Teenage Pregnancy in High School

What is teen pregnancy? Teen pregnancy is when a teen, nineteen or younger, has a child. This can lead to numerous problems, as it is a child having a child. Most teenage moms don’t graduate high school and have a harder time supporting themselves. Teen pregnancy negatively affects teen moms because it leads to health issues, a lower chance of getting a good education, and gives them a higher chance to use/abuse drugs.

First, teenage moms experience a variety of health issues. Most relate to depression, which can lead to a mother harming herself or her kid. Depression isn’t just caused by childbirth, but society around her as well. Most people frown upon teenagers having kids, which could make the mother feel horrible about herself. Society would be constantly judging her, and since she isn’t an adult, she wouldn’t know how to deal with it. The health issues aren’t just for her. Her baby has a higher chance of being born with disabilities. Some parents today can’t deal with debilitated children, and putting it on a teen is even worse.

Second, teen moms have a lower chance of getting a better education. What follows is a scenario. You’re a teenager, you have a minimum wage job, and homework takes a long time to do. Then, you have a baby, and your job money has to be spent on the child. Babies take a lot of work, so your homework is unfinished. Because you don’t do your homework, you start failing classes. You start stressing about it, but the baby is more important. You end up dropping out of school, and take care of the bay full time. A few years later, your baby has grown and you need more things for him and you. Without a highschool degree, it’s nearly impossible to get a job supporting your child. Scenario is over. That’s what happens to most teen parents. 40% of teen moms can’t get a higher education or get a better job. A college degree is needed for many jobs, but the killer is no high school diploma. No high school diploma equals not a lot of money.

Thirdly, teen moms have a higher chance to use/abuse drugs. 60% of them have used drugs before. This can lead to bad things for the mother and child. Children born with parents using drugs have higher chances of being born with a disability. The mother would usually do drugs after the pregnancy to cope with problems. As I mentioned earlier, depression could be a reason that they use drugs. Drugs like marijuana give a relaxing feeling to teens, making the depression easier. The effect only lasts so long, and they’ll crave more. That could lead to them caring more for the drugs than the baby.

Teen pregnancy affects teens in bad ways. They are more likely to develop health issues, like depression as a result of having a baby that early. The moms are more likely to not get a better education, as taking care of the baby is a full-time job. This leads to them not getting a diploma, which results in less job opportunities. They have a better chance of using drugs to cope with depression or taking care of a child. Teens should not have children, as they are not ready to take care of a baby mentally or physically. 

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How to Prevent Teenage Pregnancy

The public opinions on whether birth control should be introduced in the schools are divided. The majority of those for birth control say that it will prevent teenage pregnancies. However, even those for contraceptives prefer that the parent consent is sought before children are allowed access to the contraceptives (Reed, 2014). The ones against the use of the methods argue that giving students sex education and contraceptives encourages them to have sexual intercourse. Instead, they advocate students be taught about morality and abstinence (Reed, 2014). The majority of the parents are for introduction of birth control methods in school, citing the need to control teen pregnancies.

As the teenage become more conscious of their body changes. The teenagers especially the tweens are in an identity crisis, they look for solutions in peers and celebrities in television and magazines (Reed, 2014). The teens also experience emotional changes. The tweens and teens start thinking like an adult and eventually decide to experiment sex with peers (trying new dimensions). In addition, peer-pressure may push the teen to have sex for acceptance among their peers.

The schools should address the emotional and cognitive changes in the teens. The approach to solving the issues is by offering sex education. The education will equip the teens with knowledge about the dangers of teenage sex and the control methods (Reed, 2014). The emotional development that also come into play would have the capacity to develop long-lasting, mutual, and healthy relationships, if they have the foundations for this development trust, positive past experiences, and an understanding of love, with understanding of their own feelings they can analyze why they feel a certain way (Huberman, RN, Med, 2016).

Society views it as a taboo for parents to talk to their children about sex (Reed, 2014). Such topics are discussed in hushed tones. However, the teens are well aware of sex and probably practicing it. Parents cannot therefore just be bystanders in the problem; they must play a role. The parents may play the role of a counselor. They should give advice concerning teenage pregnancy. Since one of the biggest issues’ parents deal with in terms of sex education is the fear that by educating their children, they will think it's ok to engage in sexual acts. Abstinence would be the only guaranteed way of preventing transmissions of diseases and preventing pregnancy however, some find this misleading and harmful because teens often fail at remaining abstinent (Santelli, 2006). If parents don’t want the government and school to intervene then it is their job to make sure their children are well equipped to handle the world. If a parent fails to provide their children with this service, they aren't doing anything to help our teen pregnancy problem and instead becoming a part of the problem.

In conclusion, the advocacy towards empowering the tweens and teens with knowledge about sex is increasing. Sex education and contraceptives may be the most effective methods for reducing teenage pregnancy. Education has proven time and time again to be the best way to go about handling sex.

References

  1. Reed, J. (2014). The birth control movement and American society: From private vice to public virtue. Princeton University Press.
  2. Huberman, RN, MEd, B. (2016). Growth and Development, Ages 13 to 17-What Parents Need to Know. Retrieved February 11, 2019, from, http://www.advocatesforyouth.org/publications/156-parents
  3. Santelli, J., Ott, M. A., Lyon, M., Rogers, J., Summers, D., & Schleifer, R. (2006). Abstinence and abstinence-only education: A review of U.S. policies and programs. Journal of Adolescent Health, 38(1), 72-81. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2005.10.006. Retrieved February 11, 2019.     
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How to Solve World Hunger

Genetic Engineering Is The Key to Ending World Hunger 

The world population is growing at a rate that could inevitably surpass our capacity to feed it. Some argue that we have more than double the acreage to feed every human being in the world, yet every day millions starve from lack of nutrients or calories to survive. Even in the U.S, child hunger is a national campaign and there are “815 million hungry people worldwide- one in every 9”1. Genetic engineering has the power to increase product yield and improve nutritional content, proving to be a large contender in the battle against global hunger. Studies show that despite critics’ claims that genetically modified crops are too dangerous to use, the risks are virtually nonexistent and the benefits are too much to ignore. Anti-GMO critics are trying to scare consumers based on field research that is either partially or completely untrue. But GMO-fans are confident that we can do a lot of good with this technology.

We need genetically modified foods to keep up with our growing population, tackle nutritional deficiency, and end global hunger. With growing concerns of the effects of climate change, scientists are looking to our food supplies. As the environments change, so does our ability to grow crops for both human and animal consumption. Global temperatures are rising and soon only the hardiest natural crops will survive the elements without genetic engineering. In 1995 geneticist Pamela Ronald identified the Xa21 gene in rice and implemented it to other breeds of the crop to withstand blight and bacteria. In 2014, she localized a called Sub1 and used it to develop a kind of rice that could withstand flooding for up to 2 weeks. One study showed that “people in developing countries faced with famine and malnutrition are likely to benefit from attempts to improve the protein content of food crops, as well as the amount of vitamins and minerals they provide”3.By 2014, the rice was thriving on more than “four million flood-prone acres, increasing farmers’ yield threefold when their fields are inundated.”3.

Without the use of genetically modified crops, over time climate change and changing environments will diminish our food production to the point where we will no longer be able to prevent the oncoming famine and resulting panic. Regardless of the earth’s maximum potential to grow caloric and nutritional food, we have to think about what we can realistically produce. Nutritional deficiency is a serious issue, affecting around 90% of Americans, one study shows4. Even the healthiest among us humans are routinely lacking in at least one mineral or vitamin, routinely Vitamin E, A, or D. And still we actually encourage these nutritional lackings through the widespread usage of fad dieting. Those in some Asian and African nations especially face famine and ultimately starvation due to these risks. In 1999, the ‘Yellow Rice Project’ was introduced to solve a simple problem; millions of people in Asia were dying due to nutritional deficiency and starvation. One of their most readily-available and cheapest staples was white rice, but it was severely lacking in nutrients. Scientists set out to genetically engineer a rice, later termed “Yellow Rice”5, that had a surplus of Vitamin A.

Over the course of its development, it was later improved to have 10-20 times the amount of Vitamin A found in the original rice. Millions of lives were saved due to this breakthrough. It wasn’t a perfect cure for world hunger, but it was certainly a gateway to what we could accomplish with genetic engineering. Even today, scientists are trying to breed tomatoes with the vitamins of pineapples, and vice versa. We will not and should not stop trying to improve the nutritional values of our food intake. Anti-GMO enthusiasts will throw every argument under the sun at consumers to convince them that genetically modified crops aren’t safe to eat, with routinely misguided or simply untrue information.

There are routinely gaps in research knowledge and findings are often presented in biased manners. That being said, research studies have been conducted to test the safety and risks of GMOs, with few findings of inherent risk. “They want more studies. They’ll always want more studies.”, one scientist grumbled5. In the early 1900s, local farmers in Hawaii were losing crops due to a bacteria that infected a local papaya. Local scientists took action. They isolated a protein in the bacteria that made the papaya resistant to disease.

Thousands of crops and the livelihoods of those farmers were saved. And despite the fact that in the decades since, millions of people are those papayas without any negative side effects, and thousands of research studies have been conducted to test and verify its safety, anti-GMO critics still insist that genetically modified foods aren’t safe. Ironically, its argued that “virtually all the food we eat has been genetically improved in some manner”5 with no adverse side effects or recorded illnesses. Every food you can find at the produce section today has already been enhanced somehow to be bigger, tastier, or more appealing visually. Have you ever seen a commercial strawberry next to an organic strawberry, or compared the taste of a store-bought apple to that of one fresh picked from an organic orchard?

GMOs are not to be feared and they’re nothing new. Neither side of the GMO issue is completely right or wrong, and both sides do have valid concerns. We do need to pay attention to underdeveloped countries and continue to battle global hunger. While we see no risks or dangers whatsoever for using genetically modified foods, naysayers are right that we should continue research to ensure public safety. Geneticist Pamela Ronald developed the ‘flood-proof rice’ alongside her organic farmer of a husband, Raoul Adamchak. Despite her husband’s stance on organic farming, the two agree that each side has its part to play.

Ronald believes that we should use both techniques of feeding the planet versus one or the other, arguing that only by combining forces will we be able to feed the expanding population in a sustainable and efficient way. Genetic engineering is not an idea or a thing, it’s a process that we use in many other ways unrelated to food production without blinking an eye. We need genetic engineering to improve our current methods of food production. Without help from both sides of this issue, ultimately we won’t be able to keep up with the global population, which will decrease one way or another. GMO foods have never harmed us any more than organic foods and frankly offer more potential to battle global issues in food production. We must encourage the use of genetic engineering to battle world hunger and vitamin deficiency against the rapidly growing population.

Works Cited

  1. FAO, IFAD and WFP. 2015. “The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2015” Meeting the 2015 international hunger targets: taking stock of uneven progress.
  2. Rome, FAO Berlin, Jeremy. “Can This Scientist Unite Genetic Engineers and Organic Farmers?” National Geographic, National Geographic Society, 4 May 2015, news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/05/150502-nginnovators-rice-genetic-engineering-gm-organic-farming-pamela-ronald/.
  3. Brody, Jane E. “Are G.M.O. Foods Safe?” The New York Times, The New York Times, 23 Apr. 2018, www.nytimes.com/2018/04/23/well/eat/are-gmo-foods-safe.html.
  4. 'got milk' Campaign, National Milk Mustache. “Nine Out of 10 Americans Fall Short of Key Nutrients They Need, New Study Concludes.” PR Newswire: News Distribution, Targeting and Monitoring, 11 Jan. 2011, 10:30, www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/nine-out-of-10-americans-fall-short-of-key-nutrients-they-need-new-study-concludes-113273399.html.
  5. Saletan, William. “Unhealthy Fixation: The War against Genetically Modified Organisms Is Full of Fearmongering, Errors, and Fraud. Labeling Them Will Not Make You Safer.” Perspectives on Technology and Society, 2015, pp. 154–165. 
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Liberal Feminism

The gender theory can help explain how stereotypes of gender are formed within our society. According to Bern, children are conformed to certain characteristics and personalities of what it means to be a boy or girl through the environment or those they are surrounded by. This can also occur due to the pressure of social media, school, and from their family’s’ cultural values. Throughout history society has constructed their own beliefs and stereotypes of what feminine and masculine traits are. Due to the gender system and these stereotypes held, opportunities have been taken away from women around the world when it comes to the workplace, pay, and education.

Liberal feminism is one form of the feminist/gender theory that may be applied to issues of gender. There are various gender issues; such as the way individuals identify themselves (female, male, transgender), gender hierarchy, and the role they hold in their life. Feminist psychology argues that historical research of psychology has dominantly been done from a male perspective, with their view that males are the norm (Crawford & Unger, 2000). Liberal feminists argue that society holds false values and beliefs of women, such as they are less capable than man physically and intellectually, making it difficult for them in the workplace and other aspects of life. These types of feminists fight for sexual equality through all platforms and want society to understand how gender oppression is wrong. No special privileges are sought; the same opportunities men are capable of having, they believe women should also be capable of, which is why the movement of liberal feminism is so important to many. Essentially, liberalism this aspect of feminism is applied to the area of gender based on liberty and equality; opportunities and society are gender-neutral. Further, the individual is not valued, in liberal thought, because of a specific role that she or he is required to play in society, but instead is valued as an autonomous, that is, self-determining being (Groenhout, 2002). Liberal feminists believe that personal autonomy should be given to women, and should be able to live the lives that they choose under the same conditions as men.

There are many challenges to liberal feminism. There are those who reject the though of liberalism because they believe men and woman’s natures differentiate completely. According to radical feminist legal scholar, Catharine MacKinnon (as cited in Groenhout, 2002), Men and women are radically different in nature, they are shaped that way by their culture and cannot simply choose to be otherwise, and the very nature of our perceived reality is determined by these differences. There are hierarchical views of nature when it comes to men and women, such as women are essentially aligned to being nurturing, cooperative, and giving, while men are more aggressive and controlling. This leads to an assumption that aggression and controlling traits are a masculine trait that men hold. However, that is flawed, it is possible that both men and women share the same human qualities, meaning both can have aggressive and passive tendencies and share other characteristics. Therefore if we can all understand that both men and women share the same tendencies, qualities, and characteristics, they can also share the same physical strength as well as intellectual ability to do the same jobs.

In conclusion, Liberal feminism’s primary goal regarding gender issues is the call for gender equality in all of society. They want to have the opportunity to compete against men in the work force. Throughout history women have fought for equal rights and have made progress, however a lot more needs to be done.  

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Is Feminism Still Relevant

 Today feminism is a strongly misconstrued word. The meaning has been completely hijacked into something not aesthetic to a large amount of the world. I chose this topic as I’m very passionate about current issues and a member of some mainstream feminist campaigns such as women’s aid and women’s march.

This essay explores feminism and asks the following questions; why is feminist art still relevant in the art world today? And how has feminist art impacted mainstream art? I will respond to these questions by looking at the work of different artists such as; the guerrilla girls as a collective group, followed by Mona hatoum as her work creates a challenging view of our world. Finishing with looking at the artist Zoe Buckman as her work is created to make the viewer uncomfortable and fits to explore this topic as the messages throughout feminist work is extremely powerful and used throughout women campaigns and an analysis of the correlation between female artists past and present. Included is a discussion centred around the historical importance of female artist representation and how that impacted feminist artworks.

The evolution of feminism has shifted an immense amount throughout the past decade, women are finally being heard. Well so I thought. Throughout the world recent laws/bills suggests were going backwards in relation to women having equal rights, 100% control of their own bodies, domestic abuse and victim blaming. Looking back all the way to the 60s/70s where feminism first came to be in the art world compared to now you think to yourself how are these issues still relevant today?

Feminism first became prominent in the art world in the late 1960s even though women rights activists were present from the mid-19th century advocating for the right to vote which came to be in the 1920s.Women were attached to men economically in the 70s not just because they earned much less but because majority of the time women needed a signature from a male whether that being a partner or father in order to gain credit or buy certain items.

Coming off the second world war the second flood of women's activits were centred around the working environment, sexuality and family A significant number of the women supporters of the previously mentioned campaigns felt their voices were not being heard and felt that with the end goal to address sex balance concerns.

It is difficult to pinpoint when awareness and questions came into the Feminist Art Movement but In 1969, the group Women Artists in Revolution split off from the Art Workers’ Coalition (AWC) because the AWC was male-dominated and would not protest on behalf of women artists. In 1971, female artists picketed the Corcoran Biennial in Washington D.C. for excluding women artists, and New York Women in the Arts organized a protest gallery owner for not exhibiting women’s art, in 1972, Judy Chicago created Woman house with Miriam schapiroat at the California Institute of the Arts (Cal Arts), which also had a Feminist Art program, which is a collaborative art installation and exploration. It was made up of students working together on exhibits and performance art. It attracted crowds and national publicity for the Feminist Art Movement.

An artist collective called the guerrilla girls famously began in reaction to “MoMA’s An International Survey of Recent Painting and Sculpture 1984 exhibition”. This exhibition was supposed to represent the top artists in the world, out of the 169 artists shown only 13 were women and what makes thigs worse is that the curator, Kynaston McShine, stated that “any artist who wasn’t in the show should rethink ‘his’ career.”

it has been over 30 years since the guerrilla girls who are a collective of activists committed to highlighting inequality in the art world formed, during which time a lot has changed, and a lot hasn’t. A group of artists protested outside on the opening night. However, they noticed the onlookers weren’t interested in their message, so a year later Guerrilla Girls formed with the aim of finding new ways to protest using street art. The Guerrilla Girls are responsible for introducing political art in a humorous way which helps present issues in unexpected, intrusive ways.” We believe that some discrimination is conscious, and some is unconscious and that we can embarrass some of the perpetrators into changing their ways. This has proved true in the art world: things are better now than they ever have been for women and artists of colour, and we have helped effect that change. There is still a long way to go, however, and we are still condemning the art world for its lack of ethics, tokenism, economic discrimination and other bad behaviour.”

As the guerrilla girls point out in their latest campaign, galleries that once showed only 10% women artists now show up to 20% and also museums that, in 1985, gave no women artists a solo exhibition including the Guggenheim, the Metropolitan and the Whitney each gave a single woman a solo show last year, so does this count as progress or is there still a substantial amount of work to be done? “The Whitney museum says, ‘Isn’t it wonderful – we have 30% women in the new collection!’” says the activist known as Frida Kahlo. “And we’re saying, why is that something to be happy about – 30%? Where is the other 20?”

Has anything changed in the 30 years since the group started calling out the art world? the results in Europe show that only 14 of the museums that responded have more than 20 artists from outside Europe or the U.S. in their collections. A pitiful total of two museums have more than 40 percent women artists in their collections. Meanwhile, nine museums, including the Guggenheim Bilbao, do not represent any gender non-conforming artists in their programs. Spain is particularly poor when it comes to supporting women artists, with seven Spanish institutions of 21 admitting to less than 20 percent women artists in their collection. Which shows more work needs to be done?

A study was also done by The East London Fawcett (ELF) who recently gathered statistical data in the form of the “Great East London Art Audit”. This information was collected over the course of a year by volunteers, researchers and statisticians with the aim of providing an insight into the status of women artists. “The results were clear: of the 134 commercial galleries in London that were audited, which collectively represent 3163 artists, 31 per cent of the represented artists were women “Further to this, only 5 per cent of the galleries represented an equal number of male and female artists, with 78 per cent of the programmes representing more men than women.

The continued imbalance of gender representation within the arts is an issue all too often ignored and forgotten. During this period, statistical information gathered by activists in Los Angeles revealed that over a period of ten years, of 53 one-person shows mounted at the Los Angeles County Museum, only one had been by a woman. Strategies were set out to address female under-representation, within galleries, exhibitions and journals being established by women for women.an art historian Linda Nochlin published the influential essay ‘Why Have There Been No Great Women Artists?’ in 1971 which leads onto the opening of New York’s A.I.R Gallery in 1972 which provided exhibition space for women during a time when most commercial galleries showed only male works.

In a recent interview with der Spiegel a German artist Georg Baselitz stated that ‘women don’t paint very well. It’s a fact,’ and further to this stated that they ‘simply don’t pass the market test, the value test. As always, the market is right.’ Which is a completely ridiculous statement in the 21st century.

An artist named Zoe Buckman creates pieces of work which creates feeling of uncomforting. Buckman’s Every Curve is an installation of vintage lingerie which shows artist’s own fascination toward femininity. Once again, this piece of art reflects a specific contemporary theme: the female objectification in our modern society. The garments come from varying decades: corsets were shown how the body was restricted and repressed while fluid, free slips and robes underline a period when the female body was celebrated, and other lingerie used to appeal better to the eyes of men.

‘Let Her Rave’ was inspired by a line in a John Keats poem that suggests if a women is angered she should be imprisoned and left to rave. “I wanted to examine that line and also look at the ways in which the social constructs in our society aim to keep women controlled.” The result was white boxing gloves covered in lace, a physical interpretation of the feminist slogan pussy fights back before it was chanted in the streets in protest.

Women are now once again hard to find at big institution’s feminist shows or exhibitions of works addressing gender, sexuality, and other interrelated social inequities. The larger, staid institutions move slowly and demonstrate little interest in supporting more shows devoted to work by women of the past or to current feminist art.Women have been and continue to be vital to the institution of art, but despite being with the art world in every way, many women artists have found opposition in the traditional narrative of art history. They have faced challenges due to gender biases, from finding difficulty in training to selling their work and gaining recognition.

For centuries, women were excluded from the records of art history. This was due to a series of factors: art forms like textiles were often dismissed as craft and not “fine art”; many women were kept from gaining a general education, and the men who dominated the discipline both in practice and history often believed women to be inferior artists.

Other female artists used their art to speak to the issues that they face as women. In the 1970s for example , Margaret Harrison used playful and ironic drawings to point out the objectification women faced in their day-to-day lives. In the same decade, artist Linder drew on the spirit of punk and the anti-establishment politics of Dada to create photomontages that subverted traditional media images into unsettling statements. Filmmaker Barbara Hammer used footage of her own body to advocate for more open depictions of lesbian sexuality, while today artists like Cornelia Parker are encouraging us to think about how idealised images of the female body measure up against the figures of real, living women.

“Men have maintained a studio system which has excluded women from training as artists, a gallery system that has kept them from exhibiting and selling their work, as well as from being collected by museums — albeit somewhat less in recent years than before. “Awakened, in short, to activism, feminists soon began to speak up to oppressive institutions and to create worlds more inclusive of the lives of women.

“Artists were especially inspired by de Beauvoir’s analysis of “made” reality. If the lives of women were not the result of some intractable “natural law,” then they could be remade, revised, altered and improved”

From protest at the lack of inclusion of women artists in galleries and museums, to resuscitation of the degraded languages of decorative and craft-based arts, the first phase of feminist art making was activist, passionate, and especially concerned with altering art history. Early achievements included the establishment of the Feminist Art Program by Judy Chicago, first at Fresno, California, in 1970, and then, with the collaboration of Miriam Schapiro, at Cal Arts in Valencia, California, in 1971. The first program devoted to the making of art by and about women, the Feminist Art Program also produced a well-publicized exhibition entitled ‘Woman house in 1972’

Adrian piper is an artist in which chooses not to abide by certain art, she publicly made a statement about how she is a feminist however is not a feminist artist. Piper blurred the lines between art, performance and social commentary, making a lot of people question whether she was creating art in the first place.

In conclusion feminist art is still very relevant in today’s art world because there is still such a long way to go for women artists to get the recognition they deserve. Through different practices whether that be by an induvial artist or collective its so important to keep talking and bringing awareness to these issues.  

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Fake News and Media Bias

Fake news and media bias are phrases the American public has been hearing a lot in recent times. Whether it be Donald Trump’s tweets, news broadcasts, and even memes, it seems that no matter where we look we come across the phrases in some way. The use of the phrases seemed to especially sky rocket during the 2016 presidential race and Trump’s presidency. During my investigation and research, I came to find that both fake news and media bias have been around for longer than I and most people would’ve guessed. In this paper I will discuss why media bias and fake news happen, and how they are detrimental to the public.

To understand why media bias happens, we must first know what exactly it is. In Daniel Quackenbush’s paper “Public Perceptions of Media Bias: A Meta-Analysis of American Media Outlets During the 2012 Presidential Election” he uses a law dictionary to define what exactly media bias is. “According to Black’s Law Dictionary, America’s most widely cited legal compendium, the term “media bias” refers to “a political bias in journalistic reporting, in programming selection, or otherwise in mass communications media” (Garner and Black 2009). Keeping this in mind we can think of examples of bias immediately. We attribute CNN and NBC to be liberal, and FOX News to be Conservative. When these news sources broadcast, they are pushing an agenda, and deliver news to make themselves look good and make the other side look bad. It’s hard to find a news source that isn’t pushing an agenda, because many of these sources receive funding from their respective parties and usually hire like-minded people.

Media bias has been around since before the days of the media we think of today “…the American Revolution was sparked by an intensely biased or partisan media. Pamphleteers like Sam Adams fought English-sympathetic newspapers by sensationalizing the early conflict in his writings.” (Del Beccaro 2016). Many states during the civil war era had both a republican and a democratic newspaper, and according to Del Beccaro’s article: “The Civil War-era media of the 1860s was far more overtly political than the newspapers of today, including numerous papers run by the parties or politico.” At one point Abraham Lincoln had many newspapers in border states closed and accused them of having a confederate bias. It seems that at times in American history, media bias might’ve actually been a good thing, however, there are many instances in which it was a bad thing.

An example is news reporting during the Vietnam war. During the war, many news outlets were against it. This led to them portraying the United States in a way that made it seem like they were the bad guys along with Southern Vietnam. Many facts were skewed and made to seem the opposite. As Bruce Thornton states in his 2013 article “A Brief History of Media Bias”:

The distorted reporting on the 1968 Tet offensive––an utter failure for the Viet Cong and the North Vietnamese, who lost 40,000 men in their doomed attempt to bring down the government in the South––was depicted in the American media as a successful exposure of the corrupt South’s weakness and the futility of American intervention. Even the Wall Street Journal editorialized that “the whole Vietnam effort may be doomed.”

In this example, the media was straight up lying to American audiences and producing fake news. If it’s hard to be able to separate fact from fiction today, with all the easily accessible information we have, imagine how many Americans believed the fake news back then, when the only news sources were papers, television, and the radio.

The media vs the Black Panther Party is another prime example. When the Black Panthers would protest both sides portrayed the same story differently. The left seemed to not touch as much on the violent acts the Panthers would do, while the right would exaggerate everything and make them look like criminals no matter what they did. “Describing the Black Panther Party in a succinct way is difficult. The left tends to describe them as martyrs, the right as terrorists” (Pederson 2016). This led to the American audience not really know what to believe and what the actual truth was. People instead just started taking sides.

More recent examples of bias can be found in the 2016 presidential race, and Donald Trump’s presidency. It seems that no matter what he does, president Trump can’t do right for the liberal media, and they are always attacking him. In Jennifer Harpers 2018 article she writes:

It has been a pattern since President Trump was inaugurated well over a year ago. Coverage of the White House on the “Big Three” broadcast networks — ABC, CBS and NBC — remains 91 percent negative, according to a new study by the Media Research Center, which has been tracking the phenomenon since Mr. Trump hit the campaign trail in 2016.

You can believe what you want about Donald Trump, but there’s no denying that these networks are against him, and instead of only providing news, they want their viewers to also be against him. Quality journalism? I think not.

Many Americans don’t actually do research on topics but instead believe what their selected news sources provide for them. This is a problem because some don’t realize that what they are lead to believe isn’t actually true (fake news). I will now go over some instances in recent times in which fake news was thought to be real, much like it was with the coverage of the Vietnam war. Many police brutality shootings caused an uproar from the black community, this led to the creation of the Black Lives Matter movement. While I am not saying the movement was fake news, some of the support did end up being it. A CNN article by Donnie O’Sullivan states “For at least a year, the biggest page on Facebook purporting to be part of the Black Lives Matter movement was a scam with ties to a middle-aged white man in Australia…” While it’s not fake news if people are being lied to, it is fake news when Facebook itself was pushing the movement toward that page that even they hadn’t realized was fake for some amount of time. It’s wrong to push people toward a belief especially when you don’t even know all the facts yourself. Another example of fake news came out during the recent separation of families at the US/Mexican border. Many people believed that children were being separated from their families, and while some were, many were not as was the case with the crying girl on the TIME magazine cover. The girl had reportedly been separated from her family right after the picture, but as Schmidt and Phillips wrote:

… the girl’s father told The Washington Post on Thursday night that his child and her mother were not separated, and a U.S. Customs and Border Protection spokesman confirmed that the family was not separated while in the agency’s custody.

While this was obviously not the case with many children, many people started to question what was fact and what was fiction around this time, when something that was stated before was actually proven to be false. There are too many incidents involving fake news to write about so I chose some big ones that would still be fresh in people’s minds.

Bias has led to the public not trusting news sources. This is a problem because it can lead to the public being less informed, especially in a day where newspapers are having trouble staying relevant in a time where each younger generation seems less interested in the news that the generation before it. Most people get their news from social media and are prone to believing the first thing they see, so instead of pushing an agenda why don’t news outlets focus on just getting the information out there again? And letting people make their own decisions. Bias is an enemy to Democracy, which in case you forgot was what this country was founded on. The liberal bias might’ve been good in the days when the voiceless were just trying to be heard but in recent times, it has just led to less and less credibleness.

Many bias outlets are out to expand some sort of agenda or make profit. Americans need to do their own research, and then decide what or who they do or do not agree with, not just believe the first thing they hear and blindly follow beliefs. Media bias in the United States has been around ever since media has, and will most likely continue, the only way the American public can avoid it along with fake news, is to stay informed, and to make their own decisions, not let news outlets make the decisions for them.        

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Media Bias: Liberal and Conservative Bias

Today one of the bigger outlets that people learn bias from is the media. Writers use the media to desensitize the viewers to certain hot topics. The media is also used by writers to feed the viewers political ideas and values. Every form of media has some form of political biases. A few examples of this is television, movies, social media like Facebook, and the news. Media shows both liberal and conservative bias depending media outlet.

Television shows demonstrate both liberal and conservative biases. This largely depends on the network the show airs on. For example, shows like “Lethal Weapon” (Santiago) and “Last Man Standing” are centered around conservative values. These are on typically more conservative based networks such as Fox. There are more liberal based networks such as CBS and ABC. Shows that appear on here that are more liberal based are “Black-ish” (Santiago) and “Madam Secretary.” These shows are just examples as are the networks. There are some shows that are the outliers for networks. Such as “NCIS” (Santiago) being more conservative on CBS and “Family Guy” being more liberal on Fox. There are some shows like “The Simpsons” that shows neither is predominately conservative nor liberal values. It demonstrates both values and makes fun of both.

Movies are similar, but the political bias is not based on company ownership. Nonetheless, the bias is still noticeable. Movies centered around conservative values focus on things like faith, military, and other basic values such as pro-life. Movies like “Juno” and “Knocked Up” (IMBD) are easily interpreted as centered around liberal values. However, since they focus on the women keeping the unborn child instead of aborting the child. These movies are centered around the pro-life value which is one of the key values of the Conservative Party. “The Chronicles of Narnia” (IMBD) series demonstrates faith throughout the movies (and the books they are based on). The lion, Aslan, is written and demonstrates Jesus. The witch, in the first movie, “runs a godless, oppressive, paranoid regime” (IMBD). Aslan helps lead the war against her, after being willingly killed and coming back to life later. The first movie is a clear representation of the New Testament. Then there are the movies centered around the military. Movies such as “Heartbreak Ridge” (IMBD) and “Saving Private Ryan.” The movie “300” was released during the Bush administration and the Iraqi war (IMBD). When there were rarely any movies showing our soldiers, this movie was released and shows the courageous men that fight for their country against all odds. Sounds familiar to what American soldiers were going through. Today, more and more movies of things that soldiers were going through during the wars in the Middle East. Movies like “13 Hours: The Secret Soldiers of Benghazi” and “Lone Survivor.” Movies centered around liberal values are typically more about the environment, feminism, and corruption in the government. Movies centered around the environment such as “Bio-Dome” and “Avatar” (IMBD) seem to focus on people destroying the environment and how to better the environment. Movies like “Brave” and “The Princess and the Frog” (IMBD) focus around feminism the main characters are strong female figures for young girls that show them that women do not need men to achieve their dreams and desires. One very good example of corruption is “The Wolf on Wallstreet” (IMBD). Movies show political biases across the board and is a great way for the biases to be spread to the masses.

Another great way that political biases are spread is through social media. Social media spreads everything and not usually in a good way. Everyone shares everything, good and bad. Social media is rampant with political biases both conservative and liberal. The two pictures above are just examples of what is all over social media. Their bias is clear. The picture on the left of Hillary Clinton shows an example of conservative bias. The picture on the right of President Trump shows an example of liberal bias. It’s interesting that both demonstrate the person aiming a gun. It strikes an unforgettable image into the viewer and instills anger and hatred. Facebook, Twitter, and all the others show images and posts like these nonstop. They help fuel the discord in America. When this is all people see they form a huge distrust in their government. Many people get their news from social media. They believe that what they see is how it is in real life. The same goes for the news channels.

The news is the biggest outlet where one sees political biases. One cannot watch a minute of the news without being subjected to political bias. The news is all about ratings and people love to see the negative. More and more often news channels show more and more negative stories and even fake news. However, that is just a small part of the news and not political bias. As these pictures above demonstrate there are news channels that are predominately liberal and those that are conservative. The most popular liberal news channels are CNN and MSNBC. The Most popular conservative channels Fox News. These are on the national level. However, on the local level, there are only liberal news networks. Fox News is steeped with conservative values and bias. During the 2016 election, it was heavily anti-Clinton all one would see was bad things about Clinton and more good things about Trump. It was the exact opposite for news channels like CNN and MSNBC. It has only continued since then. For the foreseeable future, it will continue to be this way.

Throughout all of the mediums, there are political biases. In all the mediums they show liberal and conservative biases. American people cannot turn to anything without seeing political, and social, biases. This will only lead to more discord and distrust between the American people and the American government. In the future, it is hopeful that this will stop so the American people may trust their government again. 

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Feminism in Pride and Prejudice

Jane Austen, a young lady living in the midst of nineteenth century sex jobs and society's own biases against ladies, made an original that would leave an enduring effect on writing for eternity. One of her most popular works, Pride and Prejudice, would be a work that without a doubt brought upon analysis, as it tested standards of the 1800s that used to be undeniably; like social portability, marriage, and taming of ladies.

Pride and Prejudice was written amidst a period known as "The Age of Criticism," as indicated by Yale English Professor, Priscilla Gliman, writes in her diary, "Incapacitating Reproof" Pride and Prejudice and the Power of Criticism. This crucial point in abstract history started one year before Pride and Prejudice was distributed. Notwithstanding, regardless of the pressing factor of your work being objected or dismissed, Austen showed nearly nothing, assuming any, worry for the potential analysis she might have gotten. For instance, she didn't utilize regular gadgets for protecting her work as numerous different journalists had, like presentations, references, and so on Her trust in her own work and the significance of the messages she passed on inside her artistic show-stoppers ended up being more significant that cultural disappointment, despite the fact that Austen distributed her books namelessly. Pride and Prejudice, for instance, was named as "by the writer of Sense and Sensibility." Female authors and scholarly makers of the time were still frequently viewed as lascivious, rash, and remarkable, much insinuated female pioneers, for example, Aphra Behn who broke social boundaries as one of the principal English ladies to make money from composing.

During this period in Austen's vocation, ladies were relied upon to be defenseless against male pundits from a particularly male overwhelmed field. Hence why numerous ladies didn't participate in writing of their own works. No different either way, Pride and Prejudice was a novel with regards to the pundit versus the criticizer and safeguarded itself from analysis through Jane Austen's painstakingly expressed utilization of parody and the presence of satire. The clever itself manages the very issues ladies of Jane Austen's time managed on an everyday premise, and merited a source of inspiration. Among the Notes in Pride and Prejudice, Vivien Jones expresses, "The way of life in which Austen's champions settle on their decisions is one of social goal and commercialization, and in which social desire and industrialism are themselves live upright and policy centered issues- - especially for ladies," which Austen without a doubt perceived a need to expound on such issues squeezing her and her reality.

In spite of the fact that Pride and Prejudice is handily known for the consistent appearance of affection, it hits on more profound subjects like disparity, supporting yourself, and not adjusting to the social commonalities. The book shows how being special ought to be the standard and not stressing over being very much like everybody that encompasses you. At the point when a peruser opens the book and starts acknowledging how Mrs. Bennet is treating her little girls, warnings show up While perusing the book, the crowd needs to remember that this book happens in an alternate time where ladies were not better than men. Conceded today we aren't totally treated similarly yet we do have more correspondence and openings than the time-frame the book happens in. Nowadays we don't see guardians wedding their girls off to men to make sure they can in any case have the bequest in the family or get legacy which cooperated with the theme Branko Milanovic in "What Pride and Prejudice Can Teach Us About Inequality ". That is the thing that essentially stuns the peruser. What sort of parent doesn't place into thought who their girls love and who they dont need to use whatever remains of their lives with. This too has an influence in why this book is as yet perused by many. Jane Austen had the option to communicate how unique our general public is currently.

Pride and bias is by a wide margin known as an exemplary by many. It not exclusively had the option to communicate the thoughts of economic wellbeing yet had the option to focus on the various jobs every sexual orientation plays or played in this time-frame. Pride and Prejudice can communicate the genuine feelings that go through one's brain when they are infatuated and powerless hence. Jane Austen's work truly shows the peruser how unique time is presently and shows how the general public overall has improved.

Her compositions have been famous for ages since her works are simple enough for a more youthful crowd to see however sufficient for the more established crowd to concur and comprehend too. It's a piece that addresses any peruser. Since her work is so well known and handily comprehended many have assumed control over it to make variations. There are many side projects for Pride and Prejudice which is making it still pertinent in light of the fact that it's a story that changes with time implied on by Hannah Kingsley in her article "What Makes Jane Austen Relevant to Modern Society?". For instance motion pictures dependent on Pride and Prejudice are changing to make more current forms that can interface with the interests of the more youthful crowd.

In view of the time span known as "The Age of Criticism" as expressed over the book turning out to be notable truly changed the manner in which ladies were seen. Ordinarily female authors changed their names to something more manly so individuals would peruse their work. With her work turning into a hit this truly gave ladies another assumption by a few. This offered ladies more chances to be viewed as equivalent. In view of her being a female author she can show how she accepts ladies ought to be found in the public arena or how they ought to go with their guts and act naturally. (END FAITH)

Pride and Prejudice is one of the first and most noteworthy women's activist books. It affected such countless various sorts of expressions and particularly music. The book discusses such countless extraordinary beliefs and assisted ladies with acknowledging what they should carry on with life like and how to be special. The book additionally opened up such countless various young ladies' eyes and permitted them to not change for somebody, but instead make that individual go gaga for the individual that they need to be. Love was an enormous piece of the book alongside the possibility that you ought to just wed to be content and not feel compelled to be in a marriage on account of status or cash. These beliefs have been kept through this time and have affected bunches of music.

One extraordinary illustration of a portion of similar thoughts of Pride and Prejudice is the tune called "Charmed" by Taylor Swift. In this melody she discusses how she was captivated by the appeal of a man that she had quite recently met and she couldn't resist the opportunity to gaze and change what she looked like and acted. This tune is an ideal illustration of how Jane and Mr. Bingley met and the disposition towards each other. It likewise shows in what capacity numerous young ladies change themselves to attempt to dazzle the attractive rich man who stands out enough to be noticed from the entirety of the young ladies. Indeed heaps of Taylor Swift's music appear to be impacted by Pride and Prejudice and they have loads of ties and a portion of similar messages. Truth be told a few fans even recommend that the tunes are just somewhat about her past connections and generally about the book. I track down this a smidgen of a stretch anyway a large number of the tunes do have a few comparable messages. The tune "Territory of Grace '' truly addresses the astounding affection for Elizabeth and Darcy. The tune discusses how unique her life is since they met and how she never realized that she would become hopelessly enamored. This is an ideal portrayal of how Elizabeth when she discovered reality with regards to Darcy she fell head over heels and at last got hitched which completely changed herself for the great.

Numerous specialists are fairly impacted by the messages from Pride and Prejudice. Probably the most powerful specialists incorporate Taylor Swift and Beyonce. Beyonce's melodies consistently talk about young lady force and how you are sufficient for you as well as that is all you need. She additionally discusses how you shouldn't change for a man and you should adore yourself for you. Her tune "Dont Hurt Yourself" shows the message of when Darcy proposed to and misled Elizabeth impeccably.

These verses are an ideal portrayal of when Darcy deceived and proposed to Elizabeth. That when he hurt Elizabeth's family and deceived her, he truly hurt himself and couldn't wed the individual he genuinely adored and rather made the entire circumstance a wreck. It likewise shows how he changed due to Elizabeth and how when he cherished her, he began to adore himself more.

Pride and Prejudice was an extraordinary book, and has impacted a few unique melodies and specialists regardless of whether they are slight clues to the book or simply have similar thoughts. The book was one of the greatest kickstarters for feminism and hence is liable for a significant number of the manifestations in the present society. (END BEN)

Initial feelings can be significantly deceptive. This is found in the novel as Darcy and Elizabeth meet interestingly. Elizabeth is at a party when she hears Darcy tell his companion that he wouldn't request that she dance since "she isn't quite enough." Elizabeth is left with those words coasting around in her mind, and presumes that he is a pompous man and needs nothing to do with him. Eventually, Elizabeth understands that Darcy can be trusted and just did how he dealt with ensure Elizabeth and her family. One of the examples Austen shows perusers is that initial feelings frequently don't have a significant root. Austen shows us that we need to become acquainted with each other to perceive what they are genuinely similar to, then, at that point structure an assessment. Individuals ordinarily don't make the best forecasts of similarity without setting aside effort to become acquainted with one another.

Austen utilizes many devices to assist with building one firm thought of how genuine romance might show up. These apparatuses comprise of initial feelings, developing to commonly regard each other, and thinking. Two of her primary characters show these standards to help structure the "great" couple. However the street to becoming man and spouse was troublesome, with tirelessness and development the two people in love came togeth

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Feminism and Religion

Throughout history, religion has been used as a scapegoat to justify misogyny, violence, and hatred towards women in western cultures (Zwissler). Most people view feminism and religion as polar opposites, but this is not the case. Feminism and religious practices have overlapped throughout history, and will continue to do so as long as both categories are still growing. This can be seen through examples such as the Quakers, a 17th century religion which was founded by a former Christian, George Fox. We can also see these ideologies overlying during monumental movements including Women’s Suffrage and Abolitionism. The relationship between feminism and religion is multifaceted, with religion continually playing a role in feminist political movements and feminist criticism that challenges institutionalized traditions. But without the presence of religion, would the policing of women’s behavior still continue? Probably.

The Progressive Friends, also known as Quakers, came into existence just weeks before the first Women’s Rights Convention in Seneca Falls. Prior to the convention, women who identified as a Quakers, such as Mary Ann M’Clintock, Jane Hunt, Martha Wright, along with Elizabeth Cady Stanton, gathered to discuss a lifetime’s worth of pent-up frustration about a woman’s place in society (Smith). These examinations of the patriarchy occurred during the same time American women were striving for more control of their lives. Before the Women’s Suffrage Movement, it was prohibited for women to do things like inherit property, sign contracts, serve on juries, or vote in elections. As a result from most colleges refusing admissions from women, they were expected to become housewives. And for those women who attended college, employment opportunities were still limited to teaching or factory work. At the time, woman’s wages were only half of what a man would make for the same work. In turn, husbands and fathers directed their lives because so much of the world’s doors were closed to women (Smith). Quakers found ways to increase the influence of women in happenings of the faith like when they introduced joint meetings of men and women, giving women as equal voice.

The religious roots continued to intertwine with feminism into the eighteenth century when feminist morphed into an organized, self-conscious movement as opposed to individual women working alone. As a movement, feminism can be dated as far back as the abolitionism in the early 1830s (McElroy). Most of the women abolitionism came from a Quaker background, this was not only because Quakers were in the forefront of the anti-slavery crusade but also because the religion encouraged women to speak out at gatherings, to become leaders in the church and be socially conscious. When women abolitionists argued against slavery and for the rights of women, most of them did so from religious conviction, often quoting the Bible or other religious texts (McElroy). While the separation of religion and feminism is fabricated and distorted.

The only reason there would be an ideological schism between religion and feminism is if you believe gender feminism constitutes the entire feminist tradition. Gender feminism is a monolith view rather feminism refers to an umbrella term which competing schools of thought and opinions about women's interests gather. Feminism can be defined as a process of assuring that every woman on an equal basis with men, is able to make choices in any form in which her person and property are legally protected. By contrast, gender feminism advocates an end state and abandons process as a whole. It rejects the idea that women are free to choose. But, even if there is no historical or necessary ideological breach between religion and feminism, an inevitable tension does exist over specific issues such as abortion (McElroy).

It is a fair assumption to say that feminism and religion may vary in theories but they also exist intersectionality. It is important to acknowledge that religions can repress women while simultaneously women’s repression is a convenient excuse for religious intolerance. Religion does not have an exclusive hold on gender oppression. Blaming religion for these problems is not fully comprehending just how ingrained oppression and hierarchy are within contemporary societies. It turns out that people still care a great deal about policing women’s behavior even outside of religious contexts. 

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Media Bias on Gun Control

Crime offense happens every day in the world, there's a right way to lessening the quantity of crime that is done and a wrongfulness way. Many citizens say that guns are a big part of crime and argue against them. During this media fallout many different viewpoints come out as to why gun control is not doing enough to protect citizens from crimes or if its not gun control that’s the issue, then it is the people committing the crimes. Media bias towards guns is seen in negative and positive ways, to entertainment and destruction in media. Media Bias in the U.S. does exist when media reports about guns.Worldwide guns are not viewed only in a negative point of view. Music and movies are known to talk about gun violence in a positive way. Entertainment such as movies, YouTube videos or homemade videos are another example. Guns have been a part of movies since the earliest days, Edwin S. Porter’s 1903 film, “The Great Train Robbery” ends with a kill shot of the lead bandit character. The shot was aimed at the camera as if it were shooting at the audience to add realism to the film and intensify the scene (Miller). Action movies like Transformers, and Deadpool are examples of wanting to make the audience feel involved in the movie based off all the action. Including Disney movies like in Incredibles 2 guns are portrayed as safety in movies to defend the characters from the antagonist.

The U.S. Army alongside civilians for self-defense most are trained and have access to guns but for the right reasons. For civilians it is a different scenario, there are more precautions taken such as having ID’s to buy a weapon and background checks. In the music industry, hip-hop and rock genre are most known for references to guns in the lyrics, the music interacts with feelings or actions depending on the meaning of the song.

However, when it comes to background checks and better location as to where the guns are at. In the U.S. they have monitors on every gun, with millions unregistered, “Federal law only requires licensed gun dealers to conduct background checks. That means millions of guns are exchanged each year without a check—most often online or at gun shows through unlicensed “private” sellers.” Felons, domestic abusers, the seriously mentally ill, and other dangerous people know about this situation, and they exploit it every day.' (Martinell). In conclusion background checks legally are a positive way of seeing things, as to guns not being registered and sold privately are seen the opposite. Furthermore, some negative examples of media bias on gun control are the mass shootings. There are many reports on the death rates, gun control and the safety of children and adults worldwide. Twenty-one weeks into 2018 and the U.S. has had twenty-three school shootings that have either injured or killed someone. CNN has kept a record of each shooting that has happened on school property. Parkland, Florida was the sixth school shooting in 2018 and was the worst since Sandy Hook in 2012 (Ahmed et al). Parkland's shooting ignited a young anti-gun movement and made a change in several lives.

Although, the gun regulations are to keep felons and mentally ill from purchasing firearms of any kind. Gun control is an effort to stop an increase of violent crime by having stricter laws on ownership of firearms. People that are anti-gun believe that gun control is wrong and is a violation of constitutional rights. While, pro-gun believe that gun control is good and that the second amendment does not apply to regular citizens.

To find out if the media is biased or not, a popular but controversial news story had to be chosen. The story about 3D printing guns provides a great story to analyze. This story is about a variety of people making guns or gun parts easily and at home on their 3D printers. Because the story brings up the fear of any person having a gun, it forces the news sources to show their side on gun laws. This makes it easy to compare each media source's bias on the situation at hand.

In addition, another media source to analyze is the New York Times, which is widely considered a neutral source. Neutrality is obvious in this topic as no clear side on gun laws is shown. The writer simply gives the readers the facts and figures on the story. The only time a side on gun laws is shown is in the interviews with people involved. Instead of emphasizing about how bad it could be with people printing guns left and right, or how out of proportion people are making it, the writer focuses on how inconvenient it actually is to print guns. The New York Times strategically picks a smaller but far less controversial topic to not contradict anyone's views and stay neutral. Henry Fountain, the author, explains how 3D printed guns are “about as likely to kill the gunman as the target,” and that 3D printers “are slow, often taking hours to build an object, and the results […] can be too crude for extremely close-fitting parts” (Fountain). These points do not go into the rights and wrongs of guns but only explain the truth of 3D printers which other sources barely touch on. This source clearly provides a neutral stance. Other biases that are common are feuds with republicans and democrats about the second amendment. People enjoy having the freedom to do what they want, especially when they can possess something that make them feel superior. The introduction in the second amendment says, “A well-regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed.” (“Second Amendment”). Guns have been around for a very long time. In Congress, it is a back and forth battle between the Republicans, who favor less gun control legislation and a literal translation of the Second Amendment. The Democrats who would like to see more gun control legislation to protect the safety of citizens. However, more gun control legislation would punish law-abiding citizens, also it would be a direct violation of the Second Amendment, and it would expand the power of the federal government into areas where the Founding Fathers never wanted it. (Morales) These sources set out to have a clear side on the situation about gun control. The neutral side gave no clear side on the topic. People ask themselves, there has to be some sort of compromise when it comes to guns almost every other night on any given news network. However, when it comes to the topic republicans today want to do absolutely nothing. Closing the gun loophole could easily save more lives and destruction in the long run. Although, congressman and most states have failed to enforce a simple situation that could be fixed.

With the analyzation of the one topic covered into two different viewpoints, bias is obviously present in the sources that are liberal or conservative.

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Media Bias and its Cases

For many years, the media has played a very important part in the public life. Media has been the ultimate source of information for this country. These days, numerous of political spectators have criticized the nonstop decrease in media reliability; however, people depend on the media for politics and political data. Communities rely upon the news they have collected from television and other online social media to make educated results on public plan matters and other part of life. Media should be reasonable and unbiased for a central American government.

Media has massive power by impacting the general population’s opinion, so it is important for the media to be reasonable and reliable. The modern mass media are criticized and blamed to be the unfair by the general public, politicians, and the government officials. In different countries, the bias of media is usually debated. Media bias begins with the way that journalists select occasions and stories they want to report and cover.

Media bias happens when the media appears to impulse a particular perspective, instead of announcing the news impassively. Remember that media bias additionally happens when the media appears to disregard a critical part of the story. There are a few unique sorts of media bias. We should consider a couple of the most recognized. Bias by omission implies the media forgets one side of story, or one part of a story. It can happen either inside a story or over the long haul as a specific news outlet reports one occasion but not the other. Bias by placement happens when a news outlet unmistakably puts new stories that agree with a particular motivation while “covering” those that speak to a restricting perspective. Bias by selection of sources implies a media outlet forgets sources that help a contradicting perspective. This bias can likewise be seen when a columnist uses such expressions as 'specialists believe,' 'observers say,' or 'most people think.'

The media is use as outlet of debate by the politicians. The conservative challenges the media of being bias and support liberal. This reality influence how the data is exhibited to individuals. In the years, the press watches out for more liberal than conservative. The 2016 Presidential Election is an awesome case of media bias against President Trump.

Bruce Thornton states in “A Brief History of Media”, that “the roots of media bias go back to the nineteenth century, and complaints about bias in part reflect a questionable idea about the media’s role and purpose: that newspapers and other dispensers of public information exist to transmit objective, factual information gleaned and communicated by credentialed professionals.” This means, I think that it has been less difficult for the media to escape with having their own feelings about the left and right wing. The media finds different approaches to reserve or even occupy the general population from their fundamental reason. The genuine bias or unfairness in the media is toward drama or sensationalism.

A case of media bias in connection to sensationalism would be the first picture of a political cartoon. The image demonstrates Donald Trump getting a finger that represents the media, pointing at him and him holding a newspaper emphasizing that he despises babies. In the image, Trump says that media is lying, and he actually cherishes kids. Clearly, the media is attempting to take something small and make it into something that it’s not, which prompts a greater amount of the negative opinions or even interest. Instead of babies, it could be the way which Trump treated women, or it could be the reason he tweets continually about being a representative and president. This is an example of sensationalism at its best because it grabs the attention of people on social media and getting a point across by being as bold as they can.

Another case of media bias was a 'Daily News' magazine cover accusing a man of being a terrorist. The pictures underneath the face of the man are, as far as anyone knows, possible terrorist. In what capacity can the news/media rush to pass judgment, blame or even trust that these men were included? They can’t, and this picture is simply one more approach to confuse the general opinion and catch their eye. This picture could be an entire misunderstanding, yet again the entire issue is that the news/media discusses one issue, for example, the fear of terrorism so much that, in the long run, everybody is discussing it. There are a significant number of daily papers, TV networks, sites discussing a similar issue over and again it forms into a major disaster of debates alongside bias thoughts and opinions.

Americans’ trust in the media decreased to the lowest level in Gallup poll history in 2016 dropped to its most reduced level in Gallup surveying history in 2016, with 32% saying they have a considerable degree of trust in the media —8% from the prior year.Gallup.com 2018 poll “Americans: Much Misinformation, Bias, Inaccuracy in News” found that American adults think that 62% of traditional news media (radio, television, and newspaper) is biased. They believe that 44% of it is inaccurate but still, over 50% still think that it is accurate. It is also believed that more than 1/3 of the news they read is and see is false information that is claimed and given off as true. When it came to social media, the polls seemed to be more serious. All of the results are high, being over 50%. When asked, 80% of American adults think that 80% of the news on social media is bias. Then they think 64% is inaccurate and 65% is false or misinformation given out. Most Americans believe that misinformation on the internet, like Facebook and Twitter, have may main issue for the U.S. government.

Media bias is genuine and most specifically in dynamic liberal assets. This is because the media is worried about the features with the goal that they offer in their news. Regularly, they attempt to restrict the legislature deliberately and, in those areas, the government plan to contribute on for the nation’s advancement. This is with the possibility that if the media overcome with everything done, they lose news and henceforth nothing to advance them. The media once in a while, specifically release news that is altered to inspire certain data they need. This is additionally observed when various media report distinctive news each in help of the other. A portion of the media have political impact that decides their side on issues.

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What Effect of Media Bias have on Us?

On the night of November 13th, a series of coordinated terrorist attacks occurred in Paris killing and injuring citizens in cafes, restaurants, and music venues but this isn’t new information. On the other hand, multiple suicide bombings in Beirut Lebanon and in Baghdad Iraq had occurred just hours before the attacks in Paris. But there are very few people who are familiar with these attacks. In Beirut and Baghdad, there were 255 serious injuries and 60 deaths but how many of us knew that.

On the morning of November 14th, I woke up and expected to see the news something like “Mass killings in France and Middle East hundreds of people injured and dead.” But when I turned on the TV to see updates about these terrorist attacks in France and the middle east, the only news I found was “Terrorist attack kills over a hundred people in Paris. France declares a state of emergency for 4 weeks.” I felt a deep sense of shock that how American media ignore the killing of people in the middle east. Similarly in America when the mass killing event was done by a Muslim suspect, American media consider it as a terrorist attack from some well known Islamic organization, but when the same thing a white or Christian person does they consider it as mentally ill or crazy person attacked.

I soon realized that this is not unusual phenomena of attacks in Africa, the Middle East, and other developing nations are swept under the rug to make way for wider and more newsworthy events on Western countries and making Islam the reason of all terrorist activities. Even though after doing so much of research I couldn’t find a relevant reason for this bias situation. After reading Alain de Botton’s article “Tragedy” I found out how new effect us nowadays and most of us focus on news related to tragedies. Today, almost all of us owns a smartphone and with the help of these phones we always stay connected with all kind of news doesn’t matter if it is fake, real, or bias and showing us only one side of the story. Most of the time almost 90% of us don’t even try to verify the credibility of these stories before believing them. For some reason, Alain de Botton’s argument led me to Christopher Beam’s article “Blood Loss” which connects the early 19th-century serial killing with today's terrorist activities.

So I finally decided to restart my search and now with a focus on social, racial and equality within the media institution. During my search, I found out that today 90% of American Media is controlled by 6 companies these companies are Comcast, Fox, The Walt Disney Company, Viacom, AT&T, and CBS. All the CEOs of these companies have one glaring similarity, their race. These six white men have a major hand on what news is seen by the American public. So it’s not surprising that most of them got most of the media that we are exposed to, is white-dominated and glasses over minority related events and blames all the negativity on Islam and Muslims

This isn’t just a problem in media ownership, in 2014 the Atlantic magazine found that minorities are drastically underrepresented in the journalism industry as well on average whites make up around 82% of Journalism all non-white combine to form only 18% for an industry that claims to serve diverse news to an increasingly diverse public. It ’s extremely problematic that most major newsrooms are dominated by one race the white race, even worse the few channels that do offer more diverse news are attacked and oppressed by the American Media, for example, Al Jazeera America was a Qatar funded channel that share Arabic news and current affairs with the American people. The channel came to the attention of Western countries during September 2001 airing videos and showing articles about the Taliban and other radical groups to inform and educate the American public on events going on in the Middle East but because Al Jazeera was exclusively focused on Arab related news American Media executive demonize the network. Leaders like Hillary Clinton entered the argument by saying that Al Jazeera was real news and not supportive of terrorism cable news executive shared personal concerns over the channel being broadcasted such as a fear that their viewers would see violence. In the end, the channel was disappeared from the American Media at the behest of a white executive who was afraid that the network was too much Arab based.

The irony is a parent although American Media is almost solely constructed of whites American Executive criticize and exclude non-white media for the sole purpose of being too focused on One race this Injustice which leads to the Erasure of minority news from mainstream media lays the groundwork for inherent racism.

The television networks do whatever they can to promote awareness to promote awareness and spread coverage about these attacks taking every possible measure that they can to show sympathy and sensitivity to the victims in contrast other terrorist attacks are met with far less and even non-existent coverage at least 72 were killed and 342 seriously injured in Pakistan because of a suicide bombing at a children’s playground on Easter although this attack happen to full five days after the attack in France holes and it was far more severe in terms of injuries and death the receipt if we received relatively no coverage American television networks continue to cover the events going on in Brussels will be events and Pakistan were not even mentioned.

In addition, the rhetoric of newspaper articles can often affect how a reader digest this information. Articles about Western events uses emotional phrases and care are put into describing the events in great detail. On the other hand articles about events outside of the West, uses a cold and detached tone throughout the article, nearly listing bear facts and statistics about what happened. This difference in the way that the articles are presented leads people to unconsciously become more supportive and sympathetic toward events in the West.

So now, what effect of this bias have on us, the lack of coverage not only does a disservice to the victims in these countries but it also fosters an uninformed American public. When we miss out on key events outside the west that shape foreign policy and the prosperity of countries we are rather truly incapacitated. Furthermore, it creates a complete sense of apathy in our public concerning the victims in these countries. Unintentional or intentional, the media bias has the same effect. Because of it, we are a group of people who cannot even hold a conversation about a terrorist attack that occurred in a country outside of the West. It takes a great movement of people to spread awareness and to show the plight of these people who are forgotten and ignored by our media as citizens of the world we need to stand up and we need to show media networks that we care about these countries and we want them to report them to us and we want them to share what happened in them. 

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Franklin D Roosevelt was the 32nd President

Franklin D. Roosevelt was the 32nd president, he served four presidential terms. He was the first and last president to have served more than two presidential terms (March 4, 1933 – April 12, 1945). He was a president that showed us that he can make change happen. He gave the people a promise to get people employed and to help to give better days.

Franklin D. Roosevelt was born on January 30, 1882 in New York. He was a part of the republican party. He died April 12, 1945 due to his health problems, the doctors stated that he had a Hemorrhagic Stroke. Franklin was actually related to Theodore Roosevelt in a very strange way. Franklin's wife was Threodores niece and she married Franklin with was her 5th cousin.

He proposed to her at age 19 and later they got married to each other. They had four kids but that didn’t stop him from having an affair. She was very furious about the affair because you know she thought he was in love with her. She told him she wanted to leave him, basically divorced him, and his mother didn’t want that so she tried to bribe her into staying with him. That didn’t stop him from continuing with his affair, it later became affairs.

The former president was a careless president. President Hoover was the reason for The Great Depression, President Calvin made the people believe that Hoover could keep the economy good. Hoover was running against Al Smith, a catholic, so of course the most votes were going to go to the Christian man. On October 29, 1929 the stock market crashed and they called it “Black Tuesday '' the start of the great depression. The people were mad and as soon as the election for the new term they were quick to vote for Roosevelt.

Roosevelt proposed a “New Deal” and he promised the people for better days than what Hoover put them through. What got the people wanting to vote for him was the “New Deal”, he proposed that he was going to put programs to help out the people. He wanted to provide people with jobs, he wanted to support the suffering. He told the people that if he was to become the president he was to act on helping as soon as possible. Roosevelt won both the popular and electoral vote, soon after he acted on what he promised.

Roosevelt wanted to end prohibition, it would be one less problem that wasn’t so relevant as much as the other problems. Congress soon passed the 21st amendment which ended the banning of alcoholic drinks. They ended prohibition due to the fact that there was so many organized crime they felt as if their plan to ban alcohol was a failure. The people felt happy that they finally got to drink alcohol without the punishment of being out in jail.

However, he wasn’t so successful with the “New Plan” it’s didnt stop him from trying to continue to better the United states. Soon enough Roosevelt came up with a second “new plan” to help out with the great depression because he made a promise to help the unemployed and he wanted to stick to his promise. He proposed the same things as the first but he wanted to take more action into the unemployed and give jobs to support them. With the second deal he opens up programs to help young people.

The program Works Progress Administration (WPA) was one of the largest programs helping out the people that were unemployed. This program spent around $11 billion to provide jobs for more than 8 million workers. They gave jobs to unskilled workers but they did get the jobs done, they were given jobs like road work and construction. Women worked as well, they worked as school nurses, teachers, maids, and they did a lot of sewing during the great depression.

The National Youth Administration (NYA) was a program created to help and give guidance to young adults as in high schoolers and college students. This program gave young adults training and part-time jobs to help them so they can learn to provide for themselves. Many students believed this program was very helpful and useful. This program supported all races, they wanted to focus on the education of all kids ages 16-25.

These programs for the young people were really good and beneficial to the people. So many people gain jobs because of Franklin. Franklin got so many people out of poverty, not to become rich but stable enough to provide for a family. People loved him for the things he did to help. That was a big reason why they let him serve four presidential terms.

Food Drug and Cosmetic Act (FDC) was an act that made any product to have to state everything that is in a product. He made this act happen because there were too many people dying. He wanted to make people not fear for their lives when they get a product. This Act was actually very helpful to the people. He saved many people's lives with this act.

Although he was a great president to our country he did have bad things he did himself besides the fact that he was a cheater to his wife. He turned down many jews that were being treated badly. A lot of jews wanted to come to the United states and were turned down because of all the things going on like the war. The jews should have been taken in because they were being killed just for their beliefs and their appearance. No it wasn't our job to care for them but to just let this happen to stand to the side and watch this man kill 6 million jews.

It wasn't right for him to turn them down, kids were killed and beaten. They were abused in many ways and it just wasn't right to just reject them. If anyone was to be in their shoes they would have been terrified and praying for the United States to take them in. Imagine all the scared people wishing to have been saved from a horrible person.

But even though that was a con he did get the people out of the great depression and he helped our country in a way hoover didn't do because he believed that the government wasn’t to help the people that it wasn't their responsibility to take care of their own people. Hoover would rather see his people and economy go down than to help his people. That's why Roosevelt won the election against hoover, Hoover was just not fit to be a president.

Franklin showed how much of a better president he was. He proved to the people that he could do better than Hoover. He showed us that he was going to do way better than Hoover. He had a plan and stuck by it. He gave the people hope and they had so much faith in him.

He gave it all to be the best and that was all the people wanted.He got us through World War 1 a real hard time for many. They wanted to know they were being cared for and thought of. That’s what he gave to the people. Their economy grew with him. The people loved and cherished him. At the end of the day he did what was best for the country. He gave his all and accomplished what no other president could do.   

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About “Snow-White” and “Cinderella” (Fairy Tale)

A fairy tale is a tale or story, regularly meant for children, that landscapes imaginary and phenomenal characters such as elves, goblins, wizards, and even, but not necessarily, fairies. Fairy tales are usually conventional; many were passed down from story-teller to story-teller before being recorded in books. The significance of fairy tales being written for children is predominantly seen in a lot of Walt Disney works such as; Snow White, Cinderella, Rumpelstiltskin and many others. Fairy tales add a lot of moral dimension and relations to the real world which is very important to child literature.

Fairy tales are imperative since they trigger the child’s imagination. They give us a channel for undergoing things in our minds because we can have experiences of this through realism in our world. Where interests of the real world meet the magical world. In a fairy tale, all sorts of things can happen and any kind of being could exist, and whilst something can ensue, we could uncover results to things that may have occurred in our lives. Within creativity, we learn about the realism within our world. We have the option to explore effects and opportunities. The ingenuity phase of things is why it is meaningful for children and their way of learning things. Fairy tales help a lot with understanding literature in ways we probably envisioned.

We see this significance in the Snow-White fairy tale. Snow-White is the protagonist in the story and the wicked queen is the antagonist. Snow-White personifies the human soul. Snow-White is living life with an absent father but she befriends the seven dwarfs who offer a male influence which is common in the real world with how a lot of women grow up without fathers and have no male influence so it causes a raft in the way they view men and usually struggle in relationships or just with dealing with men in general. Western society, only consists of one billion people, continues to be isolated from eastern cultures and the acknowledgment that a possibility of a higher state of consciousness exists. Every event and character in some symbolic manner pertains to the central theme of Snow’s individualization and spiritual transformation.

Snow-White had interpretations of the three colors: white, red and black, which also is brought up in other fairy tales. So, we can see the significance that these colors represent when it comes to these fairy tales. Imagery has always been a major thing with child literature because it helps their young brains develop easier and more better. Processing colors and the names of the colors help with the imagery sense of learning. the colors are found in alchemical texts, Indian philosophy, and Egyptian culture. The colors symbolize the open-minded refinement of matter and mind. This means to me that the ancients were very much aware of the enlightenment process. The underlying meaning of the three colors cannot be decoded without understanding alchemy.  The three colors are used to symbolize Snow-White’s evolution into higher consciousness. This how authors use moral dimension and elements in their stories by adding a correlation to the real world. Even though it is a fairy tale you can still find relations to the real world all throughout these fairy tales.

From a psychosomatic outlook, the Queen is Snow Whites shadow. From a superior belvedere, she symbolizes the joint dynamisms aligned against the singular spiritual fruition. So symbolically speaking the wicked Queen is both the inner and outer force of evil. Snow-White delivers like a primitive ethics play that pits a wicked Queen, devoted to her deceiving contemplations, against the innocuous and untainted unsophisticated Snow White, representing the humanoid ambiance. Whilst, roaming on the path to higher consciousness, it is important to be totally mindful of ones’ secret desires as there are vibrant beings ready to consume adverse or vibrations, who are anti-divine.

Another example of how authors use moral dimension in the story of Snow-White and the Dwarfs is by the Dwarfs representing the idealism of perfection. Everything the seven dwarfs have are in sevens. They represent the seven chakras which helps the mind, body and soul achieve perfection, which is what Snow-White is attaining in this case. Paramhans Swami Maheshwaranda explains the seven chakras as “a powerhouse in the way each generates and stores energy, with the energy from the cosmos pulled in more strongly at these points. The main Nadis, Ida, Pingala and Shushumna (sympathetic, parasympathetic), and central nervous system run along the spinal column in a curved path and cross one another several times. At the points of intersection, they form strong energy centers known as chakras. In the human body, there are three types of energy centers. The lower or animal chakras are located in the region between the toes and the pelvic region indicating our evolutionary origins in the animal kingdom. The human chakras lie along the spinal column. Finally, the higher or divine Chakras are found between the top of the spine and the crown of the head.”  The dwarfs help Snow-White to develop a cognizant awareness of the evil and good in the world, a progression that centrals to her vital achievement. The dwarfs gave Snow-White an ultimatum which was to take care of their house and do the chores and whatnot and she could stay with them, and she agreed upon this. This is the old-fashioned womanly path to contentment, surrendering personal narcissism for the better good of the family, just the monotonous responsibilities which require continued attentiveness over the years, and acquiring how to be satisfied in the present-day. Snow-White uncovers her own kindhearted human traits, through persistence, loss, and friendship. The modest ambiance of the hut and her hard works helps to cultivate her individuality.

Another fairytale that exemplifies how authors uses elements and moral dimension is Cinderella. Cinderella represents certain story elements such as a lust and expectation for love and acknowledgement, determined for an enhanced standard of living, and eventually the accomplishment of good over evil, which can be comprehended and cherished on an entire parallel. Due to its sympathetic elements, Cinderella purpose is as a costume tale; a story whose scheme is not profoundly rooted in a traditional setting, or compelling specific cultural elements to be contemporary. Consequently, accepting it to be adaptable in its effectiveness, being open to navigate all modes of cultural and social environments with only slight disparity to the original tale. Cinderella had to overcome a lot of adversity with the fact that her father was out searching for a new wife due to the mother dying. But in the story, we see that the father marries a horrendous woman who is very mean and only cares about herself. She also comes along with two daughters who are very disrespectful and mean just like their mother. The girls make Cinderella do everything around the house as if she is a slave and have no rights in the world and the father never pays any mind to it. It’s a very unfortunate situation for her. Again, this is something than relates to the real world with how a child’s parents remarry someone who has kids and they treat them like straight garbage.

To make a long story short Cinderella goes to the ball where there is a prince and the prince and Cinderella wind up getting married and happily ever after. The moral dimension is the family situation she had to deal with like I mentioned with the whole thing of children parents getting remarried with others who also have kids. It’s a hard adjustment. But through all that she went through she comes out victorious because in the real world you find so many women and people in general who go through adversity in their childhood and then grow up and win in life because they stayed on the right path and did what they had to survive long enough for them to be blessed and come out on top and live the life they aspired to live all along. The universal element of love that humans possess is something we saw with Cinderella. She was just a young woman who wanted to be loved by everyone. Another element was the overcoming’s of the good vs evil battle that she had to deal with it. With the evil being her in-laws with her stepsisters and stepmother. Anna Aragno explained that, “The polarization of our nature into “good and bad” and the anthropomorphic externalizations of these impulsions have been with us for millennia, providing inspiration for magical rites, representational forms, and the cornucopia of dramas, narratives, and artworks to which they give expression” . This good vs evil battle can be seen all throughout modern civilization with religion being at the forefront of it with Satan fall from grace starting the war with him and God. It has made all these beliefs and rituals and principles that define what is good and what is evil. Cinderella fairy tale possesses many elements with correlation of moral dimension just like Snow-White. The good vs evil thing is really the biggest thing to be honest because we are constantly battling ourselves, and the world. Every day we encounter some sort of obstacle that has evil written all over it but then a good thing will happen if we don’t let the evil overpower us. Fairy tales are extremely helpful and informative on these real-world trials and tribulations which is why fairytales will and have always be around and be a major influence in child literature.

Nonetheless, I have come to conclusion that fairy tales have been changed to fit what’s going on in the world at the time because all the major fairy tales have been rewritten or reproduced in plays and movies to fit the current standards of whatever time it is. But despite that the fairytales overall message is never messed with but only enhanced. With the 21st century and technology advancements we have been able to find out more elements in these fairy tales. Fairy tales have given us the ability to relate to one another and find correlations to our lives. And again, it all falls back on good vs evil and the adversities. And in the end, it’s all about the outcome that we all aspire to triumph to. 

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The Impact of Fairy Tale on Children

Since the times of the Brothers Grimm, fairy tales have advanced immensely and have not exclusively been appreciated, yet in addition used and altered. Fairy tales were utilized in study halls to help little youngsters to follow the alluring and supported conduct radiated by the heroes, alongside teaching them on ethics and morals. Fairy tales, notwithstanding, were additionally utilized as promulgation during the hour of Nazi Germany, supporting instilling kids to steadfastly follow Hitler and the Nazi Party alongside their convictions and strategies. The effect of fairy tales on advanced society is huge, seeing as in addition to the fact that they are as yet present universally, yet have been changed into profoundly well known movies. 

The Grimm Brothers' fairy tales were first and foremost present in the school prospectuses of Prussian rudimentary. It is accepted by numerous researchers that fairy tales are educated in homerooms since youngsters' "minds are available to impact and guidance through what they experience and read". In the Nazi period, the Nazi Party perceived the significance of fairy tales and their effect on German Youth, a gathering of people that the Nazis saw as an objective for their promulgation. During the time-frame of the Nazis, there was extraordinary worth set on the Grimm Brothers' fairy tales seeing as they were a piece of German culture that generally encapsulated some Nazi standards, such as, hostile to Semitism, the conviction that Jews are the most minimal race in the social chain of command and ought to be abused. These "exemplary fairy tales [were] re-molded by Nazi publicity bosses to enroll German kids to help the Third Reich". For instance, in the Nazified rendition of Little Red Riding Hood, she "wears an insignia embellished shroud" and is saved from the wolf by "a man wearing a SS uniform". Social setting during varying time spans impact how sex jobs are depicted in fairy tales, and in this model, the idea of the 'lady in trouble's was unaltered by the Nazis from the first Grimm fairy tales seeing as it advances their approach of hostile to women's liberation, the conviction that a lady's job is homegrown and to bear future kids. 

In present day, the most well-known type of fairy tales is depicted as motion pictures, explicitly from The Walt Disney Corporation. Disney's fairy tales right off the bat comprises of movies made somewhere in the range of 1930 and 1960 and thought about works of art, like Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs and Cinderella. Exemplary Disney fairy tales are the movies that nearest look like the subjects and characteristics of the Grimm Brothers' fairy tales and have female heroes with the normal qualities of being youthful excellent who are aloof, respectful, and generally quiet. Like the first tales, the ladies heroes' glad completion is from being saved by an attractive and immaculate Prince. The main adversaries, then again, are additionally all ladies, but they are amazing and jealous of the hero, going incredible lengths to get what they need. This exposes that Walt Disney is mirroring the perspectives on the bigger society in his movies, both glorified and defective qualities, where Disney ensured that particular attributes were given to the female heroes and enemies so young ladies watching these motion pictures would learn and get what characteristics to hold fast to and from. This mirrors the time span when these motion pictures were made, reflecting comparable convictions of the German culture in the time-frame of the Grimm Brothers' fairy tales. Customary sexual orientation standards keep on being sustained in fairy tales. 

Besides, there are likewise fairy tale films made between the years 1989 and 1998, known as the "Disney Renaissance". The characters in these movies hold a couple of normal qualities with the characters of the Grimm Brothers' tales, seeing as these movies depict reformist thoughts with solid female courageous women. A model is the film, Beauty and the Beast, where the female hero, Belle, appreciates perusing and endeavors to find out additional. Rather than adhering to looking for marriage and procuring homegrown jobs, ladies have the opportunity to address and comprehend their general surroundings. Another characteristic is that the female champions have the force of dynamic, for example, ones that challenge definitive figures. This can be seen again in Beauty and the Beast where Belle resists her dad's desires and boldly has his spot as the Beast's detainee. From Disney, it is seen that female generalizations from the 1960s have changed, and ladies are given more opportunities. These motion pictures depict ladies in different jobs, and individuals discover that ladies, beside being princesses or miscreants, are additionally fit for courageous demonstrations. 

The third classification comprises of fairy tale films made in the twentieth century, and these movies show significantly more present day thoughts, where customary sexual orientation jobs totally change. A great representation is the acclaimed film, Frozen. In these movies, the female heroes venture on a journey and battle against a power out of their control, not really a main bad guy. This shows the watchers that issues are not really the issue of an individual or individuals overall. In Frozen, Elsa's forces are the wild power of nature that is the premise of the issue in the film. These films additionally show that the heroes don't become hopelessly enamored with a man immediately or by any means. Frozen even goes to the degree of criticizing wedding a man momentarily in the wake of meeting him, and this can be viewed as Disney showing their watchers that genuine affection really requires some investment to create. A famous view in present day is that genuine affection doesn't really should be a heartfelt love between a man and a lady. Frozen is additionally huge since it shows that there are various kinds of affection, seen from Anna's demonstration of penance to save her sister, Elsa – a demonstration of genuine romance. The advanced fairy tales fit the well known perspective on society today, impacted by broad communications and culture, seeing as customary sex standards changed altogether contrasted with the first Grimm Brothers' fairy tales to Disney's twentieth century fairy tale motion pictures.

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Fairy Tales are Need to be Read

Fairy tales are often seen as silly children stories and a lot of people don’t understand the true impact they have on a child’s interpretation of the world around them. Children are being read fairy tales as early as a couple months old all the way into 7 or 8 years old. Parents often see fairy tales as a soothing mechanism for putting their children to sleep or calming them down, but when the child gets older he or she starts to interpret the words and use them to build their own understanding. While aiding primarily in entertainment in children, fairy tales contribute to the understanding of what it is to be human while also discreetly injecting important life lessons and morals.

The psychological effects of fairy tales root in the initial reading of the tale where children ingest the words written on the page. They then start to think about the stories and the problems it presents. How does the main protagonist deal with such dilemma? Most of the time fairy tales have a way of showing the wrong side of a decision and then clear it up by having the main character do something to fix the situation. This presents good moral decision and aids in helping children see the “correct choice” but also bestowing an idea of how to deal with human conflict. These types of skills are very important because they directly correlate with a child’s quality of life, beliefs, or mental health. Fairy tales are crucial to developing children’s imagination as well as their correlation with the world around them:

When listening to fairy tales, children are often deeply affected by their contents and, at the same time, their imagination develops and takes on new shapes. Thus, fairy tales affect child's emotional, physical and mental development. In particular, it is reflected in the molding of creative processes inspired by one's depictions of adventures that fairy tales' main characters have. Through listening, children modify their understanding of the literary work that is read to them and practice the ability to connect separate events. (Klim-Klimaszewska 3700)

Without fairy tales and their teachings children would struggle with moral development and consciousness of right and wrong.

For example, we can look at the story of Cinderella which begins by telling the tale of a poor, beautiful girl who lost her mother, a common fairy tale theme, so she lives with her stepmother and two stepsisters. Cinderella is forced to do strenuous chores while being taunted by her stepsisters. One day she hears of a ball held by the prince and Cinderella decides she wants to go, but her stepmother and sisters have a different idea. They assign her impossible task that she only gets done because of the help from some friendly animals. She then makes it to the ball, where she falls in love with the prince and the prince falls in love with her. The clock strikes midnight and Cinderella races out on the castle leaving a shoe behind. The prince then uses the shoe to search Cinderella out of the whole community and then marries her. They then live happily ever after.

When looking at this story we see how children develop an understanding of how one can surpass their state of deprivation. Cinderella’s story offers hope that one may persevere, even though surrounded by hostile forces, through endurance, and the help of nature. Cinderella also is depicted as very compassionate and nice so when children see this they tend to mimic the character of Cinderella. Not only do children take away the hope that anything can happen, but they also learn a lesson about what kind of people seem to have a better outcome in life. While Cinderella lives happily ever after, her stepmother and stepsisters, who are incredibly cruel and unkind, are left unsatisfied and jealous of Cinderella. Children will notice the parallel between the compassionate princess’s fate and the condescending stepsisters.

Besides all the benefit fairy tales have on children’s development they also help in a therapeutic manner. Children are able to unlock their imagination and escape some of the hurtful, or painful experiences they are exposed to in their everyday life. Not only do they offer an entertaining escape, they also are a harmless and safe way to distract the child from more stressful things going on in their life. Fairy tales also help children who have similar issues of the characters in the story to understand their own situation. In support of this claim, Leilani Johnson, an English student at the University of Hawaii at Hilo wisely relates fairy tales to the internal struggles of children. In this essay she discusses the positive impacts fairy tales can have on children:

For instance, the struggle between good and evil is a frequent theme among fairy tales all around the world. In a therapeutic sense, this can be interpreted as internal conflict or the tension between the id and ego. Many children and young people may suffer from internal conflict whether it is from bullying, teasing, problems at home, etc. Analyzing fairy tales where internal conflict is a major theme can help the therapist determine ways to help his or her client. 

Fairy tales often show that good triumphs evil and if children read that theme then they begin to feel a slightly better about their situation. Reading fairy tales don’t fix the situation but they can help the child cope with their everyday life.

Another benefit of fairy tales that many are probably not familiar with is that fairy tales can help young adults who are struggling with an eating disorder. Eating disorders often result as a cause of societal pressure while transitioning into adulthood. Laura Hill, published author in “The Journal of Counseling and Development” conducted a study to prove fairy tales can benefit adolescents with eating disorders stating, “Fairy tales offer possible solutions for young people struggling with transitional problems and anxieties by allowing the eating-disordered client to project his or her desired identity onto the fairy tale and draw self-control from the process” (Hill 584). Patients were able to express things about the fairy tale characters that they could not say about themselves. On patient stated, “Cinderella was her favorite fairy tale because Cinderella overcame her social status” (Hill 584). Psychologists can infer from this that the patient needed to surpass that feeling that she was not enough or wasn’t as cool as other girls. This idea of reflecting the story on yourself to bond to our sense of self helps understand our inner struggles and anxieties, and fairy tales are simply a tool to help initiate this.

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Fairy Tale ‘Beauty and Beast’

Beaumont wrote the famously known fairy tale, “Beauty and the Beast.” Throughout the story, both Beauty and Beast try to find true love, in fact, it risks the life of Beauty. Beast was thought of as an ugly monster to everyone that he once knew or knew at the time in the story. However Beast still found that Beauty had a strong love for him; despite his ugliness. The fairy tale, “Beauty and the Beast” teaches readers that everyone, no matter what they look like or what reputation they may have, they can still attempt to be successful in their journey to fulfill their dreams.

Beauty’s father, the Merchant, goes out to find work after his wealth was terminated. He ran into Beast whilst roaming the forest. Beast states: “One of your daughters must come live with me.”(Beaumont. 184) He chooses the youngest and the prettiest, Beauty. Beast was a 'Monster' to all of the realms. Towards the end of the tale, both of Beauty's sisters watch Beauty in awe as she mourns over Beast as he lay dying in the tale. However, Beauty and the Beast do end up marrying on another despite the dreadful looks of Beast. Many can relate this story to many everyday events happening right in front of everyone.

This story could actually be used to encourage teens and children to never give up on their dreams, no matter how hard they may be. In the tale, Beast seemed to have never given up on his quest to find true love. It was a hard and narrow path to get to love, due to his looks and lack of women that he respected. He eventually succeeded in his quest and married Beauty. Another similarity is someone trying to find true love even. Again, Beast tries to find love, he did end up finding love.

In today’s life, teens and children give up on their dreams when they find that the path leading to success is too hard for them to complete it. Beast’s path to true love was similar, his path was narrow and hard, but he still was successful. One quote from the story,” No dear Beast; you must not die, you must live to be my husband.”(Beaumont. 191-192) This states that even Beauty was supporting Beast in a way to show that she really loves him. Others teens can support each other to help them succeed in their path to fulfill their dreams. Not only can you relate real life, but some can also relate it to another fairy tale.

In the fairy tale, the 'Princess and the Frog,' is a relatable story to the tale by Beaumont. In a similar fairy tale, the Frog is considered to be the monster, and the princess kisses him turning her into a frog as well. Basically, they find their true love. Princess thinks that the frog is a nasty bug, but ends up kissing him anyway. This is similar to Beauty finding Beast to be a horrific creature, she lives with him in a trade essentially, and they end up marrying and living forever. Beast is a monster, similar to the frog leading up to the kiss in the Princess and the Frog. Beauty and the Princess kind of fall into the same category, even though Princess turned into another frog, her and Beauty still found true love.

Beauty and the Beast can be almost relatable to one of my favorite movies, Super 8. In this movie, a monster antagonist gets released after a horrific train crash, leading to him killing almost every single known character in the movie. Then, two of the kids find the monster's true will for killing everyone, it just wanted to go home. But it was a narrow path for the monster to find a home was too hard and almost impossible. However, he made it happen and was successful in the building of his ship and finding his way home.

Beast was similar to the monster in the movie, but it was trying to find a completely different thing besides home. He completed his journey finding true love when he finally got Beauty. He lived happily ever after with Beauty. The monster from Super 8 also lived after he completed his journey to find his home, just like Beast finding true love.

Beast does kind of relate to me. Similar to how he relates to today’s world. Beauty and Beast both have hard and difficult paths to find love. They didn’t give up until they found it. I have a lot of hard things in a certain path I want to pursue. However, I choose to never give up on anything that comes in my way to try to get me to give up and walk the bigger path with a lot fewer challenges. I never gave up on being successful at rifles, I started off terrible and found it to be too much work, I continued to work hard and I ended up being one of the best in the Nation.

People who would read this would more than likely claim that this is not a 'love story' or that my information and ideas are off topic with the story. Knowing some of my audiences' choices to talk about, there is a whole lot of counter-arguments they could come at me with. How my proofreading is incorrect, my information is incorrect. I can come back with their counter-arguments with proven examples of my information I give. How Beast tries to marry Beauty and how much he really loves her. Even when Beast seems to be dying, Beauty still wants him to marry her even throughout all she had been through with him. “There she found Beast stretched out, quite senseless.” By Edmund Evans. (Beaumont. 192)

To recap, Beaumont knew about the work made and had a very good idea on what was being written. Overall Beauty and the Beast is a very good story. It is relatable to many other fairy tales and even some real life things. This story was and is very interesting and terrific to many things.

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Fairy Tales: Society’s Handbook

Fairy Tales have played a role in the upbringing of the children of our world, it has single-handedly taught society’s children the morals in which they are expected to live by to get by. These lessons waiver depending on the recipient. In the past, fairy tales have been the patriarchal handbook to our society as they instill in our boys their responsibility to protect, save and choose while the girls in our society are taught the traits needed to be chosen. This is apparent in people favorites like Cinderella, The Little Mermaid & Snow White in which the female protagonist sole goal is to find a way to be chosen. But recently these structures have been changing in Disney’s Films like Enchanted (2007) and Frozen(2014). While keeping some of its traditional rules, Frozen and Enchanted both challenge the ideals of the old fairy tales the world grew up watching and reading.

Enchanted, a film about a princess who finds herself lost in the real world of New York City as she looks for her Prince Charming. This film is an unexpected revision of fairy tales as it doesn’t radically rewrite every cliche about girls in these stories which play for and against the film. Throughout the film, the role of the princess is challenged constantly as Giselle is repeatedly asked “Why”. All the obligations and responsibilities of a Disney princess is questioned by the film's realist, Lawyer Robert. This challenges Giselle to really question the patriarchal rules she has been following her whole life. At the end of the film, Enchanted switches the roles as Robert is taken by the dragon and Giselle is left to rescue him. The male protagonist is thrown to the side as the princess thinks and solves problems for herself. However, the film still keeps its traditional roots in which there is never a doubt that the female protagonist will end up with a man at the end of the story. Enchanted ends with not one but two weddings of the two female characters being chosen because of their particular traits of kindness and “wholesome”.

Frozen on the other hand completely re-invents the wheel in which Disney uses to recreate fairy tales. Although there have been female-led movies like Mulan, Brave, & Tangled, Frozen is the first Disney animated film where the female characters are not influenced by the male presence in any way. It follows sisters, Elsa and Anna, two fully invested, engaging and actualized female protagonists. In the usual Disney structure, one sister would grow jealous of the other and become the villain of the piece but that doesn’t happen here. Neither become imperfect or represent perfection that Disney portrays women to be. This film explores the theme of acceptance as Elsa suppresses herself because she, as a powerful woman, is told to by the outside forces in her life. Anna, who brings the romantic aspects of fairy tales with her blind love for the prince but even that takes a backseat to the sisters bond which is ultimately is the driving force of Frozen. Anna still holds the undying dream of finding her true love. She meets a charming prince, sings a duet with him and accepts his marriage proposal, all in like twenty minutes. It’s ridiculous. But unlike the Disney princesses before this, Frozen knows this. It uses Anna very fast engagement to show how this cliche is unrealistic and absurd when the charming prince turns out to be the villain of the film.

Fairy tales are often used as “vehicles to promote the agenda of whichever group appropriates them”. Disney’s Fairy Tales redefine masculinity and femininity and how it should look according to the men of Disney. Often times in these stories, women take on the roles of men to show that they are not “like every other girl” like in the final battle of Enchanted where roles were reversed. It’s like the only way for female characters to gain power is to be men. In Frozen, Elsa and Anna are not tomboys, they are not knights, they are not warriors, they’re princesses who used their own power to save the day. One by one, Disney damaging tropes are presented and debunked from “love’s at first sight” to “damsels in distress”. Frozen dares the system in a way that Enchanted did not do.

Both Enchanted and Frozen changed the way they show true love. In both films, the princesses (Anna and Giselle) are placed in the infamous sleeping curse that can only be broken with a true love’s kiss. Enchanted challenges the idea of blind love that Disney princess have with Giselle and her relationship to the Prince. After being poisoned, the Prince kisses her in attempt to wake her but nothing happens. It was only after Robert, the man she has gotten to know throughout the whole film kisses her that she awakens from her curse. It shows that love is more than just destiny and fate but actually getting to know the person you love. In Frozen’s climax, when Anna is frozen we’re tricked into thinking that Kristoff would be the one to break the curse with his “love” for her but instead, the love between Anna and Elsa is what breaks it. The love between these two sisters is what the film recognizes as “true love”.

Enchanted did a good job in rattling the patriarchy cage that a female protagonist is put in while Frozen broke it all together. These films are not tales of helpless princesses sitting around waiting to be saved by a prince. They have opened up the door for so many films like Moana, Wreck it Ralph and many more that came after it. The steps taken by Enchanted and Frozen takes to make its heroines stronger than the princess that came before are small by real-life standards. But within the narrow scope of Disney, the idea of a girl having a story outside of the male characters of the story is new. Enchanted and Frozen are films that tell little girls that true love doesn’t have to involve marrying a prince or being rescued. It’s a step in the right direction.

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A Closer Look into Fairy Tales

Fairy tales have been around for centuries and have laid the foundation for many generations by unlocking the imagination of those who listen. They keep the hope and dreams alive within family households and set an example for the expectations of life. The question of whether or not fairy tales address contemporary, controversial issues can be answered by saying that many of our bright, bubbly stories are actually more important to everyone’s childhood in more ways than one. There are many underlying tones within the popular fairy tales that people from around the world can relate to and connect with one another through. “While some may take the stories at face value, for the sole purpose of entertainment, other researchers tell us that these are wise stories infused with meaning and symbols” (Hidden Meanings). Fairy tales address many relevant issues in today’s society by teaching people valuable lessons throughout their childhood, bringing attention to the importance of having hope, and believing in yourself.

Many lessons that we learn through fairy tales are ones that are not directly stated within the story but are the underlying message that one can pick up on nearing the stories end. “Fairy tales have been around for thousands of years, and thanks to people like The Brothers Grimm, Charles Perrault, Joseph Jacobs, and Walt Disney, many have survived and thrived through the generations, permeating our culture with important life lessons — or at least lessons that seem to stick” (Shurtliff, Liesl). In Cinderella for instance, we are taught that it is never wrong to ask for help and it shouldn’t be something that we should fear. Being vulnerable and needing assistance from another person in our life is not shameful and can bring about the greatest of gifts to our lives. Little Red Riding Hood teaches us to be aware of our surroundings and to acknowledge the apparent signs of danger when presented to us the first time before it is too late. Society today prides themselves on being independent and getting everything that they want on their own, but the reality is that without the help of others, there are some milestones that cannot be achieved. Life is about teamwork and the willingness to admit when we are unable to accomplish what we need on our own. Another insight fairy tales offer, which many teenagers would agree with, is that sometimes parents don’t always make the right decision even though it may be out of good reason. Parents make mistakes that can fall back on to their children, but parents also show that regardless of the mistake that was made, there is always a way to grow from it. Love is a topic that fairy tales do not shy from which comes another teaching opportunity. The Little Mermaid set the bar for how love can be expressed without words, but how important words can be at the same time. This allows for the dilemma of whether to give it all you got or to take your time with the relationship to make sure that each party shares the same feelings for the other. This lesson goes hand in hand with another valuable one that we learn which is that actions speak louder than words. This goes for many situations other than love. Throughout life, it is proven that a person’s words can be tantalizing but it’s their actions that speaks volumes. The best example of this would be to say that if someone wanted to make time for another, they would regardless of their busy schedule. They will make their actions match their words, because it’s easy to say that they’re going to do something but to actually follow through with it will always mean more. The greatest lesson of all is to live life to the fullest. There may not always be a happy ending but living with no regrets is a happy ending within itself because there is power is looking at the brighter side of every situation.

The beauty of fairy tales is that there is no grey area between good and evil. This blatant distinction allows for the listeners/readers to identify with the characters and show that despite the dangers the protagonists faces, by keeping hope, they are able to overcome the trials and tribulations. Having hope is seeing that the grass is not always greener on the other side and that working through the hardships make for a better outcome. “To put it in more theological terms, there is certainly a problem of evil in the way the world goes; yet there is also a “problem of good” – utterly unexpected and unscripted resources in unlikely places. And at the very least this suggests to the audience for the tale a more speculatively hopeful attitude to the non-human environment as well as to other people” (Sullivan, Andrew). Fairy tales provide reassurance that no matter how dark things may get, there is always a light at the end of the tunnel. Cinderella, for example, made a dress by hand to wear to the ball with her step mother and sister just to have her step mother order her sisters to destroy it. Cinderella is then left at the house to cry and feel hopeless when all of a sudden, her fairy godmother appears. In the moment before her godmother arrives, the audience is feeling the despair and heartache that Cinderella is experiencing. With the grace of her godmother comes many rules that must be met in order for her night to run smoothly and avoid the backlash from her step mom. The clock strikes nine and the audience then feels the adrenaline rush of having to hurry back home before the step family gets there first. Throughout the story, Cinderella has many objections to her destiny and it’s unclear whether her happy ending will find her or if she will forever be trapped cleaning for her step family. The end of the tale proves that with hope, dreams can come true. Despite the desperate efforts of the step mom from keeping the Prince away from Cinderella, he found her and the rest was history. No matter the rough patch Cinderella found herself in, she always managed to make the best out of her situation and maintain a hopeful attitude.

Fairy tales, in addition to teaching many lessons and the meaning of having hope, teach us to have a strong sense of self. Learning who we are means that we need to believe in ourselves which requires the importance of being pushed past mental limits or the verbal limits set by others who may not have a strong sense of self. The story of Mulan is the best example of believing in yourself despite the odds stacked against you. A young girl enlists herself in the army under the pretense of being a man to honor her family and make them proud since her attempt at being a geisha failed. When she thought she would not be able to obtain her commanding officer’s respect, she pushed herself even harder because she believed that she could..and she did. Whatever social norm stood in her way, she crushed and overcame it and every way she possibly could have. Her bravery proved to everyone in her country no matter how big the threat is or what the social norm is, as long as you believe in yourself, anything is possible. Another good example would be Alice from Alice in Wonderland. Throughout the entire story, leading up to the final big battle, Alice doubts herself and cowers away from the threats from the Queen of Hearts. After awhile, she begins to believe in herself and what she is capable of becoming the Alice that everyone from Wonderland knew and loved for being the brave savior they so desperately needed. She slayed the terrifying beast then returned home to face the issues that were applying pressure in her reality. She had a new found courage and sense of self that she needed for herself to stand up for herself and determine what was in store for her future. Without these two women discovering who they were and developing a sense of self, people would have died and there would not have been any degree of a happy ending for the protagonists but rather the antagonist.

The argument against fairy tales being good for the development of the virtue in life throughout the childhood stage takes the standpoint of fairy tales providing far-fetched realities. “Disney fairy tales have always been criticized for giving us impractical expectations about real life. They make girls falsely believe we need to be rescued and guys think that waking women up is a pleasant experience” (Vino, Lauren). This portrayal displays woman as being incapable of saving herself and always having to rely on the man to deliver them unto love. Marriage being the ultimate reward of the woman being saved in majority of all fairy tales. This disrupts the true meaning of marriage. “This places a large amount of unnecessary stress onto both sexes and in particular women as they believe that they should take up the western traditional role of being a woman,” explains Dr Victoria Showunmi, who lectures in gender studies at UCL” (Petter, Olivia). Woman are also bound to specific roles within fairy tales and this creates the lack of gender fluidity. They either take care of the home or indulge in conniving activities.

Although the opposing argument makes many great points, there is a fairy tale out in today’s society that can dispute every point. Brave for instance shows a young woman who decides to take matters into her own hands. She is not a part of a love story nor is a man required to save her unless it is her father. She refuses to be contained in her home and sit by while the men take care of everything. The protagonist in this story fought to protect her family as well as fighting for equality. She wanted to be able to compete with the boys in their games despite the social norm. Mulan is the same situation. She went against the social norms and proved that a women is more than just a housewife. Neither of these stories ended in marriage so they are the perfect examples of fairy tales that dispute the oppositions standpoint.

Reflecting back on all of the points covered, it is understood that there are valuable attributes that can be gained from fairy tales. Many life lessons are available for the growing mind to learn and then develop from. Hope is ever present in fairy tales as the protagonist is faced with many hardships that society now would deem as unbearable and conquered them. Many protagonists start out with no faith or a sense of self but end up discovering everything that they needed to know and grow into the person they were destined to be. “More significant than the changes themselves, however, is what the evolution of the fairy tale tells us about ourselves and our changing society” (Moral of the Story).

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Are Fairy Tales Made for Adults or for Children?

Fairy tales are well known all around the world, and many people have come to the encounter these stories. These stories are liked by many people across the world. In modern society, fairy tales are viewed as children’s stories because they contain magical components. Magical worlds and imagination are sometimes connected to children and can be entertaining stories with morals. The structure of fairy tales is very simple for a child to follow and understand. However, the lessons in many different fairy tales are more relevant towards adults.

Over the years, fairy tales have been rewritten and changed to fit modern society’s beliefs. Many of these stories have been twisted and nobody knows the exact origin of the stories or where they exactly came from. These stories are passed down from one generation to the next and each time the stories change slightly. Different cultures have different versions of the stories. In the fairy tale “Snow White,” written by the Grimm Brothers, the queen, Snow Whites actual mother, and not stepmother, orders a huntsman to bring her Snow Whites liver and lungs so that she could eat it. This story was not written for children along with many others. Many other stories contain similar traits such as sex, murder, incest or violence. Original stories were more sinister then they are today. The disgusting parts of these stories were deleted so that both adult and children can enjoy them.

Many people believe that the original fairy tales were written for the child. The fairy tales contain lessons and people believed that it was important for children to learn those lessons. Many of those lessons may include being kind or that love is very powerful and can overcome anything. However, these are the rewritten versions of the fairy tales that are supposed to appeal more to the child and not to adults. These stories have been sugarcoated so that more child can read them and learn something other than reading about someone killing someone else.

All fairy tales have a good and a evil. In some fairy tales, the good flourishes and evil are punished, this pleases adult’s morals compass and gives them comfort to live their lives as they like. Other stories give a more odd satisfaction. If the character struggles and tries to fix it or turn it around and fail in the end it pleases the reader and prepares them to deal with disasters if it were to ever happen to them. Fairy tales contain feeling like fear, joy and many other feelings. In the story “Hansel and Gretel,” they are left in a forest by themselves. This is not the best example of parenting showed in fairy tales. Leaving a child in the forest is not something a young child should read about. It gives off a bad example to the child.

Most fairy tales usually have an evil parent that want to kill them. A child reading or watching that fairy tale could easily believe that all parents are evil, however, that might not be the case with some fairy tales. If a child sees or reads about another child parents trying to kill them the child could eventually come to believe that their parents or guardians may try and kill. The queen tried to kill Snow White may time with a comb and apple. After a child reads or watches or reads this it could cause a child not to use or eat specific things because they believe it could harm them like it did the character in the story or movie. A lot of children scare very easily and these fairy tales can cause fear in some children that could do permanent damage to them.

However, many people disagree. Some people find that reading their child stories like “Hansel and Gretel,” or “Snow White” or letting them watch the movies that they are entertaining their child. Although they are, there are downfalls to letting watch or read these stories. Snow White teaches a child about envy and greed can do to people but it can also tell the child that it is okay to live with seven random strangers to cook, clean and keep the house in order. Snow White also teaches it okay to lie to keep someone safe but also it teaches that people want to hurt others because they feel bad about themselves by eating other people organs. A child does not need to read about someone eating someone else’s organs because they were mad at them or jealous.

These stories are not meant for children. It teaches them about a lot of stuff they may be too young for. Young children should continue to read story books about modern fairy tales and not the original fairy tales. The original fairy tales have adult values. Fairy tales written by Angela Carter and the Grimm Brothers should not be read to children because of the sex, murder, incest, and violence among other things. 

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Fairy Tales not only for Children

Reflecting on the reading of fairytales or stories, most believe that the majority of people who read them view them as children’s stories rather than stories written for adults. Fairy stories have been perceived for years to have enchanted the realm of children; while these same stories are furthermore believed to be something that children will outgrow once they reach adulthood. However, Tolkien asserted that, even though fairy stories were enchanting for little ones, the stories were ideally adapted for adults to enjoy as well. He argued throughout is manuscript “On Fairy Stories” that fairytales actually embody a character and essence that is meant to be enjoyed and appreciated by everyone, not just little ones. Tolkien endeavors to convince his readers that it is fine to read anything that their heart desires to read. He contends that fairy stories are an enchanting instrument that provides an exceptional opportunity for the writer to articulate significant words as an artform, which should be designed to influence as many readers as possible.

Tolkien also attested that fairy stories had lost value, alluding to the reason being they were limited to there appeal to children. “Fairy-stories banished in this way, cut off from a full adult art, would in the end be ruined; indeed in so far as they have been so banished, they have been ruined”. Tolkien utilizes his position as an esteemed scholar and teacher, in addition to reflection on his own childhood, to think back on how it felt to be a child and retreat to one's imagination leaving the world behind. He also utilizes specific questions designed to persuade his audience that fairy stories in fact ought to be read and appreciated by every age, not only little children. He advocates his key point here by saying: “Among those who still have enough wisdom not to think fairy-stories pernicious, the common opinion seems to be that there is a natural connections between the minds of children and fairy-stories, of the same order as the connection between children’s bodies and milk”. In this statement Tolkien is addressing what he believes is the world’s perspective of the readers that he is attempting to reach. He believed that the concept that fairy stories were in essence childlike, was an incredibly misleading suggestion. “I think this is an error; at best an error of false sentiment, and one that is therefore most often made by those who, for whatever private reason (resembling a childlikeness), tend to think of children as a special kind of creature, almost a different race, rather than as normal, if immature, members of a particular family, and of the human family” . Tolkien earnestly believes that fairy stories ought not left only to the little ones, rather they should be held in high regard.

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A Fairy Tales Interpretation of Historical Societal Standards

A fairy tale is a form of writing used to enhance an audience’s mindset to better their understanding of keeping wonderment alive. The idea behind wonder comes from each individual and how their satisfied with their own unique versions of endings. The ending of fairy tales is crucial when determining the purpose of the story and focusing on the message being portrayed throughout. Being able to imagine oneself as one of the characters allows readers to envision the sort of attitudes and characteristics a fairy tale comes with. In the fairy tale Catskin by Joseph Jacobs, the author has a specific way of portraying his overall message by using both fictional and realistic imagery to characterize the plot. The unique twist he adds to his own interpretation of Cinderella accounts for the heightened emphasis on the social construct of gender. Although Catskin illustrates effective points towards the fairy tale category, the author portrays an overall purpose of exposing specific gender roles such as misogynistic stereotypes within the intended time period using his own rendition of male superiority over women.

Time periods have a major effect on gender roles because it is noted that misogynistic thought processes were more relevant in earlier times of history. The extent to which gender roles play today are significantly less, but in very few circumstances, still relevant. The beginning of the fairy tale introduced readers to the main characters in order to establish a mental image of them and their surroundings. The story began with a lord who owned many estates receiving a girl as his first child when he explicitly envisioned a boy to carry on his legacy. As the girl grew older he did not have the decency to look his own daughter in the eyes. From the author’s strategic use of imagery, audiences are able to envision a gloomy setting that can symbolize the feeling of fear towards the father. A stereotype that was relevant during this era and can still be seen as relevant today is how women tend to be more emotional than men. The imagery here is very important for readers to understand the author’s addition of such hateful attitudes. Jacobs is emphasizing the emotive toll of having a daughter had on the father. Rather than making Catskin the one to exert her feelings, he focuses on the father’s devastation and frustration with his child. The constant nagging over the inheritance of the crown is an exaggeration on what society back then used to categorize women as. Challenging this stereotype allowed readers to question the validity of such a standard among both genders.

The author’s concrete diction makes it accessible to feel the amount of rage the father had for his daughter. This engages the readers and entices them to read further. By the age of fifteen “her father said ‘let her marry the first that comes for her’” (Jacobs 166). This aligns with the overall message of how gender roles were so much more significant in historical times, showing how the father had complete control of his daughter’s future and who she would end up marrying. She had no say in the matter which emphasized male authority over females’ bodies. It evokes tension and thought towards the target audience and their expectations to these ideals and values of the historical times.

The idea behind social norms has a major role in the way genders are accustomed to specific standards. Having one specific way of looking at the world is hard to interfere with because it is engraved into the individual’s mindset. Having something seem completely normal to them makes it difficult for them to change because it is easier to accept old ways of thinking and act on it. Rather than deciding to consider such an idea, people tend to choose their standard mindset because it takes less effort to follow a routine.

From Jack Zipes essay “Spells of Enchantment”, audiences can infer that fairy tales do in fact come from real life experiences resembling rituals and customs from earlier times. “They fostered a sense of belonging and hope that “miracles… were possible to bring about a better world” (Zipes 2). This allows the reader to reflect on their own personal experiences and further grants them the feeling of empathy towards certain characters. A specific scene in Catskin where a cook called Catskin a “dirty impudent slut” (Jacobs 167) by the rags she was wearing showcased crude language which enforced a superior barrier between him and the main character’s body. This inappropriate diction is important in showing how dehumanizing language can even be effective when introduced by complete strangers. They are trying to overpower the way women see themselves and put a label on them to constantly remind them of who is in charge and where their boundaries are. This issue arises a deeper connection with women’s bodies by highlighting the concerns of societal norms.

The ideology behind belittling women for their appearance and telling them to look a certain way to please others is dangerous. They are constantly being held to a particular standard of always needing to look their best; not only for them but for men. The underlying truth with this idea is that it is mentally and physically draining to be told that inner beauty is not enough for somebody to be loved. There was a specific scene in the story where Catskin changed from her rags into her coat of silver sloth to attend the ball. This was a form of symbolism put into place by the author and designed for readers to question what was being persuaded. It blatantly highlights how double standards between the sexes have a major impact on the way in which women had to represent themselves to the rest of society. They were constantly being belittled for any small inconvenience they astounded upon men as if they had no other duty but to please them. Belittlement of women by men has been seen through certain instances such as abuse in the household and enforcement of being at-home servants to them.

Audiences could also infer that women were treated as objects in earlier historical times not only by men but of higher social class. The young lord Catskin met did not have the approval from his mother to marry her. Social class is another component of identifying gender roles. The mother of the young lord had a high authoritative figure that created a social norm of her being able to make her own decisions without the need of a man intervening. Social class in today’s society still plays a major role in the treatment of individuals.

The emphasis on the need of an antagonist and protagonist in a fairy tale is highly used to create a barrier between two individuals. Whether it be between two opposite genders or two of the same gender, a form of masculinity is somehow reached. From Susan Jeffords essay on “The Curse of Masculinity: Disney’s Beauty and the Beast”, she makes a solid point that “the body that he thought was his… suddenly became transformed into a separate entity that was betraying the true internal feelings of the man it contained” (Jeffords 164). She is stating how there is such a thing as toxic masculinity and the need for men to act a certain way to please societal standards. This adds on to the idea of gender identity and how males fit into the spectrum. In Catskin, the father was positioned to act as the antagonist and Catskin herself was the protagonist. The author did this in a way to showcase how approval from authority is important in relationships. Approval has a deep tie with emotional connections of individuals and is key to understanding how each side feels.

The spin on the original Cinderella tale by including a father rather than a step mother is more prominent in the fact that it impacts the stirring toll a father can have on his daughter. Signs of affection are important when it comes to a father- daughter relationship because he is the foundation to what kind of expectations she is setting for the future men in her life. Not having any trust in a father figure could potentially cause her to distrust any male who approaches her. She will only view them as the man she grew up trying to impress and seek gratification from. In the end of the story when the father replies to the young lord how “I would give all my worldly goods if I could but see her once before I die” (Jacobs 169), readers tend to become more sympathetic towards him. The passage this quote came from ties the overall message together by redirecting the author’s addition of an emotionally distressed father to an emotionally longing one. It reminds readers of how women being considered more emotionally involved in life is a social construct and has been demoralized in males that it makes it seem wrong to view it as such.

Roles in society would be nonexistent if there were no more than one gender, so there must be a reasoning or purpose as to why a social construct is put into place. In this particular case, the father was never able to fully look his daughter in the eyes for most of her life spent with him but when he did not have the opportunity to do that anymore, he realized that deep down he did love her but never knew how to rightfully show it. His desire for a son aligned with Jeffords idea on “fulfilling some version of a masculine heroic ideal” (Jeffords 169) by taking the blame out all on her when in all seriousness she only longed for acceptance. His need for male superiority got in the way of truly caring for his daughter. Everybody has their own special place in life but it takes others longer to fully comprehend it.

Catskin illustrates many effective points within the fairy tale genre but has a strong emphasis on the recurring aspect of male superiority over women within this specific category. The author structured the tale in a way to make the readers question the idea behind male superiority and how it has constantly come up in similar pieces of writing. The ending of this particular story was different in how it allowed for readers to conclude on where male superiority came from and why they used to feel the need to belittle women in order to achieve what they desired. Audiences are driven to assume that fairy tales do indeed come from reality. This lays out a blueprint for how history is resembled through the art of writing and allows for the imagination to wander. Having this as a constant reminder can affect the way people view society and allow them to seek just how true the meanings of fairy tales can be when evaluating it in one’s own life experiences.

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Fairy Tales: “Sleeping Beauty”, “Snow-white” and “Rapunzel”

Through the year’s fairy tales have given adults but mostly children a false illusion of how life could turn out, given many children the fake hope and idea of having an easy life and romantic life. The three-fairy tales chosen all have the common thread being that the heroine is beautiful and is a somewhat helpless victim with little to no control over their destiny. These fairy tales are interpreted differently by those who read it giving a different meaning or moral. These tales are psychological mirrors and become more complex as we mature, finding hidden messages or meaning. Like recognizing who the antagonist and protagonist are, and how good wins over evil in such tales. “Sleeping Beauty”, “Snow-White”, and “Rapunzel” are all fairy tales that have shaped children growing up while portraying a generous and patient princess yet hopeless, constrained and controlled by an evil stepmother, waiting to be saved by the charming prince.

Growing up people have heard these romantic fairy tales over and over. These range from stories about princesses and dashing heroes saving the day and achieving happiness, most of the time the princess is seen as the protagonist who faces some kind of family or work struggle just as seen in “Snow-White” and “Sleeping Beauty”. These princesses have always been seen as beautiful, patient, and kind, this is the image young girls see and some dream of being like that one day. When in all reality these so-called princesses are rejected, abused, and abandoned by their own family or stepfamily, and are not given much opinion or rights towards any decisions for their life, and do nothing to save themselves or get help. Neither the “Rapunzel” or “Snow-White” ready put an effort to find their prince or do something to improve their living situations making the female seem helpless and weak. These so-called princesses in all reality are portrayed as weak, constrained, delicate and frail giving them no word, opinion, or decision of their own, degrading the female gender. As much as society wants to see these women as the protagonist or the princess what type of image are, they are given and what image is that given to women and the type of ideas it gives younger female children for when they grow up.

Not only is the female gender degraded by the stereotypical qualities of the princesses but also how the stepmothers are always the antagonist of the tale. In “Rapunzel”, it was her mother who sold her own daughter, in “Sleeping Beauty” Maleficent the evil female witch who curses the princess and “Snow-White” is the wicked queen who orders the murder of her innocent stepdaughter. Fairy tales have portrayed a woman in her different aspects: admirable and abominable. The stepmothers in fairy tales carry negative and repulsive traits, such as vanity, jealousy, and pride. Combined with these traits are their knowledge of magic and sorcery and in some way a sixth sense for intuition. “Evil” is always the term used to describe the antagonist. If society keeps giving women, these evil and abominable characteristics it will be teaching younger children the wrong idea of the female illustration.

Furthermore, in these tales, the antagonist is usually the evil witch or queen, or the stepmother. These characters have been being the characteristics of being obsessive, selfish, cruel, and abusive, in a way these terms have always been placed on the female characters degrading the gender as is and stereotyping it. On the other hand, much of the fairy tale literature reinforces the idea that women's shoes be wives and mothers, submissive and self-sacrificing which describes the living situation for most of these princesses before their prince saves them. Even though the princess is considered the heroine of the story, it is not the female who can save herself from harm or an undesirable situation; it is the male that must save her. Saying this it also places the male character as the prince also making him the protagonist and making him a hero. The prince in these tales is usually described as handsome, charming, brave and heroic when in all reality they put in no effort until the end of the story to find their princess.

The male’s role in these tales has always given a positive image, making them the protagonist as well with the princess. In most stories the prince doesn’t really have a lot of conversation or enough time to get to know the princess to actually fall in love with her, the most he does is fight a dragon or monster to save her. This gives the idea that just because the princess is beautiful and caring he is to be with her for the rest of her life. For example, in “Snow- White” the prince isn’t even given a name, he is desired by their status and looks, not their personality. This is perhaps the criticism of the Prince Charming trope; just like girls are being told they must be beautiful, boys are being told they must be rich, powerful and handsome, giving everyone higher standards. This is how the common stereotype of every girl wanting their “Prince Charming” can along.

In conclusion, both modern and traditional fairy tales have an enormous impact on societal conventions and expectations as well as on the actions of its individuals. Tales like “sleeping Beauty”, “Snow-White”, and “Rapunzel” have shaped children growing up while portraying a generous and patient princess yet hopeless, constrained and controlled by her evil antagonist, waiting to be saved by a prince charming. Stereotyping genders and who the protagonist and antagonist will be and the fact that good always wins over evil, standardizing these tails by always finishing with a happy ending. It is important that society realized how these stories can affect our lives and have an impact on what characteristics we connect with each gender. Fairy tales are indeed more than simple stories told to entertain children. These convey deep messages that vary in their emotional depth and impact.

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Conflict Management Styles Influence on Decision-making

Literature Review

This literature review was prepared utilizing sources available on conflict management styles and its influence on decision-making. Using eight different research studies, the information was reviewed, evaluated, and summarized with the main focus on the effect that conflict management styles have on a group’s decision-making.

Conflict Management Styles

A group’s conflict management style will more than likely have a direct influence on its decision making when decisions involve open conflict. The conflict management patterns may have two types of indirect effect on decision making, even when the decision making does not involve open disagreement. First, when groups make decisions, many of the same skills and processes involved in managing conflict may come into play. Groups should consider alternatives like, respond to others’ oppositions or try compromising. During conflict episodes, norms that evolve, seem likely to influence these interactions. Second, a group’s conflict management style may change relationships among members by swaying the communication climate as well as the roles the group members assume (Kuhn, 2000). During the research for this literature review, six different conflict management styles were identified and compared.

Collaborating or Cooperating

Benoliel (2017), noted that those who collaborate try to work with group members to come up with a solution that will fully satisfy everyone’s concerns by being assertive and cooperative. Williams (N.D.), along with agreed with Benoliel (2017), Evans (2013), and Mayglothing (201) that collaboration attempts to find a solution to the problem. Benoliel (2017) notes that collaborating works best when there is a long-term relationship at stake. There is no middle ground solution, the solution must satisfy everyone. Collaboration is appropriate when multiple perspectives need to be addressed, the relationship between the parties is important, the final solution is too important for anyone to be dissatisfied, or the beliefs of multiple stakeholders must be represented (Amaresan, 2018). All authors agreed that the problem have to be resolved and everyone should be satisfied with the solution.

Beckwith (2015), concluded that collaboration is the best style by far because it causes groups to work together so that everyone can be a winner. Meier (2011), Amaresan (2018), Williams (n.d.), and Terrell (n.d.), stated it a bit different and noted that collaboration or cooperation is a “win-win” strategy, but needs to be used effectively.

Meier (2011), however, concludes that collaboration requires a high-degree of trust amongst the group in reaching a consensus and can require a lot of time and effort to get all group members on board to produce all of the ideas.

Competing or Directing

Competing or Directing, according to Meier (2011) and Terrell (n.d.), says that this is a “win-lose” approach. This outcome of this style of conflict management usually results in one party having their wants and needs met, while the other person does not. The “win-lose” approach shows no cooperation. Unfortunately, this approach was nurtured in many people from an early age where one learns that they need to beat out others to get what they want. This strategy can cause animosity, bitterness, and further aggression down the road (Terrell, 2016).

Meier (2011), along with Benoliel (2017), Evans (2013), and Terrell (2016) all agree that individuals who compete are normally assertive and stubborn and only prepared to pursue one’s own interests at another person’s expense. Using this style will work without caring about the relationship but the end result is important (Benoliel, 2017). A firm stance is taken in the competing style and the individual refuses to see the perspectives of the other parties. Only one viewpoint is pushed and the individual pushing their viewpoint keeps rejecting ideas of others until they get their way Amaresan, (2018). Mayglothling (2017), also believes that competing or directing is one-sided. This occurs when one person involved in a disagreement dictates to others, instructs others, and leaves no opportunity for alternative ideas.

This approach however, may be appropriate if an individual need to stand up for their rights or morals, or if an individual wants to make a quick decision and force others to get on board (Amaresan, 2018). However, Benoliel (2017) cautions, “Don’t use competing or directing in your company or organization; it doesn’t build relationships.”

Avoiding

Avoiding, according to Williams (n.d.) happens when management isn’t paying any attention to the conflict and is not taking any action to avoid the conflict. However, those who avoid conflicts are unassertive and unwilling to cooperate and will sidestep an issue or withdraw from the situation. The conflict is avoided which means the individuals can’t reach a resolution (Benoliel, 2017). This completely evades the conflict by continuously dodging or postponing whenever it comes up (Amaresan, 2018).

The conflict at this point is being dealt with through a passive attitude and the problem wounds up being ignored; even thinking it would resolve by itself (Evans, 2013). In this style of conflict management, the problem is never dealt with directly or talked about which causes the problem to remain but resurface later (Mayglothling, 2017).

According to Meier (2011) and Amaresan (2018), if the problem is trivial or if management has no way of winning, avoidance can be used because resolution is too costly. Avoiding the problem means that the responsibilities are being neglected and the problem will not be confronted (Evans, 2013). However, according to Terrell (n.d.), this strategy will backfire quickly and that conflicts are managed better when addressed quickly and competently.

Accommodating or Harmonizing

Accommodating or harmonizing occurs when a manager puts the groups interests ahead of their own which can lead to the manager being taken advantage of, especially when there is excessive accommodating being done (Beckwith, 2015). An accommodating style will cause the manager to forsake his/her own needs or desires in exchange for those of others. This means putting the problems of others come first and the manager either gives in or are persuaded to give in (Amaresan, 2018). This is cooperation to the highest degree at the manager’s own expense which will actually work against the goals, objectives and desired outcomes of the manager (Meier, 2011).

Accommodating or harmonizing is appropriate to use when peace needs to be kept, the manager could be in the wrong, or the only way out is to agree with the other point-of-view (Amaresan, 2018). This approach can be effective when the other individual has a better solution or if they are an expert (Meier, 2011). This type of conflict is unhealthy and cause an individual to act in a non-assertive way to keep the other person happy (Mayglothling, 2017). Managers who are interested in keeping the peace and maintaining harmony will adopt an accommodating style of management because they are willing to sacrifice their own needs and preferences for the concern of others (Terrell, n.d.).

Compromising

When compromising, an expedient solution which is mutually acceptable by both parties is found while maintaining some cooperation and assertiveness. However, compromising should be used when the outcome is not critical and there is not enough time for resolution (Benoliel, 2017). Evans (2013), Mayglothling (2017), and Terrell (n.d.) also believes that compromising is used to give both parties a portion of what they want, but the solution does not fully satisfy either party. Benoliel (2017), also notes that with compromising, no one is really satisfied. Meier (2011) backs up Benoliel’s (2017) theory by stating that no one really wins and that compromising is a “lose-lose” scenario.

Beckwith (2015), concludes that some may think that compromising is the best solution, but some interests are satisfied, but not all of them. Williams (n.d.) agreed with Beckwith (2015) that neither person is really satisfied when compromising.

Forcing

Williams (n.d), was alone with the forcing style of conflict management. According to Williams (n.d.), using a formal figure of authority or power possessed to satisfy concerns without any regards to the concerns of the other party that the conflict lies. This seems like a last resort if all other styles do not work.

Discussion

Conflict management is the ability to identify and navigate conflicts in a way that is efficient, effective, and fair. Whenever people need to work together, as a part of a group or a collaborative unit, it’s almost inevitable that conflicts, arguments, and disagreements will arise (Terrell, N.D.). The style of conflict chosen will represent how the manager handles decision-making. There will always be a time when misunderstanding will occur in a group because each individual has their own different points of view. The need for conflict management comes with the rising of difficult of intractable conflicts (Evans, 2013).

Conflict may be ingrained by other non-apparent reasons, even in the most ordinary situations. Being able to understand the other sides of the conflicts would allow those involved to come up with a resolution that is ideal to solve to the problem. Given the different conflict management styles, there might be one style that would fit most managers. It may be important to note that the strategy involved in coming up with a resolution is relative to the kind of the problem (Evans, 2013).

Decision making

Decision making is one of the main areas in group communication. The main goal in decision making is to understand the factors that have influence over groups to make good and bad decisions. By figuring out these factors, hopefully the decision-making practice can be improved (Aakhus, 2002). However, figuring out the factors may not always be an easy job. For instance, there may be differences in the culture between stakeholders which can affect communications, negotiations, and decision making. The way the information is interpreted may show that the context influences the cultural expressions of understanding and ideas of information. In some cultures, an affirmative answer when asked a question does not always mean yes. The cultural influence can sometimes create misunderstandings on a project which has project stakeholders who share more than one culture (Saylor, n.d.).

Findings and Conclusions

Conflict, in any setting, is frustrating and uncomfortable. Not everyone can live in a world of complete peace, compliance, and agreement. Unfortunately, that's not the case. You may avoid conflict in the workplace like the plague. However, sometimes, it can creep up on you before you know it, with either customers or other employees. That's when you must decide how you want to approach the conflict. Learning about interpersonal communication and ways to handle upset customers is especially vital to an employee working in customer success (Amaresan, 2018).

A manager of a group that develops using cooperative conflict management styles tend to make more effective decisions than those that use confrontational or avoidant conflict management styles. Groups who do not develop constant conflict management styles are less effective than groups with integrated styles (Kuhn, 2000). According to Meier (2011), self-awareness can be improved by knowing default patterns. Being aware of personal patterns, attention can be paid as to whether or not they are working, if not, other alternatives can be explored. By using a scenario-based approach, more effective conflict management styles to test the effectiveness in situations (Meier, J. D. 2011).

According to Williams (n.d.), collaborating is predominantly used when in interpersonal conflict situations because there are many advantages when using it. When collaborating with another individual, it promotes creative problem solving, and it’s a way of promoting mutual respect and a good rapport. However, collaborating takes time, and most conflicts are either too trivial or of the utmost importance to justify the time it may take to collaborate. The are many conflicts that can be handled with other conflict management strategies rather than using collaboration. Managers, with good conflict management skills will be able to use the use the appropriate conflict management strategy for each situation and recognize interpersonal conflict situations.

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The Importance of Conflict Management

Conflict management can be based on culture, individuals, or the work environment. Conflict is a discordancy between two or more views, ideologies, or interest which can lead an individual or group to perceive that another individual or group negatively affects their interests. When conflicts are left unchecked it might grow and at that stage it becomes too late to try to work it out. Conflict management is the practice of recognizing and dealing with conflicts in a rational, balanced and effective way.

In certain cultures, things that are acceptable can sometimes viewed as inappropriate by people of a different culture. For example, in India, Malaysia, Singapore, and Sri Lanka, their cultures favor a man having multiple wives, while some people might find polygamy to be extreme, it is a way of life for them and they feel comfortable talking about it. Another way that conflicts arise from cultural differences is when an individual assumes they know everything about a culture, but they are ignorant about even the simplest of things, which can offend the whole country and start global incidents.

For effective cultural conflict management people need to be sensitive to each other’s cultural differences. As human beings we are supposed to respect each other preferences and come to the point where both parties can agree to disagree. All this tie into the culture perspective, being able to learn or appreciate someone else cultural beliefs makes things easier.

Conflicts in the work environment can be very stressful. Working for someone or a company is never easy. We all wish we could be self-employed but that is not always the case. When a company hires an employee, the company pays to get work done. Conflicts and arguing about simple things and work processes keep the company from progressing. As employees, we all want our voice to be heard, we want to share our point of view but there should be a limit to it.

There would always be conflicts in the work place, but we can manage conflicts and produce positive outcomes from them. We all have to do our part when it comes to work, employee should feel relaxed and able to do what they need to instead of having to think about who ate john’s sandwich last week. Avoiding the problems only makes them grow and spreads negativity all over the organization, affecting all employees in direct contact with the situation. Conflict management implemented within the work environment typically involves effective communication, problem resolving abilities and good negotiating skills to restore the focus to the company's overall goal

Conflict management in an individual can be overwhelming. “A survey conducted in the year 2000, by one of the famous HR consulting companies in New York, revealed that a majority of the employers offered paid leaves in order to keep its workforce happy and satisfied.” As this clearly states if a company can keep their employee happy then there is a way to minimize the impact of conflict within individuals.

In conclusion, poor conflict management results in negative outcomes while effective conflict management produces a positive effect on life. Knowing how to manage conflict in a business environment is helpful because it will help a company progress and it will keep their employee happy because that will give them a sense of achievements. It never hurts to try to resolve a problem before it rapidly escalates. On the individual level, hiding yourself from conflict will not help, because we face conflict every day in life. 

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Conflict Management & Resolution in Healthcare

Conflict has been known to be one of the most inevitable and difficult topics in any work setting. Managing conflict is an unavoidable part of almost any career, but the distinctive nature of healthcare can make conflicts more frequent and more essential to manage than those in many other fields. According to an article written by Amy Overton and Dr. Ann Lowry, negative consequences of conflict include dysfunctional teamwork, decreased patient satisfaction, and increased employee turnover (Lowry and Overton, 2013). Conflict frequently occurs in the workplace when there are personality differences, stress, lack of proper delegation of tasks, poor communication, etc.

Conflict in a healthcare setting can result in the patient receiving sub par treatment, which in turn can cause the patient to have a below satisfactory opinion about the facility or organization. If a patient can sense tension between healthcare providers, he or she is more likely to be concerned about how these providers will approach their treatment plan. For example, differing opinions between doctors in how to approach a cancer diagnosis can cause conflict between the healthcare team and result in the patient not receiving proper care (Cox, 2018). This can also result in the patient spending unnecessary time and money on treatment that may not even be needed. In order to promote and maintain a harmonious work environment, it is crucial for healthcare organizations to incorporate conflict resolution into their expectations and/or strategic plans.

Conflicts in a healthcare setting can range from everyday disagreements to major controversies that can lead to litigation or, in rare cases, even violence. They can arise between physicians, physicians and staff, and between the staff or the health care team and the patient or patient’s family. Conflict management is about teamwork, respect, flexibility, collaboration and negotiation. Effective conflict management training programs teach people to step back and consider outcomes from the perspective of team objectives (Reece, 2014). Conflict management requires for one to be comfortable with using different types of approaches to conflict resolution.  

There are five strategies that are most commonly used for conflict management. These include accommodating, avoiding, collaborating, compromising and competing. The accommodating strategy is most commonly used when one of the parties involved in the conflict wishes to keep the peace. The result ends in the opposing side getting what they want. The avoiding strategy seeks to put off the conflict altogether. By ignoring the conflict, the avoider hopes that the problem resolves itself without a confrontation.

One intervention that has become popular in the workplace for combating conflict includes conflict management training. Many employers are incorporating trainings geared toward identifying different causes of conflict and  ways to alleviate that conflict before it causes disruption. Conflict management training can lead to better teamwork and the reduction in disciplinary and grievance. These types of trainings can be offered through consulting companies and other professional associations. When human resources departments select trainings for conflict management, they have to be sure to select those that address personality-led issues and personal differences, as these tend to be the primary cause of workplace conflict. Conflict management training can take many forms and cover various topics. It can be provided through small group facilitations, one day sessions and one-on-one sessions. It is up to the employer to decide which method is suitable for the type of conflict the organization or department experiences most frequently. Conflict management training can be necessary for those employees who exhibit passive-aggressive behaviors to those who exhibit combative behaviors, and are always involved in intense situations and have multiple complaints from other employees.   Conflict management training is a good tool to utilize when learning how to recognize and resolve conflict because it teaches employers and employees what to look for. Knowing the signs of an arising conflict helps to redirect unnecessary tension. Expectations for conflict resolution have to be established and maintained by the employer. These expectations could be outlined in the employee relations portion of a company’s strategic plan. Healthcare managers should aim to adopt a fair grievance process that includes an open-door policy. This allows employees to be able to discuss first signs of conflict with their immediate supervisor without repercussions or feeling like they are “tattling” on a co-worker. Employers should also make sure that employees, and not just managers, are responsible for resolving conflict. It is never a bad idea for employees to learn how to resolve conflict among themselves before having to always involve a supervising member of the healthcare team.

In conclusion, health care systems require effective teamwork and cooperation to properly function. Conflict management can play a critical role in healthcare delivery.  The job of healthcare managers is to deal with conflict so that it does not decrease productivity or diminish the standard of patient-centered care. As previously  discussed, conflict in a healthcare setting can negatively impact how the patient is treated. Poor treatment outcomes can lead to poor ratings of a healthcare organization. Poor ratings can lead to loss of funding, which then can lead to loss of the organization as a whole. Although conflict is generally inevitable, there are ways to effectively resolve conflict. Being conflict competent  involves being able to have difficult conversations. These conversations have to be facilitated by someone who is assertive and objective, and willing to listen to all sides. When conflict is properly addressed, healthcare organizations, employees and patients all reap the benefits.

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Conflict Management Style: Collaborating

Collaborating Management style is when people contribute equally to the goal (Quain, 2018). Two or more people, or groups of people who want something different generate a conflict (Quain, 2018). Then you must determine to what extent each side is willing to compromise (Quain, 2018). This will help in finding a happy medium between the two sides (Quain, 2018).

The main part of collaboration conflict management focuses on finding a compromise that will make all the parties involved feel as if they got what they wanted, even if it isn’t exactly what they wanted (Quain, 2018).

To achieve this type of conflict resolution style there is a need for a mediator to listen to the needs, concerns, and fears of both sides (Quain, 2018). The approach used should be mild and shouldn’t be confrontational as the goal is to make all of people involved to feel comfortable when they express their points of view, needs etc…

One of the main advantages of using the collaborating conflict management style is that it makes all of the people involved in the conflict feel valued, heard and understood (Quain, 2018).

Many conflicts happen when people are not listening to one another. When both sides actually listen to one another this allows for the hostility to be decreased, and allows for each side to express themselves (Quain, 2018). By actually listening to each other this stops the miscommunication and misunderstanding that typically happens during conflicts.

Another advantage of this style is that when everyone is able to express their concerns it allows understanding, empathy, and respect (Collaborating Style, 2018). This can set the tone for future conflict resolution as well and how they will be resolved. If someone knows that you respect them and how they feel, they will more likely respect you, your thoughts and feelings.

This style of conflict resolution can also be referred to as a win/win strategy (Collaborating Style, 2018). This style strives to make sure that both sides are satisfied. With doing that it requires an open discussion between the two parties of the issues.

With the collaborating style both sides are focused on finding a solution, which will satisfy both of the parties involved. The collaborating style is a way to help get insights and perspectives from the other side and the result can be something that both sides agree upon (Collaborating Style, 2018).

Collaboration style conflict management allows for coworkers to come to an agreement where they both come to an agreement giving up some of what they what but get to come to a middle ground that is agreed upon by both people involved.

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The Conflict Management Life Cycle

Google the word “conflict.” What do you expect to see? In reality, every definition, or outcome that becomes available when you click search is surrounded by a negative connotation. It is inevitable to have this conception of the word as conflict is something that we have all dreadfully dealt with. However, we cannot hide from conflict. It is something that is heavily evident in our society today. Although no one enjoys conflict or hopes to partake in it, it is important to be prepared to deal with it. In the public relations field, PR practitioners and organizations have a set model in place that guides them through handling conflict. This effective plan is known as the Conflict Management Life Cycle.

The Conflict Management Life Cycle is a mental and physical diagram that entails the steps one must take in order to deal with a crisis within an organization. This life cycle is segmented into four parts, each containing subcomponents of their own. These four categories include the proactive phase, strategic phase, reactive phase, and recovery phase.

The proactive phase is known for including strategies and action plans, that are put into place or thought about in order to prevent a conflict from occurring. In this phase, an organization has laid out their duties and steps that they will take if a conflict rises unexpectedly. Within the proactive phase, there are four components that a PR practitioner and organization must go through in order for it to be effective. These four components are environmental scanning, issues tracking, issues management, and crisis planning. Environmental scanning is the action of constantly looking and educating the organization on what is going on in society and making sure that the organization is being sensitive to those topics. In addition, issues tracking serves a similar purpose as its role is to collect news stories and articles regarding the issues at hand. When the issue is slowly emerging, the organization and PR practitioner must undergo issues management, where they make behavioral changes regarding the status of the conflict. Lastly, in the proactive phase, it is essential to create a crisis plan that will describe every detail in how to handle the potential crisis and prepare for the worst.

The second phase of the conflict resolution process is the strategic phase. This phase is known as the time the conflict is identified by the PR practitioner as something that needs instant action, so that the conflict can be resolved in a timely manner. Within this phase, there are three steps that must be completed in order for this phase to be successful. These three components are risk communication, conflict-positioning, and the conflict management plan. Risk communication is when dangers or threats towards an organization are made in order to stop any further harm or problems. It is important to note that risk communication will continue until the risk goes away or escalates into a bigger issue. Secondly, conflict-positioning is a strategy used when an organization “positions” itself in a spot where they will be ready and effective in handling the backlash of the conflict. Similar to the crisis plan that is in the proactive phase, the strategic phase contains a guideline that will be followed and how the conflict will be dealt with, known as the conflict management plan.

Once the conflict hits its peak and is known by the public, it is the organization and the PR practitioner’s job to deal with the events in the public communications environment as they unravel. It is important for the organization and its top executives to take responsibility for their actions and understand the issue that sparked the crisis. This is the foundation of the third step, the reactive phase. Similar to the previous phase, the reactive phase contains three steps that should be taken. These three steps include, crisis communications, conflict resolution, and litigation public relations. Crisis communications entail important duties including, performing the conflict management plan that was created in the strategic phase, and also the constant efforts of meeting the current needs of the public. It is important to please the public and to make sure that the organization is following through with their apology and action plan that they promised the public. Secondly, one of the most important strategies in the entire process is conflict resolution. During this step, actions are taken to bring an intense conflict to an end. Unfortunately, majority of these intense conflicts are found and resolved in court. Litigation public relations serve as a key player in resolving these big issues.

The last phase, the recovery phase, includes the action of rebuilding your brand and reputation and strategizing ways in which the public and consumers will be able to see you for whom you really are. Building a strong reputation can be hard work and can take a long time. It is often upsetting to see large organizations with good images, be turned upside down from a mistake. However, set in the recovery phase, there are two actions that can be taken as a step to improvement. These two steps include reputation management and image restoration. Reputation management is the responsibility of the organization and PR practitioner to look deeply into the current state of the organization’s reputation and identify ways to fix it and make it better. In addition, image restoration includes legitimate change by the organization and additional events that will enhance positive opinions towards the company.

It is important to understand that in order for the Conflict Management Life Cycle to be effective, an organization and a PR practitioner must go through the process in this specific order. Once the organization has gone through the entire process, the conflict will either be resolved, or they must start from the beginning and repeat it. It is strenuous work, yet it is the most effective way to help organizations resolve issues correctly and refrain from making similar mistakes in the future.

Using social media has become one of the biggest activities to do on the web. Majority of our world today has become addicted to each social media platform and enjoy its information and entertainment. The innovative and modern way of receiving daily news with a simple reach into your pocket has changed our lives forever. Social media is essential, specifically in a crisis, because it allows a wide audience to come into contact with the information in a timely manner. Popular topics, including public relation conflicts, tend to go viral in a matter of hours, spreading stories far and wide. However, the details on a conflict do not always come from the organization itself; rather the message spreads by word of mouth, expressing various opinions and outlooks on the current situation. In a crisis, a company may use social media platforms to discuss their premeditated intention with the controversial material. It is important for the organization to create mobile-friendly content that is easy for those with social media applications to view and effectively consume. There are many social media platforms that can be used in a PR crisis, however, it is important to post on multiple to ensure that a wide range of individuals see the message. Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram are three of the biggest social media platforms today and are used by various demographics. These three social media platforms are very well-known. They appeal to individuals of all ages, and you can find this diverse community as soon as you log onto each site. These three social media platforms are used in various instances that range from recreational and professional reasons. In addition, these sites are ones that individuals check numerous times a day. Since there are so many active members on these platforms, there will always be new content to read about the crisis.

It is inevitable that a company or an organization will go through a crisis at some point during its business journey. We have seen many in the media and have been exposed to the ways that they handle it. One PR crisis, in particular, involved the clothing company Calvin Klein. Calvin Klein’s PR and advertising teams strived hard to come up with a campaign that would grab the attention of the public. This advertisement was known as the #InmyCalvins Campaign. Models and celebrities would pose in Calvin Klein attire with a statement where they would fill in the blank with a personal activity that they do in their Calvins. The mistake that the Calvin Klein Company made was putting two of the same ads next to each other with controversial, gender equality statements. Fetty Wap, a famous rapper, was on one of the billboards. He was dressed in professional attire, and his statement read, “I make money in my Calvins.” Next to his still image, famous actress, Klara Kristin was shot in a sheer, short dress, and her quote read “I seduce in my Calvins” (News Activist, 2017). The advertisement placed in the middle of Soho, New York, sparked controversy and negative outlooks on the Calvin Klein organization. People complained that it displayed gender inequality and outlined false stereotypes. As a PR practitioner, who is educated in the Conflict Management Life Cycle, it should be easy to analyze how the company of Calvin Klein promptly responded and acted using the public relations model.

For the proactive phase, Calvin Klein was not prepared with strategies or plans that they would use if a crisis like this occurred. They did not intend to make an advertisement that was so controversial and didn’t expect the backlash that they would receive. However, with this being said, something that came to Calvin Klein’s advantage without them knowing, was their prescheduled rotation of advertisements. This had meant that the advertisements placed in the populated city of New York, would only be up for a few weeks before it was taken down and switched out with a different one. This was good for the organization as the advertisement was only up for a short amount of time, limiting the negative comments by the public. Regarding the strategic phase, their guidelines and expectations of themselves are present on the Calvin Klein online website. These terms are put in to place so that Calvin Klein can defend their brand when a crisis occurs. These terms read, “Calvin Klein is global lifestyle brand that exemplifies bold, progressive ideals and a seductive and often minimal, aesthetic. We seek to thrill and inspire our audience while using provocative imagery and striking designs to ignite the senses” (Klein, 2018). However, although they still had this foundation, they still suffered a severe backlash. Calvin Klein had a minimal appearance in the reactive phase, as they only apologized once on a social platform saying that the message that was displayed was not their intention and that they believe in gender equality. In addition, the company had to deal with a petition for removal of the advertisement. Lastly, in the recovery phase, Calvin Klein used popular public figures to enhance their brand. They continued with the #InmyCalvins campaign, yet they put better, more positive statements on billboards with the faces of big names such as, Kendall Jenner and Justin Bieber. Calvin Klein is still in the process of the recovery phase as the public has not and will never forget the controversial advertisement. It is Calvin Klein’s job to win back over the respect and trust of their consumers.

There is a major difference between the two words competition and conflict. Competition, in the public relations textbook, is defined as striving for the same goal as others, while conflict is a disagreement that leads to a threat by another individual (Wilcox, 2015). In any environment, it is normal to have some healthy competition. This competition helps the organization, or an individual grow and become a better product than it was before. Conflict, however, can be categorized with unhealthy competition and instead of challenging others to do their best, it is the act of pointing out flaws within the company. For the parties involved, conflict does nothing for their status except do damage and expose the things that they are doing poorly. It is important for PR practitioners to know the difference between the two because if executives want their companies to succeed, they need to eliminate the source that is bringing their organization down drastically. 

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Conflict Management Strategies for Children

There are several strategies that the children use to manage conflict.

Some of these strategies according to (Joshi, 2006) include but not limited to Submission, Compromise, Conventional, Standoff, Third party intervention, Aggression, Assertion, Discussion and Withdrawal. (Joshi, 2006).

According to Joshi, submissions strategy occurs when the child, who is the target individual in the conflict gives in and accepts the perspective of the friend while the compromise strategy means the child has to offer a middle-ground solution upon which the two parties in the conflict are supposed to come to a concession. The other stated strategy is the conventional strategy in which the target child apologizes and or ignores the friend. For withdrawal, the child withdraws from the conflicts. It can also be said that the child avoids the conflict. (Joshi, 2006)

Joshi further explains that the Aggression strategy, the child uses verbal force through yelling and also forces through the conflict, where he/she employees physical aggression.This strategy is very dangerous because at times it may escalate the conflict to an extent of fighting.(Joshi,2006). “Such behavior only escalates the conflict, it doesn’t seek to sort out the situation nor consider the other persons feelings; “thus, the aggressive approach to conflict resolution remains high on the self-side of the scale, with no concern for the ‘other.’”(Donegani & Seguin, 2016).

The third-party intervention strategy involves the conflicting parties seeking the help of a mediator- a third party who is not involved in the conflict. This strategy may involve parents in a home setting or teachers, in a school setting. Apart from teachers and parents, it may include older people other than the involved parties such as older siblings, relatives and care givers. The mediator listens to the two opposing party grievances and then gives an opinion to help them reach a solution. They help diffuse the standoff and make things right for the two parties. Some parties may not be satisfied by the intervention because bias sometimes exist, where one party is favored.

The other approach that the children may use is the discussion strategy. In this scenario, the child may seek a friend's perspective or opinion by explaining what happened and reasons why he/she feels the way they do. He may be giving in, but there is no intent or instead evidence to conform compromise in this case (Joshi, 2006).

Discussion is an essential strategy that children employ to manage conflict across cultures. (Joshi, 2006). These discussions are only possible if there exists a strong friendship between friends. In many learning discussions, socialization is introduced as a tool that maintains social-cultural order. When a child socializes with another child of a different culture there are chances that they are learning from each other concerning their customs, beliefs, and morals. Such socializations helps them to be in a position to avoid conflict among themselves because they clearly understand and appreciate each other's culture from what they have learned from one another.

The positive effects of socializing and participating in social groups towards conflict management are that it helps children develop better self-control in managing their emotions as well as their behavior. Also, by socializing and participating in groups, children can learn among themselves means of conflict management across cultural borders. The children also become empathetic and are in a position to consider each other's perspective hence maintaining a good relationship among themselves.

Another common method of conflict management among children of different cultures is compromising (Joshi, 2006). This “agrees to disagree” conflict management strategy is one in which one of the children engaging in the conflict offers a middle ground solution to the conflict. The parties participating in conflict all need to be aware that the outcome of the strategy may not be as they hoped. The middle ground solution may not be long lived, but it offers a temporary solution to halt the conflict. This way, the amicable solution methods can be employed to oversee the leading cause of the conflict and to create a peaceful co-existence among the children.

Additionally, children can also apply the leave strategy. (Markovits & St-Onge, 2009 p144). This is one of the most common non-aggressive strategies that children employ to diffuse a conflict. Reduced problematic behaviors characterize the leave strategy and the push strategy.

Other than that, they can also use a negotiation technique. Agreeableness is positively related to the use of powerless conflict resolution techniques such as negotiation (Gadke, Tobin & Schneider, 2016). On the other hand, agreeableness is inversely related to the use of power related tactics, and this breeds a behavior problem in the course of its application. The use of powerless tactics such as the negotiation mentioned above brings about adaptive behavior. The idea of the inverse relationship between agreeableness and power related tactics brings about disruptive, and most in other cases breed verbally aggressive behaviors among children as well.

It is important to mention that, these strategies differ between genders. In gender consideration, male children tend to apply more aggression and revenge as well as control goals methods when dealing with the fellow males. This shows the gender difference in approach in the hypothetical conflict scenarios (Noakes & Rinaldi, 2006). Physical confrontation is more evident in male children as compared to female children who use less violent means of conflict management. Rinaldi and Health further explains that the aggressive nature of male children is driven by the desire to control and exert power over their fellow male friends. On the other hand, females use more equity and relationship goals when handling such hypothetical peer exchange scenarios. The reason being that friendship goals drive the female children while the need for power and control drives their male counterparts. Even as we observe children playing at a park, we can see that boys are more aggressive and enjoy playing games to challenge playmates. Girls on the other hand are gentler, and focus on social interactions. Because of this, “they more often use strategies to reduce conflict, such as refraining from making strong claims and looking for opportunities to agree with others”(Underwood & Hurley, 2001).

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Causes of Conflicts and Conflict Management

Benjamin Franklin famously said the only certainties in life are Death and Taxes, but he forgot to mention one. Conflict. It will happen at one point or another, but it is how you react and resolve conflict that will make or break your success. The goal of this essay is to inform you about a few of the causes of conflict, so you can effectively understand it, and give you a couple of ways to resolve conflict.

There are multiple ways that conflict arises. Two people can have different goals, which could bring people into conflict because they are trying to achieve two completely different things. They could have clashing personalities, which could cause them to argue if they are entirely to different, or if they are both ‘leaders’ trying take charge of everybody. One other reason is they could have different beliefs and values. If one person operates by a certain set of values or believes in a certain religion, and they are forced to work with somebody who has a completely different set of values they will inevitably clash. Now that we have a few of the reasons that conflict happens, we can work to prevent or resolve these conflicts.

The Thomas-Kilmann Conflict Module outlines 5 different types of conflict resolution styles. Avoiding, accommodating, competing, compromising, and collaborating. Accommodating is doing whatever is possible to help someone else, even if it is at the expense of yourself or your goals. This method of conflict resolution is good if the other party has a better solution, or to maintain good relations. Avoiding is when an issue is simply ignored. This style is generally seen as a negative style but can be the correct style if the issue at hand is a negligible issue or has the opportunity to escalate into a bigger issue. Competing is seen as the “win-lose” approach. One party acts in a forceful way to impose their will. This approach can be effective when time is of the essence but could be harmful for future relationships. Compromising is seen as the “lose-lose” approach. This approach is useful for the ‘unstoppable force meets an immovable object’ situations, where neither side will budge. It involves both sides giving up something to make the other side happy and reach an agreement. The final style is collaborating, or the ‘win-win’ approach. This style is when both parties can agree to an outcome that both promotes and accommodates each party’s wants and goals. The only downside to this approach is that it generally requires an ample amount of time for both parties to reach a consensus.

Great conflict managers aren’t just proficient in multiple styles of conflict management, they are also adept at selecting which style is the appropriate style to use. They must also be self-aware, so they know if they are inciting any sort of conflict themselves.  

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