percent of the country’s total workforce” (Bertone 2017). Most of the employees working under the hot sun are illegal immigrants. There is nothing wrong with that though, they are hard working people just here to make a living. Getting underpaid to be under the sun and still never complaining. Farm workers are the key to the United States food system, and although our population relies on their labor to put food on the table, these workers lack basic rights, face exploitation and live in fear of deportation. The most common narrative I hear is immigrants students perform worse academically. The Achievement gap believes immigrant perform poorly.
However, reality is latino immigrants living in poverty affect them from getting the best education. “Growing and developing in a society where income is correlated with access to education and opportunities, Latino students in the United States are showing far different educational outcomes than their white peers and are facing inequitable opportunities that lead to inequitable lifelong outcomes” (Davillia 2016). The challenges that minority children also have are language barriers whom speak little or no English. Growing up I was labeled a minority. I remember having to work twice as harder academically and to feel accepted in today’s society. First generation immigrants have increased over the years receiving a higher education. That number is 10.5 million immigrants had a college degree or higher representing about 29 percent of the total 36.7 million immigrants in the United States (Zong and Janne 2016). DACA has help many first generation people achieve a higher education and contribute today economy.
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About immigration to the United States. (2021, Apr 17).
Retrieved November 3, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2021/04/page/3/
Beethoven Van Ludwig
What I have in my heart and soul - must find a way out. That's the reason for music.-Beethoven. Ludwig Van Beethoven, also known as "The Father of the Symphony", revolutionized the musical world from the Classical Era into Romanticism. He expanded the musical language and transitioned his knowledge into a totally different period of music. He wished to experiment with his own style of music and expressed his feelings and ideas through it. For that reason, people from around the world considered him the greatest composer of all times.
Beethoven was born on December 17, 1770, Bonn, Germany. Even though there are no records on the date of his birth, the registry of his baptism states that children were baptized a day after they were born, making this his date of birth. He was the second-born to seven children from Johann Van Beethoven and Maria Magdalena Keverich. Only he and his two younger brothers, Kaspar Anton and Nikolaus Johann survived through infancy. His father was his first music teacher and an alcoholic, which then lead to many physical and emotional cases of abuse toward young Beethoven. Ludwig had an incredible music talent even at his young age, and because of this, his father took advantage of the situation and insinuated that Beethoven was a child prodigy at only seven years old.
Sixteen-year-old Beethoven stayed at Dr. Joseph Von Schaden house momentarily because of the music classes he was attending at the moment. Four months later, he traveled to Vienna, Italy with the hopes of studying with one of the greatest composers from the Classical Era, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. Beethoven was very fond of Mozart and it was one major influence in his life as a musician. Later on, he learned that his mother was extremely ill, and went back to Bonn, Germany as soon as possible. He wrote an apology letter to Dr. Von Schaden in July 1787, and the book called The Music and the Life of Beethoven stated, "I can easily imagine what you must think of me, and I cannot deny that you have good grounds to think of me unfavorably. I must tell you that from the time I left Augsburg, my joy and with my health began to decline. My longing to see my sick mother once more overcame all the obstacles and helped me surmount the greatest difficulties." (pg. 3) Beethoven's letter stated his current situation with his health and the unpaid debt owed to Dr. Von Schaden. Weeks later of his return from Vienna, his mother died from tuberculosis, which leads the great composer through a dark path of regret and sorrow.
Beethoven did not compose abundant pieces of music compared to other well-known composers. As the book Music to Your Ears states, "Each of his work took a special importance in his life; therefore, he struggled with them in a way that the Baroque and Classical masters did not struggle with theirs."(pg.75). He always attempted to make his music stand out and different from others by expressing his feelings through the music. His compositions were divided into three periods: Imitation, Experimentation, and Reflection.
One of his most famous composition was Symphony #5 entitled the Pastoral Symphony. He produced many emotions and images of the subject through this piece and loved by everyone. Symphony #9 was composed in 1824, at this time Beethoven was completely deaf and the pieces were composed of his pure imagination and creativity since he never heard them. One of my favorite piece from Beethoven is Clair de Lune, also known as Moonlight Sonata, because this reminds me of my childhood and it transmits many nostalgic feelings whenever I listen to it.
In 1826, he grew weak and ill from being in contact with pneumonia and it was clear that his health was not going to improve for the better. Sadly, on March 26, 1827, Ludwig Van Beethoven died at 56 years old. Autopsies revealed that his cause of death was cirrhosis of the liver which is a type of liver scarring that leads to liver failure later on. It's stated by the book called Music to Your Ears that, "Over twenty thousand people lined the streets of Vienna for the funeral procession, and many schools and businesses were closed for the day." (pg. 75). All of Europe was saddened to hear the loss of a great composer, even though he had difficulty with hearing, he never gave up doing what he loved.
The Heiligenstadt Testament is a letter addressed to Beethoven's brothers that he wrote in October, 1802. In this letter, he states about his hearing loss and despair on his health. This document was hidden for the rest of his life, mostly because he didn't want anyone to see it. When Beethoven passed away, the letter was found by Anton Felix and Stephan von Breuning who later on published it on October 1827.
The father of the Symphony as he was also known for, transitioned the classical period into the romantic period by introducing new ideas and styles no other composer was able to. He opened many doors for new composers which lead them into a new era that was then known as the Romantic Era.
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Beethoven Van Ludwig. (2021, Apr 15).
Retrieved November 3, 2025 , from
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Role of Various Reports in Environmental Sustainability in the Business Context
The role of report and their effect on the Environmental Sustainability: A report prepared following ethics can act as the basis of bringing a positive change. But sometimes, the person engaged in preparing reports ignores ethics and cannot foresee the effect of it in future. Therefore, everyone is supposed to have a clear idea about this key factor which is explained below in nutshell:
Actually, Ethics is an eternal sense of human being which guides him constantly to apply his conscience before doing any activity by judging right and wrong. The activities the performances of which are dependent on the desire (voluntary action) of any person are coming within the purview of ethics. But practically, in general, any ethical activity means which is moral that is which is right and on the other hand immoral or unethical activity means which is in any way wrong.
Satyam, Shivam (Kalyan i,e, well being of mankind) and Sundaram are the key words of our Indian philosophy. Ethics is related to Shivam which means well being of mankind. According to Joseph W. Wiss, “Business ethics is the art and discipline of applying ethical principles to examine and solve complex moral dilemmas.”11.
But another view as expressed by A.C. Fernando is that it is based on the principle of integrity and fairness and concentrates on the benefits to the stakeholders, both external and internal.
It is almost expected that ethics is to be followed in preparing report. Reporting activities should not be unfairly influenced by anything. It should be fact-based to pursue the objective of preparing the report. Therefore the concept of report and reporting and their consequences on the Environment and Business aspect is presented below:
Report is nothing but a statement of facts of anything or of any activities. It may be prepared for different purposes by different entities. At macro level it may be prepared by any country or even by UNO to control those activities carried on at micro level leading to jeopardise the lives of the planet. Report is also prepared at micro level mainly by the business houses to measure and disclose their operating result along with the position of assets and liabilities at the end of a certain period. They also prepare reports to disclose the effect of their production process on the environment or on the society. Different reports are prepared differently by the businesses but the report prepared in relation to environmental factor is not so important to them as it is not directly related to their profit making activities.
According to Prof. Jawahar Lal, “Financial reporting is not an end in itself but is a means to certain objectives. The objectives of financial reporting and statement have been discussed for a long time. While there is no final statement on objectives, to which all parties of financial reporting have agreed, some consensus has been developing on the objectives of financial reporting.” Besides that, FASB has presented in Statement No. 2 that, “Qualitative characteristics of Accounting Information” that ‘Relevance’ (Timelines) and Reliability’ (Verifiability, Representational Faithfulness) are the Primary decision specific qualities which will ensure materiality.12
The report of any particular thing can be different due to difference in principles followed by them. e.g. profit calculated as per US GAPP is lower than the profit calculated as per Indian GAPP (source: The Chartered Accountant, journal issued by ICAI, Nov, 2007).13
Besides that, a report may be different due to difference in ethics followed by them which influence the motive. Here motive is very vital. According to Hersey, Blanchard, and Johnson, “Motives are the “Why” of behaviour. They arose and maintain activity and determine the general direction of the behaviour of an individual.” The cause is the greediness. It creates tremendous tension which compels one to act unethically. Besides that, pressure from the higher authority, Jealousy, Undue expectation of the members of the family can cause tension which compels one to be involved in unethical activities.
As per Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam, the former president of India, “Promote profit with integrity” which includes all- the Government, employees, customer, suppliers, the community as a whole for their mutual benefit. According to Allen Barlow, “Integrity in business means: transparency in what management and staff say and in what they do and how they behave; management and staff taking a proactive stance as to what is acceptable and unacceptable behaviour; integrity as a prerequisite of how CEO go about leading and managing their corporation, not an afterthought; and making integrity a core business process.”
We at present think more about our self and very little for others. It is the starting point of unsustainability in relation to environment Therefore, a report generated by ethics is to be considered as the pillar of success of establishing environmental sustainability through green business practices which is the need of the hour.
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Role of Various Reports in Environmental Sustainability in the Business Context. (2021, Apr 15).
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The Issues on Gun Control
James Q. Wilson, the author of the essay ,“Just Take Away Their Guns”, feels strongly about his point of view on gun control. However, I feel his point of view gets the best of him in what is decidedly a very unsupported argument for the implementation of “stop-and-frisk” policies in place of more gun sale restrictions. His claim that people need guns to defend themselves is at times convincing, he does not provide enough evidence to convince his audience that police frisks will solve the issue of gun violence, instead just seemingly if his solution is a better option than more gun legislation. Along with his dismissal of gun-control advocates and his lack of consideration for the consequences of increased police frisking finds his argument to not be very effective.
In his essay, Wilson argues that gun control policies have little to no effect on the issue of gun violence, and states that the most effective way to bring down the high levels of said problem is by having police departments implement and carry out “stop-and-frisk” procedures (Wilson 126-128). He begins by providing us with statistics that he believes proves that most gun violence is committed with illegally owned guns (Wilson 126). After introducing his audience to his solution of police frisking, he quickly gives into the constitutionality of the act, using the Supreme Court case Terry v. Ohio as justification for its legality (Wilson 126). Wilson then provides us with reasons that police departments and officers currently do not frisk many people, from the shortage of officers to the fear of being accused of police harassment (Wilson 126-127). He states in the majority of the essay to put down the pro-gun control argument, before briefly mentioning the possibility of frisking being disproportionally performed on minority men in his closing paragraph (Wilson 127-128).
This brings us to the first issue of Wilson’s essay. He ignores the potential negatives of his proposal and he acknowledges at the very end that racial profiling may be an issue, he passes it off as merely an inconvenience, referring to it and similar problems as “complaints,” which suggests he does not see such arguments as legitimate (Wilson 128). What about the increase in the number of arrests that is sure to follow? What about the danger to police officers? With my uncle being a police officer, I know firsthand how unpredictable some people can be. “Stop-and-frisk” policies will only increase the number of run-ins between law enforcement and gun-wielding criminals, encounters which at any time can escalate and lead to one party or the other getting shot and possibly killed. He admits that “Guns often convert spontaneous outbursts of anger into fatal encounters” (Wilson 128). Wilson ignores the social injustices that a nationwide increase in police frisking would invite, thereby greatly bringing down the credibility of his argument.
Along with Wilson’s lack of discussion about the consequences of police frisks comes a lack of supporting evidence that it will work. His pro-frisk argument focuses almost exclusively on the legality of the practice but does not provide a single example of a place where similar policies were implemented and then succeeded in bringing down the level of gun violence or even reducing the number of illegal guns on the streets (Wilson 126). He goes back to why self-defense is a legitimate reason to cut down on gun control, which to the reader might seem as if he is trying to avoid discussing known successes or failures of stop-and-frisk policies (Wilson 127). Wilson never gives real specific reasons on why he thinks it will work other than that he believes it will get illegal guns off the streets, only telling us how it works and “the kinds of actions [taken by the suspect] that the Court will accept as providing the ‘reasonable suspicion’ necessary for a stop and frisk” so that cops will not be in any legal trouble (Wilson 127). I do not think any reader who did not already believe that familiar policies would be successful would not convinced by Wilson’s essay.
Another issue I have with this essay is Wilson’s disrespect for the opinions of gun control advocates. I personally grew up in a conservative household. My family and I have respect for the opinions of other people, even those we do not necessarily agree with, such as gun control supporters. He completely dismisses the progun control argument, at one point going so far as to say that gun control advocates “adopt a position that is politically absurd” (Wilson 127). Wilson’s bias is evident throughout the essay, as he gives five full paragraphs arguing against gun control, about the same amount of space which he spends discussing the subject of his essay, police frisking (Wilson 125-128). This behavior makes it seem as if Wilson is writing this paper to point out what he perceives as flaws in the pro-gun control argument and is simply using police frisking for a topic to get people to read his essay. I believe that if Wilson would have spent less time on bashing gun-control advocates and more time pointing out facts and statistics that would help persuade readers of the effectiveness of police frisking, his essay would have been much more effective.
I will give Wilson credit for a few things he did right. Wilson, through his word choice, makes police frisks sound like a quick and innocent procedure, simply describing them as the “patting down of a person’s outer clothing” (Wilson 126). Being more truthful, police frisks are often very invasive and rough, sometimes preceded by being thrown to the ground or shoved up against a patrol car as seen on television. Wilson also makes people feel as if he or she will likely never be the target of a police frisk, suggesting that “people on probation or parole” or who are members of “a gang known for assaults and drug dealing” would be the more likely targets (Wilson 127). Some people might see these as more of a negative of his paper because he is being somewhat deceitful, but it was well executed by the author and was one of the few things that helped his paper reach out to more readers rather than push readers away. His argument for the usefulness of guns in the realm of self-defense is, as I said before, somewhat convincing. The statistic he uses that states that “every year, guns are used…for defensive purposes more than a million times” has caught get my attention (Wilson 126).
In conclusion, I believe gun control advocates would find his point of view more offensive than persuasive, and minorities might feel as if Wilson is sacrificing their rights for the greater good of society. I believe that with the right guidelines put in place and the proper training given to officers, frisks could be more of an effective practice in lowering the number of illegal guns on the streets. However, Wilson’s lack of evidence, hostility towards gun control advocates, and he does not have many solutions for potential problems such as racial profiling and jail overcrowding greatly hinder his argument.
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Acute Otitis Media Atopic Dermatitis Asthma Severe Lower Respiratory Tract Infections Gastroent
For my capstone change project I would like to address breastfeeding trends. It has been concluded that breastfeeding is associated with a reduced risk of acute otitis media, atopic dermatitis, asthma, severe lower respiratory tract infections, gastroenteritis, obesity, type 1 and type 2 diabetes, necrotizing enterocolitis, leukemia, and sudden infant death syndrome (American Academy of Pediatrics, 2012). Since it has been shown to have so many positive effects on health for an infant throughout their entire life, it is an important issue that should be confronted. According to Healthy People 2020, in 2009 only 33.6 percent of infants born were exclusively breastfed through their first three months of life (Healthy People, 2020). The goal that Healthy People 2020 formed was to have at least 46.2 percent of infants born to be breastfed exclusively in their first three months of life.
I chose this topic because I believe that this is a realistic topic to have change in. Another reason is because I find that it is quite a simple change that can drastically change the development of a child all the way into their adulthood. Most mothers decide to breastfeed once they know the benefits, proving that there is a lack of education on the topic for mothers, which is what I would focus on throughout my capstone project.
My change project is focused around education on breastfeeding. Encouraging and promoting breastfeeding could occur in many ways. The way that I would like to focus on is through prenatal breastfeeding educational classes. It is common for a mother’s first bit of education on breastfeeding to happen after their baby is already born, it does not always give them the time they need to prepare for it and commit to it. The people that would need to be involved are the hospital managers, education specialists, and lactation consultants. To ensure that this proposal will include everything necessary for the stakeholders, I must provide information on the cost of the proposal, the benefits of the proposal and who will be involved if the proposal is granted.
To prepare for this project, I need information on the benefits of breastfeeding, the current status in the amount of breastfeeding mothers, and how effective teaching on the topic has been in the past. I will need to find this information from credible sources that are reliable. For a start, the World Health Organization estimated that if all babies were breastfed for at least the first six months of their lives, the rate of morbidity and malnutrition would significantly decrease all over the world (Adriana, Simone, Angela, Romanaprosperi, Grazia,Helena Ban, & Onofrio, 2016). I have many questions as I go into this capstone project, most of which I hope to have answered through research. One of them is: what prenatal breastfeeding care is being done currently in the State of Arizona?
Women in Arizona who are pregnant (Population) should receive prenatal breastfeeding classes (Intervention) because the rate of exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months in mothers in Arizona is 18 percent and will continue to be at this level without intervention (Comparison). This intervention will have numerous immense benefits on both the baby and mother and the goal is to have a rate of 25.5% of mothers exclusively breastfeeding for the first 6 months (Outcome) and the time frame is within the next ten years.
Discuss the diverse stakeholders in regard to your change project. What are their roles, and why are they relevant to your change project? How can they become involved? Why is it important to identify the needs of the stakeholders in the support of your change project?
There are many stakeholders that would be affected with the implementation of prenatal breastfeeding classes. Since different parties may have their own goals and objectives, it is extremely important to bring all of the stakeholders together to succeed. In an article about change, it was stated that: “The key to the organization’s success depends on bringing these disparate objectives and parties together to create the maximum benefit for all involved” (Friedman, & Miles, 2006).
There will be people affected on the educational and management side, but also the receiving side of the care. Some of the stakeholders that would need to be involved are the hospital managers, education specialists, and lactation consultants. These groups are involved and are relevant because they will be the ones preparing and scheduling the classes. They will become involved once the change project is proposed and they are exposed to the problem and a realistic way to go about changing it. The stakeholders on the receiving end of care would be mothers and babies that are affected by the new implementation. They are relevant to the change project because their effectiveness of care is different than what it would be without the classes. It is important to identify the needs of all stakeholders so that it is appealing to all and the efficiency and quality of care increase is proved.
What are the resources required for the implementation of your change project? Provide a brief cost-benefit analysis to determine if the benefits will be greater than the cost to implement your proposed change project. Discuss the return on investment (ROI) stakeholders can expect.
There are many resources that would be required to implement my change project. One of the most important aspects would be proper research. Being able to study and utilize proper research done on the topic will allow me to draft a plan on teachings. It is also important to have a way to measure rates at specific hospitals in order to compare the before and after rates of breastfeeding trends. Since it has been proven that breastfeeding is extremely good for a baby’s health in many ways, the benefits from the cost of prenatal breastfeeding classes would definitely be beneficial. The World Health Organization estimated that if all babies were breastfed for at least the first six months of their lives, the rate of morbidity and malnutrition would significantly decrease all over the world (Adriana, Simone, Angela, Romanaprosperi, Grazia,Helena Ban, & Onofrio, 2016). Babies would grow and develop in a healthier way, saving health organizations an incredible amount in the long run. This proves that the cost to implement these classes would not be near as much as they would have to spend on care down the road to combat all of the sicknesses that could have been prevented from breastfeeding. The stakeholders would be able to see a return on investment by having lower costs on these children all throughout their lives, especially since the cost of implementation would be so small compared to the possibilities that would result without putting these classes into practice.
Describe the clinical problem that is the focus of your change topic. Describe the some of the current research related to your clinical topic, and discuss how this provides support for the implementation or outcome of your project in a clinical setting.
The clinical problem that is the focus of my change project is the lack of education on breastfeeding for women who are pregnant. When women are not educated on the benefits, they are much higher to choose not to breastfeed. If a child is not breastfed, it can lead to many other clinical problems in the long term health of infants as they grow. Since breastfeeding is also good for the mother in postpartum care, their care would be negatively affected as well. The research around this topic shows how a lack of education leads to decreased amounts of women who breastfeed. Many women are not aware of the benefits for themselves and their children, and once they are made aware they decide to breastfeed. This proves that there is a lack of education, since the rate of exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months of life in Arizona is at 18% (Healthy People 2020, 2015). There is also research on prenatal attitudes towards breastfeeding, saying that if the attitudes surrounding a soon-to-be mother are positive then they are more likely to breastfeed. Being educated before giving birth gives the mother time to develop an attitude that is positive and comfortable with the idea of breastfeeding. Research also shows how it is extremely beneficial it is to breastfeed. This provides support for the implementation of this change project because it shows how life changing the outcome can be if mothers breastfeed.
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Acute Otitis Media Atopic Dermatitis Asthma Severe Lower Respiratory Tract Infections Gastroent. (2021, Apr 15).
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Absurdism in Camus’ Novel
Absurdism by definition is the belief that human beings exist in a purposeless universe. In Albert Camus' The Stranger, Camus includes his philosophy of the Absurd through his protagonist Meursault. He uses Meursault's lack of family and personal relationships to isolate the character and further depict his Absurd ideals. Throughout The Stranger, Camus' ideas are seen through Meursault's eyes in many ways: his apathy of the death of his mother, the significance of shooting the gun, and the acceptance of his fate in the prison cell.
The book begins with Maman died today. Or yesterday maybe, I don't know. (Camus, 1) Meursault is unaffected and unsympathetic toward the death of his mother because it makes no difference to his own life. Although he attended the funeral, he did not request to see the body which is unusual. Instead of grieving, Meursault sat around, slept, and drank some coffee like it was any other day. He said that "It occurred to me that anyway one more Sunday was over that Maman was buried now, that I was going back to work, and that, really, nothing had changed" (Camus, 24). The death of his mother did not affect him and nothing had changed because Meursault was isolated from his mother both before and after her death. Camus begins the book this way to provide an understanding of the character and how he differs from society's standards. Camus portrays his ideals of the Absurd onto Meursault, to the point where he does not understand the significance of human life yet. Meursault's apathy over his mother's death contributed later on to the plot, as the prosecutor used this to prove his point that the murder was premeditated and that death has no great meaning or importance to Meursault.
Meursault did not grasp the significance of life. When Meursault is at the beach with Raymond and Masson, they confront the two Arabs but Meursault seems to first think about the insignificance of any action that could be done as for human existence. It was then that I realized that you could either shoot or not shoot" (Camus, 59) and it would have the same outcome: irrelevant in the grand scheme of the universe. The loss of a life is insignificant to the universe as a whole so I fired four more times at the motionless body where the bullets lodged without leaving a trace. And it was like knocking four quick times on the door of unhappiness(Camus, 57). This act by Meursault was a serious detachment from mankind. He had no specific reason to shoot it more than once but in his head there was no difference between one shot and five. This lack of reasoning is crucial to the novel as a whole because this incident could have been an accident or viewed as self defense but Meursault took it to another level to where it could not prove him innocent and resulting in him receiving the death penalty. Meursault does what he wants and does not demonstrate his feelings or thoughts with the exception of his Absurd views on life. Camus includes these absurdist views in the novel to portray the characters view point and understanding of life which had not yet fully developed.
As the novel progresses, Meursault makes a realization; human life is only understood at the point of death. He never reflects on the meaning of death for him until he is in prison awaiting his execution. He is in terms with death and is ready to accept it. Meursault's statement I opened myself to the gentle indifference of the world (Camus, 116) is stating that he accepts the Absurdist idea that the universe is indifferent to him. Throughout the novel he comes towards this realization but does not fully understand it until he accepts that he can't avoid his own death.
The Stranger represents the Absurd because of how Meursault's character is depicted as well as his actions. From not grieving over his mother's death, to shooting a man without purpose, and accepting his fate in the prison cell all came down to one thing: Meursault's Absurd ideals.
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The Similarities and Differences between Christianity, Judaism, Zoroastrianism and Islam
A copious amount of religions have features that make them similar and different to other religions. Most religions have similarities and differences in their origins, beliefs, rituals, and the way they worship. These four monotheistic, western religions have many similarities and differences. Zoroastrianism was founded by a prophet named Zoroaster around 3,500 years ago. It was one of the largest and most powerful monotheistic religions. Zoroastrians worship one God called Ahura Mazda. Zoroastrians worship communally in a Fire Temple and pray several times a day. One of the main beliefs of Zoroastrianism is dualism. Dualism is the existence but total separation of good and evil. There are two types of dualism in Zoroastrianism, which are cosmic dualism and moral dualism. Cosmic dualism is the ongoing war between good and evil. Moral dualism is the opposition of good and evil in the mind of people (BBC, Zoroastrianism.).
Zoroastrianism is commonly credited with influencing Christianity, Judaism, and Islam with its views (Guilleman, Duchesne Jacques. Britannica, Zoroastrianism.). The Navjote is the initiation ceremony where a child, between the ages of seven and twelve, receives his or her sudreh and kusti and performs the 'Kusti Ritual'. The child will also participate in a ritual washing as part of the Navjote. Zoroastrians believe as soon as a person dies the body becomes impure and evil causes death. The earth to them is the pure work of God and the body contaminates the elements. They lay the body on Towers of Silence to be eaten by vultures and other animals. There are two parts of a Zoroastrianism wedding. The first is the signing of a marriage contract. The second part is the celebration that lasts between three to seven days (BBC, Zoroastrianism). Judaism originated in the Middle East. This happened when the covenant was formed between Abraham and God. Judaism has the same origin story as Christianity and Islam. They all believe God created the world and created Adam and Eve. They are monotheistic and believe God all-knowing and eternal. Jews have a belief in the words of the prophets and that God gave Moses the law. They also have the belief that Jesus is not the Messiah. Jews claim the Messiah hasn't come yet and Jesus was just a prophet. In Judaism, individuals are created in God's image and play a significant role. Humans have the capability to reason, to will, to speak, to create, and to empathize (Marlowe, Jarred. Judaism, 12.).
One religious practice in Judaism is that they practice a kosher diet. Kosher means ritually clean. This applies to food preparation and consumption. They do this because Jews value cleanliness and care regarding food. For food to be kosher there must be no blood in the meat. Pork and shellfish are prohibited. Jews do not eat dairy and meat in the same meal (Marlowe, 13.). Devout Jews perform daily prayer at dawn, noon, and dusk. They also have a private prayer at bedtime. Some groups of Jews wear a skullcap, also called a yarmulke, during prayer. Most boys are circumcised at eight days old. Many boys also have a coming of age ceremony, known as a bar mitzvah, when they turn thirteen. Some branches of Judaism will also have this ceremony for girls. Another Jewish holy day is the Jewish Sabbath. This is a day of special prayer and rest. Another holiday in Judaism is Hanukkah. Hanukkah is a feast of dedication that lasts eight days. In Judaism, they have an abundant amount of holy days: Rosh Hashanah, Yom Kippur, Sukkot, Purim, Passover, Yom Hashoah, and Tisha B' Av (Marlowe, 15.). There are many denominations of Judaism such as Orthodox, Conservative, Reform, and Reconstructionist. According to the gospels Christianity began in the early first century. One of the main beliefs of Christianity is that Jesus was the son of God. Jesus was the son of the Virgin Mary and was born in Bethlehem. Jesus taught many things: compassion, tolerance, forgiveness, acceptance, helpfulness, generosity, and gratitude (Marlowe, Jarred. Christianity, 2). Christians believe Jesus was crucified on a cross by Romans and was resurrected three days later. The apostle Peter expressed Christians should be baptized. Christians see baptisms as a sign of repentance, new life, and readiness for God's kingdom (Marlowe, 12.). Christians celebrate Easter because it commemorates Jesus' resurrection. Followers of Christianity also have a religious observance called Lent which is a period of repentance to prepare for Easter. Another holiday Christians celebrate is Christmas which celebrates Jesus' birth (Marlowe, 13.). Islam originated in Mecca and Medina at the beginning of the 7th century.
The founder of Islam is Muhammad. His revelations are the basis of the Islamic religion. Muhammad's revelations are recorded in the Qur'an. He received a revelation at the age of forty (Marlowe, Jarred. Islam, 1.). Muhammad had a knowledge of Judaism, Christianity, and Zoroastrianism and absorbed elements from them. Muslims are called to pray several times a day. Muslims follow the Five Pillars of Islam: creed, prayer, charity, fasting, and Hajj. Pork and wine are forbidden by the Qur'an. Usury and gambling are also prohibited. Circumcision is considered a religious requirement for males and sometimes females as well (Marlowe, 4.). Marriage is essentially a contract and arranged marriages are common in traditional Muslim society. Females are prepared for traditional female roles and once married become their husband's legal responsibility. Death rituals for Muslims are minimalistic. A person would be buried in white facing towards Mecca (Marlowe, 5.). Islam has two main denominations, which are Shiite and Sunni. Shiite believe that legitimate succession was hereditary, descending from Muhammad himself. Sunni makes up the majority of Muslims and they believe successors of Muhammad should be chosen (Marlowe, 7.). There are only two official Islamic holidays, which are Eid ul Fitr and Eid ul Adha. Eid ul Fitr celebrates the end of the fasting and thanking Allah for self-control. Eid ul Adha commemorates Ibrahim's willingness to sacrifice his son to God (BBC, Muslim Holy Days.). These four religions have a copious amount of similarities. The main one being that they are all monotheistic. They all have dualistic views that came from Zoroastrianism (Guilleman, Duchesne Jacques. Britannica, Zoroastrianism.). All four religions believe in an afterlife and a type of heaven and hell. All these religions believe a God created the world and he is all-powerful.
Islam and Judaism both do not eat pork, but Jews have a more strict diet (Marlowe, 4.). Zoroastrians and Jews both have a type of coming of age ceremony. Islam is extremely similar to Christianity, Judaism, and Zoroastrianism, being that it uses elements from them. All of these four religions are very similar because they have taken elements from each other throughout history. These religions can also be considered very different. One major belief that separates Christianity from the others is that Jesus is the messiah and that he was resurrected. Zoroastrians do not believe in Jesus. Jews and Muslims believe he was just a prophet. Muslims and Jews' holy books come from prophets. The Bible is said to be inspired by the word given from God. Christianity is the only one of these religions that believe in original sin that came from Adam and Eve. All these religions have different views on how a person reaches salvation. Christians believe a person reaches it through faith in Jesus Christ. Jews believe a person reaches it through good deeds and the grace of God. Muslims believe they reach it through good works (Christianity in View). Zoroastrians believe their afterlife is dependent on the deeds they performed during their lifetime (BBC, Zoroastrianism.). In Islam, women have a very traditional role, compared to in Christianity where women's roles are changing. Judaism and Christianity have more denominations than Islam and Zoroastrianism. Every single one of these religions has an element that distinguishes from the other. If there wasn't, only one would be practiced.
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The Grabber Essay
The Grabber: At the beginning of the story, it is basically an introduction to the characters and the way they live as soldiers. The beginning of the story focuses on giving the reader a feel for what the surrounding area is and what the lifestyle is like. The reader is drawn in and intrigued by all that the soldiers have to go through and the conditions that they are living through. Then Ginger stirred himself and said: That won't do.' We got excited and began to crowd around. (Remarque 5) The reader learns that on the battlefield only the smallest thing can make these men happy, this draws in the reader because it shows how much the little things can make these men happy in such a difficult situation.
Old Self in Old World: The main character in this story is Paul Bruney, a young man in his late teens who decides to join the army with his friends. Paul was in need of finding a purpose in life, he joined the army in order to fill that void in his life that was meant for helping people. Paul wanted to show himself that he could be successful in the army and fight through all the horrible punishments that were given to him by his corporal. Paul wants to show that he is strong enough to go through this and he wants to find his purpose in life through fighting for patriotism. Paul is a very likable character, his bravery, courage, and how adventurous he is, makes him a loveable character. But he also has a downfall to himself, the war has made him regret some of his decisions and has made him question his strength because of how tough times got. I was a soldier, and now I am nothing but an agony for myself, for my mother, for everything that is so comfortless and without end. (Remarque 185) Paul has both good times and bad times and he has to learn to fight through all of the struggles that come his way and keep fighting for what he is meant to save.
Paul finds strength in fighting the war, he uses his courage to keep fighting and uses his love for his friends to keep fighting, even the ones that die are still left in spirit and he uses them to find the strength to keep fighting. He is fighting in world war I and enlists with some of his best friends and classmates and he fights in the war having to put his country first before himself.
The Catalyst: Kemmerich is an injured soldier who plays a huge role in building Paul's character, he is the person who will open up paul's eyes as to why he has to fight harder in order to win the war and survive. Kemmerich is hurt so badly that he has to have his leg amputated and this was going to be hard for him to know so Paul and his friends had to make the decision to lie to him and not tell him that his leg wasn't there anymore.
They knew Kemmerich wasn't going to survive so they didn't want to make his days more miserable than they already were. Muller is rather crude and tactless, otherwise he would hold his tongue, for anybody can see that Kemmerich will never come out of this place again. (Remarque 14) having to deal with Kemmerich and trying to make some his last moments feel good was a real eye-opener for Paul. This was the event that made him find that fighting in the war was something he had to do and that he had to have the strength to fight on for Kemmerich's sake. This event allowed Paul to take on the true responsibility of fighting and trying to win to avenge the lives that were lost.
Struggles and Prep: Paul has to go to class with his fellow classmates and they have to prepare themselves for the struggles and hardships of the war. They had to learn under the teachings of Kantorek, he was the person meant to strengthen their minds and get them ready to fight in the war. Kantorek had been our schoolmaster, a stern little man in a grey tailcoat, with the face like a shrew mouse. (Remarque 10) Paul had to discover what his flaws war and what was going to hold him back from fighting and he had to overcome all of this. Paul needed to discover what made him strong and enhance that, this is the only way that he was going to be able to survive the war. His struggles within himself had to be dealt with in order to move forward into enlisting in the war.
Kantorek teaches the soon to be soldiers how to be mentally prepared and shows them what it is like to be fighting in the war and how to deal with all the despair and sadness while continuing to fight on. Paul learns to be a strong and independent person and prepares himself to endure the hardships that come along with fighting in World War I.
Here We Go: When Kantorek would do his teachings on the war and all that it would undergo, this was a real eye-opener for Paul and the rest of the soldiers. During drill-time Kantorek gave us long lectures until the whole of our class went, under his shepherding, to the District Commandment and volunteered. I can see him now, as he used to glare at us and say at us in a moving voice Won't you join up, Comrades?' (Remarque 11) Paul really opened his eyes when he heard the teachers of Kantorek, he really learns what it is to be in a war and he learns to prepare himself for what is going to happen. Paul discovers this new world of strength and bravery, having to fight for his country against the French. paul needs to find strength in his weaknesses and not let those be exploited. Paul has to take on this new adventure and fight for his survival.
Rough Landing and Small Victories: One of the struggles is when the cook refuses to give the soldiers all of the food that he made because he made rations for 150 men, but there was only 80. Paul was one of the men who had to reason with the cook to give them extra food and they had to struggle to be able to eat. They eventually get the head general to reason with the cook and eventually get him to give them the food they rightfully deserve for fighting as hard as they do. The cook was quite disconcerted as the facts dawned on him. He was staggered And I have cooked for one hundred and fifty me-' Kropp poked him in the ribs Then for one well have enough. Come on, begin! (Remarque 4)
The Gut: At this point in the story, the men run into 3 women who draw their attention quite quickly. They are unable to cross to the other side so they swim over in order to get to their house. The men haven't seen women for quite some time so they find great interest I these come and want to go over to their house. But then i feel the lips of the little brunette and press myself against them, my eyes close, I want it all to fall from me, war and terror and grossness, in order to awaken young and happy. (Remarque 150) the men are only trying to happiness in a time of stress and despair, that is why they try to find the good I meeting the women and they want something to have meaning to them. The midpoint of the story is a means of lighting the mood to a very sad and stressful tie. The author wanted to give the reader a sense of happiness instead of the usual sadness and despair.
Do a Little Dance and Danger Looming: Paul is allowed to leave the front to go home for some time, he was lucky because most people weren't given a pass to leave. I am called to the Orderly Room. The Company Commander gives me a leave-pass and a travel pass and wishes mew a good journey. . . The others envy me. (Remarque 151-152) This cause for a little enjoyment for Paul because he gets to go home and see his mother and his sister while everyone has to continue to fight in the war. Paul gets a little break from the war and gets to recover from all that he has gone through for a short time that he's gone.
The danger that is uprising is that Paul's mother might be suffering from cancer for another time. This could take a toll on Paul because he has to stay strong while fighting the war but this could affect his ability to stay strong. She has been in bed some months now, but we did not want to write and tell you. Several doctors have been to see her. one of them said it is probably cancer again.' (Remarque 162) This could be a real danger to paul in terms of his stability to be able to fight in the war, this could be yet another tragedy that could leave Paul with a great sadness and depression.
Revelation and/or Obstacle: Paul thought it would be a good idea to go home and take a break from the war and go visit his family, but it didn't turn out all that good. I ought to never to have come on leave. (Remarque 185) Paul discovers that his mother could potentially be sick again and now he has to say goodbye to her knowing that he might never see her again. It should have been a good time for him to go home and visit his mother and get a break from all the trauma that he was experiencing in the war, but there was sadness and despair while visiting home as well. Paul has to face tough situations through his life and has to try and remain strong no matter what happens, but having to leave his mother in a time of need could really take a toll on him and his strength while fighting in the war. Paul just wanted a pass to leave the war to go see his mother and just have some free time away from the war, but instead, it turned out to be a bad time filled with heartaches.
The Mini Crisis: At this point in the story, the war gets pretty brutal; people are being viciously blown up and this is really making Paul fight for his survival. He has to watch people die and get blown to pieces which a person can only imagine how bad that must be. Any person who has to view that on a daily base has to be affected in some way. In this sense, the war is defeating Paul, all of this trauma is making Paul really struggle to survive. Here hangs bits of uniform, and somewhere else is plastered a bloody mess that was once a human limb. Over there lies a body with nothing but a piece of the underpants on one leg and the collar of the tunic around its neck. (Remarque 208) The war takes a toll on every soldier's mental state, and for Paul having to see all this and having to deal with his mother draws a huge problem on his ability to stay strong in the war. Paul is focusing more on the trauma than the war itself, he doesn't have an actual plan that will get him to his survival, he's just going through the motions.
New Self Emerging: Paul has to go through a very stressful situation when he is being attacked with many weapons and he has to tell himself that is strong enough to fight this. Paul has to tell himself that he will make it through and that he won't be scared of it. I tell myself that my alarm is absurd, that there is probably nothing at all there in the darkness watching me, otherwise they would not be firing so low. (Remarque 210) Paul has to discover a strong side to himself, he has to tell himself that he will make it through and he discovers what it takes to be able to survive the war. Paul understands that he has to believe in himself and believe that he can make it through in order to survive the war. Paul has to believe that nothing will take him down and that he has the power to avenge all the people that have died and fight for his country and his family.
It's Not Looking Good: The war at this point it getting tougher and tougher, the enemy is getting stronger and Paul has to decide whether he's going to let them defeat him or he's going to fight for his survival. A bomb or something lands close beside me. I have not heard it coming and am terrified. (Remarque 210) Paul is letting his fear of the war get in the way of him fighting, he isn't in the right state of mind to be fighting. Paul is letting his worried get in the way and he isn't thinking like a soldier, he's letting his own defeat occur rather than trying to fight back. This could be a big problem and could potentially get Paul killed.
Last Big Decision: Paul decides to embrace his flaws by deciding to fight back against the enemy and staying ready in case he is attacked. I am no longer a shuddering speck of existence, alone in the darkness. (Remarque 213) Paul decides to embrace this strong and confident side of himself and he decides that he is going to fight and make it through the war even though the enemy is advancing on him. All the attacks that he goes through have allowed him to see how strong a person he is and what he is able to endure, nothing will bring him down, not without a fight. Paul knows that he either has to embrace the fight or be a coward and get killed when the enemy attacks him.
Climax: An enemy jumps into Pauls hole and this causes him to do something that he never thought he would be capable of. Paul stabs this man with his own bare hands and he is the one who is responsible for his death. I do not think at all, I make no decision- I strike madly at home, and feel only how the body suddenly convulses, then becomes limp, and collapses. When i recover myself, my hand is sticky and wet. (Remarque 216) This is the most shocking part of the story, this is when the reader can tell that the war has really taken a toll on Paul. He would have never thought that he would have had to kill someone, but now he was staring into the man that he had just stabbed. Paul has to stay in the trench with him and he has to see what he has done to him for a while until he dies.
This is the point in the story where the reader really gets woken u[ to all that happened in the war and how dangerous it really is. Pauls character did not make him someone who was willing to kill, but the war completely changed his perceptions of the world and he really had to think about his decisions in this life or death situation. Paul knew that is was either going to be him or the enemy so he ha to do what was best for his survival, no matter how much it hurt him to do it. This point in the story really makes the reader realize how much struggle and hardship is involved in a war, this really makes them appreciate their right to live freely and without having to worry about someone who could come and kill them at any time.
The Wrap Up: Paul has completely changed as a person, he has had to deal with so much in the war, that he comes back home a completely altered person. Paul has to live with the fact that he has killed a person and he has to live with the memory of all the people that he has lost in the war. Paul does embrace his new seld, bt his new self is a very depressed and empty person who is only filled with sorrow and has only experienced tragedies. Paul has embraced the new person that he has become and just has to live on with all that he has gone through and has to keep fighting on with strength, courage, and bravery. Let the months and years come, they can take nothing from me, they can take nothing more.
I am so alone, and so without hope that u can confront them without fear. (Remarque 295) Paul is a completely changed person, he is very depressed and alone, which is considerable because he was the only one to come back from the war out of all of his classmates. the reader realizes how bad this war was, Paul lost so many people that it really took a turn for the worst regarding his mental state. Paul was no longer the strong confident person he had set out to be, the war had completely broken him down to this sad and lonely human who had no sense of happiness anymore.
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Free Colleges could
Every year people are required to have more than a highschool diploma to ensure they have all the necessary skills needed for a good-paying career however rising tuition costs are making it harder and harder for students to attend college. The cost of college is too high that there are many students who choose to not pursue a higher education. Even for those students who do go to college many are left with several debts. There are many pros and cons of making college free.
Free colleges could ensure an educated population which would be really helpful in political population. People voting and even the people in the government or any job for that matter would be more educated. Another reason is that free college is just a natural extension of free elementary and high school. Also many more jobs today are knowledge-based or require advanced technical skills than in the past, to the extent that there are sometimes not enough qualified people to fill in those positions. Lastly, students should be more focused on studying and doing good in school rather than be worrying about how they are going to come up with enough funds for each school term.
Even though there are so many pros there are also many cons.
For example what will happen to private colleges? Certainly students will want to go to a free college rather than pay tuition at a private school. Another con to free college would be that free college could result in waiting lists. With so many people trying to get in, there's going to have to be waiting lists in order to handle the number of students or it could also result in current waiting lists becoming longer. In an article I read it said, If government funds become spread too thin, the quality of college may suffer. This could express itself in any number of ways including a decrease in available programs.
If more students start enrolling in college because it's free, costs will escalate. Unless more money is allocated by the public, the quality of the education will suffer. This could end up decreasing access to higher education rather than increasing it, say those who argue why college should not be free. Finally another con to free college would be that if college is free students will just take it for granted. Some students will just not study as hard and not make the most out of that education opportunity or they will only put in the bare minimum which won't really prepare them for their careers after college.
In my opinion I think colleges should not exactly be free but I also disagree with the amount of money it costs to go to college. I believe that colleges shouldn't be free because students will no longer have access to higher education and also because it will no longer be such a challenge to get into a college, people won't have to work as hard because it will be free. There would also be many students who would take it for granted and not do their best. I disagree with the amount of money it costs to go to college because there are many students with hard-working parents that just can't afford it. There are really smart people who can't reach their full potential by getting a higher education just because the price is too high.
There are many different opinions on whether college should be free or not. There are also strong arguments for either side. It just depends on what each person thinks. Free college would be a great opportunity for those who want to go to college but just can't afford it but free colleges has many disadvantages to both the school and the education the students will receive.
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Ways of Combating Negative Stressors
These have a lot to do with the everyday life of one’s personal goals and what they seek in success and how they overcome challenges. Some of the best decisions made are affected by what someone feels. Living with the perspective of taking everyday one day at a time creates a situation that shows every day has its own challenges and success. There are so many obstacles one faces that carry on through daily and as often as they are, monthly struggles.
When there is a will there is a way. Positively reinforcing in this way also has negative effects like thinking so hard one acquires some sort of sickness to temporarily damage their physical health. It is said that exercising sixty minutes a day repetitively and over the course of time can vastly improve the number of endorphins your body releases. This is a positive hormone that excites and brightens the might of your mind. Releasing negative stress and sweating out the excess harmful substances in our body hoarded by our fat cells enhances and fuels the positive stressors some of our bodies desire.
We’ve all been through moments of high demand whether we like it or not, this in turn causes positive or negative stress. Experiencing stress whether that be life changing events physically draining tasks, events effect our mental health significantly. It is important to identify these stressors when experienced as it is easier to overcome a challenge when knowledge is gained. We all feel stress every once in a while and have our ways to cope with and self-heal to pull through, some faster than others. Over the course of time whether that be long term or short, reoccurring or just a one-time thing stressor have a major influence on our mental and physical health. Weighing out the options of positive and negative stressors are important to manage or else you could find yourself seeking professional help from someone guide you through it. Positive stress an individual experience is commonly known during the occurrence of survival known as “Fight or Flight” where we experience a high heart pumping pulse, quick breaths, fast reflexes and response times, such as increased activity due to the brain itself reaching higher oxygen levels. This prepares one to overcome any possible physical or mental challenge due to possible unknown outcomes.
If these symptoms were recurrent during unnecessary situations any longer than usual say after the situation of danger is over while the stressor is reoccurring chronically and constantly will take a major toll on how much the body and mental health can endure. Life-saving stressors that last too long has to ability to suppress your immunity to germs and bacteria ultimately causing you to acquire a sickness. Not only this, causing the ability of your bodily systems such as sleep, digestive, and reproductive to abnormally function. Along with these systems being out of sync reflects how we think and ultimately act. Experiencing these potential issues vary throughout each person, this can cause minor symptoms such as migraines, change in attitude, level of happiness and acquired sicknesses like the common cold or even the flu at its worst. Noticing these striking stressor causes can help you manage them by identify when you are experiencing the results. The type of stress that goes unacknowledged and happens routinely in patterns over a life-time reaches a strenuous state of health problems such as a higher blood pressure, either type of diabetes, heart problems, and as bad as reaching mental disorders. It is imperative to know when its time to sort out stressors. This all happens over the course of time, stress boils slowly as time passes up to the point of overflowing and overwhelming the state of mind and major focuses and priorities we value. Taking the easy way out is the easiest way out. From a logical standpoint, knowing when affected by stress that causes trouble sleeping, which in turn causes little to no energy, and quick tempered. During these affects, relaxation is one key to releasing stress, breathing exercises such as meditation focusses on the vast topic of self-control such as thoughts and breathing, some of the things we take for granted, these that operate involuntarily. Similarly, how stress boils over time, it is possible to revert the process as well as maintain a clean healthy stress-free environment routinely.
General affects of mental illness are affected on the biological side as well as genetically. Most of the time the effects of an individual’s background go unnoticed in their experiences. For instances, how an individual identifies and presents their symptoms whether that place being affected is physical or emotional. Whichever way this is represented shows how an individual allows themselves being seen in a vulnerable state is directed away from them as much to avoid a self-blaming reflection. Cultures perspective differ on a level of how significant their level of mental illness is to them. Each culture around us use its own means of self-explanation to subjectify what the effects are from their experiences. It is widely believed that in some way shape or form mental illness falls into categories of being real or fake, is part of the mind or the body, possible both if not all. Basically, narrowing down what is at risk here is the idea.
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Sustainability Management Performance of Wipro
The report represents our experience as a consultant group for Wipro to understand its current sustainability and management system and the possibilities present to improve it. The report at first analyses the current system that has been already set and followed. Then it looks at how Wipro can address the present sustainability issues and the strategies
that are needed to move a step forward in the right direction. In India, WIPRO is one of the tops and most successful private sector organizations which has its company running on various sustainable practices and approaches. We as a consultant address the important issues which are present with our deep understanding of the company and the subject, present important recommendations that can be followed for the betterment of the company towards its sustainability goals. Following these recommendations will create a better name for its company which in turn will help it attain its business goals.
Limited”, later abbreviated to ‘WIPRO’. It was set up to manufacture vegetable oils before venturing into different fields (1). The company has nearly 2 lakh employees working across six continents. The company entered the Indian IT industry during 1980 by manufacturing and selling minicomputers and 1990s they leveraged their hardware R&D design and software development expertise and began offering software services to global clients. Later in 2013, the company demerged the non-IT Diversified Businesses. The company has been providing IT Services for 3 decades now and today their focus is entirely on the global Information Technology business. Wipro is listed on National Stock Exchange and Bombay Stock Exchange in India and New York Stock Exchange in the U.S.A. The company believes that their values are the core part of the company’s identity and spirit. WIPRO is run on four core values which are; “passionate about clients’ success, treat each person with respect, be global and responsible, Unyielding integrity in everything we do” (2).
They have good energy, water, renewable sources, and food management: Reduction of electricity usage, Daylight sensors, Reduction of water usage, wastewater treatments, Generation of electricity from renewable resources. Also, increasing biodiversity and many more achievements. According to assessments by several external actors, Wipro has been ranked 1st in the 2010 Asian Sustainability Rating (ASR) of Indian companies and is a member of the NASDAQ Global Sustainability Index as well as the Dow Jones Sustainability Index (3). In November 2012, Greenpeace ranked Wipro first with a score of 7.1/10 (4).
Starting from zero, Wipro’s renewable energy footprint has steadily expanded to 100 million units today comprising more than 25% of their overall energy consumption. Wipro’s investments in green buildings have yielded savings of more than 100 million units of electricity over the past five years alone. They have also invested significantly in water conservation and efficiency within their organization. Wipro basically concentrates on sustainability.it deeply resonates with their values. The organization’s values correlate to their motto or value i.e. “Because it is the right thing to do” (5).
WIPRO has good strategies towards sustainability like saving costs, managing their competitors and environmental risks by their leaders of business units. WIPRO has more advantages than disadvantages towards their sustainable development and management aspects.
WIPRO is the global leader in information technology, consulting, outsourcing and business process services. They also provide services for industries like education, medical and finance industries. According to the company chairman, sustainability management is not just an initiative but the pillar of the company which the business is developed and a commitment to the society and environment. He feels that “A company should act on sustainability driven by the larger vision of its desire to make an impact and difference on some of the most pressing sustainability challenges that face us. In doing so, it should focus on not more than two areas – for us in Wipro, it is Education and Ecology – rather than spread itself too thin. The company should see its involvement in sustainability as a long-term exercise without being blinkered by short-termism that one often sees in the business world.” Through reading and learning about the contribution of the company to the society, we found out that WIPRO interest in sustainability is enormous and decided to do our report on the company.
For realizing our report and project we have decided to gather information through the employees of the company as one my group member has many friends working in the company. We have planned to frame a few interview questions to be asked to the employees and collect information based on that. We have started to research on the sustainable management articles and reports through which we have found out their concern towards the environment and how active their approach towards the environmental impacts. There is a lot of information available on the company website which we can work on. So, the methods we will be using to gather information on their sustainability management are:
- Articles based Research (Newspaper, company articles, and other interviews)
- Wipro Company websites and other competitor’s company websites-based Research
- Interview-based Research [APPENDIX]
Apart from technology-driven value creation, it is important for the organization to create an atmosphere that will make the employees participate in Corporate Social Responsibility initiatives. According to their report, Wipro says it is important to have transparency and compliance on different sustainability aspects within their operations and in their extended value chain. So Human Rights, Labour Practices and Environmental Diversity being key among them (5). To govern this an effective corporate governance is required and everyone should have a clear understanding of the roles. To ensure this, the Board of Directors of the company has adopted ‘Corporate Governance Guidelines’ which consists of the best corporate governance practices. These guidelines provide a systematic and structured framework for the Board to review and evaluate the Company’s performance in an independent manner, while at the same time providing assurance to the Directors in terms of their authority to oversee the Company’s management (6).
Organizations do not exist without stakeholders. Every organization is in interaction with different stakeholders to create value for everyone involved either directly or indirectly. But Wipro claims that stakeholder engagement is more than interactions and has a greater purpose to serve such as understanding risks and opportunities associated with social, environmental and economic climate that the business is present in. So, Wipro has engagement with eight stakeholders which are responsible for sustainable business practices and they act as valuable input to their materiality determination process (6).
Wipro follows the principle of focusing ‘within as well as outside the boundary’ which for them is a strategic choice of looking at sustainability as a boundary-less continuum and this is the backbone of their sustainability framework. They have divided this continuum into two dimensions which are business responsibility and social responsibility.
Business responsibility is about the organization fulfilling its essential duties and obligations and running its business with integrity and ensuring that the ecological footprint of its operations is minimized. The second dimension of social responsibility is about looking beyond the boundaries of the organization and contributing towards the development of the larger community. While this categorization is conceptually useful, the right approach is to look at both the dimensions as an integrated continuum which is based on the same fundamental principles. Based on this Wipro has a sustainability framework which their business runs on (6). The figure below shows the sustainability framework of Wipro which is divided into six different core structures. See Figure 2
Wipro business landscape is shaped on their talent management approach and wants to deliver transformation, change, and growth. Their strategy is built on their values and informed by globally recognized principles of business responsibility. Wipro feels that the rapid transformation of business models and technology landscape ask for the high demand for automation and digitization which reduce technology cycle. Since IT marketplace is a highly competitive one, Wipro focus is on talent and innovation, so they can meet the high level of competence, expertise, and learning agility. Wipro has its office located globally and employees of different talent and workforce are present all over, so it is important to have a workforce pattern and Wipro has its significant portion of its management focusing on their employee welfare. In the recent past, changes to immigration laws & regulations and risks to offshore business models have also made an impact on their strategy, particularly in their approach to attract local talent (6).
Wipro states that in order to prepare for this dynamic business environment, they need to continue building a best-in-class organizational culture to attract, build and retain talent across levels, globally. Wipro creates a culture that drives performance, enables a Digital mind to set and enhances overall employee experience. Their efforts are targeted towards both on improving the demographic diversity as well as building an inclusive culture through our various Diversity & Inclusion programs. Since the client expectations and automation is rapidly changing it is important to invest in programs that equip the organization with exceptional skills and competencies. This helps in defining the needs and development of employees and this is vital for the organizational sustainability and Wipro is just doing that. They are upskilling, cross-skilling and reskilling along with building designs to drive ideation and innovation (6).
Wipro has programs which influence all aspects of an employee’s life including physical, mental and emotional well-being. Protection of employees from injury or occupational disease is also a major objective to Wipro and they continue to enhance safety & security at the workplace by prescribing policies & procedures, creating awareness and imparting training. With all the technological advances happening in the immediate environment, Wipro continues to keep pace in embracing the digital trend and it is finding ways to use digitization and talent analytics to drive business outcomes and bring about employee delight and maintain environmental standards and sustainability (6). Wipro claims that it is providing clean energy products and services which are energy efficient and renewable. They have managed to build IT platform based remote energy management services and have installed solar panels and solar PV in all the locations of their buildings. Biogas and thermal projects are also installed in the vicinity. Eighteen buildings of the company have been converted into green buildings where all environment-friendly procedures are followed by the employees. Green computing is one of the major focus of Wipro where Energy star 5 desktops and laptops are installed. The data centers are calibrated to deliver high performance and be energy efficient by 15-20 %. Their process optimization includes supply chain, dematerialization and inventory efficient smart grid systems which are all benefitting the sustainability. They have come up with IT solutions for enabling smart grid infrastructure (7).
Information and communication technologies now play a vital role in driving efficiency and productivity advances through dematerialization and automation for most upcoming businesses. With the continuing influences and adoption of new disruptive technologies like Big Data, Analytics, Internet of Things and Mobility, this trend is being further strengthened. This trend of disintermediation is changing the interactions between the consumer and businesses which would otherwise take place in the presence of a mediator, disintermediation gives the consumer direct access to information without the interruption of a mediator. Due to this, many upcoming business models are being created and e-commerce is gaining wide acceptance. IT which is paving way for different and unique opportunities for product innovation, resulting in the democratization of ICT making technology more accessible and affordable to customers. All these trends contribute to IT becoming more and more ubiquitous in everyday life addressing different needs of end users. Wipro’s investment on products, platforms, frameworks, and solutions is vitally centered around Wipro HOLMES artificial Intelligence PlatformTM (HOLMES). According to the data collected, the number of patents Wipro held (and applied for) has been increasing year by year. Over the years Wipro has been investing more than USD 1 billion dollars in acquisitions, making sound investments in innovative business models like BPaas (Business Process as a Service) (6).
Wipro Ventures have made some critical investments for four new startups in fiscal 2017 to facilitate and provide their clients with new technologies that are reshaping the future of enterprises, especially in Cybersecurity, Customer Care Automation, Business Process Automation, and Big Data Lifecycle Management. Through Wipro’s Horizon program new technologies are being nurtured, to incubate thinking Artificial Intelligence (AI), Cybersecurity, Digital, Industry 4.0, Internet of Things (IoT), and Software Defined Everything (SDX). These emerging next-generation digital technologies and their collaborative methodologies can drive sustainability by way of digitalization and dematerialization, system integration and optimization (6).
Wipro’s unique Customer Centricity framework is used in all key accounts to drive appropriate actions that continually help customer satisfaction by adding sustainability to their work. The key objectives of their framework are detailed below:
- Customer Value Creation: Value creation to the customer, over and above contracted.
- Dissatisfaction Reduction: Actions on stated areas of dissatisfaction.
- Assure hygiene: Actions to ensure standards are maintained and avoid future dissatisfaction.
- Experience enhancement: Actions related to engagement and relationships (6).
Wipro encourages sourcing and diversity in the supply chain from the local economy. They identify and engage enterprises owned by woman and person with disabilities and these suppliers constitute 3% total supplier spend. Local sourcing provides employment opportunity, lowers cost and minimizes environmental footprint. Indian suppliers contribute 45% supplier spend. Wipro identifies supplier by a formal process who follow the sustained business performance. The suppliers are categorized into two types Strategic Suppliers and Tactical Suppliers. Strategic Suppliers are responsible for the successive strategic business outcome for Wipro, any issues resulting in sustainability may result to dent Wipro’s objectives. Tactical Suppliers contribute to only a small part of the overall spend. Wipro’s supply-chain is based on the principle of ecological sustainability, workplace responsibility, and ethics & integrity.
Ecological sustainability: Wipro expects products and services from the supplier to exceed environmental standards and to establish ecological sustainability program in their operations.
Workplace Responsibility: Wipro wants their supplier to adhere to rules such as human rights, health, and safety, minimum wages, number of working hours, labor welfare, and encourage them to source from local economy (6).
Wipro applying thought in schools was started in the year 2001 to work towards issues on education. The issues are complex and long-term efforts were needed to address it. Civil society organizations have a major role to play, i.e. to bring up the education transformation. Wipro’s focus was to develop a civil society organization to work on issues relating to education in a systematic manner. Wipro as supported over 51 organizations which implemented 113 projects relating to education (6).
Wipro-Earthian
Wipro’s sustainability education support and drive sustainability thinking and learning activities in schools and colleges across various regions of India. Wipro-Earthian covers two programs: The Wipro-Earthian Awards program and Continuous Engagement program. The Award Program aims at expanding outreach to schools and colleges located at remote places, rural areas. The program encourages students to engage themselves in sustainability issues in depth for a period of four months and it provides school students with exposure to biodiversity and water and encourages college students on urban sustainability problems related to Waste, Water, and Mobility. Continuous Engagement program is integrated to promote sustainability education in school and colleges and create practices within the institutes to enhance sustainability footprint through the learning process (8).
Wipro Cares
Wipro Cares is a trust that supports the developmental needs of communities. The main area of focus is the environment, health, and education and it is funded by employee monetary contributions. Wipro Care is providing health care facility for more than 50000 people across three states in India, they are also supporting the victims during natural disasters, and Wipro Care as engaged themselves in social forestry in certain regions of Tamil Nadu (7).
In their report, Wipro has stated that it recognizes the environmental challenges that face humanity today are as critical as are economic imperatives and hence ecological sustainability is an essential part of their approach to responsible corporate citizenship. Wipro conducts natural valuation exercise to find out its unsustainable dependency on vulnerable natural resources. This exercise helps them to get an overall integrated environmental impact assessment of their operations and upstream suppliers. In addition to this, they continue to explore additional and specific quantitative and qualitative metrics to evaluate water and waste management in their campuses. They also aim to baseline and set specific goals to reduce their footprint associated with key Scope 3 categories (like emissions from Business Travel and Commute), Ozone-depleting refrigerants, indoor air quality, and noise pollution. The India GHG Program is a center for excellence on GHG accounting in India. The program promotes a more competitive, profitable and sustainable business environment; broadens engagement between policymakers and the business sector in supporting the overall advancement of national goals, and is creating a pool of adequately trained and certified GHG practitioners, plus measurement and management professionals. The outcomes of these assessments contribute to Wipro’s sustainability program design and stakeholder engagement (6).
Wipro’s ecological sustainability program directly addresses many environmental issues. It is an integral part of many of their key programs, internal and external and across stakeholders. The environmental reporting of Wipro covers all global operations. India has 55 locations including 3 operational data centers and 163 overseas locations which include 7 customer data centers (7).
Figure 3 Wipro ecological sustainability ( sustainability report 2016-17)
Energy efficiency and GHG mitigation
Wipro approach to energy efficiency and GHG mitigation is centered on the following approach where firstly, the energy and emission parameters are baselined, and later ambitious, scientifically valid and traceable goals are set by them. In the end, robust mitigation programs are developed. A robust mechanism of measuring and reporting performance metrics is a primary requirement to set scientifically valid, traceable and accountable goals. Wipro has standardized the process for an accounting of Scope 1 and 2 emissions and has also completed the valuation of externalities (all Scope 3 heads). Wipro current emissions target for Scope 1 and 2 is based on SBTi (Science-Based Target Initiative) from WRI (World Resources Institute), which runs from 2015-16 to 2019-20 (6).
Wipro has made a 70% increase in energy saving through server virtualization from last year, that is by replacing the old physical servers with the virtualization technology on the fewer numbers of the server. Wipro had 2,920 virtual servers running on 312 physical servers which provides an energy savings of around 12.5 million units per year. Wipro claimed to have an increase of 35 % of energy saved than the previous year. Considering the amount of energy, they consume it is a huge change. This was solely based on severing rating which was of 0.75 KW power operating for 24 hours and 5 days a week. Wipro believes that this is a conservative estimate considering the many servers run for the whole week without any break and their power rating range from 0.75 kW to 1 kW (6).
The Operational and business data along with employee commute valuation is derived from actual data which is found and recorded for a few global locations and environmental categories. By using Truscott's econometric input-output model to calculate the natural capital embedded in goods and services which considers the capital spent across different sub-categories of procurement. In the 2016-17 financial year, the natural capital valuation of the environmental impacts relating to Wipro’s operations and supply chain was equal to INR 11,476 million which is roughly 2% of Wipro’s revenue and 7 % of Wipro’s profit in the same time period. The largest contributions came from GHG emissions which are 46%, water consumption 25% and air pollution made of 19%. The total energy consumption which is made up of electricity and backup diesel generated electricity for office areas across all their global operations in IT field is 315 Million Units of electricity in which India contributes to 289 Million units. Data centers in India and overseas (USA and Germany) contribute to an extra amount of 85 Million units of electricity. 96.6 million units of renewable energy were procured through Power Purchase Agreements with private producers, out of which 76.5% account for zero carbon emissions (6).
Wipro, for energy efficiency, they drastically moved on to Floor Area-based metric (FAR) from ‘per employee’. The accepted standard is EPI or Energy Performance Indicator which is equivalent to Energy Per Unit of Floor Area for a defined number of working hours per day (6).
Water Stewardship
At Wipro, water stewardship is done from the three inter-related lenses of Conservation, Responsibility, and Security. Their goals are predicated on many dimensions. Water efficiency is one of the goals where continuous improvement in their operations is done (freshwater uses per employee). The next thing is responsible sourcing which ensures water management in proximate communities, especially in locations that are prone to water scarcity. Another approach is recognizing water availability as a business risk, to proactively assess and plan for the water security of the organization in a manner that is congruent with the first two objectives (6).
Wipro launched a program in 2013 with the aim of minimizing absolute freshwater consumption by 20% by FY2018-19 through an integrated approach. This approach involved implementing standard metering infrastructure and procedures across campuses. The integrated rainwater harvesting into the consumption side of the campus water cycle. The water governance was improved by building user awareness and it involved water plumbers. They improved recycling levels through ultra-filtration with eventual use for non- contact applications other than landscaping and sanitation (6).
Pollution And waste management
Wipro by its innovative methods has decreased the MSW intensity from 3.26 Kg to 1.55 Kg per employee per annum. They have reduced their Landfill intensity by half from 3.12 to 1.55 Kg per employee per annum. The company’s inorganic waste is 100% recycled. Waste management is done at the source and is applied as a regular practice at all locations with the active involvement of employees. From the waste generated, 80% of organic waste is processed at the campus and the remaining 20% is used as animal feed in farms. According to their data, the total quantum of waste collected was 7484 tonnes in 2016-17, against 6368 tons in 2015-16. In Indian campuses, the 88.8% of the total waste is recycled by various in-house recycling units and vendor tie-ups who are authorized. The small proportion of the remaining waste is incinerated, and the rest of the waste is sent to approved landfills. The three air pollutants in the full year produced by Wipro is 98.3 tons (NOx), 9.6 tons (Sox) and 18.8 tons (SPM). Wipro claims that 322 tons of life e-waste was collected and recycled by various vendors in the year 2016-2017(6).
Campus Biodiversity:
Wipro has made contributions for energy reduction, lower carbon intensity, water retention and quality of air by constructing campus biodiversities in Bangalore and Pune. The Bangalore campus is migration heaven for butterflies for a month in their 400 km pre-monsoon annual migration. In Pune campus, consist of 240 species of native plants and they are protected and taken care of (6).
At Wipro, they think it is critical for a business to engage with the multiple social and ecological challenges that they face. They believe that such engagement must be deep, meaningful and formed on the bedrock of long-term commitment so that is the way by which real change can happen on the ground. They are reaching out to rural communities by providing healthcare, livelihood, primary education, and water sanitation. Wipro is advocating urban communities by monitoring pollution, education, and health. They have set sights on future generation and are providing environmental sustainability (6).
The word Environmental Sustainability is one of the dimensions of Sustainable Development which refers to preserving the quality of the natural environment for a long time. Hence, business-related organizations need to adopt environmentally sustainable business practices to achieve Sustainable Development.
According to Gibson “sustainability is an essentially integrative concept which is lost when sustainability is depicted as the intersection of social, economic and ecological interests and initiatives” (9). The good strategy is one which solves the difference between the baseline and the desired position of the company by showing a long-term commitment on what the company wants to achieve and shows their focus and scope of the work, by engaging, challenging and with hard work they can reach their goal. Wipro is a good example of an organization adapting excellent sustainable business practices (5).
The main vision of Wipro lies in its spirit. Their spirit is defined by their intensity to win, act with sensitivity and unyielding integrity. From its practices, it can be said that it has a globally respected and sustainable business. Wipro contribution to sustainability can be seen through their sustainability report based on the latest Global Reporting Initiatives (GRI) G4 comprehensive framework (6).
Wipro is known for its growth in sustainability, which is linked to the wellbeing of the company’s employees-ecosystem and business partners, local communities and the environment. The sustainability policies of Wipro have a specific set of paths and goals which links the stakeholders and the environment equally and by embedding it in everyday activities. From their public relations and policy regulations, it can be understood that they are having good collaborations with governments and clients and helps in developing sustainable solutions and governance frameworks. Sustainability is built in the root level of Wipro, over the past few years, the company has built future proofed businesses to their clients, employees, and investors. At the same time, the company is working on fulfilling their responsibility towards the planet and to future generations. From the healthcare services and training for employees, from energy saving methods and cooling technology to investments in renewable energy, the company has achieved few milestones along the way that vindicates company’s vision and endeavors.
Wipro has cultivated and adopted a sustainable approach to business. Sustainability is one of the key factors for their success which they have built into the core pillar of their business. From the time Wipro was established they have not only implemented future-proofed businesses for their clients, but also for their investors and their employees and at the same time working towards fulfilling company’s responsibility towards the planet and their communities. Wipro has sustainability policy interactions with stakeholders such as an employee, investors, clients, and governments to develop sustainable solutions, governance frameworks and influences day-to-day actions.
Workplace Sustainability
Wipro sustainability practices are shaped by the Spirit of Wipro values, Code of Business Conduct (COBC), as well as principles of the U.N. Global Compact, U.N. Universal Declaration of Human Rights, OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises and the International Labour Organization’s Declaration on Fundamental Principles & Rights at Work (1998). While these provide the guidelines and direction for responsible business conduct at a global level, Wipro policies are shaped and customized by local regulations and law of land but even then, they have done a good job in following most of the principles (6).
Their commitment to uphold and promote human rights and interests of the global workforce can be seen in their long-standing and integrated Code of Business Conduct & Ethics.
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The Way to Create Sustainability at Urban Green Park
Abstract
Urban green parks are usually found in developing urban areas. In this era of globalization, with the increasing urbanization at once lead to an increase in the population of this region. Hence, it gives exposure to the environment such as noise pollution, air pollution, and increasing climate change. With this situation, it can put pressure on urban populations as well as with a limited resource affect the daily life activities to the urban community. Therefore, these issues need to be addressed so that urban communities can live in a healthy life by providing a healthy and sustainable environment. It is also an initiative that benefits urban people and plays an important role in healthy and empowered city planning and ultimately leads to a sustainable city. However, it is not enough by providing urban green park only as the population of the urban population is higher and it affects the use of abundant energy resources in daily life. Hence, this is the right time to make changes towards efficiency and bring it together to a high level of urbanization and its sustainability. This project paper attempts to create sustainability in the urban green park with gives emphasis and significance and identify the energy independence which can be adopted and accepted by communities around the world including in our country.
Nowadays, in a life of human need the energy to do something activities. Energy is important not only for human but also for the country. Energy usually refers to the ability to work. according to the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), energy is available in many ways and comes in various forms like heat, light, motion, electrical, chemical, nuclear energy and gravitational. Energy is divided into two types which is stored (potential) energy and working (kinetic) energy. For example, foods contain chemical energy and are consumed by someone and this energy is stored to provide strength and force as kinetic energy for doing work or daily activity [1]. Renewable and non-renewable energy be used as primary resources to produce heat energy otherwise it also can be secondary energy to produces electricity. There are five main of renewable energy sources such as solar energy from the sun, geothermal energy from the heat inside the earth, wind energy, biomass from plants and hydropower from flowing water. While, non-renewable energy is a petroleum product, hydrocarbon gas liquids, natural gas, coal and nuclear energy [2]. For this study, emphasis will be given to energy independence especially by using renewable energy especially in producing electricity while in the context of independence it means freedom from control, freedom from dependence on or control by another person, organization, or state [3].
While many renewable energy-related projects are carried out on a large scale, these alternatives can be used in tandem with the rapidly growing technology. This is because Malaysia is a hot and humid nation all year round. Thus, we can use the sun as a source of energy to replace electricity. Furthermore, to study in detail this energy independence, focusing will be given to the urban green park area where it is a frequent area of an urban community. In the next thirty years, almost three-quarters inhabitant will live in urban areas. This is due to the influx of migrations due to economic changes and environmental changes. Therefore, urban planning faces some challenges such as building more housing, schools, upgrading infrastructure to better ones such as transport, water, and electricity. As such, the parks become victims of developmental greed and are often a concern. This situation can cause major problems, especially for high-density urban areas. Among the problems that will occur include the urban heat island from concrete, bitumen and glass, stormwater run-off and lack of green areas such as parks for recreation and play activities. This can cause urban community life to be unhealthy such as obesity, anxiety and depression if the park in the city is diminishing.
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Emerging Trend of Green Banking and Environment Sustainability through Public Sector Banks in India
There is no all around acknowledged meaning of green banking (Alexander 2016) and it differs generally between nations. Notwithstanding, a few scientists and associations attempted to think of their own definition. The Indian Institute for Development and Research in Banking Technology (IDRBT), which is set up by the Reserve Bank of India, characterized green banking as an umbrella term alluding to practices and rules that make banks reasonable in monetary, natural and social measurements (IDRBT, 2013). Green banking is like the idea of moral banking, what begins fully intent on ensuring the climate, as it includes advancing ecological and social obligation while giving amazing banking administrations (Bihari 2011). The State Bank of Pakistan characterized green banking as advancing harmless to the ecosystem rehearses that help banks and clients in diminishing their carbon impressions (SBP 2015). Green banking can be additionally called social or capable banking since it covers the social obligation of banks towards ecological security, delineating that social issues frequently cross with natural issues. Social banking is comprehensively characterized as tending to the absolute most major problems within recent memory and planning to decidedly affect individuals, the climate and culture by significance of banking (Kaeufer 2010; Weber and Remer 2011). Also, mindful banking envelops a solid responsibility by banks to reasonable turn of events and tending to corporate social obligation as a basic piece of its business exercises. At last, green banking can be a subset of supportable banking which will in general catch more extensive natural and social measurements (Dufays 2012). Worldwide Alliance for Banking on Values (GABV) is a free organization of banks and banking cooperatives with a common mission to utilize money to convey feasible monetary, social and ecological turn of events. GABV has supported the standards of reasonable banking which incorporate triple primary concern approach (social, natural and monetary angles) at the core of the plan of action, grounded in networks and straightforward and comprehensive administration (GABV 2012). There are many covers between these definitions and ideas which can be befuddling somewhat. To make the extension and definitions a little more clear, UNEP gave a decent correlation on individual meanings of green versus practical versus socioenvironmental (UNEP, 2016), as displayed in Fig. 1. As indicated by UNEP, feasible money is the most comprehensive idea which contains social, natural and financial perspectives while green money incorporates environment and other ecological money yet prohibits social and monetary angles.
IPCC legitimately guaranteed that there is no unmistakable logical proof on how the banking area will be influenced by the effects of environmental change (IPCC 2001). While there may not be clear logical proof, national banks, controllers and the scholarly community have been dissecting the environmental change difficulties from a monetary danger and strength perspective (Kim et al. 2015; Carney 2015; Battiston et al. 2017; Volz 2017). Prudential Regulation Authority (PRA) inside the Bank of England distinguished two essential monetary danger factors related with environmental change: physical and progress (PRA 2018). Actual danger is characterized as the primary request chances which emerge from environment and climate related occasions, like floods, storms, heatwaves, dry spells and ocean level ascent with the weakness of openness of human and normal frameworks (PRA 2015; Batten et al. 2016; PRA 2018). Actual dangers can prompt higher credit hazards and monetary misfortunes by weakening resource esteems. Progress hazards are those that can emerge while changing, much of the time in a jumbled design, towards a low-carbon economy (Carney 2015; Platinga and Scholtens). Considering that environmental change alleviation activities regularly require extremist changes and changes by the general population and private area and families, an enormous scope of resources are in danger of becoming abandoned. This is particularly pervasive for petroleum product related areas and resources, which because of a revaluation, can thus prompt higher credit openness for banking and non-banking monetary organizations. Moreover, obligation dangers can be another essential monetary danger factor. Obligation dangers can emerge if parties experiencing misfortunes the harms of environmental change look for remuneration from those they consider responsible (Heede 2014; Carney 2015). Obligation dangers can be more applicable to the protection area instead of banking area due their tendency and remuneration component. The three sorts of monetary danger factors establish a significant danger to the solidness of the monetary framework (Carney 2015; Arezki et al. 2016; Christophers 2017).
It is generally recognized that nations that set up clear rules and compulsory guidelines to coordinate public and private financing towards green items, offer an empowering climate for homegrown money organizations to increase their green speculations (GIZ 2019). Nonetheless, approaches toward green banking strategy mediations will in general be distinctive among creating and created nations, despite the fact that activities taken by prudential experts in created nations fluctuate. For instance, rule-based specialists, for example, those inside France will in general demonstration all the more proactively and acquaint strategies that point with measure environment chances, while rule based specialists, for example, those inside Switzerland and Japan will in general adopt more market-driven strategies (Spiegel et al. 2019). As summed up in Table 2, a large number of the agricultural nations have presented compulsory guidelines which require their banks to formalize and execute an ecological and social protections strategy and report applicable exercises to national banks and controllers. At times, national banks in non-industrial nations, for example, Bangladesh and India set explicit loaning portions for environment delicate areas. Many non-industrial nations have gotten support from multilateral advancement offices, for example, IFC in fostering their green banking strategy structure. As per IFC, agricultural nations are at various phases of reasonable money improvement and Bangladesh, Brazil, China, Colombia, Indonesia, Mongolia, Nigeria and Vietnam are generally exceptional as they have begun writing about consequences of their execution activities (IFC 2018a, 2018b). Then again, most the created nations have taken an industry-driven, intentional methodology, zeroing in primarily on the divulgence of environment related monetary dangers as a feature of supporting the TCFD. Starting at 2018, governments in Belgium, France, Sweden, and the United Kingdom (U.K.) and monetary controllers from Australia, Belgium, France, Japan, the Netherlands, Sweden and the U.K. have communicated support for the TCFD, which completely stays an intentional drive (TCFD 2018). Besides, France made the divulgence of environment related monetary data by recorded firms, banks and acknowledge suppliers just as financial backers required under its Energy Transition Law for Green Growth. Japan is one more instance of a created country, as the Bank of Japan gives concessional advances to banks that loan to climate and energy organizations. Be that as it may, even those required plans under execution regularly need subtleties of the implementation and in this way make some vagueness concerning the degree to which authority inside the public authority will assume the liability of consistence check and observing.
Green full scale prudential strategy intends to characterize the guidelines for monetary organizations and moderate the fundamental monetary dangers to the large scale economy brought about by environmental change. Green full scale prudential devices can incorporate an environment stress-testing of the banking framework, separated capital prerequisites relying upon the extent of green arrangement of the bank and limitations on layaway openness and monetary proportions. Such devices can help national banks and controllers impact the loaning action of banks by empowering them to make more green ventures. Apparently, the most impressive full scale prudential apparatus would be the Basel accord. The current capital and liquidity prerequisites under the Basel III accord don't really expect banks to assess the effects of environment hazards on their monetary record (BCBS 2016; ESRB 2016a). Considering that the Basel III principles have been embraced and are being carried out by each of the 27 Basel board of trustees part wards (BCBS 2018), they are the most broadly acknowledged guidelines in the banking business across creating and created nations. Consequently, thought of environment and ecological dangers by the Basel board of trustees in evaluating their effects on the solidness of the banking area will give an extremely impressive market flag and further energize national banks and controllers to embrace powerful natural and social danger the executives systems.
The idea of green banking actually has far to go until it gets completely mainstreamed in the banking area. In any case, concurrent initiation of both hierarchical and base up commitment in raising the familiarity with green banking has taken off. Strategy creators and controllers have been progressively understanding the significance of embracing green banking strategy mediations as a way to change the monetary area which can enormously contribute towards assisting nations with meeting their environment targets and objectives. Particularly, the job of national banks and monetary controllers is key as they have the ability to change and control elements and scene of the monetary area. Taking into account that most created nations depend on a deliberate set of accepted rules by their banks and spotlight on the data divulgence while agricultural nations will in general utilize more administrative ways to deal with advance green banking exercises, future exploration could analyze the presentation and adequacy of each green banking strategy instrument and recognize which approach is demonstrated to be more successful or has the better possibility. Be that as it may, it is relied upon to take extensive time before any specialist can embrace such examination due to an absence of information accessibility as this is exceptionally new exploration region. It would be similarly difficult to plan and foster the standards against which execution and adequacy of the strategy instrument will be estimated.
All the while, more banks will become greener either exclusively or on the whole and began dispatching green monetary items, principally to build their financial worth, yet in addition to be acceptable corporate residents. Green monetary items serve banks to satisfy a few significant targets: banks can agree with unofficial laws' or direction, upgrade firm standing, and take advantage of arising business openings. The size of the green market has been consistently developing and expected to become further. Banks that can lay down a good foundation for themselves as early-movers and market pioneers are bound to improve their standing which can thus assist with drawing in new customers. Further, according to key viewpoint, change of shopper purchasing conduct by empowering them to amplify the utilization of green monetary items is generally attractive. Along these lines, banks should create and carry out vigorous natural and social defend norms to have the option to deal with their green monetary items and follow the guidelines or rules.
While there is a predetermined number of studies that tracked down a positive connection among green and social banking exercises and monetary and functional execution of banks, it is too soon to make such a determination. To do as such, more information are required and different investigations ought to be directed both hypothetically and observationally. For instance, a conventional overview focusing on monetary foundations on current obstructions and wanted exercises can be a helpful instrument for gathering the information and making the hypothesis of progress more hearty. With such information set up, a construction for a more orderly and observational investigation of underlying drivers of market obstructions and exercises to address them can be created. Additionally, it very well may be intriguing future exploration to recognize if notoriety plays an intervening job between green banking movement and monetary just as functional execution of banks. Other future examination themes in this space can incorporate researching whether green banks beat non-green banks as far as environment just as functional and monetary execution, and contrasting the adequacy of green banking strategy measures. In any case, boundaries and guidelines should be created to gauge the green and environment execution of banks and such an assignment is relied upon to be a significant test.
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Sustainability of Indian Higher Education
Abstract
Education is very important factor for development of a country.It is one of the significant factor to build a nation for sustainable growth of economy. Therefore it should be addressed appropriately to the changing needs of national and international scenario. The present paper attempts to focus on overall performance of higher education system in India. As per 2011 census,India, today is a youthful country having population less than 30 years. This demographic dividend has important competitive factor. The large population should be considered as an invaluable human resource and should be provided the necessary skills so as to empower them to lead a purposeful life and contribute to the economy. But disconnect between the needs of the market and courses offered by higher education has contributed to high level of graduate unemployment and underemployment. Poor employability of graduates is a worrying concern for globe. Thus present study aims to observe effectiveness of competetiveness of higher education in India and its sustainability. The higher education in India is complex with regulatory bodies associated with governace are overlapping and entangled across various ministries. The most important distinguish feature of India Vs other developed countries is there lack of storng commitment of research and knowledge creation. There must be agenda of innovation and nation building. Keeping aside USA,UK,Western Europe, India’s investment in higher education system is significantly less than benchmark. To compete globally even China,South Korea have made significant investment over last two decades in higher education. To develop India as a digital nation at globe, India needs to addess higher education seriously. All the stakeholders have to make joint effort to get solution. John Deway said”Education is not preparation for life,education is life itself.”
Keywords- Education,Higher Education,Sustainability
Introduction- Education plays a very significant role in development of a country.. As per secondary data sources India has achieved growth and expansion in this field. Knowledge is dynamic and this century has observed its expansion. The education creates human capital which in future can be channelized into self sustained economic growth. Thus education is the journey based to provide requisite knowledge & skills required for sustained growth. As per census 2011 India today is a powerhouse of human resource so to convert challenge to win-win situation is the major task before country. India is a nation of young people. The valuable human resource should be equipped with necessary skills to empower them to lead a purposeful life. To ensure quality and excellence in higher education, time to time action plans developed by UGC. The joint effort by the central and state universities, colleges and other educational institutions of higher education need to reconsider and readopt various reforms aggressively. This paper is an attempt to understand scenario of higher education in India, South Asian region and at global level.
Rationale of Study- According to 12th FICCI Higher Education Summit(2016),the Indian economy has emerged from being primarily agrarian to service sector. As we move up the ladder of development, the contributions of hi-tech manufacturing and high value-added services to the GDP increases. Success in leveraging knowledge and innovation is only possible with a sound infrastructure of higher education. A successful education policy forms the foundation of pillars of national development including political, social, economic, technical, scientific, and environmental.Thus, the higher the quality of university education in a country, the more prosperous and competitive are the people. According to (HILAL YILDIRIR KESER 2015) investigate the effects of higher education on global competitiveness. The most widely accepted definition of global competitiveness is in the form of "" efficiency level encompassing all of the institutions that will ensure sustainable growth in a country, policies and factors of production"". The overall competitiveness of a country depends on the various pillars such as; the level of development of R & D activities and productivity, performance Index of various sectors, the country's trading surplus, producing goods hosting high-tech in their nature, availability of expert and skilled labor force. But one of the main points in the realization of these factors is the quality of the higher education.As per (Singh,Harshvardhan 2015) suggest a better examination system leading to a more skill and competencies based evaluation.
The learning dimensions of higher education are integeration,inclusiveness,openness and flexibility.The Indian higher education requires thurst for scientific and technological advancements.There should be motivation for universities to become center of higher learning and research oriented for the furtherance of high-skilled global human resource force.Following are few important issues and challenges.
Knowledge as a tool to become Superpower-We live in knowledge based society.The Indian higher education has to impart a key role to make India knowledge superpower.The higher education has to be reach out to large number of demograph through various way in a seamless way.Internet will be of great things for this purpose. SWAYAM is a programme initiated by Government of India and designed to achieve the three cardinal principles of Education Policy viz., access, equity and quality. The objective of this effort is to take the best teaching learning resources to all, including the most disadvantaged. SWAYAM seeks to bridge the digital divide for students who have hitherto remained untouched by the digital revolution and have not been able to join the mainstream of the knowledge economy. The four pillars of Indian higher education.
- Research oriented Higher education - As per Economic Survey2017-18 India's spending on R&D in terms of percentage of GDP has been stagnant at 0.6 to 0.7 per cent in the last two decades - much lower than the US, China, South Korea and Israel The country needs to redouble its efforts to make improvements in science and R&D.
- Low budget of Higher Education - Though host of IITs and other government colleges were built in the years after independence, ‘education‘ or ‘teacher‘ were never buzzwords in budget speeches. The 1991-92 budget speech changed that when then Finance Minister Manmohan Singh mentioned it 19 times. The 2001-02 and 2007-08 budgets also saw significant mentions. The 2018 Budget speech had a slew of announcements on improving the quality of education and mentions jumped to 35 – the highest ever.
- Struggle for good faculty - The present adhocacy system and the biased attitude towards their employability has forced the continuation of poor delivery of quality education.
- Traditional teaching methods - The habit of traditional teaching methods has its profound effect of absentism on students in class. Lack of virtual class, ICT methods, latest trends in subject knowledge drove them away to the class.
- Lack of Infrastructure - In India, many of the universities don’t have adequate infrastructure or facilities to teach students. Even many private universities are running courses without classrooms. Internet and Wi-Fi facility is still out of reach of many students.
- Lack of Value Education - The absence of our culture and ethics in our present syllabus has played a negative role for overall growth of students as a good human being. The education system gives training to brain but fails to train heart and inculcate human values
- Employability - Tensions between the government and the university sector ran high in 2018, with the government cutting funding to student placement and a big push back from universities.
India’s Ranking in South Asian region and at a global level. India in South Asian region-India is the strongest South Asian nation in the rankings. It is the only country in the region with representatives in the top 100 (eight) and boasts 16 universities overall, while its neighbours Pakistan and Bangladesh have just three institutions between them in the bottom half of the table. Suggestive measures for improving Quality of higher Education
- Autonomy - The Centre has granted “autonomy” to 60 other universities and colleges. It has chosen to replace India’s University Grants Commission. The eastablishment of Higher Education Commission to regulate higher education was milestone for higher education in India.
- Student-Centred Education and Dynamic Methods-Student-centered learning, also known as learner-centered education, broadly encompasses methods of teaching that shift the focus of instruction from the teacher to the student. In original usage, student-centered learning aims to develop learner autonomy and independence by putting responsibility for the learning path in the hands of students by imparting them with skills and basis on how to learn a specific subject.
- Enrichment of Course Curriculumn - There should be upgradation of syllabus,to delete outdated subjects and inclusion of practical based couse module.
- Examination evaluation Reforms - In general view, that the traditional examination system does not bring out the real ability, achievement, or potentiality of students. Hence, there is a need for examination reform..
- International Cooperation- For reasons of equity and economic development alone, it is imperative that all efforts be put to the task of achieving universal school enrollment and learning.
- To increase Quantity of Universities - There is need to increase the college density per eligible candidate.
- Organiging Cross Culture Programmes - Within the changing landscape of our world ,we need persons who can work together overcoming his cultural difference to address critical need, who can resolve global challenges.By organizing such programs there will be growth of harmonious relation ships among people.
- Action Plan for Improving Quality - The action plan needs to focus on the teacher who plays a pivotal role in imparting education. The entire value chain needs to be looked at, understood, and its interventions clearly outlined.
Conclusions-Research and education is the back bone of a nation for its sustainable development. Sustainable development policies highlight the role of education.It has become the need of the day to create the awareness among the students, researchers and teachers as well as in local communities for environment protection. The present paper gives an overview regarding the role of research and higher education in the development of a country in sustainable manner. Attempts have also been made to summarise the status of higher education system in the countryThe Challenges of higher education cannot be faced by the Government alone. It needs the honest participation of the Government, the private providers and perhaps selectively participation of foreign universities. The Stakeholders has to free themselves from the mindset and take a realistic attitude, taking into consideration the fact that a major revolution is taking place in higher education in the world. Acknowledgement- The Author is an Associate Professor of Commerec,has 31st years of expertise in teaching of Statistics,Taxes and Human resources.
References:
- Higher Education in India: Issues, Concerns and New Directions https://www.ugc.ac.in/pub/heindia.pdf
- Educational statistics at a glance Published by MHRD 2018
- Hilalyildirit.et. al:effects of Higher Education on Globe:Reviews in relation with European Countries and the Middle East countries.
- KirtiMatiwal.Dr: Present Scenario of Higher Education In India
- The British Council Report(,February2014): Understanding India The future of Higher Education and opportunities for International Cooperation
- Sampath, Kumar.(2012):Recent Reforms in Education In india Achievements and Unfinished Tasks
- Thetimesofindia.com
- Thetimeshighereducationranking.com
- Highereducation in india Wikipedia
- Mukesh,Chahal(2015) Higher Education in India:Emerging Issues challenges and Suggestions
- The financialexpress.com
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- All India Higher Education Survey by MHRD ,India,2018.
- Singh,Harshvardhan(2015). EnvisioningThe Examination Reforms In Indian higher Education System.
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The 5S Program
The 5S program is a technique originated in Japan and was introduced by Takashi Osada in 1980. 5S is consist of five phases from Japanese words: Seiri (sort), Seiton (set in order), Seiso (shine), Seiketso (standardize) and Shitsuke (sustain). 5S is a step by step process of housekeeping to achieve a safe, clean and organized environment in the work area involving all employees in the organization with a commitment to sincerely implement and practice housekeeping. When the workplace is untidy and unorganized, the problems and abnormalities in the area cannot be identified easily. Through removing unnecessary items, organizing and cleaning the work area will help the team to expose the existing abnormalities. The first step of 5S improvement is by making the problems and troubles visible. If 5S activity is not taken seriously, this may leads to accident, quality problems or defects, loss, waste, low morale of employees and customers dissatisfaction.
The primary goal of 5S is to remove unnecessary and unneeded items in the work area and .eliminate wasteful and redundant process. However some employees see 5S as additional job instead of part of their daily job. The implementation may be negatively perceived by some employees which in turn can manifest in a lack of employees commitment to sustain the activities. What makes 5S difficult to continue and maintain is the last S (Shitsuke) which means discipline and in the process adheres sustenance.
The competition in the global market is increasing and many manufacturing companies are looking forward to improve their operations and make them more efficient. Thus, 5S methodology is attractive to companies which have older production sites and are trying to improve their efficiency and reduce costs.
Currently, it is increasingly recognized that 5S management techniques enhance productivity and competitiveness, in order to become a World Class Manufacturing company. Many manufacturing companies make some early 5S improvements and then slide back into their old ways of doing things. Other organizations continue to maintain their 5S programs for many years but some are not. Some companies have unsuccessful implementation of 5S mainly due to incomplete implementation of the fifth S which stands for sustain;. But if implemented completely, a 5S program will have longevity and reap the reward in the near future.
The design and implementation of the 5S program in the selected electronic manufacturing in Laguna under study is not the issue to be analyzed in this research. There are many improvement activities and standards implemented in the company from different Small Group Activity Teams or SGA circles. Some of these are visual tools like signs, labels, and information boards to remind employees of their 5S responsibilities. However, no matter how successful is the implementation of the first four steps in the company, all these improvements gains will be lost and 5S may lead to failure without the 5th S (discipline) or the commitment to sustain from both employees and the top management. Furthermore, there is also lack of knowledge and skills in some improve methods and standards and the challenge is much greater.
To sustain the program, A 5S audit practice was designed which enabled each Small group activity team leader per area to identify the abnormalities and potential level of quality improvement and at the same time analyze the ability and weakness of each work area per Department.
In order for the 5S system to be more successful, we need to identify the critical factors to sustain 5S in the organization. This study focuses on the factors influencing 5S sustainability of electronic manufacturing company in Laguna as basis for organizational effectiveness and continuous improvement as a key tool to improve the workplace and eliminate business problems before it ever happens by eliminating waste and non-value added items, improving quality and delivery while production lead time and costs are reduced.
Objectives of the Study:
This study describes effectiveness and sustainability of 5S in electronic manufacturing company in Laguna. More specifically, it present the profile of the employees in terms of gender, age, civil status, highest educational attainment, Department, employment status, job position, and no. of years in Electronic Manufacturing Company in Laguna; determine the effectiveness and sustainability of 5s; assess the level of commitment to 5S; determine the factors why 5S failed in the area; and test the significant differences of effectiveness, sustainability and commitment of 5S implementation when grouped according to profile; and propose an enhancement program in electronic manufacturing company to further boost 5S and its sustainability.
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The Role of the Kappa-Opioid Receptor in Stress and Substance Use Disorder
Introduction
Substance use disorder affects around 31 million people worldwide (WHO 2018) and is one of the United States' top health problems (Cleck 2008). The major challenge in treating substance use disorders is that many times drug use and relapse is precipitated by stress, and the precise mechanisms that link the two have not yet been fully elucidated (Cleck 2008). In this paper, I explore how the dynorphin/kappa-opioid receptor (DYN/KOR) system may contribute to the interplay between stress and addiction. In particular, I summarize evidence from recent studies indicating that the KOR, a member of the opioid neuromodulatory system, plays a central role in stress and addiction and represents a promising pharmacological target for treatment. Although stress-induced escalation or reinstatement of drug use poses a serious health risk in the United States and worldwide, there are still very few medications that are able to effectively intervene in the cycle of addiction, especially in preventing the relapse of drug use. Therefore, it is important to continue investigating molecular mechanisms to identify therapeutic targets for treatment.
Proposed Mechanisms
The KOR is a G-protein coupled receptor that is part of a family of receptors that make up the endogenous opioid system of the brain, which has been implicated in substance abuse disorders (Karkhanis 2017). These receptors are found throughout various brain regions such as the ventral tegmental area (VTA), nucleus accumbens (NAc), bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), and central amygdala (CeA) (Karkhanis 2017). The presence of KORs in key brain regions such as the VTA and the NAc that also make up the mesolimbic dopamine (DA) reward pathway could contribute in part to the interaction between stress and addiction (Cleck 2008). The DYN/KOR system is believed to exert effects on other neurotransmitter systems, such as the dopaminergic system, and one proposed theory is through decreasing the release of DA in the NAc (Karkhanis 2016). Chronic stress causes the release of corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH), which then stimulates an increase in levels of DYN that then bind to KORs located presynaptically on DA neuron terminals, thereby suppressing DA release in the NAc and increasing ethanol intake in rats (Karkhanis 2016). In addition to this effect on DA, it has also been proposed that when bound by its endogenous ligand, DYN, the KOR can have multiple downstream effects such as activating the Gi/o pathway (Karkhanis 2017). It has been shown that activation of this Gi signaling cascade within BLA CAMKII??? neurons, which in turn inhibit the excitatory signaling within this brain region, is sufficient to reinstate nicotine preference in rats (Nygard 2016). There is some dissention, however, because some rodent studies have found that optogenetically inhibiting the BLA actually decreases cue-induced cocaine-seeking behavior (Stefanik 2013). However, the discrepancy between these studies could be due to a difference in the involvement of KORs in stress-induced as opposed to cue-induced drug seeking. Further studies are required to better understand region and behavior-specific differences in the influence of these mechanisms on drug addiction.
Effect of KORs on Modulating Drug Consumption
The DYN/KOR system has been implicated in having a critical role in promoting the initial use of drugs, as well as escalating current drug use. A study by Karkhanis et al. (2016) showed that rats that undergo adolescent social isolation exhibit increased ethanol intake as adults compared to group-housed rats. This effect of an early-life stressor is thought to be due to an upregulation of the DYN/KOR system, which enhances KOR function. This subsequently establishes a hypodopaminergic state at baseline along with an increase in evoked DA release and uptake in the NAc, potentiating the associated effects of ethanol (Karkhanis 2016). Administration of the KOR antagonist nor-BNI reduced this observed increased ethanol intake in socially isolated rats as well as decreased the hypodopaminergic baseline state, suggesting that KOR activation drives this stress-induced reward seeking (Karkhanis 2016).
Researchers have also investigated the effects of the DYN/KOR system in facilitating stress-provoked drug relapse. Administration of the KOR agonist U50,488 to rats, which has been shown to also induce a physiological stress response, causes a reinstatement of alcohol seeking (Lí? 2017). This effect was associated with increased neuronal activity in the BNST, and this region-specific KOR activity was shown to be both necessary and sufficient in the reinstatement of alcohol-seeking relapse (Lí? 2017). Moreover, administration of a KOR antagonist is correlated with a reduction in drug reinstatement. Pretreatment with the KOR antagonist nor-BNI prevented stress-reinstated nicotine conditioned place preference in rats (Nygard 2016). Additionally, KOR and DYN knockout mice that did not express either the receptors or ligand in the BLA also did not exhibit stress-induced nicotine reinstatement (Nygard 2016). This provides further evidence for the necessity of the DYN/KOR system in reinstating drug use and identifies a specific brain region in which this effect is significant.
One shortcoming with the present research in the field is that many studies have been conducted only in male rodents or humans. However, there is evidence that there are important sex differences in the long-term effects of stress on KORs (Laman-Maharag 2017). First, it has been shown that males and females differ in their sensitivity to various doses of KOR ligands, however a consensus has not yet been reached on the exact differences in sensitivity, and why we observe these differences (Laman-Maharag 2017). Additionally, stress and treatment with the KOR agonist U50,488 has been shown to increase neuronal activity, as measured by quantifying levels of the early growth response 1 (ERG1) gene, in the NAc in female California mice but to reduce activity in males (Laman-Maharag 2017). Sex differences like these could affect the efficacy of treatments administered to females if they are developed solely based on the known circuitry and responses in males. In order to thoroughly examine the mechanisms and design effective therapeutic treatments, it is thus necessary to include females in these studies and to thoroughly investigate sex differences.
Taken altogether, these studies support the role of KORs in the stress-provoked enhancement or reinstatement of drug intake in rodent models. More research is needed to determine the mechanisms by which the KOR elicits responses in each specific brain region, and whether it influences behavior differently in a region-dependent manner.
Therapeutic Drugs
There is growing interest in the role of KOR antagonists as potential substance use disorder treatments. A promising therapeutic avenue currently being pursued is the use of the selective KOR antagonist CERC-501, also known as Opra Kappa, in treating stress-induced reinstatement of alcohol seeking. The previously developed and most commonly used KOR antagonist, nor-binaltrophimine (nor-BNI) was determined to not be optimal for use of humans due to its long duration of action and delayed onset of function (Domi 2018, Reed 2018). Another KOR antagonist investigated, JDTic, was also determined to be unsuitable due to side effects of tachycardia during clinical trials (Buda 2015). Unlike nor-BNI and JDTic, CERC-501 has been shown to be suitable for medical administration and further study in human subjects via oral administration (Domi 2018, Reed 2018). CERC-501 was able to suppress stress-induced reinstatement of alcohol seeking in rats that had previous chronic ethanol exposure (Domi 2018). However, in a clinical trial examining the effect of CERC-501 on cocaine-dependent individuals, a 10 mg dose of CERC-501 caused no substantial changes with regard to depression or drug craving in a stress-minimized environment (Reed 2018). Further studies are warranted to determine whether this lack of effect could be due to the low-stress environment the participants were placed in, their low baseline scores of craving or dysphoria, or whether there are other factors at play that affect CERC-501's efficacy in humans. Additionally, the exact mechanism by which CERC-501 exerts its effect has not yet been described, and further studies are needed to elucidate this. Ultimately, CERC-501 shows promising potential for future development as a therapeutic treatment for alcohol use disorders driven by stress.
Conclusions and Future Directions
In conclusion, the DYN/KOR system looks like a promising avenue for further therapeutic research. There are still many gaps in knowledge and much is still unknown about the interaction between this system, stress, and the cycle of drug use and addiction. Future studies examining specific neurobiological mechanisms and downstream effects of blocking or activating the KOR will be useful in understanding how therapeutic agents targeting the DYN/KOR system could potentially be used to treat patients with addiction. One possible avenue for researchers to examine is whether there is an effect of estrogen on the DYN/KOR system that influences the effect of an agonist or antagonist on the receptor and explains the noted sex differences. Another avenue of future research could be to investigate the effects on drug addiction when agonists and antagonists are administered in various brain regions, and whether the specific pathways involved are the same or different depending on the type of stressor the animal is subjected to. Finally, as drugs like CERC-501 become determined to be safe to administer in humans, it would be interesting to see more clinical trials that examine the effect of these drugs in preventing stress-related drug relapse in humans. Further investigation into the DYN/KOR system's mechanisms and how it interacts with stress will be very valuable in designing more specific drugs that can help treat people unable to escape the vicious cycle of substance abuse.
Works Cited
- Buda, J. J., Carroll, F. I., Kosten, T. R., Swearingen, D., & Walters, B. B. (2015). A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial to Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability and Pharmacokinetics of Single, Escalating Oral Doses of JDTic. Neuropsychopharmacology,40(9), 2059-2065. doi:10.1038/npp.2015.27
- Cleck, J. N., & Blendy, J. A. (2008). Making a bad thing worse: Adverse effects of stress on drug addiction. Journal of Clinical Investigation,118(2), 454-461. doi:10.1172/jci33946
- Domi, E., Barbier, E., Augier, E., Augier, G., Gehlert, D., Barchiesi, R., . . . Heilig, M. (2018). Preclinical evaluation of the kappa-opioid receptor antagonist CERC-501 as a candidate therapeutic for alcohol use disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology,43(9), 1805-1812. doi:10.1038/s41386-018-0015-y
- Karkhanis, A. N., Rose, J. H., Weiner, J. L., & Jones, S. R. (2016). Early-Life Social Isolation Stress Increases Kappa Opioid Receptor Responsiveness and Downregulates the Dopamine System. Neuropsychopharmacology,41(9), 2263-2274. doi:10.1038/npp.2016.21
- Karkhanis, A., Holleran, K. M., & Jones, S. R. (2017). Dynorphin/Kappa Opioid Receptor Signaling in Preclinical Models of Alcohol, Drug, and Food Addiction. International Review of Neurobiology The Role of Neuropeptides in Addiction and Disorders of Excessive Consumption,53-88. doi:10.1016/bs.irn.2017.08.001
- Laman-Maharg, A. R., Copeland, T., Sanchez, E. O., Campi, K. L., & Trainor, B. C. (2017). The long-term effects of stress and kappa opioid receptor activation on conditioned place aversion in male and female California mice. Behavioural Brain Research,332, 299-307. doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2017.06.015
- Lí?, A. D., Funk, D., Coen, K., Tamadon, S., & Shaham, Y. (2017). Role of ??-Opioid Receptors in the Bed Nucleus of Stria Terminalis in Reinstatement of Alcohol Seeking. Neuropsychopharmacology,43(4), 838-850. doi:10.1038/npp.2017.120
- Nygard, S. K., Hourguettes, N. J., Sobczak, G. G., Carlezon, W. A., & Bruchas, M. R. (2016). Stress-Induced Reinstatement of Nicotine Preference Requires Dynorphin/Kappa Opioid Activity in the Basolateral Amygdala. Journal of Neuroscience,36(38), 9937-9948. doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0953-16.2016
- Reed, B., Butelman, E. R., Fry, R. S., Kimani, R., & Kreek, M. J. (2018). Repeated Administration of Opra Kappa (LY2456302), a Novel, Short-Acting, Selective KOP-r Antagonist, in Persons with and without Cocaine Dependence. Neuropsychopharmacology,43(4), 928-928. doi:10.1038/npp.2017.245
- Stefanik, M. T., & Kalivas, P. W. (2013). Optogenetic dissection of basolateral amygdala projections during cue-induced reinstatement of cocaine seeking. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 7. doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2013.00213
- WHO (2018). Management of Substance Abuse Facts and Figures, https://www.who.int/substance_abuse/facts/en/
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Dynamic Business Environment
In today's dynamic business environment, sustainability has become the key driver of innovation. There is no doubt that sustainability can bring a huge advantage to a company or an organisation, they believe that the more ecological they become, the more the effort will erode their rivals (Nidumolu, Prahald & Rangaswami, P57). It can be divided to three pivotal pillars which are environmental, social and economic sustainability. This is often called the 3P's of organizational performance(Profit, People and planet) .Sustainability is a commitment to protect the rights of present and future generations as co-stakeholders of the world's resources (Schermerhon, JR. & Daniel, 2015, p78). Since Healthy biological communities and conditions are a need to the survival of people, associations assume an essential part to choose the fate of the healthy environment. Hence, the companies will be forced to change the way they think about products, technologies, process and business models. Although it will add to costs and will not get immediate financial benefits, they still believe it is the first step to innovate innovation (Nidumolu, Prahald & Rangaswami, P57). The main idea of this essay is to talk about the effect of sustainability that brings to the organizations.
Sustainability and management play an important role in the organisation. In this century, there are two views in management styles, which are scientific view and socioeconomic view. A good example for scientific view is scientific management, published by Frederick Winslow Taylor in 1911. It can be said that management's social responsibility is just focus on how to maximize profits. After scientific management has been published, Japanese industry began integrating Taylorism into its own national efficiency movement. At that moment, industry faced a labour shortage and outsourced labour to the colonies. For example, a company in Japan who use scientific management to manage his company, Sgnghori industry, ended up by bankrupted. This situation occurred because they neglected human nature and had a site of complex ethnic tension and racialized hierarchy. Although scientific management can bring more profit at the first, it cannot reach sustainability in the future. To compare, socioeconomic view can lead an organisation to sustainability as it is the view that management's social responsibility is important than making profits by protecting and improving the welfare of society. Nowadays, corporate social responsibility (CSR) has become organization's fundamental objectives. In the mid-2000s, a series of product safety and child labour scandals aroused global concerns over business ethics and CSR in China, such as SAMSUNG in its Chinese factories and this has resulted in a serious loss of confidence and trust. After the Chinese government took various measures to promote the awareness of CSR, the performance and the competitive power in China had been increased by in the following year.
Nowadays, organization in Asia have gained lot of profits from the Innovation through sustainability. It is essential to use the 3ps of organization development in order to achieve sustainability which has to be compromised, exploited, or unequally burdened. Following the trend on focusing on a nation's economic-growth, eco-innovation has received a great amount of attention from Asia. Any activities identified with leasing negative effects or upgrading positive influence on the earth while minimizing use of natural resources are all piece of eco-innovation. Interestingly, it not just benefits the environment, the profits of an organization still can be increased since the world market of environmental products and services is growing. It reach a win-win situation. Besides, social enterprise or social entrepreneurs play an important role on social-innovation since Hilde Schwab (2011) said that Social entrepreneurs and their innovations promoting inclusive economic growth. Social advancements are new systems, ideas, thoughts and associations that plan to address social issues coming about because of working conditions, training, network improvement, and wellbeing. For instance, In India, where massive numbers of people lack access to electricity or present-day fuels, SELCO Solar provides sustainable energy solutions and services to under-served households and businesses.
In spite of a considerable exertion coordinated to accelerate green advancement around the world, numerous difficulties remain, especially in Asia where the financial development has been quickening. In Asia, environmental issues have become more serious. The decoupling high ozone depleting substances outflow compromising the economic growth is an extraordinary test to the organization. The conference series of International Conference of Low Carbon Asia2015 means to quicken the green advancement in Asia. In that year, efforts such as through administrative arrangement and motivating forces, investment in green innovation and promotional activities by NGOs to advance green changes towards low-carbon emissions development are in progression. By taking an Indian industry for an example, the outstanding artistic sources talk about these three pillars of sustainable development looks troublesome for them to achieve sustainability in the above three paradigms along with meeting the few difficulties. The main reason is because India is a backward country that most of the people are not well-educated, this caused them to not fully understand how to protect the environment and achieve sustainability. The serious challenges faced by the Indian industry are the polluting nature of tanneries which is evident from the intolerable odour, Poor Legislation and Lack of supervising Facilities.
The external factor of sustainability can make differences among the Asia's organisation, while all parts of Asia is facing same pace where sustainability agenda leads to innovation in organisations. PESTEL analysis is symbolized as Politic, economic, social, technique, environmental and legal. This analysis is to help marketers to monitor and analyse the external market environment that have an impact to the organisation. Outer factors, for example, local laws and regulations, market trends (industry particular) and social pressures are generating to the operationalization of corporate-sustainability techniques (Aaker, 1984). Firstly, local laws and regulations are Political factor, regardless of how well the internal components of your task work, the general financial and political atmosphere will impact your undertaking's capacity to complete thingswhether at the government, state, or neighbourhood level. Highs and lows in the political support for ventures and their funding can put stress on tasks and make it hard to give steady consistent quality of services. Secondly, market trends are economic factor. This factors can be divided into micro-economic and macro-economic factors. Micro-economic factors are about how the people spend money. Macro-economic factors are dealing with the management of need in any given economy. The last is the social factors, these factors are specifically compelling as they directly affect how advertisers comprehend clients and what drives them.
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The Effects of Stress and Threat on the Learning Brain
Throughout the course of a school day, throughout the course of every day, there are many things that can affect a child's learning. One of these is emotional states. Emotional states are one's experience with emotions such as joy, sadness, fear, disappointment, and stress (Jensen, Teaching with the Brain in Mind, 2005). Emotional states help to regulate one's behaviors while also helping them make sense of what is happening in the world around them. Emotional states influence the way one's brain works. Two of the most common emotions a child may experience throughout the course of a day are fear and stress. The brain is the bodies control system; therefore, it is responsible for the bodies adaption to stress and in determining what is threatening. Stress and threats can affect a child's brain in many different ways, including how a child is conditioned to react to stress, how their brain produces hormones to help them cope with stressful situations, and how the brain develops.
One of the many things that can affect the way a young child learns are threats, whether it be an emotional, psychological, or physical threat. A threat is defined as any stimulus that causes the brain to trigger a sense of fear, mistrust, anxiety, or helplessness. (Jensen, Chapter 7 "Stress and Threat", 2008). There is an endless amount of threats for young children. They can be found almost anywhere and include almost anything. Many things happen to children when they feel they are being threatened. Children who are exposed to chronic threat become conditioned to react to any type of threat as if it is life threatening. This means that when a child feels any type of threat, their brain goes into survival mode by only focusing on how staying out of harm's way. Their brain is only focused on the threat at hand, therefore they are not focused on whatever else may be happening in the classroom. They may become violent or they may run because they are afraid of getting hurt (Jensen, Teaching with the Brain in Mind, 2005)
When the brain is under any type of perceived threat, it becomes less able to use higher order thinking skills, loses the ability to index, store, and access information (Jensen, Chapter 7 "Stress and Threat", 2008). One byproduct of chronic threat is stress. Stress is the bodies reaction to a perception, not a reality, that occurs when one experiences an adverse situation in such a way that one perceives they are out of control, or losing control, and ones goals become compromised (Jensen, Chapter 7 "Stress and Threat", 2008). Students who feel threatened tend to be under more stress than students who do not feel threatened. Stress can be helpful in the classroom, but it can also be harmful. When there is chronic distress present in their environment, children are more likely to become susceptible to illness (Jensen, Chapter 7 "Stress and Threat", 2008). When children are more likely to be sick, they become more likely to miss class, which ultimately leads to less learning and lower test scores. Not only does stress cause physical harm to students, but it can also cause them psychological harm. When a student feels threatened, they can lose the ability to use higher order thinking skills as well as use problem solving skills. The same goes for when a student is under chronic stress.
Stress can be broken down into two categories: positive stress (eustress) and negative stress (distress). Eustress is categorized as stress that is not persistent or overwhelming. This type of stress occurs when one feels moderately challenged, but not challenged to the point that one feels they have lost control of the situation. During this type of stress, the body releases hormones which heighten one's perception and increase one's motivation (Jensen, Chapter 7 "Stress and Threat", 2008). These conditions are ideal for student learning. According to Eric Jensen, author of Brain Based Learning: The Paradigm of Teaching, eustress can occur under any of the following conditions: when one actively wants to solve a problem and they have the ability to solve it, when one feels they have some control over their circumstances, and when one can think of potential solutions for life's problems (Jensen, Chapter 7 "Stress and Threat", 2008). For optimum learning environments, moderate stress levels are ideal. This amount of stress can provide children with the motivation they need to accomplish a challenging task. It allows them to feel capable of overcoming challenges while also providing them with the motivation they need to succeed (Jensen, Chapter 7 "Stress and Threat", 2008). This level of stress helps children feel as though they have control over their learning and over their environment.
Distress occurs when one feels threatened, lacks the resources needed to solve a problem, feels risk levels involved are unacceptable, and has little to no control over their circumstances. This type of stress has been proven to kill brain cells while also reducing the number of brain cells being produced. It has also been proven to damage the hippocampus (Jensen, Teaching with the Brain in Mind, 2005). During these types of situations, a child's brain may become fatigued. These types of conditions impair a child's ability to figure out what is important and what is not (Jensen, Teaching with the Brain in Mind, 2005). Distress causes children to feel out of control and helpless. As mentioned above, when children feel this way their brain may become fatigued. This inhibits a student's ability to learn and to recall information needed to solve problems or to preform specific tasks. Students under this type of stress may not be able to focus on things happening in the classroom or in the world around them because they are focused on whatever situation may be causing them distress. A common source of distress for young children is when their parents go through a divorce. These children feel as though they have no control over their situation, which impairs their ability to learn A child who is exposed to high levels of chronic distress are more likely to develop learning disabilities as well.
When a student feels threatened or stressed, many things begin to happen in their brain both physically and chemically. Children who experience high levels of stress have different neural and hormonal responses than those who are not experiencing these high levels of stress (Levy, 2018). The hypothalamic pituitary adrenal, or HPA, axis is the brains stress response system (Alschuler, 2018). This system releases specific hormones in response to stressors, one of which is cortisol. Cortisol can be a temporary source of energy, but over a long period of time (days, weeks, or even months) it can become harmful to the developing brain (Effects of Stress on Brain Development, 2018). Cortisol has been found to link to receptors from the hippocampus and the amygdala which are important for learning and memory (Munoz, 2018).Higher levels of cortisol have been found to support new memory formation, but if these levels stay higher during memory recall, it may make memory retrieval difficult (Munoz, 2018).
It's important for caregivers of young children to be able to help young children make sense of the stress they feel. Caregivers need to be able to calm students and help them feel as though they are safe in their learning environment (Effects of Stress on Brain Development, 2018). It is also important for caregivers to be able to recognize the symptoms of imbalanced brain development due to chronic stress. According to the Georgia Department of Human Services (2018), the symptoms of an imbalance in brain development may include anxiety, hyperactivity, lack of empathy, and poor-problem solving skills. These symptoms correlate with what Jensen (2005) says may happen if children are exposed to high levels of cortisol for a prolonged period of time.
Both sources state that high cortisol levels can permanently alter a child's brain chemistry. Therefore, it is important for caregivers and educators alike to try their best to alleviate any signs of distress a young child may be exhibiting. There are several ways to do this. Jensen (2008) states four ways to reduce the impact of stress and threats on children. The first suggestion he gives is to make the children feel as though they are in a safe environment. He states, the opportunity to talk about these issues helps reduce the burden, meaning it is important for children to have the opportunity to talk about their perceived threats and stress (Jensen, Chapter 7 "Stress and Threat", 2008). The second suggestion for putting an end to threats is to encourage children to have positive relationships with each other. It's important to allow children to solve their problems on their own, but an educator or caregiver needs to be available to help guide them and offer their assistance if necessary. Another way to alleviate stress in the classroom is to allow students to express themselves. When students feel as though they have control over their own learning, they will be more willing to learn new things and follow the rules with less resistance (Jensen, Chapter 7 "Stress and Threat", 2008). The fourth and final way to alleviate the feeling of stress children may experience is to create a relaxing environment. Children are going to feel relaxed and open to learning when there are very little to no stress or threats present in the classroom.
In conclusion, there are many consequences and benefits to having stress in the learning environment. Moderate levels of eustress can cause a child to feel as though they can overcome any challenge that may be presented to them. It also allows students to feel as though they are in control of their learning. There are many different ways in which threats and stress can affect a child's ability to learn, including how a child is conditioned to react to stress and threats, how their brain produces coping hormones, and how their brain develops. It's important for caregivers and educators to create a relaxing environment for students to feel safe and out of harm's way.
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Mind over Matter Regulating Stress through Mind Management
Mind management techniques consist of three coping mechanisms when handling stress: repressive coping, rational coping, and reframing. Repressive coping occurs when a person dismisses situations, feelings, or thoughts that remind the individual of their stressor; this inevitably leads to a false positive outlook (Schacter, Daniel, Gilbert, Nock, & Wegner, 2017). For example, students often use repressive coping when dealing with trauma caused by bullying. Instead of confronting the bully, the victim avoids the places where the bullying occurred. If the bullying worsens, the victims might fear for their lives to the point where they move away from the school or even out of state. Later, when questioned about their bullying experiences, victims tend to focus on their present life rather than the emotions they felt during the bullying. The bully is the cause of their stress; so, they avoid the person as much as possible to get rid of the stress.
Another coping mechanism is rational coping, which includes three steps that conquer the stressor head on. The first step of rational coping is acceptance: coming to the realization that the stressor exists. Exposure is the second step: engaging with the stressor by thinking about and pursuing it. The third step is understanding: working to find the meaning of the stressor in the individual's life (Schacter et al., 2017). Rational coping is difficult in extremely stressful situations. For example, a person who survives a mass school shooting may have difficulty applying rational coping. The first response to a school shooting is to deny the event and live life avoiding anything that triggers that moment. However, receiving professional help from a psychologist enables victims to ponder and confront the situation. Included in this process is a technique called prolonged exposure, where school shooting survivors verbally record the event and listen to the recording daily to relive the traumatic event. As stated in the textbook, prolonged exposure reduces symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder and anxiety, such as social isolation or heart palpitations. Exposing the event to the survivor at once results in significant improvements, compared to gradually exposing the event (Schacter et al., 2017). During the third step, many victims question why this event happened to them. Recognizing why this traumatic event continuously stresses them out, allows them to understand their stressor. Undergoing these three steps helps survivors successfully heal from the school shooting.
The third and final technique of mind management is reframing, which is the strategy of creating a new way to view or reduce the stressor (Schacter et al., 2017). One form of this technique is stress-inoculation training (SIT), which helps people cope with stressful situations by creating optimistic thoughts (Schacter et al., 2017). For instance, one may use SIT when dealing with social anxiety. The person with social anxiety reframes their thoughts by telling themselves phrases such as, I'm not going to let this situation get to me, Attack the panic. Get out the sword and charge at it, or Do not worry, they are thinking about themselves, not you. Practicing these exercises may calm a person down while speaking publicly or attending a party. Another method of reframing is writing out one's deepest feelings and thoughts. For instance, in 1989, Jamie Pennebaker discovered that those who wrote about their emotions greatly improved their physical health compared to those who did not. The students who self-disclosed these emotions also used less aspirin, scored better grades, and visited the student health center less frequently (Schacter et al., 2017). Based on these results, a positive internal dialogue or writing one's emotions on paper reduces stress.
Ever since I began the first grade, I have experienced both minor and major influxes of stress. I connect to mind managing stress since I use all three methods described above, depending on the stressful situation. I tend to use both reframing and rational coping while studying for an exam or writing an essay. For instance, if I know that an essay is due the next day and I left it to the last minute, I try to reframe my stressful thoughts using phrases such as: Don't panic. Everything is going to be okay, If I discipline myself, I will be able to get it done in time, or The grade that I receive for this assignment does not define my worth. In another scenario, if I stress about studying for an exam, I reframe my mindset by telling myself that if I finish studying two pages, I can reward myself by watching ten minutes of my favorite movie.
In addition to the reframing technique, I use rational coping when encountering social anxiety. For example, if I cannot bring myself to initiate small talk with an acquaintance at school or raise my hand in class, I reflect on this mishap after the event passes. More specifically, I start by realizing that social events and participating in a class discussion are components of life that will always exist. After realizing these social instances, I recall the social event or instance where I could not convince myself to speak publicly in class. I then talk to my parents or a counselor to confront the situation and think about what happened. Additionally, I try to understand why public speaking or making small talk with acquaintances stresses me out. Thus, both reframing and rational coping enable me to be productive and accomplish tasks without wasting time wallowing in self-pity.
I tend to use repressive coping when facing friendship problems or rude people. For example, if I attempt to begin a conversation with someone and they do not reciprocate, or if a passerby shows disinterest when I greet them with a smile, I tend to either move on or try to never engage with another stranger again. If I encounter someone who is constantly rude towards me, I try not to let that person stress me out. Instead, I try to avoid that person. If that is not an option, I try to repress these stressors by telling myself to move on from the situation instead of fixing the problem. Overall, I try to avoid people that make me uncomfortable or events that make me feel unwanted.
Addressing each of these areas requires me to reflect on how I view stress and how I combat my stressor in both healthy and unhealthy ways. One method of reframing that I still need to apply, however, is expressive writing. If I turned to expressive writing whenever I felt anxious or stressed in an academic or social situation, I think my stress would decline significantly. Furthermore, if I continue to practice repressive coping by isolating myself from any social situation, I may need to think of healthier ways to confront my stress. Therefore, managing my stress by reframing, repressing, and rationalizing effectively reduces the stress that accompanies being a college student.
References
- Schacter, D. L., Gilbert, D.T., Nock, M. K., & Wegner, D. M. (2017). Psychology (4th ed.). New
- York, NY: Worth Publishers, Macmillan Learning.
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California High-Speed Rail S Contribution to City Sustainability an Evaluation
This essay examines the contribution of California High-Speed Rail to city sustainability on its planned route and provides a potential solution for the embarrassing funding situation of the rail. The California High-Speed Rail is a high-speed train under construction in California that is expected to connect Union station and San Francisco in about 2 hours. The second phase of the project would extend the rail from Los Angeles to San Diego. There has been a number of debates regarding the cost of the project that whether the project would benefit the region on the way of the rail. The major regards of the debate are ever-increasing cost, reduction of emission and the promotion of development, thus it might be a good idea to look at the problem from these aspects. In other words, whether the California high-speed rail is a desire to the program depends on its ability to reduce pollution, and stimulate growth in the areas that the rail passes through.
Whether the cost of the program worth the pollution reduced is questionable. It might be hard to directly view the amount of pollution reduced statically so we will first examine whether HSR is desirable enough to attract travelers from choosing automobiles.
First, whether the rail would be desirable for passengers compared to the car traveling and especially, air traveling is questionable. According to statistics, the cost of building the rail is estimated to be 10.5 billion simply in the first phase. The already dramatic cost would possibly result in high rail fare. Proposed by Parsons Brinckerhoff Cambridge Systematics Systra, the cost of the fare will be about 77% the price of traveling by air. As a result, in short distance, rail traveling is not compelling compared to automobiles. In addition, cars are more convenient and would offer more freedom to travelers. As for long distance, from San Francisco to San Diego for instance, passengers would most likely to choose to go by air, since traveling by air would cost roughly the same as taking the rail and would save much time. If travelers don't choose to take the rail, the purpose of reducing greenhouse gas and pollution can never be achieved. The data offered by the report of California High-Speed Rail Plan Skyrocketing Cost and Project Concerns proposes that the rail will alleviate 3 million tons of green gas emission spewing from tailpipes of cars. (California, 2012) However, such data is questionable since it is under an ideal situation where traveler all choose to take rail instead of driving their own car. (Balian, Daniel.)
Second, the high cost of the program and the problematic funding problem will probably have a dramatic effect on the quality of the station built. Without enough convenience, travelers would not abandon automobile traveling. The convenience of traveling by rail should be in a number of aspects: the accessibility of stations, the transit to other transportation, and other nearby facilities such as restaurants and hotels. A research shows that HSR station typically serves larger geographic catchments. Therefore, efficient access to HSR station plays an important role in attracting travelers. It is argued that the internal design of HSR stations might be more important than the station itself. The reason is simple, as for business traveler, who makes up for most travelers that use HSR and are extremely sensitive on time, the convenience of intermodal transfers is especially important. In order to achieve greater efficiency, HSR station must be equipped with massive parking lots, which will undermine the development of real-estate growth in the area. In the current situation where funding of the program is problematic, the existence of such infrastructures is problematic. Overall, the design of the HSR station will be an extremely demanding part of the HSR project. Given the funding problem, such design would probably not be too desirable thus distracting travelers from choosing HSR as their way of traveling. Not mentioning the fact that construction of rail emits considerable amount of greenhouse gas, the purpose of reducing pollution and greenhouse gas emission cannot be achieved easily under such circumstances. (Moyano, G. (2018). Endnotes)
Furthermore, according to urban location theory, the investment on California HSR will actually be a stronger force towards decentralization of population instead of centralizing population and development as expected. Along the way of California High-Speed Rails, all investments will be encouraging the employment rather than economic growth. Due to the convenience of the rail, people might choose to live in Central Valley areas, thus shifting a percentage of the population out from two major cities in HSR. If we take a close look at those who migrate outside, we would probably discover that they are lower- or middle-class people who look for job opportunities in developing areas. There will be a shift in labor from large cities to smaller urban sectors, but whether such change would result in economic growth of Central Valley areas is still questionable.
Taking a close look at the goal to achieve development in Central Valley as a goal to achievement equity, we would discover the more problematic aspect of the California High-Speed Rails project. To some extent, the rails probably would not even promote the development of new places but would rather stimulate re-development in already developed regions. (Cervero and Bernick, 1996) That is to say, California High-speed rail would promote re-development of Los Angeles downtown and the downtown areas along the rail instead of promoting development the under-developed areas along the rail as expected. It can be argued that HSR will promote growth in extended metropolitan regions and near-station areas instead of under-developed Central Valley areas. If we look at the case of Shinkansen, which is one of the oldest high-speed rails in the world. The development pattern is surprising. Most developments occur in two ends of Shinkansen, in Tokyo and Osaka. Some development occurs in passed-by small cities mainly in downtown areas. The fact is that much of Shinkansen's success in shaping regional development is due to two public initiatives, the Comprehensive National Land Development Act and the New Long-Range Economic Plan instead of the rail itself.
A series of studies have made conclusions on high-speed rails' impact on regional development. HSR promotes employment along the rail with significant influence. The retail, industrial, construction and wholesale section experience a 16 to 34 percent growth in cities with Shinkansen than others who do not. (T. Sanuki, 1994) However, less visible to the public is the diminution of the economic role of third and lower-tiered urban centers. There is some evidence that urban centers around Shinkansen experience in a deflection of economic growth instead of an increase in growth as expected. (H. Suda, 1994) This is due to the fact that a one-day round trip is now available between Tokyo and Osaka urban centers. In the case of California High-Speed Rails, the situation is similar. The reduce of travel time between Los Angeles and San Francisco would illuminate the need to stay one night in third and lower-tiered urban centers such as Bakersfield and Merced. This means that these cities would probably experience in a decrease in economic growth instead of an increase as expected. As studies have shown that the biggest impact of regional rail systems is not achieving development in remote areas but stimulating redevelopment in places where already-committed growth takes place. Therefore, we can conclude that California High-Speed Rails would probably promote the economic growth around stations on the periphery of Los Angeles and Bay area while simultaneously diminish the growth of the already under-developed areas in Central Valley regions. As long as the travel between the two large cities, Los Angeles and San Francisco are conveniently available within a one-day trip, there will be reduced ancillary actives such as dining needs within Central Valley Areas. The construction of California High-Speed Rails will only promote the development of cities, increasing the dimension and influence of these cities as we've discussed, as a part of the urbanization process. Thus, the purpose of regional mutual development can never be achieved. It can be argued that the HSR project will more or less promote the economic growth of urban centers around intermediate stations of HSR, but it is still questionable whether the two poles of the HSR project: Los Angeles and San Francisco are so dominant that they will be likely to siphon most effect of the development promoted by the HSR project.
Therefore, California High-Speed Rail is probably not that desirable as it seems in the proposal: reducing greenhouse gas, promoting regional development, centralizing economic growth, therefore, reduce the need for cars etc. However, the construction process has already begun, and it is impossible to stop the whole project, which will result in more loss economically and environmentally. What we should focus now is how to utilize the already built rails and achieve better consequence with wise policymaking. There are a couple of points we should focus on:
First, given the above analysis, high-speed rail is incapable of inducing new development in central valley regions. In case of Japan High-Speed Rails little or no development occurs in those ""greenfield"" areas along Shinkansen. Unless more investment is spent on promoting public facilities and subsidies to promote local industries, shifting the focus to how to develop extended metropolitan areas would be a wise choice.
Second, advanced and deliberate planning on station and station area design in urban centers along the rails like Bakersfield and Stockton is essential. In order to stimulate development in station areas like the downtown of Bakersfield. Without deliberate planning, the affordable housing price in Central Valley and a great amount of land will only accelerate the spread-out of the population. Centralizing development in downtown areas would be more desirable than spread out the growth. A study by American Farmland Trust also shows that without planning, the population development pattern in Central Valley would result in encroaching upon productive farmland, and thus jeopardizing California's agricultural economic sector and damaging natural resources. (T. Bradshaw, 1995) Selected land uses like entertainment facilities, hotels and shopping malls that draw customers from outside regions are most desirable for HSR station areas. In the case of downtown redevelopment in downtown Washington D.C., the medium-size retail addition has been spawned. Downtown Bakersfield should also take advantage of HSR with a strong public-sector commitment to attracting tourists and businesses. Last, the convenience of the station must also be taken into consideration as business trips are the major purpose of travel between the two large cities.
Third, policies that favoring land-use must be carefully handled. As in the experience of past California rails, the land-use and development impacts of HSR tend to be modest and uneven and will likely to be limited to a few downtown stations. In absence of string public-sector commitment, it is nearly impossible for new real estate development to take place in all these station areas. The case of rail that promotes downtown San Diego and San Francisco downtown areas is the best example. It is not a good idea to be too optimistic in the development brought by California High-Speed Rail.
Here are some of the actions that would be most desirable around HSR station areas: infrastructure investment, assistance with land assemblage and transfer and access Enhancements. Based on the above advise, it might be a good idea to build up a ""Station Village"" around station areas. The transit station extends about a quarter mile from the station, which can be reached on foot. The village should include transportation that connects village residents and workers to the rest of the region. The station should also be able to connect to downtown and other popular destinations. It should be emphasized this ""village"" is not just a station. There are social and economic dimensions behind such ""village"". Through translating the benefit of being around the rail station into higher property values and commercial rents, the ""village"" should also be economically sustainable.
Traveling in California is becoming more and more convenient and people begin to realize the importance of sustainability of transportation in the state. Although California High-Speed Rail project is a not so desirable project with a number of fatal flaws, given that the project has started, we should focus on the construction of rail station that promotes regional development in Central Valley and attract more traveler to use the system instead of using their private automobiles. A worst situation is that the project is suspended and the already built rails will be used in already exist rail system. (Mitchell, Josh. 2011) While local governments must be carefully planning for land-use around stations, the state should also play an important role in ensuring the overall coordination of regional development to achieve greater sustainability among all cities.
References:
- Balian, Daniel. Greenhouse Gas Reduction in Infrastructure Projects: With a Case Study of California High-Speed Rail, 2017.
- California's High-Speed Rail Plan Skyrocketing Costs and Project Concerns???: Hearing before the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, House of Representatives, One Hundred Twelfth Congress, First Session, December 15, 2011. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2012.
- Cervero, R. and Bernick, M. (1996). High-speed rail and development of California's Central Valley. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California at Berkeley, Institute of Urban and Regional Development.
- H. Suda. Tokaido Shinkansen is Japan's Economic Artery, Railway Gazette International: 150, 0: 22-28, 1994
- Moyano, G. (2018). Endnotes: Five Ways to Improve Urban Transportation and Reduce Its Environmental Effects. [online] Americasquarterly.org. Available at: https://www.americasquarterly.org/MOYANO [Accessed 27 Oct. 2018].
- Mitchell, Josh. 2011. ""U.S. News: Plan for High-Speed Rail just Inching Along --- California Project could be Scaled Back as Funding Dries Up, Delaying Ambitions for a Viable Alternative to Cars, Planes."" Wall Street Journal, Oct 17. https://libproxy.usc.edu/login?url=https://search-proquest-com.libproxy2.usc.edu/docview/898498182?accountid=14749.
- T. Bradshaw, B. Nuler, and D. Strong. Alternatives for Future Urban Growth in California's Central Valley: The Bottom Line for Agriculture and Taxpayers. Washington, D.C: American Farmland Trust, 1995
- T. Sanuki, Economical Effects of Tokaido-Shinkansen. Japan Railway Gazette: October 1994.
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Understanding HIV Protease Inhibitor Activity
Abstract
The purpose of this experiment was to observe the interaction of three different compounds against the HIV-1 protease. These observations were used to compare the inhibitive effect the drugs have with HIV-1 protease. The compound used were between an FDA approved drug, saquinavir, a synthesized compound not yet in use, and a random medicinal drug compound, hydrocodone. The problem presented in this lab shows how the bonds between compounds and the protease molecule can inhibit the progressing of HIV. This experiment showed that the FDA drug had the greatest effect and the medicinal drug used had the least effect in inhibiting the HIV-1 protease.
Introduction
The use of molecular modeling is used in the development of drugs that aid in shaping the way that diseases are treated. The modeling of synthesized drugs and compounds can be used in seeing how each bond affects the absorption or inhibition of certain compound with enzymes and molecules within the human body (1). HIV, or Human Immunodeficiency Virus, is known as the virus that causes AIDS. HIV attacks the immune system and is contracted by contact with body fluids into mucous membrane such as intercourse, shared needles, or from mother to child during pregnancy. Aids is Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, is the most advanced stage of HIV infection, and is a syndrome that eventually leads to death with having no cure. HIV/AIDS is a major epidemic in western countries such as the United States (2).
There are seven stages of life for HIV, binding, fusion, reverse transcription, integration, replication, assembly, and budding. These steps to life are what make the spread of HIV so prevalent and how it replicates within our own cells. HIV-1 protease is an important part of that life cycle of HIV (3). HIV makes many proteins in a long piece put together with smaller portions. HIV-1 protease is in charge of cutting these long protein chains into the correct usable size. This is a critical step needed for the early life cycle when it becomes the young form of the HIV virus. Then, the proteins must be cut into the proper pieces to form the mature virus, which then infects more cells. These reactions must be timed perfectly to allow for proper assembly (4).
Currently, there are ten HIV protease inhibitors approved by the FDA those inhibitors are: atazanavir, amprenavir, darunavir, fosamprenavir, nelfinavir, saquinavir, indinavir, ritonavir, lopinavir, tipranavir (5). However, most of these drugs have harsh side-effects, especially when used over an extended period of time. Side effects include but are not limited to headache, fever, nausea, rash, itching, bloating, abdominal pain, peripheral neuropathy.
Procedure
To begin this lab, download Chimera (https://www.cgl.ucsf.edu/chimera/download.html)4. Create a file on the computer hard drive to save all files related to this lab. Next, find the SMILE code for the FDA approved HIV protease inhibitor drug molecule A2 Saquinavir, through an online search and copy it. On Chimera, go to Tools, then Structure Editing, then Build Structures. Next, click on SMILES string and paste the string code (ctrl/v), Apply, and Close. This is when the structure should appear.
Next, go to Chimera Tools, Structure Editing, Minimize Structure. When the box appears, change steps to 1000, then minimize. When an Add Hydrogens pop-up appears, click ok, When the next pop up appears, change the charge to Gasteiger and click ok. Then click ok on the specific net charges pop-up. The A2 ligand should appear. Save ligand by using snipping tool to copy image and save into file used for this lab.
Next on Chimera, select File, then fetch by ID, then PDB (biounit) type 1MUI (HIV-1 protease enzyme) then Fetch. Both the ligand and the HIV protease enzyme should appear.
Next select Tools, Surface/Binding Analysis, then Dock prep then click ok. When the Add hydrogen pop-up appears, click ok. When the Assign Chargers for dock prep pop-up appears, select Gasteiger and click ok. On the Specific Net charges pop-up click ok. Save the enzyme by using the snipping tool and save to the file for the lab.
Next, select Tools, then surface binding analysis, then AutoDock Vina. Next On Output file blank click browse, then save under C: molecular modeling/ file name: Final Dock Results, and set output location. On Output file blank click browse, and Select 1MUI protein pdb as the Receptor and the smile code, FDA drug ligand as the Ligand. Keep the AutoDock Vina pop-up open and click the Select tab, then residue, and find the ligand AB1 which is already attach to the 1MUI protein. Open the Action tab, then Atom bonds and then Delete.
Next fill the box with the given parameters: 13, 20, 30, and 19, 30, 30. Select Local under Executable location, click browse. then type in C:\Program Files (x86)\The Scripps Research Institute\Vina in the folder option and hit enter. Run as vina.exe, click ok, and select yes when the do you want to continue pop-up appears. The program will start to run. This will take few minutes to complete.
Once done, a popup window will appear called ViewDock., In ViewDock, select HBonds, then Add Count to Entire Receptor, select inter model, click ok. H bonds should be seen for every pose. Next in ViewDock window, click on the pose with highest number of H bonds (all). All of the hydrogen bond connections between the HIV protease enzyme and the FDA approval drug should be seen. Record the maximum number of H bonds (all) and related score function. Repeat the same procedure for the published HIV protease compounds. Record the maximum number of H bonds (all) and related score function.
Discussion
The purpose of this experiment was to observe the interaction of three different compounds against the HIV-1 protease. These observations were used to compare the interactions between an FDA approved drug, a synthesized compound not yet in use, and a random medicinal drug compound, hydrocodone. These compounds were used for molecular modeling. Simplified molecular input line entry (SMILE) codes were used to input into a modeling program, Chimera. HIV-1 protease was the receptor in this experiment. The results of this experiment showed that the FDA approved drug, saquinavir, had the most hydrogen bonds, 5, and the highest score function, meaning it had the most inhibitive effect and worked the best out of all three compounds. The in-lab synthesized compound had the same amount of hydrogen bonds, yet a slightly lower score function. However, the medicinal drug hydrocodone had the least effect with only 1 hydrogen bind and a very low score function. This experiment could be improved on by showing the mechanism in which the compounds connect to the HIV-1 protease to understand the inhibitive effects the compounds have. Applications of this experiment could be used to find better cancer treating drugs to inhibit the replication of cancer cells.
References
- Stone, J. E., Phillips, J. C., Freddolino, P. L., Hardy, D.J., Trabuco L.J., Schulten, K. (2007). Accelerating molecular modeling applications with graphics processors. Journal of Computational Chemistry. (2618-2640) doi:10.1002/jcc.20829
- Moss, A. R. Bacchetti, P., (1989) Natural history of HIV infection. AIDS. 55-62
- Cann, A. J., Karn, J., (1989) Molecular biology of HIV: new insights into the virus life-cycle. AIDS. 19-34. doi:10.1186/1742-4690-2-11
- E. O., (2001) HIV-1 Replication. Somatic Cell and Molecular Genetics. 13-33. doi:10.1023/A:1021070512287
- Lv, Z., Chu, Y., & Wang, Y. (2015). HIV protease inhibitors: a review of molecular selectivity and toxicity. HIV/AIDS 7, 95-104. doi:10.2147/HIV.S79956
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CCR5 Chemokine Receptor Research
Chemokines are chemoatractant cytokines that activate cellular responses like controlling migration of leukocytes, coordinating the traffic during immune and inflammatory response, they are induced by cytokines, growth factors and pathogens(Murphy, Baggiolini et al. 2000). In addition to that, chemokines act on different cell (e.g. hematopoietic progenitor cells, fibroblasts, dendritic cells, keratinocytes), play role in angiogenesis, wound healing and in viral infections(Niederlova and Koubek 1999). More than 50 chemokines have been discovered and at least 18 human chemokine receptors(Chen, Oppenheim et al. 2004). They have been grouped into four groups according to the cysteine residue in their polypeptide near N-terminal of the receptor either having one cysteine (C chemokines), two adjacent cysteine (C-C chemokines), cysteine separated by one (C-X-C chemokines) or separated by three residues (C-XXX-C chemokines)(Rang, Ritter et al. 2014).
Chemokines signal through cell surface G protein-coupled superfamily of seven-transmembrane receptors (7TM). There are two types of receptors that bind to chemokines; typical (conventional chemokine receptors (cCKRs) and atypical chemokine receptors (ACKRs)(Hughes and Nibbs 2018).
There are the general features of GPCRs which represent a 7 transmembrane domains with three intracellular and three extracellular hydrophobic loops.
However, there are many features that are found frequently among chemokine receptors than other GPCRs which include: composed of about 340 to 370 amino acid, acidic extracellular N-terminal end that may be sulfated of tyrosine residue and contain N-linked glycosylation sites, an intracellular C-terminus that contains serine and threonine residues which act as phosphorylation sites for receptor regulation, DRYLAIVHA sequence (conserved sequence) or a variation of it is found in the second intracellular loop, a short basic third intracellular loop, in most cases there is a cysteine residue at each of the four extracellular domains and a tyrosine sulfation motif is commonly found near the N terminus of receptors (important for posttranslational modification for protein-protein interaction also has been shown to be critical for HIV coreceptor activity for CCR(Farzan, Mirzabekov et al. 1999; Murdoch and Finn 2000).
The 3D structure of chemokine receptors is not yet known, but a reasonable working model can be illustrated for the transmembrane domains based on analogy with rhodopsin.
Below figure shows a diagrammatic representation of CXCR1 which provides a good example for the general chemokine receptor structure where Extracellular N-terminal acidic residues are shaded, C-terminal potential phosphorylation residues (serine and threonine) are black, and conserved cysteines are hatched.
When the molecule GDP is bound to G-protein it is inactive, then upon ligand binding, it changes to GTP which activates the receptor due to dissociation of the different G protein subunits into G? and G? subunits. The G? activates a membrane associated enzyme known as phospholipase C?2 (PLC) which in turn cleaves phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) to form two intracellular second messengers molecules; phosphatidylinositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3) and diacyl-glycerol (DAG).
IP3 triggers the mobilization of calcium from intracellular stores, whereas DAG acts in conjunction with calcium to activate various isoforms of protein kinase C (PKC). Rapid increase in intracellular calcium activates PLD. Meanwhile G?i2directly activates PTK. This collectively activate MAP kinases and phosphorylate the serine and threonine residues located on the C-termini of CXCR1, leading to receptor inactivation. MAP kinases activate phospholipase A2.
DAG, intracellular calcium, PKC, and phospholipase A2 (PLA2) all interact with specific cell activation mechanisms, leading to cell motility, degranulation, modification of integrin avidity and release of superoxide anions (Murdoch and Finn 2000).
The following figure shows a model of chemokine receptor activation and signal transduction for IL-8 (the main ligand for CXCR1) and neutrophils.
Regarding CXCR1 as an illustration example, it is expressed in tissues e.g. bone marrow, heart, retina, placenta and lungs. Also in cells e.g. neutrophils, monocytes, mast cells, CD8 T cells, natural killer cells, basophils, fibroblasts, keratinocytes, endothelial cells, neurons and melanocytes(Sapoznik, Kozlovski et al. 2014). Upon binding of the ligand various processes are induced; in neutrophils, receptor activation induce migration of neutrophils, release of granule enzymes and formation of superoxide in respiratory burst (Holmes, Lee et al. 1991; Jones, Wolf et al. 1996). In addition to the actions on immune cells, CXCR1 also play role in the regulation of vasculogenesis and consequent tumor growth (Strieter, Polverini et al. 1995).
CXCR1 is over-expressed in melanoma, breast cancer, colorectal cancer, prostate cancer, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), urinary tract infection recurrent and psoriasis(Sapoznik, Kozlovski et al. 2014).
Different aspects of chemokine receptors biology- ligands and signaling transduction- are certain to be followed also the linkage between receptor expression and various disease states specially cancer and HIV is an area for more light to be spotted on.
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About Symptomatology of Anorexia Nervosa
Introduction
Anorexia nervosa is characterized by intense and severe disturbance in the perception of the image that the patient is forming for his body and by an uninterrupted search for the weakness to the point of starvation (American Psychiatric Association 1994).
The specific disorder could be understood as an "absurd fear of thickness," which deliberately leads the patient to a self-imposed limitation in food intake and choice of food in quantity and quality to achieve weight loss and wasting (Stice und Shaw 2002). This disorder has been recognized for many decades and, indeed, the similarity of its descriptions by various people is remarkable. It is more common in women than in men, and usually begins in puberty (Hoek 1998).
According to other scientific theories, the development of the disorder is another psychological factor that is related to a person's sense of being helpless and incapable of autonomy. The specific disorder is included on feeding and eating disorders and can be defined as a severe and potentially fatal disorder (APA., 2013). The sufferer has a heavily disturbed image of his / her body and imposes on himself / herself severe dietary restrictions, which usually lead to severe malnutrition. The mortality ranges from 5-18%. Feeding and Eating Disorders also include Rumination Disorder, Pica, Bulimia Nervosa, Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder, Binge-Eating Disorder, Other Specified Feeding or Eating Disorder and Unspecified Feeding or Eating Disorder.
There are specific diagnostic criteria, as there are mentioned from the research, concerning anorexia nervosa. The primary symptom is the person's denial to maintain body weight at or above the level of the minimum weight, meant for age, height, sex, physical health and evolvent-development (e.g. weight loss resulting in weight maintenance below 85% of expected or failure to have the expected weight gain over the development period resulting in a body weight less than 85% of the expected) (Gaskill & Sanders., 2000). The second diagnostic criterion is the person's acute fear of getting pounds and weight, excessive terror of not being thin and become fat even when the weight is below normal. The third criterion is described as a perturbation regarding the experiencing of an individual about his weight or body shape, exorbitant impact of self-image concerning body weight and shape and tenacious deficiency of acknowledgment of the staidness of the abnormal low weight (APA., 2013)
Combining symptomatology of anorexia nervosa, the key feature that is recognized is expedient and intentional loss of weight which is managed by demanding, rigorous diet and dodge food. The self-starvation can cause an abnormal absence of menstruation and vital abnormalities because of endocrine system (APA, 2013). Also, individuals with anorexia nervosa deal with self-vomiting, usually with emetics, self-purging, usually with the use of laxatives, excessive physical exercise and the use of medical pills as diuretics and appetite sedatives. Morover the main psychological key features that can be observed from anorexic patient are sleep disturbances, perfectionism, depression, anxiety, irritability, obsessive thoughts and loss of consecration (Beaumont, 2000; APA, 2013).
Differential Diagnosis
The diagnosis of the disorder is complicated by the patient's refusal to discuss the symptoms, or the secrecy surrounding rituals in eating behavior and resistance to seeking help. Thus, it is difficult to prove the patient's thought mechanism about the image of his body.
However, the clinician should make sure that the patient is not suffering from bodily diseases that may be responsible for weight loss, i.e. the more informal the characteristics of weight loss (e.g., the onset of the disorder after 40), both the disorder should include general medical conditions. Such pathological conditions may be gastrointestinal diseases (malabsorption syndrome, Cronh's disease and digestive disorders), brain tumor, other "concealed" malignant tumors, AIDS sparing syndrome, endocrinopathies (e.g., hyperthyroidism, fibrocystic disease) (APA, 2013).
If clinical and defamatory control excludes the organic causes of symptoms, then mental disorders such as depression should be studied. Although weight loss is observed, there is no intense fear of obesity or disturbed physical image. In schizophrenia, there may be paradoxical and strange behavior in food intake, but the disorder is complete. Also, ribs, personality disorder, and substance use can lead us to a different diagnosis.
As anorexic people may have symptoms reminiscent of social phobia (e.g., eating publicly), body dysmorphic disorder (e.g. intense engagement with the imaginary defect in the appearance of the body), obsessive-compulsive disorder (e.g. obsessive-compulsive disorder and coercion associated with food). Additional diagnoses of these disorders will only occur when there are symptoms that are not related to food intake or the shape and size of the body (Gaskill & Sanders., 2000).
Epidemiology
The various types of food intake reported have been related to teenagers and young students up to 4% (Hoek H, 2003). Anorexia nervosa appears to be more common in recent decades compared to older, with increased reports of disorder in girls and men in pre-elderly age (Inagaki et al. 2002). The most common age of onset of the disease is 15-19 years old, with a rate of up to 5% and is in the early years of the third decade (20-25 years) (Gaskill & Sanders., 2000). Anorexia nervosa is estimated to be present in 0.5-1% of teenage girls. It occurs 10-20 times more often in women than in men (Bruch, H. 1962). Anorexia nervosa also occurs with a high frequency in young girls who are engaged in thin-body jobs, such as models, ballet dancers and sportsmen of some sports (Garner & Garfinkel 1980).
Etiology
The causes of anorexia nervosa are multifactorial and complex and many aspects of it remain unclear even today. The causes are different for each individual. Each individual's examination should aim at highlighting the various factors that contribute to the appearance and development of anorexia.Finding causal factors should therefore guide therapeutic intervention rather than vice versa.
There are some factors that can influence an individual to develop anorexia nervosa such as genetic, biological, , sociocultural and psychological factor(Jacobi et al., 2004; Treasure et al., 2015) . Firstly, genetic factors are considered that affect the development of the disorder. The onset of anorexia nervosa following studies of families with anorexia and twin studies showed that about 50% have a predisposition to the disease that can be attributed to genetic factors (Klump., & Gobrogge, 2005). Families of these patients have a 3-fold greater chance of having another member suffering from a dietary intake disorder, as well as three times as likely to have a relative grade 1 or 2. Studies have been done in molecular genetics, focusing mainly on chromosomes 1 and 10.
Similarly, relating to biological factor, endocrinological disorders mainly focus on hypothalamic function, which regulates the body's basic functions, such as appetite, weight, temperature and homeostasis in general In anorexia nervosa there is a hypothalamic dysfunction that is evidenced by various observations and findings. Such as the increase in the corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients (Clarke & Berrettini., 2012).
Another important factor that can also induce anorexia nervosa disorder is the sociocultural one. Specifically, social media project direct and indirect messages for the advantages of "being weak and thin" is synonymous not only with beauty but also with professional success (Smink & Hoek, 2012). Besides, for today's society to be fashionable and successful, you must be impossible. In many cultures women and men are perceived as pretty, acceptable and attractive regarding their thin body (Blau & Gullotta 1996; Davis etal. 1999).
The beauty and the idolization of the thin body by simple aesthetic suggestion is distorted in a moral-remarkable context (obesity = ignorance and sloth, delicacy = self-control, energy, success) and results in a racist type of exclusion of mild overweight women, men (Garner & Garfinkel., 1980).
Moreover, anorexia nervosa can also become an outcome of psychological issues of an individual. Anorexia nervosa in this concept can be understood as the tendency to avoid the person's normal and independence of a social and sexual development; or avoiding the free expression of negative emotions such as depression, anxiety, anger, insecurity that patients are afraid of getting disastrous dimensions if they expressed freely ( Herzog etal. 1992).
These negative feelings cannot be handled because of their low self-esteem. So many times, they replace normal quests by dealing with their eating habits and body weight, and for this reason they realize that it is difficult to control situations around their lives (Sassaroli & Ruggiero, 2005).
Anorectic patients have deficiencies in their sense of autonomy and self-determination. They often feel that their body is somehow in control of their parents. Self-inflicted malnutrition can be seen as an attempt to gain value and self-esteem. Only through acts of excessive self-discipline can an anorectic ill develop a sense of autonomy and self-esteem (Chan & Ma., 2004).
Treatment
As many adults suffer from anorexia nervosa there is a need of treatment globally. An evident successful treatment could be the Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) (Fairburn., 2005). Cognitive-behavioral theory argues that anorexic symptoms are perpetuated and maintained through a set of beliefs about body weight. Once the dominant anorexic concept is formed, the individual is affected and thus gets perturbed into the food or reinforces additional beliefs that are not reasonable, often vulnerable to eccentric boosting and information processing.
Cognitive behavioral therapy is based on Becks treatment of anxiety and depression as also to the anorexia nervosa. This intervention will help the individual, who deals with anorexia nervosa, to work on the a) ego-syntonic nature, b) the fundamental relationship between psychological essentials and physical ones, with c) exact disturbing beliefs and attitudes about food and weight and d) corrosive deficits about self-image and concept (Vitousek, K. B., 2002). Cognitive-behavioral therapy includes diet calendars and nutrition education that highlights the risks of malnutrition and encourages debate on health issues and eating habits. Regarding the research evidence, CBT could be more beneficial with the combination of fluoxetine use, as to obviate relapse and counselling of a nutrition. Treatment of anorexia nervosa could work also by adding participation on self-health groups of anorexia nervosa.
Conclusion
Anorexia nervosa is a mental health disorder, included in feeding and eating disorders. The last decades there is an increasement of the disorder in older people due to psychological factors. As many studies and investigations shows, the outcome of several types of treatment such as psychoanalysis do not have beneficial results, contrariwise cognitive and psychodynamic therapies with medication have better results to the patients. It is important to mention that science is trying to create new and more helpful medicine regarding anorexia nervosa.
Otherwise, as the disorder has a difficulty to be treated it could be beneficial to pay attention on the risk and protective factor of the disorder as to prevent it. Future studies should pay attention also not only in women but to take into consideration men as well, as throughout the years males also tent to deal with those type of disorders.
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An Overview of California Gold Rush
The event I attended was watching an Indigenous rock opera film called “Something Inside is Broken” by Jack Kohler and Alan Wallace. The opera illustrated the uneventful times Native Americans had to deal with during the time of the California Gold Rush in the 1800s. As I was watching the Indigenous rock opera, there was cultural dancing, music in both English and Nisenan language, and tragedy of Native American slavery. The whole film brings awareness of how Native Americans, especially Native American women were brought in as slaves for the white settlers in the West.
As I was watching the opera, I was unaware that Native Americans were used as slaves during the time of the California Gold Rush. Around 300,000 Native Americans migrated to small villages in the Sacramento Valley area. This eye opening experience presented how mistreated the Native Americans were as being brought in as slaves and sexually objectified by pioneer settlers. In the opera, a Swiss pioneer settler named Johann Sutter was responsible of owning and selling Native American slaves. Sutter sold and bought Native American women and children into slavery by making them clean, cook, and used as sex objects. As for Native American men, Sutter manipulated and took advantage of them, especially native chiefs, into making them believe their village would be untouched if they followed his tasks. Unfortunately, Sutter used his manipulation to gain power in killing Native Americans and kidnapping women and children to become servants.
After viewing the film, I look back on how this ties in what we have learned about Native Americans in films. For example, the use of sexual objectification against women and domestic violence has been an issue brought up in many films we have watched in class. A couple films we watched such as Wind River and Rhymes for Young Ghouls represents Native American domestic and sexual violence. In Rhymes for Young Ghouls, many children were taken into residential school systems brainwashed into Canadian culture beliefs and values. Many children were beaten, physically, and sexually abused. In Wind River, the movie captures the issues of Native American sexual violence that occurs on the reservations. This film brings awareness of the ongoing issue of unreported sexual violence happening to Native American women. Something Inside is Broken relates to both of these movies on an extreme level of both domestic and sexual violence that has been happening to Native Americans for many years. All of the films bring realization of how mainstream media has ignored what has happened to Native Americans throughout history.
Overall, Something Inside is Broken is a film that gives us a strong background of Native American history we are not taught. The film represents what has happened to Native Americans through a story-telling rock opera. Director Jack Kohler wanted to bring awareness to how this part of history has changed drastically for Native Americans. Something Inside is Broken has changed the way I view Native American history. After being unaware of what has happened to Native Americans during the time of the California Gold Rush, I realized it is important to spread this part of history that many are unaware about. Talking about Native American issues that have happened in the past will help raise awareness of how they were represented and treated.
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Athletes and Substance Abuse
When people think about athletes in the United States an image of physical perfection and elite performance come to mind. According to Lui and Suen (2008), the United States have performed as a top ten medal winner in the Olympics since 1984. One reason for the success of the US in sports is likely due to high economic development allowing more money to be contributed to the development of sports and athletes (Lui &Suen, 2008). The United States produces highly competitive athletes in all facets of competitive sports. People do not associate drugs and alcohol abuse with sports and athletes. According to Green, Uryasz,, Petr, and Bray (2001), athletes do not follow the same illicit drug use patterns of their classmates. Degenhardt and Hall (2001) concluded that, illicit drug use is a substantial cause of premature mortality and morbidity (p. 64). Are athletes immune to the draws of such substances or perhaps are they more vulnerable? There may be something about athletes that makes them behave differently regarding illicit substances. This paper is going to demonstrate that athletes are no less susceptible to substance abuse than the general population, specific circumstances may be influencing substance abuse among athletes, and the scope of study regarding athletes needs to be broadened in order to further understand this topic.
To determine if drug use among athletes is a problem, first, some information regarding drug use across the whole population must be established. Specific drug use varied widely by region and information regarding drug use was more reliable in well developed areas (Degenhardt & Hall, 2012). In 2011, the United Nations Office on Drug and Crime (UNODC) reported that worldwide drug use was between 3.3% and 6.1% or 149-271 million people (Degenhardt & Hall, 2012). The study classified illicit drug use into four categories cannabis, amphetamines, cocaine, and opioids. Cannabis included any form of substance derived from the cannabis plant and was estimated at 2.8% – 4.5% (Degenhardt et al, 2012). Cannabis was most prevalent in North America, Europe, and Oceania (Degenhardt et al., 2012). Amphetamine use was estimated at 0.3% - 1.3% and highest usage was in Southeast Asia (Degenhardt et al, 2012). Cocaine use was rated at 0.3% - 0.5% with the most prevalence in North America, Europe, and South America (Degenhardt et al, 2012). Opioids use was similar to the use of cocaine at 0.3% - 0.5%, but highest levels of use were in Asia and near Afghanistan (Degenhardt et al, 2012).
In a study of college athletes of the NCAA to gather a more accurate picture of drug use among the population (Green et al., 2001). According to the Green et al. (2001), overall marijuana use was reported at 28.4%. Compared to the report by Degenhardt et al. (2012), this number is drastically higher than world wide use, but as stated earlier drug use was highest in North America and Europe. According to Degenhardt et al. (2012), cannabis use in North America alone was reported at 10.7% of the population. This number still shows a drastic difference among use of cannabis between the general population and college athletes.
According to Kopstein and Gfroerer (1990), cannabis use among the US population is skewed towards those younger in age stating that, drug use prevalence clearly decreasing with increasing age (p. 12). Illicit drug use was lower among the fully employed as compared to the partially employed and unemployed (Kopstein et al, 1990). This information helps to establish that drug use of marijuana is clearly higher at ages when most college athletes would be competing. While it is expected that younger people would be using marijuana at higher rates the numbers are still noticeably different. When looking at the rates of marijuana use for the lowest age group, 18 – 25, fully employed were 6.9%, partially employed were 14.2%, and unemployed people were 25.5% (Kopstein, 1990). While the rate gets a bit closer when looking solely at unemployed young people and college athletes there are other interesting demographics associated with illicit drug use which should be addressed as well.
According to Kopstein et al. (1990), use of marijuana among males is significantly higher than that of females. There is also a correlation between income and drug use showing that marijuana use rates increase as income decreases for males (Kopstein et al., 1990). When one thinks about college athletes this makes sense. Many students have very high workloads associated with school work, then when you add college sports on top of that the workload becomes even greater. Sussman, Lisha, and Griffiths (2011), stated that, student athletes are expected to balance full course loads, practice, workouts, and social life and that, the pressures associated with this multitude of obligations may be overwhelming (p. 2). College athletes typically have certain grade requirements they are required to meet to be eligible to play. This leaves very little time for work if any at all. It is possible that the stresses on a college athlete are very high and, to reduce those stresses an athlete could turn to the use of illicit substances. Based on this finding it can be discerned that the use of cannabis among athletes is perhaps a bit higher than the average population, if not it does confirm that athletes are at least no less susceptible. There are other variables which have not been researched regarding the influences on athletes use of substances and more information will need to be gathered to draw stronger conclusions.
When looking at the use of other illicit drug use, the data does not show a significant difference (Green et al., 2001). The study of NCAA student athletes showed an overall use of cocaine at 1.5% and an overall use of amphetamines at 3.1% (Green et al, 2001). Use of these substances were reported at 1.9% for cocaine and 1.1% for amphetamines according to the UNOCD (Degenhardt et al, 2012). Amphetamines show a slightly higher rate of use as compared to the general population, but this is one substance that would be potentially expected for higher use among athletes based on its performance enhancement abilities. This conclusion is reaffirmed by Jason Ford (2008), who conducted a study looking at the use of nonmedical prescription drug abuse among students and athletes and found that stimulant use was higher among athletes than nonathletes. Amphetamines would give an athlete in training and performance due to the nature of the drug and its effects. This is confirmed by Green et al. (2001), where the results of their study indicate that majority of students who used ephedrine were seeking performance enhancement.
When looking at the use of cocaine based on employment status and age the difference is quite apparent. For 18 – 25-year-old participants cocaine use was 14% for the fully employed, 10.8% for the partially employed, and 13.4% of the unemployed (Degenhardt et al, 2012). The use of cocaine among student athletes is much lower than that of the general population. This is most likely due to the expensive nature of this drug and this is likely why the study showed that fully employed individuals partook in cocaine more than the less employed. Athletes as stated before athletes have little time for work on top of their other responsibilities.
Ford (2008) found that athletes were less likely to report use of barbiturates (6% nonathlete vs 5% athlete), opioids (12.5% vs 10.6%), and tranquilizers (8.2% vs 6.2%) than were non-athlete's college students. While it may seem like a positive that athletes are using pain killers at lower rates these numbers are still higher overall in comparison to the general population use according to Degenhardt et al. (2012). The difference for these rates may not be so simple. One interesting consideration should be that the average college student does not need to worry about drug testing on a regular or random basis. According to Green et al. (2001), 75% of division one schools, 43% of division two schools, and 8% of division three schools conducted drug testing of athletes. The NCAA tests all three divisions at championship events, random testing of division one and two football, and division one track and field for both men and women (Green et al., 2001). This randomized drug testing may act as a deterrent for athletes to indulge in such activities, if not only while they are competing in their sport. This can be seen in the difference of use between division one and division two and three athletes (Green et al., 2001). Manchikanti, et al. (2006), conducted a study on the use of illicit drugs among those prescribed pain killers. Manchikanti et al. (2006), also investigated the effects of urine testing and adherence rates among those studied and found a significant reduction in illicit drug use when monitored and randomly drug tested. Manchikanti et al. (2006), note an association between chronic pain and illicit drug use as well. Susan Okie (2010) noted in her study that in Virginia that 50% of deaths associated with opioids had a history of chronic pain.
According to Hootman,, Dick, and Agel (2007), NCAA teams can expect to experience and injury one if every two games and one in every 5 practices. This information is relevant to athletes because pain killers are often prescribed following surgeries related to athletic injuries. Athletes are often involved in serious injuries, often life altering or sport career ending. Something as serious as this could cause many issues with the athlete and their identity or mental health. Most of these studies looking at athletes focus on those within the NCAA, but typically no longer track them once they have finished competing in their respective sports. Hootman et al. (2007), states that ankle sprains were the most common in their study at 14.8% and that, 23% of ankle sprains.resulted in sequelae over a 12-year period (p. 315). This information confirms the idea that injuries in sports can affect the athlete throughout life. It would be wise to further research the connection with sport injuries at a younger age, chronic pain associated with it later in life, mental health associated with athletic identity, and illicit drug use.
When it comes to illicit drug use, the numbers are varied marijuana/cannabis use is consistent with the general population even though it is assumed these substances would hinder performance (Green et al., 2001). Other substances such as cocaine and amphetamines do seem to be influenced in a way that most would expect as a result of sports and athletics as seen by the reason cited for their use being performance based (Green et al., 2001). These substances have something in common, they are currently illegal in the United States. Cannabis is the mostly widely used illicit substance used world-wide and in North America (Degenhardt et al., 2012). These substances could get anyone, not just athletes, into serious trouble regarding the law. There are several other substances which are legal to own and are also regarded as performance inhibitors.
Alcohol impairs cognitive and behavioral functions and tobacco is associated with decreased lung capacity and oxygen uptake (Degenhardt et al., 2012). If one wishes to perform optimally it would be best to avoid these substances or limit their use severely. Weekly alcohol consumption was given for the 18 – 25-year-old population among employed, partially employed, and unemployed at 41.6%, 40.6%, and 43.9% respectively (Degenhardt et al., 2012). Heavy alcohol use was reported at 11.2% for employed, 11.2% partially employed, and 10.9% for unemployed (Degenhardt et al., 2012). According to the NCAA overall alcohol use was reported at 80.5% of student athletes (Green et al., 2001). The NCAA study is looking at alcohol consumption within the last 12 months, but still it can be concluded that many student athletes are using alcohol. Anecdotal evidence also links college campuses with drinking and partying as a well-known association. While most other studies do not group tobacco with illicit drug use, it is interesting to note that 22.5% of student athletes are using smokeless tobacco (Green et al., 2001). This evidence shows that it may not simply be that athletes are deterred from avoiding these substances purely based off desire for optimal athletic performance.
If the use of these substances is not associated with athletic performance, then they must be used for another reason. According to Green et al. (2001), most responses for why any substance was used was recreational/social use at 54.1% tobacco, 83.4% for alcohol, 61.2% for marijuana, and 42.1% for cocaine. If you add in the responses for it makes them feel good you get roughly that 85% - 95% of responses for those substances. The only substance that was associated with performance was amphetamines at 50.8% (Green et al., 2001).
What makes the use of alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana interesting is that these substances are often precursors to harder illicit drug use especially when their use begins at a young age (Degenhardt et al., 2012). According to Degenhardt et al. (2012), the most influential factors associated with increased use are drug availability, alcohol and tobacco use at an early in life, and social norms for use. They also state in their study that the usual initiation into drug use is alcohol and tobacco, then marijuana, and then other illicit substances (Degenhardt et al., 2012). Ford (2008) states that the strongest predictor of nonmedical prescription drug abuse are marijuana use, poor physical health, and mental health problems. This information is important because while the illicit drug use among athletes may not be obviously higher that the general population the use of alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana are quite high, and these are considered predictors. As established earlier, athletes may have an inherent deterrent in the form of random drug testing (Manchikanti et al.,2006). This deterrent is either not a deterrent at all, or it is lowering the use of these substances among athletes bringing them down to normal levels. This indicates that more research needs to be done using athletes after they finish competing in their sports. It is possible that athletes may put off using said substances until after they are done sports
One issue with these comparisons is that the general population is being compared to the college athletic population, but athletes are not just those that participate in NCAA sports (Green et al., 2001). The reason these populations are picked is due to convenience. It is easy for reasearchers to gather information this way. Sports departments are centralized and can administer the questionnaires quickly and cover a wide base of different sports. While One can see the benefits to this style of data collection it leaves out many athletes from the data. Many athletes are unable to compete in college for various reasons. Those that used to compete, but no longer do would likely still consider themselves athletes. These individuals should not be left out of the data simply because they do not compete at high levels on college teams or don't participate in specific sports. Many continue to participate in athletics throughout their lives for the love of sport alone. Unfortunately, there are not many studies associating self-identified athletes and drug use, but Molero, Bakshi, and Gripenberg, (2017), conducted a study in Sweden regarding gym goers and drug use. Molero et al. (2017), reported slightly higher rates of illicit drug use among gym goers as compared to the general population. Cannabis was the highest reported illicit drug used followed by amphetamines (Molero et al., 2017). Gym goers are generally associated with the same kind of expected health behavior as athletes but show similar issues with illicit drug use. This study touches on the idea that athletes are not simply defined by athletic competition and certainly not only college students. This continued research into self-identified athletes is important to the knowledge of the subject because it may reveal information regarding the change of use when transitioning from competitive sports to out of sports.
An interesting area of study which was conducted by Sutker, Archer, and Allain (1978), in the Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology looked at the personality traits of known drug addicts to determine if there was an association between personality and drug abuse. Sutker (1978) states that high sensation seeking individuals were associated with more drug categories and earlier use, and curiosity of alcohol. High sensation seekers seem to be motivated to seek more external stimulation (Sutker, 1978). Backmand, Kaprio, Kujala, and Sarna (2001) conducted a study in regard to personality types of athletes. They noted that there were specific psychological traits associated with certain sports and that athletes were noticeably different from the general population (Backmand, 2001). The most notable predictors of associated sport were introversion/extroversion and neuroticism (Backmand, 2001). This information is useful in establishing that the personality traits of athletes are in fact different from that of the general population. While the association is not obvious it does confirm that the minds of athletes may lead to a different association with illicit drug use.
References
- Bickmand, H., Kaprio, J., Kujala, U., & Sarna, S. (2001). Personality and mood of former elite male athletes-a descriptive study. International journal of sports medicine, 22(3), 215-221.
- Degenhardt, L., & Hall, W. (2012). Extent of illicit drug use and dependence, and their contribution to the global burden of disease. The Lancet, 379(9810), 55-70.
- Ford, J. A. (2008). Nonmedical prescription drug use among college students: A comparison between athletes and nonathletes. Journal of American College Health, 57(2), 211-220.
- Green, G. A., Uryasz, F. D., Petr, T. A., & Bray, C. D. (2001). NCAA study of substance use and abuse habits of college student-athletes. Clinical journal of sport medicine, 11(1), 51-56.
- Hootman, J. M., Dick, R., & Agel, J. (2007). Epidemiology of collegiate injuries for 15 sports: summary and recommendations for injury prevention initiatives. Journal of athletic training, 42(2), 311.
- Kopstein, A., & Gfroerer, J. (1990). Drug use patterns and demographics of employed drug users: data from the 1988 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse. Drugs in the Workplace: Research and Evaluation Data Volume II.
- Lui, H. K., & Suen, W. (2008). Men, money, and medals: An econometric analysis of the Olympic Games. Pacific Economic Review, 13(1), 1-16.
- Manchikanti, L., Manchukonda, R., Pampati, V., Damron, K. S., Brandon, D. E., Cash, K. A., & McManus, C. D. (2006). Does random urine drug testing reduce illicit drug use in chronic pain patients receiving opioids?. Pain Physician, 9(2), 123.
- Molero, Y., Bakshi, A. S., & Gripenberg, J. (2017). Illicit drug use among Gym-Goers: a cross-sectional study of Gym-Goers in Sweden. Sports medicine-open, 3(1), 31.
- Okie, S. (2010). A flood of opioids, a rising tide of deaths. New England Journal of Medicine, 363(21), 1981-1985.
- Sussman, S., Lisha, N., & Griffiths, M. (2011). Prevalence of the addictions: a problem of the majority or the minority?. Evaluation & the health professions, 34(1), 3-56.
- Sutker, P. B., Archer, R. P., & Allain, A. N. (1978). Drug abuse patterns, personality characteristics, and relationships with sex, race, and sensation seeking. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 46(6), 1374.
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Athletes and Substance Abuse. (2021, Apr 15).
Retrieved November 3, 2025 , from
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