Month: March 2021
James Baldwin : Biography
JAMES'S BACKGROUND
James Baldwin was born August 2,1924. He was the oldest of nine children. James was born to his single mother Emma Jones at Harlem Hospital. James's mother married David Baldwin. James served as a minister at the age of 14 to 16 at Harlem Penacostal. He attended Dewitt Clinton High School. Here James worked for the school. He graduated in 1942. This is when he had his first homosexual relationship. Becoming Famous James Spent his life writing. James Baldwin became famous from his ability to write. James became famous by writing about his sexuality and his workings with Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.
James's Impact On Others and Society
James made an impact on people by causing people to realize their truth or helping them speak their truth. James's life has been remarkable because he dedicated it to writing about equality not just as race but for sexuality. James was a hero in the world of writing because he had the ability to criticize and love thing at the same time.
His Decisions/Lessons
According to http://oxfordre.com Baldwin made the difficult, yet inevitable decision to renounce the ministry altogether. He knew he wanted—in fact, needed—to become a writer; in the meantime, he began working at a railroad in New Jersey.
Quotes
- Love takes off masks that we fear we cannot live without and know we cannot live within. This means to me: Love reveals everything and people don’t want to feel love because they don’t want to reveal themselves.
- Children have never been very good at listening to their elders, but they have never failed to imitate them. This means to me: Children don’t always listen but they will always mock.
- Not everything that is faced can be changed, but nothing can be changed until it is faced. This means to me: You have to face your obstacle in order to take it on.
Another's Country (summary and theme) "Another Country is unified by an intertwining pattern of events and themes. The story often jumps drastically from scene to scene, and the narrative voice enters the minds of the characters, like Vivaldo, Cass, and Eric. They went to seek honest means to express themselves they did things like engaging in parties and discussions, arguments and sex, with the mystery of Rufus always nearby. Vivaldo is full of jealousy when Ida spends more time with her fast-talking producer, however she accuses him later of making the racist assumption that all black women are whores. Eric is anxious about his future with Yves and somewhat dazed to be back in New York. He becomes a haven for the disillusioned Cass and when she comes to him, they begin an affair. As the weeks pass, Vivaldo’s jealousy becomes more isolating, Cass’s infidelity more frivolous, and Eric’s future with Yves more certain."The theme of this book is "In Another Country" is a story about coming to terms with loss. "The book focuses on the events in the life of an American man living in Paris and his feelings and frustrations with his relationships with other men in his life, particularly an Italian bartender named Giovanni whom he meets at a Parisian gay bar. The novel explores the internal struggle of facing your sexuality despite imposed hyper-masculinity alongside navigating the public sphere and illustrating the challenges and blessing of accessible queer spaces." The theme of this book is sexuality and sexual identity Venn Diagram War, accepting loss, a group of guys expressing themselves about life situations Sexuality, acceptance Man has problems with his relationship, talks about him learning to accept his sexuality Another's Country Giovanni's Room Both
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James Baldwin : Biography. (2021, Mar 26).
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James Baldwin African-American Essayist
James Baldwin was an African-American essayist, playwright, and novelist who was born in New York City in 1924. When he was a child, he lived in New York with his mother, step-father, and younger siblings. He looked up to his step-father, who he regarded as his real father because his biological father left his mother before he was born. His step-father was a minister, so when Baldwin was young, he served as a youth minister.
Baldwin attended high school in the Bronx where his passion for reading and writing was kindled. He discovered his writing abilities and began writing the school magazine. His works consisted of poems, short stories, and plays which all showed great maturity in structure and style for his age.
By the time he finished high school, he had seven younger siblings. Because of this, he stayed home after he graduated to take miscellaneous jobs in order to earn money to support his family. Baldwin began to face discrimination in the working world when he was rejected from several jobs just because he was African-American. He later moved out of his family’s home and into a neighborhood known for housing artists and writers. This is when he decided he was going to write a novel and, once again, picked up any jobs he could to support himself while pursuing his writing career. When his works began to be included in more well-known publications, he began making more money and was able to move to Paris. The social climate was different in Paris which opened doors to write freely about his racial struggles.
Because he was able to be truthful about his personal life, most of his writing focus on the social struggles caused by racism. He opened up about his own experiences of discrimination, like when he was turned down from jobs because of the color of his skin. His most famous works are known for showing the brutal realities of the lives Blacks lived in the American South. He also explored interracial relationships and homosexual relationships which were very unique and controversial during his time.
Due to his his brutally honest writing style that many admired, he achieved many major accomplishments. His collection of essays The Fire Next Time that realistically depicted the life of an African American sold more than a million copies. As a way to honor his achievement and exemplary writings, he was featured on the cover of the TIME magazine. He later died in Paris in 1987.
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James Baldwin African-American Essayist. (2021, Mar 26).
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Sonny’s Blues Assignment
In Sonny’s Blues, author James Baldwin portrays the ways in which two brothers can be completely different - both socially and economically. The narrator, who is the older brother, was able to assimilate, rising beyond the constraints and obstacles that lay in front of him. Alternatively, his younger brother Sonny remains trapped and misunderstood by the confines of the darkness that “roars outside”(Baldwin). It almost seems like just being African American is a set up. “What is beyond the ghetto to a black man in a white mans nation?” Looking at this piece of literature through the historical lens we can find many references in James Baldwin’s work and characters that so closely resemble his experience and those deleterious effects that African Americans face.
James Baldwin was born in 1924. He was from a city that is known to be notorious for high crime amongst the African American population. Baldwin came from a big family and had a love for education and learning. The Harlem Renaissance helped to pave the way for many African Americans, including James Baldwin. In fact, he had a teacher by the name of Counteen Culin who “was a leader of the Harlem Renaissance”. Baldwin’s education played a critical role in the way he shaped his literature. James Baldwin was gifted in his writing “ He broke new literary ground with the exploration of racial and social issues in his many works”(Victor, 2003). It is not surprising that his work perfectly paints the injustices and tribulations of a black man in Harlem. Thus, Baldwin’s literary art portrayed African Americans’ intergenerational traumas.
Despite the many oppressions that people like Baldwin experienced, some African Americans were able to have a successful life. However, because of those same oppressions, some African Americans from the same family were victims of this same oppression and could not overcome their experiences. I think that the story of a successful sibling and the drug-connected tragedy of another sibling is played out time and again because of the racial and economic societal oppressions against African Americans.
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Sonny’s Blues Assignment. (2021, Mar 26).
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I am not your Negro
The “You” in I am not your Negro refers to James Baldwin. He was an essayist, poet, novelist, playwright and a writer. He has moral imagination and an arsenal of artistic talent. James’ prose was his signature style. His style had depth of perception, intricate design and fierce determination to disintegrate the American republic racial assumptions. Even after his death in the year 1987, Baldwin’s work has always been the source of both demanding and deep beauty and insight. Additionally, James has received an unprecedented scholarly attention level among them, the commencement of an annual journal which is highly committed to preserving and reappraising his legacy.
I Am Not Your Negro is a film that was inspired by Remember This House, which is an unfinished manuscript of James Baldwin. James’ intention when writing this manuscript was to make it a personal recollection of civil rights activists Malcom X, Martin Luther King, Jr. and Medgar Evers. All these three leaders were his close friends and they were all assassinated within 5 years. 10 years after Martin Luther King Jr was killed, James Baldwin wrote a letter to his literally agent informing him about a new book, which he was sketching out. The new book was supposedly going to feature the lives of his extraordinary friends. But unfortunately he made very little progress in the completion of this project. He had only written 30 pages by the time of his untimely death. I Am Not Your Negro film has, therefore, been based on the unfinished manuscript, his television appearances and his published works. The film starts with James’ return to America from France where he has lived for almost a decade. He returned to the U.S in the year 1957 after seeing Dorothy Counts, a 15 year old being surrounded by a violent white mob at Harding High School. The film reflects the life of Baldwin through civil rights movement, featuring his personal relationship to Martin, Medgar and Malcom.
In a repeated version, the film illustrated the unique capabilities of Baldwin to shed light on ways in which anti-black sentiments affected not only America’s political and social life but also the country’s cultural imagination. James was an active moviegoer and probably as a result, he wrote about several films in The Devil Finds Work book in the year 1976. The content of this book has been widely featured in the I Am Not Your Negrodocumentary. As a matter of fact, the documentary features several scenes from different films including Guess Who’s Coming to Dinner (1967), Dance, Fools, Dance (1931) and Imitation of Life (1934).
Scenes from these films have been used to demonstrate how Hollywood leads in black menace stereotypes and subservience to counter white innocence and purity. Even if I Am Not Your Negro is a documentary that depicts the American life in 1960s, there are also scenes that based on Baldwin’s insights which display the reality of the contemporary society. Most gripping scenes of this documentary are based on police violence on the black community in the 1960s and captions of the same kind of violence happening in the modern America, using James’ words to alleviate the amount of time between these two seasons. The movie illuminates the similarity between black deaths series that marked James’ life during the era of civil rightsand the death series of Trayvon Martin, Freddie Gray, Michael Brown, Sandra Bland, Aiyana Jones, Eric Garner and Tamir Rice and many more. Circumstances surrounding James Baldwin’s life echo loudly in the I Am Not Your Negro documentary but remains silent on how sexuality affected his life and work.
Philippe Faucon is a French director of films born on January 26, 1958. He is also a producer and a screenwriter. He directed the film Fatima in 2015 which was in a director’s fortnight section screened. This show was held in the 2015 festival called, Canes Film. The film, therefore, emerged as the best and it received an award, Louis Delluc Prize and many other awards. Fatima has composed a bit of poetry to her elder daughter, Nesrine— in Arabic and she reads it since she is still learning French. Her poem regards her life with her daughters as they face the world alone. To her, raising her daughters is her rebellion in opposition to oppression.
The movie explores the sort of rebellion for a woman such Fatima: an immigrant from North Africa who is living in Lyon and divorced in her mid-forties. The community is not ready to incorporate women like her. Fatima finds a job and serves as a cleaner as she raises her two daughters. Meanwhile, he attempts to write, read and learn French further than the standard level. At this time, her elder daughter Nesrine is a first-year medical student while Souad is 15. The immigrant community pressurizes them and perceives Souad as Fatima’s reflection and Nesrine as stuck-up.
Fatima is not such a person that regularly complains, she contented with her value irrespective of the insults uttered by her daughter Souad at her work and her. She is susceptible to her virtual French illiteracy. It is a creator her difference, not just from the culture of French, but also from her daughters who are fluent in French language and assist her to correct the perplexing turns of expressions, with adequate achievement. Thus, the ability of Fatima to express herself in language is vital and is also a way of condemning a culture that indents to categorize her as a portion of the primitive underclass.
According to the director, Fatima is an easy but strongly captivating story of three women immigrant from two different generations striving to secure a place in the current French community. The learning of French language helps them to achieve this. It also shows off streaks of more common feminism. Since the women are working hard to have anything at all, they do not go around speaking about having it all. Specifically, Nesrine is afraid of failing in school because she cannot stand seeing the hopes of her parents dashed off. Fatima, being a woman that works for very long hours, wears a veil and raising her daughters as she the culture and the French language is revealed by Fatima’s intifada statement. The goal of the language is not to be French, but to oppose the prospects she feels from the women of her category and pare out her own pathway. She raises her daughters to be successful women while she does not conform to the expectations of other people.
Philippe Faucon the Director was born in Morocco and grew up between Algeria and Morocco before immigrating to France, his father’s native home. He observes the three women as intimate. We see Fatima tie her headscarf, wash couscous, fight with her daughter Souad and write in her diary and completely with no pity. Fatima is not sorry about this neither dies she ask the audience to be sorry. It is empathetic and funny and Philippe leaves most dramatic instances off-screen. He focuses on how the aftermath and the circumstances impact the relationship of the women to one another. In the end, the success of one of her daughters is celebrated. Fatima reads the results on the wall and her smile grows.
Isabelle is quite an interesting character in the movie, Let the Sunshine In. The movie is a romantic comedy featuring the life of a middle aged woman who is in her fifties, but struggling to find love. This woman is Isabelle, who after sleeping with a married man, Vincent who is a banker, starts having romantic relationships with men in search for the Mr. Right.
\one of the things of Isabelle’s desire is music or dancing. Right from the beginning of this film or movie, Isabelle can be seen dancing to a sweet music tune. One of the reasons she loves music and dancing is because it lets her feel free in spite of dark and stormy moments in her life. Music lightens up her mood and gets rid of any anxiety.
Romance or love is another one of Isabelle’s desires. She is the type of woman who does not shy away from love or romance just because the previous one failed. Isabelle, even in her fifties is very open to finding love. When love with one person does not work out, she moves on to the next. As a matter of fact, the Let the Sunshine In movie revolves around the love life of this woman- Isabelle. Isabelle, the lead character in this movie, uses romance to find and determine the right life partner. She does not need to get pregnant or have kids because she is contented with her daughter. Therefore, romance for her is a way of gaining pleasure. Unfortunately for her, she gets her heart broken every once in a while after sleeping with her potential suitors. As a result, her love life affects her self-esteem, self-worth and self-pride and changes her from a once optimistic woman into a broken and crashed woman.
Art is another thing that is very profound in Isabelle’s life. She is a great painter and this brings about the aspect of being creative. Art or painting in this case is used to facilitate pouring out emotions after frustration. Isabelle would meet someone who she hoped would turn out to be her soul mate but moments later she realizes that the other person wasn’t actually looking for a life-partner. From this kind of heartbreak and frustration, Isabelle would take refuge or seek consolation from art. She creates really beautiful pieces especially when frustrated and in solitude. It is her idea of sole time, what she does when alone.
Being present is another desire of Isabelle in the movie. She meets numerous characters in her life, both men and women. With the fact that all the characters she meets are unique each in their own way, Isabelle chooses to be present to each one of them. She exercised her presence by mainly listening to the people she met even during the first time. Additionally, she ensures that she is sensitive about her surroundings and whatever is going on without expecting too much or anticipating. This probably shows why she is able to easily move on from one heart-break after another because she does not have a lot of expectations.
Curiosity is also one of Isabelle’s desires in the sense that she remains hopeful. Every moment she meets a new person, she hopes that she has finally found a soul mate. Unfortunately when it does not work out, she gathers the remaining pieces of her heart and moves on to the next relationship eager to see what the next person has to offer. She moves on with hope that just maybe the next man is her life partner.
Agnes Varda who is in her golden years and JR, who is still in his youthful years, make such a good team together. They are the minds behind Faces places. Faces Places is a film that involved taking captions of people and interviewing them about their life, families and thoughts. These two had never met before and they had not worked together before. Therefore, spontaneous is one of the words that can be used to describe their collaboration. They had not premeditated their film project, it just happened when they started interacting. According to them, the first couple of days they met, they took photographs of each other. On the third day, they decided that they wanted to do a project together. That is how it started without getting to know each other first, as is the norm. They came to learn and know each other with time.
The collaboration between JR and Agnes shows a common way of thinking and similar values even if both of them belong to different generations. Right from the first time they met, every one of them liked something about the other. According to JR, he loved the complete freedom sense he felt when listening to Agnes and when watching a film directed by Agnes. He was fascinated by Agnes’ approach towards life. Agnes, on the other hand, first loved how JR took his photographs. She went through a book of portraits where he had taken photos of old people and she instantly developed a liking towards him. Having an effective collaboration was, therefore, not a challenge because these two had a similar approach and codes to their work.
Additionally, the collaboration between JR and Agnes was genuine and that is why both of them succeeded in their project. None of them had selfish desires of gaining fame or earning money. Their documentary was purely for the people they interviewed. They wanted to create heroes from people who are infamous and share their stories with the world by painting huge portraits and hanging them on buildings, walls and along the streets. These two did not care about the political inclination of the people they interviewed. Moreover, they were also not interested in asking for money in exchange of airing their stories. Their genuine motive and intention must have contributed a lot in the success of Face Places.
Coming from two different generations, these two must have sacrificed some things to accommodate each other. Their collaboration therefore, can be described as selfless. JR, a young man in his mid-thirties comes from a generation where one films, texts and writes all at the same time. Agnes, on the other hand, belongs to a generation where you take a break, think not one or twice, maybe thrice before implementing an idea. This is how different their worlds were and still are. However, both of them found a common ground which facilitated accommodating each other, despite their differences.
Both Agnes and JR are creative individuals and this hugely impacted their collaboration in a positive way. Agnes being a filmmaker and JR being a photographer gave Face Places best of the both worlds. These two being artists, both of them saw things at different angles and their contribution made their documentary the best because there was diversity of ideas. In short, there two complemented each other, leaving no gap to their audience. The fact that they would listen to each other and be flexible enough to accommodate each other had a huge contribution the success of their collaboration.
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I am not Your Negro. (2021, Mar 26).
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Oil Spills Result from the Release of Petroleum
Oil Spills result from the release of petroleum, otherwise known as crude oil. There are various sources from which oil spills can occur, such as underneath the seafloor, wells that obtain oil, and tanker ships. During an oil spill, most of the oils layer across the surface of the ocean forming a slick. Ocean and wind currents, with decreased surface tension, function as a catalyst to lengthen the slick. The slick diminishes the levels of oxygen previously available to marine life by drawing in microbes. Although microbes reduce the amount of oil, they drain most of the oxygen in the water during that process ("Oil Spills," 2011). The toxins released from the oil spills present several short and long-lasting issues.
The natural processes such as oxidation and evaporation that happen to oil after a spill are scientifically defined as fate ("Oil Spills," 2011). The weathering, breaking apart of rock by physical or chemical means, and erosion from waves and currents transport sand and pebbles, eventually leading to the formation of the gradient and shape of a beach ("Coastal erosion and Deposition," 2008). There is a probability of a reduction in the weathering and erosion of beaches since the energy from weathering is exerted upon the separating of oil components ("Oil Spills," 2011). One of the most infamous oil spills was the Gulf oil spill. The Gulf oil spill had spread near the coast of Louisiana, endangering many species of animals including seabirds and sea turtles ("Gulf oil spill," 2011). Due to the decrease in marine life, the Gulf seafood industry sustained a tragic decline in the efficiency of its products. The workers participating in cleaning up the spill, along with other nearby residents, were shown to experience respiratory problems, nausea, and headaches ("Gulf oil spill," 2011).
Oil spills posses a grave hazard to the industrial and environmental traits of the world, but there are still some solutions for oil recovery. For example, the oil can be burned after being accumulating it together with a fire-resistant boom. Booms are known as mechanical barriers utilized to prevent the spread of oil or as a barrier to transport the oil to a recovery area ("Oil Spills," 2011). Dispersants are another less effective solution since they break up the oil on the surface into oil-dispersant globs that eventually sink to the seafloor, later to be consumed by microorganisms or uplifted onto beaches ("Oil Spills," 2011). Although these resolutions reduce the amount of oil leftover after spills, oil spills are a prolonging global issue.
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Great Lakes Rip Current Activity
Graduated Circle Map - The first map represents a view of all Great Lakes using a graduated circle mapping technique which depicts concentration clusters of occurrences, with numbers proportionate to circle size (bjelland et al, 2013, pg 23), the more incidents = larger circle. Both Rescues (red) and Fatalities (yellow) are shown for this map, the dispersion of larger circles gravitate to city/town locations favoring higher coastal population densities, suggesting population numbers as the largest contributing factor to Great Lakes incidents.
Isopleth Map - The second map presents an isopleth map, which shows how features or occurrences differ in quantity spatially (bjelland et al, 2013, pg 23). This map illustrates the dispersion of fatality-only incidents around the coasts, showing higher concentration centers (yellow) for areas of highest fatality activity in the last 10 years of recorded accounts. These areas of concentration seem to also gravitate towards towns/cities possibly agreeing with the factors of population.
Dangerous nearshore currents are common in the Great Lakes partly defining the Great Lakes as “inland seas” Each summer there’s and average of 12 fatalities and 23 rescues due to dangerous currents on the Great Lakes. These dangerous currents are known as rip currents, a relatively strong, narrow current flowing outward from the beach through the surf zone and presenting a hazard to swimmers. The Great Lakes areas receive millions of visitors per year at State Parks alone in the summer. Specifically Lake Michigan in the summer attracts the largest amount of incidents due to on shore winds and waves (western MI coast), favorable water and air temperatures, and more free time for activities at beaches/parks, not to mention large population sizes. More than 70% of all rip current fatalities are associated with onshore winds, specifically, a rip current fatality is most likely when a surface high pressure system creates long term onshore winds (Genisi V.A and Ashley, W.S 2010). This can be a contributing factor for incident concentration on the East coast of Lake Michigan, as this coast line attracts more onshore winds during the summer months.
The National Weather Service in Northern Indiana maintains the Great Lakes Current Incident Database (GLCID), a 17 year archive of current-related incidents(the quality of the fatality reporting database available for researchers is also assessed before including into database). Several studies on near shore swimming hazards worked with 591 reliable current-related incidents to learn about where and when dangerous currents form. The focus of research improves National Weather Service beach forecasts and possible beach hazards descriptions. The data was accessed through Arc GIS online search engine and compiled to custom layers to create both graduated circle and isopleth maps. The graphs presented use this data in order to diagnose concentrations of dangerous nearshore current activity and where humans are perceived to be most vulnerable to dangerous nearshore currents. This data can help focus on victim demographics and explain fluctuating frequency of victims annually. Visualizing this data in spatial graphs can help improve beach safety outreach and education efforts in specific areas.
There are several dangerous locations capable of causing swimmers to struggle on the Great Lakes, and any location is capable of creating hazardous currents. Most of these dangerous current incidents have taken place on Lake Michigan due to its eastern shores positioned in main development centers, and it is a popular tourist destination, this can be seen on both maps as the largest graduated circles and concentrations of isopleth measures surround southeastern Lake Michigan. Although Lake Superior has on average larger sea state conditions, fewer people surround the Superior lake shore in comparison to Lake Michigan, thus showing fewer incidents in a more dangerous lake. Something to consider in maps, is that the incidents collected in the GLCID are current related, which means reason for death or near death experience may be only partially caused by rip currents, but definitely involved. (ex. factors of drug influence, swimming ability, conditions of day are not considered in data)
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Great Lakes Rip Current Activity. (2021, Mar 26).
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BlacKKKlansman American Comedy-Dama Movie
BlacKKKlansman is an American comedy-drama movie that was directed by Spike Lee. The movie was originally released in 1966 as Crossed the Color Line and was later recast and released in 2018. Its main character is an African American male named Jerry Ellsworth. His daughter is among those who die in a church after being bombed by a racist. Jerry decides to revenge his daughter's death and to exact the revenge he joins the group responsible for the murder and slowly comes up with a way of killing all the members.
Do the Right Thing is also a Spike Lee movie that was released in 1989. It is a comedy- drama movie. The film is based on racial tension in a certain neighborhood that later excavates to an unforgettable calamity. In this film, there are different actors and diverse racial opinions and attitudes. Some characters have issues with black Americans, Italians, white officers and Koreans. In a heated argument, the character crushes over the different races and express their distaste in each other. They haul intimidating cultural insults where they use terms such as negro, which escalates things. A racists officer chokes one of the characters to death. The film spearheads the effects of racism and how the negativity eventually haunts people leading to incidences that could have been avoided.
BlacKKKlansman and do the right thing movie have several similarities. The key similarity is based on the theme of racism. Both movies are written and directed by Spike Lee and are both comedies. The movies show the effect racism has on people attitudes and how these opinions can result in consequences hard to come back from like murder, violence, and destruction of property.
BlacKKKlansman and Do the Right Thing film are different in the way the message on racism is put across. In the BlacKKKlansman movie the theme is more of applauded and does not show the viewers the negativity of the vice, but in the Do the Right Thing, the film brings to light the dangers of racism and how it negatively impacts people. It clearly shows how bad the hatred and uttered opinions on race can bring the entire society into war.
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Me Talk Pretty One Day by David Sedaris
"Me talk pretty one day" is an essay composed by David Sedaris in 2005. It recounts the narrative of the creators return to school at the age of 41 and about his involvement in learning French in Paris with an extremely severe educator. The topic of the article is David Sedaris mentality towards learning another dialect. Despite the fact that he appears to have a mentality towards learning French he really moves right to France with only one month of French exercises as his past experience with the language since he doesn't feel that he can learn legitimate French in America.
All through the essay you can nearly hear the creator's amusing and mocking voice. He makes an unexpected tone to the entire experience of learning the language which gives the article some humor. The language in the exposition is exceptionally casual which is upheld by him discussing own encounters. He utilizes a great deal of symbolism and tends to overstate his encounters.
He begins by being good however after his first exercise he feels unnerved. Despite the fact that he is the most seasoned one there, the educator ensures that there is no isolation. The educator is extremely severe and doesn't want to give the understudies trouble. "Prior to starting school, there'd been no quieting me down, yet presently I was persuaded that all that I said wasn't right" (p. 3, l. 101). This shows us that he is so terrified of the educator that he doesn't try to utilize the benefit that he really is in France.
He can without much of a stretch work on his language by attempting to talk outside of the homeroom however he just doesn't dare due to his educator's very own assaults. The instructor totally ruins the entirety of the understudies' certainty. It winds up with them feeling as though they were in a disaster area. "We before long figured out how to avoid chalk and ensure our heads and stomachs at whatever point she moved toward us with an inquiry" p.2, l. 83-84). This sensation of dread and disgrace integrates the understudies and there is no rivalry between them. Sedaris needs to stay away from the assaults and the embarrassment so he begins concentrating truly hard. He needed a character yet the instructor would not allow him to have that. He was continually reminded that he was unable to communicate in French which additionally shows in the title: "Me talk pretty one day". It shows the frailties in Sedaris' and different understudies confidence in learning the language. They all expectation that one day they will actually want to talk and get French yet has lost the expectation on account of their instructor. David Sedaris depicts the instructor as: "a wild creature "(p.2, l 82). "She squatted low for her assault" (P. 2, l 52). This makes her stand apart like unnerving and forceful. The educator's mentality towards her instructing is by all accounts that on the off chance that she pushes them hard enough it will wind up giving great outcomes.
Despite the fact that Sedaris depicts the instructor as a startling wild creature he actually has a diverting tone around it which makes it relatable for the peruser since the vast majority has ended up in a comparative circumstance. Towards the finish of the essay we get the inclination that Sedaris' French has improved. The instructor's abuses don't appear to trouble him that much any longer. By the educator being so severe to everybody, do the affronts not appear to be that genuine and perhaps not something she implies altogether. Out of nowhere he could deal with her own assaults and it happened to him, that interestingly since showing up to France he could see each expression of the instructor's sentence. Despite the fact that she had recently offended him he feels like it was a triumph for him. He can't communicate in the language however it is a positive development.
He had lost all expectation in truly working on in this class however presently he had. He becomes inquisitive and it gives him the desire for learning back. He closes the exposition with the sentence: "Talk me more, you, furthermore, please, in addition to" (p. 3, l 128). This shows us that he needs to learn and he couldn't care less if the instructor affronts him, he simply needs to hear the language and gain from it. David Sedaris' paper shows that to gain proficiency with another dialect you need to gain proficiency with the way of life around it and you need to feel at ease in the circumstances where the language are incorporated. Learning a language isn't just with regards to learning the words and the sounds which the educator disregards totally as she solely centers around the type of the language as opposed to its utilization.
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Me Talk Pretty One Day By David Sedaris. (2021, Mar 26).
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Ecological Problems in NC
North Carolina is home to many ecological problems, such as Pfiesteria, Urban Development, Waste Lagoons, Invasive Species, Dutch Elm Disease, Acid Rain, and Beach Erosion. All these issues are harmful to not only the environment, but to people as well. Humans have one big problem that leads to ecological issues, which is pollution. One of the most environmental threatening issues is Acid Rain. This issue is caused by the burning of fossil fuels in the Industrial Industry, which causes lingering air pollution leading to the nutrients in the soil of North Carolina and on Mt. Mitchell deplete. Which infects forests, plants, and other living things.
Fishing is a big industry in North Carolina, but when waste lagoons and hog farms are present, North Carolina can’t fish in certain areas. One of the most Urban life threatening issues of North Carolina is Hog Farms and Waste Lagoons. Waste Lagoons are caused by pollution not being disposed of properly and getting into the runoff water. The runoff water goes into nearby ponds, lakes, rivers, and infects all life (fish) living in those areas, which means no fishing, which is one of North Carolina’s biggest money making businesses ($2 billion a year).
All these problems come from a similar source. The thing most of these issues come from is Humans. Us humans don’t take care of our area well enough to the point where these issues happen. Waste lagoons are because of humans, we don’t dispose our pollution correctly which causes them. Not all of them are from humans, but most, I would say are.
I think the most reasonable solutions to these problems are to regulate different health standards and just watch for them. Waste Lagoons and Hog Farms can be solved by disposing pollution correctly and changing Lagoons for fishing. Beach Erosion can be solved by bringing sand from “overgrown” beaches by truck and pouring the sand onto the eroded beach, another solution is to make sea walls, or Jetties along the shoreline. Urban Development can be solved by landscaping using native plants, so the environment can get back to where it started. These are the issues North Carolina currently struggles with. Issues can come out of nowhere so we have to be careful and take precautions to deal with those.
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Belize Beach is Certainly a Good Spot for Many Visitors
One of the best tourist attractions of Belize are their beaches which are very famous relaxing and having fun in the sun. Belize beach is certainly a good spot for many visitors. Placencia, which is a town in southern Belize that sits on a small peninsula, is the top Belize beach vacation destination. Also, some of the cayes not far offshore have some pretty enviable stretches of sand. South Water Caye is quickly making a name for itself for the beaches that it offers. The enjoyment on the Belize beach will surely be your memorable experience.
The city of Belize is situated on the east coast of Belize at the mouth of the Belize River. It is located on a peninsula jutting into the Caribbean Sea. As the nation’s main port, the city is a hub for cruise ships and is often a jumping-off spot for excursions to other parts of Belize, including the Cayo District’s caves and the Maya archaeological sites along the Macal and Belize rivers. Belize City boasts the only manual swing bridge in the world and the oldest Anglican cathedral in Central America.
Islay Marina is the biggest barrier reef in the western hemisphere, it possess innumerous coral atolls, mangrove-covered islands and colorful underwater habitats. The Belize Barrier Reef Reserve has 7 marine reserves and is included in the UNESCO World Heritage Sites. The barrier reef measures 185 miles and includes more than 70 varieties of hard corals and almost 500 species of fish, dolphins, whale sharks, sea turtles and manta rays. Famous activities for travelers include swimming and snorkeling, scuba diving, windsurfing and kite surfing, kayaking, fly fishing and sport fishing.
Placencia Village is to be found on a slim peninsula in southern Belize. With 16 miles of coastline and white-sand beaches dotted with small restaurants, bars, gift shops and art galleries. It is also popular for its narrow sidewalk which is included in the Guinness Book of World Records as the narrowest street in the world. The village hosts several events and activities throughout the year, including an annual Dive with the Whalesharks activity from February to May and a Lobster Festival each June.
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Goa: the Tourist Paradise
The relaxed vibes and sandy beaches attract large numbers of tourists all over the world every year. It is the weekend getaway for many. The forts, the natural view, architecture, nightlife, Goan cuisine, Goa has it all. Being the smallest state in India, it is one of the most literate and richest. Apart from the forts, the architecture, the scenic beauty is bliss. Located on the shore of the Arabian Sea, it is house to n number of beaches. The best time to visit Goa is during winter, between Novembers to march.
Beaches
The beaches in Goa are the main reason of attraction for domestic as well as foreign tourists. Each beach has its own distinctiveness. From water sports to scuba diving, the white sand and coconut grooves brings in peace.
Baga Beach
One of the most famous is the Baga beach. It not only lets you soak in the sun but also has different activities, which will never let you get bored. It is popularly known as the party hub that makes it lively in the night. This beach offers beach shacks, coffee bars, Thai massage, clubs, shops and street food vendors. The water babies and adventurers can enjoy jet skiing, windsurfing and parasailing.
Calangute Beach
The largest beach in Goa and known as the ‘Queen of Beaches’ is the Calangute Beach. There are plenty of options this beach has for tourist. From lying down in the sand to water sports, it does not give you a chance to get bored. There are lots of sights seeing options around, with Baga beach being separated by some rocks. A tourist has the option of exploring both the beaches at a time. Calangute offers water sports like sailing, kayaking, water snorkeling and fishing.
Candolim Beach
Located between the Aguada Fort, Baga-Calangute beach is the Candolim beach. This beach has water sports at reasonable price. It is a romantic getaway for couples. Candolim has banana boating or bird and dolphin watching. Anjuna Beach is best for nature lovers. The beach has hills in the background making it the picturesque. This beach has flea market, where tourist can shop and is operational on Wednesdays only. The Grand Island is known for water-sports especially scuba diving. The Boat Trip includes snorkeling and gives a chance to see many dolphins around the boat. It gives you a chance to have a look at the marine life.
Waterfall
Dudhsagar waterfall is one of the tallest waterfall in India and is located Mandovi River. It is four-tiered waterfalls. The waterfall looks like sea of milk. It is a paradise for birds, with many species around the waterfall and various types of animals too. It offers over-night camping too. There is trekking for tourists who are enthusiast.
Clubs
Goa being the most favorite party place, Tito’s Street is one of the best clubs. It is located in Baga Beach. The DJ playing songs that make everyone groove. This club has two levels, the first level is for couples and youngsters to dance and enjoy whereas the second level is for people to sit and enjoy the view and music. There are clubs in every corner of Goa. It has Bollywood night, Ladies night and Karaoke night. Club Cubana, located on top of Arpora Hill has a spectacular view. It has multi-level dance floors, neon lights and open bar. The Love, Passion, Karma is a waterfront club. The LPK in neon sign over the water is a must watch. Tourists who wish to dance on the Bollywood hits can dance while others can walk along the waterfront. This club can be related to the ‘Breakup song’ from Aee Dil Hai Mushkil. This club is known for its unique concept that is one has to put on wireless earphones. One can easily shuffle and select the song he wishes to dance on. The DJ plays genres like trance, electro-punk.
Casinos
Giving the Las Vegas experience is the Deltin Royale Casino. It has a room dedicated for poker lovers and a special room for taash. It is a beautiful ship floating on Mandovi River. Casino Paradise is the most luxurious casinos in Goa. It gives high-tech digital gaming experience. One can enjoy the gaming and unlimited food.
Churches
Goa has many churches; each church has its uniqueness. Church of St. Francis of Assisi is known for its Barque and Corinthian architecture. This church has two statues- one of Christ and the other of St Francis of Assisi. There are many paintings that portray the life of St Francis of Assisi. This is the only church with museum that contains artifacts, sculptures and paintings. Church of Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception is of the oldest and famous. There are two alters- one to Our Lady of Rosary and the other to St Peter. The interiors of this church are elegant and well maintained.
Aguada Fort
It was built by the Portuguese then and is now used as prison. The lighthouse inside this fort is believed to be built in the 19th century. It was named Aguada as it means water for there was water springs back then.
Chapora Fort
First built by Adilshah of Bijapur but was later renamed by the Portuguese. It was built in red laterite stone but now it is just walls and Muslim tombstones. In case there is an attack, the residents can use the tunnel to escape.
Reis Magos Fort
It is situated on the banks of Mandovi River. It was used for defense purposes and now it is used as prison. Sultan Adilshah built it. It got its name from Magi Kings, which means ‘Three Wise Men’.
With so many things to visit in Goa, one can have a perfect getaway from the tiring routine. Not to forget the Goan food, which is finger licking good. The fishermen catch fresh fish and when it is served no one can resist it. Goa has a wildlife that has monkeys and other animals which tourist do not miss out.
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Going to the Beach on a Sunny Day
Going to the Beach on a sunny day is what I did on the daily when I lived in Orange County. It is seen as a place of relaxation because it is normally quiet and peaceful there. To look around you and see the beauty of mother nature at its finest. The majority of people you ask will say that the beach is one of their favorite vacation destinations. Not only for the beauty and relaxation but for the sheer entertainment. Going there to ride the waves on my boogie board was pretty relaxing as well. You just get this great rush of adrenaline it's just so exhilarating you just want to keep on feeling it. That is a few reasons why I enjoy it as much as I do. In the following paragraphs I will talk about what I see when I go to the beach, my experience at the beach and why we need to protect our beaches and marine life.
A place where I like to get away from all my troubles that are bothering me is the beach. When I go to the beach what I see is the blazing sun beating down on the smooth, weathered rocks on the cliff side. The crisp seaweed washes onto the rocks by the waves, and lay baking at the sea's edge, occasionally moving with the tide. The clear blue sea's waves rattle the tiny pebbles embedded in the golden sand. The foam from the waves cover a small child's forgotten sandcastle, bringing it down with a dull crash. The high tide pushes back the crowd of people to the beach's edge. Ice cream stalls and cotton candy stands wafts a sickly sweet smell of sugar to a
group of little children. The swooping of the seagulls to capture food littered across the sand scare a couple of people into dropping their ice creams and hotdogs. The seagulls, happy with their find, soar above the crowd, and land in the sea to enjoy their lunch. Shoals of colourful fish dart around beneath them, frightened by the intrusion. They swim off to the boats and ships bobbing on the horizon, where the sea and the sky merge into one clear sheet of blue. This what I see when I went bodyboarding at the beach. I saw the real beauty in nature when I was at the beach riding the waves on my boogie board. The beach is not only known as a place to relax ,but as a place of beauty. Many of times you see artist portraying the beach with their paintings, or by singing about its magnificence and its greatness. No matter how descriptive nor how detailed the picture is though it can never capture the beauty that the beach really holds. Not only above but under the water also. The ocean is filled with many colorful and astonishing marine life.
Many people also go to the beach as a recreational area also. One can play volleyball, the nets are strung tight as a harp. The hammocks swaying loosely in the nice ocean breeze. The drinks flowing and abundant like Niagra Falls. People always find something fun to do at the beach. It maybe throwing a ball around or getting a nice tan there's something for everyone. Beach is great place to explore for nature. You can find sand crabs or starfish on shallow ends. Some people even find oysters or fish. When going to beach people can surf, bodyboard, paddleboard, and even swim in the ocean. As you can see going to the beach is a great form of exercise as well by performing any of these activities you will be burning many calories.
Everything in this world we use comes from the ocean in some way. The air we breathe, the water we drink, even the products we use day to day, would not be possible without the ocean. This is why I urge that we need to protect our beaches and marine life. “The ocean is the largest ecosystem on Earth, it is the planet’s life support system. “Oceans generate half of the oxygen we breathe and, at any given moment, they contain more than 97% of the world’s water.” It's so beautiful but our beaches our trashed everyday by visitors. When visitors come to beach and leave their trash some of gets washed into the ocean putting marine life at risk of harm. Fishnets improperly discarded into the ocean can also cause major issues, tangling into unsuspecting mammals and fish. “According to the Marin Academy's Oceanography website, there are over 46,000 pieces of plastic floating in each square mile of ocean off the Northeast coast of the United States, which contributes to the death of 100,000 marine mammals and two millions sea birds yearly.” In short if we want a better future for those we care about, in order to survive and prosper, we need healthy oceans.
If your asking how can I do my part in protecting our beaches, there are many ways for people to protect our beaches. For one if you see litter on the beach pick it up and dispose of it properly. Also when you go to beach yourself as a visitor clean up after your own plastics and garbage. Another way marine life gets hurt is when people dump their waste like paint or oil in our drainage sewers which go into the ocean. An additional way to help the beach when your not even there is to use non-plastic items like water bottles and instead use reusable items.
I remember one day in particular when I went to the beach with my friends. We were on our way to Newport Beach in Orange County. The Sun was beating harder and the traffic was
getting worse which was a sign we were close by. We parked our car and quickly walked over to the beach to escape the heat. As soon as I got there I felt the hot sand burning my feet and I rush over to the deep blue water to cool down before I get a blister. After that me and my friends grabbed our boogie boards and head into the ocean. At first it's freezing cold then after 5 minutes you just forget about everything else. All I can focus on is finding the best wave to ride. After about being out in ocean for over an hour we come back to shore to eat and nap on the beach. We close our eyes and just lay in the nice warm sand right next to the ocean. You can hear the waves crashing against the coast as everything on your mind just slowly disappears. It just simply doesn’t get better than that. When you think of the Beach, a lot of people picture different places in their minds. When I picture the beach, it’s a place of relaxation and happiness for me.
In this paragraph I will be giving you a philosophers point of view on nature. Nature is very complex and there's a lot of different factors when its comes to nature according to Raymond Williams, nature has three areas of meaning: “The essential quality and character of something,” “The inherent force which directs either the world or human beings or both;” Lastly he states “the material world itself, taken as including or not including human beings”. He also mentions that historical significance of these three meanings are very important. Nature has many different words that you can use depending on what youre talking about for example natural selection, naturalism, naturalistic, human nature and many more.
To keep it short nature is especially important and there are several factors that come in to nature.
The waves are crashing. The sun is setting. People are laughing and talking under the sunset. I feel the sand squish slowly through my toes as I walk down the shoreline. My favorite place to got to is the beach. The weather at the beach is the most quarreling of all places in the world. One minute you are relaxing lazily on the sandy seashore sipping your drink. Next the foamy mist from the rampant ocean spray your face lightly as though it was the touch of a feather. Off in the distance the sun begins to set in a sleepy unrushed fashion. It is one of the most beautiful things one can see. In conclusion, the beach is my happy place and is for many others that's why need to continue all efforts to protect our beaches and marine life for future generations to come.
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Civil Engineers – the Unsung Heroes!
In light of the recent heavy rains we’ve experienced here in Tennessee, I thought it appropriate to give a shout out to our civil engineering staff whose areas of practice include flood control. Civil engineers impact the lives of everyone in some way. Much of what they do goes unnoticed by the general public until something goes wrong. It can happen in just a second.
A pretty meandering stream can change into a raging torrent, a wall of destruction powerful enough to destroy everything in its path. Flood waters leave a trail of destruction and can cause billions of dollars in damage. Every year communities in just about every corner of the world are devastated by catastrophic flooding. Coastal regions are prone to destruction at the historic levels of Hurricane Harvey, Hurricane Irma, Hurricane Maria, Hurricane Sandy, Hurricane Florence, and Hurricane Katrina. Civil engineering is the oldest engineering discipline. It deals with the built environment and can be dated to the first time someone placed a roof over his or her head or laid a tree trunk across a river to make it easier to get across. Flood control has been practiced since ancient times with methods such as reforestation, and the construction of levees, dams, reservoirs, and channels diverting floodwater, called floodways.
A great example of this are the ancient Chinese who used levees to raise the banks of the Yellow River to protect nearby communities. As cities grow, floods become more frequent because urban infrastructure cannot accommodate the drainage needs of land that is paved. Flat, highly developed areas like Houston, Texas leave water with nowhere to go. The predicted rise in sea levels jeopardizes streets, buildings, and subway tunnels in coastal cities like Manhattan. Moreover, aging dams and levees are prone to failure, leading to the kind of devastation that New Orleans saw after Hurricane Katrina. Civil engineers play a vital role in protecting communities from the impacts of flooding, which can happen in coastal areas caused by the oceans, or inland caused by rivers, waterways or from surface water or groundwater. Flood risk management is accomplished by extensive research and planning as well as the actual infrastructure that controls water levels. “Hard” infrastructure features include dams, embankments, barriers and gates, pumping stations, sea walls, and diversion channels.
Drainage networks are also important in preventing flooding, especially in towns and cities, by effectively collecting and removing storm water and other surface run-off. In coastal areas, effective beach management is important in managing flood risk, as a healthy beach can absorb wave energy, reduce wave overtopping, and ultimately protect any hard structures present behind the beach.
Civil engineers are closely involved in the design, construction, and maintenance of all of these structures. “Soft” engineering techniques such as beach nourishment, saltmarsh restoration and managed retreats are also important in understanding and controlling the flow of rivers, other waterways, and the ocean. Civil engineers predict and model flood risk using their knowledge and expertise in a number of areas – including hydrology and hydraulic flow, sediment transport, wave, tidal and current dynamics, coastal processes and geomorphology. They work with the environment to create natural attenuation and storage in upper zones of catchments to protect downstream communities from flooding. Natural attenuation in upland rural areas using farmland and green spaces alongside climate adaptation solutions is becoming more prevalent in the search for long-term sustainable solutions. In addition to investing to protect homes, businesses, and infrastructure, there is also a need to deliver an effective flood management program. This involves the monitoring, forecasting and warning for floods and the organization of emergency response including the deployment of temporary flood defenses and the ability to make rapid emergency repairs. Depending on the type of organization that employs the civil engineer – a number of skills and specializations are utilized:
- Preparation of flood control designs
- Design and development of flood control structures
- Community engagement, feasibility, and option analysis Hydrological and hydraulic analysis and modeling
- Environmental enhancement and mitigation
- Preparing construction documents
- Public consultation and presentation
- Cost estimates and profiling
- Programming
- Risk management
- Contract management
- Root cause analysis and problem solving
Creation of the Tennessee Valley Authority In response to continued flooding in the Tennessee Valley, one of the most famous and successful projects created by the Federal government during the Great Depression was the Tennessee Valley Authority, or TVA. During the Great Depression of the 1930s, President Franklin D. Roosevelt set up many new projects and agencies to help the hardest hit areas of the United States. One such agency was the Tennessee Valley Authority, which was created in 1933.
The Tennessee River Valley was continually dealing with floods, deforestation, and eroded land. The TVA wanted to help reduce these problems by teaching better farming methods, replanting trees, and building dams. This agency was also important because it generated and sold surplus electricity, created jobs, and conserved water power. The TVA was a great success almost from the beginning and helped ease some of the economic hardship not only in the state of Tennessee, but also in parts of Kentucky, Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, and Virginia. TVA’s success continues to this day.
Too often the work that civil engineers do doesn’t get the recognition it deserves. We want to take this opportunity to thank them for the many conveniences of modern life that they provide such as flood control, dams, bridges, roads, clean drinking water, and flushing toilets!
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Why is the Beach Cool
Perhaps my most punctual memory was the point at which I went to the beach with my folks interestingly. My initial feeling was the means by which perfectly clear the water looked, as it was reflecting daylight. The day was warm, and I recollect the sun thrashing and figuring how reviving it is venture into the sea water. The beach has an extremely specific smell to it. It has the smell of seawater, which is definitely not a wonderful smell, yet it doesn't smell awful. When we got to the beach, I got down to step in the water. The main thing I saw was that the warmth was noticeable all around, yet in addition in the sand, as it consumed my feet. I needed to run rapidly since, in such a case that I left my feet in the sand for a really long time, it would consume, so I immediately ran down toward the water.
When I ventured into the piece of the beach where the water laps the sand, I felt it was promptly cooler. A little wind kicked up right then, at that point, and I was amazed at how I could go from being hot to being cold so rapidly. The breeze actually felt reviving, and I dunked my toes gradually into the water. I let the waves hit my lower legs, and afterward the water would stream once more into the sea. I thought how delightful everything appeared. The air was warm, the water was cool, and there was the sound of seagulls which could be heard over the sound of the little waves hitting shore. I would not like to swim in the sea water, so I just went in the water up to my knees. I ran for a brief period along the shore since it felt great to run, and I recall how strolling through water required more exertion than typical. After a short time, I was a bit gasping for air so I chose to head back up to where my family had set out the towels.
Following a couple of more minutes, I began getting eager. There was a little seller on the beach selling drinks and sandwiches, so we concluded it would be a happy opportunity to eat. Outside the seller was a little table with a dazzling red umbrella, so we plunked down and requested our food. After lunch, I concluded I would attempt to make a sandcastle. I didn't have any apparatuses, so I wound up utilizing a peach hued shell I found close by the water to gather up sand. At first I attempted to make a copy of our home, however it wasn't working, so I attempted to make a more straightforward structure. At the point when that fizzled, I basically wound up attracting the sand utilizing my foot. I preferred the sensation of the cool, wet sand running between my toes. It began to get more smoking, so at whatever point I expected to put a hold on from the mid year heat, I would venture back in the water and quickly cool down. The beach wasn't excessively packed, yet there were a couple of different families there with their youngsters. The kids were snickering and playing as they sprinkled water on each other.
At the point when the sun began to set, I thought how delightful the sun's appearance was on the water. It was too splendid to even consider taking a gander at straightforwardly. What I will detract from this memory was the way quiet it was, and I will always remember the sea smell. The beach has since become one of my #1 spots to visit, and I am constantly invigorated at whatever point I find the opportunity to visit.
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Hawaii New Coastal Land Management Plan
Searching through the internet I came across a management plan that feels close to home to me due to conserving beaches in Hawaii. Usually the land management plans we discuss have to do with erosion on rangeland, but this plan is a different kind of erosion that causes beach loss. This plan talks about the causes, effects, goals, objectives, and management options to conserve the beaches in Hawaii. Overall, this coast management plan is talking about beach narrowing and beach loss in different islands in Hawaii.
First of all, the management plan focuses mostly on the beaches in Oahu, Maui, Kauai which are all different islands in Hawaii that have beach loss and erosion on their lands. Each beach is owned either private landowners, public landowners, or even owned by the state of Hawaii. Private and public beach owners are both involved in the Costal Erosion Management Plan. This is also known as the COEMAP which involves community discussion and assessment of the coastal erosion in these specific areas. They use to rely on shoreline hardening which is the process of adding structures like seawalls built parallel to shore to protection to coastal communities from erosion and flooding. Instead of this infrastructure helping beach loss in Hawaii it is actually making it worse due to studies conducted in Oahu. The coastal hardening is producing impacts including increased turbulence and direct flow of sewage products into the water. Instead of keeping up this management practice that is being detrimental to the beach loss they need to change into their management practices. Hawaii has started to the COEMAP to resolve the needed to conserve beach loss and sustain these lands that have erosion.
Seawalls no longer are helping instead they made this management plan to assist in every aspect of the beach loss. Understanding the structure of the beaches can help understand what is being effected by the beach loss in Hawaii and what is needed to be done to stop this erosion. Also, knowing the vegetation on the land can greatly help understand what natural resources are in danger when the occurring beach loss is happening. The coastal zone includes a wide variety of Hawaiian Islands that includes beaches, dunes, and terraces all created on the shore. The coastal vegetation are plants that are able to sustain saline soils that have a hot surface and strong winds. Most of the vegetative includes flowers, trees, shrubs, and grasses. Some of the trees include coconut palm trees and ironwood an alien tree. There are numerous shrubs, native grasses, and beautiful flowers. The shoreline and high tide can be shown by the edge of vegetation growth occurring. The setback on Hawaii beaches is measured from the certified shoreline shown in the upper reaches of wash of waves at high tide usually shown in edge of vegetation growth. This provides baseline in measuring shoreline setbacks including issues like erosion and beach loss.
As said previously, the property of the management plan is consisted of beaches in Hawaii on the islands that have a showed erosion and beach loss that is affecting their economy and recreation. Each beach is either privately owned as well as publicly owned by someone or the government. Each person who owns their area of the beach is the one who manages it. The private owners are usually families that have had generations on certain costal land. By these costal lands can include a range of things from roadways, harbors, to even shops, and airports. All of these people are coming together to involve themselves in the COEMAP so financially and environmentally they do not lose any more of their land. They are all coming together with the public comments to help conserve the beaches that have erosion occurring on their land. In general, the citizens of Hawaii are involved to be part of the feedback and resolution to this ongoing problem. All the people who own these lands and the public will come together to discuss the erosion problem and to communicate the change needed of past management practices.
“Article X of the Hawaii State Constitution mandates the state to conserve and protect Hawaii’s natural resources for the benefit of the present and future generations” (add in citation page 11). The Department of Land and Natural resources initiated that there must be a comprehensive plan put in place due to the beach loss and erosion in Hawaii’s coastal areas. This department states there must be a plan to promote conservation and restoration of these beaches due to regulatory requirements. This is when the Costal Erosion Management Plan (COEMAP) provides an outline of the public commentary, discussions, goals, assessments, alternatives and overall how to mitigate the beach loss. There needs to be management action to restore the beaches and improve the land’s quality. When trying to figure out what the best option is there needs to be a group discussion including all participants. As well as knowing past management strategies and what efforts are needed to improve erosion management. Hawaii relies on public involvement and education effort within the community to get the citizens aware and able to help. Since the coastal erosion management plan is part of a federal project it requires the NEPA process.
The trigger is due to environmental impacts and making this project requires permits that involves this process. The National Coastal Zone Management Act (CZMA) requires intervention when a part of the act is a cause of concern for a specific state. For example, the act will require Hawaii to make a plan that assesses the effects of beach loss while learning how to lessen the damage with new management actions and restoration. There were laws and policies listed in the document that caused Hawaii to assess the damage and create a new management plan. The Hawaii Coastal Zone Management Program was put in place for land use and zoning laws. This Program failed due to not recognizing shoreline dynamics when putting in these laws and policies. Usually zoning tools prevent erosion, but this program did not do that. The problems occurring now on Hawaii beaches could have been avoided if they properly did the zoning plan. Not only was this plan ineffective, but Hawaii never put in place a conservation program for these beaches unlike other states due to the lack of involvement federally. Now Hawaii will put in an effective shoreline management using different tools and techniques.
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Hawaii New Coastal Land Management Plan. (2021, Mar 26).
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Geography Assignment Report
Introduction
White Haven beach, is a beach located on White Sunday island on Australia's east coast in the coral sea QLD. It lies across from Chalke's beach and is next to Hamilton island. The beach is widely known for being one of the cleanest beaches in the world and some of its main features and attractions include the beautiful waters and gleaming white sands.
Geographical Features
The beach is 7km kilometres long, but the most iconic part of the beach is surrounded by the landscape of the island for example there is a small isthmus and peninsula to the left of the beach called hill inlet lookout, which has a great view over the beach. The water leads into a large dried up river that goes inward towards the other side of the island. The beach gets its white colour from silica forming 98% of the sands grains, the silica most likely comes from ocean currents pulling the silica from the ocean and depositing it onto the beach. When geologist's first discovered white Sunday island and white haven beach it was suggest that quartz beaches were formed from the volcanic eruptions that have taken place up to 132 million years ago
Formation
White Haven beach was formed by erosion and deposition. The beach was formed by deposition from the waves and tides washing on to the island and depositing the tiny pieces of silica and sand onto the shoreline. The isthmus and peninsula, (hill inlet) lookout was created by erosion and the water washing pieces and chunks of the land away another example of this is the river that goes into the island. The spits, sandbars and the mostly dried-up river were created from the water eroding sand and more ground away from the beach and island. When the tide comes in, it makes the beach look like a sound instead, and hiding the spits and sandbars
Changes Over Time
Over time White Haven Beach has changed in many ways. Overtime water and rain erodes the soil of hill inlet lookout and the hills surrounding the beach so eventually hill inlet lookout will be partially in the next few million years. gone because the isthmus will be gone. Survey by scientist and geologists alike have shown that 1.85 billion tons of tiny grains of sand and silica have been deposited on to the landform in the last 10 000 years. When the tide comes in at white haven beach the water runs through river and the more times that this happens the more soil will be eroded, and the river will go straight through the island.
Human Interaction
Despite humans destroying many landforms of the natural world, White Haven beach remains the cleanest beach's in the world or at least it's one of cleanest beach's. Humans have built lookouts and other attractions, but nothing has been really built on the beach keeping it clean despite being a very popular tourist attraction. Hopefully over time people can keep this landform and it habitants safe by keeping pollutants away from the beach and keeping its reputation as one of the cleanest beaches in the world
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Travel and Tourism Industry
Introduction
The Maldivian travel and tourism industry is largely controlled by the private sector. The central government acts as a regulatory body in the industry. The key stake holders in the industry are the local tour operators, tour operators abroad, local airlines, international airlines, tour operators. Among them exists partnerships and strategic alliances together contributing to the quality service being provided.
There are 97 luxury resorts established in the Maldives currently under operation and a further 30 resorts are been developed in addition to 145 safari vessels and city hotels already operating in the country. The Maldives is known for its high end world class resorts and, which offer tropical privacy in the modern hectic world, popular among the rich and famous. Tourism is the main industry in the Maldives and contributes about 32% to its GDP. Over the last five years tourist arrivals to the Maldives have been increasing constantly.
Kurumba Maldives
Kurumba Maldives is the first resort in the Maldives, Kurumba Maldives offers a wide range of comfortable accommodations. This resort is just 10 minutes away by speedboat from the Male International Airport. Guests can enjoy relaxing on the white sandy beaches and a vibrant house reef at this classic Maldivian resort. Kurumba Maldives provides a comfortable place to stay with unlimited relaxation, and guests can enjoy a variety of activities such as watersports. Kurumba Maldives is a perfect venue for a variety of guests including families and travelers who wish to have a memorable experience with adventure, dining, and nightly entertainments. Focused on offering a warm and pleasant stay in the Maldives, Kurumba Maldivesensures great hospitality throughout your stay with professional service and a wide array of features.
Evaluate the facilities and tourism products available at the destination
Tourism products available
Attraction
Kurumba Maldives has a beautiful white sand beaches and scenic coconut trees. It offers free WiFi in all rooms, 8 restaurants and 4 bars. The resort has 2 outdoor freshwater pools, 3 tennis courts and a fitness center. Offering a wide range of treatments, Veli Spa proposes the unique Dhivehi Beys treatments, as well as both modern and traditional treatments. Island-hopping tours and fishing trips are available, as well as customized excursions. The luxurious rooms and villas feature private terraces with beach views. Tourists can get different types of food from Kurumba’s restaurants.
Accessibility
After a long flight, kurumba maldives vihamanafushi is certain that you will appreciate arriving to the maldives luxury honeymoon resorts early and upon departure, you can stretch your stay at the kurumba village resort Maldives until 3 hours prior to your flight's departure.
Kurumba is a household name in the Maldives and appeals to a broad range of travelers because of its competitive room rates and easy accessibility. The resort's fleet of boats makes regular trips to the airport to collect guests, and crew members offer bottled water and cool towels scented with coconut. Members of staff will wait on the jetty for arrivals and lead newcomers to the main reception area -- an attractive open-air building that looks especially romantic when lit at night.
During check-in, an elegant presentation of coconut ice cream is offered to guests before they are are taken to their accommodations on various parts of the island. Some rooms are located closer to the beach than others, while sun loungers, designated by room numbers, surround the shore. It is easy to walk the entire circumference of the island, and guests may also take inland pathways. It is easy to get turned around the first day or two, but landmarks such as the orchid garden or the staff mosque can help remind guests where they are.
The resort provides a convenient place to discover Male Island and Hulhule, as well as everything the local area has to offer. Activities such as snorkeling, boating and water activities are offered nearby.
Climate
The average temperature is around 29/32° Celsius. The wetter times are normally between May to June and September to November. These periods can be daily patches of light showers to good thunderstorms. The water temperature ranges from 24/30° Celsius. Umbrellas are in every room so there is no need to pack an umbrella. During this time the water is warm and the fish do not seem to mind the rain.
Majaa (in the local dhivehi language means fun) recreation team of Kurumba Maldives is located in the middle of the island. The skilled Majaa team is on hand to help guests choose a pursuit, which could range from a session of tennis lesson to night of snorkeling. In addition to individual activity programms, a seven-day activity timetable is also available to ensure guests are always entertained.
Energise
- 24 hour gymnasium
- Beginners Yoga
- Core Conditioning
- Full-Body Stretching
- Tai Chi
- Tennis
- Watersports
Eco
- Coconut Capers
- Coral Gardening
- Green & Back-of-House Tour
- Kurumba Leaf Crafts
- Marine Biology Presentation
- Recycled Arts & Crafts
Explore
- Glass-Bottom Boat
- Guided Night Snorkelling
- House Reef Tour
- Maldivian Experience
- Mal© Tour
- Sandbank Picnic
- Seaplane Photo Flight
- Snorkelling Lesson
- Sunset & Dolphin Discovery Cruise
- Sunset Fishing
Enrich
- Bodu Beru
- Canvas Painting Class
- Cocktail Masterclass
- Local Island Experience
- Maldivian Arts & Crafts
- Maldivian Cooking demonstration
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The Blazing Sun is Persistent Midday
The blazing sun is persistent midday, heedlessly burning my skin as I made my way towards the crashing waves. I walked with uttermost wariness while the bottoms of my feet began to blister with every step I took into the scorching sand. I stumbled forward over a shell sending it flying into the ocean. I got up and irritably wiped the sand off my body and the backpack I was carrying. I approached the ocean and was stung by a sudden attack of a wave which quickly retreated back. The warmth of the water was more uncomfortable than welcoming. Fear and resentment swelled up inside of me as I turned away from the ocean, letting the tears roll down my face.
I walked to the edge of the beach where the waves don’t reach, pulled a towel out my bag and laid it out on the sand. I sat down and hugged my knees to my chest. I watched the water as it was rising and falling in a rhythmic pattern as if it were breathing out sighs of reassurance. A mother appeared on the beach walking alongside her husband and son, pausing when they reached the lining of the ocean admiring the softly crashing waves. A wave approached them and they calmly allowed the water to flow between their toes. I was surprised as the oceans immensity doesn’t seem to be intimidating to them. The son let go of the mothers hand and she watched him run out into the ocean, shouting joyfully as a flock of seagulls ascend into the sky.
The sun slowly set and I watched as the world around me turned multiple colours. The reflection of the sky reflected onto the more raging water. An old couple walked slowly on the beach hand in hand with their shoes in their other hand. I imagined them remembering all their memories they spent on the beach. Perhaps the ocean was a constant in their life? All the moments they experienced by the water must have been beautiful to them even when the ocean was raging. As they departed I decided that I would return tomorrow to try conquer my fear again, for what feels like the hundredth time.
Darkness had quickly settled over the beach and only light that was present was the produced by the moon. As I picked up and dusted the sand off my towel, “hello ma’am, are you on your way home?” I recognised the lifeguard of the beach’s voice “yes, thank you” and he nodded. “Can I ask you a question?” “Sure Alex” I replied. He hesitated “You’ve come here every day for the past week, why?” I looked at him and nodded my head, “I once read that it’s a biological fact that humans have the same percentage of salt in our blood that exists in the ocean, we are tied to the ocean and maybe if I overcome my fear of the ocean I just might be able to find myself.” He smiled and nodded, then started to walk away, “I’ll see you tomorrow again ma’am”.
The next day I approached the ocean tentatively as the sun just began to rise, sending rays of luminance across the sky. My feet sank into the satin sand while the tiny grains flowed beneath them, conforming to my every step. The restless waves slowly crept towards me and tickled my toes with the slightest touch. I smiled and a thought crossed my mind that maybe the ocean isn’t as scary as what I imagined. Curiously, I walked into the sea, letting the water embrace me. For the first time in a long time I felt unafraid. I danced with the turquoise waves and wondered what it would be like to be wrapped forever in the security of the ocean. I felt a weight gradually lift off my shoulders as I felt no longer afraid.
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The Redevelopment Project is Believed to Reshape the Coastline
The redevelopment project is believed to reshape the coastline that is Virginia Beach. Although the vote for the proposal was in favor of the new redevelopment project not all Virginia Beach residents feel the taxpayers’ dollars should fund such a project because the residents who voted against the proposal feel tax dollars would be better spent elsewhere.
Landscape management for the Virginia Beach area works continuously to maintain the aesthetics of all of Virginia Beach landscapes which include parks, schools, the beach, and roads. “Our mission is to provide internal support for the external delivery of parks facilities, recreation programs, public spaces, schools, and roadways through proactive asset management that focuses organizational resources and processes toward improving/enhancing the long-term value and viability of public assets and protects public investment” (Landscape Management, 2017).
By using an existing site and redeveloping an iconic structure this redevelopment project brings back a beloved historical memories and nostalgia. Businesses along the Ocean front feel this project will benefit the city of Virginia Beach economically by increasing tourism and providing year around entertainment for local residents. Development on Atlantic Avenue reimagines the older run-down space and intends to make significant improvements to the existing buildings, landscape, and opens up opportunity for the future to enhance the almost one-mile corridor.
Landscape Management Division
Aesthetics of the Virginia Beach Coastline is being managed by the Landscape Management Division of the City of Virginia Beach. The Landscape division is responsible for all the landscaping grounds maintenance of city building sites, school sites, park sites, roadways and the resort areas including: 512 building sites, 91 school site and support facilities, 3,685 acres of park land out of 7,495 total acres (vb.gov.com).
The services of the Landscape Management includes mowing services, litter control services, landscape installation and maintenance, hazardous tree assessment and removal, storm-related emergency services, community beatification projects coordination, special event support, snow and ice removal from building sites and so much more to keep the landscape of the Oceanfront beautiful (vb.gov.com).
There is a beautification program in which residents and other organizations assist in enhancing the landscape in regard to planning’s of public property. The city of Virginia Beach is fortunate to have a viable, non-profit, state-chartered beautification commission whose activities are directed to the encouragement of beautification programs for the betterment of their community.
The Landscape Management Division of Virginia Beach anticipates continued involvement in joint beautification efforts in the future.
Evaluation and Results
Largescale development projects require the use of more land space. “Visual impact can be substantial and stimulate public reaction” (Cevallos-Sierra & Ramos-Martin, 2018, p. 1154). Visual impact mitigation practices are applied to reduce the level of visual contrast between the project and the surrounding landscape.
The assessment identifies any characteristics or potential impacts that could be a result of the prospective redevelopment. Aerial photographs; site context plan, topographical features plan, landscape character plan, extracts from landscape character assessment, site appraisal plan, visual appraisal plan, landscape opportunities and constraints plan, landscape and open space strategy plan are examples of site context from the Hampton Roads Crossing Study (HRCS) of July 2016.
The (VIA) visual impact assessment should include all subjective or objective judgements and should utilize those judgements in a systematic approach supported by clear evidence and reasoned arguments by engineers and experienced landscape professionals (Hamptonroadscrossingstudy.org).
The overall outputs of the assessment identify any effects in the redevelopment of the landscape project that can potentially visually impact the community’s aesthetics in a beneficial, neutral, or adverse way. The results can be permanent, temporary, cumulative, direct or indirect (Hamptonroadscrossingstudy.org).
Conclusion
A visual impact assessment on the proposed redevelopment site provides an analysis of the potential visual impact effects and concerns regarding human appreciation and interaction. Available means to mitigate the visual effects, bring in city-wide participation, and support by qualitative judgement on facilitating the redevelopment project by redesigning established structures and space not only enhances the beauty of the landscape but increase city revenue. City officials along with the Landscape Management Division, and community involvement assist and support the redevelopment of Atlantic Avenue in Virginia Beach. Because of this perfect marriage between the community and the township Virginia Beach is one of the most up-kept beautiful coastlines on the Eastern Region of the United States.
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The Incredible Horseshoe Crab
The Incredible Horseshoe Crab They tell us if the surgeon's equipment is clean because it is very sensitive to bacteria. It costs 60000 a gallon Inside the horseshoe crab's blood cell (called the amebocyte) are the proteins of its blood clotting system. These proteins are released in response to the presence of unwanted organisms like Gram-negative bacteria and cause its blood to clot around the injury and bacteria, protecting the animal from further harm. Horseshoe crab blood is unusual for two reasons.
Firstly, it gets its incredible blue color from the copper used to carry oxygen around the crab’s body, in the same way, the iron in hemoglobin makes our blood red. Secondly, horseshoe crab blood reacts to the presence of bacterial endotoxins, coagulating around the contamination and trapping it in a gel-like substance. The blood is so sensitive that it will react to a contaminant concentration of one part per trillion. Horseshoe crabs resemble crustaceans but belong to a separate subphylum of the arthropods, Chelicerata, and are closely related to arachnids. Prosoma (cephalothorax) - The largest section of the horseshoe crab. From a top view, it is shaped like a horse's shoe. Several eyes are found on the exterior of the prosoma. Opisthosoma (abdomen) - The abdomen is the center section of the shell and attaches to the cephalothorax using a hinge. From a top view, moveable spines are visible along the edge of the abdomen. Telson (tail) - The tail is attached to the abdomen at the terminal base. The horseshoe crab uses its telson to steer and right itself if it becomes inverted in the tidal zone.
Contrary to popular belief, the tail is not a poisonous stinger. Occasionally, horseshoe crabs are found with a misshapened telson. This is usually due to a physical injury of the telson. Eyes Horseshoe crabs have a total of 10 eyes used for finding mates and sensing light. The most obvious eyes are the 2 lateral compound eyes. These are used for finding mates during the spawning season. Each compound eye has about 1,000 receptors or ommatidia. The cones and rods of the lateral eyes have a similar structure to those found in human eyes but are around 100 times larger in size. The ommatidia are adapted to change the way they function by day or night.
At night, the lateral eyes are chemically stimulated to greatly increase the sensitivity of each receptor to light. This allows the horseshoe crab to identify other horseshoe crabs in the darkness. The horseshoe crab has an additional five eyes on the top side of its prosoma. Directly behind each lateral eye is a rudimentary lateral eye. Towards the front of the prosoma is a small ridge with three dark spots. Two are the median eyes and there is one endoparietal eye. Each of these eyes detects ultraviolet (UV) light from the sun and reflected light from the moon. They help the crab follow the lunar cycle. This is important to their spawning period that peaks on the new and full moon. Two ventral eyes are located near the mouth but their function is unknown. Multiple photoreceptors located on the telson constitute the last eye. These are believed to help the brain synchronize to the cycle of light and darkness. (Check out a diagram of the horseshoe crab's 10 eyes).
Gills A horseshoe crab absorbs oxygen from the water using gills that are divided into 5 distinct pairs located under the abdomen. Each pair of gills has a large flap-like structure covering leaf-like membranes called lamellae. Gaseous exchange occurs on the surface of the lamellae as the gills are in motion. Each gill contains approximately 150 lamellae that appear as pages in a book. They are commonly called book gills. The gills also function as paddles to propel juvenile horseshoe crabs through the water. Mouth & Legs The horseshoe crab has 6 pairs of appendages on the posterior side of the prosoma. Five pairs of walking legs or pedipalps enable the horseshoe crab to easily move along benthic sediments. Each has a small claw at the tip except the last pair. The last pair of legs has a leaflike structure at the terminal end that is used for pushing and clearing away sediments as the crab burrows into the marine bottom.
The base of each leg is covered with inward pointing spines called gnathobases that move food towards the mouth located between the legs. As the legs are moving, food is crushed and macerated. There are also 2 small chelicera appendages that help guide food into the mouth. Circulatory System The horseshoe crab has a developed circulatory system. A long tubular heart runs down the middle of the prosoma and abdomen. The rough outline of the heart is visible on the exoskeleton and at the hinge. Blood flows into the book gills where it is oxygenated in the lamellae of each gill. The flapping movement of the gills circulates blood in and out of the lamellae. Oxygenated blood is returned to the heart for distribution throughout the horseshoe crab. the tidal mouth of a large river, where the tide meets the stream. The horseshoe crab has been described as an armored box that moves. Their appearance is similar to the prehistoric and extinct trilobite. Looking at the exterior of the crab, the body is divided into three sections. These three sections comprise the horseshoe crab's hardened exoskeleton.
The exoskeleton is shed periodically as the crab grows. The tail or telson cannot be used to endanger another animal, the horseshoe crab uses it to flip itself over if it has been flipped onto its back. Adult horseshoe crabs gather on beaches in large numbers to dig nests and lay and fertilize eggs. This process is known as spawning. The start of their inshore movement from deep bay and coastal waters appears to be triggered by lengthening daylight hours. Spawning in the Chesapeake and Delaware Bays usually begins during the latter part of May. The peak in spawning activity usually coincides with the high tide during the full moon and new moon in May and June in Delaware and New Jersey. However, in Florida, breeding activity continues between March and November with peak spawning occurring as early as April (Brockmann, 1990) and continuing through August (Rudloe, 1980). In Massachusetts, spawning occurs between May and July (Barlow et al., 1986).
Breeding activity is consistently higher during the full moon than the new moon and is also greater during the night than through the day (Rudloe, 1980; Thompson, 1998). Thompson (1998) found that spawning horseshoe crabs responded to optimum tidal and solar conditions available during each lunar phase, rather than to the lunar phase itself. Barlow et al. (1986) in Massachusetts and Penn and Brockmann (1994) in Delaware found spawning activity greatest during the highest tides regardless of whether it was day or night. Brockmann and Penn (1992) found a significant tendency for horseshoe crabs tagged during the day to return to spawn during the day, while horseshoe crabs tagged during the night tend to return to spawn at night. Lunar cycle, day of the year, and wave height are significantly correlated with horseshoe crab spawning activity (Rudloe, 1980). Shuster and Botton (1985) observed that horseshoe crabs avoid spawning during rough weather, no matter what the phase of the moon, possibly because fighting the surf would only serve to exhaust the animals during an already energy-draining activity (spawning). Spawning activity is significantly greater at water temperatures of 20C or greater in South Carolina (Thompson, 1998).
At temperatures below 20C, a state of dormancy is initiated and production of ecdysone (a substance that stimulates molting and development) is curtailed (Jegla, 1982). In Massachusetts, New Jersey, and Delaware, horseshoe crabs often spawn during neap tides (Penn and Brockmann, 1994; Cavanaugh, 1975; Barlow et al., 1986). However, in Florida, horseshoe crabs almost never spawn during neap tides (Rudloe, 1980). Penn and Brockmann (1994) conclude that the dissimilarity is due to differences in grain size (aerobic sediments occur at higher elevations in Florida than in Massachusetts, New Jersey, and Delaware). Additionally, neap tides are lower in Florida, and flood tides rarely reach the aerobic zone of the beach, which further explains why horseshoe crabs in Florida do not nest during neap tides (Penn and Brockmann, 1994). While current tagging studies in New Jersey and South Carolina have not discounted the possibility of spawning site fidelity, horseshoe crabs are probably not loyal to one spawning site over successive years and generations (Thompson, 1998). However, spawning animals do display short-term fidelity to a spawning site, and they return to the same site on numerous high tides until spawning is complete (Thompson, 1998; Brockmann, 1990). Shuster (1994) reports that while horseshoe crabs probably do not return to their natal beaches, the majority does return to the same estuary to spawn. Adults prefer sandy beach areas within bays and coves that are protected from the rough action of the surf. However, spawning has been observed on mud, sod, and peat banks. In addition, horseshoe crabs may be capable of spawning in subtidal areas (Rudloe, pers. comm., 1998).
Low-energy embayments preferred by horseshoe crabs include Tom's Cove (Chincoteague Bay, Virginia), Sandy Hook Bay (New Jersey), and Great Bay (New Hampshire) (Botton and Loveland, 1989). Optimum spawning areas are limited by the availability of sandy beach habitat. Eggs are laid in clusters or nest sites along the beach, usually between the tide marks. Eggs and Nests The average number of eggs per cluster is 3,650 to 4,000 (Shuster 1982; Shuster and Botton, 1985). Several egg clusters are deposited during each trip, and females will return on successive tides to lay more eggs. A female will lay about 20 egg clusters each season in the Delaware Bay (Botton, 1995). However, Brockmann (1990) only identified up to 15 egg clusters each season in Florida. Approximately 88,000 eggs are produced per female per year (Shuster, 1982). The density of egg clusters has been reported to be as high as 50 egg clusters per linear meter (Shuster and Botton, 1985) and up to 500,000 eggs per square meter. (Botton et al., 1994). Egg development is dependent on temperature, moisture and oxygen and usually takes a month or more. Egg nests are located in a broad area from the spring high tide line down to three meters above the low-water line (Shuster, 1982).
However, the geochemical characteristics of the beach are more relevant to egg nest placement than the distance from the tide marks (Penn and Brockmann, 1994). Differences in the distribution of egg nests within a beach may be dependent (in part) upon the amplitude of the tides and beach morphology (Shuster, 1982; Penn and Brockmann, 1994). Specifically, beach morphology (sediment type and grain size) affects oxygen, temperature, and moisture gradients on the beach. Delaware Bay beaches are characterized as coarse-grained and well-drained, whereas Florida beaches are fine-grained and poorly drained (Penn and Brockmann, 1994). Horseshoe crabs select locations for their nests that will maximize egg development; Penn and Brockmann (1994) found the mean nesting location for horseshoe crabs on Delaware Bay beaches to be about equal to the mean high tide line. However, horseshoe crabs in Florida nest much higher up on the beach (than in the Delaware Bay) to avoid the anaerobic conditions at the mean high tide line (Penn and Brockmann, 1994). Ultimately, eggs buried too high on the beach are subject to desiccation and those buried too low are subject to anoxic conditions (i.e., insufficient interstitial oxygen concentrations).
Eggs are deposited in clusters in the upper portion of the intertidal zone. Depth of eggs in the sediment range from five to 20 centimeters below the surface (mean 11.5 ± 2.8 centimeters) (Rudloe, 1979; Brockmann, 1990). The mean nest depth in Delaware was found to be 9.3 ± 3.9 centimeters (Penn and Brockmann, 1994). Shuster (1994) found that horseshoe crab reproductive success is greatest under the following conditions: - The egg clusters are moistened by water with salinity of at least 8 parts per thousand. - The substrate around the egg clusters is well oxygenated. - Tides are sufficient to keep incubating eggs moist. - The beach surface is exposed to direct sunlight to provide sufficient incubation. - The slope of the beach is adequate for larvae to orient and travel downslope to the water upon hatching. In examining the moisture requirement, Penn and Brockmann (1994) found that in Delaware, horseshoe crabs tended to place their nests in sand that was about three percent saturated. Eggs that were buried above this zone were more likely to desiccate, and the saturated sediments of the lower beaches contained insufficient interstitial oxygen concentrations for egg development to occur. The moisture content of the sediment is determined largely by the size of the grains in the sediment. The grain size of the beaches in Delaware that had the greatest horseshoe crab spawning concentrations, as reported by Shuster and Botton (1985), had grain sizes ranging from 0.5 to 2.0 mm in diameter (Botton et al. 1994), with a median grain size of 0.7 mm.
Beaches used by spawning horseshoe crabs in South Carolina and Florida have much smaller grain sizes. In South Carolina, grain sizes on study beaches used by horseshoe crabs are between 0.2 and 0.4 mm in diameter (Thompson, 1998). The mechanism by which horseshoe crabs locate preferred spawning habitat is not completely understood. While horseshoe crabs spawn in greater numbers and with greater fecundity along sandy beaches, horseshoe crabs can tolerate a wide range of physical and chemical environmental conditions, and they will spawn in less suitable habitats if ideal conditions are not encountered. Therefore, the presence of large numbers of horseshoe crabs on a beach is not necessarily an indicator of habitat suitability (Shuster, 1994). Interestingly, it appears that horseshoe crabs can detect hydrogen sulfide, which is produced in the anaerobic conditions of peat substrates. These anaerobic conditions reduce egg survivability, and horseshoe crabs avoid peat substrates (Botton et al., 1988; Thompson, 1998). Jacobsen (pers. comm., 1996) believes that horseshoe crabs need at least eight inches of sand over peat to avoid anaerobic conditions that could prevent egg development, with 16 inches or more being optimal. Beach slope is also thought to play an important role in determining the suitability of beaches for horseshoe crab spawning (Shuster, pers. comm., 1995). Horseshoe crabs generally travel downslope after spawning and appear to become disoriented on flat areas (Jacobsen, pers. comm., 1995).
Field experiments by Botton and Loveland (1987) determined that beach slope is more significant than vision in orientation behavior and identified poor orientation performance on flat beaches. Horseshoe crabs show rapid seaward orientation on beaches with slopes of approximately six degrees (Botton and Loveland, 1987). Although the optimal beach slope is unknown, beaches commonly used by horseshoe crabs in New Jersey have slopes of three to seven degrees seaward (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1995). Jacobsen (pers. comm., 1996) estimates the optimal slope to be about seven percent. However, Thompson (1998) concluded that while parameters controlling site selection for spawning would normally favor beaches with an optimal slope (i.e., gentle seaward slope), beach slope itself is not likely to be the determining criteria for selection. Erosion is also an important component in spawning success. Erosion of the substrate in which eggs are deposited would increase egg and larval mortality. Thompson (1998) suggested that short-term, seasonal erosion characteristics may be more important than long-term conditions. In addition to the intertidal zone used for spawning, horseshoe crabs also use shallow water areas (less than 12 feet deep) such as intertidal flats and shoal water as nursery habitat in their juvenile life stages. The presence of offshore intertidal flats may also influence the use of certain beaches by spawning horseshoe crabs. Horseshoe crabs may congregate on intertidal flats to wait for full moon high tides because these flats provide protection from wave energy.
Thompson (1998) identified that preferentially selected spawning sites were located adjacent to large intertidal sand flat areas. In addition to providing protection from wave energy, sand flats typically provide an abundance of available food for juvenile horseshoe crabs. Since several tidal cycles may be required to complete spawning, offshore intertidal flats may provide safe areas to rest between tide cycles. Growth and Diet Horseshoe crab eggs typically hatch 14 to 30 days after fertilization (Sekiguchi, et al., 1982; Jegla and Costlow, 1982; Botton, 1995), but factors such as overcrowding or high-density egg clusters can prolong the incubation period (Barber and Itzkowitz, 1982). The optimum temperature for egg development has been estimated to be between 30C and 35C (Jegla and Costlow, 1982). The larval stage begins when the eggs hatch and the larvae emerge. The larvae swim and feed for a period of approximately six days. Although this free-swimming period provides the possibility of wide dispersion, when it is over, most larvae settle in shallow, intertidal areas near the beaches where they were spawned to complete their first molt (Shuster, 1982). This molt into the first juvenile instar occurs approximately 20 days after emergence (Jegla and Costlow, 1982).
Some larvae, while still in the egg capsule, delay emergence, overwinter within beach sediments, and hatch the following spring (Botton et al., 1992). This phenomenon was observed during the winters of 1989 to 1992, and densities of 1,000 to10,000 live trilobites per square meter were observed in sediment depths greater than 15 centimeters (Botton et al., 1992). While overwintering in beach sediment carries a risk of mortality associated with erosion from coastal storms, this strategy does minimize avian predation and provides insurance in the event that the previous year’s hatchlings had poor survivorship (Botton et al., 1992). Upon hatching, these larvae follow the same cycle described above. Juvenile horseshoe crabs generally spend their first and second summer on the intertidal flats, usually near breeding beaches (Rudloe, 1981; Shuster, 1982). Thompson (1998) found significant use of sand flats by juvenile horseshoe crabs in South Carolina. Older crabs move out of intertidal areas and are found a few miles offshore except during breeding migrations (Botton and Ropes, 1987). After the larvae and young juveniles leave the beach environment, they do not return to the beach until they are sexually active adults (Rudloe, 1979).
Horseshoe crabs swim or crawl as their primary means of locomotion. Both larvae and juveniles are more active at night than during the day (Rudloe, 1979; Shuster, 1982: Thompson, 1998). Juveniles typically feed prior to the daytime low tide, then burrow into the sand, remaining inactive for the remainder of the day (Rudloe, 1981; Thompson, 1998). Because horseshoe crabs lack jaws, they crush and pulverize their food with the spiny bases of their legs and then place the food in the mouth. Larvae feed on a variety of small polychaetes, nematodes, and nereis (Shuster, 1982). Juvenile and adult horseshoe crabs feed mainly on molluscs, including razor clam (Ensis spp.), macoma clam (Macoma spp.), surf clam (Spisula solidissima), blue mussel (Mytilus edulis), wedge clam (Tellina spp.), and fragile razor clam (Siliqua costata). However, horseshoe crabs also prey on a wide variety of benthic organisms including arthropods, annelids, nemertean, and polychaete worms (Botton, 1984; Botton and Haskin, 1984). In the Delaware Bay, horseshoe crabs prefer soft-shell clam (Mya arenaria) and small surf clam (Mulinia lateralis) over gem clam (Gemma gemma) despite the numerical dominance of the gem clam in the Delaware Bay (Botton, 1984). The horseshoe crab is also an important predator of soft-shell clams in Massachusetts. Shuster (1950) reported the consumption of sand worm (Nereis spp.), sand ribbon worm (Cerebratulus spp.), gem clam, macoma clam, razor clam, and soft-shell clam by horseshoe crabs in Cape Cod Bay, Massachusetts. Botton (1984) found 56.4 percent of prey was infaunal burrowers, which included bivalves and polychaetes. Botton (1984) also found vascular plant material in nearly 90 percent of all individuals.
Botton and Ropes (1989) hypothesized that horseshoe crabs may control species diversity, richness, and abundance in areas where they prey upon small molluscs and polychaetes. No differences between diet and food preference are apparent between male and female horseshoe crabs. Not surprisingly, Shuster (1996) identified that food for the horseshoe crab is abundant on the continental shelf in areas where horseshoe crabs abound. Adults The horseshoe crab must molt (shed its chitinous exoskeleton) to grow. Molting occurs several times during the first two to three years. As the horseshoe crab grows larger, the time between molts increases. Horseshoe crabs will molt 16 to 17 times over a period of nine to 11 years before they are fully-grown and sexually mature (Shuster, 1950). It should be noted that the often-cited age of sexual maturity is based on a series of molted shells from a single captive specimen. Females reach maturity one year later than males and, consequently, experience one additional molt (Shuster, 1955). Once sexual maturity is reached, horseshoe crabs no longer molt (or molt rarely). It is estimated that their lifespan beyond this point can be up to eight years. Once they stop molting, the horseshoe crabs provide an ideal surface to which epifaunal slipper shells (Crepidula fornicata) can attach themselves.
By determining the age of these univalves, the age of the horseshoe crab can also be established. Therefore, the lifespan of horseshoe crabs may be 17 to 19 years in the northern part of their range, accepting the estimate of 9 to 11 years to reach sexual maturity (Shuster, 1950). Like many animals, horseshoe crabs exhibit sexual dimorphism. Males are generally smaller than females at maturity, which is most likely a result of the females undergoing one more molt than males. The mean prosomal widths of the adult males is only 75 to 79 percent of that of the adult females (Shuster, 1982). In addition, males have specialized clasper claws to aid them in attaching to females during egg fertilization. The horseshoe crab is endangered meaning its almost extinct
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Alleviation of Deadly Hazards of RIP Currents Using Near Shore
Rip currents occur every day on many beaches and not only after a storm or at high tide. Deaths from rip currents are a major hazard on global beaches; it is a major cause of surf drowning. In the United States, the rip currents kill nearly 200 to 500 people every year. In Costa Rica Analysis of data from the Judicial Investigation Organization of Costa Rica indicates that drowning is the leading cause of violent death in the country, with 1,391 drownings between 2001 and 2012.
Approximately 590 of those drownings occurred in a marine environment and are listed as being the result of rip currents. In Egypt, according to official data from the Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics (CAPMAS) issued in 2017 drowning accidents and immersion in water unintentionally is about 7% from total different accidents in Egypt, around 1054 male and 220 female with total 1274 people are drowned via drowning accidents. Study of the nearshore is important in areas, where the coastline is influenced by erosion and accretion. These erosion and accretion need some protection structures like groins and break waters, which cause more circulations and rip currents.
Many studies had been carried out to solve problem of rip current, but the problem still exist. This present study assesses the possibility of using new technique as a possible solution for the problems of drowning; also, it presents a vision for decision maker, using a new tool to alleviate the deadly hazards of circulation phenomena and rip currents. For this reason, finding a suitable tool to mark rip currents for warning the swimmers, from the possible hazards due to swimming in the path of rip currents. Furthermore, the objective of this research is determining the hazard area around marine structures of shore protection like groins and breakwaters as well as, the calculation of the characteristics of rip current like its influence distance and its minimum and maximum velocities. The proposed tool is floating self-lighting units, which can generate and save energy for lighting from energy of waves and different currents. The units can be positioned and arranged in the path of rip current, in particular the neck and head area of rip current.
Achieving the goals of this research, field measurements had been carried out, also detailed observations of the effects of longshore varying bathymetry on nearshore circulation. For this purpose numerical models (MIKE 21- SW) and (MIKE 21- FM) were applied on Rosetta promontory ( eastern groin ) , and Baltim coast to determine the current direction and velocity, and also to investigate the circulation flow in the mentioned areas to avoid the dangerous effects of drowning for the swimmers.
In addition, experimental work was performed at the physical model lab of Abu Quir research station, Alex. Egypt. The objective of the experiments is studying the stability of proposed floating units using different wave heights, water depth, and different diameters of circular units. It is concluded after the analysis of data that, the current’s velocities beside the breakwaters are almost large values, where the speed of the rip currents can be 0.5 m/sec up to 1.50 m/sec and extend to 30 m up to 150 m towards the sea (in Egypt). It is recommended that for decision makers, the proposed floating device can be a tool for the reduction of rip current hazard.
For swimmers, be watchful at all times, especially when swimming at unguarded beaches. Stay at least 100 m away from breakwaters, groins, piers and jetties, because permanent rip currents often exist alongside these structures. It is required to characterize the rip hazard at the most popular beaches on the coastal zone in Egypt.
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Indiana Dunes is an Example of Ecological Succession
Indiana dunes is an example of ecological succession. More specifically primary succession where life starts out with nothing. First pioneer species improve the soil conditions allwing more plant species to thrive. As more soil gets created as plant matter decays, the soil quality allow more common plant speices located inland to thrive near the beaches. The species nearest to the beach have higher tolerance curves. This means that these species can tolerate harsh abiotic factors like the lack of mositure and nutrients and full exposure to the sun and ground instability. Harsh abiotic factors creates inhibition that only allows high tolerant species to thrive near the beach and discourages other plant species to thrive. Pioneer plants like marram grass are able to survive in harsh environments, unsutiable for other types of vulnerable life and make it less harsh for other species to flourish. They form patches of grass that trap the moving sand and spread quickly.
Over time, more sand gets pushed inland due to weathering and asmoisture level rises and vegetation slowly covers continuously, the conditions become more suitable for more biodiversity on beaches. So as the tree popluation rises, more birds pass through Sand dunes and it helps biodiversity thrive through ecological facilitation. For example hairy woodpecker helps keep the bug population in check by ellminating bugs from trees so the tree wont be harmed. This species interaction benefits both participants, the tree and bird populations. Like cottonwood trees that thrive in unstable sand. With their branches and leaves, its shade and moisture allows more biodiversity to thrive and allows a settling groudn for other species. After the prsence of cottonwood trees on beaches, more trees will thrive like Jack Pines and oaks. These trees are located away from teh coast and rather further inaldn and will slowly build the soil. From nothingness to thriving biodiversity, ecological succession is established when these common trees allows more moisture, less acidic soil and therefore more plants and animal life on beaches.
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Ecosystem is a “Biological Community”
An ecosystem is “a biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment.” My ecosystem is the Sandy Shores. My ecosystem is located in the California Coast. It is where you put your feet in the water and it is just having the water below your ankles. Also it is where the water meets the shore on a ocean. It is where you find seashells on the sand (Google dictionary)
There are different types of animals because of the way they eat. Here are some of the biggest animals on the sandy shore Bat Ray, Leopard Shark, California Halibut, and Shovelnose Guitarfish. Here are some of the smallest animals and some invertebrates. A sand dollar, Pacific Mole Crab, and Moon Sail. Here is a picture of the food chain (aquarium.org)
Here are some facts about animals that live on the sandy shore. “Sea Pens can be found anchored to the soft ocean bottom from British Columbia to central California.” The sea pen is an invertebrate and it is common to the sandy shore. The Bay Pipefish can be found in the Pacific Coast of North America. The Bay Pipefish is dried out and used in cultures (aquarium.org)
Here are some plant and coral life. These are some examples of the plant life on the sandy shore, European Beach Grass, and American Beach Grass. They survive in my ecosystem because they eat food and hide from predators. There are more than one sandy shore. The sandy shore has lots of responsibility to keep animals alive and to help the people to have fun (Aquarium.org)
A good thing about the sandy shore is that people are realizing what they are doing to the ocean. One bad thing that people are doing is that they are throwing trash and glass in the ocean and animals are eating the trash. Here are some tips when you are at the beach. Don’t throw trash on shore. Also please don’t take home live animals. If you find a live animals put it back in the ocean. There is more paper on shore than anything else. Our human in pact is getting better (hilo.hawaii.edu)
My animal Life co-exists because when one animal eats another, a baby is being born and that is how the animal life process works. And that is how my animal life can live in my ecosystem. One fact that I learned was that the sand is crushed up sea shells and rock (mbgnet.net)
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The Code of Hammurabi on Guard of Justice
The Code of Hammurabi is a collection of laws that help maintain equal interactions with the community and set punishments and fines which help meet the requirements for justice. The laws are put in place to help keep control. The Code of Hammurabi is better explained as an “eye for an eye” which means that if a person commits a crime a harsh equal punishment will be bestowed upon them. The laws are based on the different types of classes which involve the propertied class, freedman and slaves. The laws were also different depending on you gender considering men were superior and woman were inferior during that time. The Code of Hammurabi includes many punishments which can include removing of one's tongue, eyes, ears and hands. Todays laws in Modern day America can be harsh depending on the type of crime you committed. Many of our laws are much more civilized and humaine.
During 18th century BC men were superior to women. They lived in a class based society. Since the women were not equal to men their punishments were much more different. For example one of the laws state that “ If the finger is pointed at a man’s wife about another man, but she is not caught sleeping with other man, she shall jump into the river for the sake of her husband.” (L.W. King/Brians 1915). The people of that time greatly valued equal punishments for the individuals The people of Mesopotamia were into having punishments assigned only if people were socially equal. The majority of laws in Hammurabi's code that applied to both men and woman mirrored a double standard. For instance it states “ If a man's wife, who lives in his house, wishes to leave it, plunges into debt, tries to ruin her house, neglects her husband, and is judicially convicted: if her husband offer her release, she may go on her way, and he gives her nothing as a gift of release. If her husband does not wish to release her, and if he take another wife, she shall remain as servant in her husband's house.” (L.W. King/Brians 1915). Marriage was very sacred and it was a woman's job to be a loyal and faithful wife and mother. If she fails a harsh punishment including death will be ruled at her husband’s demand.
Our laws, values, and society in modern day America are much more different than Mesopotamia in the 18th century. As time progressed woman gained more rights and are now becoming equal with men and our punishments for criminals is nowhere near as harsh as the once were. Today in contemporary America Woman are identified as much more than just a daughter or a wife as they once were in Mesopotamia, they are seen as their own individual. Hammurabi's Code required whoever is accused to come to the court themselves. As for today's laws it is required in modern day America for the accused to show up to court. They must go through a long trial and there also must be a substantial amount of evidence. Our Amendments are still in affect to this day and are to be followed by every citizen in the United States of America. The Code of Hammurabi was only effective during Mesopotamian times. Even though the Code of Hammurabi has more rules than our laws today, our rules are much more effective and valid then what the laws from Ancient Mesopotamia.
Both Hammurabi's Code and Today's laws both offer protection of property and offer different punishments to people depending on the severity of their crime.The two set of laws cover many similar topics including family matters, assault, marriage issues and so on. Just like America's rule of law the code of Hammurabi everyone must follow the law and no one can be an exception. Even though Mesopotamian laws and punishments seemed so absurd, they have established a system for authority that has been carried on to fit today's standards in America. This helps keep control and peace within our country.
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A Revolutionary Method in Water Treatment
Water is the main regular asset on the planet; its significance can't be over underlined. It is the most plentiful fluid on earth as it covers 3/4 of the earth surface. While 71% of the outside of the Earth is covered by seas, the freshwater assets contained in springs, lakes, streams and glacial masses just record for 3% of the absolute earth water. Freshwater is a sustainable asset; this is done by means of the hydrological cycle through the course of dissipation, buildup, precipitation, run off and transportation. The fast development of ventures in the general public has prompted an increment in the contamination of the climate particularly through inappropriate removal of waste like weighty metals, organics, and microorganisms have represented a threat to our general public. (What might be compared to the heaviness of the whole human populace of 6.8 billion individuals. The UN gauges that the measure of wastewater delivered yearly is around 1,500 km3, multiple times more water than exists in every one of the streams of the world. (UN WWAP 2003). These issues require new techniques for sanitizing water that is financially savvy, harmless to the ecosystem and require less energy than the conventional strategies.
Substantial metals allude to metallic components that are somewhat thick and harmful even at low fixations. Substantial metals like lead, arsenic, nickel, zinc, mercury, chromium, and cadmium are non-biodegradable and subsequently aggregate in the climate. They are likewise extremely harmful and known to be cancer-causing. The issue of weighty metal particles in water is one of extraordinary worry in the general public. Weighty metals are quite possibly the most widely recognized contaminations in source and treated water. The expanded utilization of weighty metals mechanically brought about an expansion in the accessibility of metallic substances in regular source water. Wastewater from cowhide ventures, oil processing plants, mining, synthetic enterprises, metallurgical, and paint businesses, just as run off from agribusiness and timberland lands being arranged to the climate without appropriate treatment are one the explanations behind the presence of substantial metals in water, these are hurtful to the sea-going lives as well as to people as far as bioaccumulation, bioconcentration and biomagnification. Lead makes harm the kidney, liver and mind sickness, otherwise called Plumbism. Cadmium causes Itai-Itai illness which prompts relaxing of bones, body shrinkage and agonizing demise. Mercury, when held for quite a while in the cells of a pregnant lady, can move the placenta boundary presenting the youngster to risks. Cyanide causes seizures, heart failure, and passing when breathed in. Thus, the evacuation of weighty metals is most extreme significance. There are different techniques being utilized in the evacuation of weighty metals like opposite assimilation, substance precipitation, layer filtration, particle trade, electrodialysis, coagulation, adsorption, among others. The best technique being adsorption, since it is practical, extremely effective, eliminates even follow measure of metals and it is harmless to the ecosystem. The normal adsorbent utilized is actuated charcoal, chelating specialists and earth materials. These techniques have low adsorption limits and are not viable in eliminating weighty metals at high focuses. This brought about the advancement of nanomaterials in the expulsion of weighty metal particles from water and in the treatment of waste water.
Nanomaterials are applied from multiple points of view to handle mechanical and ecological difficulties in sun oriented energy transformation, catalysis, medication, and water medicines. Nanomaterials are materials with molecule size between 1nm to 100nm. Because of their little size, nanoparticles can infiltrate etremely little foreign substances zone rather than miniature particles which makes them truly significant in the expulsion of substantial metals. The new advancement of nanoscience and nanotechnology has shown surprising potential for the remediation of natural issues. Nanomaterials are the main thrust in the advancement of nanotechnology. In correlation with conventional materials, nanostructure adsorbents have shown outrageous effectiveness and quicker rates in water treatment. A few sort of exploration has been completed and still on-going in regards to the utilization of nanoadsorbents in water sanitization.
Nanomaterials utilized as adsorbents in expulsion of substantial metal particles in wastewater ought to be nontoxic, have generally high adsorption limits which is because of a lot bigger surface region, be touchy to the high and low grouping of contaminations, effectively eliminate adsorbed poison from the outside of the nanoadsorbent, and be reusable. These properties make them extremely valuable in water cleaning, remediation and treatment. An assortment of nanomaterials like carbon nanotubes, Graphiteoxide/Silica composites, graphene, nano metal or metal oxides, and polymeric sorbents have been concentrated in the expulsion of substantial metal particles from fluid arrangements, and the outcomes demonstrate that these nanomaterials show high adsorption limits.
Carbon nanotubes (CNT) are a typical nanoadsorbent. They are slender, empty chambers made out of carbon particles with breadth as little as 1nm. They are exceptionally permeable, have a huge surface region, oxygen-containing utilitarian gatherings and hydrophobic surfaces, these properties of CNT have expanded their inclination as an adsorbent in expulsion of natural, inorganic and substantial metal particles from squander water. They have high partiality for divalent metal particles. Carbon nanotubes can be Single-walled (SWCNT) which are made of a solitary layer of graphene or Multi-walled (MWCNT) that have various concentric layers. Various explores have been done in the utilization of nanomaterial to filter water. Li et al. (2003) completed an examination on the adsorption of Pb(II), Cu(II) and Cd(II) onto multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and announced brilliant adsorption limits of 97.08 mg/g for Pb(II), 24.49 mg/g for Cu(II) and 10.86 mg/g for Cd(II) at room temperature, pH 5.0 and metal particle balance centralization of 10 mg/l. He additionally announced that the metal–particle adsorption limits of the MWCNTs were 3 to multiple times more prominent than those of powder enacted carbon and granular initiated carbon, which are the two generally utilized adsorbents in water cleansing. An examination wherein Graphite Oxide/silica was utilized as an adsorbent in expulsion of lead, nickel, and chromium. There was a lessening in the grouping of substantial metals after treatment with the nanoadsorbent. This was additionally verified with a positive change in the wave number from unadulterated metal and adsorbed metal.
Graphene is an allotrope of carbon with one or carbon molecules organized in a hexagonal grid. It has amazing electrical, mechanical, warm, optical and transport properties, all of which made it a space of interest as a nanoadsorbent. They have solid enormous electronic surface which considers a solid intermolecular fascination of adsorbents. Their open layer structure and plentiful oxygen containing utilitarian gathering improves their adsorption limit comparative with CNTs. As study on Magnetite–graphene composite adsorbent with a molecule size of 10 nm announced that they have a high restricting limit with regards to As(III) and As(V). The enormous surface region, huge delocalized pi (?) electrons and tunable synthetic properties of graphene settle on them an arresting decision as adsorbents for ecological purification applications.
End
The expanding shortage clean water is a reason for worry on the planet today. The fast development of ventures, half-baked urbanization, and overpopulation has prompted an extraordinary decrease in the nature of water. Customary techniques, for example, particle trade, invert assimilation, film filtration, adsorption, among others. Of the relative multitude of strategies utilized, adsorption is acquiring a huge inclination in water treatment due of its flexibility, wide appropriateness and monetary plausibility. Nanomaterials are progressive in the refinement of water, their adequacy in eliminating huge and even follow measure of substantial metals have made them a developing inclination. Their huge surface region and tiny size, and high number of adsorption destinations permit them to adsorb more metal particles and more successfully than the customary partner. Different nanomaterials like Carbon nanotubes, graphene, dendrimers, zeolites are being utilized in the expulsion of substantial metals particles from water. The utilization of nanomaterials for water purging is a quickly developing space of exploration as they are practical and in particular harmless to the ecosystem
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It’s Time to Say no to Zoos
It’s time for a change. It’s time to work together and say NO to zoo’s. Animals are just in to big of a pain already and I will show you the reasons why they are suffering in zoos around the world.
Animals are in just to small of enclosures. There is just too small of a space for the animals to happily roam around in. Research has shown that lions and tigers have 18,000 times less space in a zoo enclosure then in the wild. Research has also proven that a polar bear has 1 million times less space in a zoo than in the wild. Those two examples show how much land animals that live in the zoo are missing out on. Instead they spend almost all of their lives in a much smaller zoo enclosure which is very sad. There is no freedom for animals that live in theses compact madhouses . Most of the day they just sit there and watch human beings smile and take pictures of them.
One also big problem is that animals are still taken from the wild. In 2003 the UK government gave permission for people to capture 146 penguins from a British territory down in the South Atlantic ocean. Zimbabwe in 2010 made a plan to capture two of every species that lived in Hwange National Park for example cheetahs, rhinos, lions, and more and send them to a North Korean zoo. Later the plans were stopped after international organizations pressured Zimbabwe not to do this act. The reason why capturing animals from the wild is bad is because they are untrained giving zoological gardens the high risk of zoo keepers or visitors getting attacked, animals from the wild can also contain a certain disease or illness that could spread to human beings. However if a menagerie decides to release a animal back to the wild due to their old age the animal will most likely not survive, due to the fact that now they had to hunt their own food down,find their own water source, and more. The animals with their long stay at the zoo already forgot how to live independently because for the past years of the certain animals life the zookeeper's provided the animals water and food.
Lastly, zoological gardens kill animals. In 2014 there was a huge global outrage when the Copenhagen Zoo killed a young giraffe named Marius. The zoos spokespeople even admitted that thousands of animals are killed on purpose for no reason. One time in a German menagerie three tiger cubs were slaughtered after recent lab tests had shown that they were not a certain type of pure blood species of tiger. In a study the E.A.Z.A or the European Association of Zoos and Aquaria said that member zoos were actively being forced to kill animals on purpose because other member zoos did not want to take new animals into their enclosures. If the animals were a hybrid species, zoos would take no interest in them because they only want rear, fancy, and pure blood animals. Sometimes zoos would also not except new animals fearing that taking care of new animals would take up more space in a enclosure and there would have to be more labor or work for the zookeepers.
Overall I think that killing poor innocent animals due to the fact that other zoos don't want to except them into a enclosure of theirs is a very unnecessary thing. I think that the governments should set up a backup sanctuary were the animals all share one space, happily roam around, but still the government will provide every animal shelter, food, and water. The reason why I think that there should be a backup sanctuary is because it has been proven that most animals will most likely not survive if released back into the wild, so if we let the animals free on a huge plot of land they can be free but still there will be food and water provided for them.After all living in a zoo for years now they are completely incapable of hunting down their food.
Now after providing you with three reasons to say no to zoos think about it. Make a change. End the suffering of thousands of animals that have to live in zoos with a fear of them one day getting slaughtered for no necessary reason. Say NO to zoos.
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Understanding Humans as Animals
Have you ever been to the Louisville Zoo? If so of course you’ll see the gorillas and monkeys. Their features are like ours,they are intelligent like us. Humans, chimps, and bonobos descended from a single ancestor specie that lived six or seven million years ago.
Humans and chimps cautiously evolved from a common ancestor, also their DNA passed from generations to generations , changed also. I explain comparing humans as animals by the similarities and unsimilar things. In my opinion humans over rule all creatures.
A lot of people ask “ what’s a homo sapien?”. Well scientifically “homo” is the genus and “sapien” is the species. Homosapien also mean human being. Humans are primates that belong to the taxonomic family hominidae.
They are great apes. Which means humans are related to chimpanzees, bonobos,gorillas and orangutans. The human animal bond is a mutually beneficial and dynamic relationship between people and animals that is influenced by behaviors essentials to the health and well being of both. This adds other things, emotional , psychological, and physical interactions.
What role does humans play in the food chain ? Humans play numerous roles in a food chain depending on which organisms eat it. Us humans doesn’t really have natural predators. If a hula decided to only eat plants they are a primary consumer vice versa the ones who eat meat are secondary consumers.
Humans affect the food chain because we are known as dominant consumers. We affect by food webs that goes through energy production and agriculture pollution, habitat destruction, overfishing and hunting. The food chain is so important because consumers are organisms that receive energy by consuming other organisms. The role is important within an ecosystem such as balancing the food chain.
Are humans an invasive specie? Some say humans are the WORST of all invasive species. I believe they say this because humans have 360,000 or more babies born per day. We became invasive species because basically a initial explosive growth. The definition of Invasive species is an organisms that causes an ecological or an economic harm in a new different environment where it isn’t very native. They are capable to cause extinctions of plants or animals.
In this essay I told you about many things. How we humans were once in a time basically like apes. Our great food chain and what it is and how it works. How we are homosapiens and the definition of homosapien. How are humans an invasive species and the definition of invasive species. Overall I talked about humans as animals. I hope the information I gave you makes you understand humans as animals.
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