One Art by Elizabeth Bishop Analysis

One Art is a section personal lyric that reflects the genuine misfortunes Elizabeth Bishop experienced amid her lifetime. One Art painstakingly and coolly records this arrangement of occasions, beginning innocently extensive with a dumbfounding methodology on 'the workmanship', before continuing to more misfortunes. It comes full circle in the individual loss of a friend or family member, and the confirmation that, truly, this may resemble a calamity.

One Art has a backhanded impact with regards to disappointment and misfortune. The poem does not quickly delve into the main situation at hand, but instead begins with meaningless symbolism. In so doing, Bishop later then connects the unimportant symbolism with the more obvious . As the sonnet advances, the items made reference to end up progressively more important, as does their misfortune. Bishop not just deliberately ensures chances to practice this specialty of acing misfortune, however supplies materials marked 'with the purpose to be lost.' She powers the second stanza to imagine with the ruminations of the first.

Readers learn accurately how to ace this craftsmanship, and are asked to practice to influence it into a high-minded propensity: 'To lose something consistently.' A further guidance directs the endorsement of that subsequent confusion—the 'bother'— delivered by undue tumult. Bishop actualizes a continuously unique, relatively wild, calendar of misfortune in the third stanza at that point essentially moves the concentration to the following exercise. Never again does she express reasonable, kind episodes; the lyric has moved past them to overpowering concerns: spots, names, and goals. The 'expectation' of the main stanza blooms into the more extensive aims of 'where it was you intended to travel' of the third stanza. The reader must supply a relative precedent to compare with this line.

After Bishop battles to prompt particular subtle elements from the peruser she unexpectedly presents the verse 'I' in the exact next stanza. Her experiential recognition, stifled in the principal half of the ballad, surfaces as she is obviously encountering disturbance in the reader’s capacity to capture the past exercises of misfortune. She rapidly moves and request a particular individual thing, 'my mom's watch,' making substantial the sentiment of unrecoverable misfortune. This library of misfortune proceeds to the following line where she is missing 'three cherished houses.' Bishop exhibits reality of this misfortune by misusing what is, all things considered, the primary genuine fiasco in the lyric.

In Conclusion, Bishop makes a Catch 22 that is apparent by a mix of the lyric's opening and shutting stanzas. By encapsulating wild feeling in a shape intended to control it, and in an articulation intended to deny it, Bishop makes pressure, inner conflict, and an impactful acknowledgment of the endeavors to control the wild. All through the ballad, Bishop resolutely endeavors to pick up the dominance of misfortune, at the end of the day brings back the acknowledgment that it isn't totally achievable. The last stanza obviously misuses the genuine remedy for the main genuine fiasco; The passing of a friend or family member.

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Against Death Penalty

Being wrongfully accused is unimaginable, but think if you were wrongfully accused and the ultimate punishment was death. Death penalty is one of the most controversial issues in today's society, but what is politically just?

When a crime is committed most assume that the only acceptable consequence is to be put to death rather than thinking of another form of punishment. Religiously the death penalty is unfair because the, “USCCB concludes prisoners can change and find redemption through ministry outreach, bible study, and prayer”. In addition to that, through the years of 2002 through 2010 firm believers against the death penalty have stood by their beliefs as portrayed in the graph. The death penalty is unjust and inefficient because it will not undo the actions of the guilty party and it has permanent repercussions.

The actions committed by one cannot be reversed by the death penalty. Vicki A. Schieber's daughter was murdered in cold blood yet, she still states, “...killing [my] daughter's murderer will not bring [my] daughter back…”. According to Source F, it is a common assumption that the only closure for a grieving family is the death of the guilty one. Although a murder so heinous was committed the death penalty will not wash out the trauma or tragedy the family had faced. Schieber conveys taking one's life will not change what has been done when she states, “I have come to believe the death penalty is not what will help me heal”

The murder of a beloved puts those affected by it in great affliction. Rather than putting another family through misery, why not let the accused work to find redemption or live in regret from their cell?

The death penalty's severe consequences cannot be undone therefore, it is wrong. ONe can be wrongfully convicted and his punishment be irreversible as said, “If the horrible happens and we learn that Davis was really not guilty, that will be a heart-wrenching revelation”. One can argue that the only just forms of punishment is to take one's life. Even though, they are capable of finding forgiveness when going on living. It would only take one to be falsely accused and their life be taken to put a negative view on the death penalty. To continue, it is known that, “Prior to being able to impose the death penalty, the jury must conclude that the accused is guilty beyond any doubt”. The prosecutors occupation is to prove the accused guilty despite the fact they could be innocent. While one can be wrongfully convicted, they have the opportunity to get back what’s been lost rather than one being deprived of their life.

Many will argue, some cases are so brutal, the death penalty is the only punishment. Although there are many advocates to the death penalty, it can be unjust depending on the level of crime. Those who support the death penalty would preach, “There are some cases that are so heinous and brutal that society must impose it as the ultimate penalty”. Those against this punishment can concur what was done cannot be justified, but death will not be the solution. The most heinous and brutal crimes bring the greatest trauma, which will not perish when threatened with the ultimate punishment.

The death penalty is unjust because it doesn't take back the crime that has been committed and has unimaginable consequences. Think if it was your son or daughter who was being tried, what if they were going to be put on death row? Many many argue that the accused deserves only death, rather than believing in redemption.

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Drug Testing is Required for SNAP Receivers

Every day in the United States people all around the country receives SNAP (Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program). It can also be called EBT (Electronic Benefits Transfer) and food stamps, they are the same item. A SNAP recipient receives an EBT card to use at grocery stores and some gas stations to buy food for their household, the amount received is based on the income of the recipient. The sad concept is these benefits are being abused in the world and there are not many regulations. To promote health snap recipients should participate in mandatory substance abuse testing, be required to work, and should have a restriction on healthier food items.

Addiction to drugs is a major issue with the SNAP recipients in the United States. When a survey was taken eighty-five percent of welfare offices claimed drug or alcohol use and poverty were the top two problems (Economic Status and Abuse). It is an issue that should be regulated in the United States and more awareness should be projected towards it. Lower-income families are more likely to abuse substances in the world right now and have been for a while. In the homeless population, thirty-eight percent are alcoholics and twenty-six percent are drug users (Economic Status and Abuse), this is more than fifty percent of the homeless population with an addiction. Substance abuse is more common around families with low income or in poverty.

An addict would be spending the money that is earned of drugs or alcohol instead of their necessities, such as food and the items they need to survive. Numerous recipients would argue that it is an invasion of privacy to be drug tested or that it should not matter if there is an addiction problem because that would be judging. It is an invasion of privacy but one that doctors, truck drivers, and many other occupations do not have a problem with. The occupation with employees that are being drug tested work for the money earned on the job and a good amount of them went to school. A SNAP recipient that is wasting the money, they do earn, on drugs and receiving SNAP is relying on the government to feed them. If a recipient test positive for substances the benefits should be stripped away from them and handed to a citizen who is actually in need.

Another issue with recipients of SNAP is work requirements. Most citizens who receive SNAP do not work or have a low paying job. Many recipients will not try to work and rely on the government to pay for their food and housing. The government is letting these kinds of people live off the money of the citizens that work hard for their paycheck. The only issues that should be excused are if a citizen is disabled and physically cannot work. A lot of people will claim they do not have time to work or cannot find a job, which is sometimes acceptable. If one of the recipients have kids, the children have other needs that need to be met. Even if a recipient says they do not have time to focus on a job because they have children they still need to be a parent and meet the child's other needs. A disabled person and a mom on maternity leave would be the only reason a person of SNAP would not be able to find a job or work. There are places and programs available such as the unemployment office to help citizens find jobs when they are struggling to find positions available.

The biggest issue with SNAP is there are no restrictions on what is bought. A citizen with an EBT card can go to a store and by nothing but unhealthy food. In an article from Investor’s Business Daily the writer John Merline talks about the rates of obesity for citizens of SNAP the rate if forty percent, while only thirty percent for the citizens who do not have benefits from SNAP. The government should limit the number of unhealthy foods bought with the EBT card. No more than half the groceries bought with the card should be unhealthy, people need nutrients and junk food is not going to give it to them. Citizens would argue that the unhealthier foods cost less, which it does in the United States. Buying bulk items are easier for people and junk food comes in bulk more often. Actually buying food and cooking it would cost less than all the bulk items bought of junk food that gets ate faster. The government would also argue that it would be more expensive to put limitations and observe the recipients. Losing money on unhealthy food and the taxpayers still paying for the poor's medicine when they develop a heart disease or diabetes from being obese would be around the same amount. There is no win for everyone in that situation, but the world can become healthier. Unhealthy food is not needed in a household, yes it tastes great but does not help health.

SNAP needs more restrictions to focus on health, working to be independent and drug testing should be required. Citizens on any type of welfare become very dependent on everyone else to pay for their items and necessities. Many people could do so much more for themselves but do not know how to because the way they were taught is someone else can take care of them. The world needs a change and people need to try to work for themselves, the government is creating an extremely weak society.

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Minimum Legal Driving Age should be 18 Years Old

In light of the local law enforcement’s recent need to crack down on violations committed by junior drivers and with the clear misunderstanding of the risks of young drivers shown in the letter from a parent your paper recently published I strongly encourage you to reprint Anna Quindlen’s essay “Driving to the Funeral.” Quindlen’s essay, first printed in Newsweek, is a credible and persuasive article which uses reliable statistics, logical reasoning, and emotional appeal to properly inform readers of the dangers of reducing the driving age of juveniles in their state.

The ethos of Anna Quindlen, the author of this essay, is unrefuted, as I am sure you are aware, Anna is an award-winning novelist, journalist and columnist of some repute, writing for the New York Times and Newsweek magazine just to name a few. As a mother herself, she is passionate about the youth of America and is said to have the ‘gift for expression’ and whose writing is ‘clear and eloquent’. It is therefore pertinent that Anna’s article be reprinted to help parents be better informed and more aware of the dangers for young teenager drivers.

The title of this essay ‘Driving to the Funeral’ immediately draws the reader’s attention as funerals always bring a somewhat morbid attraction, particularly when the funeral is for someone young. Then Quindlen’s opening rhetorical question compels the reader to read on to find its answer. Anna’s essay focuses on the increasing number of teenagers who fail to graduate because they have been killed in automobile accidents and the sad flow-on effect that has on both the parents and their peers. Quindlen maintains the cause of most accidents to be the puerility of teenagers which result with recklessness associated with the naiveite of this age group and any number of ‘rules’ placed on these drivers as well as the increased drinking age having no affect in reducing the death toll. The author suggests a simple nationwide solution to the problem, that the minimum legal driving age should be 18 years old in all states and even suggests that the only reason parents want the age limit to be made uniformly 16 years might well be convenience.

Quindlen uses strong verified logos to strengthen her argument opening with a widely understood statement that car crashes are simply and inarguably the No.1 cause of death among 15- to 20-year-olds in USA. Knowing this we are drawn to share her confusion when “few adults” focus on this fact until they are planning an “untimely funeral.” The author uses the rhetorical device of hyperbole when she writes “why not let 13-year-olds drive?” which catches the reader’s attention before driving home her point about these ill-equipped, unfledged young teen drivers with another statistic from the well trusted authority, The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, which shows that 16-year-old drivers are three times more likely to have an accident than 17-year-olds. Another fact brought into the argument was that of the increased drinking age which has been said to have saved many teenage lives but the author is not convinced by this as there are numerous other factors which could have contributed to this including the improved safety of cars and has in fact ‘lulled many parents into a false sense of security’. Not only does Quindlen believe this is in fact a dangerous belief but she also believes it has caused a ‘forbidden-fruit climate’ which brings with it a new danger, ‘binge’ drinking.

Not only does Quindlen use statistics to validate her argument but she carefully employs pathos to appeal to readers emotionally. The entire first paragraph is emotive, initially in a prudent, understated manner, as she almost nonchalantly adds ‘a funeral’ to the end of the list of milestones a high school teenager might expect to experience, but then the force of emotion grows in intensity as she describes in poignant detail those having to attend a young class mate’s funeral. Quindlen uses emotion to remind the reader that unless they have experienced the death of a teenager in a car accident they are unlikely to think about what age is appropriate for their teenager to drive other then its rite of passage and relief as they no longer need to ‘taxi’ them around.

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Observing Nonverbal Communications in College

Many students attend colleges and universities where they seek to find diversity and relationships with others. These schools have various settings where students can interact with one another or either be alone. In a school setting like colleges or universities, you will see lots of verbal and nonverbal communication among the students. Verbal communication is oral communication where a message is spread through verbal words. Nonverbal communication is a message that is to be determined without verbal words. Movements, postures, facial expressions are all examples of nonverbal communication.

Recently, there was an observation made with different groups of college students on one of Georgia State campuses where nonverbal communications are exercised. There were two different types of groups that were observed. On campus one, the first group of students was either studying alone, napping, or musically occupied. These students seemed content and very focused along with being relaxed. The environment is very relaxing and private. As I was observing these students, they were more honest from their actions by being alone and relaxing in their atmosphere. These actions are describing a term known as “Distance Zones.” The set of students exercised the intimate distance meaning it is informal language; total intimacy and personal distance meaning informal language; partial intimacy. All their senses were used. The five senses are hearing, taste, touch, feel, and see. Hearing and seeing was the main sense that was being observed. The students heard different students interacting along with when another person approach the area they looked and observed. Most of their actions flowed continuously until they left. Some students had a lack of precision meaning it was an uncertain meaning from their behaviors. Overall, the nonverbal communication observation went well for group one.

The second group was students who are in group dynamics. Their interactions with one another were done respectfully and in a student manner. As I was paying attention, I became more sensitive to the messages. The interaction patterns were decent along with seeing how the students are being received by one another. They were interacting, and there was a diversity present. This made communication culturally bound. These observations make me want to focus more on how we communicate nonverbally. Group settings are essential because you can teach each other and show how you can communicate effectively by movements and expressions. In group dynamics, you do not always have to converse verbally. For instance, games such as charades are played with big groups. You must use expressions, movements, and several different postures for your team to figure out what you are trying to represent.

The students worked and showed how you could work in group dynamics both verbally and nonverbally. Both types of communication were effective. Their actions exercised social distance meaning informal and formal language and some intimacy possible and public distance indicating formal language and no intimacy at all. The effects shown could be less honest, but it involves us to see and hear along with it beginning and ending.

These observations tell us quite a bit about our social behavior. The first important factor would be our physical environment. The physical appeal of our surroundings determines our mood. The comfort of the chairs, d©cor, color, and temperature all have connections to the physical attractiveness. Proxemics is how we use the space. This shows how we need to be close, socialize or even associate. The need for discretion and to ration control over your space. Our eye contact plays a major role also. It lets us use our cognitive memory, monitoring the areas, regulating and expressing. Our social behavior changes in numerous ways. We gain knowledge, better attitudes, and learn the norms of our culture and other behavior.

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Colegrove and Havighurst`s Study about Nonverbal Communication

In reviewing topics in psychology and interpersonal communication, Vivienne M. Colegrove and Sophie S. Havighurst studied the topic of how important nonverbal communication between parent and child are for the child’s learning of socialization and the relationships that the child will have in the future. Nonverbal processes start to play a huge role in a child’s development once they begin to speak and understand language. Nonverbal skills include facial expressions, the vocal tone, body language, and gestures that are vital to social skills and emotional well-being in all cultures. In these relationships, parents influence their child's secure attachment by the way that the parent would respond to their child’s expressions of emotion. The way that a parent responds could also affect their child’s relationship with others later as an adult. “A parent’s ability to understand and respond to their child’s nonverbal cues, which may communicate the need for support, signal relational distress, or function to activate Caregiving behavior” (Colegrove). This means that in order for the child to trust the parent, the parent needs to respond accordingly and correctly to the child’s need. This could be a problem, for the “nonverbal messages can show a direct contrast with the verbal messages which cause children to have a hard time reading the emotion” (Colegrove 2017).

In their study, Colegrove and Havighurst found articles that had already had interventions tested to help parents and children with their nonverbal communication, they used randomized control trials and then used longitudinal follow-up data with the parents and children. They concluded on twenty-eight articles that talked about nonverbal behavior and that used individual modalities of delivery. They “excluded parent-child interventions that did not state they addressed NVC in publicly available research studies and manuals, interventions that assessed, but didn’t address the parent-child interaction,” (Colegrove 2017). The interventions that actually did address nonverbal communication were not prone to their empirical evaluation. They selected articles using methods that identified and coded specific components of nonverbal behavior systematically.

These measures relied on capacities that people find the most difficult, namely recognition of internal states and functioning reflectively. The twenty-eight studies included less than half of reports that used measures that had clinical samples and had testing of the reliability and validity of the measures done. The remainder of the twenty-eight articles were small samples of different studies that represented a different nonverbal communication assessment tool that used nonverbal observing and “self-report measures to examine the relation between nonverbal communication and other variables using a variety of study designs including correlations and comparison research studies, baseline data collected as part of randomized controlled trials” (Colegrove 2017). They put each of the these in relation to the specific nonverbal behaviors of the interest, the theoretical frameworks used and the contribution of these to what is being assessed. “Behaviors that have been assessed include movement, facial expression, posture, gesture, voice quality and tone, sense of timing, and touch” (Colegrove 2017). These behaviors are all examples of nonverbal communication between a parent and their child.

I feel that this study would help more if there were less limitations involved. Not many interventions that were found actually met Colegrove and Havighurst's search criteria and of these small interventions, only English language publications were utilized in their research. They could have widened their search a little bit and maybe include some studies that were published in different languages that work in their favor. Another limitation was that nonverbal communication wasn’t publicly announced in the articles but were in the unpublished manual. It made it hard to determine whether or not nonverbal communication is the important aspect of these interventions. In the future, intervention development may already be informed by existing nonverbal assessment tools, may have already established good reliability and validity, and the intervention may have proved to help with forming intervention as well as a outcome measurement. Therapists would need to make better use of these tools to measure the impact on their clients. Nonverbal assessment information does not appear to directly inform formulation of nonverbal intervention strategies that may need to be re-evaluated to measure the effectiveness of the intervention. Given the primary need of nonverbal communication for effective parenting and parent-child communication, it is highly recommended that nonverbal communication is assessed and addressed as much as possible as the main role of the intervention, the development, and the evaluation of nonverbal communication. These outcomes should be applied in future studies to help parents secure the attachment that they have with their child while in the process of using nonverbal communication. I feel what made Colegrove and Havighurst’s study unique was that they reviewed studies that were already focused on nonverbal communication. They really just reviewed and kind of followed the technique of the study at hand then showed evidence on whether or not that article was a nonverbal based article.

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Teacher Use of Nonverbal Communication

The birth of the school system and the idea of teaching children reaches back for centuries. It implies that people felt the urge to discover the world around them. Teacher-Student relationship was always a fixed relationship concerning the roles of discussion. Back in our grandparents’ time it was an existing phenomenon that children who were not able to behave properly during a class were punished by the teacher by getting hits to their nails with a ruler or verbally regulating the child. It worked. These children were respectful towards teachers. Now this kind of direction in education does not fit the norms of pedagogical rules. The remaining method of teachers to take control over the students’ behavior in class are pieces of nonverbal communication and carefully selected verbal warnings. In this paper I want to discover and argue with some basic ideas of how to keep up the students’ attention with different kinds of nonverbal acts, then how the changes of teachers tone of voice affects students and at last but not least what nonverbal acts can help them to boost their effectiveness in teaching.

As John Henrik Clarke said ‘A good teacher,like a good entertainer first must hold his audience’s attention,then he can teach his lesson.’ ( 'John Henrik Clarke Quotes.')

Keeping students’ attention is one of the very hard parts of teachers’ everyday challenges. There are some ideas which can help teachers to make their students paying attention. For example, however starting a class with a seated position may express and create a welcoming atmosphere, the advice is do not sit during the whole class because it may imply lack of motivation. It can be true that during the lesson at some point it is worth to change your position because if the children looking at you and you move they follow your movements and thus they not just staring forward so this may help you to catch their attention more.Well, I think this is not always the case because if a teacher is into the subject he teaches and he can pass on his knowledge in a way that the lesson is interesting and his behavior is friendly but still carries authority but not extremely fearful it can be easy and the children’s attention would last until the very last minute of the class and it does not depend on the sitting position of the teacher.

One further tip is to bend down around pairs or teams during group work, showing that you are mobile and physically at the same level as the students. From my personal experience it is that if a teacher comes to us during a group work the whole process will stop. It is due to the presence of the educator the one who has started speaking stops it immediately or forgets what she wanted to tell. From these tips we can say that not every piece of nonverbal communication provide advantage to teachers.

According to Sidney Hook ‘Everyone who remembers his own education remembers teachers, not methods and techniques. The teacher is the heart of the educational system.’ ('Sidney Hook Quotes.')

For students a great part of their attitude towards the lesson can be connected to the teacher who taught it. A lot depends on the personality and the nonverbal communication the teacher uses and how he/she handles different kind of situations either the students are conscious about it or not.

There are some tips for the usage of tone of voice. For example find the balance between using nice,sugary voice and strict. I think this not always works because a lot depends on the receiver of the used voice and one may find it sugary but other may think that it is stern. The next tip is to use whispering to make your students quiet as well. I would agree with that as well because there are some not really great behaving children they could think that if the teacher is whispering it is not a thing which is important to hear. The last tip is to avoid using a tone which is flat. This can not be argued much but I think if the topic is interesting, the teacher can passes on his/her knowledge in a way which is enjoyable the voice is the last thing that can influence the children’s attention.

‘A good teacher can inspire hope, ignite the imagination, and instill love of learning.’ (Brad Henry)

There are also some tips which can help educators to boost their effectiveness during teaching.

1. Exaggeration. During a lecture in front of big audiences teachers should do bigger nonverbal movements, make their facial expression more intense and dramatic. I think it can also lead to questions about what does this teacher do and why he/she thinks that it can work and the audience do not think that it is just funny and not effective at all.

2. Eye talk. After doing these big and fancy movements teachers are also encouraged to talk by their eyes. Maintaining eye contact can help you to express the importance of some words or thoughts and concepts. Its all okay but things like eye contact require 2 person and if one of them is not willing to look at the other it will not work does not matter how hard the teacher tries.

3. Voice modulation. The last I want to display and argue with. It is said that if a teacher changes his/her voice by an out of nowhere shout or hand clapping then all the attention from the class will be gathered on you. Yes, it cease attention but it also causes a little shock, and children may become frightened for a second and thus they may not be able to concentrate on what is said after the extreme change of pitch.

I would like to support the idea for teachers to use nonverbal communication while teaching but there is a line which should not be crossed. Our communication merely consists of nonverbal communication but most of us can only understand basic and evident parts of it and if teachers try to keep attention or boost effectiveness by these the first step is to explain the existence and the importance of different part of nonverbal communication.

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Beaches have Satisfied Many People Throughout the World

For thousands of years, beaches have satisfied many people throughout the world. From China, to Europe, to America, beaches have it all: water activities, new animals, and intriguing plants. As one of the most visited and inhabited destinations,, do tourists and natives actually understand and know how the beaches come to form? Not many do! Beaches have an unique composition, they help surrounding ecosystems and wildlife, and provide enjoyable, day-consuming activities.?

When beaches form, many factors contribute to their creation. According to https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beach, a beach is a landform alongside a body of water which consists of loose particles, that typically occurs in areas along the coast where wave and water current activity deposits and reworks sediments. The particles composing a beach are sand, gravel, shingle, and pebbles that were created from erosion. The particles are also biological of origin, such as mollusk shells or coralline algae. Some beaches contain man-made structures including a resorts on the beach, lifeguard posts, snack stands, and restrooms. There are also “wild beaches” which are beaches that have not been developed on. There are four sections that comprise a beach: the swash zone, beach face, wrack line, and berm. The swash zone is the area on the beach that is continuously covered and exposed by waves. The beach face is the sloping section below the berm, that is exposed slightly to the swash of waves. The wrack line is where the highest waves reach and collects debris is deposited by wave action. Last, the berm is the horizontal portion of a beach that stays dry unless the tide is unusually high or there is a storm; it tends to have sand dunes as well.?When visiting beaches,the composition and classification of sand parts is useful to know for safety and appreciation of these natural wonders.

Beaches provide plenty of benefits to the ecosystem, including a habitat for many types of animals and plants. Http://www.beachapedia.org/BeachEcology says, sandy beaches provide many ecosystem services, including sediment storage and transport, the breakdown of organic materials and pollutants, water filtration, and nutrient mineralization and recycling. The animals that live on beaches thrive in this ecosystem as well. Beaches create a nursery area for juvenile fishes, nesting sites for turtles, shorebirds, and pinnipeds, and allow numerous types of prey for birds and other terrestrial wildlife. The beach also creates an area distinctly known for certain plant types. The most commonly known are the latifolia, coconut palms, and beach grass. The latifolia, or sea lavender, is a shrub-like plant that grows along the seashore and is identified by it’s purple-blue clustered flowers. The coconut palms are trees that bare coconuts and are tall with leafy tops. The beach grass is dry greenish-brown grass that has roots which form an extensive system and keep sand from sliding out of place, thereby holding sand dunes intact to help stop encroaching tides. Various plants and animals rely on the beach while it also benefits the environment.

The beach has countless activities to do that are available at any ocean or lakeside destination. The most common beach sports include surfing, parasailing, flying kites, building sand castles, snorkeling, swimming with sharks, sailing, kayaking, playing beach volleyball and much more. These activities can be done solo or with a group. . With such a diverse set of entertainment, there is something for everyone, whether it is on land or in the water.

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A Coastal Zone is an Interface between the Land and Sea

A coastal zone is an interface between the land and sea. It is comprised of a continuum of coastal land, intertidal area, aquatic systems including the network of rivers and estuaries, islands, transitional and intertidal areas, salt marshes, wetlands, and beaches (Cicin-Sain and Knecht, 1998). The narrow transition areas that connect terrestrial and marine environments, are our planet’s most productive and valued ecosystems (Crossland et al., 2005). Sixty percent of the world’s major cities are located in coastal zones, and 40% of the all the people on earth live within 100 km of a coastal zone (Nicholls et al., 2007). Within coastal areas, are tightly intertwined relationships between humans and coastal resources amplifying crucial questions regarding limits and equilibrium, sustainability, and development.

A beach is a sandy, pebbly, or rocky shore of a body of water. Beach types vary widely, depending on location. In addition to the range of recreational opportunities they offer, beaches provide unique habitats for a variety of plants and animals. Beaches provide protection to residents living near the ocean by serving as a buffer against high winds and waves from powerful storms. Beaches contribute to economic activity essential to nearby communities.

Coastal areas are vulnerable to forces from the sea. Protection of coastal zones and beaches is a continuous challenge. Information and knowledge about wind, waves, depth conditions and sediments, pollution, human impacts are essential for protection of the coasts. Pollution at a beach can cause swimmers to become ill or trigger temporary closures that negatively affect the local economy. Additionally, overuse by visitors can damage sensitive habitats, such as beach dunes, and create marine debris.

Scientists around the world are monitoring how our planet is changing. They use tools, including satellites, thermometers, and tide gauges, to collect observations. However, not all collected observations are in the same format. As a result of that inconsistency, they can’t be easily used together. Also, there are gaps in the information that is collected. In the U.S., the Integrated Ocean Observing System, or IOOS®. Led by NOAA, IOOS coordinates federal and non-federal personnel and technology, building a network to fill observing gaps. IOOS is also establishing standards for data collection, so that data can be used together and be more accessible to users. All of this means more information, which means a more comprehensive understanding of our planet. Citizen involvement is also an essential vehicle for protecting and preserving coastal environments

Development, erosion, and other forces can alter the face of coastal landscapes. These changes can have implications for conservation, recreation, development, planning, and safety. NOS uses a range of tools to monitor changes in the shape of the coast. For instance, NOS uses Light Detection and Ranging (or LIDAR) technology to determine changes in coastal elevations. Satellite imagery and aerial photography are used by the Office for Coastal Management and the National Geodetic Survey to survey and create maps of the shoreline and track land cover change over time.

Sea level rise and other flood-related hazards can potentially have severe impacts. NOS assists coastal communities to move beyond a "one size fits all" approach when analyzing and planning for these threats. NOS has been measuring sea level for over 150 years, with tide stations operating on all U.S. coasts. NOS also offers the Coastal Inundation Toolkit, which enables users of any technical skill level to understand causes of inundation, identify local vulnerabilities, and communicate risks. Another helpful tool is the Sea Level Rise and Coastal Flooding Impacts Viewer, which shows how various levels of sea level rise are likely to impact coastal communities.

Estuaries are some of the most diverse and productive ecosystems in the world, supporting everything from fish, birds, and otters to mussels and plants. To monitor the health of these important habitats, NOS partners with 28 state-managed National Estuarine Research Reserves, that serve as living laboratories. One NERRS program is the System-Wide Monitoring Program. Scientists collect information such as temperature, salinity, pH, biodiversity, and population characteristics at reserves across the country.

Thousands of incidents occur each year in which oil or chemicals are released into the coastal environment. Spills into our coastal waters, whether accidental or intentional, can harm people, the environment, and the economy. To help, the Office of Response and Restoration has developed more than 3,300 Environmental Sensitivity Index (ESI) maps. These maps cover the majority of the U.S. coastline and include information on shoreline shape and biological and socioeconomic resources. The maps can be used to rank sensitivity to oil impact. They can also be used to assess coastal-erosion potential and coastal-storm vulnerability and for monitoring coastal changes.

Ports are lifelines for maritime commerce and the national economy. Inadequate or outdated navigational information would pose unacceptable risks to life, property, and coastal environments. In the U.S., to produce accurate charts for safe travels for commercial and recreational vessels the Office of Coast Survey conducts hydrographic surveys to measure water depths and locate elements that affect navigation. NOS also provides environmental observations and forecasts through programs such as the Physical Oceanographic Real-Time System to help mariners safely navigate to port.

Benthic habitats support a wide variety of marine life, from corals and fish to clams, plants, and bacteria. The organisms in benthic habitats play important roles in ecosystem health by functioning as part of the ocean food web and helping to filter pollutants out of the water. Healthy habitats also play an important economic role by providing food, protecting areas from erosion, and sustaining tourism-related jobs. To map these habitats and assess how they are changing, NOS uses satellite and airborne sensors, acoustic imaging, photography, and benthic community analysis. Aerial photographs are also used to create maps of coral reefs and other habitats. And the Coastal and Marine Ecological Classification Standard provides a unifying framework allowing assessment of habitats on both a local and regional basis.

Human health is intricately connected to the health of the ocean. When water quality is poor, beaches dirty, or seafood tainted, communities, economies, and ecosystems all suffer. The National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science (NCCOS) monitors coastal contaminants and their effects on the local marine environment to identify problem areas that need attention. NOS also produces advance warnings of harmful algal blooms (HABs) and then provides science to monitor bloom development. HABs produce potent toxins, which can cause illness or death in humans and marine organisms.

Given proper tools, citizens may be able to function as scientists to observe and describe threats to coastal environments, and to actively protect beaches and coastal areas. Citizen scientists themselves may become more active and effective advocates as a result of their participation in a citizen science program. In this way, both the data and the learning outcomes synergistically support advocacy. More informed advocates may be more likely to push for change, causing change to occur more quickly (Toomey and Domroese, 2013).

Communication channels to policy-makers can be established, especially where the political interests of policy-makers align with the advocates. Issues previously unknown to or discounted by policy-makers may gain a higher political profile. Citizen science programs may be embedded in an organization that pursues advocacy goals and professionals in the organization can assist in the design of citizen science projects to directly inform the broader advocacy agenda. The constituency for the advocacy organization may expand. External advocates may make use of citizen science data independent of other connections to the project or organization.

The CALIFORNIA COASTAL RECORDS PROJECT https://www.californiacoastline.org/ founded in 2002, documents the California coastline with aerial photos taken from a helicopter flying parallel to the shore. Their webpage provides access to these images. One photo was taken every 500 feet. Over 88,000 photographs (totaling over 509GB) of the California coast are now online, covering from the Oregon Border (42N latitude) to the Mexican Border (32.5N latitude), except for the Vandenberg AFB restricted area. An additional 5833 images from 1972, 8000 images from 1979, 2890 images from 1986, 4173 images from 1987, 1074 images from 1989, and 2407 images from 1993 are now online.

The entire California coast is included, except sections of Vandenberg Air Force Base (although some historical photos are included from an earlier survey in 1989). Most of the coast has been photographed several times, and the website has an interface for comparing photos taken during different years. Kenneth and Gabrielle Adelman were recipients of the 2004 Ansel Adams Award for Conservation Photography from the Sierra Club for their work on the project.

Every mile of the Oregon coast is available for adoption. Any number of people can adopt a mile—the more eyes on the shore, the better. CoastWatch “mile adopters” monitor for a wide range of human impacts and natural phenomena. The CoastWatch report form (available online after you sign up) contains a checklist of things to observe. CoastWatchers are asked to carefully monitor their miles at least four times per year, once per quarter, although they are encouraged to check on their miles as often as possible.

While many CoastWatchers bring expertise in various fields to the work, the program was designed to be accessible for everyone. Participants may adopt any mile of the coast. An online form is available to sign up as a CoastWatch mile adopter. Or, participants can download a Word file, and email the completed form to coastwatch@oregonshores.org. The basic CoastWatch commitment is simply four visits to the mile per year, one per quarter.

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Stunning Montenegro Beaches you should Visit this Summer

Montenegro may be the smallest country in the Balkans, but it certainly punches above its weight when it comes to beaches. Increasingly, tourists visiting the region are swapping the often-crowded beaches of Croatia for the unspoiled natural beauty offered by Montenegro’s small but perfectly formed stretch of Adriatic coastline.

The beaches of Montenegro have some of the cleanest and clearest waters in Europe, and some of them even boast beautiful pink pebbles or sand alongside turquoise blue water – a unique sight only found in Montenegro. From quiet secluded coves to long sandy bays, here is a selection of five of Montenegro’s best beaches. The old fishing town of Petrovac is widely known for its historic churches, harbor, and monasteries, but it also boasts not one but two beautiful golden sand beaches. Numerous cafes, bars, and restaurants are set directly on the beach, making Petrovac a popular choice for tourists and locals alike.

For those looking for more seclusion, the surrounding area offers a number of hidden treasures. “Heading south towards Petrovac, travelers will find numerous small, secluded beaches and coves, most of them approachable only by water. One of the top beaches of this area is the Drobni Pijesak Beach, a 250m long stretch surrounded by rolling hills and sparkling waters,” said Reigo Eljas, UK & Ireland Country Director at Last Minute.

Plavi Horizonti beach is often referred to as the best beach in the north of Montenegro, and its clean water and pristine sand have earned it a coveted blue flag. Popular amongst families, Plavi Horizonti is one of the best snorkeling spots in Montenegro, with the clarity of the sea making it easy to see a wide variety of fish and marine life.

Out of the water, Plavi Horizonti continues to appeal to the senses with its beautiful setting amongst trees and dramatic rocky outcrops. This quiet and peaceful Montenegrin beach is a must-visit for nature lovers visiting the country.

Originally a residential village dating back hundreds of years, the tiny island of Sveti Stefan – one of the most-famous Balkan attractions out there – is now home to one of the most luxurious and picturesque hotels in the world, Aman Sveti Stefan. However, you don’t have to stay in the hotel to enjoy the coast, as there is a public beach situated at the far end of the causeway.

“From the crystal clear water to the soft sandy shoreline, Sveti Stefan is one of the jewels of Montenegro’s coast,” says Aman Sveti Stefan owner Petros Stathis. “The public beach offers a perfect vantage point overlooking Sveti Stefan’s red-roofed buildings and winding cobbled streets.”

One of the most beautiful destinations in the country, the hotel has been revived with a multi-million euro refurbishment. Owner Petros Stathis is passionate about Montenegro as a destination and the project to rejuvenate the island and the hotel. “This is more than business,” continues Stathis. “It is about investing in the heritage of a country and preserving it for the generations to come.”

Party lovers take note – Jaz Beach is one of the liveliest (and longest) stretches of beach in Montenegro. It might not be as built up as Budva and Be?i?i, but on a hot summer’s day, Jaz Beach is a hub of activity and music. Its popularity doesn’t detract from its natural beauty, however, and its blue waters and pebbly shore look particularly spectacular when viewed from high up on the Tivat road.

Jaz has also hosted the annual Sea Dance Festival, a live music event that attracts a vast number of visitors from across the world every summer, and has been named one of Europe’s top 10 summer festivals by Forbes magazine. Muri?i is the only beach on this list that doesn’t border the Adriatic coast, as it is connected to the freshwater Lake Skadar. In 2011, the stunning Lake Scadar was named a UNESCO world heritage site, in part because of its rich history which dates back to the 13th century when it was part of the ancient Slav kingdom of Zeta.

Today, Lake Skadar remains a tranquil and serene escape from the regular Montenegrin tourist trails, and the secluded Muri?i beach provides the perfect setting for a lazy afternoon of sunbathing and swimming in the lake’s cool and refreshing waters.

Located three kilometers from bustling Budva, peaceful Be?i?i feels a world away. This beach has small, pink-hued pebbles and shallow, crystal blue waters that are perfect for paddling.

Be?i?i’s cove is long and almost 100m wide at some points and is surrounded by a dramatic mountainous backdrop. Activity lovers flock to this beach every summer to kayak, sail, and surf, while those with a sweet tooth enjoy the famous ice cream parlors along the promenade. Sunbed rentals, cabins for changing clothes and showers make Be?i?i a comfortable and hassle-free option for a day enjoying the beautiful Montenegrin coast.

Just a short walk from Budva old town lies Mogren beach, which is actually two beaches connected by a small tunnel. These beaches were named after a Spanish sailor called Mohrin, who landed there after being shipwrecked off the coast. To display his gratitude he built a church on Mogren beach, the remains of which can be seen to this day.

Mogren beach has met the high environmental standards necessary to receive a blue flag, and its golden sand and turquoise waters are kept spotlessly clean. The pedestrian walkway that leads to Mogren beach from Budva offers stunning views of the old town and the rugged coastline.

Lucice is a hugely popular beach amongst tourists and locals alike, but despite the high volume of visitors it remains pristinely kept and has a secluded, peaceful charm. The beach is situated on a bay surrounded by lush Mediterranean pine forest and olive groves, and its fine sand and shallow waters for swimming make it the perfect beach for the whole family to enjoy. Nearby Petrovac town offers plenty of options for dining and accommodation, for those looking to stay in the area.

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Coastal Sand Dune: Human Activities Impactation

Coastal sand dunes are usual in many parts of the globe. They are formed when wind-blown sands are trapped and stabilized by the vegetation. They are natural structures which offer protection to the coastal environment from destructive forces of storm flood, strong wind and tsunamis.

Activities by human have been seen adding more problems to the coastal sand dunes. These activities may have direct or indirect impact on our changing coastal landscape affecting sources of new sediments on shore and sediment movements in the coastal environment. sediments play a huge role in the ecosystem of rivers and streams. studies have shown that the construction of dams and coastal banks stabilization works disturbed the normal flow of sediments in most water ways. dams have been seen trapping sediments to some extent and most disrupt the flood summits and periodic distribution of flows. this affects the natural and working of the sea.

In an attempt to protect people, property and critical infrastructure from coastal threats such as erosion, waves, storms and tsunamis, as well as people’s effort such as marine diving and navigation, coastal communities have chronological fortified coastlines with different structures.

The intrinsic value of coastal sand dunes has made it so attractive for human habitation the demand for housing and land for recreation and sporting purposes close to the coast are soaring. for instance, horse racing and use of beach buggy known as off road vehicles on sand dunes will compress the sand, damage the vegetation roots and animal shelters.

Statics have shown that almost three-quarter of the global population settles near the coasts. World’s largest cities are located close to the coast. these cities were built within the coastal ports due to opportunities like trade, transportation tourism and jobs provided by ports. these human activities near the coastal environment raised the pressure as the climate changes and also degradation of socio-ecological coastal area.

However, most major stakeholders in the coastal zone management has the mindset of making profit. They knew the policies and conservative laws protecting these dunes and also the consequences. But if the economic gain outweighs the negative impact, they will bend the rules or keep a close eye to it. on the other hand, there has been conflict between the property owners and the local council and conservative organization (NGO’s) on a better management of the sand dune ecosystem.

These impact of human activities should be reduced if a feasible impact assessment should be conducted and submitted, the state environmental councils, conservation practitioners and other stakeholders that had interest, this is to help checkmate if the project plans is in line with the environmental policies that will not lower diversity and habitat.

Communities should be educated about the coastal dunes and its natural way of management. Conservation and restoration practitioners will not be underestimated. They will be integrated to advocate the environmental policies and also recommend means to reduce these human impacts.

The environmental policy makers and costal managers should take into consideration the ecological impact of human activities like heavy engineering protection when taken decision on people, property and infrastructure protection. also practicing a living shoreline will help minimize costal dune erosion.

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Natural Disasters in World

Contents

Introduction
South Carolina
- Recent Coastal Events
North Carolina
- Recent Coastal Events
Ideas
Conclusion

Introduction

Since the 1980s the frequency, duration and intensity of hurricanes in the North Atlantic have been increasing. With this and the rise of sea-levels due to a warming climate it is causing for there to be more frequent flooding and an increase in rainfall rates. As this occurs more and more barrier islands and low-lying coastal areas have seen a dramatic increase in erosion from their beaches all the way from Florida to the coast of Maine. According to the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) sea levels are predicted to rise by as much as 1.4 meters by the end of the century (Hegde 2010). On most of the Atlantic and Gulf coasts sea level has been rising between 2.0 – 3.0 mm per year (Hedge 2010). Action needs to be taken now in the form of not only erosion control, but also flood mitigation.

Flood mitigation is the process of controlling and managing flood water movement as the flood is occurring. In most cases flood waters are redirected in order to alleviate areas that are highly susceptible to flooding so that structures will not be damaged as severely. It is important to note that floods can never be fully prevented only managed and controlled. Erosion control is another preventative measure that is used in order to prevent the erosion of soils and sediment due to water and wind. It is currently estimated that in United States coastal areas 0.3 m to 0.6 m of sediment/soil are eroded per year with 86% of the East Coast experiencing this loss.

In recent years it has been found that older methods of protecting the coast have not been providing the best type of protection and are actually causing beach instability. These types are considered hard structural options; some examples are: seawalls, offshore breakwaters and artificial headlands. A seawall is a structure that is built parallel to the coastline and protects a shore or cliff from wave action, can promote slope stability and can help dissipate wave action on sandy coasts (Prasetya). The problem with seawalls is that overtime due to wave reflections it can inhibit offshore sediment transport, it also does not promote healthy beach stability and needs to be constructed along the whole coastline because if it is not erosion will be begin to occur on adjacent coastlines. An offshore breakwater is built parallel to the shore and absorbs waves. As the wave energy is reduced in its lee; downstream from the wind, it creates a salient or tombolo behind the breakwater which then influences longshore transport of sediment (Prasetya). Although this helps with erosion they are difficult to construct and are particularly vulnerable to strong wave action. Lastly an artificial headland is built to help promote natural beaches although this seems like the best choice overtime it causes erosion downdrift along the protected length of the coastline and has poor stability during large storm surges.

Many coastal areas have now begun to use soft structural options which dissipate wave energy by mimicking natural forces and maintain the natural contour of the coastline. A few examples of this are: beach nourishment, dune reconstruction, and coastal revegetation. For flood mitigation the most common methods being implemented are zoning, setback limits and retreat.

South Carolina

South Carolina is situated between Georgia to the south and North Carolina to the north. The state has 4,628 km of coastline and tidal areas according to a NOAA report. From 1851 – 2017, 39 tropical cyclones have hit the state; 24 hurricanes, 10 tropical/subtropical storms, and 5 tropical depressions (SCHC 2017).

Recent Coastal Events

The most recent coastal event occurred in 2017 when Hurricane Irma traveled inland and became a tropical storm. It created the third highest recorded storm surge in Charleston of 4.15 feet due to high tide. Many beaches such as Hilton Head, Edisto, and Folly Beach islands were severely damaged by the storm surge which not only caused flooding but also major coastal erosion. In 2016 Hurricane Matthew hit as a Category 1 just south of McClellanville and serve damage occurred to Hilton Head and Edisto Islands because it hit at high tide however, in Charleston the storm surge hit 3.5 only 3.5 feet due to it being low tide. If Matthew would have hit during high tide the Charleston area could have experienced a storm tide of 9 feet.

During a period from 1977 to 1988 the South Carolina Coastal Council issued permits allowing for shorelines to be built with bulkheads, seawalls, and revetments. Property owners were issued permits and were able to build these large commercial structures landward of the sand dune line (South Carolina Hazard Mitigation Plan 2018). This was changed towards the end of 1988 because it was realized that the dunes and natural areas of the beaches were not being adequately protected and valuable natural areas were being lost.

Stormwater ponds are a used to control flooding in residential and commercial areas, but research over the years has shown that there is commonly an accumulation of contaminants such as high nutrient, chemical and bacterial levels which can lead to water quality problems.

Currently the focus has changed to using more restorative measures such as dune and coastal reconstruction. Some areas such as Kiawah Island have taken it a step further and designed an inter-lagoon system. This system allows for the island to prepare for large flooding events such as storm surges, topical storms and hurricanes. When one of these events is forecast to hit the island, the lagoons are slowly drained with the lowering of tides. When the system hits these lagoons have an ability to capture rainwater to prevent mass flooding on the island although it only has the capacity to prevent a 100-year flood event.

North Carolina

North Carolina is located between South Carolina to the south and Virginia to the North. The state has 5,432 km of coastline and tidal areas according to a NOAA report. Since 1851, 47 hurricanes have hit the state and it is estimated the of all hurricanes in the Atlantic it has been affected by 17.5 percent. The frequency for hurricanes to pass within 80.5 km of the coast is every five to seven years, which is the highest frequency of all coastal areas along the Atlantic and gulf coasts (Verdi 2017).

Recent Coastal Events

The most recent hurricane to hit North Carolina was Hurricane Florence in 2018. This was one of the widest hurricanes on record spanning 350 miles or 536.3 km. The storm hit on September 13th and dropped over 34 inches or 86.5 cm in a three-day period due to how slow the storm was moving; storm surges were recorded at 3.05 m with gusts of wind hitting 100 mph. According to the NOAA Hurricane Florence caused $24 billion in damages.

Before 1970 North Carolina used seawalls in an effort to reduce flooding in coastal areas however, it was determined that this increased the amount of erosion occurring and now seawalls are banned on coastal areas. They are now being used further inland to protect canals, waterways and other structures. The focus now is to restore dunes and the natural coastline by introducing natural vegetation that was once commonly found along the coast.

As is common in most other coastal states North Carolina has a large amount of stormwater ponds to prevent flooding. In 2007 a study was performed that investigated 15% (524) of low and high density projects. Of these only 30.7% were found to be in full compliance meaning that almost 70% were reporting violations mostly due to the amount of nutrients, bacteria, and chemicals present. This number is very troublesome since along these coastal areas the water table is high and the soils and sediments are sandy allowing for these different contaminants to enter groundwater very easily.

New studies have been released showing that many areas have begun to bring stormwater ponds up to code and reducing the amount of chemicals used within the vicinity. Ponds are now beginning to be regularly checked to ensure that there is a lower risk of contamination. Currently the state is in the process of acquisitioning over 5,000 homes in high hazard areas and plans to increase the elevation of over 800 homes in flood prone areas. It has also started to implement set-back rules and better zoning laws on new construction.

Ideas

New types of proposed flood mitigation and erosion control in these two states has been increasing due to the rise of sea levels and intensity of storms. In South Carolina the town of Kiawah Island has been working with the Army Corps of Engineers to perform excavations in order to create a new flushing channel and to move this material to create a closure berm on the eastern shoreline near the Stono Inlet. This would involve moving 7645.5 cubic meters of beach sand to the new flushing channel to create the berm closure (Joint Public Notice 2014). This would help to mitigate erosion of the beach and dunes, reshape the shoreline causing it to become more stable, and allow natural restoration and rebuilding of the northern part of the island. In North Carolina they have been dredging established channels and using the sand to reestablish failing coastlines. A new project that has begun since Hurricane Florence is to restore more of the coastal salt marches. It was found that these areas were the least effected and experienced far less erosion and helped to protected areas that were surrounded by them due to their ability to absorb wave action.

Conclusion

As coastal waters continue to rise, and storms continue to intensify it is pertinent that changes be made now to existing flood mitigation and erosion control methods. It has taken too many disasters to realize that trying to change the natural landscape of these areas has made the land even more unstable and it is through new innovative ideas in preservation and control that we may begin to see a change.

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Natural Disasters in World. (2021, Mar 25). Retrieved November 4, 2025 , from
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Katherine Fisher – Final Project

The topic I have been researching the past few weeks is how Miami, FL is preparing for rising sea levels. I found this topic very interesting because I had no idea that this was even a problem for the city of Miami. This is an important issue that needs to be addressed because if people do not become knowledgeable about this problem now, tourists and residents may be shocked if they start to see this city go under water in many of the future years to come.

Throughout history, global sea levels have continued to rise. In Miami, FL, this is an issue that has recently been addressed due to its severity, as levels in Miami continue to rise a fast rate. As you can see in the picture above, Miami is surrounded by a massive body of water. According to Jonathan Hahn the Sierra Club, Miami only has an elevation of four feet, so the city is one of the most vulnerable in the world when it comes to sea level rise. Its geology plays a huge role on why the sea level rise is on an incline, but climate change also plays a role in why the sea level rise is going up. “South Florida already has one of the most complex water management systems in the world, but this system was not designed for sea level rise” (Loria 2018). Just because the city has a complex water management system, it cannot keep up with the rising sea levels because this system was designed for keeping the city’s water safe and running, not for keeping water out that isn’t supposed to be there.

One of the main problems that Miami faces when it comes to sea level rising is its aquifer is made up of shallow and porous limestone. This is a problem for sea level rise because this material has holes and is permeable. The water is going through the permeable rock of this aquifer which puts the inland neighborhoods and infrastructure at risk with a water table that rises up from the streets. When the water pushes in and then out, the only place left for the water to go is back into the septic tanks where it came from. This problem could cost up to nearly seventy-eight million dollars to fix. Johnathan Hahn states, “That water table is only three to five feet belowground as it is, even higher in certain areas. If global warming trends continue, sea levels could rise by up to eight feet by 2100. In that scenario, much of the area would be underwater.”

Besides the problem with Miami’s water table and aquifer, Miami also struggles with many other factors that influence the levels to rise. Many of the low-lying communities suffer from “sunny day flooding”, which happens when the high tides cause the streets to flood. This problem is estimated to only get worse in future years. In these communities, social inequities will intensify including income disparity, lack of public transportation, and housing that is affordable will be limited if the sea levels continue to rise (Hahn). Other things like plants and the city’s drinking water will be also negatively affected. These negative effects would ultimately leave Miami uninhabitable. In an article from Urbanland, written by Nicole Martinez, “By 2045, approximately 64,000 homes will be at risk of chronic inundation. By 2100, 1 million home throughout the state-collectively worth $351 billion- will be at risk” (Martinez). Sea level rise is a clear issue globally, but specifically in southern Florida in Miami. In order for this problem to be fixed, the city and community has to take action now. Below is a chart from NOAA Tides and Currents that will show the sea level trends in Miami from the past to the present, and even showing where it is headed in the future. After viewing the chart, I would like to cover what the city is doing to prevent this issue from getting worse.

Due to the sea levels rising in Miami, the city needs to come up with a system that will protect people’s home, will keep the population safe, and ultimately keep the city above water so the city of Miami is not damaged. They have done a few things so far in efforts to save the city. The Sierra Club says, “They have committed to are already spending millions to install pumps and raise roads and structures. Climate scientists, engineers, and architects are conducting research into resiliency strategies, for both gray infrastructure, such as creating seawalls to keep water at bay and converting septic systems to municipal sewer systems, and green infrastructure: restoring seagrasses, mangroves, and coral reefs that can buffer wave energy” (Hahn). The city is also improving seawalls, looking at changes to land-use and zoning rules. New water treatment stations are being put in place so that the bay is cleaner. All of these solutions are amazing ways to make sure that Miami stays above ground, while also keeping the community safe.

Above is a chart I created from NOAA Tides and Currents. This graph represents the sea level trends in Virginia Key Beach which is right near Miami Beach. This chart begins April 30th, 1995 and goes to the present day.

I chose the topic of how Miami is preparing for rising sea levels because I was intrigued right when I first heard about it. Prior to this class and this project, I was not informed about this issue in Miami and I didn’t exactly understand what it meant. Along the way, I learned so much about Miami and what sea level rising really means. Most importantly, I am now knowledgeable about all of the ways they are trying to make sure that Miami is not under water in future years to come.

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My Beach Vacation

We planned our trip to Malta. My family will leave our house at 10:00 PM, taking an Uber to the airport so that we do not have to deal with parking and paying for parking. We will arrive at Oakland Airport at 10:30-10:45. Then we will go through security and be in our gate at 11:30 and have enough time to go to the restroom, and/or get snacks at the airport.

We will arrive at the Malta International Airport at 9:50 AM on Thursday, August 15. We will travel to our house by an eCAB (Malta’s form of an Uber). From there we will unpack and settle down. We will then go to a store nearby our house, and make breakfast/lunch at our house, as the real adventure starts tomorrow. We will go to bed early, after a long day of travel, and be ready for Friday’s adventures.

The drive from our rental house will be about 55 minutes, so to arrive at 10:30 at Bugibba, we will leave at 9:25. We will make breakfast before we go. My family loves to go sightseeing, and usually in not the most touristy ways, such as hop on hop off buses etc., but if we are only in Malta once, we would definitely go on some sort of tour, in this case, a cruise. The cruise would bring us around the 2 islands off the North West coast of Malta, stopping at numerous places for snorkeling, to take a one hour break at Crystal Lagoon, a 3 hour stop at Mgarr, Gozo, and allow us to use the two water slides off the top of the boat. This tour would allow us to see all of the major coastal sights, and get a taste of the beauty of Malta. This is a 7 hour tour, and we would get back to out hotel by around 7.

As we are on our 3 hour stop at Mgarr, Gozo during the duration of the boat tour, we would stop at Gnejna Bay for some beach time. Whether is swimming in the crystal blue sea, or reading on the beach while tanning, everyone in the family would enjoy a relaxing few hours. The beach is 1 kilometer from Mgarr, which is close enough to walk to. Gnejna Bay is known for its cliffs, mostly made of limestone. Above the cliffs house some of Malta's final freshwater springs, allowing us to see another part of Malta's natural beauty. After about 2 hours on the bay, we would head back to the port of the boat to catch the last few hours of the tour.

St. Peter’s Pool is a natural swimming pool in Marsaxlokk, an 11 minute drive from our house. After a relaxing morning in at the house, and after our usual morning run, we will head to St. Peter’s pool via eCAB. There, we will spend a few hours at the swimming pool, which is known for its light green color. The pools are usually occupied more by the locals than tourists, which my family would enjoy a lot. The flat rocks around the pool allow for a perfect spot to rest and tan or read a book, or you can jump off the flat rocks into the pool, and go snorkeling in the clear waters. We will need to bring all towels, chairs, umbrellas, or other supplies that we will want as there are not facilities here, but we will plan to pack very light in order to make the hike home. We will pack a lunch to enjoy at the beach, and after a few hours, head back to the Xemxija Heritage Trail.

After a fun day at the beach, My family will head back to the house via the Xemxija Heritage Trail. This trail connects from the St. Peter’s Pool to Marsascala along the coast line, in a 5.25 mile long hike. It is a moderate hike, and one that my family would enjoy as it is outdoors, and not full of other people. On the hike, it is know that you can see some of the history of Malta in tack, including “burial chambers” , caves, roman baths, and old car tracks. Like I said before, if my family was to be in Malta only once, it is very interesting to see all of the history and major landmarks. People first moved to Malta in 5900 BC, but it wasn't until 218 BC that the Romans became to come and rule the island. They inhabited the island for a long time until 870 AD, which left many of the artifacts that can be seen on the Xemxija Heritage Trail. We will need to leave by 4:00 at the latest, as we do not want to be caught outside when it becomes darker.

The Barracuda Restaurant is located in Saint Julian’s, a 32 minute drive from our house by eCABS. After the hike, we will go home and get ready for the fanciest dinner of the trip, this Michelin-Star restaurant. At the edge of the sea, the beautifully, family run business is known for it amazing food, and ambiance. The Mediterranean food is locally sourced with ingredients native to Malta. We will plan to have a long dinner, and we will need to get a reservation for our table at least 1 week in advance to when we want to go there. We will plan to arrive around 7, and leave by 9 to 10. This night is one that we will never forget, with the amazing location and food, so it will be worth the cost.

The oldest building in the entire world are located in Malta, specifically the Hagar Qim and Mnajdra Temples. They are older that the Egyptian Pyramids, and other ancient structures. The history of these buildings made it into the Guiness World Record book for the oldest man made, free standing structure in the world. Upon entrance, we will be able to walk ourselves around and see all of the temples, even being able to walk into 2 or 3 of them (depending on weather etc). The temples were built by the hands of the Neotholic People in 3600 BC, almost 5700 years ago. My mom loves to visit historical places while on vacation, so this is one that is sure to make her happy and excited about. We will plan to leave our hotel at around 9 AM after a quick breakfast out, and eCAB to this spot, a 22 minute drive. We will arrive by around 9:30, 30 minutes after opening time. We will plan to leave around 10:45.

After our tour of the temples, we will eCAB over to Zurrieq reef where we will explore the Mediterranean Sea on a Snorkeling tour. After seeing the history on land, we will go under the sea for 2 hours to explore the marine life, and scenery. We will plan to get to the Zurrieq Reef site at 11:15 and start on our tour. The company, Divers Code, provide all of the snorkeling gear and supplies necessary to dive. On the tour, we can expect to see some of the fish native to the Mediterranean Sea, such as the red-back triplefin, and the spiny butterfly ray. For this part of the trip, I know that myself, my sisters, and my dad will enjoy this the most as we love snorkeling and life under the water, while my mom, who usually isn’t a fan of cold water, will also enjoy as the water is usually somewhere around 80-85 degrees farenheit in the summer. After this adventure, we will head back to Marsascala to have lunch, enjoy the town, and get ready for dinner.

As our last night in Malta, we will enjoy a more local dinner, of Italian and Mediterranean food at Skuna in Marsaxlokk. We will take a eCAB there, and have a reservation for around 7 so we will have an earlier meal to go to bed early. My family loves italian and Mediterranean food, as well as salads so we can make everyone happy at a restaurant like this.

We will be able to have almost another full day in Malta on the day of our flight, so we will have time to sleep in, have a breakfast out, walk around the town and enjoy a more low key day. We will plan to be back at out house by 3:00-3:15 in order to pack up all of our stuff and be out before the check out of our house, at 4. We will grab a quick dinner with out bags, and we will call an eCAB to take us to the airport, and we will be there by 5:30. We will go through security and plan to be in our gate by 6:30 giving us time to use restrooms and get snack before we have to leave.

During the two 8 hour layovers, we will plan to grab a meal and hang out in the airport until our next flight. It is not worth leaving the airport as we would have to go through customs and back through security etc. Once we land at Oakland Airport, we will have an Uber take us home.

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Hout Bay Field Trip

The cape Granite is an intrusive igneous rock that has been exposed to the surface of the Earth, formed by solidification of magma beneath the Earth’s surface. The rock contains minerals; feldspar, quartz and biotite, and it is also coarse grained, as evident with igneous intrusive rocks. The feldspar grains are approximately 6 cm, with a white colour.

Incoming waves have an approximate height and period of 0.65 m and 9 s respectively. There is a longshore drift of sand, which is on the west direction, as the prevailing wind’s direction is south east, with the ocean waves also moving in a north westerly direction, thus causing the sand to move in the west direction

The beach sand is fine grained, mainly composed of feldspar and other minerals which were not visible to distinguish, with small grains of sea shells. Detrital grains are formed from rocks or small particles of rocks and biogenic grains are formed from sea shells. The sources of detrital grains are the igneous rocks and of the biogenic grains are the sea shells. Most of these shells will be broken down into smaller grains thus forming part of the beach sand.

Groundwater act also as a source to the Disa river, as the water table has to lie above the river bed allowing for a base flow, where underground water flows into the river. The river bed has ripples on the side of deposition of sediments. The velocity of the river changes or is different as it is flowing on the erosional and depositional banks, forming bed forms which are variable. The sand on the beach is blown away by the prevailing wind, with a direction of south east. The south east direction is the predominant wind direction, since the sand is transported to the north west direction in larger quantities.

Sandstone. It is a highly weathered surface than the granite outcrops at Hout Bay and it also fine grained, resembling characteristics of a sedimentary rock. The chemical reaction taking place is the conversion of silicates to clays, leading to an increase in cracks in the rock as the rock, enabling physical weathering of the rock as the rock is weakened, and temperature changes also causing expansion and contraction of the rock.

The sandstone that is represented on the picture has ripples on it which indicate that when compression of sand was taking place, large masses of water were responsible for such. The mud cracks filled with sand indicate subaerial exposure, as the sedimentary rocks has been finally compacted, cracks within the rocks were filled sand.

The direction of the swell is south east or the swell is coming from the south east, as it approaches the beach face, most of the wave energy is released. When the waves enter the bay they decrease in height and energy.

The Graafwater Formation sedimentary rocks lie above the granite rock. The granite is older than the Graafwater Formation since it was first formed as it crystallised from magma and as years goes by sand was compressed on top of the granite forming the Graafwater Formation.

The trapping of sand in dunes has resulted in an increase in the dunes and the amount of sand trapped in the dunes, thereby increasing the amount of sand that will reach the Sandy Bay and Clifton beaches, and which will result in the neighbouring or surrounding houses being swallowed by the sand. With respect to the direction of the wind which is SE that will result in the sand being blown to the NW direction and that will cause the area to be fully covered with sand, therefore it is not advisable to build permanent structures directly on a beach.

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Miami City and the BAL Harbour Beach

Contents

Style & Amusement Funding
The BAL Harbour Beach
The Virginia Trick beach
The Bachour Restaurant
The Mignonette Restaurant
Best cheap hostel in Miami City
Best hostel for couples in Miami City
Overall best hostel in Miami City

Are you having vacation plans but wondering where to go? In need of a very cool relaxation place to help you wind off your stress and have all the fun with family or friends? How about visiting Miami city? Millions of people have absolutely fallen head over heels with Miami city and it does not take a lot of time to figure out why. In fact, all you need to do is take one look at the kind of life that awaits you in Miami in order to see why people make every to visit this amazing place. If you have never had the time nor the opportunity to find out what makes Miami such a sensational place for individuals nowadays, well, currently is your chance! We have actually created the leading factors that make Miami the top area to visit in the USA which is an absolute amazing country. Read on to find out why Miami is the best place for vacation, must beaches and exquisite restaurants to visit while at Miami.

USA is a country noted for its variant climate and Miami city happens to be the only subtropical area in the USA with its average temperature of 75º F (23º C) which numerous accept be the excellent natural setting to stay in. The weather in Miami is quite chilly and the gorgeous Florida sunlight makes sure to radiate over Miami all throughout the year! Do you love outdoor life? Beaches are one of the best places to visit to have fun with loved ones; you could have a beach party or just chill around. Being around nature helps us to reflect properly and to enable us to be peaceful.

Style & Amusement Funding

Being among the greatest fashion as well as entertainment centers in the United States; Miami is an exceptional place to be in. If you count on being at the right place, then come to Miami city to make sure that you can tap into the limitless collection of opportunities that are offered to hundreds of individuals in the location.

As soon as you pick up your vehicle from the flight terminal, head right on the 195 freeway, after that up the 95 highway to have a view of the Sunny Isles Beach in the northern part of the Miami Beach. There are many places to visit (Marco Polo Ramada Plaza Coastline Hotel) to deluxe (Acqualina Hotel as well as Health Spa). The beach itself is 2.5 miles of lovely, white sand as well as there are lots of tasks to delight in such as jet winter sports, kayaking and cruising as well as just being able to loosen up.

The BAL Harbour Beach

Visit the Coral Castle which is stone structure constructed in 1923. Additionally a must see is Miami Beach Botanical Gardens which likewise feature shows and also lessons in horticulture, strolling tours and a sunroom. You can stay at a wonderful luxurious hotel (sea view hotel and the Reagent BAL Harbour) with boutique shops that surround them so you can spoil yourself with some shopping.

The Virginia Trick beach

Are you a fan of islands? Then you just found yourself an island beach. Getting here will involve driving inland then onto the Rickenbacker Causeway to the beach and exquisite complex. There are a lot of fun things to do and places to see at the South of Virginia, but if serenity is what you want, why not follow the tiny roadway up to the north of the island where there will be stretches of remarkable unaffected beaches for you to enjoy some quiet time.

The Bachour Restaurant

Antonio Bachour could be the very best bread cook in the country of America, at downtown Gables area to have the classiest desserts in the city. Their meals are yummy; with sandwiches on fresh-baked sourdough. Though you may just want to go with the red velvet; or guava cream cheese croissants for your last course. Do not equally forget to try the dark chocolate mousse so you can a minimum of inform everybody you had it for the anti-oxidants.

Are you in need of a classic restaurant? Why not visit El Cielo to get the experience you need. The food and service you will get will justify their charging $28 for a chicken breast. There are variety of meals to eat, taking you from carrot and also guava soup with cardamom plantain. The menu differs yet generally includes a fresh catch of the day and the Tree of Life, a traditional Colombian cheese-covered bread served to resemble the El Indio Desnudo tree. It is definitely worth it, and without a question one of the most unique eating experience in Miami.

The Mignonette Restaurant

Mignonette is a fancy place to eat simple seafood. Located at the Edgewater in North Miami city, it is a good site for people who love eating by the seaside. It is a perfect location to have fresh oysters and lobsters. Aside this having a taste of their local fish will always want to make you come back for more. Discover the best hostels in Miami city with us and why you should lodge there.

Best cheap hostel in Miami City

The Miami hostel is a great choice for anyone searching for an affordable hostel to live in while in Miami. It is tropical style hostel found at the famous Ocean Drive, Lincoln Road Mall, the Art Deco District, Espanola Way, and the cinematic South Beach. It has a good customer service and a clean environment. So do not hesitate to make your reservations at the Miami hostel if you need a cheap and good place to live in.

Best hostel for couples in Miami City

The freehand Miami hostel is one of the best areas for couples to lodge in. It is a stone throw from the Miami Beach and just a mile away from the nightlife of the South Beach. It has good bonding sites like an outdoor terrace with a pool, an elegant restaurant and cocktail bars which are all modern day facilities which make vacation fun.

Overall best hostel in Miami City

If you love privacy and in need of a secured hostel in Miami city then you should go for the Rock City hostel. It has great restaurants, clubs, and sightseeing recommendations for proper relaxation. You even get picked up from the Miami international airport and have free access to the internet while living there.

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Florida’s Space Coast has the Perfect Combination of Sun, Sea, and Space

The space coast. Florida's Space Coast has the perfect combination of sun, sea, and space for you to explore. The list of things to do at Florida’s Space Coast could begin with a trip to Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex where Space Shuttle Atlantis is on display. Or the vacation could start with a slower pace at one of the area’s many hidden gems such as the Indialantic Boardwalk where visitors can experience authentic beach life. The list of possibilities is long and all over the map – literally and figuratively speaking. As you discover what makes up Florida’s Space Coast, you will learn that it is so much more than the place for space.

Cocoa Beach Dreams

Cocoa Beach Florida is home to some of the worlds most beautiful beaches, with year-round entertainment, and stunning sunsets every night. There are also plenty of sleepy beach towns in Brevardard County on the east coast of Florida. One of those hidden gems is Cocoa Beach. On average, Cocoa Beach's warmest months are July and August, and January is the average coolest month. The maximum average rainfall usually falls in September. The highest recorded temperature in Cocoa Beach was an extremely hot 102 degrees Fahrenheit (39 degrees Celsius) in 1980 and the lowest recorded temperature was a very chilly 17 F (minus 8 C) in 1977.

Beaches, golf courses, art museums, and a vibrant commercial district give residents of Cocoa Beach plenty of things to do. The city’s tropical climate, lush parks, and collection of resorts and hotels draw thousands of tourists each year. Cocoa Beach provides a large assortment of amenities, good schools, and has a population who engages in political and social activities.

The sun. The beaches. The nightlife. Cocoa Beach is perfectly located in the heart of the Space Coast of Florida. What more can we say – moving to Cocoa Beach is great! This spot is known for great kayaking, boating, canoeing, jet-skiing, and all other kinds of fun sports for the adventurous couple. Sunsets are beautiful here and are sure to win you Instagram gold by all of your followers. Take a walk on the Cocoa Beach Pier while the sun goes down for a stunning view of the beach, and if being pampered is on your to-do list, head to one of the many spas you can find all over this town.

Cocoa Beach continues to grow in population and the Cocoa Beach Real Estate market is booming thanks to good schools, excellent health care, and beautiful beaches.

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Howard E. Futch Memorial Park at Paradise Beach

Contents

Sebastian Inlet
Cocoa Beach Pier
Alan Shepard Park

For those of you looking for a beach that has something for everyone, then Paradise Beach is for you. With volleyball courts ready to serve up a lively competition and picnic facilities including grills for parties, and a large playground for the kids, this beach offers a beautiful natural landscape with plenty of shade, perfect for a whole day at the beach. There are large pavilions, five dune crossovers, showers, and restrooms. This beach is quiet, generous and wide, and is a favorite surfing spot for locals and with free parking, you’ll definitely want to get there early, but what better reason to make a day of beaching it up in your own little paradise?

Sebastian Inlet

For a beach that doesn’t lack in amenities, then making a trip to our southern-most beach on the Space Coast is worth the visit. Located within a gorgeous barrier island along our coast where the Atlantic Ocean meets the Indian River Lagoon, enjoy the day in the water with activities like scuba diving, snorkeling, surfing, or kayaking. Or maybe you would like more onshore activities like fishing, nature trail walks, or a 40-mile bike path; there really is something for everyone. And with two museums and places to eat, all you need to do is pack your camping gear or bring your RV and you can have an overnight adventure at one of our top beach picks.

Cocoa Beach Pier

This pier is a historical landmark of Florida's Space Coast, and this stretch of beaches in Cocoa Beach is famous for surfing and sunning. This is a good spot to people-watch because the beach teems with excitement. You can take a surf lesson on the gentle, consistent waves, or just watch the pros. The pier also features restaurants and shops.

Alan Shepard Park

Shepard Park is a five-acre oceanfront park named after astronaut Alan Shepard. The Cocoa Beach beach facilities here include large picnic pavilions, several smaller covered picnic areas, and a bathhouse. There's plenty of parking and many shops are within walking distance. This is another park right in the middle of the action.

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Dream Homes on the Space Coast

Contents

Cost of Living
World Class Dining

According to the Brevard MLS, Florida’s Space Coast housing market is booming. If you’ve ever been considering moving to the Space Coast of Florida, now might be the time to pull the trigger and contact a Cocoa Beach Realtor. New homes are popping up all over Cocoa Beach and Brevard County.

While some may be a little pricy depending on your budget, the Sunshine State has options available for everyone in every price range. If that Cocoa Beach home is a bit out of reach, there are plenty of new Brevard County homes and Cocoa Beach condos for sale, that will fit any budget and lifestyle. Regardless of your dream home contact a professional Real Estate agent in Cocoa Beach, Fl.

Cost of Living

Florida’s median home value is $206,476, which is slightly higher than the national average of $188,900. The cost of living in the state varies from community to community. Some coastal communities are more expensive than the rest of the state, while some beachfront towns are surprisingly affordable including Cocoa Beach. Florida’s residents are from all walks of life. Some are lifelong natives born and raised in Florida, while others stopped here for a quick vacation and loved it so much they decided to stay. From northern snowbirds to surfers, artists, students, to hardworking families, the Sunshine State is full of friendly locals who move at their own pace and are always happy to welcome new neighbors.

World Class Dining

When it comes to food, The Space Coast of Florida has the advantage of sun-drenched local produce and access to the latest fresh catch from the Atlantic Ocean. The Space Coast’s food game is a serious contender for resident foodies and culinarily curious travelers alike. Because the culinary competition in Florida is heavily influenced by travelers and tourism, Cocoa Beach residents benefit from resort-worthy dining year-round. More organizations in Florida are leveraging slower dining seasons by giving locals an opportunity to dine at high-end restaurants for a discount. This is commonly referred to as “Restaurant Week.”

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Field Observations and Data Interpretations

Contents

Data Interpretations
Berm
Data Interpretations
Dune Ridge
Data Interpretations
Lagoon
Data Interpretations
General Questions

Data Interpretations

The coastline is emergent. The beach is above ground due to tectonic uplift or a decrease in the elevation of sea level. Tides can erode the beach and take away sand. Sand can also be brought in and deposited in the berm during high tide. The longshore current moves parallel to the shore and brings sediment into and out of the beach system. Beach sand will move forward or backward depending on the direction of incoming waves. I think the barrier bar will be moved near the mainland if sea level continues to rise. Seawalls, groins, jetties, and breakwaters can be built to stabilize the position of the shoreline and the width of the beach. People could also deposit large sums of sand on the shore.

High-density construction and the increase in population will kick out and destroy preexisting natural ecosystems. Pollution can also occur from the high volume of people and the work they do in the area. People could plant appropriate vegetation on the beach to combat against erosion. Breakwaters could be used to trap sand and then be used in conjunction with projects that add sand to the shoreline.

Berm

Based on the width of the berm, it is characteristic of a winter berm. The primary natural process responsible for the deposition of sand on the berm is wave action via the longshore current. Coastal straightening is present on the berm. I can determine the extent of the high tide because of the wreck line. When digging a hole into the upper part of the berm, there is evidence of deposition through bedding planes and the berm, itself. The average grain size of the berm sediment ranged from 0.5mm to 0.35mm. The windspeed was 20.3mph coming from the NE. There were no types of vegetation on the berm. The width of the berm was 69ft.

Data Interpretations

Berms typically undergo a seasonal transformation from a “summer” berm to a “winter” berm. Summer berms are usually well-developed and contain vegetation while winter berms are generally flatter and contain less vegetation. With increased storms and wave heights along with a change in wave and wind direction, beach berms tend to erode, lowering the beach and the berm’s width. In spring and summer months, waves are calmer and sand slowly returns to the beach and berm, creating a wider berm.

I’d recommend building breakwaters, groins, jetties, and seawalls to mitigate the effects of wave erosion along the beach. A large amount of sand could be deposited to maintain the beach’s size. Seawalls could be built as well as groins perpendicular to the shoreline to help mitigate the effects of wave erosion along the beach. A large sum of sand could also be brought in and deposited on the beach to combat wave erosion.

A built seawall can displace the beach that it is built on and prevent natural landward migration of an eroding beach. When waves hit seawalls, they are reflected back to the ocean and take sand away. Groins transfer erosion from one part of a beach to another. Break walls can drastically change the profile of a beach when the longshore current is interrupted.

Dune Ridge

The beach side was the primary dune being eroded and the seen erosional features were erosional scars. Cross bedding was present in the dunes, indicating deposition. The dominant types of dune grasses along the crest of the dunes were American beach grass and sea oats. Dune grasses protect dunes from wind and wave erosion. Primary dune grasses have extensive roots to help keep them in place and strive in the harsh environment. The average grain size of the dune sediment ranged from 177mm to .35mm. Sand from berms are the immediate source of sand for the primary dunes. The wind speed and direction at the dunes’ crest was 10.3mph from the NE. The wind speed and direction behind the dunes was 8.9mph from the NE. The dune size and shape gets significantly smaller when moving from the beach side to the lagoon side of the barrier system. The width of the dune field was 326ft. The distance from the last dune to the lagoon’s edge was 157ft.

Data Interpretations

Dunes absorb the impact of erosion by wind and water while preventing or at the least, delaying the flooding of inland areas and damage to inland structures. Dunes also supply sand to eroded beaches during storms. The dominant marsh grasses are intolerant to salt which makes them not commonly found in the dunes. The dune sediment is transported by the wind which makes it well sorted and have a high degree of rounding. The sediment found on the beach face and berm does not experience the same degree of being blown about by the wind as the dune sediment does. I would not recommend the removal of the dunes in order to build condominiums because dunes protect the interior land from flooding. A strong defense system against water and winds is taken away by the dunes being removed.

Lagoon

The size of the lagoon side of the barrier was tight and compact. The area was very dense and there was not much variation in the vegetation. Streams and wash-over events are responsible for the transport and deposition of sediment in the lagoon environment. The tide does not affect the lagoon in the same way that it affects the beach face. There are wind forced tides. The windspeed and direction within the lagoon area was 11.4mph from the NE. The dominant type of vegetation present were phragmites. The salinity of the lagoon water was 4ppt.

Data Interpretations

The lagoon environment is protected from the ocean by barrier islands while the beach does not have such protection. The washover fans are created along the backside of the barrier bar system when a tidal surge associated with a storm causes water to flow across a barrier. I think flooding from the ocean side into the lagoon would destroy the lagoon’s ecosystem because the salinity values of the ocean are much higher than the salinity values of the lagoon. The lagoon’s ecosystem is accustomed to low levels of salinity while the ocean has much higher levels of salinity. A drastic shift in salinity levels could ruin all the processes occurring in the lagoon.

General Questions

The total width of the barrier bar system is 919ft long. The grain size increases moving westward. The beach face and berm have smaller sediment grain size while the dunes and the lagoon’s sediment sizes are larger. The sediment found on the beach face is moderately sorted. The sediment found on the berm is well sorted. The sediments found on the dune are well sorted. The sediments found on the lagoon are well sorted. The vegetation became more varied, thicker, and more dense from the beach face to the lagoon. The salinity of the soil is the reason for the richer vegetation on the lagoon. Plants break the impact of erosion by water and reduce runoff erosion. Plant roots hold sediments in place and stabilize the areas they are planted in. I would like to see the native vegetation planted on the lagoon side of the Back Bay Wildlife Refuge system. The barrier system could stay in better shape if breakwaters were built to combat erosion.

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Sandy Beaches are the most Common

Beaches are found in many of the world’s coastal regions, as well as along the shores of major rivers and lakes. Beaches are great for economies because they are the top tourist attractions. There are numerous ways of classifying beaches, one being their classification based on their composition. Sand, boulders, shingle, and shells are the main materials that make up the beaches, causing there to be sandy, pebble, boulder, and shell beaches.

Sandy beaches are the most common of all beach types in the world, and they are found pretty much on in all continents on earth. This type of beach occurs typically on coasts which experience low-energy waves, which deposit the sand to the beach after being transported by ocean currents/ sandy beaches are most susceptible to backwash erosion, with powerful storms and tsunamis having the potential of stripping a beach of its sand. To make up for the erosion of sand, drastic measures have been employed. Beach nourishment is sources from other places and deposited on the beach. These types of beaches are the habitat of more marine creatures than any other and are known for being the incubation sites of sea turtle eggs. An example of a sandy beach is Australia’s Eighty Mile beach which is the longest sandy beach on earth. Pebbles are found on almost all beaches on earth.

However, there are few beaches in the world that are entirely composed of pebbles, which are known as pebble beaches. According to worldatlas.com the pebbles that cover these beaches vary in size, ranging between 0.1 and 7.9 inches in diameter with larger pebbles often being found nearer to the shore. These beaches are formed after pebbles carried by ocean currents are deposited on the shore by high-energy waves. Pebble beaches are excellent in the prevention of backwash erosion and dissipation of wave energy due to their porous nature. Pebble beaches are picturesque, and since they are not as popular among tourists, they are less crowded making them ideal for a private beach experience.

Also known as shingle beaches, these types of places are popular among rock collectors. Most of the pebbles found on shingle beaches are made from magnetite, granite, pumice, and flint rocks. An example of a shingle beach would be Dungeness in England. Boulder beaches are named due to the boulders that cover their shorelines. The size of boulders found on these beaches range from tiny pebbles to huge house-sized boulders.

An example is the Valguan boulder beach, situated in Batanes, Philippines. The beach is one of the true boulder beaches in the world, as the shoreline is entirely made up of boulders. The andesite boulders are thought to have been deposited on the beach from the volcanic eruption of mount Iraya in 400CE. Waves from the pacific that have pounded on the boulders for centuries have polished their edges, giving them their smooth surface. Shell beaches are almost entirely made up of shells. The shells that cover these beaches are mainly from dead mollusks and are deposited on the shore by waves. In some of the beaches the shell layer can be dozens of feet in depth. Only quite a few and only two exist that are true shell beaches which are Australia’s shell beach and Sanibel shell beach of the United States.

The coastal zone is the part of the land surface influenced by marine processes. It extends from the landward limit of tides, waves, and wind-blown coastal dunes, and seaward to the point at which waves interact significantly with the seabed. This zone is a dynamic part of Earth’s surface where both marine and atmospheric processes produce rocky coasts, as well as beaches and dunes, barriers and tidal inlets. Major marine processes are waves and tides, together with water temperature and salinity. The coast also supports rich ecosystems, including salt marshes, mangroves, sea grass, and coral reeds. The diverse coastal ecology is favored by the shallow waters, abundant sunlight, terrestrial and marine nutrients, tidal and wave flushing, and a range of habitat types. Ocean waves are generated by wind blowing over the ocean surface. The stronger the wind, the longer it blows and the longer the fetch, or stretch of ocean over which it blows.

Tidal energy is produced by the surge of ocean waters during the rise and fall of tides. Tidal energy is a renewable source of energy. During the 20th century engineers developed ways to use tidal movement to generate electricity in areas where there is a large tidal range. All methods use special generators to covert tidal energy into electricity. Tidal energy is still in its new stages. The amount of power produced so far has been small. There are few commercial-sized tidal power plants operating in the world. The first was located in France. The largest facility is in the Shiwa Lake Tidal Power Station in South Korea. The United States has no tidal plants and only a small number of sites where tidal energy could be produced at a reasonable price. Other countries like China, France, England, Canada, and Russia have much more potential to use this type of energy. In the USA, there are concerns about underwater land ownership and environmental impact. There are currently three different ways to get tidal energy: tidal streams, barrages, and tidal lagoons. For most generators, turbines are placed in tidal streams. A tidal stream is fast-flowing body of water created by tides. A turbine is a machine that takes energy from a flow of fluid. That fluid can be air meaning wind or liquid meaning water. Because water is denser than air, tidal energy is more powerful than wind energy. Tides are more predictable and more stable than air. These tide generators produce a steady, reliable stream of electricity. Another type of tidal energy generator uses a large damn called a barrage. With a barrage, water can spill over the top or through turbines in the dam because a dam is lower. Barrages can be built across tidal rivers, bays, and estuaries. Turbines inside the barrage harness the power of tides the same way a river dam harnesses the power of a river. The barrage gates are open as the tide rises. At high tide, the barrage gates close, creating a pool or tidal lagoon. The water is later released through the turbines, creating energy at a rate that can be controlled by engineers.

The final type of tidal energy generator involves the construction of tidal lagoons. A tidal lagoon is a body of ocean water that is partly enclosed by a natural or manmade barrier. Tidal lagoons can be built along the natural coastline. This type of power could also generate continuous power. The turbines work as the lagoon is filling and emptying. The environmental impact of tidal lagoons is minimal. The lagoons can be built with natural materials like rock. They would appear as a low sea wall at low tide, and be submerged at high tide. Animals could swim around the structure, and smaller organisms could swim inside it. But the energy output from this type of energy could be low.

A spit is a land form of costal deposition. It is described as an extended stretch of beach material that sticks out to sea and then is joined at the mainland at one end. Longshore drift moves material along a coastline. When the coastline changes direction or the power of the waves is reduced, material being moved by the sea is deposited. The sediment that is deposited usually builds up over the years to form a long ridge of materials like usually sand or shingle. The ridge is called a spit. Spit is an unstable landform. It will continue to grow until the water becomes too deep or until the material is removed faster than it is deposited. Where a coastline changed shape, the waves begin to lose energy so deposition occurs. And the spit begins to grow out to sea. The wind makes the swash approach the shore at an angle. Longshore drift moves material in a zig zag way along the beach.

Moving throughout the ocean, not seen by the naked eye, are many microscopic algae. They come in many shapes and sizes. These algae are important to ocean life. But they can also multiply uncontrollably, becoming an unwanted mass commonly called a “red tide” that smothers ocean life. This large growth of algae can become dangerous to the environment and humans. When nutrients from inland areas flow down rivers and arrive in the ocean they supply a great source for algae, causing them to grow quickly. The species Karenia Brevis, color the ocean surface a deep red, gaining the name “red tide. But not all red tides are red and not all of them even become dense enough to color the water. There are also “brown tides” which can be damaging as well. The presence of a red tide is noticed due to its effect on the rest of the ecosystem. Humans and ocean life are affected by the toxins. A bad algal bloom will not only smell bad enough to make people not want to visit the beach, but it can also cause illness to swimmers. It also affects the tourism industry, when a red tide occurs it can cause an annual loss of roughly 82 million dollars. That includes the sales for restaurants, hotels, and other tourist spots in the USA. Shellfish can be affected by the tide as well, and consumption of tainted shellfish lead to major illness like rapid heartbeat, digestion issues, coordination issues, or even death. Red times can also strip the water of dissolved oxygen, causing a “dead zone”.

Coral reefs are some of the most diverse ecosystems in the world. They house tens of thousands of marine species. About one-third of all marine fish species live part of their lives on coral reefs. Corals are ancient and are related to jellyfish and anemones. An individual coral is known as a polyp. Which is a very small and simple organism made up mostly of a stomach topped by a tentacle-bearing mouth. The polyps extend their tentacles at night to sting and ingest tiny organisms called plankton and other small creatures. When thousands of identical polyps live together it is called a coral colony. The polyps excrete a calcium carbonate exoskeleton. Over a long period, the skeletons of many colonies add up to build the coral reef. Species like fish, invertebrates, algae, and microorganisms make their homes on and around the reef. Reefs usually only occur in shallow areas that are able to be reached by sunlight. Coral reefs are found all over the world in tropical and subtropical oceans. Some coral reefs extend up to 450 ft. deep. Despite the importance of coral reefs, a recent report estimated that 75% of remaining coral reefs are currently threatened, and many have already been lost. Rising seawater temperature caused by climate change is one of the most serious causes of stress to coral reefs. When temperatures are too high, the relationship between corals and their microalgae breaks down. Higher temperatures allow corals to become sick more easily. Other issues that affect coral reefs are overfishing, pollution, invasive species, and more.

This was by far my favorite paper to write and conduct research for. I love learning about the ocean. It was so interesting to find out more about coral reefs, beaches, waves, landforms, and more. My favorite thing to learn about was the coral reefs. I have never got to see one in person, but I hear and see a lot of people talking about how we need to take better care of the ocean and coral reefs. Only a small percentage of the ocean has been explored, so I wonder what else is out there.

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Protecting your Child Online it is Easy as it Used to be

Internet safety for children has turned into a rising worry to guardians from one side of the planet to the other. Consistently we hear and observe a type of upsetting news in regards to children who fall casualties to hazardous hunters, who have tracked down a new and simple method of going after their casualties by the utilization of the Internet from the comfort of their homes somewhat recently or thereabouts. Like other mechanical developments, World Wide Web has numerous incredible profitable. It opens a universe of opportunities for children presenting them to a colossal expanse of information and data. Regardless of the advantages of the Internet, for example, remaining associated with friends and family through long range informal communication locales, getting the hang of/acquiring information, and accomplishing school work; shockingly it likewise can make children more powerless to on-line dangers since it additionally has turned into a device in hands of on-line crooks. In a particularly advantageous yet hazardous and dangerous climate, guardians should be furnished with helpful and sufficient intends to recognize right off the bat indications of their children being in danger and limit and forestall the odds of on-line exploiters from defrauding their children. With Internet network and accessibility in pretty much every home, appropriate nurturing becomes fundamental for on-line safety of children.

In endeavor to ideally reduce and wipe out such hazardous and at times dangerous dangers, guardians should cautiously and thoroughly study children and wrongdoers practices just as various sorts of dangers confronting their posterity on the Internet. Youngster pedophiles and sex guilty parties are on-line nonstop and have learned numerous approaches to draw their casualties. Some of them gradually allure their objectives by being pleasant, giving gifts and consideration during some timeframe calmly. Then, at that point they bit by bit acquaint sexual pictures and discoursed with their discussions. Notwithstanding, there are different sorts of pedophiles who participate in physically discussion with children very quickly. A few wrongdoers gather and trade youngster explicit pictures, while others request up close and personal gatherings (A Parent's Guide to Internet Safety [FBI], n.d.).

Also, a few children, particularly teenagers, are interested and keen on taking on certain experiences and intentionally look for data about sexuality and physically unequivocal material on-line which makes those children all the more obvious objectives for digital crooks (A Parent's Guide to Internet Safety [FBI], n.d.).

Moreover, there are many sorts of dangers that children experience on-line and guardians should know about, for example, content and contact chances. Content dangers remember support for sexual discussions and requested for/openness to sexual material. Contact hazards as it shows up from the name, include nearer contact with outsiders and in most pessimistic scenarios, plausibility of in person gatherings.

Without help and direction from guardians, the odds of children being presented to the obscure universe of Internet risks increment colossally. However parental tight management can blow up and cause strain among guardians and children if the guardians are not ready to impart and teach their children successfully. The issue is heightened on the grounds that children these days are more capable in PCs than their folks and typically don't have any desire to take their folks' recommendation with regards to utilization of innovation. Along these lines, the significant objective is for guardians to figure out how to associate with their children and assist them with profiting from the Internet while shielding them from the on-line perils (Yu Cheung, 2008, P. 1).

As Yu Cheung (2008) proposes in his discoveries, the better taught guardians, all the more nearer and open connection among guardians and children, the reception of a definitive nurturing style, more dynamic contribution in children's online exercises, setting up dear companionship with their children, and more conversations of the online encounters are factors which are related with more palatable outcomes in coordinating and impacting children's conduct on-line and; subsequently, lessening the danger of becoming survivors of on-line wrongdoings (P. 1).

Guardians of children age 5-17 who utilize the Internet routinely and for significant stretches of times are turning out to be increasingly more worried that their children online exercises may be perilous and at times can even influence their future harshly. Guardians are defensive and stressed naturally; thusly, they make an honest effort to limit mischief and dangers by checking and dealing with their children's on-line practices, particularly web-based media and visit room exercises, yet as we probably are aware an excessive amount of control by and large comes up short. With the goal for guardians to prevail in their incredible expectations to ensure their children, they need to have a bit by bit, clear, complete, and simple to follow guide. Guardians likewise should teach themselves on new innovations and drifts and don't disregard any dubious practices they notice.

The aggravation and harm of losing a kid to a sexual stalker is enormous and non-reversible. Regardless of whether the kid endures, the individual will be damaged for quite a while and possibly until the end of time. The casualties will most likely be unable to partake in an ordinary cheerful life at any point down the road. This could be totally stayed away from with adhering to straightforward guidelines on the two guardians and children sides and rehearsing alert while associating on-line.

All in all, everybody knows nurturing is and has consistently been an unquestionably requesting task. Being a parent is perhaps the most troublesome job yet so compensating in light of the fact that guardians love and care about their children genuinely. The awful news and disillusioning measurement with respect to the frightful occurrences that happen to children who succumb to on-line scalawags are adequately intense to make any still up in the air to make a move to prevent such episodes from occurring. With the quick pace of the innovation development lately, there are new dangers and risks arising and confronting children regardless of whether they are at safety of their homes doing schoolwork on the PC, however the circumstance isn't miserable. There are approaches to put guardians' psyches on ease. Guardians should realize they are in good company with regards to the flood of overpowering on-line nervousness pressure as there is help accessible. By being dynamic students, members, nurturers, instructors, and talented communicators; guardians ought to have less to stress with regards to their children safety and insurance on-line.

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Gap Year is a Long Journey for Young People in Western Countries

Gap Year is a long journey for young people in western countries before they go to school or work after graduation, so that students can experience a different lifestyle from the social environment in which they live before entering the society. A gap year, students travel outside their home country, often doing work related to their major or volunteering for practice. In this way, students can develop international concepts and positive attitude towards life, learn survival skills, and improve their self-understanding, so that they can find the job they really want or find a better job, and better integrate into the society.

I am a high school student, my family lives in Ningbo, now in Beilun middle school study. I am 18 years old now, I like playing football and listening to music in my spare time. In my spare time, I like to help others, so I have many friends in school. I also joined the school football team and took part in some competitions on behalf of the school. How about you? Can you tell me something about you?

'Gap year can cultivate students' international concept and positive attitude towards life, learn survival skills, improve students' self-understanding, so that they can find the job they really want or find a better job, in a way of' spacing 'their current social life, so as to better integrate into the current society. Gap-year is now very popular among students in the UK, Australia, New Zealand and Canada.

Interval in the first benefit is to better understand themselves, can experience during the gap year long life completely different social environment, in such an environment can develop international concept and positive life attitude, more open-minded, know how to listen, tolerance, know yourself, and a broader vision to look at the world. The second benefit is can broaden, during the gap year we can go to a familiar with the unfamiliar world, see more of the world, broaden their learning something more.

If you apply for gap year before entering the university, you need to submit the application for gap year when filling in the school application, and if you apply for gap year after finishing the freshman year, you need to apply on the school website. If you are not clear about the specific operation method, you can ask the local teacher. If you have any questions, call the admissions faculty, who will be happy to tell you what they think of the gap year. Many students ask us, 'so, when should I apply for a gap year? 'Should I apply to college and tell you I want to postpone it for a year, or should I apply to college during my gap year? 'You can get all the answers you want from your teacher.

Malia Obama's Gap Year story was covered by the world's media. As for their children's Gap Year after high school, the Obamas believe it will make college more fulfilling and more successful. This fall, Malia will travel to Bolivia and Peru to study Spanish with a host family. Malia's dream is to work in the film industry. Although she has been admitted to Harvard University, Malia has been working as an intern for the Weinstein company for four months since February.

A former President of the university of Miami and secretary of health, MS Shalala now runs the Clinton foundation, a prominent female politician in American politics. As a young woman, she spent two Gap years in the U.S. peace corps, like the CEO of Netflix. Mr. Shalala was sent to a remote Iranian village where he helped set up an agricultural school. 'My time in Iran was the most important experience of my youth,' she says.

For students who have a clear understanding and planning of their future career direction, gap year can also provide them with a period of experience and learning in advance. Taking part in some professional work practices can help them better understand their professional direction and content.

Travel can provide an unforgettable moment and experience, and a trip during gap year can broaden our horizon and increase our knowledge. After the busy life in high school, a trip can also help us relax physically and mentally, so that we can just enter the state of study after the trip.

Since the 1980's many articles have been written about gap years, but perhaps most notably is the article primarily attributed to Harvard's former Dean of Admissions, William Fitzsimmons entitled 'Time Out or Burn Out for The Next Generation.' Since then, numerous books and articles have been written, most famously: 'The Gap Year Advantage' by Rae Nelson and Karl Haigler.

Although a gap year is a fairly new concept in the United States, it has been an important cultural landmark in Europe for many years. According to the 'gap year' association, the 'gap year' dates back to the 17th century, when a trip to a European cultural center was considered an important part of the education of any mature young person. They have come a long way since then, but the nature of the gap year remains the same; It's a time to develop new skills, practice independence, and get to know yourself.

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Socratic Method: Praiseworthy of Unexamined Life

From made by Plato to the perspectives of Socrates, the significance of significant worth has been battled and wrangled by the savvies. Socrates accepted that esteem was fantastic and found a general not all that terrible; thusly each man is set up for finding uncommon. Exceptional exists as satisfaction, controlled by what we respect most. What lies amidst our thoughts, that an 'unexamined life' is praiseworthy? Using watching out for we start to detach the dividers of deadness and proceed with a nearness that legitimizes living. In 399 B.C., three Athenian local people brought an open charge against Socrates, which is seen all through the book, The Apology. Like every single other Greek, particularly the Athenians accepted that the marvelous animals would damn the whole city if individuals conflicted with … indicate more substance…

The chairmen, experts, and craftsmans were dazed at his unfaltering solicitation that they neglect to grasp that they had no data; they didn't understand their deadness. Declining to remain serene, even after his conviction, say conveys that he would preferably passBook Title Socratic method and critical thinking saying that, 'an unexamined life does not legitimize living.' He could have picked life in jail or untouchable – surveying his general surroundings – however without his 'inspected life' there is no point. By what means would it be a brilliant idea for us to live? What is the objective of living? What is the information we require? Magnificent things are contributed from fulfillment. True blue astuteness is seen through elation, in the way we respect things. Everything else we respect is the thing that we account as remarkable, in regards to them since we trust it agrees with enchant. What is an unexamined life? An unexamined life is a nearness that does not address. An establishment is encompassed when we start to address what is seen and see what is quiet and amazing. Socrates declined to consider proceeding with an unexamined life since he anticipated that would show individuals the deadness that predicts their cerebrum. The round of imagination – finding that isn't useful, inciting the wrong reality of what is vital.

The Socratic Method reflects the demand, inciting reality of what is fundamental. The Socratic Method isn't accessible to shape people into congruity, upgrading assurance. As indicated by Scott Greenfield, it's not about learning either – we as a whole in all view ourselves as sharp. What Socrates was endeavoring to pass on with his thoughts of the unexamined life was not that one must take a gander at their own specific life for it to have worth, yet rather that if one would ensure that their life is exemplary, they would need to break down it themselves to understand it's worth.

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Things Fall Apart: Okonkwo the Tragic Hero

The protagonist in “Things Fall Apart” by Chinua Achebe, is Okonkwo he is a man who grew up with little to nothing in his pocket, nothing to inherit but, he made a name for himself. He was the first person to beat the fiercest wrestler in the village, “Amalinze was the great wrestler who for seven years was unbeaten, from Umofia to Mbaino.”(Pg.1) Okonkwo was very strong and helpful to his village, but he was very mean to his family. Okonkwo would beat his wives and children because he wanted to work hard like he did but he did it in a harsh way. He also was a very respected man for his political position he would help his village evolve and he tried his best to let it continue growing but the new government after his seven year exile was too much for him to handle leading Okonkwo to take his own life.

In the book “Things fall apart” By, (Chinua Achebe) the main character Okonkwo was a very angry man when it came to his family, therefore making me not feel sympathy for him at all. He really cares for his reputation and he will not let his children nor his wives to mess it up for him and deep inside he was actually afraid of people thinking he was weak. “Okonkwo ruled his household with a heavy hand.” “Perhaps down in his heart Okonkwo was not a cruel man .But his whole life was dominated by fear of failure and weakness.”(Pg.13) What made him this way was him seeing his father fail and be lazy he wanted to do what his father couldn’t/failed to do. He wanted a better life for him and his family but, all he did was verbally and physically abuse them. “His wives, especially the youngest, lived in perpetual fear of his fiery temper, and so did his little children.” (Pg. 13) Okonkwo didn’t have the best life as a child he was poor. Any money his father came across would be spent on wine and all he did was share around. Him doing that lead to him not leaving anything for his children when he passed away. “Okonkwo did not have the start in life which many young men usually had. He did not inherit a barn from his father. There was no barn to inherit.” (Pg.16)

He just kept all his emotions (weakness) in because he felt it wasn’t worth it to let people show that he was “weak” because then if he did his family would probably never try for anything better. Even though he is handling it the wrong way (the abusiveness) he does have a good reason for it. “Okonkwo never showed any emotion openly, unless it be the emotion of anger. To show affection was a sign of weakness; the only thing worth demonstrating was strength.” (Pg.28) Okonkwo didn’t want to show that he was weak because he knew how people thought about his family because of his father and he wanted people to see the image that he had in his mind (A hard working non lazy man supporting his family) and so he did what he thought was right.

Okonkwo was a great wrestler, war representative, successful farmer, etc. But Okonkwo didn’t live his full truth. He was afraid of being weak so he was overly aggressive and would he would beat his family to keep them from being “lazy”. Okonkwo was able to make a name for himself because he was able to throw Amalinze “The cat.” “Okonkwo was as slippery as a fish in water.”(pg.1) The cat was a wrestler who had never been thrown in a fight but Okonkwo was too slippery to catch leaving him with the win and Amalinze with his first loss. Okonkwo was well respected and that respect was something that he didn’t ever want to lose or to see his family not have. “Okonkwo never showed any emotion openly, unless it be the emotion of anger.To show affection was a sign of weakness; the only thing worth demonstrating was strength.”(Pg.28) Okonkwo is very into doing traditional religious things “Okonkwo did as the priest said.” (Pg.31) He is respectful to higher authority and elders. He is one strong/weak, respectful, and respected man.

A tragic hero is someone meaning to do what right or what they believe is right but they have the wrong way of doing it, and they follow tradition so if an elder were to tell him something he would do it no matter what. I believe that Okonkwo is a tragic hero because he does want to help and support his family but he does it in a wrong way he just doesn’t want to be weak. He was even able to kill someone who has called him father, “My father, they have killed me!” “as he ran towards him. Dazed with fear, Okonkwo drew his machete and cut him down.He was afraid of being thought weak.” (pg.61) Although he was able to kill his “son” Ikemefuna he did have regret he had not eaten or slept for a couple days, “Okonkwo was beginning to feel like his old self again. All that he required was something to occupy his mind. If he had killed Ikemefuna during the busy planting season or harvesting it would not have been so bad; his mind would have been centered on his work.” (Pg.69)

He is feeling pretty poorly but he just wants to get back to work and stop feeling the way that he is because inside he is afraid of being thought weak. Okonkwo all though it is a forced journey he did take one this is due to the death of a young man that was dancing around at his father’s funeral, Okonkwo gun had accidentally exploded leading a piece of iron to the boys heart. “The only course open to Okonkwo was to flee from the clan. It was a crime against the earth goddess to kill a clansman, and a man who committed it must flee from the land.” (pg.124) Okonkwo isn’t completely horrible because he does actually care for his family he wants them to be safe. Okonkwo had gone to check the caves to see where the priestess had taking Ezinma, “But the hills and the Caves were as silent as death. It was only on his fourth trip that he had found Ekwefi, and by then he had become gravely worried.” (Pg.112)

In the end Okonkwo was tired of not being able to save his village, his culture, and his whole “world.” He was a very dependable man but this time he knew that there was nothing he could do to save it, so he just took his own life, “It is an abomination for a man to take his own life. It is an offense against the Earth…” (Pg.207) Okonkwo instead of trying gave up on himself and his village leaving them to suffer alone. What we can all take from this novel is that a dominant European culture can lead a smaller tribal culture to fall to the ground.

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Monster by Walter Dean Myers: Steve Harmon Analysis

In the novel Monster, by Walter Dean Myers, the character Steve Harmon is found innocent of felony murder. This verdict is just because the book is good enough as it is. A question that people can ask while reading this novel is, was Steve Harmon truly the lookout for the convenience store robbery or was he in the wrong place at the wrong time? Regardless, he has been arrested for his part in the crime that led to the killing of the store’s owner. Charged innocent until proven guilty on page 27.

We know Steve was in the store when the murder happened, and he discussed his role with James King. Steve says he did not signal the others, they said he did. We will never see what happened when Steve left the store. Steve's father and the lawyer himself are suspicious of their innocence. By law, if he maneuvered with others to commit a crime and a person dies during that crime, all of the conspirators may be guilty of felony murder. Steve wrote monster over and over again on page 24. So there are hints that he may be guilty.

On the other hand, there are clear signs that it is essentially a good kid. A teacher, his mother, his relationship with his little brother. In his journal, Steve writes: I want to look like a good person. I want to feel like I’m a good person because I believe I am. But being in here with these guys makes it hard to think about you as being different. We look about the same, and even though I’m younger than they are, it’s hard not to notice that we are all pretty young. We don’t see him actually agree to take part, just that he was present when the job was planned. If we believe that his job was to signal the others that the coast was clear, we have to accept no signal, was the signal.

To prove that he is innocent King and Steve are friends on page 182. Steve was seen inside the store to see who was in there on page 186. Although he was found guilty, life in prison seems to be a severe punishment for the first crime, unless he was present when the person was killed. When the lawyer made a final statement, the judge was ready to testify. The judge said that Mr. King was guilty and Steve had not been convicted. Following this statement, he looked at his lawyer and wanted to thank her for her help, but just ignore her.

So I conclude the the book was alright. A question that people can ask while reading this novel is, was Steve Harmon truly the lookout for the convenience store robbery or was he in the wrong place at the wrong time? Well in think that Steve was just in the wrong place at the wrong time.

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Protein Motif – an Overview

Identify a named protein within the Ig family (not an antibody) and a named protein that is involved in gene regulation or DNA transcription and evaluate the importance of the structural motifs that are found in these proteins to the structure and function. You may make reference to the hierarchy of protein structure in the discussions. Include images of each of these proteins in your submission (with citations of source) to use when making your evaluation. For the gene regulation or DNA transcription protein motifs. Note there is more than one motif for these proteins, you only need to choose one but there must be a reference to a protein that contains it. L1 Cell adhesion molecules (CAM) are a class of heavy glycosylation transmembrane proteins used to maintain tissue architecture (Chung and Seung, 2012). They are expressed in neural cell types such as postmitotic neurons, Schwann cells and sensory neurons (Itoh et, al 2004, Yip et, al. 1998). They belong to the immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily as they contain the Ig domain and fibronectin type three repeats.

The Ig fold is known by its two cysteine residues forming antiparallel beta-pleated sheets, stabilized by a disulfide bridge (Aplin et, al). L1 like other adhesion molecules are chain-like in structure, although the Ig domain they possess promotes flexibility. As a result, they fold in on themselves, for example, L1 neurofascin have a horseshoe shape which is essential for homophilic identification and binding across membranes (Liu et, al. 2010). The domain interaction between Ig domains is hydrophobic in nature which promotes homophilic interactions (Chung and Seung, 2012). L1 binds to extracellular matrix molecules or to cell adhesion receptors to affect cell-cell specificity promoting neural growth and synaptic plasticity along with the added function of cell signaling (Chung and Seung, 2012, Romano et, al.). L1 CAMs have a specific amino acid sequence known as the RGD motif. A motif is a conserved amino acid sequence that illustrates the connectivity between secondary structures.

The RGD motif can be found within the sixth Ig domain, a tripeptide, with the sequence Arginine-glycine-Aspartic acid, which is responsible for binding to cell-surface glycoprotein molecules known as integrins. This is achieved by recognizing changes in molecular cellular environments using their extracellular domains. This motif recognizes and binds specifically to the ?v?3, ?5?1, ?v?1, and ?IIb?3 integrins through heterophilic interactions controlled by divalent calcium ions (Fielding-Habermann et, al 1997, Helena et, al. 2012). L1 CAMs spontaneously trimerize as a form of molecular stability, increasing their infinity for both homophilic and heterophilic binding. The horseshoe structure is critical for binding as they collectively bind to adjacent molecules to promote cell architecture (Kiryushko et, al 2007). Although L1 CAMs and integrin beta residues are designed to recognize each other if the conformational environment of the RGD motif changes slightly will determine the integrin it recognizes and binds to. This has been shown to be dependent on cofactors and extracellular matrix molecules. (Felding-Habermann et, al 1997,) Helicases are defined as motor proteins that travel along and unwinds the helical structure of DNA, by breaking stable hydrogen bonds, using energy provided by ATP hydrolysis (Ding et, al. 2015, Narendra and Renu Tuteja 2004). This action allows access to the hereditary information secured within the molecule. Helicases pack a vast array of functions not limited to transcription, telomere maintenance, replication, repair, and recombination (Raney et, al. 2014). Helicase belongs to the SF1 and SF2 families with as nine conserved motifs.

One of the motifs within the SF 1 family is the Q motif, seventeen to twenty-two amino acids upstream (Tanner et, al 2003). Commonly found in dead-box helicase and ATPase molecules, consisting of a nine amino acid sequence (Gly-phe-x-x-pro-x-pro-ile-Gln) with an unchanging glutamine residue earning its name. This motif is conserved in most helicases and the affinity of helicases for nucleotide substrates, because of conformational changes once ATP has been bound. The Q motif has high specificity for adenine recognition and binding, due to the formation of hydrogen bonds at positions N6 and 7 of adenine (Cordin et, al. 2004).

The glutamine residue that is conserved contributes to protein oligomerization and enzymatic activity, where helicases can self-assemble to form complexes. This dimerization assembly promotes catalytic activity. Without the Q motif helicases may operate as monomers in solution (Ding et, al. 2015). Helicases are more catalytically effective as dimer complexes. In the helicase structures the P loop upstream, the Q motif can exist in a closed or open conformation. The open conformation occurs when a ligand molecule is bound. Typically a phosphate-bearing molecule, here the Q motif with the aid of phenylalanine can detect the loop with bound ATP (Tanner et, al. 2003). This regulates the affinity for adenine and acts as an activator switch for ATP hydrolysis, while subtly maintaining stable interactions between the remaining helicase motifs, the basic requirement for catalysis. It has been noted that the glutamine residue once removed from the motif prevents DNA binding and hydrolysis of ATP, as seen where it is not conserved across both SF superfamilies (Fairman-Williams et, al. 2010). The Q motif directly interacts with the adenine residue, changing its coherent orientation in order for effective catalysis (Ding et, al 2015). The removal of glutamine prevents this step and the adenine cannot fit in the active site for hydrolysis.

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The Idea of a Universal Basic Income

The idea of the absolute basic income, given to all citizens at the government (or all individual citizens), was first demonstrated near the middle of the nineteenth century. But long before that there were thoughts of the so-called nominal income, the thought of the one-off contract and the purpose of the cultural contract (which however is the significant feature of all modern welfare states, with the insurances for and against unemployment, sickness, parenthood, accidents, old age and so forth). This lowest income, the purpose to eliminate poverty by targeting the bad, is in contradiction with standard income made to all. Yet get some underlying thoughts about the state’s or the city’s welfare responsibilities toward its citizens. Johannes Ludovicus Vuves (1492-1540), for instance, suggested that these domestic authorities should oversee ensuring the survival limit to all its residents.

The fundamental income, likewise, named standard income assurance, or general basic income constitutes the kind of program in which citizens (or permanent residents) of a country may receive a regular sum of money from a source such as the government. The plain or absolute standard income had no substance test, but unlike Social Security in the United States, it is spread automatically to all citizens without the necessity to inform changes in the citizen’s financial status. Fundamental income will be applied nationally, regionally or locally, The World bank’s World Development news 2019 on the future of business depicts the existing system in the globe. The fundamental income, likewise, names Universal Basic Income, constitutes the form of a benefit program in which all citizens (or permanent residents) of a country receive a regular, livable and unconditional sum of money from the government. At the pure or absolute basic income that cost is independent of any additional income. [1][2][3]

Universal basic income would eliminate all forms of discrimination against people who are not born into poverty. Basic income is an economic system where individuals can earn their own living while not having to worry about necessities such as food, shelter, and education. However, Jim Pugh, co-founder of the Universal Income Project, says many studies have shown that very few people receiving basic income drop out of the workforce. [4] These discredits arguments that such an approach would cause a rise in unemployment rates.

All families should be entitled to a basic income. It is important that we don’t forget a lot of people are in poverty. If we want to change our society, then it is necessary that we ensure that everyone has access to a basic income ensuring the necessities such as food are taken care of. I believe the government should provide equal opportunities for every person regardless of their race, religion, or national origin. I think the government should give more funding to the poor and less fortunate.

In conclusion, the government should have a strong policy on education and health. This would be a great start in the process of reforming the system. It is important to be aware of what is wrong with the system and ways that it can e changed and improved upon.

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Why is Game of Thrones Worth to Watch?

The fantasy drama, 'Game of Thrones,' captivated viewers with its characters and plot twist. But where did George R. R. Martin find the inspiration for writing the series, “A Song of Ice and Fire”? Two out of the many inspirations he had were, Shakespeare and the War of the Roses. Shakespeare and Martin share many themes in their works, most notably is the greed for power and the value of honor. The historical conflict of the War of the Roses served as the inspiration for a couple of Shakespeare’s plays and the foundation of Martin’s “A Song of Ice and Fire” series.

The starting point for War of the Roses first started in 1377, when King Edward III died. His oldest son died a year before his father and so Edward’s 10-year-old grandson, Richard II, succeeded the throne. However, the late king still had three surviving sons, and this outcome left many lingering claims to the throne with the red rose of Lancaster, which descended from Edward's third son, and the white rose of York, which were descended from his fourth son. This split started England’s bloodiest civil war.

In 1399, the Lancaster’s first gained the throne when Henry IV overthrew his cousin Richard II. Henry’s reign lasted for a while until his death in 1422 and his infant son became king. When Henry V was king, he was frail and dominated by his advisors. They eventually convinced him to marry Margaret of Anjou to gain French support. Despite her beautiful and innocuous image, Margaret was merciless to anyone who threatens her power especially to Richard of York.

Richard of York was a close advisor to the king and a loyal general, but he was not a fan of Margaret. He criticized their incompetence of the war against France, and this led to his exclusion from court and was exiled to Ireland. York later returned with an army to reconstruct the court and was later appointed Protector of the Realm after Henry suffered a mental breakdown. A year later, Henry recovered, and Margaret convinced him to revoke York’s position, and once again York fled and raised an army; however, he was unable to seize the throne and was later killed in battle. His son, Edward, pressed on and had himself crowned Edward IV.

Edward had great success against the Lancaster military forces and managed to capture Henry and forced Margaret to flee in exile with their son, Edward of Westminster. In his early years of reign, King Edward made a significant political mistake by secretly marrying a minor noble’s widowed daughter and backing out of his arranged marriage with a French princess. His powerful ally, Earl of Warwick, was outraged and allied with the Lancaster side along with King Edward’s brother. Margaret sent her army to fight King Edward, but her troops were defeated, her son was killed in battle, then later the previous king, Henry, was murdered in the Tower of London. The Wars of the Roses was thought to be over until in 1483, King Edward died, and the bloodshed continued once again.

Although his 12-year-old son was supposed to succeed him, Edward’s ambitious younger brother, Richard III, declares himself king and states his nephew illegitimate because of Edward's secret marriage. Richard kept the 12-year-old and his brother in the Tower of London, and the two boys ultimately vanished. For awhile Richard’s reigned seemed secured, until the forces of young Henry Tudor, representing the Lancastrian line, came across the English Channel and killed Richard in battle in 1485. Henry Tudor became King Henry VII, the first Tudor king. He then married Elizabeth of York, the elder sister of the disappeared princes, and finally putting an end to a war that lasted for nearly a century.

In the book series by George R. R. Martin, 'A Song of Ice and Fire,' there is a power struggle for the Iron Throne among the seven Houses of Westeros following the death of King Robert. Robert's heir is his 13-year-old son Joffrey is immediately announced king through his manipulative and ambitious mother, Queen Cersei Lannister. When Lord Eddard 'Ned' Stark, Robert's closest and dearest friend as well his chief advisor, discovers that King Joffrey and his brother and sister are the product of incest between Cersei and her twin brother Jaime 'The Kingslayer' Lannister. Eddard attempts to dethrone Joffrey, but he is later betrayed and executed for treason. In response to Joffrey’s false claim to the throne, Robert's brothers Stannis and Renly both lay separate claims to the throne.

During this period of instability, two great houses of the Seven Kingdoms starts making attempts to become independent from the Iron Throne. From the house of Stark, Eddard's eldest son Robb is proclaimed King in the North by his bannermen after the execution of his father. Then off to the coast of Westeros the ruler of the Iron Islands, Balon Greyjoy, uses the opportunity to declare the Iron Islands independent and launches raids in Stark territory in order to gain more lands. Also, so, with King Joffrey, Robert's two younger brothers, Stannis and Renly Baratheon, the Robb Stark, and Balon Greyjoy the War of the Five Kings are in full progress. Although this war later ends when they were either assassinated or killed in battle and thus leading to the complete end of the war.

There is also someone else worth mentioning from the series and that someone is Daenerys Targaryen, daughter of Aerys II, the last Targaryen king before Robert usurped the throne. East of Westeros and across the sea, Daenerys older brother, Viserys Targaryen, marries her off to a powerful warlord. Throughout the series, Daenerys slowly becomes an independent and intelligent leader and her rise to power is aided by the momentous birth of three dragons, hatched from eggs given to her as a wedding gift. The three dragons soon become a symbol of her bloodline and her legitimate claim to the throne.

Right off the bat, there are many similarities in both Shakespeare’s plays of the War of the Roses and Martin’s War of the Five Kings. Family is turning against each other and shifting alliances. When King Edward III dies in England, and King Robert dies in the book, 'A Game of Thrones,' it sets off a war of succession between his friends, family, and enemies. Both Shakespeare and Martin use the events from the War of the Roses to explore how rulers seize and justify their power.

Many characters in both Shakespeare and Martin’s works have an intense lust for power and are willing to do anything for power. In “Richard II,' Henry uses military force to overthrow King Richard, and he also makes sure that Richard II legally abdicates the throne and names Henry as his heir. In the first book, “A Game of Thrones,' Cersei tears up King Robert's will, bribe the city guards and forces Robert’s loyal friend, Eddard Stark, to publicly confess to treason Cersei tells Eddard that, there are clear consequences to winning and losing the throne. “When you play the game of thrones, you win or you die. There is no middle ground” (A Game of Thrones 448). Meaning that winning means a great deal of power and losing is death. Anyone fighting for the throne-- for the power that it comes with-- must do whatever is necessary to win. Power is the central themes for both Shakespeare’s plays and Martin’s series of “A Song of Ice and Fire.'

Another theme both Martin and Shakespeare share is honor. Many people define honor as fulfilling an obligation and respect others. The characteristics of the major characters in “Richard II” are all tied to honor. In act one, Henry Bolingbroke and Thomas Mowbray, the Duke of Norfolk, calling each other traitors and being a traitor is highly dishonorable. Having to be called a traitor deeply upsets them both. “Mine honour is my life; both grow in one: / Take honour from me, and my life is done” (Richard II 1.1.187-188). To them, honor is a matter of life and death and both Henry and Mowbray are willing to give their lives for their honor.

Another example is when Gaunt, John of Gaunt Duke of Lancaster, has a rant against Richard and states, “Love they to live that love and honor have” (Richard II 2.1.822). In this Gaunt is saying that honor is crucial to a good and long life. He also suggests that Richard is not honorable and therefore he will not live a good life, nor will he live for a long time. Henry provides another example of valuing when he’s crowned king. At the end of the play, Richard is removed from power, and those who conspired against Henry were killed, however, he decides to pardon Bishop of Carlisle. His reason: “For though mine enemy thou hast ever been, / High sparks of honor in thee I have seen” (Richard II 5.6.28-29). Carlisle’s life has been spared because he had maintained his honor even though he was an enemy. Sparks of honor are enough to be granted a pardon and can create a mutual sense of respect.

However, that is not always the case in all of Shakespeare’s plays. In “Henry IV Part 1”, Falstaff, a drunk who enjoys women and a disgraced knight, believes the opposite of what the characters in 'Richard II' believe. Falstaff's behavior is opposite of the definition of the word honor, his ideas about honor is a valuable insight.

Can honour set a leg? no: or an arm? no: or take away the grief of a wound? no. Honour hath no skill in surgery, then? no. What is honour? A word. What is in that word honour? What is that honour? air” (Henry IV, Part I 5.1.2756-2761)

He makes a compelling argument by stating that honor is nothing useful, that it does and is nothing.

In the third book of “A Song of Ice and Fire” honor is a major motivating force and serves as one of the ways to define the characters. An example is when Lord Frey was displeased about Robb Stark's engagement to a common girl, Jeyne Westerling, although he was promised to marry a Frey girl. This act was an affront to their honor because it suggested that Robb did not value and respected them enough. That offense was enough for the Freys to murder Robb, Jeyne, Catelyn (Robb’s mother), and the rest of the Stark bannermen at the Red Wedding. “‘He shamed us, the whole realm was laughing, we had to cleanse the stain on our honor.’” (A Storm of Swords 725). The Freys had no choice, but to uphold their honor.

Similarly, earlier in the book, when Robb was left with no choice but to execute Richard Karstark, a minor lord and an ally to Robb. Karstark killed two unarmed Lannister boys they were holding prisoner and ignored Robb’s authority by acting on his own. “‘Karstark killed more than a Frey and a Lannister. He killed my honor’” (A Storm of Swords 231). Robb executed Karstark because his honor is more important than Karstark.

Like Falstaff in 'Henry IV,' Jaime is considered one of the most dishonorable figures in the series. When Jaime became a member of the Kingsguard, he swore an oath to protect his king, King Aerys (the one Robert Baratheon ousted), but he broke that oath by murdering Aerys. This act earned him the title of Kingslayer, a constant reminder, and testament that lacks honor. When he became a member of the Kingsguard, he swore an oath to protect the king at all time. He broke his vow and earned the title of Kingslayer, serving as a testament that he broke his oath. Catelyn Stark even confronts him by asking, “How can you still count yourself a knight, when you have forsaken every vow you ever swore' (A Clash of Kings 796). Jaime responded:

So many vows they make you swear and swear. Defend the king. Obey the king. Keep his secrets. Do his bidding. Your life for his. But obey your father. Love your sister. Protect the innocent. Defend the weak. Respect the gods. Obey the laws. It's too much. No matter what you do, you're forsaking one vow or the other (A Clash of Kings 796). The reason why Jaime killed King Aerys is that the king was hurting innocent and the weak, therefore he was forced to break his oath and become the Kingslayer.

In short, the War of the Rose served as the inspiration for Shakespeare's plays. He wrote a couple of plays from these events and most of his characters from his plays were influenced by the complex individuals from England’s great civil war. Most notably in his plays 'Richard II,' “Henry IV” part one and two, and “Richard III.' George R. R. Martin drew inspiration from War of the Roses to create the fictional War of the Five Kings. Martin and Shakespeare shared many similarities, especially themes, two of the themes were greed and honor. Without the War of the Roses and Shakespeare’s influence on Martin, the great fantasy drama “Game of Thrones” would have been very different.

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The Importance of Extended Family

Contents

Introduction
Misconception
Real-life-based concept

Introduction

Traditionally, nuclear families are composed of a married father, mother, and their children. The idyllic ‘Leave It to Beaver’ family has long been held in high regard by society and conservative commentators, setting the standard – usually non-traditional – lacked the stability and support that nuclear families offered (Blessing). Propagating the stereotypes are conservative commentators, who often allude to culture and differing family values to support their claims (Gerstel and Sarkisian 47). In 'The Color of Family Ties: Race, Class, Gender, and Extended Family Involvement,' Gerstel and Sarkisian thoroughly examines the family relationships between Whites, Blacks, and Latino/as. Countering the belief that only nuclear families were capable of strong relationships, Gerstel and Sarkisian found that 'minority individuals [were] more likely to live in extended family homes than Whites and in many more ways more likely to help out their aging parents, grandparents, adult children, brothers, sisters, cousins, aunts, uncles, and other kin' (45). Strong relationships and the care taking capabilities of nonnuclear families were not only observed by Gerstel and Sarkisian, but could be seen in essays and poems such as 'Looking for Work' by Gary Soto, 'An Indian Story' by Roger Jack, and 'Aunt Ida Pieces a Quilt' by Melvin Dixon. Each piece of literature showcased a nonnuclear family, broadening family relations to extended family members, defying and changing the traditional definition of family regarded by conservatives. While each family highlights nontraditional relationships, “An Indian Story” embodies strong familial relationships to its full extent, defying the perception that nontraditional families are incapable of strong family relationships.

Misconception

The misconception that a family cannot survive without a traditional nuclear structure is often the point of contention amongst conservative social commentators. From a sociological standpoint, minority households are often nontraditional, lacking a traditional structure. As a result, these households are criticized and assumed to harbor poor family relationships. Conservatives tend to argue that a household is only successful when composed of both a male and female in the home. “The mother and father show different complimentary strengths which benefit the upbringing of any child. In a single-parent home, half of this influence is missing” (Terpstra). Without such, children from single households are likely to end up in prison and contribute to societal problems (Garfinkle). The perception that a nontraditional family has detrimental effects on the children and society is further exacerbated by conservatives like Ann Coulter and Caitlin Flanagan. Coulter argues that “single motherhood is not good for children,” while Flanagan wholeheartedly believes that “children from intact, two-parent families outperform those from single-parent households” (DePaulo; Garfinkle). The two wealthy, educated White women, subjectively pass judgment on non-traditional family structures, honing in on the traditional nuclear family whilst ignoring the positive influences of extended family. Although nontraditional, minority families have been shown to have strong family relationships despite being led by a single parent. Because nontraditional families are generally found to be in lower social classes, extended kin are often close by and willing to exercise their care taking abilities (Gerstel and Sarkisian 50).

Real-life-based concept

In “An Indian Story,” Roger Jack provides an intimate depiction of a nonnuclear family and the dependability of extended family. From his experience, he is able to show that the dependence on extended family was influenced by culture and personal beliefs, rather than social class (as previously found by Gerstel and Sarkisian). Unlike stereotypical minority families, Jack’s father “earned good money as an accountant at the agency.” However, he preferred the care of his Aunt Greta and was able to show the supportive nature of his extended family by recounting the day he moved in with her - “I ran away from home one day when everyone was gone – actually, I walked to Aunt Greta’s and asked if I could move in with her since I already spent so much time with her anyway” (Jack 53). Despite having other responsibilities and family members to care for, she openly accepted Jack into her home without hesitation. The stability and nature of his relationship with Aunt Greta was indicated in a conversation with his father. “The way [Greta’s] family believes is that two sisters coming from the same mother and father are the same. Especially blood” (56). To Aunt Greta, it made no difference that he was her nephew; she passed on love and knowledge freely, treating him as if her were her own son. Having access and exposure to the constant love and support, Jack’s “home and academic life improved a lot,” while his half-brother was a high-school dropout, contradicting Coulter and Flanagan’s conservative arguments (53). The strong relationship between the two extended family members was further demonstrated through a series of reminiscent adventures and through an anecdote of a mishap in Calgary. Having gotten drunk and placed in jail, “Aunt Greta didn’t talk much while we drove home. It was a long, lonely drive” (55). Reflecting a similar dynamic to that of a mother and son, Aunt Greta openly displayed her disappointment and displeasure, suggesting that Aunt Greta may have felt guilt and possible shortcomings as a care taker.

Through his experiences, Jack was also able to show the redefining of a nuclear family by establishing a strong relationship with Aunt Greta, as well as maintaining a relationship with his father. This was seen following an incident in which Jack was unable to talk to Aunt Greta about the events that had transpired in Calgary; ultimately, he was able to turn to his father. Living within close distance to his father’s home, Jack “walked through the front door without knocking, but immediately heard him call out… (55). Without hesitation, his father was able to sense that he felt heavy about the situation, supporting Gerstel and Sarkisian’s finding that men in minority families often provided emotional support. Challenging the stereotype of weak familial relationships, Jack’s father earnestly provided Jack with emotional support and advice, directing him to take on new perspectives regarding the situation. He was able to help Jack realize that Aunt Greta loved him dearly because “[he] was her bloodline,” squelching any concerns that Jack had about his relationship with her. To further disprove the notion that nontraditional families lacked strong ties, Jack’s father went against cultural norms to verbalize his love for his son in an effort to help him find solace in the situation. “I smiled in thinking that he said he loved me, because Indian men hardly ever verbalize their emotions” (57).

While “An Indian Story” focused largely on the stability and support of both the extended and nuclear family, Gary Soto’s “Looking for Work” followed the narrative of a young Latino body and his nontraditional nuclear family. Taken from a child’s perspective, the contrast between his working class background and aspirations to become a traditional wealthy family is depicted. On several occasions, he attempts to try traditional family practices seen on TV. In an attempt to imitate the idealist family, he requests that his family dress appropriately for dinner, only to be mocked by his brother – “[The] same day that I asked him to wear shoes he came to the dinner table in only his swim trunks” (Soto 20). The love and strong family ties are also shown through the relationships with his mother and sister. In an incident where he planned to spend the day with his best friend, he happily invited his sister and helped her cover the costs to enter the swimming pool. “I waved for her to come and three of us mounted the bike – Debra on the cross bar, Little John on the handle bars and holding the Coke bottle which we could cash for a nickel and make up the difference that would allow all of us to get in…” (22). The image Soto paints for the reader is one of simple, but happy times. “Our own talk at dinner was loud with belly laughs and marked by our pointing forks at one another. The subjects were commonplace” (22). Through this, he is able to clearly translate a stable and supportive home environment through descriptions of his family dinners, despite its nontraditional structure.

In contrast to both Jack and Soto’s stories, “Aunt Ida Pieces a Quilt” by Melvin Dixon examines the supportive nature of a Black extended family and the surrounding community through the tradition of quilting. Having suffered the loss of her family member, Junie, the protagonist turns to her extended family and community for emotional support. In her old age, she happily accepts the assistance of her extended family: “Now I ain’t so old-fashioned I can’t change, / but I made Francine come over and bring her daughter / Belinda. We cut and tacked his name, JUNIE” (43). Together, they are able find solace by sharing theirs pains and memorializing their loved ones through quilting: “Just cut his name out in the cloths, stitch something nice / about him. Something to bring him back. You can do it, / Francine say. Best sewing our family ever had.” (42). The simple act of being there and working together stresses the love and care taking abilities between the extended family members. Furthermore, by maintaining and partaking in a long-standing family tradition of quilting, the strong tie to family and culture is emphasized. “Most of my quilts was made down South. My mama / And my mama’s mama taught me. Popped me on the tail / if I missed a stitch or threw the pattern out of line” (42).

The three works of literature examined the varying dynamics and practices of the nonnuclear family and their extended families. Dixon focused on the extended family, Soto on the nontraditional nuclear family, and Jack on the relationship between both extended and nuclear families. While each family observed exemplified strong and stable familial ties, “An Indian Story” in particular, best demonstrated the strongest example of supportive relationships and strong family ties. Not only was Jack able to foster a solid relationship with his Aunt Greta, he maintained a relationship with his father and half-siblings. While this nontraditional arrangement can be viewed as dysfunctional, I believe that the new dynamic Jack created for himself embodies the definition of family. Neither party harbors ill feelings towards another, rather focusing on the well-being of Jack, providing support when necessary. Through his experience, it can be concluded that while irregular and different, nontraditional families are more than capable of maintaining supportive relationships and strong familial ties.

By including the extended family when examining minority families, the suggestion that a nontraditional household is dysfunctional and lacks strong relationships no longer holds validity. As Gerstel and Sarkisian had examined, “social class rather than culture [was] the key to understanding the differences in extended family and behaviors between Whites and ethnic minorities” (51). While this may be applicable to Soto’s working class experience, it was observed that cultural backgrounds also had a significant influence on family dynamic. Regardless of the circumstances, all three nontraditional families were stable and capable of fostering strong family relationships, both within a nuclear and extended household.

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