Month: March 2021
Should we all Take a Gap Year?
As this upcoming spring looms closer, students will graduate from high school all across the country. They will walk across a stage, shake their principal’s hand, grab their diploma, take a picture, and walk off the other side. They are then faced with the reality, in most cases, of another two to eight years in a higher learning institute of some kind. They go straight from thirteen years of schooling to another undetermined amount of schooling. They have no break, no reprieve, and are yet expected to continue at top performance; an expectation that is truly unfair to students across the US. And yet, it’s not like this way in many other parts of the world. Countries like Great Britain, Australia, and New Zealand all realize the importance it is for students to take a gap year and explore the world for themselves. It’s a realization that the US should learn to embrace. There are many benefits to taking a gap year but one of the main one is the ability to see new cultures and meet new people that are completely different.
A survey of 455 gap year students shows that ninety-two percent wanted to gain experiences and personal growth, eighty-five percent wanted to travel, see the world, and other cultures, and eighty-one percent wanted just to break free from a traditional academic track. Out of these student ninety-five percent said they achieved this goal and experience a new and different environment. They were also able to develop relationships with peers, families, children, and friends. They were able to participate in volunteer services, jobs, and other adventures. They all stated that they grew from the experience. They enjoyed the year they had to find hidden passions and learn new languages. Now, most of this can be argued as subjective reasoning of students but there are many colleges that hold objective data. Princeton University is one of them. In 2009, Princeton University launched its Bridge Year Program. It is a “nine-month tuition-free gap year for newly admitted undergraduates. Students have the opportunity to defer enrollment and spend a year abroad, with University support, to engage in service work in a local community while being fully immersed in its language, customs, and culture.” (Princeton University, 2018) The University then goes on to state that students that complete this program come back as mature adults who tend to outperform and challenge non-gap year students. They fall less victim to procrastination and are more level-headed in an environment where complete freedom is a high chased by many freshmen.
Overall, gap year programs result in students that are ready to take on the world they have just come back from seeing. They are ready to change it and yet not all do. Gap years do have their disadvantages but many of them can be overcome with the right mindset and ability to plan. One of the major drawbacks of gap years is the allocated cost it takes to go around the world for a year. Gap years can range in price from 1,000 - 30,000 dollars depending on the destination and duration of the trip. It’s a price many people won’t or can’t deal with and this is where scholarships and programs can help step in. Programs such as seen at Princeton help give an incentive to students to go exploring. As more students go out of the country, the more it will become expected in the general population and help to decrease the cost of the overall experience. Planning is also an issue but the best way to get around that is to simply reach out to one of the many gap year programs around the country and they can help you. They can also just give information that is essential to know what is going on. Yet, the benefits of the gap year program outweigh the disadvantages of them. Meeting new people, learning new languages, and personal growth all lead to a rise of mature adults in society. It leads to a greater unification of cultures around the world and can help fight against prejudice. US colleges need to learn this and realize that there is more benefit with students meeting each other, taking a break, and coming back ready to learn than forcing them through thirteen years of schooling and then into even more. Students believe or not are people and not workhorses.
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Should We All Take a Gap Year?. (2021, Mar 24).
Retrieved November 4, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2021/03/page/9/
Stephen Hawking Biography: Living with an Incurable Disease
In 1963, Stephen Hawking is an ordinary physical science PhD understudy at Cambridge, who appreciates gatherings, paddling, and spending time with his companion Bryan. Stephen meets dialects understudy Jane at a party. The two are drawn to one another and they go to a May Ball. Stephen beats his timidity and hits the dance floor with Jane. Tragically, one morning he experiences an awful fall nearby. Specialists look at him and establish that he has engine neuron sickness. They disclose to him his muscles will fall apart and he just has two years to live.
Engine Neuron Disease, otherwise called Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) happens when expert nerve cells in the cerebrum and spinal line called engine neurons quit working appropriately. Engine neurons control muscle movement, for example, grasping, strolling, talking, gulping and relaxing. As the condition advances, individuals with this illness discover these exercises progressively troublesome and in the end the individual might not be able to move. They might find that conveying, gulping and breathing may likewise turn out to be undeniably challenging. (NHS illuminate)
Stephen is crushed by this analysis and drives Bryan and Jane away. Be that as it may, Jane keeps on pursueing him. Jane pushes Stephen to play croquet with her and that is the point at which she perceives how genuinely actually tested the infection has made him. Stephen is by and by crushed, however Jane actually needs to wed him. Stephen's dad attempts to prevent her from wedding him since he's worried about the possibility that that it would be an overwhelming misfortune for her.
In any case, the couple cheerfully weds and before long consider two youngsters. Stephen passes his PhD and functions as an instructor and his examination is acquiring admirers. Sadly, his state of being is quickly falling apart. He can't talk fluidly, walk, or eat all alone. Taking care of him debilitates Jane however Stephen would not like to get proficient assistance. Perceiving how worried she is, Jane's mom recommends that she joins a congregation ensemble. There she meets choirmaster Jonathan who as of late lost his significant other and is desolate. Jonathan rapidly turns into a family companion, however this is disapproved of by Stephen's family. Furthermore, all things considered, as Jane and Jonathan ultimately choose to step separated from one another on the grounds that they have created affections for one another. In any case, Stephen persuades Jonathan to return.
Stephen chooses to go to a show in France. Notwithstanding, there he becomes sick with pneumonia and is put in a coma. To save him, specialists work on his throat which totally removes his capacity to talk. In the interim, Jane and Jonathan were turning out to be nearer on a setting up camp outing together. Jane consents to the medical procedure and Stephen should ultimately figure out how to convey utilizing a spelling board. The couple's life gets more enthusiastically starting here. Stephen is selected a prepared medical attendant, Elaine, and she can speak without hardly lifting a finger. Afterward, a PC application before long aides give Stephen a voice to his considerations and he frames a pleasant relationship with Elaine. In the mean time, Stephen's work is getting him worldwide honors. He reveals to Jane that Elaine will be going with him on a talk visit to America. It is now that Jane understands their marriage is finished, yet the couple remains companions. Jane in the end weds Jonathan. At the point when Stephen is welcomed by the Queen to be respected, he welcomes Jane and their youngsters as a badge of their companionship. The storyline basically follows the individual existence of Stephen and Jane and how they assemble a coexistence notwithstanding outrageous physical and enthusiastic pain. Stephen is a spouse and father, however his condition makes him totally subject to Jane. She leaves school and any possibility at a promising profession in her field to give all her time and energy to Stephen and being a house spouse.
Jane's strict foundation might have affected her enduring commitment to Stephen. While her adoration for Stephen is the thing that made her visit in any case despite the fact that he presumably just had a couple of years left to live, I accept that her confidence in the Church is the thing that made her ceaselessly backing and deal with her significant other in any event, when she at first wound up succumbing to Jonathan. As a Christian, Jane would had seen dealing with Stephen and being a sincere spouse as her Godly obligation. Truth be told, in any event, when both Jane and Jonathan at long last recognized their affections for one another, Jane needed to step away and quell those sentiments out of adoration and regard for her significant other and their marriage. In the event that Stephen had not left her for his medical caretaker, I would not be astonished if Jane could have remained with him til' the very end did them separated, simply off of the strength of her confidence.
Stephen's incapacity profoundly affected his otherworldliness too. At the point when Stephen met Jane, he was a course book nonbeliever, having faith in no higher force. The way that his forecast was passing inside a few years, and the way that he had the option to outperform that by many years, made him admit to Jane that he feels that there may be a maker; a more powerful that goes past science and examination.
Stephen really goes through every one of the 5 of the significant topics with respect to inability and otherworldliness: reason, mindfulness, associations, inventiveness, and acknowledgment. Before his finding, Stephen didn't have a lot of direction or which means to his life. Expecting that he just had a couple of years to live, Stephen hurled himself entirely into his work and truly centered around getting his PhD, advancing his examination and having an effect on the planet. This can likewise fill in to act as an illustration of sublimation: changing driving forces into something useful. (Wilderdom) Jane likewise gave indications of sublimation by joining the congregation ensemble when feeling worried by Stephen's condition.
Further, Stephen's condition made him know about his inward strength and person's general capacity to persevere. At the point when an understudy gets some information about his way of thinking of life, he says life is about expectation, fortitude and human undertaking, to which there is no limit. Stephen didn't really join a congregation, however he had the option to interface with Jane on a more profound level by educating her regarding his freshly discovered confidence in God. Their marriage actually disintegrated, however their kinship certainly developed further from this. Imagination becomes possibly the most important factor while considering the strategies Stephen used to convey once he lost his capacity to do as such: a spelling board, then, at that point a PC application. In spite of the fact that his body was generally non-working, he figured out how to live with it and still discover approaches to offer voice to his musings and offer these considerations with the world.
In conclusion, Stephen at last figure out how to acknowledge his states of being nevertheless kept up with that regardless of how terrible life gets, there is continually something you can do and prevail at. I feel that this film was precise in showing the various obstructions that individuals with inabilities and their families face. While the story zeroed in for the most part on Stephan and Jane's relationship, it additionally portrays what incapacities can mean for other familial connections. Their youngsters were influenced as the most established was basically one of Stephen's overseers. Stephen's folks were heartless toward their circumstance: they offered no assistance and chastened Jane for looking for outside help. At a certain point, they welcomed the couple to their ranch home which was not wheel seat available by any means, making it undeniably challenging for Jane.
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Stephen Hawking Biography: Living With an Incurable Disease. (2021, Mar 24).
Retrieved November 4, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2021/03/page/9/
Michel Foucault’s Discipline and Punish: then and Now
One of the most glaring features of Michel Foucault’s philosophical attitude is how he views the political role of intellectuals—which he conveys throughout his work. In an interview, titled Clarifications on the Question of Power, Foucault explains how he refuses to consider himself a prophet and does want to be considered one (262). He is firmly against telling people what they must do and what is good or bad. Instead, he wants to serve as a resource for truth and knowledge. The actual work that is to be done, in his opinion, must be led by those directly affected. As an intellectual, he refuses to speak for others. He says his job is to simply gather information and present it. It is up to the people to choose whether they can and have the will to use it to act. This position has always stirred conversation—to many, there is a balance that intellectuals have to find while addressing certain topics of society and life. Some intellectuals explicitly state their intentions, while others are subtler in and relatively removed from what they write about.
In Discipline and Punish, Foucault offers a vigorous discussion and analysis of several themes including torture, discipline, punishment, control, and power. Neither solely a work of history nor philosophy, , the text is filled with a maze of paradoxes, sometimes contradictions in an appropriate Foucauldian manner. It attempts to show the complexities of the origin of the modern prison as a structural and institutional system of power and how it manifests through what Foucault calls discipline and social order. He labels what he does as a genealogy of the modern soul. What he emphasizes early on and is present throughout his writing are four key rules. These rules make up the framework that Foucault seems to think and work within. He says to consider both the repressive nature and positive effects of punishment, which is “a complex social function…[and] a political tactic.” He then constructs the penal system and the knowledge of man as connected by “the technology of power” (23). Finally, he points to the ways in which subjection and objectification are used in the name of scientific research (24).
In this paper, I will explore, synthesize, and interpret key sections of Discipline and Punish. The paper will assess Foucault’s ideas about the evolution of systems of punishment, the shift from the body to the soul, and the concept of power and discipline. Finally, I will turn to Michelle Alexander’s New Jim Crow and the current U.S. prison (mass incarceration) system as a case study in an attempt to determine how relevant Foucault is in today’s penal system about forty years later.
Foucault’s Discipline and Punish
Historical and Modern Systems of Punishment
The opening section of Discipline and Punish gives a detailed account of two distinct styles of punishment. One is a public execution that takes place in a public square in 1757. The other is a timetable with rules for prisoners in the 1830s situated in an enclosed institution. Foucault aims to juxtapose these styles to mark the transition of the means of punishment throughout Europe— from the torture to the carceral age. In the first case, it illustrates an obvious and explicit expression of power. It inflicts punishment on the body directly. The individual endures physical pain while the public watches as they would at a theatre or performance. Crimes were punished based on a system of torture, violence, and even retribution—without any desire or effort to have a fair trial, the criminal is automatically guilty. The second case shows a glimpse of the decline and gradual disappearance of torture as a spectacle (7). Punishment becomes about discipline, distribution, and social control. This change can be characterized as a shift towards a more humane process. Foucault, however, takes a more critical approach with this notion. Although still negative, he questions the power relations in the new system. It is a different kind of power relation—still problematic. He suggests that the shift is more insidious than it appears. On one hand, Foucault wants to shock the reader with gruesome torture and put it up against the seemingly harmless time-based regimen. He ultimately questions the validity in thinking that things become better in the new system of punishment.
Foucault says, to the public “it was as if the punishment was thought to equal, if not exceed, in savagery the crime itself, to accustom the spectators to a ferocity from which one wished to divert them…to make the executioner resemble a criminal, judges murderers, to reverse roles…, to make the tortured an object of pity or admiration” (9). This means that the individual is a potential target of sympathy. The sovereign’s power is threatened because the criminal becomes somewhat of a public hero—loosening the grip of public opinion and control. The more the public sees the criminal as a hero, the less effective the punishment is in deterring crime. This is partly why torture and public execution, according to Foucault, disappeared. It was strategic to privatize punishment and remove it from the public eye. Power and discipline are exercised more subtly, far reaching, and masked by secretive bureaucracy. Doing so prevents any critical debate about how any notion of justice is attained through the punishment and criminalization of the body and soul.
Shift from the Body to the Soul
Towards the beginning of the text, Foucault talks about how the birth of the modern prison system signified a transformed way of punishing the individual—focusing less on the body (10). He notes that punishment is something that “acts in depth on the heart, the thoughts, the will, the inclinations” (16). Essentially, the individual is punished at a deeper level than just the body. The aim is to have a more meaningful impact— to control and shape all aspects of an individual’s desires and behavior. This points to the insidiousness that Foucault alludes to throughout the chapters. Foucault says, whether it is imprisonment in recent history or timetables in the 1830s, the focus remains on the body, but differently. Additionally, this shift means that “judgment is passed on the passions, instincts, anomalies, infirmities, maladjustments, effects of environment or hereditary” (17). What this suggests is that criminals are not only judged according to their act anymore. Instead, they are stereotyped and profiled as people who have certain kinds of minds—the pervert, the murderer, the aggressor. They are compartmentalized and labeled for the sake of convenience and knowledge and to better understand how to intervene in future instances of deviant behavior.
With the new penal system “the hold is not only on offenses, but on individuals; not only on what they do, but also on what they are, will be, may be” (18). This speaks volumes to how punishment functions in modern society. It gives rise to a whole field of interest that simultaneously individualizes and generalizes. The offense is not separate from the individual. The individual is also considered in a broad sense—where the identities, likelihood of certain behavior, and their place in society are predicted. Yet, the emphasis of inquiries goes beyond the crime and the criminal.
Foucault asserts that new questions arise, including:
“‘How can we assign the causal process that produced it? Instinct, unconscious, environment, heredity?’ It is no longer simply: ‘What law punishes this offense?’ But: ‘What would be the most appropriate measures to take? How do we see the future development of the offender? What would be the best way of rehabilitating him?’” (19).
One of the most striking aspects of these questions is their scientific, psychoanalytic nature. The individual, the crime, and the actual punishment exist as objects of experiment, examination, and even fetishization. This is related to Foucault’s rule to think about punishment as a part of scientific development. Here, that is exactly what occurs.
However, Foucault’s argument that punishment shifts from the body to the soul is slightly misleading and, in some ways, unclear. While he makes a strong case about the soul as the primary focus, he also offers crucial points about the significance of the body. The body, Foucault notes, is involved in a ‘political economy,’ and this refers to the actual confinement and correction of it. He then says that power relations “invest it, mark it, train it, torture it, force it to carry out tasks, to perform ceremonies, [and] to emit signs” (25). As described, the focus on the body is still very present in the modern penal system. It seems naïve to believe that the shift toward the soul exempts the body from punishment—maybe not through brute physical torture but in other ways. The soul also cannot be reached without the body. The body has “economic use” and it is required as a means of productivity and subjugation. From this comes a “knowledge” and Foucault calls this mastery of knowledge “the political technology of the body” (26). This assertion complicates the relationship between power, the economic system, and the punished individual. Foucault’s philosophy of power and knowledge seems rooted in an abstract, structural framework. For Foucault, does agency and free will exist in an individual? What are ways in which this coercion is resisted? Are bodies and souls inherently susceptible to discipline, power, and control?
Power and Knowledge
Foucault proceeds to make a case for his conception and analysis of power and its relation to knowledge. He insists that power relations are everywhere and fluid. He says everyone has power, and it is situated in a network of power relations. Furthermore, he says, “power is exercised rather than possessed, it is not … of the dominant class” (26). Power is not hierarchical. It is not a matter of class struggle for him. It is also not an issue of having or not having power. Foucault presents a more dynamic view of the notion of power. These relations are microscopic yet not localized. They are also not owned by the state yet not individualized (27). In other words, there is no power except in relation to one another. Therefore, to be powerful one must possess certain qualities. Foucault refers to these qualities as knowledge. Without power, there is no knowledge. One depends on the other. The relationship of power-knowledge is at the basis of analysis for Foucault.
Discipline and Organization
Foucault then moves into the topic of disciplinary power. He returns to the idea of the body that is “manipulated, shaped, trained, which obeys, responds, becomes skillful and increases its forces.” He adds a striking point that the body is made docile (i.e., subjected, used, transformed, and improved) (136). Again, the focus on the body is as important as the soul but this time there seems to be something simultaneous that occurs. Discipline works on multiple dimensions. The individual is not only controlled in a negative way. Foucault proposes it is also affected in positive ways, too.
To illustrate how the docile, yet useful body is achieved in the new carceral system, Foucault outlines the methods through which discipline is exercised. The first one, the scale of the control: the body is imposed on individually rather than collectively. The second, the object of control: affecting the body through forces and not through signs. The third, the modality: coercion is constant, uninterrupted and is exercised through codes that partition time, space, and movement (137). These methods exist to guarantee docility and utility. They function as dominating mechanisms. To be successful, discipline must work in quality not just quantity, be clearly imposed with as little ambiguity as possible, and be organized so coercion is most effective. Foucault emphasizes again, discipline aims to produce docile bodies (i.e., strict subjection). At the same time, it extracts power from the body and converts it into usefulness (i.e., increased aptitude, capacity) (138). Disciplinary power focuses on the specifics, what Foucault calls a “micro-physics of power” (139). The goal is to break up and break down the individuals based on the smallest possible factors. By doing so, the task of controlling, distributing, and surveilling becomes a lot manageable.
To end this section of his discussion, Foucault touches on the four aspects of discipline; the art of distributions, the control of activity, the organization of genesis, and the composition of forces. The first two are of particular interest. The first aspect involves how space is organized. Space is used as a mechanism to enclose, partition, and exploit usefulness (141). This is important for discipline to function because it establishes an effective way of “dividing and conquering.” In order for it to work efficiently, the body must be isolated and separated. By placing bodies into specific arrangements, discipline “create complex spaces that are at once architectural, functional and hierarchical. Discipline transforms the confused, useless, or dangerous multitudes into ordered multiplicities” (148). The second aspect involves how activities are controlled via time. The time-table is a prime example of this means of organization. Foucault notes, it aims to “establish rhythm, impose particular occupations, and regulate the cycles of repetition” (149).
Foucault in relation to Michelle Alexander’s New Jim Crow
In the introduction of The New Jim Crow, Michelle Alexander is clear in who she is writing for and what she wants to see come from it. She claims to write for “people who care about social justice but do not see the seriousness of the mass incarceration crisis faced by people of color…, people struggling to persuade others that something is familiar about the current criminal justice system…, [and] all the people trapped in America’s racial caste system” (preface). While Foucault may offer a foundation to what Alexander addresses, they are obviously different in how they view themselves as intellectuals. Foucault is hesitant to tell what the people what to do. Alexander, because of the stakes, is straight to the point and direct about what needs to be done.
Early in the chapter, Alexander explains how it is hard for many to believe that a “racial caste system” still exists in the United States. This is likely credited to how private and invisible the prison system has become. To the public, the issue is not urgent because they are either oblivious to it or are led to believe it is not a problem. She uses her own intellectual and professional trajectory with the topic to discuss the significance of the new racial caste system as a form of social control. This results in the extremely high rates of incarceration and devastating effects it has had and continues to have on black and poor communities of color.
Alexander remarks, “the more things change, the more they remain the same” (1). She also notes, “we have not ended racial caste in America, we have merely redesigned it” (2). This echoes Foucault’s thoughts about the change from torture to imprisonment as not a sign of better and progressive conditions. Alexander also pushes against the belief that as time passes, society seems to change for the better. As progressive things may seem, there are mechanisms that still exist in society that perpetuate a racial caste system. It claims to be colorblind and is invisible, out of the public’s view, and even nonexistent.
The U.S. prison system has arguably thrived for reasons unrelated to crime trends. The rate and intensity in which the current penal system punishes and controls people of color, especially African American men, is “unparalleled in world history” (8). Mass incarceration is a system that “locks people not only behind actual bars in actual prisons, but also behind virtual bars and virtual walls (representations, house arrest, & felony employment)—walls that are invisible to the naked eye but function nearly as effectively as Jim Crow laws once did at locking people of color into a permanent second-class citizenship” (12). In other words, once you are labeled a criminal, you are burdened and subjected to deal with a web of obstacles preventing you from re-integrating into society.
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Michel Foucault's Discipline and Punish: then and now. (2021, Mar 24).
Retrieved November 4, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2021/03/page/9/
Solution for College Bureaucracy
Introduction
Bureaucracy is a system of organizing things (Weber, M. (2015). College bureaucracy is the process through which students acquire their education. The main aim of a college education is for the purpose of higher learning; nonetheless, bureaucratic problems in schools can limit people’s educational experiences as a result of complexities in the system.
Within every stage of the higher education process, colleges in the US are quite bureaucratic. Every college contains its own set of rules and deadlines concerning admission, course options, financial assistance, and submission of academic credentials among others.
The first instances whereby most people experience these strictures normally involve initial admission to the college as a learner. College admission asks the prospective students to fill their details, sign then hand in their application form, normally at a fee and within a certain deadline. Aptitude tests have their own deadlines as well, as well as credentials from other institutions. If recommendations from former tutors are needed, search a specific form and the deadline for submission. International students ought to be careful on deadlines because getting transcripts and translations of credentials can take time (Grissom, J. A., Kern, E. C. e.t al. (2015). The best thing to do is to plan ahead, and go through the requirements with caution.
Student services as a source of bureaucracy
Apart from complications with the general admission procedure, access to student services is a more cause of bureaucratic distress. So that students can access the student services offered within most colleges, students are forced to through various levels of bureaucracy so as to accomplish very simple tasks (Grissom, J. A., Kern, E. C. e.t al. (2015). Long queues are a familiar sight in most colleges, more especially because the necessary services such as buying textbooks phone services and parking services are offered in just one location, each with very long queues. But queues are not the only thing students deal with, there is also the issue of paperwork. According to a report, College students change their majors around two times before they graduate. Students can change their major’s more than two times were not for the distress procedure that comes with such changes. To switch majors, students are required to go to the college of their desired new major, raise a petition and wait for it to be signed by an administrator. Then they go back to the department of their previous major and get their petition signed, after which it is reviewed by the college committee of the new major. Once approved, and only after the necessary steps have been taken, the student can change the major.
Switching a major is not the only hassle in college’s bureaucracy. Financial assistance schedule changes raised after the deadline and student fees. International students, cannot enjoy the benefit of being given student loans and grants, nonetheless, most students complain that disbursement of loans is quite slow and aggregated by bureaucratic processes. Most colleges do not send out the checks until they receive payment of registration fees, and for most students who require financial assistance, getting the loan check is the only way they can manage to clear the fees.
Is attending college online a good alternative?
Attending college online is the idea behind distance learning, this method of online education makes it possible for learning by yourself option, allowing students to have the freedom of learning at their own speed. Statewide, standardized tests can be bought at a cheaper price on newsprints and can also be found on the internet. A reasonable price is charged for the national assessment test once a course has been completed making college more affordable for everyone.
There has been a lot of campaign on distance learning, pointing out that students who have part time and full time jobs, with family or other commitments, can benefit a lot from this option as it allows them to decide when they will participate, there will be no travel time, makes it possible to utilize late night hours, settles course conflict issues and places the planning of their time fully under their control.
The solution
The solution to these bureaucracy issues within colleges is the implementation of the technology for group interactions into regular classes and the movement of all college student services into the system. There should be no reason why any process the college offers the student cannot be dealt with through internet communications (Boser, U. (2003).
Technology can solve most of the bureaucracy issue. New internet access such as online registration, online counseling, buying books online has made it simple for students to access their services and using the web for educational purposes for instance class discussion posts, and online class site with access to the course syllabus, which has made it possible for student to participate more in class.
The internet lessens the hassles of student life and disperses power. The internet makes it possible for students to learn by themselves without having to deal with academicians, and go on with their daily activities without having to wait in long queues (Boser, U. (2003).
References
References Boser, U. (2003). E-Learning–Working on What Works Best,“. US News and World Report.
Grissom, J. A., Kern, E. C., & Rodriguez, L. A. (2015). The “representative bureaucracy” in education: Educator workforce diversity, policy outputs, and outcomes for disadvantaged students. Educational Researcher, 44(3), 185-192.
Weber, M. (2015). Bureaucracy. In Working in America (pp. 29-34). Routledge.
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Solution for college bureaucracy. (2021, Mar 24).
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https://studydriver.com/2021/03/page/9/
Book Review of the Fault in our Stars
In this romantic book titled The Fault in Our Stars written by John Green, the author has brought readers a beautiful story of love and tragedy. The book is about Hazel Grace Lancaster, a teen girl diagnosed with thyroid cancer, attends Support Group, where cancer patients gather to do activities. Then, Hazel meets a young boy named Augustus Waters, is a survivor of cancer, has had osteosarcoma. The story continues their friendship and even more when Augustus expresses his love, but Hazel tries to put him away. Though they have many similarities to share with each other: their favorite books, their own stories of survivors, and so on.
Because of being invited by one author of Hazel’s favorite book, they come to Amsterdam together and have the fabulous moment there. Towards the end of the book Augustus and Hazel declare their love for each other but… plot twist. Then Augustus tells Hazel a heartbreaking news that let their world collapse. It is also a story of cancer teenagers who try to show their friends and family with smiles, not tears. He leads us from anger to romance, friendship to love, terrible but beautiful. John Green shines the light for all cancer patients. Part of the reason for its success is because of the realistic of cancer patients, and his writing style with compelling story telling tone helps the readers clearly understand the content without much effort.
This book has become a phenomenon around the world, which has the sales of nearly 1 million copies of the novel in print in January 2013 and had been voted as #1 on The New York Times Best Seller list for Children's Chapter Books and remained in that spot for seven consecutive weeks. It also was #1 on The Wall Street Journal bestseller list, #1 on the Indiebound bestseller list, #9 on The Bookseller bestseller list, and The New York Times Book Review Editor’s Choice. In 2014, The Fault in Our Stars is an American romantic tragedy film, directed by Josh Boone, based on the novel of the same name. and it even made into movie in 2014 directed by Josh Boone (Wikipedia). However, it has been banned from the Riverside Unified School District middle school because at least one parent, Karen Krueger, who felt the morbid plot, crude language, and sexual content was inappropriate for her children. Finally, they pulled the best-selling John Green novel out of middle schools in district (Vanity Fair).
I have never read a book about cancer, so I was so excited when first opening it. This book truly gets me on a roller coaster of emotion from laughing to crying. I love that book, and I rate 4.5 stars out of 5. I love Augustus Waters by the way he treats everyone and everything. He always keeps an optimistic mind, and he is the factor that helps the readers feel at ease with his letter at the end of a vulnerable story. Hazel and Gus are a wonderful couple of love and hope; overcoming and surviving cancer; tragedy and beauty. I truly recommend this book because it not only helps readers understand the world of survivors, but also brings a positive energy that helps people overcome difficulties when they believe.
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Book Review of The Fault in Our Stars. (2021, Mar 24).
Retrieved November 4, 2025 , from
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Environmental Issues and Barriers
Physical barriers can come from the natural environment or also from human-made changes within the natural environment. The natural environmental barriers can be as diverse as the terrain and climate to human-made changes including things such as walkways and other things built into the environment. Able-bodied people give little thought to these barriers but it becomes a problem in people with disabilities when trying to navigate with a walker or a wheel-chair. These barriers also vary depending on if the person with a disability lives in cities or in rural areas. Environmental barriers affect rural respondents more than their city-living counterparts (Visagle et al. 2017).
The United States has made significant strides in improving the lives of people with disabilities in regards to environmental barriers. Reasonable accommodation is ensured with the establishment of the American with Disabilities Act 19. A research agenda, “New Paradigm of Disability” was established by the National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research (NIDRR) to help improve lives of people with disability. The Institute of Medicine has established disability as the basis of its research agenda, and they have placed importance on environmental barriers in people with disabilities as addressed in their report, Enabling America, 21. Also, there is a growing international interest in disability issues and the importance of environmental factors. This is not just a United States problem but a global problem. The United Nations (UN) has also focused attention on disability and established the Disability Year 25 and Disability Decade.
There are many different disabilities but a group looked at barriers seen in people with spinal cord injuries and found there were five main barriers in this disabled population. These top barriers in descending order include environment, transportation, help at home, health care, and governmental policies (Whiteneck et al. 2004). Quality of life is likely adversely impacted as well due to the environmental factors, however, the authors did not perform a systematic review of that effect. The environment is a major barrier with people living with traumatic brain injury and includes physical barriers such as stairs, hills, roads, and buildings (Whiteneck et al. 2004). These physical barriers are more of a substantial problem in older adults than with younger adults but affects all populations to some degree (Brainline). The older population has problems with finding transportation either lack of transportation or limited access to transportation. There are also barriers in their surroundings that affect life such as poor lighting, too much noise, crowds, cold temperature, too much rain, steep hills, etc. (Brainline). Although these barriers were specifically addressed in people living with spinal cord injuries or traumatic brain injuries, they may have an effect on anyone living with a disability.
Many of these environmental barriers can be mitigated by providing adequate transportation. It is also important to design and layout buildings keeping in mind the needs to accommodate people with disabilities. The natural environment is not as easily manipulated or changed as temperature, terrain, and climate are more stationary or unadjustable. Lighting and noise can be managed or adjusted to help accommodate these individuals. Many of these adaptations can easily be made to improve the environment for individuals with disabilities.
The environment can create barriers for participation and inclusion. These barriers include things as simple as not having accessible building which could be lack of an elevator for someone with a walking disability or who is in a wheel chair. People living in poverty may not have access to drinkable water or sanitation which provides an added barrier to someone with a disability. Policy changes need to be enacted to help improve conditions and provide proper buildings and building layouts, technology including Braille or hearing-impaired services, signage, and opportunities for people with disabilities.
Can disability be prevented? There are preventative measures that can be taken to help reduce the potential for disability. These measures include providing education and adequate nutrition, preventing diseases, providing safe water and sanitation, improving safety on the roads and in the workplace (Caulfield et al. 2006). These preventative measures fall under the realm of public health and have three different prevention approaches. The first is primary prevention which provides education to help promote health, an example would be educating people about HIV (Maart and Jelsma 2010). The secondary prevention detects a problem early on and provide a cure or reduces long-term effects, an example would be to provide screening for breast cancer in women with disabilities (McIlfatric et al. 2011). Finally, the tertiary prevention reduces disease-related complications, an example would be rehabilitation for someone with a musculoskeletal system impairment where they might receive physical or occupational therapy services (Atijosan et al. 2009).
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Lack of Sleep
Every human needs sleep to live. That is true with many other functions like drinking and eating. And just like drinking and eating, there is a certain limit we must meet in order to be considered healthy. For most people, it is recommended that they get around eight hours of sleep. Unfortunately, most people don’t meet that amount of time. Not only does this disrupt a basic function, but this also affects many other bodily activities or even parts of your brain.
Lack of sleep is known for having many different adverse side effects. These side effects include: daytime sleepiness, fatigue, irritability, forgetfulness, lack of motivation, obesity, weakened immune system, and increased risk for heart disease (Davis). All of these side effects can be easily explained when looking at how sleep can lower these symptoms. Sleep aids in compiling and organizing experiences from the day, this explains why a lack of sleep can lead to forgetfulness. Sleep allows our body to produce for cytokines, which fights infection, meaning a lack of sleep would reduce the production of cytokines (Davis). Sleep also allows our heart vessels to heal which explains why a lack of sleep would increase our risk for cardiovascular disease.
Speaking of cardiovascular disease, sleep deprivation is linked to many types of heart disease including coronary and ischemic heart disease. “According to a 2017 study, published in the European Heart Journal, of nearly 13,000 adults, people who experience poor sleep from issues like lack of sleep, dependence on sleeping pills, or sleep-disordered breathing have a 71% higher risk of ischemic heart disease and a 45% higher risk of stroke” (Tuck). Another study in the European Heart Journal found that too short of sleep or too much sleep can increase the buildup of calcium deposits which is a risk factor in coronary heart disease (Tuck). The study compiled information for others and found that “475,000 individuals who slept fewer than 6 hours had nearly a 50% higher risk of dying from coronary heart disease seven to 25 years later, and a 15% increased risk of stroke” (Tuck). They also found that people who slept longer than 9 hours had an even higher risk of stroke at 65%, and a risk of coronary heart disease at 38%. These studies show the importance of the recommended daily amount of sleep, which is around 8 hours. Although other factors can be attributed to these risks like obesity or smoking, poor sleep can account for most of these risks independent from other factors (Tuck).
One of the most famous cases of the negative effects of sleep deprivation the both the mind and personality was when Peter Tripp hosted his radio show for more than 200 hours in 1959. His colleagues and listeners noticed that he became irritable and less like himself. Studies have been conducted focusing on irritability and lack of sleep. In one study, when sleep deprived participants were shown emotionally negative images, activity levels in the amygdala were as much as 60% higher than levels in those who were rested (Tamminen). The study found that sleep deprivation had disrupted the connection between the amygdala and the medial prefrontal cortex (Tamminen). This means that sleep deprivation can disconnect the amygdala from its own source of moderation, explaining why some become irritable after not getting enough sleep.
A notable long-term effect of chronic sleep disturbances is memory loss and brain damage. Research has pointed to the possibility of sleep loss contributing to cognitive impairment and memory loss in older people (University Health News). A possible link can be seen when studying patients with memory disorders. Patients with dementia or Alzheimer’s commonly have sleep disturbances (U.H.N). A study published in Neurology showed that people who spent less time in slow wave sleep had an increase in brain atrophy (U.H.N). Sleep apnea, a disorder which interrupts sleep due to the inability to breath, results in high levels of brain damage due to the lack of sufficient oxygen reaching the brain.
As mentioned previously, sleep apnea is a disorder which interrupts sleep due to a lack of sufficient oxygen intake. Not only can it lead to brain damage, but it can also cause a multitude of other effects. Some of these effects include: depression, acid reflux,low blood oxygen levels, high blood sugar levels, and higher risk of stroke and fatty liver disease (Watson). People with sleep apnea are more likely to develop insulin resistance, increasing their risk for Type 2 Diabetes (Watson). If you have sleep apnea, you are more likely to have an abnormal heart rhythm with the heart palpitations also disrupting your sleep (Watson, Tuck). With constant deprivation of oxygen while sleeping, people with sleep apnea can worsen symptoms of asthma chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, also known as emphysema and chronic bronchitis (Watson). Luckily, there are ways to treat sleep apnea like continuous positive airway pressure machines, or CPAP, which aid in providing patients with sufficient levels of oxygen while they sleep.
When discussing sleep, or in this case a lack of sleep, it is almost a necessity to mention melatonin. Melatonin is a hormone which is enterns your blood and makes you feel tired and less alert. Melatonin is released in response to natural or artificial light. Exposure to light stimulates a nerve pathway from the retina to the hypothalamus. In the hypothalamus, the suprachiasmatic nucleus responds to the light stimulation by sending signals to other parts of the brain directing the control of hormone production. During the day, when there is an abundance of light, the pineal gland remains inactive, but at night, the SCN activates it and produces melatonin. When on the computer, your phone, or watching tv at night, this form of light inhibits the production of melatonin which leads to a lack of sleepiness and in turn can lead to sleep deprivation (National Sleep Foundation). Unfortunately, melatonin supplements have been on the rise and many doctors are prescribing them to patients who are sleep deprived. Like other medications, melatonin does not work for everyone and is not a miracle drug. Side effects include dizziness, headaches, nausea, and small changes in blood pressure and the use of melatonin can worsen existing sleep issues (Lester). A good way to promote a healthy production of melatonin is to reduce the amount of exposure to artificial light, mostly blue light, before you go to bed. Unless you are in a dimly lit room, your brain will still think it is daytime, thus confusing both your bodily functions and your circadian rhythm.
Just like melatonin, our body produces other hormones and neurotransmitters that promote either wakefulness or inhibit it. The hypothalamus, for example, contains numerous amounts of neurons that release both neurotransmitters that promote wakefulness or promote sleepiness. Some of these neurons produce GABA and galanin which inhibit dopamine, histamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin, all of which induce wakefulness (Wannissorn). A small cluster of the orexin neurons in the hypothalamus control other neurons that promote wakefulness, including neurons that secrete cholines, dopamine, noradrenaline, and serotonin in the cerebral cortex (Wannissorn). Altered dopamine (crucial for arousal and motor function and released from neurons in the substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area and periaqueductal grey) levels can lead to neurological disorders like Parkinson’s, schizophrenia, and ADHD (Wannissorn and Guzman). People with these disorders often show disturbances of sleep, excessive daytime sleepiness, and REM sleep disorders (Wannissorn). Although serotonin can be released to promote alertness and arousal, it can also be produced to improve sleep quality. 5-HTP (precursor to melatonin and serotonin) does just that. Other parts of the brain, like the pons, release norepinephrine from the locus coeruleus. Norepinephrine acts as an arousal neurotransmitter which increases wakefulness much like dopamine and histamine. The main inhibitory neurotransmitter, GABA, is produced by more than 20% of the brain’s neurons (Wannissorn). This neurotransmitter promotes sleep by inhibiting brain regions involved in wakefulness and inhibiting parts of our nervous system (Wannissorn and Guzman). All of these neurotransmitters work together to ensure that we fall in line with one of our most important daily bodily function.
In conclusion, even though many people believe they are able to function with only a few hours a sleep every day, they do not understand the amount of stress and hardship they put they body under when they are sleep deprived. Being able to function day to day is not the same as being a healthy person. Maybe as a society, we should focus on how we view life, not as a struggle to fight time, but to embrace it and accept that we do need time to rest and heal.
Work Cited
Davis, Kathleen (2018). “What's to know about sleep deprivation?” Medical New Today.
Retrieved from https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/307334.php
Guzman, Flavio (2018). “Psychopharmacology of Sleep and Wakefulness:
Understanding Neurotransmitters and Pathways in Clinical Practice” Pharmacology Institute. Retrieved from https://psychopharmacologyinstitute.com/sleep-insomnia/psychopharmacology-sleep-wakefulness-understanding-neurotransmitters-pathways-clinical-practice/#Dopamine
“Heart disease and sleep” (2018). Tuck. Retrieved from https://www.tuck.com/heart-disease-and-sleep/
“Lack of Sleep Side Effects: The Link Between Sleep Deprivation, Brain Damage, and Memory.” (2018) University Health News. Retrieved from https://universityhealthnews.com/daily/sleep/lack-of-sleep-side-effects-the-link-between-sleep-deprivation-brain-damage-and-memory/
Lester, Tiffany (2017). “This is Why Melatonin Doesn’t Help Everyone Sleep.” Parsley Health Retrieved from https://www.parsleyhealth.com/blog/melatonin-doesnt-help-everyone-sleep/
“Melatonin and Sleep” National Sleep Foundation. Retrieved from https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-topics/melatonin-and-sleep
Tamminen, Jakke (2016). “How a lack of sleep affects your brain – and personality”
The Conversation. Retrieved from http://theconversation.com/how-a-lack-of-sleep-affects-your-brain-and-personality-66604
Wannissorn, Nattha (2018). “How Brain Health & Neurotransmitters Affect Sleep” SelfHacked. Retrieved from https://www.selfhacked.com/blog/sleep-neurophysiology/
Watson, Stephanie (2017). “The Effects of Sleep Apnea on the Body.” Healthline. Retrieved from https://www.healthline.com/health/sleep-apnea/effects-on-body#1
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Trump Impeachment Process
President Donald Trump has been in office for a year and 10 months, which for some people its been enough. It is time for Congress to introduce an impeachment inspection on President Trump for obstruction of justice. Impeachment was designed to remove any executive branch officials that have over used their power to commit a misdemeanor or a high crime, which they no longer can be trusted to continue in office. Donald Trump has influenced a mood of anger towards journalist or citizens, he’s obstructed justice, Breaking the Emoluments clause of the United States Constitution, supporting violence and unconstitutionally prisoning families. Trump has been over using his power ever since he has stepped in foot as President and needs to be impeached before things gets way out of hands.
According to Google, a press officer is part of an organization like the New York Times or Daily Mail, that is responsible of organizing press releases, media coverage, and interviews for its firm. President Trump has been accusing the press of “fake news” or referring them as “ the enemy of the American people.” He has fired threats to sue news companies or to get their license revoked due to the fact that he doesn’t like the way they run their new business. Also, he has suggested in changing the U.S. liberal laws in order to make it unchallenging to punish news firms. According to the Columbia Journalism Review, President Trump has used his twitter account to tweet over a thousand of tweets criticizing and disparaging the press. He has also tweeted words to press like “garbage”, “sad” or “failing” and has tried to fire certain journalists or boycott the media organizations. Out of all, the worst thing our president has done is insult or attack a New York Times reporter, by the name of Serge Kovaleski, for having joint problems called arthrogryposis, a congenital condition that impacts the movements of the joints. Our president that is supposed to care for our people is actually insulting people or reporters by using their personal problems to shut them down, which isn’t right at all. He is also black mailing reporters in order to silence them, which he is violating their freedom of speech, first amendment, and free society.
Before stepping in as office, a president is to oath, as stated, “I do solemnly swear that i will faithfully execute the Office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my ability, preserve, protect, and defend the constitution of the United States. Which would mean that president trump has already violated the constitution by obstructing justice, right before he took office. He persuade or asked the FBI Director, James Comey to desert the inspection of the Russian intrusion in the election of 2016, but James refused to terminate the investigation, which lead him to getting fire by the president. Our president is supposed to follow the constitution not break them and believe they can get away with it due to the amount of power they have. According to The Guardian, Donald admitted of firing James ,on a televised interview, over the “Russian thing”, because he believe that it was a story that was made up by the democrats in excuse of losing the election, which could’ve or could’ve not been true. But why would Trump prevent James from continuing his investigation if it was just a made up story? Or was he hiding something? Either one, Trump was breaking the law when he obstructed justice. What kind of president would feel okay with breaking the law and believing that he or she should not get punished for because I wouldn’t. Should us, citizens, be bale to break the law and not pay any consequences for our actions? Cuz our president thinks so.
On April 6, 2018, President Donald Trump passed a zero tolerance policy that prosecutes all individuals who cross the borders illegally to the United States, separating children from their parents when they attempt to cross the border together. Some people believe that the policy is a “ cruel new child separation policy,” according to Politifact. Just with in 2 weeks of passing the policy, about 700 children were divided from their parents in May, according to Politifact. Before Trump passed the zero tolerance policy, families who were detained together were sent back immediately or paroled into the country, stated by Peter Margulies, a professor at Roger Williams University in immigration laws. With the new policy being passed, the zero tolerance, families are now being separated and put into cages or camps like animals, in which the conditions are in humane, heartless or cruel. President Trump has zero plans of reuniting families with their children, even if the child is being deported back to. If the parents of the child is being prosecuted, the child is then handed to the Health and Human Services Department of the United States. The agencies duty is to find a sponsor for the child until he or she find outs about its status will be. Donald Trump believes that harsh punishment would prevent more and any immigrants from from wanting to cross the border. Immigrants, especially children, should not be treated as caged animals just because they come from another country. They deserve to be held in custody with their families in a appropriate detention center.
The emolument clause of the constitution is stated in Britannica, “generally prohibits federal office holders from receiving any gift, payment, or other thing value from a foreign state or its rulers, officers, or representatives, explain that Trump is not allowed to receive any gifts or money from anyone in general. Which every time any foreign President or official stays at any of Trumps hotels, he or she is supporting any new organization projects or trade marks that Trump has planned, which means that President Trump is breaking the Constitution of the United States. Just like when the Chinese President, XI Jinping, approved 40 trade marks of Trump and in June approved another 9 of Donalds Trademarks. Also, anytime that Trump takes any foreign office holders to his gold course or they just go voluntarily without Trump presents, he or she is sending taxpayer money into his business, which is violating the Domestic Emoluments Clause.
According to Google, equal protection of the laws is in the United States fourth amendment saying “states guarantee the same rights, privileges, and protection to all citizens.” On August 12, 2017, there was a neo-Nazi Riot in Charlottesville that ended with people being killing and injuring. President Trump decided to protect the new-Nazi that decided to kill a protestor, which Trump was violating duty to shield the citizen against violence. Trump also gave specific instructions to the police offices to be rough with the protestors who were under arrest which he was violating his duty to devote executions of the laws. Trump has shown a pattern of ignoring the simple responsibilities that are in the constitution that a president must follow.
In my opinion, President Trump should be impeached for over using his power, neglecting immigrants, receiving cash and breaking laws. A proper President should look out for his people, not insult them. He should treat everyone fairly no matter what skin color or place you come from. A president should not receive any gifts from any foreign presidents. A President should show his people that you need to be kind, loving and understanding, not like Trump who is showing his people that if you commit a crime you won’t be prosecuted. Trump needs to change his way in order for him to continue as the President of the United States.
In conclusion, An impeachment was created to abolish any executive branch officials who have mistreated their power, committing misdemeanors or crimes in which they can’t be trusted to advance in office. President Trump has over used his powers in many situation from attacking the press to obstructing justice. How much longer are we going to left President Trump get away with these misdemeanors or crimes till we are able to impeach him from office. We have him confessing on live television on the accusations, what more do you need? It’s time to end Donald Trump from his Presidency.
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Post War Economic Development of Japan
1945 is the year the Empire of Japan would finally surrender to the Allied forces, ending the Second World War. The war had devastated the empire's economy, leaving it only a shadow of its previous industrial might. Merciless bombing campaigns had reduced her cities to mere rubble, and industrial output fell by 27.6% by 1946 compared to pre-war levels. Nevertheless, with the injection of funds from the United States, Japan's economy was able to achieve rapid economic development between 1952 to around the 1990s. This event is called an 'economic miracle,' reflecting how fast Japan was able to develop from being a war-torn country to the world's third largest economy today.
The end of World War 2 brought a period of occupation of Japan by the United States. During this period, the United States led Japan in three stages. From 1945 to 1947, the US significantly reformed Japan's institutions, including the constitution, to prevent the country from ever becoming militarized again and to implement Western values such as democracy into Japan's society. The US also conducted war trials, punishing those who were involved in making Japan's decisions during the war. To prevent Japan's remilitarization, the US barred war officials from ever holding public office, as well as prevented Japan from ever possessing an army, although it does have a self-defense force today. Other reforms include the downgrading of the emperor's importance, implementing women's rights, and strengthened the parliamentary system. Fearing Japan would succumb to communism, the United States turned from punishing Japan toward stabilizing and growing the economy to prevent communist uprisings by the workers. The Ministry of International Trade and Industry was established to oversee the production and usage of raw materials in Japan. When the Korean War broke out in 1950, the US used it to establish Japan as a base of operations from which to launch attacks on North Korea, as well as supplied with raw materials to Japan, allowing the country to invest further in industrial power. Once the occupation forces led by General MacArthur felt the reforms were well established within Japan, the United States moved to restore Japan's sovereignty, with the country regaining it in 1952 with the Treaty of San Francisco. With this treaty, the Allied forces would establish Japan's autonomy and Japan, in turn, promised to pay repatriations for the damage it caused. The United States and Japan also signed an agreement called the Bilateral Security Treaty whereby the United States would defend Japan from foreign attacks. Thus ends the first stage of Japan's economic miracle, the recovery stage from 1945 to 1954.
After being rebuilt and reformed, the next stage of the miracle would take place from 1954 to 1972, called the 'High Increasing Stage,' reflecting how fast Japan's GDP grew. During the High Increasing Stage, Japan's economy would grow approximately ten percent per year. With the guidance of the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI), Japan was able to accomplish this feat, as the ministry effectively controlled the economy by having a monopoly on the lending of loans and capital to businesses. A quality education system fostered workers who were highly educated, which eventually led to Japan being able to become a technologically advanced economy. Japan's economy at this time was a model of state-guided capitalism, with the government choosing which companies and industries it would fund to grow the economy. The Japanese government also implemented protectionist policies and regulations. Japanese businesses and the government worked so closely together, Western media often deemed the business culture in Japan as 'Japan Incorporated.' During this time Japanese companies organized themselves in a system called the keiretsu, a conglomerate of companies 'including a main bank, large financial institutions, the largest manufacturing firms, and a large general trading company' working together to maximize efficient use of resources ('Japanese economic takeoff after 1945'). Examples of keiretsu conglomerates include Sony, Toyota, Mitsubishi, and Kawasaki. Under Prime Minister Ikeda Hayato, the government undertook a plan called the Income Doubling Plan, calling for incomes and Gross National Product (GNP) to grow at a pace of 7.2% per year through the 1960s, thus doubling in 10 years. This would be accomplished through trade liberalization, investment in infrastructure, and promoting welfare spending. The plan actually overshot its goal, achieving an average of 11.6% GNP growth during the 10 year period. Exports grew at a rate of more than 15% annually during the 1960s, which allowed Japan to achieve a trade surplus for the first time in 1965. With the combined efforts of the government and Japanese companies, Japan's GDP grew so fast it officially became the world's second-largest economy in 1978.
The Oil Crises of 1973 and 1979 considerably slowed down the growth of Japan's economy due to the dramatic increase in oil costs from the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), thus ending the High Increase Stage and beginning the Steady Increase Stage Oil prices rose in response to sanctions from OPEC, which tripled in both 1973 and 1979, ultimately resulting in the cost of oil rising from $3 to $13 and $39 in 1979. Because of the dependency on fossil fuels for industrial production, the rising cost of oil severely affected several major economies, including Japan, which saw its first decline in industrial production since the miracle began, and high inflation ensued. From double-digits, GDP growth fell to around 4 to 6% annually. To continue growing, Japanese companies increased the efficiency of their factories to reduce dependency on oil. In addition, several promising industries sprang up, including electronics, semiconductors, and automobiles allowed Japan to continue growing. Throughout the entire economic miracle, Japan largely relied on exporting manufactured products, which was greatly enhanced by a cheap yen. In fact, Japan prioritized exports even further during the 1970s to offset the rising cost of imports from the high oil prices, which would cause Japan to fall into debt from trade deficits. At this time, the United States began to feel threatened by the increasing dominance of the Japanese economy, which was forecasted to surpass the US in the near future. Fears about Japanese dominance mirror those of the concerns related to China today, with the United States worrying about the countries eclipsing it economically. One major point of contention was the trade deficit the United States had with Japan, a major cause of which was the cheap yen. A cheap currency boosts exports by making them cheaper to an importing nation. To rectify this, the United States signed an agreement with Japan, Great Britain, France, and Germany to devalue the US dollar relative to the respective nations' currencies. This was called the Plaza Accord, signed in 1985. The agreement caused the Japanese yen to rapidly strengthen against the US dollar, going from ¥242=$1 in 1985 to as low as ¥120=$1 in 1988. Because of the dramatic strengthening of the yen in such a short time, exports took a hit, and Japanese GDP growth slowed down massively due to the dependency of the Japanese economy on exports. In response, the Bank of Japan lowered interest rates in order to stimulate lending, lowering interest rates from 5% in 1985 to 2.5% in 1986. This allowed for money to be borrowed cheaply to increase consumption, with the increase in consumption came a dramatic increase in expenses across Japan, from housing to stock values. During this time, land prices would soar so high that at its peak, the land under which the Imperial Palace was built was said to be worth more than all the real estate in the entire state of California. The Nikkei 225 stock market index climbed to its all-time peak of 38,957 in December 1989. This time period, from 1986 to 1991, is known as the Japanese Asset Price Bubble, or the 'bubble economy.' Although GDP may not have expanded quite as fast as during the High Increasing Stage, the economy still grew briskly when compared to other major economies at the time.
As Geoffrey Chaucer once said, 'All good things must come to an end,' and this is precisely what happened to Japan during the 1990s. Finally perceiving the bubble economy to be a major problem, the Bank of Japan began to hike interest rates in May 1989, raising it from 2.5% to 3.25%, ultimately raising it to 6% by 1990. Because the sudden spike in interest rates made borrowing extremely expensive, a sudden selloff ensued, with land costs and the stock market collapsing. The Nikkei 225 fell from its high in 1989 at 38,957 to 14,000 in August 1992. Land values fell an average of 50% from its peak until 1992, with the cities hit much worse than other parts of the country. The bursting of the asset bubble caused GDP to fall to an average of 1% per year throughout 1992 and 2001. This period of time is known as the 'Lost Decade,' as economic advancement dramatically slowed down compared to the rest of the post-war economic miracle. To try to stimulate the economy, the Japanese repeatedly tried several fiscal stimulus packages, aiming to revive demand through increased government spending, which all mostly failed at successfully reviving GDP growth. In addition, the Bank of Japan implemented a zero interest rate policy to try to stimulate consumption by making it cheaper to borrow money. Although it is called a Lost 'Decade,' Japan still has yet to fully recover from the economic recession. Japan has continually (until 2013) suffered from deflation (a condition where prices fall) since 1998, which stalled consumption by encouraging consumers and businesses to save in anticipation of a cheaper price tomorrow rather than today. In addition, Japan's working-age population stagnated sometime in the 1990s, and with fewer people who are contributing to the economy, this will eventually lead GDP growth to slow or even become negative, unless productivity growth surpasses population decline, which in Japan has barely happened. Beginning around 2008, Japan's population began to shrink, falling from a peak of 128 million in 2008 to 126.8 million in 2017. However, from 2002 to 2007, Japan's economy did improve considerably under Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi, with average GDP growth rising to 1.8% during this time. Prime Minister Koizumi undertook substantial reforms in order to improve the economy, which the increase in growth indicates. The progress was reversed, however, by the 2008 Great Recession, which knocked Japan back down to the recession, with GDP falling by 5.2% in 2009. Due to the massive stimulus measures attempted by the government, the debt to GDP ration has risen to more than 200% of Japan's nominal GDP. The only reason the Japanese government has not gone into bankruptcy from interest payments is due to the interest rates being cut to such a low level for such a long time. From 2009 to 2012, the yen appreciated in value sharply, rising to as much as ¥80=$1, significantly harming exports which constitute a large part of the country's economic growth.
In late 2012, current Prime Minister Shinzo Abe was elected in as prime minister of Japan, with the Liberal Democratic Party regaining power after the Democratic Party of Japan gained power from 2009 to 2012 for the first time in Japan's post-war history. Prime Minister Abe campaigned on a platform of reviving the Japanese economy using three 'arrows' of fiscal stimulus, monetary stimulus, and structural reform. These policies are collectively known as Abenomics and have thus far resulted in mixed results, with structural reforms being implemented at a rather slow pace. These structural reforms, which include cutting red tape, increasing immigration, empowering women, and encouraging innovation, are widely considered to be the most important aspect of Abenomics, yet these measures are not being implemented fully. Under Abenomics, the BOJ under governor Haruhiko Kuroda implemented a massive Quantitative Easing (QE) policy, which is where the central bank buys government bonds to increase the money supply. This was done in an attempt to reach the BOJ's inflation target of 2%, which in theory would cause consumption to rise again as the expectation of falling costs would be wiped away by increasing inflation. QE was also implemented to decrease the value of the yen, which in theory would help exporters. The yen fell from its high during the administrations of the Democratic Party to around ¥120=$1 by 2013. In addition to monetary stimulus, fiscal stimulus was also done, with the government passing a stimulus package worth 20.3 trillion yen ($210 billion) to pay for infrastructure projects and other government spending to revive the economy. A package of structural reforms announced during 2014. Abenomics is inspired by a Japanese folktale, which said three arrows working together could not be broken, whereas a single arrow would break if bent. Fiscal and monetary stimulus measures were supposed to be to buy time for structural reforms which would cause short-term pain. But since the third arrow (structural reforms) was not fired, this has led to an initial boost in growth followed by continued difficulties economically. These include the ever-increasing debt to GDP ratio thanks to the stimulus, negative interest rates in 2016 potentially causing a speculative bubble to form, said interest rates causing damage to banks, and a consumption tax increase in 2014 causing the economy to fall into recession thanks to a stall in consumption. Abenomics has been successful, however, in signing trade deals which may force liberalization of certain sectors of the economy, as well as opening up some sectors including agriculture, energy, and healthcare. Unemployment has fallen to as low as 2.2%, the lowest in decades, the jobs to applicants ratio has risen to 1.64, and women have seen rising participation rates. Deflation is considered to be gone, although inflation is still low, being only halfway to the BOJ's stated goal of 2%. In addition, the Nikkei 225 has risen from 8,500 in 2012 to as high as 24,000 in 2018. From 2016 to 2018, GDP grew for 8 consecutive quarters, a streak not marked in 3 decades. Yet without the third arrow of structural reform, most major economists agree the Japanese economy cannot fully recover from its Lost Decade(s).
The world has seen Japan rise from a war-torn nation to one of its most prosperous countries. The post-war economic miracle from 1945 to 1992 led Japan to become the third largest economy in the world from a militaristic, totalitarian regime in the 1930s and early 1940s. Yet with this progress and prosperity came an inevitable economic decline, with Japan having suffered from almost 3 decades of little growth. With Abenomics, perhaps Japan can eventually recover from its Lost Decades and once again become an economic juggernaut as it was in the 1980s.
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Coronary Artery Disease Description
Coronary artery disease occurs when the heart muscle becomes narrowed and hardened as it decreases blood movements into your heart. This happens as a result of fat and other substances gathering in the coronary artery, which may lead to heart failure. There are ways to stop and manage CAD in most patients.
Etiology – cover what is happening as the cause or causes, completely and at the level of the organ, structure, process or tissues. For example if we were talking about diabetes and the answer was “high blood sugar levels”; that would not be adequate. Cover what the causes are; Type I the islet cells of the pancreas have been destroyed, this is considered an autoimmune disorder. The failure of the pancreas to secrete insulin results in high blood glucose levels.
Coronary artery disease is caused by diabetes, smoking, high blood pressure and an inactive lifestyle. It affects the arteries, if they are blocked it can cause a heart attack. CAD is caused by arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis. Arteriosclerosis means changes in the arteries. In the textbook Pathophysiology for the Health Professions (2018), the authors explain, “elasticity is lost, the walls become thick and hard and lumen gradually narrows and becomes obstructed” (p.233). In addition, the authors states, “Atherosclerosis are plaques of lipids, cells, fibrin and cell debris that are created in the walls of the large arteries” (p.234). Bad lifestyle habits lead to damaged endothelium due to fatty streak and lipid core formation which will then turn into fibrous plaque which is complicated by thrombus deposition. Coronary arteries with a partial occlusion generally result in angina pectoris while total occlusion results in myocardial infarction.
Signs and Symptoms
The signs and symptoms of CAD are nausea, fatigue, SOB, weakness, angina and arrhythmia.
Diagnostic procedures – give the procedure and what it is evaluating or will tell us. In other words, why do the test?
The diagnostic procedures for CAD are electrocardiogram, echocardiogram, and cardiac catherization. The electrocardiogram is used to determine the rhythm of the heart. Echocardiogram is another procedure were you can see the heart through an ultrasound. Cardiac catherization is another diagnostic procedure where they place a tube that is able to measure blood pressure and can also gather blood samples from the heart.
Treatments- give the treatment and what the expected improvement is, what does the drug, diet modification or whatever the treatment is do?
Treatment for CAD includes making lifestyle changes. Sometimes adding drugs such as cholesterol lowering medications and beta blockers can help as well. Cholesterol lowering drugs help by reducing the amount of primarily LDL in the blood. Beta blockers are a good treatment option because they diminish your heart need for oxygen, slows your heart rate and reduce your hypertension. Coronary artery bypass surgery is done when many arteries are narrowed or blocked. This is so that blood can move around the blocked artery.
Prognosis
In patients who have long term prognosis it is very hard to determine how long they will actually live. Patients who survive acute infarction live a few more years.
Prevention strategies
Prevention strategies for CAD are exercising, controlling conditions such as hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and diabetes. You should eat a diet that is heavy in fruits, vegetables and whole grains.
Cultural influences
According to Harvard Health Publishing African Americans are more at risk of having some type of cardiovascular disease. Southern Asians are at a greater chance of developing coronary artery disease, while Eastern Asians tend to have a less chance of having heart diseases. (Harvard Health Publishing, 2015)
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Augmented Reality under the Scope
Augmented reality (AR) has been in development for three decades since the first use in the Air Force. This paper will discuss the potential uses of augmented reality in the military, healthcare, education, the workforce and in tourism and how this will affect the respective fields. In order to explain the impact of augmented reality, many studies, prototypes and working products will be evaluated and analyzed . AR for the military has been in development to transition what is available for their jet pilots to their ground troops. It was found that AR has been in use outside the military as early as 2012 with the release of Google Glasses. AR in healthcare has been developed to make everything easier and more efficient. AR has largely been introduced to the public via applications with the biggest being Snapchat and Pok©mon Go. The introduction into the workforce has made the technicians efficient and better performing. The use of AR in tourism will make it easier for foreigners to travel and explore visiting countries. Ultimately, based on the information presented, it can be concluded that AR will advance humanity by improving the way information is presented and applied to make the lives of those who use AR easier.
Introduction
Augmented reality or simply “AR” has been overshadowed by its cousin Virtual Reality and its promising features. Virtual Reality has given a lot of particle use to the specialized work environments, but AR can influence the masses without removing them from reality as VR does. This is where AR truly shines in modern society. In a world that never rests, AR will be the perfect companion. AR simply shows information or any image and places it into the field of vision without actually projecting a hologram into the world. Augmented reality is defined as “Taking digital or computer generated information, whether it be images, audio, video and touch or haptic sensations and overlaying them over in a real time environment”(Rampolla, 2012, pg. 1). This leads to the main question : How will augmented reality help advance the current information and digital age? Augmented reality will enhance the way information is shown in education, the military, medicine, the workforce, and the general public by overlaying the information into reality with the use of cameras and computers.
Augmented reality has been seen in movies, games and even some applications. The current and lowest tier of “AR” is Snapchat and Pok©mon GO. Snapchat uses the camera on a smartphone to augment the faces of the users with filters. These filters alter the structure of the faces and attaches them to the users face so that it can move normally whenever a facial expression is made. Pok©mon Go also uses the camera but sends a different reality into the current one. This is accomplished by the use of the smartphone’s camera. The camera records the environment and the app simply places a three-dimensional figure on top of it. The second tier of AR makes it possible to have real-time data shown in the field of vision that can augment the surrounding and enhance the living experience of the user. This is where AR can be used for particle uses instead of simply entertainment .The difference of the two tiers is the technology that is used to augment. In tier one, a smartphone’s camera is used while in tier two something that is hands free is used. Tier one has the user actively interact with the smartphone while tier two simply exists without too much notice of the user because it’s a part of their vision. The final tier is to be able to project information from a computer into three-dimensional space and to be able to manipulate the projection without having to touch the computer.
Uses
The use of AR in the military is potentially limitless. Current jet fighter have a display on their helmets that assists on their current mission (PRODUCT applications, 2018). If the capabilities of the AR system on the jet can be integrated into land units. This will keep troops informed at all times while allowing for a hands-free process. Video games have been the biggest insight into how AR in the military can work. Hardiy(2017) describes the Tactical Augmented Reality (TAR) that is assisting soldiers in giving them a HUD (Heads Up Display). The TAR “overlays a map onto the soldier's field of vision, instantly offering target information and GPS-tracked data showing where the rest of their team is located.”(Harday 2017) this shows how the AR will work in the headgear.
The TAR follows the footsteps of every military games HUD that shows the player information without having to take their attention from the action. The basic elements of a HUD are a map which can show the location of the objective or the area of interest. While the player moves, it shows their current location and the location of their allies. It also has a compass to allow the player to always know which direction they are walking in at all times. The HUD displays the current objective of the player at any given time so that they always know what their job is. It will also display the inventory of the player so that he does not have to keep track of it. The last thing the HUD displays is the vitals of the player and their allies. With all this information, the player is well informed at all times, which makes the gaming experience easier. If this HUD can be applied to ground troops in theory, this implementation would make their jobs easier.
The next use of AR is to assist in the healthcare field. AR can assist those who must monitor vitals such as blood pressure and heart rate. It can assist those who wish to monitor what they eat at all times by identifying what is about to be eaten and record the calories and the macro break down. Doctors can use it to make copies of their records and have them uploaded into a database that can pull up the information by face recognition. AR can assist in all manners of complex operations by simply showing what a surgeon must do. An example of AR assisted operations is CASS which is used to fix jaw deformities. “Problems associated with the traditional planning method led us to develop a new computer-aided surgical simulation (CASS) method and its clinical protocol for planning an orthognathic surgery. This protocol has been proven accurate.” (Cattin, Lee, Liao, Jannin, Zheng ,2016, pg. 3). It is concluded that CASS is far superior to the original approach to orthognathic surgery.
CASS made a giant leap in the planning of Orthognathic surgery. “During the past 50 years, the technical aspects of surgery have achieved significant improvement, e.g. rigid fixation, resorbable material distraction osteogenesis” (Cattin, et al, 2016 pg. 3) with the introduction of CASS, a process that has not been changed since the 1960 became easier. CASS shows what is achievable in the medical field with more developed complex systems and AR. Complex operations can be made simpler making success rates go up and updating old surgeries making them easier and better optimized.
To continue AR can play a large part in the workforce. AR can be used to assist in the training of new employees as well as aid experienced employees when they are working on complex tasks. It can assist in packaging and managing products in the warehouse as well as keeping track of in-store inventory. “General Electric is one of several companies that have been quietly testing the use of AR technology as a method improving productivity and reducing errors” (Dickson, 2017, pg 3). This shows that big companies have their eye on AR because it will make them run smoother.
According to Claassan (2018), AR completely changes how a person operates in the workplace making everything operable by hand gestures and voice commands. With AR visual controls, the workers will be able to walk through the facility and see how every machine is performing and adjust them without having to physical investigate the machines functionability (Claassan, 2018). This will make factory run more efficiently increasing production.
Similarly AR in education will change the way students learn. When applied anywhere from kindergarten to college the way information is shown to the students will make school a different environment. The use of AR will not only make education different but it has a possibility of making it more engaging. “Moreover, some researchers have recommended that interest and engagement in literacy activities are crucial factors in early reading skills' development” (Bracken & Fischel, 2008; Gambrell & Gillis, 2007). Likewise a study found that “When children take an interest and engage during reading activity, they have more opportunities to practice early reading skills” (Baroody & Diamond, 2014). In lower grades, it will make it easier to have engaging sessions to capture the full attention of the student. As the student moves up in grade AR will slowly turn into a useful tool to help the student visualize what is being taught. The uses of AR will only be limited to the creativity of the teacher or professor.
Once the student reaches college, AR will only assists in developing skills for their major. Many of the STEM fields will greatly benefit from this. AR will provide a way to show a three-dimensional image making it easier to understand. This would be useful especially in regards to the subjects of engineering, physics and math when the students reach the level where they begin working with a three-dimensional coordinates system. When the students can physically interact with the information, learning no longer seems like a chore but an activity.
The last use of AR that will have the biggest impact is when it is released into the public. The maps for tourists will make it easier to travel. “Augment Reality allows businesses to combine the digital world with the real world” (Celtek,Ilhan,2016, pg.583) this means that a business can advertise using AR to make their stores stick out from the others by using bright flashing lights without having to buy physical lights. Messages and phone calls can be displayed so that the person always has their hands free. An interactive GPS can be used to make it easier to navigate around unfamiliar cities(Ilhan, Celtek,2016 pg.592). AR will simply make life into a large video game for tourist. Video games that utilize open worlds have successfully developed User interfaces and HUDs that are simply and efficient in presenting information.
Potential Issues
There are few issues with the development of AR but these issues are complex. The first is simply is it possible to achieve something like this? AR on the previously mentioned scale is achievable with technology advancing so fast it’s only a matter of time. To utilize small circuits to produce the required technology is simply. In fact circuits are already near the atomic scale and the issues is now becoming how can the circuitry become smaller and still work around uncertainty of subatomic particles. To state it simply small particles like electrons exist in probability waves. Not having a specific location but a large chance of being found where it should be. As circuits get smaller, the wave function area becomes bigger by comparison thus making it possible for an electron to exist where it is not supposed to.
To make AR hands free, the solution is simply make the devices that carries the AR equipment into glasses. Around 3 in 4 adults in America have glasses, making glasses the obvious choice. This has already been attempted by Google when they produced the google glass. These were glasses that could operate as a hands free smart phone. It was able to browse the internet, use the camera, calendar, maps, and other voice commands. The reason it flopped was because of the price and the way it looked. The google glass cost $1,500 and this price was back in 2012. Technology has come a long way and in order to achieve what the google glass did is no longer a hard task. The prices for new glasses will be much lower. The biggest thing that hurt the google glass was the fact that it looked bulky and unappealing. It is often underestimated how much presentation of a product matters when creating impression . Companies like Intel, Atheer Labs, Vuzx Corporation and rumors about Apple all know from google glass that the appearance of the glasses will be a big factor and making them look as normal as possible is the key.
The necessity of this technology will be in question in the beginning. This is always the case for any new technology. The same occurred to the automobile and phones. The uses of AR are numerous and the amount of help it can provide shows how useful this technology will be. To illustrate, this technology will improve combat for troops, improve procedures and make them easier in medicine, make education more accessible and engaging, improve businesses ability to advertise, and assist the general public in performing mundane tasks. The issue that is often asked when this technology is used is how will the children be affected by this? The answer is not very different than what smartphones are doing now. When asked, the kids in kindergarten were happy with what they were told this could accomplish. “Enjoyment is closely related to learning. It improves student’s intrinsic motivation and interest in the material. It also supports deep involvement and complete immersion in an activity, promoting flow experiences.”(Goktas, Kucuk, Yilmaz, 2018, pg. 826)
Literature Review
Greg Kipper and Joseph Rampolla discuss extensively about AR in their book “Augmented Reality: An Emerging Technologies Guide to AR” Greg Kipper is the Chief Tech Chief Technology Officer of AFCEA NOVA. AFCEA NOVA is a worldwide nonprofit professional association founded as the Armed Forces Communications and Electronics Association and represents the top government, industry and military in the technology fields. Joseph Rampolla has a M.A in Criminal Justice and specializes in cybercrimes, augmented reality and advanced undercover internet relay chat investigation and is a Member of the High Technology Crime Investigation Association. Both of the authors of the book are highly qualified to discuss and augmented reality and their uses in military, public safety and in law. It shown what AR is capable of. AR is not limited to simply visual stimuli but can be used to augment the other 5 senses as well. In Chapter 3 of “Augmented Reality : An Emerging Technology Guide to AR” the use of AR goes further in depth involving social media showing what messages they put up and what on their page to even an AR windshield. “Augment reality will not replace the older interfaces anytime soon however, every interface current computing interface still provides a valuable functionality and while in some cases may be limiting in others it is ideal.” (Kipp, Rampolla, 2012, pg.53). The authors states that just because AR is so useful doesn’t mean that it will be able to replace current technologies that already do their job very well in fact it is going to require a lot of time for the consumer to practice to be used effectively (Kipp, Rampolla, 2012, pg.53).
PC magazine talks about the future prospect of AR. Even know in its current state it is being used to assist complex operations in technical fields. Ben Dickson is a Software engineer who is a consultant on various tech-related issues. Dickson is a professional in his field and has many years of experience in the tech world. It is estimates that the AR field will be 49 billion by 2021 and the majority of this will come from the professional hands on workforce. “Major tech companies including Google, Facebook and Apple, have become deeply invested in the technology, providing platforms and tools for developing AR applications.”(Dickson, 2017, pg. 1) This shows that there is major interest in the tech giants to use and apply themselves. Ben Dickson (2017) references Microsoft and Autodesk working with AR:
There are a number of areas where such tools can make a big difference, including construction, architecture, and industrial engineering. The technology can help bring designers, engineers, architects, workers and even clients on the same page by helping them visualize the project as it would appear in its actual end environment, instead of having to pore over 2D maps or look around
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There Will Come Soft Rains Analysis
“There will come soft rains and the smell of the ground,...” is a line from Sara Teasdale’s poem “There Will Come Soft Rains”,a poem that is included in the short story that has the very same title, by Ray Bradbury. The poem is placed in the shor Though they share a name, does that mean they have other similarities?
The theme of Sara Teasdale’s poem was that things aren’t going to stop just because humanity did. The theme of Ray Bradbury’s short story There Will Come Soft Rains is that no matter how much you built to protect you, mankind will always find a new way to kill each other.
Both themes are similar in the sense they are both speaking of war and death, but the points they are making may differ from each other. Sara Teasdale is saying that the rest of the living things on earth will carry on even after the fall of mankind. Ray Bradbury is saying that war and death are inevitable and humanity will always want and find a way to kill each other.
In paragraph 37, the poem reads, “And not one will know of the war, not one will care at last when it is done. Not one would mind, neither bird nor tree, if mankind perished utterly; and spring herself, when she woke at dawn, would scarcely know that we were gone.” saying the rest of life on earth will carry on after the fall of humanity, and that they wouldn’t even notice we were gone. And when the house becomes paranoid, in Ray Bradbury’s short story paragraph 14, 13, and 15, the line reads, “... it had shut up it’s shades in an old-maidenly preoccupation with self protection which bordered on a mechanical paranoia… it quivered at each sound, the house did. If a sparrow brushed a window, the shade snapped up. The bird, startled, flew off!” showing the reader that the house, now paranoid of its surroundings, was protecting itself from everything, locking itself up, ect.
The irony of this is that all of these precautions the people living at the house took to stay safe from the bomb, ended up only protecting itself, the house, and letting them die. The author included the poem within the story to further explain what had happened to destroy the city and kill the citizens by writing, “ and not one will know of the war, not one will care at last when it is done.” just solidifying the fact the devastation was the product of a bomb dropped on this town because of a war.
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Technology and Higher Education
Technology has become the subject of discussions these days, and why not, no one can deny its importance. It is inevitable in almost everything we do in our daily life. With the growth and advancements in new tools, it is expected that all fields of life should quickly adapt themselves according to the requirements of evolving era. Same is the case with higher education institutions. Higher education institutions are deeply intertwined with and linked to societies they serve. Higher education is challenged to spur societal change and progress by encouraging the development of new technologies and, at the same time, to respond to demands created by technology. (Perna & Ruiz, 2016).
Many scholarly journal articles have been written to discuss different aspects of role of technology in higher education, whether 'digitization' of education is equally effective as traditional learning? Are our institutions and organizations are equipped properly to produce skilled workers who could compete in technologically-driven society? Are our teachers and instructors ready to embrace the change in learning methods and techniques? This particular journal article analyse role of technology in higher education very critically. 'More than tools? Making sense of the ongoing digitizations of higher education' by Castaneda and Selwyn, is all about problematization associated with digitization of education. According to the journal article, now isn't the time to hush our inner voices and concern about technology ruling the education system. It is high time to discuss the loop holes, and flaws rendered by this digitization. One concern is, mostly it's all about incorporation of technology in learning, it pays little consideration to underlying pedagogies and teaching models. the supposedly ‘urgent’ issues that instead take up the time and attention of educational technologists (such as instrumental or contextual concerns over ‘what works and why?’), cannot be fully understood or addressed without detailed knowledge of the pedagogical underpinnings of the technology use (Cobo, 2016). Talking about pedagogy implies being concerned about all aspects of any educational process – be it intellectual, structural, or instrumental terms. Paying close attention to pedagogy allows us to understand that the educational use of technology is not a chaotic process with dynamics that are governed by chance. Instead, any educational use of technology is a complex process that is shaped, conditioned, and modified by a range of pedagogic actors and influences. All of these elements need to be known if we are to understand or improve the educational process (Decuypere & Simons, 2016). Also, how digital technology is shaping human emotions, feelings, and behavior needs to be explored .For example, how are digital technologies mitigating and/or exacerbating feelings of disconnection, distancing and what might be termed ‘alienation’? How are people proving able to accommodate mismatches between human feelings and machine logics? It is causing hyper individualization, placing students in personal formative cycles. Digital technology in education is responsible for the 'commercialisation' of universities, giving more hold to IT industry. As Kevin Carey (2012) observed, the most influential thought leaders in higher education are increasingly likely to be programmers, hackers and trillion-dollar Silicon Valley IT industry that has grown up around them. In short, the findings of this journal article suggest that the digitization of higher education is something that needs to be framed in problematic rather than celebratory terms. While this journal article critically and successfully highlighted the side effects of use of digital technology in higher education, one can not overlook the brighter side of it. In my view, it's the compulsive need of any society to evolve with changing time, and higher education institutions can not be kept away from evolving, as these are the producers and users of technology. But one can definitely bring improvement to minimize the mechanization of individual and society. Faculty and staff can be trained to adopt new technologies and to change the mindset of 'teach as they were taught'. Institutional leadership and strategic campus planning will likely be required to counter faculty apathy and faculty resistance to new technologies and thereby maximize any potential benefits.(Perna & Ruiz). While technology offers students to be more independent, hyper individualisation can avoided by transforming teaching techniques, engaging students in more group activities, again this all goes back to the fact that pedagogical training is crucial. If teachers and instructors are better equipped, then no programmers and IT engineers can ever replace them.
The second journal article talks about 'The effect of games and simulations on higher education' as part of digitization of education. This journal article by Dimitrios Vlachopoulos and Agoritsa Makri attempts to systematically review the literature relevant to games and simulation pedagogy in higher education. Two researchers collaborate to apply a qualitative method, coding and synthesizing the results using multiple criteria. The main objective is to study the impact of games and simulations with regard to achieving specific learning objectives. The beneficial contribution of game-based learning is broadly identified by the majority of reviewers, especially regarding cognitive outcomes. Results indicate that games can be as effective as traditional learning modes, revealing their effectiveness in promoting knowledge acquisition (Smetana & Bell, 2012; Backlund & Hendrix, 2013; Clark et al., 2015; Warren et al., 2016), as well as content understanding and concept learning (Connolly et al., 2012; Li & Tsai, 2013; Fu et al., 2016). Additionally, students achieve their learning goals through playfulness and problem-based learning (Tsekleves et al., 2014), thus leading to self-efficacy and transfer of learning (Gegenfurtner et al., 2014). Serious gaming, especially given the context of enthusiastic students, has proved to be an effective training method in domains such as medical education, for example, in clinical decision-making and patient interaction (de Wit-Zuurendonk & Oei, 2011). Similarly, Kleinheskel (2014) illustrates the importance of designing self-reflective simulating activities for nursing students, and aligning such design with cognitive outcomes. When students self-reflect on simulated clinical experiences, they add to their existing knowledge, and apply new knowledge to transformative learning. Poikela et al. (2015), in a simulated nursing procedure, compare a computer-based simulation with a lecture to examine the meaningful learning students may achieve via the two teaching methods. They conclude that students who participate in the computer simulation are more likely to report meaningful learning outcomes than those taking the lecture, due to the strong presence of reflection-based activities and metacognitive themes. Similar results are present in Chen, (2015), survey in which both solitary players and collaborative groups achieve equally positive learning outcomes in a game. Students significantly improve judging by their pre- and post-test assessments, which indicates that the gaming experience affects their overall performance, and, most likely, promotes conceptual understanding. In my view, gaming and simulation motivates and develop interest in technologically driven students, each generation had their own best way of learning, and modern ay students learn best this way. Students are challenged to develop interpersonal, analytical and creative skills, discouraging absenteeism, feelings of boredom and reluctance, leading to academic achievement.
The third journal article, 'Digital academia: How higher education is affected by digital technology' written by Anton Eriksmo and Johan Sundberg is about understanding the effects of digital technology is important for higher education institutions in order to make good investments of digital technology. In this study themed interviews were conducted at a veterinary education to collect data regarding the use of a multi touch medical display table in the organization. The findings show that materiality of digital technology affects all aspects of higher education if it is facilitated by the organization. The findings also show that the organization is vital to the incorporation of digital technology in teaching as well as learning and that already existing materiality in the HE organization needs to be analyzed to understand the potential effects of new digital technology. The study indicates that material aspects of digital technology afford new action in all aspects of HE over time if it is facilitated by the organization. In accordance with multiple studies (Kirkwood, 2014; Lin & Ha, 2009; Alavi et al, 2003; Kolb & Kolb, 2005), the analysis concludes that simply implementing new digital technology does not afford new work processes in education. The involvement of the organization is imperative because any changes to teaching or learning using material aspects of new digital technology is likely to fail if it is not supported by the organization. In my view, this journal article is clear example of how working collaboratively guarantees success, no new technology can change anything if students, instructors and organization aren't playing their respective roles.
Discussion
The different views about role of technology in higher education clearly shows the complexity in overall phenomenon. Where the first journal article highlighted the flaws, and complained about the mechanization of individuals and society, the second talks about, how gamification and simulation actually changing the learning trends. This technology is used to attract attention, and make learning easier for students, even students show remarkable difference in pre and post assessments, after learning through gamification and simulation. Even the driest course content becomes appealing to learners through this way. Then the third journal article, emphasizes the fact that technology alone stands for nothing, if the driving forces, ( teachers, students, and organizations ) are not doing their jobs rightfully. Together these can make a difference, otherwise chaos. These three journal articles advocating entirely different views about technology in higher education, shows that much work needs to be done, to define the limits, to draw the lines, otherwise a time is fast approaching that technology would replace teachers and institutions, imbalancing the law of nature. If everything would be mechanized, there would be no one to teach basic human moral and characters, what good will an emotionless world would bring? 'Shall the axe boast over him who hews with it, or the saw magnify itself against him who wields it? As if a rod should wield him who lifts it, or as if a staff should lift him who is not wood!' ( Isaiah 10:15 ). This beautiful verse is enough to describe my reflection, tools are made to use, not to rule.
References
Journal articles:
Castaneda L. & Selwyn N. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education: 2018, 15: 22. Retrieved from http://educationaltechnologyjournal.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s41239-018-0109-y.
Erkismo A. & Sundberg J. Digital academia: How higher education is affected by digital technology: Retrieved from http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:921564/FULLTEXT01.pdf.
Vloouchopoulus D. & Makri A. The effect of games and simulations on higher education: a systematic literature review. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education 201714:22. Retrieved from
https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-017-0062-1.
Other references:
Ariffin, M., Oxley, A., & Sulaiman, S. (2014). Evaluating game-based learning effectiveness in higher education. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 123, 20–27 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.01.1393. Accessed 11 Sept 2016.
Auman, C. (2011). Using simulation games to increase student and instructor engagement. College Teaching, 59(4), 154–161.Badea, M. (2015). English classes and effectiveness of games in higher education. Journal Plus Education, 13(2), 79–85.
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Biesta, G. (2009). Good education in an age of measurement: On the need to reconnect with the question of purpose in education. Educational Assessment, Evaluation and Accountability, 21(1), 33–46. http://sci-hub.tw/10.1007/s11092-008-9064-9.
Blum-Ross, A., & Livingstone, S. (2016). From youth voice to young entrepreneurs: The individualization of digital media and learning. Journal of Digital and Media Literacy, 4(1/2) http://www.jodml.org.
Carey, K. (2012). The siege of academe. Washington: https://washingtonmonthly.com/magazine/septoct-2012/the-siege-of-academe/.
Clark, A. (2003). Natural-born cyborgs: Minds, technologies, and the future of human intelligence. Oxford University Press
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Water Resources Scarcity
Today. Researching and examining current impacts/trends associated with water scarcity. Articles and summary World faces 'insurmountable' water crisis by 2040 – report New research says that in less than 30 years the world will come face to face with a severe water crisis if water intensive electricity production is not curbed. The situation will cause uncontrollable widespread droughts. According to researchers, unless swift action is taken the growing energy demands will create acute water shortages all over the world. Over the past hundred years, the population of the world has increased exponentially, and the increase in water consumption has increased by six times.
If the situation is not handled there will be a 40% gap in the supply and demand gap of water by 2030(RT question more). Energy production has become the biggest source of the consumption of water, even bigger than agriculture. US may be the biggest consumer of this energy based water requirements with most of its states becoming more and more drought-prone day by day. There must better research and technological innovation to curb the amount of water used by power stations and improving the energy efficiency of the world may face unfixable water shortages. In the wake of Toledo, we need innovations to prevent a world water crisis By Dominic Basulto On the July of 2014 officials of Toledo City, Ohio issued a ban on the city’s tap water after it was tested positive for Toxins that was most likely caused by an Algae Bloom in Lake Erie. The ban alarmed residents and caused widespread panic in both Ohio and Michigan. Residents scrambled to distribution centres and stores to search for water that wasn't contaminated with Micro cystic which causes symptoms like vomiting, abdominal(Basulto, 2014).
Though the water supply was treated and the ban was lifted after two days, the algae bloom still persists and though officials have said that the bloom in 2011 was much worse the frequent blooms are causing panic in the minds of residents in the vicinity of the Lake and consider it a crown jewel in their everyday lives. Though Toledo’s water emergency may appear to be an isolated incident, in reality it is a symptom of a larger problem, of global water scarcity. The frequency of such events throughout the world is increasing at an alarming rate. There is still time before a worst case scenario occurs but 'water innovation' needs to become an important topic of discussion and advancement in the next 2 decades as the UN has already issued a prediction that the world could face a global water crisis by as soon as 2040. A world without water In the first instalment of a series on the threat of water scarcity, Pilita Clark reveals the cost to companies Coca-Cola has recently spent nearly two billion dollars to reduce water use and improve the quality of water wherever they operate. This spending has been extended to the sodden fields that are next to a minor waterway north of London known as River Nar (Financial times). This minor waterway due to outdated licensing rules has become straight and narrow and can be crossed with a single step. But the Nar is essential for Coca-Cola as it flows through farms of sugar beet that is used by the company to sweeten their drinks that are sold in the UK. Fertiliser runoffs from all these farms are the reason for Nar situation.
A brand like Coca-Cola which is brand conscious is aware that such situations are prevalent everywhere they operate and can pose a serious risk to their business. A few years ago angry protests were held against the bottling plants of the company in India over their impact on local water resources and the factories were eventually closed. There is also not an isolated situation and such issues can be identified all over the world. Even in developed countries like Britain companies are not vigilant enough to handle such issues before they deteriorate to such levels and cause losses both environmentally and financially. If You Think the Water Crisis Can't Get Worse, Wait Until the Aquifers Are Drained Aquifers are irreplaceable groundwater reserves that are being pumped irresponsibly to counter water scarcity throughout the world. These Aquifers are freshwater reserves that make up for the loss of surface water from Lakes, reservoirs and, rivers. These hidden non-renewable reservoirs are being drawn down at an unsustainable rate in several regions of the world that now face water scarcity. Moreover, these reserves are hidden and are thus the response to this crisis are limited as it is difficult to get excited and respond to things that are out of sight (news.nationalgeographic.com, 2018). Disappearing groundwater is being referred to as another out-of-sight crisis by experts. Managing and conserving groundwater reserves is becoming an alarming challenge for a drought infested environment. Since groundwater is a common resource and is available to anyone with wells and drilling equipment cooperation and collaboration will be the most essential component in protecting a shrinking line of defence against water scarcity. A report by Chinese News Service says that officials have confirmed that more than cities in China have water scarcity and around 110 of them are facing serious shortages. A study conducted by the ministry of water resources of China has concluded that over 55% of the 50,000 rivers that China had in the 1890s, have depleted and in the worst cases completely disappeared (theecologist.org, 2018). China is overexploiting its Groundwater at an unsustainable rate of 22 billion Cubic Meters a year although there per capita of consumption of water is less than about ? of the world average. China is facing a severe water scarcity issue and it is not alone. Every major world power has depleted most of their surface water resources and is heavily drawing out there non-renewable groundwater reserves and once these reserves are drained only then will the real crisis begins.
Why global water shortages pose threat of terror and war By Goldenberg, S On January 2014 Scientists at the University of California downloaded a fresh set of data from a couple of NASA satellites and released it with a rising sense of dread. The data predicted that California is on the verge of a doubt of epic proportions as the backup groundwater reserves below the region have depleted to such alarming levels that even satellites that are 400 km above the surface of the Earth could detect them (Goldenberg). 17 rural communities are extremely vulnerable to complete exhaustion of fresh water. Scientists have concluded that mankind may be o the verge of epic droughts as a result of tremendous and never before seen groundwater depletion rates. And human beings need to buckle up and start on identifying long-term management of critical reserves. Mankind is standing on a precipice and if these reserves deplete completely so will mankind, as a species, from the surface of the Earth. According to the World Bank around 114 million Indians will face desperate water shortages for domestic, agricultural and industrial use. India is the largest consumer of groundwater after China and with its rapid population growth, increasing density of population and change in the climate the cause of these situations can be pointed to primary wastage of fresh water mostly because of agricultural overexploitation (Ram Mashru, 2018).
Parts of India are working on and have pioneered solutions. The state of Andhra Pradesh has implemented highly successful, self-regulated water use. Such measures need to take throughout and the worlds to become water secure and ensure long-term sustainability for water resources. Worldwide water shortage by 2040 Source: Aarhus University A research conducted by a team of academics focused on four different case studies in the countries of India, USA, France and China. Rather than a national review of the situation the team focused on microscopic utilities and energy suppliers. They found the current needs for energy will deplete the water resources to such alarming level that it will be impossible for all four of the countries to produce electricity by 2040 and meet the water demands for other purposes (www.sciencedaily.com, 2018). If these situations are not discussed and handled while there's still time there will be no going back and human beings will walk the way of the dinosaurs in as soon as 40 years. No future. Part III: Tomorrow, Examining Current Trends to Infer in the Future Detailed weekly monitoring Originally predicted to happen on April, 'Day 0' has been recently been rescheduled to happen in July. The has been identified by experts as the day when over a million homes in Cape Town, South Africa will face a complete depletion of running water. The country is suffering from a three-year drought and its citizens have been subjected to severe water rationing, limited to 50 litres(13 gallons) per person per day (Mehta &Movik, 2014). This initiative has made a huge difference and thus the prediction of day zero has thankfully been postponed. With severe rationing the citizens of the country now understand the value of water and administrative officials believe that no one in the country will ever waste another drop of water. Like a lot of the places in the world Cape Town and the region surrounding it have predictably reached their peak water levels (Mello &Randhir, 2018). Peak Water is a term used to define the amount of water that can be reasonably taken from an area. And like many places in the world there through the region has good water managers, climate change and global warming has disrupted the hydrological cycle of the Earth which has changed the location, timing and the amount of precipitation dramatically (Sousa Júnior, et al. 2016). This has made prediction and water management planning very challenging and unstable.
The situation is causing dread in climate scientists as current water management models are all built based on a more stable climate of the past. The situation in Cape Town can happen anywhere in the world. 14 of the 20 megacities of the world are facing heavy water scarcity and drought conditions. An estimated 4 billion people are already living in regions that face a severe crisis of water supply for least 1 month in a year, and nearly half of these people are living in China (Osman, Al-Ansari &Abdellatif, 2017). These Countries have the highest population growth rate in the word and with no long-term planning the streets will only rise. Disaster data that has been compiled by the U.N. have clearly indicated that the flood s are also getting worse and happening more quickly especially in the coastal regions and river valleys. 90% of all the major natural disasters that occurred between 1995 and 2015 were events that were related to the weather (Muller, 2017). Floods accounted for over half of all the disasters that weather-related. Floods affected over 2.3 billion people, killing an estimated 157,000 in this 20 year period. The costs of extreme weather in the US alone reached a peak of $300 billion and displaced over a million American from their homes (Alvarenga, et al. 2018).
Opportunities from the sustainability Professionals With Climate being the top priority for all of Humankind specific situations have been generated that have created a need for sustainable development and sustainability officials. From job descriptions like water supply managers, hydrological economists, and engineers studying the field of hydraulics have all become essential to manage the current scenario (McEvoy, 2014). Efficient managers who understand the sustainable use of water and can propagate according to the needs of a particular region are required throughout the world. Studying the water consumption trends of an area and identifying key markers that have caused an imbalance in that region is crucial in battling water scarcity (Bredehoeft, 2018). Interest on the profession and contribution Efficient and accurate calculations will be needed to be made in order to achieve success like in case of Cape Town that avoided its‘Day 0' by inches. Economists who have studied the economic trends and their dependence on water availability will also be crucial in identifying economic markers that will help in restructuring the economic hierarchy of industries and conserve as much water as possible without causing severe losses like in case of the Coca-Cola factories in India (Muller, 2017).
Engineers will be essential in building and innovating technologies that can purify already consumed water, better water transportation systems, pipelines, artificial reservoirs and many other such endeavours that will ensure efficiency in the consumption of water by mankind. Alternative cooling agents for energy production need to identified by engineers and applied before there is no more water left to experiment with (Benge, &Neef, 2018). Human beings are working a narrow line of fire figuratively and ironically as the ire in this phrase represent water. Though dark humour might not save the day it might be able to dissolve the tension a narrative like creates.
References World faces 'insurmountable' water crisis by 2040 – report. (n.d.). Retrieved November 20, 2018, from https://www.rt.com/news/176828-world-water-crisis-2040/ Basulto, D. (2014, August 05). In the wake of Toledo, we need innovations to prevent a world water crisis. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/innovations/wp/2014/08/05/in-the-wake-of-toledo-we-need-innovations-to-prevent-a-world-water-crisis/?utm_term=.d539a81e473a A world without water - FT.com. (2018). Retrieved from http://ig-legacy.ft.com/content/8e42bdc8-0838-11e4-9afc-00144feab7de#slide0 Alvarenga, L. A., de Mello, C. R., Colombo, A., Chou, S. C., Cuartas, L. A., & Viola, M. R. (2018).
Impacts of Climate Change on the Hydrology of a Small Brazilian Headwater Catchment Using the Distributed Hydrology-Soil-Vegetation Model. American Journal of Climate Change, 7(02), 355. Retrieved from https://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?paperID=85669 Benge, L., &Neef, A. (2018). Tourism in Bali at the Interface of Resource Conflicts, Water Crisis and Security Threats. In The Tourism–Disaster–Conflict Nexus (pp. 33-52). Emerald Publishing Limited. Retrieved from https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/acs.est.8b00791 Bredehoeft, J. (2018). Water Use in the Intermontane West. Curr Res Hydrol Res: CRHR-104. DOI, 10. China's looming water crisis. (2018).
Retrieved from https://theecologist.org/2014/feb/25/chinas-looming-water-crisis Goldenberg, S. (2018). Why global water shortages pose a threat of terror and war. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2014/feb/09/global-water-shortages-threat-terror-war If You Think the Water Crisis Can't Get Worse, Wait Until the Aquifers Are Drained. (2018).
Retrieved from https://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/08/140819-groundwater-california-drought-aquifers-hidden-crisis/ McEvoy, J. (2014). Desalination and water security: The promise and perils of a technological fix to the water crisis in Baja California Sur, Mexico. Water Alternatives, 7(3), 518-541. Retrieved from http://www.water-alternatives.org/index.php/all-abs/262-a7-3-5/file Mehta, L., &Movik, S. (2014). Flows and practices: Integrated water resources management (IWRM) in African contexts. IDS Working Papers, 2014(438), 1-34. Retrieved from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.2040-0209.2014.00438.x Mello, K., &Randhir, T. (2018). Diagnosis of water crises in the metropolitan area of São Paulo: policy opportunities for sustainability. Urban Water Journal, 15(1), 53-60.
Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Timothy_Randhir/publication/321032992_Diagnosis_of_water_crises_in_the_metropolitan_area_of_Sao_Paulo_policy_opportunities_for_sustainability/links/5a710a2d458515015e63ffb4/Diagnosis-of-water-crises-in-the-metropolitan-area-of-Sao-Paulo-policy-opportunities-for-sustainability Muller, M. (2017). Understanding Cape Town's Water Crisis. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mike_Muller/publication/318060876_Understanding_Cape_Town%27s_Water_Crisis/links/5a4a25920f7e9ba868ae23af/Understanding-Cape-Towns-Water-Crisis.pdf Muller, M. (2017). Understanding the origins of Cape Town’s water crisis. Civil Engineering= SivieleIngenieurswese, 2017(v25i5), 11-16.
Retrieved from https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/53722069/Cape_town_what_went_wrong_Civil_Engineering_June_2017_vf.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAIWOWYYGZ2Y53UL3A&Expires=1542540432&Signature=4nw2mop9G9Ry4JvQ%2BtVudFUcmH4%3D&response-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%3DUnderstanding_Cape_Towns_water_crisis.pdf Osman, Y., Al-Ansari, N., &Abdellatif, M. (2017). Climate change model as a decision support tool for water resources management in northern Iraq: a case study of Greater Zab River. Journal of Water and Climate Change, jwc2017083. Retrieved from http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1160714/FULLTEXT01.pdf Ram Mashru, T. (2018). India’s Worsening Water Crisis. Retrieved from https://thediplomat.com/2014/04/indias-worsening-water-crisis/ Sousa Júnior, W., Baldwin, C., Camkin, J., Fidelman, P., Silva, O., Neto, S., & Smith, T. F. (2016). Water: drought, crisis and governance in Australia and Brazil. Water, 8(11), 493. Retrieved from https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/8/11/493/html Worldwide water shortage by 2040. (2018). Retrieved from https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/07/140729093112.htm
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International Free Trade
Since international trade became a relevant force in economies around the world, there have been many theories and models created in order to explore the best way to conduct international commerce. Near the end of the 15th century, the fall of feudalism led to further development of a true international marketplace. The voyages carried out by Christopher Columbus opened new opportunities to for the west to trade with Asia and the Americas; Mercantilism was born in the wake. Mercantilism is an economic theory that international trade should be aimed at the accumulation of specie, or tradable currency, in an attempt to increase a nation’s value. Mercantilism led to a large push for exports and restraints on imports so that a country could acquire more monetary currency. Mercantilism was succeeded by the ideas of classical economists, notable Adam Smith, whose research shines light on the true value of an economy. In his famous work, The Wealth of Nations, Adam Smith revealed the devastating affects that mercantilism had on international trade. Mercantilism often led to retaliatory tariffs that choked international trade. Smith explained that the real wealth of a nation is its trading power. It does not matter as much how many dollars a country has, but weather that country is worth trading with. Greater prosperity could be reached by utilizing more of the world’s resources. Thee core of modern economics still relies on most of the teachings of Adam Smith, especially in the western capitalism.
20th Century International Trade
The 20th century brought about a growth of trade in services and a rise in production and trade by multinational firms. The distinguishing factor between the 19th and 20th century trade however remains the relevance of the multinational corporation. Prior to the 20th century, there were only Portfolio investments, which are investments in the form of a group of assets. Trading barriers were taken down and transportation costs were cheaper. Multinational trade contracts were signed, notably the General Agreement of Tariffs and Trade (GATT), the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), the European Union (EU), and the World Trade Organization (WTO). Modern globalization stumbled in the aftermath of WW1. Many European dominated networks responded sharply to threats of the “others”, and some would classify their reaction as declaring themselves guardians of universal morality and law. After WW2 politicians around the world worked to break down trade barriers. The Bretton Woods conference was held in 1944, which represented an international agreement between 44 of the worlds more relevant nations to create a trading framework for international finance and commerce. As a result, there were several international institutions erected to oversee the progress of globalization. Multinational Corporations largely led the charge for globalization and international trade of science, information, and technological products drove prosperity of many national up rapidly. Since World War II, barriers to international trade have been considerably lowered through international agreements
International Economics Today
International trade plays a tremendous role in the American economy and the wellbeing of its citizens. A report published by the Unites States Chamber of commerce explains “The U.S. is the world’s largest exporter of goods and services, exporting over $2.3 trillion in 2014, according to the U.S. Department of Commerce. Over 38 million American jobs depend on trade, and with around 95% of the world’s population living outside of the U.S., there is an abundance of opportunity for the country in international trade, particularly in the manufacturing, services and agriculture industries.” () Since then, China has become the world’s largest exporter, with over 2 trillion dollars of exports in 2017. Modern technology and transportation have made international trade more accessible than ever.
Recently however, uncertainty in the status of international trade has become the norm. 2018 will likely being changes to long-standing trade relations between the world’s leading contributors. Renegotiations are likely to take place for many international trade agreements, including NAFTA, the U.S.-Korea Free Trade Agreement (KORUS), and the Trans Pacific Partnership (TPP).
The Great Divide
In America there seems to be disconnect between economist and citizens about the best economic plan for the country. The disconnect is rooted deeper than the constant and current political conversation, and the conversation must maintain its focus on combating deeper concerns than tariff rates on steal. To put it simply, the American Public is not aware of the nuances involved in free trade.
The American public blames trade for many of its woes. While trade was a large factor in the 1980s and 1990s, in this century the technology and automation have caused the vast majority of job losses. Americans are more accepting of job losses to technology than to trade. This is an important point because it has not always been the case. For example, the industrialization period brought tremendous outrage from manufacturing workers who were disenfranchised. Today however, the public is less willing to cope with job leaving the country than jobs being replaced by technology. Protectionist policies and trade restrictions are becoming a more acceptable idea to many citizens and this will have large ramifications. The being carried by the American Pubic is not that free trade is unproductive for the entire country. It is however that the negative effects that free trade brings on some individuals is justification for the rejection of free trade altogether.
Economists must be specific in addressing the concerns of the public because the public is not totally misinformed. In general, the American public understands how specification and trade can allow for a wider and more affordable product basket. The public is also in overwhelming support of exportation. The disconnect comes from a lack of understanding in the effects of free trade, especially in the long term.
The Nuance of Free Trade
In order to understand free trade and the complexities of a structure that is pursuing a free trade model, one must be willing to have a difficult conversation. Economic policy is not an easy thing to understand and individuals often oversimplify concepts to make them more practical. For instance, a mostly open trade policy is often considered to be efficient economically, but a totally open trade policy is almost never put into practice. A conversation regarding the best economic trading policy should be carried out in a two-step process. The first step is dedicated to understanding the most economically efficient way of trading, and the next step is to communicate and adjust the policy so that it does not encroach on immovable societal values. High restriction trading leads to economic inefficiently and threatens the financial security of a nation, while totally free trade policies leave systems vulnerable to supporting destructive industries and disenfranchising members of the domestic community.
Most economists will agree with Ricardian Economics, especially as they pertain to international trade. David Ricardo was a English stock broker turned economist who developed a trade theory based on comparative advantage ad specialization. These two concepts challenged the popular mercantilism that was common practice during his life. His famous example of trade between Portugal and England explained the benefits of trade for all countries dependent on comparative advantage. David Ricardo developed this international trade theory based in comparative advantage and specialization, two concepts that broke with mercantilism that until then was the ruling economic doctrine. He introduced this theory for the first time in his book “On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation”, 1817, using a simple numerical example concerning the trade between Portugal and the England in the following way:
• Labor costs per unit of cloth (C) and wine (W) produced by England (E) and Portugal (P) are represented on the graph below. Though Portugal has an absolute advantage in the production of both goods, England has the comparative advantage in the production of cloth. Since a comparative advantage exists in each country, specialization would create a larger supply of both goods internationally than if each country produced and consumed only domestic products.
Ricardian way
From this understanding, Ricardo was able to explain how international trading would increase the production possibilities frontier, which is a curve depicting all maximum output possibilities for two goods, given a set of inputs consisting of resources and other factors. In absence of trade, each country would only be able to produce and consume what it produced, and that would be greatly less than it would be able to consume if they practiced international trade.
If Portugal specialized in wine production and England specialized in cloth and each country traded its surplus to the other, than the world goods basket would be richer. Economic efficiency does not mean that every individual in the economy will be impacted the same way. The English wine producers will be very hesitant of international trade because it would mean that they have to compete with Portuguese vineyards that have to smaller opportunity costs to produce wine. These truths translate to today, with manufacturing communities often supporting protectionist policies that support an industry that is threatened by uninterrupted trade.
Gains from trade is greater when comparative advantages are greater, therefore small and focused economies would see greater gains from international trade, and that is why they often play a responsive role to larger economies. This theory is incredibly sound and still remains some of the most relevant information in modern economic trading policy. Ricardian therefore proves its viability as the most efficient trading policy, but that is only the first step in the conversation. John Stewart mills is credited for some of the most constructive criticisms of Ricardian economics in his work On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation (1817). John Stuart Mill was concerned with reciprocal demand as he argued that it was not necessarily true that demand and supply across countries would be met. Ricardian theory is not the divine stone tablet by which to coordinate international trade. The theory of comparative costs may shoe the limits of trading equilibrium, but it does not thoroughly explain the process by which a country should determine terms of trade. Implementation of Ricardian trade theory therefor, must be intentional and molded to fit the structure of each individual economy.
Economic prosperity is not the only type of prosperity that a society is interested in; there are many different factors that contribute to the overall prosperity of a nation. An excellent example of an economic forfeit is the United State’s embargo on Cuba. The Cuban Revolution caused the United States to enforce a series of trade and travel restrictions on Cuba in 1962. The longest trade embargo in history was intended to force Cuba into economic isolation and destruct the Castro government. The statutes prohibit the majority of imports and exports between the Unites States and Cuba. According to the US Chamber of Commerce, the embargo costs the U.S. economy $1.2 billion annually, and the Cuba cites its total economic losses at over $750 billion. The embargo clearly shoes the sacrifice that countries are willing to make economically for different prosperity platforms. The same could be said for trade relations with potentially dangerous countries, as supporting their economy might require forfeits on national security. It becomes clear that a Ricardian economic model is a starting point from witch to be adapted.
Conclusion
International trade is the one of the most productive practices that a country can utilize in an effort to better the welfare of its citizens. It is important to understand the complexities and nuance of a free trade model however, because free trade, though productive on a communal level, will often put domestic contributors at a disadvantage. Since the fall of mercantilism, society has had different responses to free trade and its effect on domestic production. In the Industrial Revolution, free trade was generally supported while technological advancements were seen as harmful. Recently, free trade has received criticism as some believe it to disenfranchise domestic production. The common thread in all of these societal concerns is that free trade models are societies unwillingness to forfeit the negatives that come from free trade in order to gain the benefits. This being said, free trade and Ricardian economics should be tailored to an individual economy and continually molded to fit the current situation. This places a sizeable responsibility on the shoulders of lobbyist and policy makers to fit transform the Ricardian model for trade into a practical trade policy for the time. It is also important to note that trade policy primarily concerned with the economic wellbeing of the home state, but that is not the only concern. Economist must be aware that the general population will think of free trade as more of a multifaceted problem than a purely economic one. Domestic loyalty, national security, and job security are very likely to influence the discussion for the public while only remaining side notes for economists. The public must also be aware of the benefits of free trade and appreciate how different economies can help each other by attributing to the international market place.
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The Evil of Money and Power: Jay Gatsby, Macbeth and Tom Walker
In today’s society, the idea that money can buy happiness is prevalent in the ordinary lives of most people. As a society we often equate the attainment of money or power with happiness. In many cases obtaining wealth or power does not always guarantee happiness. Furthermore, wealth exposes people to more sadness because greedy people are never content with life. These people are constantly seeking more. In the works of The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald, Macbeth by William Shakespeare and “The Death Of Tom Walker” by Washington Irving , greed is a substantial motivator in the main character’s Jay Gatsby, Macbeth and Tom Walker relationship, ambitions and future. The works expresses the undeniable urge to succeed even at the cost of losing morals, even though obtaining this does not ensure happiness in the end.
The Great Gatsby is introduced from the point of view of Nick Carraway, Gatsby’s next door neighbor. The story is set on the north shore of Long Island between two classes the East Egg and West Egg during the 1920s. East Egg consists of people who come from wealthy families or old money and West Egg consists of the newly wealthy or new money. The characters Tom Buchanan and Daisy Buchanan live in the East Egg; while Daisy’s cousin Nick and Jay Gatsby live in the West Egg. This story follows the four main characters and their undying desire for wealth and power. This unending pursuit influences the characters to be careless and disregard the consequences of their actions.
During the altercation between Tom Buchanan and Jay Gatsby, Gatsby desperately begs Daisy to tell Tom that she does not cherish him and she is leaving him. In the quote “ Oh, you want too much!' she cried to Gatsby. 'I love you now—isn't that enough? I can't help what's past.' She began to sob helplessly. 'I did love him once—but I loved you too'( 141-142). It becomes clear to the reader that Daisy can not leave her husband. This stuns Gatsby because he has dedicated his life to winning over Daisy. Although Gatsby obtains a great amount of wealth, he is still incapable of achieving his goal of winning back Daisy. This action ultimately makes the money and the power useless.
In the quote:
He had come a long way to this blue lawn and his dream must have seemed so close that he could hardly fail to grasp it. He did not know that it was already behind him, somewhere back in that vast obscurity beyond the city, where the dark fields of the re-public rolled on under the night (193)
Nick Carraway is reflecting on Gatsby’s life and comes to the conclusion that Gatsby already had happiness. Gatsby had happiness in North Dakota, but left it due to his pursuit of wealth and the illusion that he can repeat the past. Although he has come a long way, happiness is still at a reach because no amount of money can achieve his dream.
Throughout the novel, Gatsby is a conflicted; he assimilate the love of a woman with accomplishment. When daisy rejects Gatsby and returns to Tom Buchanan, Gatsby is emptied of love and ambition. Brian McCombie stated in his article “ Gatsby vast fortune acts as a great emotional cushion, allowing Gatsby to indulge his romantic and fanciful ideas about his relationship with Daisy”(McCombie). Overall wealth and material do not guarantee happiness.
In the novel Macbeth by William Shakespeare, the main character struggles with his ambition and the retainment of morals. Ambition is displayed as a treacherous element that ultimately leads to the downfall of Macbeth. Ambition also brings about the many deaths that occur throughout the story. The story begins with Macbeth and Banquo receiving information about their future. After this encounter, Macbeth becomes obsessed with the idea of obtaining this power and tries to kill of anyone that poses as an obstacle. In the end, Macbeth fiery ambition is extinguished when Malcolm becomes the king.
Macbeth ambition is motivated by numerous of factors such as the witches prophecy that was Macbeth will become king. Once the prophecy is revealed, Macbeth becomes obsessed by the idea of becoming a powerful man and he wonders how the throne will become his. It becomes obvious that the witches how stirred an urge in him to obtaining this idea in the quote “My thought, whose murder yet is but fantastical, Shakes so my single state of man that function Is smother’d in surmise” (Act 1, Scene 3). Macbeth considers doing an evil deed in order to get the throne and become king.
Macbeth ambition is also motivated by his wife, Lady Macbeth, she is the driving force that encourages Macbeth to act on his evil deeds. Although Macbeth knows he had to take action and participate in an evil deed he is still uncomfortable with the idea. However. Lady Macbeth is willing to do anything to fulfill this prophecy including aging blood on her hands. Lady Macbeth questions his masculinity by stating “When you durst do it, then you were a man” (Act 1, Scene 6). Eventually Macbeth overcomes his sense of guilt and his ambition spilled out of control a de forces him to commit numerous murders throughout the play.
According to an article by Renaissance Quarterly, “vaulting ambition stops as nothing, not evening associating with the Devil” (Freund). This is evident throughout the play when he is commits murder numerous of times to cover up his wrongdoings. Macbeth and Lady Macbeth’s ambition ultimately causes their downfall with Macbeth viewed as a murderous tyrant and Lady Macbeth committing suicide due to guilt.
“The Devil and Tom Walker” is a short story set a few miles from Boston,Massachusetts about the main protagonist Tom Walker; a miserly man and his equally despicable wife, who cheat each other and constantly fight. Both Tom and his wife are willing to do anything to obtain wealth including selling their souls to the Devil for worldly benefits.The main conflict in the story has to do with the protagonist’s greed. Toward the end of the story Tom realizes that he does not want to go to hell and becomes a vigorous church-goer.
The short story proves that greed and selfish corroborate to the destruction of humans. Throughout the story it becomes evident that Tom had distorted values; this is evident in the quote:
'Tom consoled himself for the loss of his property, with the loss of his wife, for he was a man of fortitude. He even felt something like gratitude toward the black woodsman, who, he considered, had done him a kindness (pg.662).”
Tom values material property above his wife. Tom despise his wife so much he considers that the Devil has done him a favor for killing her. Greed is a popular theme throughout the short story and ultimately lead to the demise of Tom Walker. Tom Walker is filled with greed and when greed is put on view, the ability to sympathize and empathize are forgotten.
The three works demonstrate that although the characters Jay Gatsby, Macbeth and Tom Walker thought that money and power would bring them happiness. Sadly, money and power only led these characters to lose their morals and ultimately led to their downfall. Money and power are incapable of creating a sense of fulfillment in each of the characters. In fact, the attainment of money leads to the loss of morals among the characters.
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The Evil of Money and Power: Jay Gatsby, Macbeth and Tom Walker. (2021, Mar 24).
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Overcome your Fear of Failure
Fear is the number one enemy of success, a matter of fact, it is the enemy of all. Fear has keeps many from success, it has kept many from turning the lights in their path, afraid they would bump into something. Well, here and there we appreciate some bumping in the dark.We mostly fear when we see someone fall, we only fear when certain path we want to go was already tested but the only failure was the result ...'There is only one thing that makes a dream impossible to achieve: the fear of failure.' Paulo Coelho
I myself still am fearful to put myself out there. In the beginning, I was excited to always posting live videos, but then I became very anxious because every time when I stand in front of the camera and seeing how many people were following my lives, all I wanted to say was gone out of my mind. But having kids who support me was helpful, we all want someone by our side who can support us, a friend, sister, spouse who is not a negative or toxic with your decision don't let others fears become your fear.It’s OK to be nervous.Now If Oprah had let her fear of failure wear her like a glove and stop her, from touching her mark she’ll have never been the successful and inspiring entrepreneur there had been. “Whatever you fear most has no power - it is your fear that has the power. The thing itself cannot touch you. But if you allow your fear to seep into your mind and overtake your thoughts, it will rob you of your life.” Oprah Winfrey
Fear dictates the actions you take. fear causes us to freeze, meaning to leave reality and live a fantasy life due to fear of taking action. Some of us fear the real world and the demands this world bring along with it. so we freeze everything out of fear to live a lie. fight, sometimes fear paralyzed us from taking action to fight to make our vision a reality, which includes little things such as being required to film or do certain things in order to decisive customers etc. When we are overwhelmed by fear, we may experience fright: meaning we neither fight or flee killing our dream fast...but if you want it so bad, you will not fear a thing.
Youtube or talking to your audience lives is one of the most powerful tool to get more subscribers and leads etc. however, If you are one of those who fears to be in front of a camera, you can do a voice memo where you only show what you are talking about or you can film yourself walking then switch to voice memo. Or when you are doing lives be around people that support you. I recommend if you are camera shy ask your friends if they can joy you on your live chat with your viewers. We tend to not be fearful or shy when we are surrounded by people with good vibes. Another trick to get rid of fear is ….Always practice what you are going to say to your viewers before going live….
Now If the fear of failure is what’s holding you back, from doing anything to fulfill your vision, I encourage you to change your definition or the norm of failure. I encourage you to change the norm of failure to YOUR DEFINITION of FAILURE, envision failures as learning opportunities on the way to success because it is we fear to fail so much that we fail to see the importance and value of failing. Aren't we all fearfully?.we are fearful of the littlest things. Please comment below what are you fearful of...or if I forgot somethings comment it down below to help everyone else.
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The Use of Nonverbal Communication
All people use nonverbal communication during a conversation. For the most part, many of us, when unsure whether to consider the speaker’s verbal or nonverbal cues, will pick nonverbal cues. This is due to how our nonverbal messages are natural, spontaneous, and unconscious.
Nonverbal cues share the speaker’s real feeling and intentions and typically never fails to do so. The use of nonverbal communication transfers many things. It regulates our spoken conversation and gives critical information to the narrator; it is the foundation that builds relationships and tells about the truthfulness of a statement (Cuddy, 2012). It modifies what was said in words in various ways (Salovey & Mayer, 1991). Our body language cues have five significant roles. The first cue is using repetition; this is when we repeat what a person said nonverbally, such as smiling or nodding while talking about how happy an event made them feel. The second cue is contradicting. One can oppose what they are trying to convey by giving an opposite message with their bodily gestures such as shaking your head while the other person is speaking (Cuddy, 2012). An example would be twisting your face into a look of distaste while complimenting someones clothing choices. Substitution is one of the forms of body language that plays a significant role in any interaction. When somebody is deeply troubled, they don’t need words to show their sadness because it can be seen in their eyes and the way they hold their facial muscles. Facial expressions, gestures, paralinguistics, body language and posture, proxemics, eye gaze, appearance, and touch are all part of how we communicate nonverbally (Burgoon, Floyd, & Guerrero, 2010). While it may not be something we are conscious of, social interactions rely heavily on nonverbal communication between people (Salovey & Mayer, 1991). A quick interaction as you pass someone on the street all the way onto an involved conversation with a coworker or friend all send information back and forth to those involved in the discussion and even to those in the vicinity, through nonverbal cues. The sending side and the receiving side of nonverbal communication all have patterns that appear to be a product of natural selection (Salovey & Mayer, 1991). While cultural differences do have bearings on nonverbal communication, different cultures use different body language, and specific nonverbal cues mean different things in different cultural settings.
The use of nonverbals includes managing impressions, expressing intimacy, providing information, and causing influence. In a social context using the nonverbal interactions can help with specific goals as we go after an attempt to create contact with other people (Sprowl, 2010). Humans are incredibly social, we are born into a group (family), we work in groups, and we play in groups. Due to this, we interact with a wide variety of people in many kinds of situations. While we do engage verbally, which is an essential aspect of communication, the nonverbal cues and interactions provide a more significant impact on how we think and feel about other people, and often, how we get along with them. When engaging in a verbal conversation that is not the only communication happening. An entire discussion or flow of commentary can be changed or stopped by one person’s facial expressions; a speaker can give a different meaning to words by using gestures, the tone of voice, and face movement (Burgoon, Floyd, & Guerrero, 2010). If we think about it, a lot of our interactions with our friends, people we work with, and family, these times is not always filled with verbal conversation. The activities that we share, such as playing a game, eating meals together, going for a hike, involve frequent times where people are not speaking to each other.
However, even though we are quiet, nonverbal, we are still having interactions with our partners (Burgoon, Floyd, & Guerrero, 2010). These interactions are happening on a silent, nonverbal level. There are many settings in a society where doing something as simple as sitting in a restaurant or walking through a busy park involves the use of small behavioral adjustments due to how close other people are to us. While we have no intention of talking to those around us we are having interactions with our body language. Communication cannot always be directly observed; it can, however, be inferred from other things that happen that are observable (Cuddy, 2012). Due to this, communication is very much like personality, or attitudes, what we cannot see, or touch. Communication can help us understand events that happen directly to us, as well as indirectly about another person (Burgoon, Floyd, & Guerrero, 2010).
Nonverbal cues play a significant role in my work life, my interactions with behavioral rehabilitation and foster children, young boys age six to thirteen, starts with building relationships and much of this is based on my nonverbal communication. My facial expressions, body language, use of touch and the way I move and hold my hands reassures the children, and I have built my success with de-escalation around using nonverbal techniques. The concepts involved in the nonverbal communication is something that I am developing a training program around for the facility that I work at. Much of how we interpret nonverbal cues is based on our past experiences.
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Nonverbal Communication in Everyday Life
To be a successful worker today company’s look to hire people who poses the skills of good eye contact, dress the part, are confident, and can have appropriate tone, facial, and posture. These are all examples of nonverbal communication. We use nonverbal messages to share information without speaking. This kind of communication can be found anywhere from at the grocery store to the workplace. It can affect anything from culture, to different communication channels or our nonverbal competence. Nonverbal communication is a critical process for building and maintaining relationships we form in life.
Most of our life relationships are lived and fulfilled nonverbally. We can expression nonverbal messages through support, affection, love, hate nonverbally. Verbal conversation contains many speaking ques, and signals as to what to say next and how to respond to the speaker. It is our nonverbal messages that can greatly influence and even deceive the speaker. At a previous job my nonverbal communication skill played a large role as being a sales associate. I used the different channels of nonverbal communication to interact with my employees and customers differently. My body messages did a lot of the communication for me by providing different body gestures and different affect displays. Kinesics, “is the study of communication through body movement” (Devito, 114). I would use emblems such as the “okay sign” or “hand wave” to interact with my employees and customers. Affect displays, “are the movements of the face that convey emotional meaning” (114). Examples are facial expression for happiness, sadness, or even shock. When checking out a customer is was common to give the customer different facial expresses while they spoke about their day or something that is happening to them. This shows them that I am listening while working. At the nursing home it is common to see the “be quiet” sign with the hand to mouth. I use this with older patients who are raising their voice without realizing. This lets them know to quiet down and not to disturb the others around. I did not have to say a word and interrupt them, but my nonverbal message is received. “Regulators monitor, maintain, or control the speaking of another individual.” If you are listening to someone speak you are active, responding with “uh-huh” or nodding your head are actions of regulators. Every culture has their own regulators and speakers take these actions receive these actions as nonverbal messages. We can affect the speaker with our regulator responses.
We the people are forever changing and because of this the way we communicate verbally and nonverbally will also continue in a forever changing state. Our cultural differences result in different meanings of gestures in different cultures. For example, “waving your hand would be insulting in Nigeria and Greece. Gesturing with your thumb up would be rude in Australia” (Devito, 115). Our day to day actions here can mean the quite opposite there. Our body appearance also plays a role in nonverbal communication. Things like height, weight, ethnic appearance help people infer suitability, or likeliness. Height is one of the most important features in body appearance and is seen as superior. Devito states in the text, “When corporate recruiters were shown identical resumes for people some of whom were noted as being 5’5” and others as being 6’1”-everything else being the same-the taller individual was chosen significantly more often than were the shorter individuals” (117). The taller person was chosen more frequently solely based on that person height advantage. In more and more culture’s height is becoming a positive body appearance that is perceived as importance. To be perceived as an emotional person in a positive way we communicate with our nonverbal facial ques. “In fact, facial movements alone seem to communicate the degree of pleasantness, agreement, and sympathy a person feels” (117). When communication with children we often go by their facial expression to infer how or what they are feeling. As humans we can make at least eight emotions with just our facial expressions. The most common is the smile, it is tied with the sense of pleasure, happiness, and being friendly. “One study, for example, found that participants rated people who smile as more likeable and more approachable than people who don’t smile or who only pretend to smile” (Devito, 118). A person’s smile is often the first thing you notice when meeting someone new, or the first action when you see someone you know. Thus, being the most common form of nonverbal communication.
If one seeks to improve their communication abilities it is important for them to learn the importance of the nonverbal messages of the speaker and receiver(s). When being active in nonverbal communication there is a process of encoding and decoding going on in our unconscious. In the encoding process were taking in information like facial expressions, hand gestures, and the person poster or tone of voice. Decoding is the interpretation we infer from the encoding process. When in the decoding process of nonverbal messages, it is important to, “mindfully seek alternative judgements” (Devito, 143). When working with a classmate on an assignment some may just want to split the assignment up evenly and have their space. They may act distant or avoid eye contact. But this could also mean they are not comfortable with the material and are wanting you to take the lead on the assignment. Therefore, it is important to pay attention to the nonverbal signals. It is important to be patient and be openminded to the different channels of the nonverbal messages. When in the encoding state of nonverbal messages, it is also relevant to, “keep your nonverbal messages consistent with your verbal messages avoid sending verbal messages that say one thing and nonverbal messages that say something else” (143). It is important to keep eye contact and to refrain from judgement. As an employee at a nursing home and working with kids at libraries I have learned to watch for the consistency between verbal and nonverbal messages. While working with older people sometimes their answers to the question, “How is your pain level?” do not match up. Sometimes I get, “I am okay” but followed with an unease look upon their face. This can also be found among my peers in class. A fellow classmate while speaking about a topic, spoke with positive body gestures and a smile but talked about her distain toward the topic in passion. The verbal and nonverbal messages were on two different channels.
Nonverbal messages can be between two or more people and it is the exchange of information using cues such as body language, kinesics, body appearance, decoding and encoding. Examples of nonverbal communication are facial expressions, gestures, eye contact, and hand shakings. The point of nonverbal communication is to get you point or message across without having to verbally say it. Being able to communicate well nonverbally allows you to be perceived as attractive, likeable, and someone who can handle cultural differences. Another benefit of the skill set of nonverbal communication is the closer relationships and perceived as an organized speaker. Nonverbal communication is a critical process for building and maintaining relationships we form in life.
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Nonverbal Communication – Important Part in Day Life
Communication plays an increasingly vital role in healthy and functioning relationships, and is a key to many spheres in the human life, but oftentimes, though one is speaking to someone, their point is not getting across. Effective communication takes into account the way someone utilizes the words and sentences at their exposure, and the deliverance of said words, the intonation and sign language they use. Successful usage of the tools at our disposal can do a multitude of things, such as conveying the proper messages at the right time, recovering social blunders, and many more.
At its most basic level, communication refers back to the process by which people exchange information, feelings, and meanings through verbal and non-verbal messages. People see that it is merely the process of conveying information from one person to another person, but it is when people think about how one may communicate that things become delicate. Many people believe that verbal communication is used more profoundly in daily life, and its knowledge is more important, but they’re not exactly right. Non verbal communication complements, as well as supplements, the spoken language, where an absence of either one of them can and will lead to misinterpretation.
Verbal communication, to be blunt, is quite obviously a spoken communication. But, in a broader sense, it covers any form of communication involving words- spoken, written or signed. The news that is read, the conversations held amongst friends, even the text messages exchanged between two people are all a form of verbal communication. The ability to communicate withwords, rather than sounds is one distinguishing characteristic between humans and animals. With the way the world has progressed, minus a language barrier, the technology that has come to existence enables people to communicate one another, no matter what the physical distance is.
Humans use verbal communication to impart knowledge and information clearly, and it’s been in usage since prehistoric times.(The Importance of Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication, Amy Lucas, LiveStrong.com). It helps to solve misunderstandings, and provides missing information, and can even be used to correct wrongs. Verbal communication can also be used to pursuade others, by creating a chance for debate,or stimulating thought and creativity. “A species survival depends critically upon its ability to communicate effectively, and the quality of its social life is determined in large measure by how and what it can communicate.” ( Robert, 2002).
However, effective verbal or spoken communication is dependent on other models of communication and if it is completely isolated from other effective communication methods, such as non verbal communication, listening skills, and clarification, one will face problems in conveying the right message. In other ways, aspects of non-verbal communication such as clarity of speech, staying silent and focused, and being well-mannered will all help in the process of having effective verbal communication.
Non-verbal communication refers to all messages conveyed, except for what it is actually being said. Messages include various types of body language- gestures, facial expressions, eye contact, and even posturing. For instance, when one friend smiles upon sight of another, before even greeting them, it is indicated that the friend is happy to see the other. “A recent UK study found that participants found photos of people who are smiling and looking directly at you to be the most attractive, and the very same faces were found to be less attractive when looking away or off to the side.” – Ph.D Carol Kinsey Goman
Another non-verbal cue is touch. It helps in indicating a person’s feelings or expressions, closeness, and illustrates characteristics of that person. How someone feels about touching another indicates more than just what a person says. Going in for a hug when greeting someone conveys genuine happiness at seeing the other, while lingering awkwardly and not offering a form of affection can show reluctance.
Never less, the sound, pitch, tone and volume of one’s voice while they are communicating can also be referred to as a form of non-verbal communication. Voice is defined by tone, and by vocally-admitted sounds. The pitch in someone’s voice is used to differentiate whether the sentence is a command, or advice ,or perhaps a question or a statement, and whether it shows an signs of aggression.
The clothing one wears, and its color, are also other forms of non-verbal communication, a form that commonly outlines judgements among peers, depending on different cultures and custom.
Nonverbal communication is important in expressing emotion. Emotions such as happy, satisfied, confident, surprised, eager, tired, stressed, and sad can all be expressed through different body gestures and facial expressions. Many are able to understand each other just based on the expression they wear. If someone cries, it indicates that something has happened to them, and that they are upset about it.
Non-verbal gestures are what recipients see in the first place, even before one utters a single word. These messages can be a visual aid of how someone is feeling, even when words convey a different message. Using non-verbal cues can help in expressing meaning, and thus, expression of the face becomes a heavily relied on form of non-verbal communication.
Nonverbal communication plays a critical role in navigating interpersonal relationships. Through interpersonal communication, trust in relationships is established, and a person’s fidelity can be easily ascertained, but these are possible only through using a combination of verbal and non-verbal communication.
Interpersonal communication includes communications that occurs with words- with tone of voice-posture and facial expressions. It is also found by many researchers that non-verbal, interpersonal communication, like body language may, communicate 93 percent of someone’s attitudes and beliefs.
Non-verbal communication is essentially the back bone of verbal interaction. In fact, they often supplement each other, and help give a full meaning to what is being said, all because non-verbal communication can repeat the spoken message, contradict the message that an individual is trying to convey, emphasize the message, substitute, or complement meaning to make someone else understand clearly.
Non-verbal communication can also be used to reflect an individual’s personality. “Personality is the entire mental organization of a human being at any stage of his development. It embraces every phase of human character: intellect, temperament, skill, morality, and every attitude that has been built up in the course of one’s life.” (Warren & Carmichael, 1930, p. 333). So, according to the above definition, personality concerns the most vital, obvious parts of an individual’s psychological life: whether a person is vibrant, lethargic, depressed, anxious, or many other things. Personality is not always conveyed in how someone speaks, but also in how someone stands, laughs, or even fidgets.
Lastly, nonverbal communication plays an important part in simplistic rituals, such as greetings and goodbyes. The smile one smiles as soon as they see someone they recognize from distance, waving hand, indicating a goodbye,nodding or shaking their head, accepting or refusing when others tell something or offer something, these are all details about how non-verbal communication interacts with verbal communication, through the process of reinforcement, contradiction, and substitution, complementing or emphasizing.
Unfortunately, body language, symbols, and signs tend to possess more than one meaning. Non-verbal communication is not easily understandable,and can be quite confusing because it is not exact and universal in every society, but body language plays a pivotal role and is essential to every day life.
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How Nonverbal Communication Affect Society?
Communication is simply the process of transferring information from one place, person or group to another. Every communication needs involves (at least) one sender, a message and a recipient. It sound simple, but communication is actually a very complex subject. By 'communication' is here meant what Birdwhistell (1967, p. 80) has called 'the structured dynamic processes relating to the interconnectedness of living systems- a multichannel system emergent from, and regulative of, the influence able multisensory activity of living systems'. While this is one definition which invokes a distinction between 'informational' and 'integrational' communication which overrides the less productive dichotomy between verbal and nonverbal since it presumes that, in Birdwhistell's own words, studying nonverbal communication is like studying a noncardiac physiology (Knapp, 1972, p. 3).
Although, frequently associated with speech, there is also a nonverbal facet of communication. Nonverbal signals include everything we wordlessly say, including sighs, eye contact, tone of voice, hand movements and body language. Nonverbal gestures are learned shortly after birth, practiced and refined throughout a person’s lifetime. We learn this gestures since our childhood phase, we as a children first learn nonverbal gestures by watching and imitating our surrounding. Young children know far more than they can verbalize and generally rely heavily on adults’ nonverbal cues. Later as an adult, we practice nonverbal communication in our day-to-day life, eventually we get engaged into nonverbal communication when we verbally communicate. In fact, you might have heard it before: “It’s not what you say, it’s how you say it.” The irrefutable fact is that in every situation our body language or nonverbal communication always speaks louder than our words.
In light of this truth, learning to effectively read nonverbal cues can be an invaluable skill in countless business interactions. Whether you’re in a meeting, interview, pitch or presentation, understanding the full realm of what is being communicated will give you a tremendous edge, telling you when it’s time to pull back or if it’s safe to push on. And since the cues of nonverbal communication are universal, it only takes practice to hone your body language skills.
Humans use nonverbal communication for a number of reasons. First, words have limitations in expressing direction, shape and personality. Secondly, a nonverbal signal is more powerful often verbal messages deal with surroundings, whereas nonverbal messages convey inner expressions. For example, an individual may say something complimentary about a movie, but their nonverbal communication might identify the comment as sarcastic. Thirdly, nonverbal messages are more likely to be more genuine, based on the fact that nonverbal behaviors cannot be controlled as easily as spoken words. Lastly, a separate communication thread is necessary to help send complex messages a speaker can add enormously to a verbal message through simple nonverbal signals. (Kansas State University, 2003)
Reflecting to one’s day-to-day life in a work place, when you enter a room to speak with a valuable client or customer, your walk can speak volumes about you and what you have to offer. You keep your back straight and your head up to communicate and show that you are confident about yourself, your company and your product or service that is being delivered. But if you catch yourself walking hunched over, pick your head up, straighten your back, and walk like you are being held up by a string which is attached to the top of your head. This will help you to show you are friendly, prepared, and excited about the meeting that is held on, rather than appearing nervous or nonplussed. Ideas can be more clearly expressed when paired with nonverbal gestures.
In The expression of the emotions in man and animals (Darwin, 1872), he posed the question: Why do our facial expressions of emotions take the particular forms they do? Why do we wrinkle our nose when we are disgusted, bare our teeth and narrow our eyes when enraged, and stare wide-eyed when we are transfixed by fear? Darwin's answer was that we do these things primarily because they are vestiges of serviceable associated habits — behaviors that earlier in our evolutionary history had specific and direct functions. According to Darwin's intellectual heirs, humans do these things because over the course of their evolutionary history such behaviors have acquired communicative value: they provide others with external evidence of an individual's internal state.
Culture plays a vital role while delivering message in nonverbal gestures. Culture values and norms make an influence on nonverbal gestures and determine what kind of nonverbal behavior is appropriate. On the other hand, nonverbal gesture can be said to be a mirror which reflect different cultures. Gestures can be said as the movement of fingers to communicate with each other and express their ideas and views. Actually, they sometimes can take the place of verbal language to start and stop communication, sometimes explain and strengthen what people express. Some researchers from Levy Bruhl, Lucien (Lucien, 2010) showed that at initial time, while tribes of Indian had different verbal languages, they could communicate and understand with each other through gestures. In modern society, gesture is still an effective and irreplaceable way of communication. In cross-culture communication, people with language barrier more often use gestures to express themselves. The use of gestures seems to be very flexible and full of different meanings, particularly in different cultures.
Imagine how the scenario would look like if you do not understand the meaning of a nonverbal gesture. Imagine that you are new to the organization where you got to work with North American culture and are interacting with a new colleague at work now and then. In the flow of conversation, your colleague suddenly stops talking, smiles, points his index finger in the air about 5 to 6 inches from his right ear, and very quickly in a circular motion twirls and twists his finger. Although you understand that s/he means something very specific in his/her culture by his nonverbal gesture, you are unaware of the meaning. You then feel awkward and uncomfortable, not only because you did not understand your colleague but also because you have the sense that your colleague assumes that you do since you are working in multicultural organization.
A major challenge for many individuals seeking to become competent in a foreign culture is learning its values and norms of interpersonal communication. Becoming an accurate diagnostician of cultural differences in interpersonal communication requires competence in the verbal language of the new culture. It also requires proficiency in its nonverbal language (Elfenbein & Ambady, 2002). Among the most important facets of nonverbal communication are nonverbal gestures (Efron, 1941; Ekman & Friesen, 1969; Kendon, 1994, 1997). Gestures are part of the lexicon of nonverbal communication and serve the purpose of furthering shared understanding and communication (Morris, D., Collett, P., Marsh, P., & O’Shaughnessy, 1993). In the world full of gestures, the best single piece of advice that can be given is to remember the two A's - 'Ask' and be 'Aware.' If you see a motion or gesture that is new or confusing to you, ask it to a local person what it signifies. Then, be aware of different body signs and customs that are around you.
Nonverbal communication is a dynamic and continuous communication process where transmission of messages or signals occurs through a nonverbal platform such as eye contact, gestures, posture, facial expression and the distance between two individuals. Here commonly understood codes are used by the senders and the receivers. It is dynamic, which means it is continuous and an ongoing uninterrupted process. When we stop talking to someone, we use silence, frowns and avoiding eye-contact or staring, etc., to convey our displeasure or anger through nonverbal gestures.
Research shows that non-verbal communication occurs more than half of the time during human communication (Toastmakers, 1996). Also, Butterworth and Beattie (1978) found that, during speech, the amount of gestures used was more frequent during pauses of speech than while an individual was speaking. Furthermore, studies show that people use gestures more when face-to-face with individuals, implying that gestures are a form of social communication (Cohen & Harrison, 1972). Hand gestures have communicative reasons for being used, whether this is conscious or sub-conscious (Toastmakers, 1996). The impact hand gestures have on speech, people, and message deliverance, varies tremendously.
We human use nonverbal gesture as a part of communication in our day-to-day life. Nonverbal messages are more likely to be more genuine since nonverbal behaviors cannot be controlled as easily as spoken words, so nonverbal gesture are considered to be powerful one. Different people may encounter different meaning of nonverbal communication even they may or may not understand it. It is said that it just takes one-tenth of a second to judge people and create their first impression. Nonverbal communicator believes that first impressions are lasting impression which can be positive as well as negative. Nonverbal gestures have been ingrained in our gene since the beginning of human civilization and are considered to be an important tool in effective communication.
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Flagler Beach is the Popular Beach
Flagler beach is one of the most popular beaches in the Flagler county area. I moved to Flagler county in 2015 and once I arrived I realized there was absolutely nothing to do, until I found Flagler beach. Since Florida is so hot Flagler beach became such a popular place to enjoy some fun attractions, walk on the beautiful boardwalk, and the amazing view. But before all of this could happen, what made Flagler beach… Flagler beach?
Henry Flagler was a key figure in the development of the Atlantic coast of Florida. Knowing that Flagler beach overlooks the Atlantic coast, Henry Flagler must have played a role in that. Henry Flagler traveled to St. Augustine, which he loved, then Flagler believed that Florida could attract a lot of tourists. Flagler started to build hotels in St. Augustine, which was Hotel Ponce de Leon. Then Flagler began to build a railroad from Jacksonville to Halifax, creating the first railroad that became the Florida Coast Railway system. Flagler then started to build hotels all around Florida, in Key West and Miami. Aftering falling down a flight of stairs, Flagler never recovered and died of his injuries. We thank Henry Flagler for making Florida the third largest state in the Union with an economy larger than 90% of the world’s nations (Henry Morrison Flagler Biography). Flagler beach was named after Henry Flagler because he created East Florida as resort and vacation destinations.
While parking along the beach, Flagler Beach also has this beautiful gray boardwalk. This boardwalk was made out of plastic bags that are used to make wood composite lumber, which created the flagler boardwalk. It really interested me to learn more about how the boardwalk was built. In Addition to the boardwalk their is the Flagler pier. To get onto the pier it cost $1.50. The walk along the pier is super peaceful and beautiful. The best part is, you can even fish off the pier, it is a super popular fishing area and is open from six in the morning to midnight. The Flagler beach pier opened in 1928, stretching out into the Atlantic Ocean at 806 feet. There is also a great restaurant in Flagler, but this one is on the pier! The Funky Pelican servers breakfast lunch and dinner. Serving great burgers to some really good seafood, it’s all funky fresh. On October 7th, 2016, Flagler beach got hit by hurricane Matthew. In Flagler County, Matthew damaged around 2,593 buildings, at a total cost of least $72.8 Million. The effects of Matthew left everyone at an all time low. Flagler beach took a lot of damage, leaving parts of A1A destroyed and houses completely flooded. Reports state that “Hurricane Matthew was the worst storm to hit Flagler since 1893, when two storms swept through the county.” (Bruce 2017) Although Flagler beach experience such a tragedy, the beach still remains strong.
Flagler beach is home of The Waffle Cone Ice Cream Shop. This is a vintage-themed ice cream parlor, the decor is amazing. They have records on the walls, old fashion music playing, and have I love Lucy playing on a tv in the corner of the shop. Most teenagers around Palm Coast always stop in at The Waffle Cone and enjoy the different homemade flavors of ice cream, they have also serve milkshakes and banana splits. Aside from The Waffle Cone Flagler beach has so many locally owned boutique shops along the Ocean Shore Boulevard. The most favored shop is Bahama Mama’s Unique Tropical Gifts. They sell bathing suits and towels, just in case you forgot to bring some on your way to the beach. If you’re in the mood for some real food, Flagler beach also has a bunch of amazing restaurants. My personal favorite is the Golden Lion. The Golden Lion is a nice restaurant in Flagler, they have live music, the best seafood, and a roof deck overlooking the beach. Flagler also has an event every first friday of the week. They call this First Friday, they have music, food, exhibits and so much more.
I love going to First Friday at night because the live music is super soothing while walking on the beach. When your toes are in the sand, and your body is soaking up the sun, Flagler beach has this incredible view. While lounging out on your beach chair you can get an amazing view of the Atlantic Ocean. In the Flagler beach sand there is also little fragments of limestone crystals, you never have to worry about getting your feet stabbed by shells because the flagler beach sand is so soft and so much fun to build a sand castle with. You can also find some coquina rocks along the beach, these rocks are super cool and very unique. What I find really cool about Flagler beach is all the surfers, I’ve never really got the chance to get into surfing but its really cool to watch them ride the killer waves. Flagler beach also host surfing championships, like Tommy Tant. Tommy Tant is a Memorial Surf Classic that celebrates the life of Flagler beach. The attractions in Flagler beach is what makes it so entertaining and gives you so much more to do than sitting on the beach.
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Flagler Beach is the Popular Beach. (2021, Mar 24).
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