Month: March 2021
Gestures in Nonverbal Communication
Gestures, particularly those involving the arms and hands are used to convey a wide range of thoughts, images, feelings and ideas. Gestures that have a specific meaning are considered to be speech-independent. Examples of these gestures, sometimes referred to as emblems, are a wave to signify “hello” or “goodbye,” a crooked finger to beckon someone, or shrugged shoulders to indicate “I don’t know.” These can be used in conjunction with speech but can easily stand alone as well. Emblems can vary across cultures so it is wise to be cautious when using them in an unfamiliar context. The most common types of gestures are those called illustrators by social scientists. These gestures accompany speech but lack specific meaning on their own and include gestures such as pointing to give directions and motions intended to regulate the conversation. The meanings of these gestures become clear in the context of the dialogue. Hostetter (2011) calls these deictic gestures and refers to emblems as representative. She explains that these gestures pantomime an action, demonstrate spacial properties, or create a referent for an abstract idea.
Many researchers have studied gestures and the role they play in communication. Gestures that accompany speech are usually spontaneous and involuntary and accomplish both interpersonal and intrapersonal functions (Pine, Reeves, Howlett & Fletcher, 2013). Interpersonal gestures are those that help with communication, while intrapersonal gestures seem to help the speaker in cognitive processes (Pine, et al., 2013). Iverson and Goldin-Meadow (1998) assert that “the spontaneous hand movements that accompany speech are not random but convey to listeners information that can complement or even supplement the information relayed in speech.” Other researchers have concluded that conversational gestures carry meaningful information but they can be indistinct and unreliable (Krauss, Morrell-Samuels & Colasante, 1991). They disagreed with other theories as the extent that gestures play a role in communication.
Krauss, et al. seem to be a minority, however. Rim©, (as cited by Knapp, Hall & Horgan, 2014) found that fluency was negatively affected for speakers whose gestures were restricted. Graham and Heywood (1975) concluded that the elimination of gesture affected speech performance, noting that speakers spent more time pausing, used more words to describe spatial relations, and exhibited more hesitations when describing concepts which required more than a single word to express. Iverson and Goldin-Meadow (1998) suggested that speakers gesture because they understand that useful information is conveyed to listeners through their use. They further state that gesture is an integral part of the speaking process. Comprehension increases when gestures are combined with and support the verbal stream (Knapp, et al., 2014).
Gestures that aid listener comprehension have several functions. They can help the structure of a conversation, get attention, hold listener focus, enhance details, enliven ideas, and aid recall (Knapp, et al., 2014). Hostetter (2011) concluded that gestures related to spatial and motor topics significantly benefit communication, although those that occur with abstract topics do not. She additionally found that gestures help with comprehension of concepts, strengthen memory, and are helpful in getting attention. Listeners with lower verbal skills, such as children, nonnative speakers, and developmentally or neurologically impaired persons also benefit from the use of gestures. Kendon (1997) stated that speech and gesture are two aspects of a single process and therefore gestures provide a visual representation of objects or ideas that can be observed. He further said that gestures can also indicate the direction of communication.
While gestures play an important part in communication, they also have self-oriented or intrapersonal functions (Kita, Alibali, & Chu, 2017; Pine et al., 2013). The role that gestures play in cognition is significant, according to a number of researchers. The study by Pine, et al. (2013) looks at the way in which hand actions enhance perceptions, with the proposition that gestures can prime and aid perception, cognition, and speech. They further assert that gestures, as well as bodily actions and postures, can open access to memories, images, and language. Kita, et al. (2017) determined that” gesture activates, manipulates, packages, and explores spatio-motoric information for the purposes of speaking and thinking. It seems clear, then, that gestures benefit the speaker as well as the listener.
The cognitive aspect of gesture use has led researchers speculate on the way that gestures might impact learning. According to Pine, et al. (2013), “Cognitive processes are embedded in the interaction between the physical body and its external environment.” They reasoned that language and action use overlapping parts of the brain, which make object recognition easier. Goodrich and Kam (2009) concluded that gesture plays a role in language learning. In their study, learners were able to interpret unfamiliar parts of speech by paying attention to gestures. Goldin-Meadow (2004) also found an overlap in the processes of speech and gesture. She determined that gesture conveys meaning in a comprehensive manner, while speech depends on a more systematic process. This overlap can lead us to conclude that gesture combined with speech could be beneficial in learning environments. In fact, teachers often use gestures in the classroom to clarify and correct misconceptions (Goldin-Meadow, 2004). In order to be effective in learning, gestures should convey relevant information, although they do not need to be closely matched with targets (Pine, et al., 2013).
Although much research has been done in regard to gestures in communication, there is much more to discover. The communicative and cognitive aspects of gestures are intriguing. In the introduction of the Field Guide to Gestures, Armstrong and Wagner (2003) sum it up in this way, “Gestures are fascinating things, at once wholly expressive and curiously mysterious.”
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Different Kinds of Nonverbal Communication
There are many different kinds of nonverbal communication. Nonverbal communication between people is communication through sending and receiving wordless clues. Some examples of nonverbal communication are body language, sign language, hand gestures, morse codes and many more. The most important type of nonverbal communication is body language. This is because people can understand your emotions better. All nonverbal communication is a way for people to communicate if they are deaf, blind or any other disabilities that may affect communication.
There are different types of of nonverbal communication including braille, body language, American Sign Language (ASL) and morse code. They are all different from each other. Firstly, body language involves facial expressions, body posture and hand gestures. Secondly, there is American Sign Language, better known as ASL. ASL is its own language and its own grammar. They use more facial expression than people who can actually hear. Also, Braille is used by the visually impaired and blind. Braille is printed on an embossed paper where each cell has six dots that are raised so that you can feel them as you move your fingers across the page. Lastly, there is Morse Code. This is a way to send messages through or on a telegraph.
Nonverbal communication is important because it helps people who can’t communicate normally or properly. One example of why ASL is so important is that you can have a conversation with someone who is deaf. Otherwise, they would not be able to “talk” to anyone without a pen and paper. Braille is important to a blind or visually impaired person because without it, they wouldn’t be able to read at all without someone else doing it for them. Also, body language is needed in order to read a person's emotions and it helps to understand what they are trying to say a little more. All types of different communication is very important for someone who is blind or deaf. It helps them to be more independent.
Sometimes, poor communication skills could lead to miscommunication or cause someone to misunderstand something. This could cause someone to take things the wrong way or think that they are being insulted which could lead to a person feeling upset and emotional. It is already very hard for people who are hard of hearing and/or blind so poor communication skills can end up in an emotional mess and very traumatizing for someone who cannot express themselves normally like everyone else.
Nonverbal communication helps to “talk” to people who are deaf or blind in order to help make things easier. Braille, Morse Code, ASL and body language help with this type of communication. They are all important in their own ways to many different people around the world who cannot express themselves normally. It is also very helpful for family members and friends of people who can’t verbally communicate easily or at all. It’s important to be patient with people who have these problems because they can become easily upset or frustrated when you can’t understand what they are trying to say. These types of nonverbal communications are the only thing that link people who can hear and see with those who don’t. It’s the only way to communicate with people who are blind and/or deaf which is very important.
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Importance of Nonverbal Communication (essay)
Nonverbal communication is as important as a verbal communication. However, it conveys a stronger message when communicating than a verbal communication.
“Nonverbal communication is the deed of communicating a thought, emotion, or knowledge through physical gestures, posture, and facial expressions.”
In an article by Fred C. Lunenburg of Sam Huston University, entitled “Louder than Words: The Hidden Poe of Nonverbal Communication in the Workplace.” The writer stated that “we communicate as many messages nonverbally as we do verbally.” Nonverbal communication comes in many forms which we do on a regular basis without even knowing we are communicating. The main means of nonverbal communication is through kinesics, this form of communication is done so frequently and we are not even aware of communicating. Kinesics is the process by which we move our bodies. Facial expressions, gestures, eye contact, and movements are some ways of how we communicate without using words.
The writer defines nonverbal communication as a “silent form of communication.” Nonverbal communication is frequently used to show ones emotion, feelings and to express thoughts or ideas. It is used to convey a more meaningful conversation but can be rather misleading. This misled is due to the fact of how we socialized and differences in cultured.
Too often I am misunderstood by my gestures or facial expression because of my culture. If I walk around with a frown on my face persons are of the assumption that I am angry or sad in most cases I am not. Therefore, I normally tell my students or colleagues that my facial expression is not a true reflection of my feelings or emotion. I’m from a culture where we do greet everyone with a smile.
Physical communication is important but it can be misleading. Although it is the most used form of nonverbal communication, it is of utmost importance to understand a person nonverbal communication cue that way you will not misunderstand the individual feelings or emotions.
Body language or facial expression can send a very strong message regardless of what you say. There is a famous quotation “action speaks louder than words.” Hence, we need to be cognizant of what our action is saying.
After reviewing a scene from the movie Drive it was clear that the actors used several nonverbal communications. The scene that physical communication was more evident was in the elevator. Therefore, when comparing the science of reading the nonverbal communication in the two articles and the scene from the movie, they are basically saying the same thing. Hence the science of reading nonverbal cues is very important. Once you have developed that communication skill you can have an effective communication with an individual without uttering a word and this is what is being displayed in the journal articles and the movie.
In concluding, I am of the belief that nonverbal communication is very important and although there are different ways to communicate nonverbally, the physical or kinesics is the most effective way to communicate nonverbally.
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Men’s Attitude Towards Death in do not Go Gentle into that Good Night
Death: the only certainty we have in life. Human beings start aging at the very moment they come into the world and yet, few of us accept our mortality as part of a natural process. Instead, we allow the finite aspect of our time here to dictate how we experience life and, at the end, we want to prolong our stay at all cost, resisting the inevitable. In his poem “Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night,” Dylan Thomas writes about eminent death, while pleading with his father to fight for his life. The author uses different kinds of men to show how everyone’s battle against death is for their own selfish reasons.
Thomas starts the poem suggesting we should fight dying at our old age. On the second stanza, he introduces the “wise men” and their search for fame (line 4). These men are selfish, since they resist death in order to continue their quest for recognition of their work and subsequent glory. Although they understand death is inherent to life, as they approach the end of their journeys, these professionals realize “their words had forked no lightning” (5). These well-educated individuals, who are eloquent in their speeches, come to the conclusion their words did not impact society to the extent they had intended. The prospect of leaving no legacy behind drives them to seek extra time. In Greek mythology, Trojan War hero Aquiles jeopardizes his well being time and again to built a reputation that would outlast his mortality. Today, politicians, scientists, and even professional celebrities continue to follow fame as a way to overcome death.
On the third stanza of the poem, the poet mentions “good men” (7) and the way they seek people worthy of their deeds. He refers to the egoism of those who practice charity as an ego booster sport capable of highlighting their legacies. These “good men, the last wave by, crying how bright / Their frail deeds might have danced in a green bay” (7-8), blame the recipients of their good deeds for the small waves their charitable work created. If only they could have a little longer, they might have the chance to find those worthy of their efforts and go down in history as some of the greatest philanthropists of all time. “Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night” was written in the 1950s, when successful businessmen were in the process of establishing foundations, mostly to avoid taxes. Despite the self-serving financial reasons behind their motivation, these men played the Good Samaritan role in ego-enhancing performances. Nowadays, in a world where Instagram stories dictate reality, images of quasi-saints feeding the hungry are not rare. “Good men” (7) and women are feeding the homeless and their egos at the same time.
The author also mentions “Wild men” (10) and their own selfish reasons not to surrender “into that good night” (1): a potential chance to build love bonds with family and friends. These men are the ones who go through life without a sense of purpose, only to find out, “too late, they grieved it on its way” (11). They are thrill seekers, constantly searching for pleasure, renouncing any sort of responsibility. As a result, these individuals lack emotional attachments. Alone on their death beds, they come to the realization partying through life does not mean much without someone with whom to share, at the end, memories of the good times. Lonely and fearing death’s proximity, “Wild men” (10), wish they had a second chance so they could cherish their relationships with loved ones. In the last decade, social media users have witnessed the rise of a new sport modality. Rooftoping allures to the climbing of tall urban structures in the absence of any safety equipment. Adrenaline “junkies” brake laws and risk their lives to post a video, which will generate millions of likes. One can only imagine the feelings of regret these real-life Spidermen experience when they notice they are out of balance.
The last type of dying men the poet identifies are “Grave men” (13), the ones who, on the cross line between life and death, have seen the other side and hope for the opportunity to spread the good news. According to Thomas, these men “see with blinding sight” (13). The author’s choice of words suggests life’s greatest mystery is clarified immediately prior to death, when a dying person’s life story flashes before their eyes leading them to some sort of enlightenment. At such moment, they comprehend the true meaning of existence, not only what lies after death, but also the purpose of life. There are several books pertaining to individuals’ near death experiences. They are usually similar accounts. These patients seem to acquire a renewed intent for their lives and seldom resist the urge to transmit their messages to the masses: Heaven exists after all.
The last stanza of Thomas’ poem is a desperate plea to his father. In 1952, when the poet writes “Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night,” his dad is severely ill and Thomas hopes for any type of acknowledgement from his strained father. He writes, “Curse, bless, me now with your fierce tears, I pray” (17), a line demonstrative of his desperate desire for closure. The writer’s father never approved of his lifestyle and this is an attempt to gain acceptance, showing a son’s longing for a token of his father’s unconditional love. If his father choses to “rage against the dying of the light” (19), they gain time; a new chance to mend the broken fences in their relationship. All too often, people cling to their loved ones, trying to prevent the death of a person who has no quality of life. For we don not want to feel the emotional pain of the loss, we prolong our loved ones physical pain, in an ultimate display of selfishness. Ironically, the poet perishes before his father, just a few months after writing this poem.
In “Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night,” Dylan Thomas exposes the different, yet always-egotistic reasons why we tend to resist death. Nearing eternal rest, we regret not having an overtime to set the score right. Whether in pursuit of fame, legacy, love, or closure, our reasoning to postpone death is consistently self-serving and self-centered. Thomas himself, in a perfect example of narcissistic behavior, claims with his father for him to fight against the end of his life so they earn a chance to fix their relationship. The author’s death, prior to that of his dad’s, serves as the perfect reminder we have no control over when our death will come. We do not need a cancer or a car accident. In order to die, one only needs to be alive. On the contrary, we do have options for how we live. We should focus our energy not on the unsustainable pursuit of happiness, but rather on living a joyful existence through every step of our journey.
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Men’s Attitude Towards Death in Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night. (2021, Mar 27).
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Alice Walker: Life and Creativity
Alice Walker is an African American writer, poet and activist for civil rights, the LGBTQ community and feminism. She is best known for her book turned screenplay and musical The Color Purple, which she published in 1982. In her novel, Walker addresses several issues about the tremendously low social position held by African American women in America’s southern communities by focusing the plot on lives of several Black women in rural Georgia in the 1930’s. The Color Purple earned Walker the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1983, making her the first black woman to win that prize, and the National Book Award for Fiction in 1983, as well. Walker’s works such as The Color Purple, In Search of Our Mothers' Gardens: Womanist Prose, Everyday Use, and “Lest We Forget: An Open Letter to My Sisters” shows that she has been faced with anti-feminism and anti-womanism issues since she was a little girl and has been battling them till this very day.
Walker was introduced to oppression and inequality quite early in her life, whether she realized at the time or not, she eventually did. When she did realize, it sparked a fire in her and she set on a journey to make the society acknowledge its racism, classism and sexism. In a letter titled Lest We Forget: An Open Letter to My Sisters Who Are Brave, Walker starts by detailing her beginning, “When I was born in 1944 my parents lived on a middle Georgia plantation that was owned by a white distant relative, Miss May Montgomery” (183). She elaborates on by pointing all of the extensive work her family had to do for Miss May Montgomery and how she promised the Walker’s a life of equality and substance. They realize it was all a cover up when Walker’s father asked for a simple pay increase to support them and Montgomery responded with racial slurs and a explanation how he wasn’t worthy of a raise due to his race. After this young Walker, starts to notice all the not so little differences and that were prevalent in their community between the white and black women. These differences include the black students having to walk to school while white children were bused to their schools and how the white schools were made out of bricks while the black people in the city had to continuously build and rebuild their schools out of discarded army barracks because the racists kept burning down their buildings. These disadvantages were all too common and Walker set out to make life better for these suppressed people especially women in the African American community.
Black or African American feminism is a school of thought that is centered about the idea that racism and sexism work together to create Black women’s social issues and inequalities. In the essay titled No guarantees: Symposium on Black Feminist Thought, Patricia Hill Collins, details that “in the 1980s, African American women were largely missing, as were black women’s interpretations of our own and others’ experiences, actions and perspectives” (2349). Several African American women were all involved in political customs that focused on preventing both racist and sexist actions from degrading women in their communities. Prominent African American women such as Anna Julia Cooper, Ida B. Wells, Sojourner Truth, and Frances Ellen Watkins Harper raised their voice against inequalities of their time to help support and protect Black women’s rights in the nineteenth century. They have also worked amidst other systems of oppression, which have historically suppressed African American women. Their values, thoughts and activism could all be attributed to African American feminism of the modern period. Though at the time of their activism they did not introduce themselves as feminists, looking back they all completely embody the outspoken and committed spirit of a feminist.
Walker can be considered an essential voice in the feminist movement for African American women with complete certainty. In her article “Alice Walker’s Womanist Maternal”, Cheryl Hopson states that “Walker is part of a generation of Black feminists who broke the perceived and experienced silences of previous generations of Black women...” (222). Still encouraged by these nineteenth century pioneers, several African American women have continued to work toward the eradication of inequalities that stem from racism and sexism, but Walker’s strong writing style puts her on the forefront of modern feminism or as she would call it womanism.
In a society that thrives of the oppression of women and African Americans, it was inevitable for Walker to face criticism and literary attacks. So, to combat these obstacles, in 1994, Walker cofounded her own publishing company called Wild Trees Press with Robert Allen, a fellow writer. It was one of very few black-owned publishing companies due to the time period though they published books from people of several races. In addition to that, one of their other goals was to support the feminist movement. So, therefore, the books that were published by this company were all written by self-proclaimed feminists or the plot of the books were about women from the point of view of a feminist. With her personal success, Walker gave the authors that she decided to publish a platform to express their opinions and tell real and raw stories about women without worrying about the backlash that they may face unlike what other publishers were worried about.
Walker’s works have been instrumental in her efforts to free women from the chains of society especially women of color. Knowing this, Walker has made it job to include her activism each of literary works and has coined the term “womanist.” Womanist is a word that Walker coined in 1983 in her short story Coming Apart, which is a piece from her book In Search of Our Mothers' Gardens: Womanist Prose. Walker defines a “womanist as a black feminist or feminist of color” (100). Walker goes into further detail on this by also defining a womanist as “A woman who loves other women, sexually and/or nonsexually. Appreciates and prefers women's culture, women's emotional flexibility and women's strength… Committed to survival and wholeness of entire people, male and female” (45). Walker views this as a theory is critical to survival of the Black race and this theory covers different aspects of the Black community. Walker’s interest in womanism is due to her knowledge of the difference between white feminism and black feminism. In her previously mentioned letter Lest We Forget: An Open Letter to My Sisters Who Are Brave, Walker says “I wish I could say white women treated me and other black people a lot better than the men did, but I cannot. It seemed to me… that white women have copied…the behavior of their fathers and their brothers, and in the South” (184). Walker acknowledging that white women don’t treat black women any better than white men further proves her womanist theory by implying that black feminism is actually the epitome of achieving gender, class, and racial equality.
One of the biggest reasons that Walker is a respected is that the she isn’t afraid to tell the stories of so many women in America. In a Love Letter to Black Feminism, Lindsey states that “One of the many important interventions of Black Feminism is the emphasis on telling the stories of Black women” (1). In her book titled In Search of Our Mothers' Gardens: Womanist Prose, Walker include a collection of 36 different written works that surround the idea of her womanist theory. Throughout the book, she tells stories about several black women, both unsung heroes and well-known African-Americans in their time alike. In her previously mentioned novel The Color Purple, Walker focuses on the fictional life of two young girls from the American south in the early 1900’s, named Celie and Nettie. Though the two characters are fictional, Walker’s book was so proudly accepted by so Black women because their lives were so relatable. In her review article titled Deity, Distortion and Destruction: A Model of God in Alice Walker’s The Color Purple, Norma Gregory states that “Celie learns to form supportive relationships and a network with other African [American] women” (365). The coming together of the African American women in Celie’s community is the epitome of what Walker’s womanist theory aims to prove. The next example that will be used is her short story titled Everyday Use. This story follows an African American woman living the American South who has two daughters that take two different paths to claiming their cultural identities. Once again, this story is immediately successful in the African American community due to the fact that identity crisis is huge and relatable issue in these communities.
Alice Walker has been fighting the anti-Black state in America for decades through her literary works. She has used her fiction to spread knowledge spread the world and especially the women in the African American communities. Throughout her time as a womanist, she has discussed several important issues such as domestic violence, interracial relationships, racism, sexism, classism, abortions, even topics about appropriation, pornography. As previously stated womanists work to beat the worked systems of oppression which have historically suppressed Black American women. Walker emerges as one when she starts to bring notice to the social, class and gender disparities between African American women and other groups of people in other communities that were obvious but nonetheless disregarded for centuries.
Works Cited
Collins, Patricia Hill, “No guarantees: Symposium on Black Feminist Thought” Ethnic & Racial Studies, vol. 38, no. 13, 2015 October, pp. 2349-2354, Social Sciences Citation Index, https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2015.1058512
Gregory, Norma J. “Deity, Distortion and Destruction: A Model of God in Alice Walker’s The Color Purple.” Review of The Color Purple, written by Alice Walker. Black Theology, 01 January 2013, p. 363-372.
Hopson, Cheryl R. “Alice Walker’s Womanist Maternal” GenderWatch, vol. 46, no. 3, 22 Feb. 2017, pp.221-233, MLA International Bibliography, doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/00497878.2017.1285768.
Lindsey, Treva B., “A Love Letter to Black Feminism” Black Scholar. Vol. 45, No. 4, 2015, pp.1-6, Social Sciences Full Text (H.W. Wilson) doi:10.1080/00064246.2015.1080911.
Walker, Alice, In Search of Our Mothers' Gardens: Womanist Prose. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1983
Walker, Alice, “Lest We Forget: An Open Letter to My Sisters Who Are Brave” The Black Scholar, vol. 38, no. 1, 2015, pp. 183-188, Academic Search Complete, https://doi.org/10.1080/00064246.2008.11413434
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Alice Walker: life and creativity. (2021, Mar 27).
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What is Personality Disorder
What does it mean when someone has a disorder? Mental illnesses are diseases that cause mild to severe disturbances in thoughts and behaviors; therefore, patients who are affected may not have control of their actions (Gazzaniga, 2015). A personality disorder is a way people cope with events that are fairly fixed by the end of adolescence. Those affected with this disorder interact with the world in a maladaptive and inflexible way (Gazzaniga, 2015). Within personality disorder, there are three different clusters that give a better understanding as to what a personality disorder is defined as. These clusters are categorized into three groups: Cluster A, B, and C. Furthermore, these disorders are preventable to a certain extent. In addition, many causes lead up to personality disorders; however, childhood experiences play a huge impact. To diagnosis one with this disorder, one must go through evaluations and exams (“Personality disorders,” 2016). Furthermore, treatments are known to last a couple months to a year, known as long-standing treatments. Those who have been affected receive treatments through medications or therapy sessions. Although there are many causes that can lead towards personality disorders, they are preventable to a certain extent; however, after diagnosis, there are many treatments to prevent a more serious disorder.
Patients affected by personality disorder usually interact with the world in a maladaptive or inflexible way, which means they are not providing appropriate adjustments to the situation, or the patients unwillingly wanting to change (Gazzaniga, 2015). Within personality disorder, there are three clusters, which summarize certain behaviors. Furthermore, Cluster A is when a patient has odd or eccentric behaviors, normally paranoid, schizoid, or schizotypal (Gazzaniga, 2015). When the patient is Paranoid, they are tense, unforgiving, and are prone to aggressive outburst (“Personality disorders,” 2017). For example, one who is paranoid is the person that may be jealous, guarded, or excessively serious (“Personality disorders,” 2017). A patient can be considered Schizoid, socially isolating themselves and restrict emotional expressions. For example, a schizoid patient is more of a daydreamer than a practical action taker (“Personality disorders, 2017”). Lastly, a patient who falls under the category Schizotypal in Cluster A seems to have thoughts, appearances, and behaviors that are emotionally detached and isolated (Gazzaniga, 2015). In addition, these patients come across difficulties forming relationships and experience extreme anxiety in social situations (“Personality disorders, 2017”).
Furthermore, Cluster B is categorized as dramatic, emotional, or showing erratic behavior (Gazzaniga, 2015). Patients may be considered histrionic, which the patient will have seductive behavior, needing immediate gratification and constant reassurance. Their moods will rapidly change, showing shallow emotions (“Personality disorders, 2017”). Another category, is Narcissistic, which is when one is self-absorbed and expects special treatment and adulations. They are envious of attention to others. Furthermore, a patient can be diagnosed as borderline, which they cannot stand to be alone (Gazzaniga, 2015). These patients have intense, unstable moods and personal relationships. Also, involve alcohol and drug abuse (“Personality disorders, 2017”). Lastly, in Cluster B, a patient can be diagnosed with an antisocial personality, being manipulative, exploitative, and dishonest. They are considered disloyal and are known to break social rules (“Personality disorders, 2017”).
Lastly, patients diagnosed with a personality disorder may fall under Cluster C, which these types of patients include anxious and fearful behaviors (Gazzaniga, 2015). Furthermore, they are avoidant, which means easily hurt and embarrassed. They stick to routines and have a few close friends to avoid stressful situations (“Personality disorders, 2017”). Cluster C patients are dependent, they want others to make decisions, needing constant advice and reassurance (“Personality disorders, 2017”) Patients can also be considered obsessive compulsive, which they are perfectionistic and indecisive. They are unable to express affection and are preoccupied with details (“Personality disorders, 2017”).
Personality disorders are preventable to a certain extent; furthermore, this disorder may be caused by genetics, childhood trauma experiences, verbal abuse, high reactivity, or peers. Genetics may be the cause, experts have identified a malfunctioning gene that may be a factor that causes obsessive-compulsive disorder in Cluster C. Whereas others have explored genetic links to aggressions, anxiety, and fear (“What causes personality disorders,” n.d.) In addition, childhood traumas can play a role in causing this disorder as well. For example, high rates of childhood sexual traumas have been studied to cause personality disorder. Collaborative Longitudinal Personality Disorder Study is known as one of the largest studies of personality disorder; furthermore, they found links between the number and type of childhood traumas and the development of personality disorder (“What causes personality disorders,” n.d.). Verbal abuse is also another causing factor considered. In a study of 793 mothers and children, researchers asked mothers, “if they had screamed at their children or told them they didn’t love them at all” (“What causes personality disorders,” n.d.). Children who experienced verbal abuse were three times as likely to have borderline, obsessive-compulsive, or paranoid personality disorders in adulthood (“What causes personality disorders,” n.d.). Furthermore, high reactivity may fall into play as well. Sensitivity to light, noise, and texture lead to shyness, timid-ness, and anxiousness (“What causes personality disorders,” n.d.). In addition, peers can lead towards the cause, psychologists say that, “a strong relationship with a relative, teacher, or friend can also offset negative influences” (“What causes personality disorders,” n.d.). Patients who are considered to have a personality disorder are diagnosed from criteria from the DSM-5, psychiatric evaluation, and or a physical exam. Furthermore, a psychiatric exam may include a questionnaire to help pinpoint a diagnosis, information from family members or others may be helpful (“Personality disorders, 2016”). Also, a physical exam, symptoms may be linked to an underlying physical health problem, evaluations may include lab tests and screening tests for alcohol and drug abuse. Overall, there are not many known causes; however, there are a few factors that may play a role in diagnoses of personality disorder.
Suffering from personality disorders are treated by various different ways. Furthermore, these treatments are long-standing that can last up to months or even years. In addition, the treatment team consists of primary doctors, psychiatrists, psychological or other therapists, psychiatric nurses, pharmacists, and social workers (“Personality disorders, 2016”). One therapy used to treat this disorder is a Psychotherapy, which is known as talk therapy. They have discussions to help cope or manage disorders. This therapy is provided through individual sessions, group therapy, or sessions that include family or even friends (“Personality disorders, 2016”). Psychotherapy may also include social skills training to reduce behaviors that interfere with social functioning and relationships. Also hospital and residential treatment programs are offered (“Personality disorders,” 2016).
In addition, Pearce and Dare (1999) stated, psychotherapy is used for severe personality disorder. Furthermore, “evolution is part of the therapeutic process of therapeutic communities. The treatment is complex and volatile and is delivered in various ways; patient drop out is often part of the clinical process. Long term follows up is essential, and measuring robust and useful personality change is difficult”. However, according to Parry (1999), “psychotherapy has been considered neglected due to the lack of data” (p. 710). As stated in the journal, “Psychotherapy for Severe Personality Disorder,” evidence was concluded that neither one therapy over another indicated which types of patients should be offered psychotherapy. In addition, Kernberg and Clarkin (1992) stated, “much attention was brought towards psychotherapy. Furthermore, studies of psychotherapy done before DSM-III located studies on personality disorder issues such as assertion, social inadequacy, various social anxieties, and marital communication difficulties” (p. 65). Overall, when diagnosis with a more serious case of personality disorder, one is to be treated with psychotherapy to help overcome this disorder.
Furthermore, medications are also used to treat this disorder. Antidepressants are useful if the patient has depressed moods, anger, impulsivity, irritability, or hopelessness (“Personality disorders,” 2016). Mood stabilizers, is another medication that helps with mood swings or reducing irritability, impulsivity, and aggression (“Personality disorders,” 2016). In addition, Antipsychotic medications may be helpful if your symptoms include losing touch with reality (psychosis) or anxiety or anger problems (“Personality disorders,” 2016). Lastly, anti-anxiety medications could be prescribed if needed (“Personality disorders,” 2016). They may help if you have anxiety, agitation or insomnia; some cases, they can increase impulsive behavior, so they’re avoided in certain types of personality disorders.
Overall, there are many causes that can lead towards personality disorders, they are preventable to a certain extent; however, after diagnosis there are many treatments to prevent a more serious disorder. Personality disorders are diagnosed through evaluations and exams. Furthermore, treatments are known to last a couple months to a year, known as long-standing treatments. Those who are affected receive treatments through medications or therapy sessions. Patients receive medications involving: Antidepressants, mood stabilizers, and antipsychotic and anti-anxiety medications to control mood swings and reducing symptoms. In addition, one therapy used to treat this disorder is Psychotherapy, which is known as talk therapy. Furthermore, they have discussions to help cope or manage disorders, provided through individual sessions, group therapy, or sessions that include family or even friends. Psychotherapy may also include social skills training to reduce behaviors that interfere with social functioning and relationships. Also, hospital and residential treatment programs are offered. Although there are clusters that patients fall under, there are more severe cases than others, in which psychotherapy is the most common treatment for these patients. Even though many causes lead to personality disorders, they can be preventable in certain ways.
References
(n.d.). Retrieved April 10, 2018, from http://www.apa.org/topics/personality/disorders-causes.aspx
Gazzaniga, Michael, and Diane Halpern. Psychological Science. 5th ed., Norton, 2015.
Haigh, R., Bateman, A., Fonagy, P., Pearce, S., Dare, C., Parry, G., & Kisely, S. (1999). Psychotherapy for Severe Personality Disorder. BMJ: British Medical Journal, 319(7211), 709-711. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/25185777
Kernberg, O., & Clarkin, J. (1992). Treatment of Personality Disorders. International Journal of Mental Health, 21(2), 53-76. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/41344630
Personality Disorder. (2017, September 12). Retrieved April 10, 2018, from http://www.mentalhealthamerica.net/conditions/personality-disorder
Personality disorders. (2016, September 23). Retrieved April 10, 2018, from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/personality-disorders/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354468
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“The Lady or the Tiger” by Frank Stockton
Is jealousy more powerful than love? This is a question that we humans may ask other people or ask ourselves from time to time.This answer is Yes, jealousy is more powerful than love. In the story “The lady or The Tiger” by Frank Stockton, a criminal is sent to a arena and is given the opportunity to choose between two doors. One door leads to one of the most beautiful ladys at the place.The second doors leads to a very hungry tiger, the tiger is ready to eat the criminal into shreds. The person that is the criminal lover is also the semi barbarics King's daughter. They hate this lady with a lot of passion. Not only does she know the lady but she also knows what door she is standing behind. Now will she choose love or jealousy.
Jealousy is the cousin of the greed.They focus on what they want and what they want to lose in sight of what we actually really need. If the courtier, “it was one of the fairest and the love that the dismissal gives.” (140) The princess is in love with the criminal that has to choose a door, one with a person to marry and another door with the tiger. The princess hates the lady and doesn't want her to love him. She will go a long way to make sure that he doesn't marry any other lady.
Jealousy is just a sign that you just love that person. The Princess loves the criminal but so much she would not let me to see him with anyone else. She likes to put herself before others and she always wants to and like to come first in everything. The question that the princess asks herself is “ would it not be better for him to die all at once and so they would not have to wait for her.” (196) She is very jealous of the lady that is letting her jealousy overcome the love that she has gotten from the criminal. She rather want to watch her love die in front of her then to be alive with a lady that she very much hates a lot. Just because she thinks she is the most beautiful person in the land.
In the end I believe that the princess’s jealousy is so much stronger than her love for this man, due to her being very semi barbaric genes and, she loves being spoiled by her father and that proves that her jealousy is a lot more powerful. The decisions she makes herself to be very happy . Her lovers death is nothing in her eyes.
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Will this Gene Therapy Really Ease Parkinson’s Disease Symptoms?
Introduction
The battle for people with Parkinson's Disease may have just gotten bearable, according to the March 9th press release. This groundbreaking therapy study released showed that even those who suffered from advanced Parkinson's disease needed less levodopa, which promotes dopamine, than normal, and were seen to have less side effects than commonly noticed with this type of standard treatment. Those who received the therapy reported longer periods of time with not only lessoned debilitating problems but an overall more manageable life.
By using gene therapy to boost dopamine levels in the brain it could soothe the symptoms for Parkinson's Disease dramatically.
Parkinson's disease, also referred to as PD, is a neurodegenerative disorder that affects dopamine-producing neurons in a specific area of the brain called the substantia nigra. Each individual suffering from Parkinson's Disease experiences different symptoms which continuously progress over the years. The most common include: tremor, balance problems, and rigid or stiff muscles. Although scientists have not yet developed a cure for this disease, there are medications available and treatments that have shown some help. But, until now, treatment options have been risky procedures and according to The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, complications during PD surgeries are the 14th cause of death this year in the United States alone.
Voyager Therapeutics of Cambridge, Massachusetts, shared data from an ongoing Phase 1b trial that is testing VY-AADC, a treatment designed to boost the amount of orally given levodopa, which like i said produces more dopamine. People with advanced Parkinson's disease who received the therapy have been seen to need less levodopa, and have shown fewer side effects which are commonly related with this standard therapy. They also reported longer amounts of time without debilitating movement problems, leading to an overall improvement of life. The findings suggest that the gene therapy might maximize the benefits of having muscle control, and reduce side effects commonly shown from forms of levodopa treatment.
More extensive trials will be needed in order to ultimately prove this as the most effective therapy but with these results, it seems it is going on in that direction.
In the phase 1b trial, 15 participants in three separate units were injected with VYAADC, which is an adeno-associated virus containing the AADC gene. After the injection, 14 out of 15 patients left the hospital within just two days, showing great progress and little to no symptoms. Those who participated were able to move much easier, for longer amounts of time. With the amount of success shown from this therapy, a phase ? trial is scheduled for later this year.
“The results from this trial are remarkable, with participants showing more hours of controlled movement, lessening their immobilization,” said Dr. Phillips, director of the Center for Parkinson's Therapy. “With the ongoing research and time put in by the most prestigious doctors and scientists in the world I believe that possibly in the near future, people living with Parkinson's will be able to have very few occasions of immobilization. I feel like this is one of the most amazing discoveries and will change thousands of lives for the better.”
The spread of Parkinson disease
Parkinson's disease affects roughly 200,000 people per year in the United States, mostly appearing in the late 40s. Besides increasing exercise or taking large amounts of medication each day, this form of therapy treatment will be the most reliable and will soon be the largest hope of people to live better, normal lives.
According to Brett Steinback, the scientist behind this study at the Steinbeck Institute, roughly one year after patients received the injection, they were shown to have newly developed brain connections that weren’t seen in previous scannings before the therapy. Shutting down the disease-infected pathways between the subthalamic nucleus, which controls pathway, and the brain’s motor regions, encouraged new, uninfected passageways to develop in their place. The newly developed passageways found in the brains of those participating are not even found in those not affected by Parkinson's. This shows us that the start of this progressing gene therapy allows those suffering from Parkinson's to form redeeming brain circuits to control movement.
Other treatment options are available, such as a treatment called “deep brain stimulation” which was found to not have the same miraculous rewiring effects as this one.
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Comparison of Islam and Christianity
Have you ever wondered how it is possible that the sky is resting still without any pillar or support? Have you ever been in a conversation with someone thinking that how the sun lightens the day and how the moon and stars glitters the night? The answer to this is the creator of everything, God. Islam and Christianity are the biggest and most known monotheistic religions in the world, they are known to have so many similarities, yet they still fight. Being the most dominant religions for hundreds of years, they both have holy scriptures, have faith in Prophets, believe in the afterlife, and have specific rituals.
Many nations are blessed by God with holy scriptures which guides them to righteousness. Fortunately, Muslims and Christians are one of them. God has bestowed His countless blessings upon them, and the most emerging of them all are the scriptures. The scriptures are the compilation of the true word of God. The religion Islam is given the holy book, Koran, which according to Muslims is a book for all mankind, while Christianity is blessed with the Bible. The scriptures are an effective tool for these religions as they provide essential and authentic solutions for even minor queries. Correspondingly, the scriptures prevent the nations from going astray. Moreover, both Koran and Bible discusses about Christianity and Islam. For example, the Muslim’s scripture mentions that there were other scriptures sent by God before the Koran; which were the Torah to Moses, Psalms to David and Bible to Jesus. Furthermore, the Koran also includes the miraculous birth of Jesus (pbuh) to Mary, a pious woman who was never touched by a male and was chosen by God for this magical episode, uplifting her dignity above all other women. Similarly, the Christian Bible reinforce this information discussing that Jesus (pbuh), a son of God was born to Mary. With these similarities, both scriptures do contradict each other. Muslims believe that all the scriptures sent before the Koran, including the Bible, were corrupted by their nations and Koran is the only authentic word of God. For example, the opening of the second chapter of the Koran states, “This is the book in which there is no doubt….” (“Koran”). Likewise, Christians believe that the Bible is reliable and perfect. Additionally, the Koran is divided into 114 chapters, however, the Bible is the amassing of sixty-six books.
Being unique religions because of scriptures, Islam and Christianity also approve their beliefs in the line of Prophets. Both religions maintain a coinciding path believing that there were Prophets sent to other nations before Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) and before Jesus (pbuh). These include Noah, Joseph, Moses, David, Abraham, Solomon, Isaac and Jacob and so on who preached the message of God to the respective nations they were sent to.
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The Psychological Theory of Sociocultural Development by Lev Vygotsky
The psychological theory of sociocultural development by Lev Vygotsky suggested a “fundamental role of social interaction in the development of cognition, as he believed strongly that community plays a central role in the process of making meaning”. Lev Vygotsky argued against Piaget’s notion that “a child's development must precede their learning”.
Vygotsky’s theory supports some ideas from Piaget’s theory, however, his was incomplete due to death. The theory was also thought as a person's cognitive development is “largely influenced by their surrounding culture” like parents, caregivers, peers, and the “culture at large were responsible for developing higher order functions. Lev believed that the theory was based on 2 levels, through interactions, then those that intergrated into the individual’s mental structure, his second theory was based on the cognitive development is limited to a proximal development called ZPD.
Why is this a crucial theory? Lev Vygotsky outlined social learning that helps us understand how people learn in social contexts and helps us construct “active learning communities”. Vygotsky argued many points about his theory “that language is the main tool that promotes thinking, develops reasoning, and supports cultural activities like reading and writing” and “culture is the primary determining factor for knowledge construction”.
Vygotsky also made the theory The Zone of Proximal Development which is a gap between what a child knows and what he or she does not know. As Lev Vygotsky said “The distance between the actual development level as determined by independent problem solving and the level of potential development as determined through problem-solving under adult guidance or in collaboration with more capable peers” suggesting the informational requirement for a child is not yet achieved so they become dependent on another that has more knowledge. The crucial piece of this theory was no matter whom it was; without the skill they could and would depend on another for the essential knowledge to achieve the neccessary skill. Lev Vygotsky said “learning is more than the acquisistion of the ability to think; it is the acqusition of many specialized abilities for thinking about a variety of things” which he believes to be one of the sole visionaries for his theory of The Zone of Proximal Development.
Which parents and techers promote learning, knowledge, and educational circumstances that are in a childs ZPD. It intiates parents and teachers to stick a less knowledgeable child with a more skillful one to have them learn and grow from the other. Each child has a different set of skills and mindset that were projected through childhood, molding of interactions of societal members, and through their cultures, which leads to their knowledge and own skill set that allows parents and teachers to coordinate their children to learn from another.
Lev Vygotsky belived that human development comes from an interaction between individuals and society that children learn gradually but continuously from their parents and techers. He emphasized that the nature of this interaction and that society affects people but people also affect society.
Vygotsky was a Russian psychologist vastly unknown to the west until it was published in 1962, he lived during the Russian Revolution. Lev Vygotsky was born November 5th, 1896 in a small town called Orsche and moved to Gomel with his family at the age of 1 year. Then Gomel became the Independent Nation called Belorussia which is 400 miles west of Moscow. Vygotsky was the second oldest in a family of 8 children, his father was a well-respected bank manager, his mother was a trained teacher and was a full-time homemaker. Lev Vygotsky died on June 11th, 1934 by tuberculosis, at the age of 37.
In the book Wonder, we go through the coping mechanisms used by the family and Auggie to deal with his unfavorable circumstances. August had many problematic experiences when he started school and each family member took it a different way. Via got very protective over Auggie, Auggie just pretended like it didn't bother him, his mother and father taught him to walk away from bullying or the reactions they give.
When someone would react or say something about Auggie's face, Via would get extremely protective and even mad. Her brother, Auggie would just be calm and collected and try to calm his sister down. He didn't feel it was necessary for her to get all mad and try to protect him. However Via went to her grandma's house for 4 weeks and noticed the difference for when Auggie wasn't around, and she kind of liked it.
When Via came back home, for a split second she had said and felt “and suddenly there I was, like all those people who would stare or look away. Horrified. Sickened. Scared.” which led her to see an outsider view on Auggie.
August and Via's father, Nate Pullman, doesn't like making fun of his son but did miss fun of Mr.Tushman about his name which made Auggie want to go to school simply because he's different too. Auggie replied with a “he's the principal of my new school”.
With that context within the book, it means that Via copes with Auggies deformities by getting upset and mad at those who say or look at Auggie differently. As Via said “there are so many words I can use to describe the look on people's faces” “and I just get mad'.
Via's coping was to get mad but might not have been the smartest decision but it was her way to deal with the problems that her brother, Auggie, and the parents had to face. Although each coping mechanism is different, it is a way to deal with their own problem.
Auggie's coping mechanisms were a little more extreme and he used them more then anyone else did, Auggie faced many issues and tried his best to face them head-on with what he could do. August had many issues and situations that led him to need ways to get through it or coping mechanisms.
August faced many issues like him going to his first school at the age of 10 and the kids making fun of him. Some of it might have been unintentional because of their age but that doesn't mean it doesn't affect August and his family in any other way. He went through many things and only wanted to be normal so no one would notice him like he said, “If i found a magic lamp and I could have one wish, I would wish that I had a normal face that no one ever noticed at all. I would wish that I could walk down the street without people seeing me and then doing that look-away thing.” He didn't have a typical 10-year-old wish, a deeper wish that would bring a sense of sadness and worry to anyone that heard it.
Auggie had many reasons to doubt doing many things but he kept going, even as everyone else would doubt his capabilities in handiling the situation. His friend, Jack had sai “But if a little kid like Jamie, who’s usually a nice enough kid, can be that mean, then a kid like August doesnt stand a chance in middle school.” everyone around him doubted his capacity and underestimated his abilities to handle things.
Auggie went through many things including friends as one of his ‘best’ friends ‘betrayed’ him, he had over heard hime saying things behind his back and Auggie believed that Mr.Tushman had bribed Jack, his best friend, with good grades or soemthing of that sort. There was a sort of push to become friends with August by Jack’s mother on advisment from the principal Mr.Tushman.
Vygotsky’s theory was over social development and the proximal gap, he stated that children learned from their expierneces and others as well as their own culture or identity. He believed a child was moldable at an earl age and believed through parents, teachers that the child can achieve a higher knowledge and then go on to teach or mold anopther that doesnt have the same knowledge or skill set.
Via, August’s sister grew up with him, shes always had Auggie around which lead her to being use to him. At an early age she learned about Auggie and his disease, how to deal with it, and handle the stares, which supports the notion or theory made by Lev Vygotsky. Via learned about his diesase from early on which gave her knowledge that others didnt have available.
Via used her anger as a way to cope with people reacting to Auggie, playing the role as the bigger sister, she heard many kids say mean things about Auggie. Via was never really payed attention to because of Auggie, his disease and his personality gave a sort of kindness that she didnt have so everyone was more drawn to him especially when they got to know him.
Via wasnt exactly payed attention to but she learned about Auggie and his disease, it lead her to being kind and protective of Auggie however with Vygotsky’s theory, it supports her feeling for when she leaves to her Grans house. She had felt refreshed walking down the street not getting all the attention that came from Auggie, she noticed how big of a differenve it was without him and her parents around, she even felt disgusted and scared wehn she finally saw Auggie and her parents again.
Via was more open about her feeling of Auggie’s condition and the treatment she gets from her parents, she grew up with him always being there, she might’ve had a different outlook on Auggie if she was older and was already molded into her natural shape.
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Toni Morrison and the Race and Ethnicity Question
Renaissance Movement, and Negritude, developed because of the possibility of the inadequacy of the black race, particularly as to the white race. In the US anything black that was appraised second best and the black individuals themselves were considered as peons. In Africa, the Africans were viewed as unequipped for administering their states, thus must be colonized by the white individuals who are individuals from the unrivaled race. Toni Morrison invigorated our brain of some of them held thoughts when she said in her inaugural discourse after getting the Nobel Prize for Literature alluding to the slave accounts composed by the slaves themselves.
One needs to recall that the atmosphere in which they composed reflected not just the Age of Enlightenment however its twin, conceived in the meantime, the Age of Scientific Racism. David Hume, Immanuel Kant and Thomas Jefferson, to specify just a couple, had reported their decisions that blacks were unequipped for knowledge. Frederick Douglass knew something else, and he composed invalidations of what Jefferson said in 'Notes on the State of Virginia': 'Never yet might I be able to find that a black had articulated an idea over the level of plain portrayal, never observe even a rudimentary quality of painting or model'_ a sentence that I have dependably thought should be engraved at the way to the Rockefeller Collection of African Art. Hegel, in 1813, had said that Africans had no 'history' and couldn't write in current dialects. Kant slighted a discerning perception by a dark man by saying, 'These kindred was quite black from making a beeline for foot, a reasonable evidence that he said was stupid.'
These pessimistic thoughts have figured out how to make a sort of feeling of inadequacy operating at a profit people, some of them finishing off with detesting themselves for being Black. Zora Neale Hurston in Their Eyes Was Watching God gave us an ideal representation of this thought. The character Mrs. Turner accepted firmly that she could be abused by Janie on the grounds that this last is lighter-cleaned than herself. By differentiate, Janie ought not to marry Tea Cake who was darker than Janie. All through the novel, she attempted to persuade Janie to abandon her better half for some person like her brother-in-law by marriage who was additionally light-skinned. Toni Morrison's citation here in expansion to helping the peruse to remember the circumstance of the black individuals in those days can be a decent change to the subject of this part. Some black individuals, the creators of the slave stories, for example, demonstrated those maintaining the white prevalence idea off-base. The essayists of the Harlem Renaissance were cognizant that they were fit for accomplishing similarly well as the white individuals and couldn't comprehend why they ought to be embarrassed about acting naturally, that is, being black even in their specialty.
Zora Neal Hurston and Toni Morrison the two scholars share an enthusiasm for ladies, what they are, what they can be, and what they require; and in the part of the group as an ethical evaluator. The two Toni Morrison and Zora Neale Hurston had a phenomenal accomplishment for black American ladies’ journalists. In two short books, Zora Neale Hurston and Toni Morrison have delicately analyzed a full scope of ladies' feelings and necessities. Depicted in Sula and in Their Eyes Were Watching God are ladies who fear for their youngsters and grandchildren, ladies who require solid fellowships with other ladies, ladies who investigate associations with men, and ladies who are resolved to grab whatever individual opportunity and fulfillment they can. The supremacist and man-centric nature of American culture, which Morrison alludes to as the ace story of our way of life, places blacks and ladies and particularly black ladies in a place of frailty and helplessness. Groups fill in as defensive support inside which black ladies must capacity with a specific end goal to survive. Be that as it may, both Hurston and Morrison distinguish and examine how the male centric nature of the top story is available in black groups.
Women's activist theory and its components assume a huge part in Hurston's and Morrison's books. The creators depict the lives of two African American ladies and in addition their situation inside the black community and American culture by and large. The books are especially worried about male-centric, sexual predominance of black men over ladies. In Their Eyes Janie's spouses appear to be undermined by her body and her self-assurance and, along these lines, they show some type of savage conduct to advise her that they are prevalent; though in Beloved Seethe is surrendered by each man because of their failure to rule her and their absence of manhood. The two books pass on the message that black men are rationally delayed by their insufficiency to satisfy the gaze perfect of manliness. The issues of black gentility and manliness are executed all through the two books, yet the writers utilize diverse methods. Hurston tends to these issues through the portrayal of men's brutal disturbances and woman hater, while Morrison depicts her men as quitters and enthusiastic disabled people who feel undermined by ladies and their self-government.
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Miranda V Arizona Decision
The Supreme Court in most countries is responsible for exclusively hearing appeals of various legal issues. They have been given authority by the constitution to do the following. They check the actions of the president as well as that of the Congress; they are the final judge of all cases that involve the Congress and have the right to correct the head of state, the government or the Congress whenever their actions do not comply with the constitution. Some of the most famous Supreme Court cases include the US v Schooner Peggy, Resler v Shehee, Turner v Fendall and Marbury v Madison. However, in this paper, I will be discussing the famous Miranda v Arizona case.
Arizona is actually a small state to the south-west region the United States. Miranda, on the other hand, is a short form of the “Miranda warning.” Today the name is used to refer to the formal warning that is given to criminal suspects in a custodian situation as required by law. The purpose of the warning is to remind criminal suspects of their legal rights so that they are aware/ reminded of them before they do any action or speak before the police.
The thesis of the statement is as follows. On 13th March 1963, the Phoenix police department arrested a man by the name Ernesto Miranda. This arrest was based on certain circumstantial evidence that linked Miranda to the kidnap and rape of an 18-year-old defenseless woman about 10 years earlier. Miranda, under police custody, was interrogated for over 2 hours and afterward signed a confession of rape charges that included the following statement: I hereby swear that this statement I am making is voluntary and out of my own free will. I made this statement without being threatened, submitted to coercion or promises of immunity and with full knowledge of my legal rights. I also understand that any statement I make will be used against me in a court of law.
In true sense, Mr. Miranda was not informed of his legal rights of counsel; he was also not informed of his rights to remain silent. In addition, Miranda was not informed that all his actions and words would be used against him in a court of law. At the trials, the prosecutors offered Ernesto’s signed documents as evidence of confession regardless of being told his rights before he was presented with those documents to sign what he had mentioned orally. Alvin Moore was the courts appointed a lawyer for Ernesto (Morgan, 2010). The lawyer objected the facts arguing that his confession was not entirely voluntarily based on the above information. Thus, the evidence should be excluded. However, the judge overruled Moore’s objection basing his judgment on present evidence and confession. The judge further sentenced Miranda to a 20-30 year imprisonment. Moore took a step further and filed his appeal to the Supreme Court arguing that the confession Miranda made was not entirely voluntary. The Supreme Court, however, dismissed his appeal claiming that Miranda personally did not request for an attorney.
The Miranda rights came to be after the historic event of the case of Miranda v Arizona. Therefore, in 1966 the Supreme Court decided to have a 5th amendment in the constitution known as the Miranda rights. These rights were to inform the criminal suspects about what actions they are allowed to take under police custody. The Fifth Amendment now demands the police to tell a suspect the following four things. One: “you have the right to remain silent” (Findlaw, 2017). This right means that one can either choose to speak up and defend himself or point fingers at others. Either way, one can also choose to keep quiet about all allegations. Choosing to speak or not to speak while being arrested is a constitutional right for the suspect. Two: “Anything you choose to say will and can be used against you in a court of law” (Findlaw, 2017). This right actually means what whatever allegation, threat; evidence and additional information among other statements that may be made by the criminal suspect will be used as evidence in a court of law, against his defense. This right is explaining the first statement on the right of a person to keep quiet or remain silent. Therefore, a person who is being arrested can choose to remain silent because any statement that comes out of his mouth will be used against him. Three: “You have full rights to an attorney” (Findlaw, 2017). This right means that the suspect, even under police custody should be allowed to contact and converse with their attorney. They have legal rights to communicate with them, in case they need any help from them. Four: “If one cannot afford an attorney, one will be provided/ appointed for you.” (Findlaw, 2017) This right was put in place to be of great assistance to poor or abandoned criminal suspects who cannot afford to contact or look for a lawyer to defend themselves. The court must provide a lawyer for such people because they have legal rights to obtain a lawyer who will defend them. All these four rights must be communicated to the suspect at the point of arrest.
Failure to explain the Miranda rights to the suspect before questioning begins will result in the disregarding all the statements the suspect may make after questioning. All evidence that may have been gathered from the suspect without full knowledge of his rights or due lack of understanding of the Miranda rights will result in the statement being thrown away. This is because the statements made will be assumed to have been made involuntary.
This case is termed as “important” in the history of the United States. This made a landmark because of its major impact on interpreting the laws of the US. Landmark cases are cases that made huge turning points in the history of the US laws. They also dealt with various unique situations and made various precedents that are needed to be followed afterward. Miranda v Arizona cases are important in several ways. To begin with, it gave rise to Miranda rights and amendments to the constitution that gave rise to the 5th amendment (Police Department, 2017). This case also informed the Supreme Court that without proper procedures of arrest, statements made by the suspect are involuntary and unconstitutional.
In a 5-4 Supreme Court decision, the judge ruled that the evidence laid down by the police was unconstitutional because they had failed to inform Miranda or his rights. The case also made it significant that the police are aware of the 5th and 6th amendment of the constitution. The 5th amendment requires them to provide a convict with all the necessary rights and warnings. This would allow them to refuse to make any self-incriminatory statements. The 6th amendment is somehow similar; it allows any convict to have a right to talk to or obtain a lawyer. Therefore, without knowing these rights, the detainees increasingly become vulnerable. These rights are increasingly becoming a part of the American law as the year’s progress because of the Miranda v Arizona case.
Furthermore, the case has proved significant because it made the Courts realize a trend in forced confessions that may result in wrongful convictions. This trend had resulted in the loss of the American spirit as well as the breaking of the law. Basic liberties of the defendant had been deprived. The case also led to the importance of having a lawyer at the time of interrogation. This has greatly become important because in the presence of the lawyer the interrogation becomes less forceful. The convict can be free to speak without being fearful and without pressure.
In summary, the Miranda v Arizona case became important to the point that it reached the Supreme Court because it taught the nation that there is a need to protect the rights of the convict. This results in reducing the widespread misuse of authority by police officers. The court created statements which were rules that explained what the police had to mention to the suspects under custody. The greatest importance was that the case ensured balancing between police powers and the rights of their convicts.
The 1966 case has been established because of the following reasons. Criminals were never advised on their legal rights according to the 5th and 6th amendment. The convicts were normally forcefully interrogated and forced to make confessions against their own will and without the presence of a lawyer. The police officers were not trained on how to explain the Miranda rights to their suspects under detention. Lastly, men of the law in the US did not practice the constitutional rights of the criminal suspects during the arrest. This had led to a violation of the constitution.
The first case is about Mrs. Maryann Romaszko v The United States. The case study reveals that mars Maryann became a target of an investigation on June 16th, 1999 and underwent thorough investigations. The interrogation meeting was planned for her when she was at work and was immediately ordered by her boss to attend that interview in one of the rooms within the organization. There, she was confronted by two policemen who accused her of theft (Abhijeet, 2016). She was never allowed to leave the meeting. This is because in five different occasions had she asked to leave the meeting but was not given a chance to.
In addition, Maryann was never informed of her Miranda rights, and when she was asked whether she had taken any money, she denied. She was further charged with making a false not statement which was a felony. The court however evaluated that the suspect, in this case, was not informed of her rights and this was not at liberty to terminate the interrogation and depart. Maryann was not free to leave because of her economic fear of losing her job. Moreover, the investigators had not permitted the convict to leave whenever she wanted to. Adding to the fact that Maryann was not informed of her Miranda rights before interrogation, she was also not in police custody (Abhijeet, 2016). Both situations made the allegations made by the investigators against her null and void. The second circuit affirmed the ruling that was made by the district court.
The second case is about Dennis Thompson V the United States. Dennis is believed to have robbed a bank on October 20th, 1999. That is the La Salle National bank located in Peru, Illinois. He took over $64,500 in cash. About 5 years later, that is; on September 22nd, 2004, FBI agents Eley and Lee made an impromptu visit to Dennis at his home. On arrival, they identified themselves as FBI agents through their badges and Identification cards (Abhijeet, 2016). Dennis was asked whether he would like to speak and he agreed. So he invited them to his living room.
His living room was quite small, and the investigators had to sit on some chairs a few meters from Dennis. The investigators began questioning him right away about the stolen money. Dennis immediately denied having being involved in any sort of bank robbery. But when the interrogators showed him a sketch of the bank robber and identified it by his name made him believe that the agents already knew him. None of the agents physically touched Dennis or acted intimidating towards him. Thompson decided to get a glass of water and one of the investigators, Eley followed him as he went for a glass of water and a bible. He kept the view of Dennis the whole time. After nearly 3 hours, the agents informed the suspect that convicts who cooperate with the law receive a lighter punishment. They also informed Thompson that if he was willing to work with them, he would possibly be released from prison through a bond. Therefore, Thompson confessed to the robbery as agent Eley made a written document on the same. They left Dennis’ home without arresting him.
Two agents were left to watch Thompson about 100 yards away. The following morning Thompson was dressed in an athletic dressing and left his home to go for a jog. He was immediately arrested and explained of his Miranda’s rights (Abhijeet, 2016). He was placed in an interrogation room and made a second confession regarding the robbery.
Court ruling claims that Dennis was not in custody. This is because even a reasonable person would not believe that they were actually under custody. The circumstances that lead to the belief of this is because the suspect was not informed that he could not move, the happenings happened in a public place, he was not moved to another area, and the officer’s tone did not associate to command. In this case, the fact the Dennis woke up and dressed for jogging exercise claims that truly, he never took the statements he made seriously. And he did not realize he was under custody. In addition, the fact that the police officers sat so close to Dennis while he was making his statement states that Denis was not free from fear and pressure while making his statements. He was also in the presence of a lawyer. The court finally overruled the allegations brought forward by the two agents of investigation from the FBI due to the above reasons, and due to the most important reason of all, the suspect was not informed of his Miranda rights during the first interrogation (Abhijeet, 2016). This does away with the confessions he may have made even after the first confession.
To begin with, the Miranda rights are the first thing on the police’s mouth during the arrest to clear any doubts regarding the arrest. Secondly, the rights of the convict have been protected, and they are not harassed any more by the police (Findlaw, 2017). Lastly, the Miranda rights are continuously being taught to police officers, to individuals and students in school to enrich the embracing of the constitution and its privileges.
In conclusion, Miranda was arrested on an allegation basing on the fact that he had committed robbery and raping a defenseless 18-year-old girl about 10 years earlier. This case was argued against in the first conviction and overruled at the Supreme Court. It is due to this man that there are Miranda rights today. The police are supposed to inform their detainees that: they have a right to be silent, anything they say will be used against them in a court of law, they have a right to an attorney/lawyer, and if they cannot afford one they will be provided for.
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Edward Snowden Actions
1. What is Edward Snowden’s argument supporting his decision to reveal the information according to his statement in The Guardian article? Summarize his argument.
According to Edward Snowden’s statement in The Guardian article, he believed that the value of the internet, along with basic privacy is being destroyed by surveillance which NSA secretly building. He said that he did not want to live in a world where there is no privacy and no room for intellectual exploration and creativity even though he has had a salary approximately $200,000, stable career and a family he loves. He could not allow the US government to destroy privacy, internet freedom and fundamental liberties for people around the world with that surveillance machine, he said.
He stated that he would be satisfied if the federation of secret law, unequal pardon and irresistible executive powers that rule the world that he loves were revealed even for an instant. According to The Guardian article, he wanted it the focus on those documents and the debate which he hoped that would trigger among citizens around the globe about what kind of world we want to live in.
Even though, he expected the US government to attempt to use all its weight to punish him, he was not afraid since it was his choice he responded. He agreed that he had broken the Espionage Act and helped their enemies, but that could be used against anyone who points out how massive and invasive the system has become. The only thing that he feared was the harmful effects on his family he said.
Since the time when he worked in Geneva, he realized that he was part of something that was doing far more harm than good. It was the first time he thought about revealing government secrets. At that time, he chose not to expose and waited around someone else to act, he said.
2. Before determining whether Snowden’s actions were morally justified, what information would you need? Provide a bullet list and think about the facts and apply how one would respond to the identifiable issues in this case.
According to the Ethics Sage (2015), De George represented the critical five criteria to know whistleblowing is morally allowed. To begin with, the action will affect damage to other people.
Second, it is reasonable once the employee reports the action to his or her supervisor. Third, if the supervisors do nothing, the employee should take the issue to the board. Then, evidence must be reasonable. Last but not least, the employee must reasonably believe that going public will create the considerable change to protect the public and is worth the hazards to oneself.
To determine whether Snowden’s actions were ethically justified, we would need to know that which information is valid; Snowden’s or the US governments’. We additionally need to know whether which side made harmful impact on others. As indicated by The Guardian (2013), Edward Snowden admitted that he could not allow the US government to destroy privacy, internet freedom and fundamental liberties for individuals around the world with that massive surveillance machine. While that presents the US government may do considerable harm to others. The ranking member on the Select Committee on Intelligence, Chambliss said that Snowden needs to clarify why he has disclosed sources and methods that are going to put American lives in threat. In Chambliss view, Snowden has caused terrorists to change their strategies to thwart detection.
3. Under the utilitarianism theory, would Snowden’s decision to reveal the information be supported? Explain your answer using principles from the utilitarian teleology. Would Snowden be granted immunity to the U.S. using the utilitarianism theory?
Utilitarianism’s core idea is that whether actions are morally right or wrong relies upon their effects. Utilitarianism theory claims to consequences. Nathanson stated that utilitarianism is a type of consequentialism since it lays on the idea that it is the consequences or results of activities, laws, policies that determine if they are good or bad, right or wrong. In this view, whether Snowden’s actions were legal or illegal, the consequences which world knows the truth was good consequence.
According to the CNET (2013), the American Civil Liberties Union has launched a petition calling for the amnesty of former NSA contractor Edward Snowden. The ACLU said that Edward Snowden is a great American who deserves full immunity for his patriotic acts and they are proud to serve as his legal advisors. It represents that Snowden may make right effect on society. In my view, under the utilitarianism theory, Snowden would be granted immunity to the U.S. As stated by CNET (2019), the petition has more than 40,000 signatures.
4. Under Kant theory, would Snowden’s decision to reveal the information be supported? Explain your answer using principles from Kant’s deontology. Would Snowden be granted immunity to the U.S. using the Kant theory?
Kant believed that certain types of actions were absolutely prohibited, even in cases where the action would bring about more happiness than the alternative. Under Kant theory, Snowden’s decision to reveal the information would not be supported. According to Kant’s theory, the rightness or wrongness of actions does not depend on their consequences but on whether they fulfill our duty. Under this theory, Snowden’s duty was to keep the secret and develop the system whether his work was harmful or not.
References:
The Guardian (2013), “Edward Snowden: the whistleblower behind the NSA surveillance revelation” https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/09/edward-snowden-nsa-whistleblower-surveillance
CBS Interactive (2013), “Hong Kong: Edward Snowden’s welcoming refuge” https://www.cbsnews.com/news/hong-kong-edward-snowdens-welcoming-refuge/
National Public Radio (2013), “NSA leaks caused terrorists to change tactics, Senator says” https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2013/06/16/192346807/senator-nsa-leaks-caused-terrorists-to-change-tactics
CNET (2014), “ACLU: Obama, grant Edward Snowden immunity now” https://www.cnet.com/news/aclu-obama-grant-edward-snowden-immunity-now/
Nathanson, S., “Act and Rule Utilitarianism” published on Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, https://www.iep.utm.edu/util-a-r/
CSUS “Kantian ethics” https://www.csus.edu/indiv/g/gaskilld/ethics/kantian%20ethics.htm
Ethics sage (2015), “Is whistleblowing a moral act” https://www.ethicssage.com/2015/07/is-whistleblowing-a-moral-act.html
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Charlie Chaplin’s Talent
Despite the outstanding silence associated with this name I’ve heard the echoes of his works from halfway across the world. I’ve grown up laughing at and enjoying this man but it wasn’t until I studied this extraordinary being that I found out that the most comical feat Charlie Chaplin has achieved was not in his art. Masterfully, Mr. Chaplin fooled the world into loving a character which wasn’t meant for love. He made brilliance out of the most un-brilliant existence according to society and to me; that is pure comedy.
I was astounded by Mr. Chaplin’s intelligence but there was no denying I was also spellbound by his films. Where I fell in love with the character of the tramp itself in “The Kid “, I truly understood it when I watched “City Lights”. Mr. Chaplin had spent a decade perfecting this character, building this character and knowing that the world of sound had combined with the world of cinema “City Lights” felt as a final good bye to the silent era. I was made to feel this due to the opening scene in particular where the city is gathered for the unveiling of the monument. The execution of the opening along with the disrupted voice in the speeches, for me, translates that the Monument or figuratively the film is a final gift for the world that is diving into movies with dialogue, and after the tramp is revealed to be sleeping on the statue I truly feel that this is the beginning of the end. However, more importantly this scene also fully explains the theme of the story. When the tramp is discovered, He moves – seemingly confused- trying to leave the monument but is struggling. Which is the storyline of the film, a largely amused group of spectators watch the tramp trying to do the right thing but ending up in sticky situation until he finally figures it out. Another theme in the film is that of authority and wealth. In the series of shots that move from the spectators to a man who is giving a speech adds to the idea of power. The lady that follows holds a lush bouquet of flowers and that starkly contrasts with the single frail flower we see with the tramp multiple times in the film.
Another and the most prominent theme in “City lights” can be seen in the second scene of the movie. To some viewers it could pass by as an insignificant scene but this was undoubtedly my favorite in all of Chaplin’s works. The aspect I noticed first was that of the subtle difference between the tramp and the rest of the city I.e. the area in which he ‘casually strolled‘ was bustling otherwise. As if everyone but the tramp had a sense of purpose, immediately not only making us focus on him but understanding that he is different. The shift in the scenario brings us to a new scene and the main theme of ‘Mistaken identity ‘. In the City Lights, there is a helpless blind girl that thinks that the man who helped her and continues to do so is a millionaire but in reality he is a tramp who befriends a bipolar millionaire which is a friend and an enemy all in one. Now this second scene is an imagery of this exact idea. The tramp is observing a female statue which is tall looking up which could translate to the beautiful yet tragically blind woman who is dreaming or thinking high of the man helping her. In the shot, there is also a much smaller statue of a man and a horse which could signify a knight in shining armor which is essentially what the tramp is for people and the blind girl. However, the smaller size of the statue indicates that what the blind girl is thinking is only half true. The constant danger of falling into the hole in the ground can refer to the struggles and the emergence of a man from the very hole can signify the obstacle and the cure of his problems i.e. the mad man. The mostly single shot middle angle of the scene helps us notice all the aspects that help us realize the significance of the scene. Other scenes that were of immense value include when the tramp met with the blind girl, she too was more casual than the city around her which suggested that one outcast had found another. The scene of the robbery reiterates the theme of power of authority and mistaken identities. Lastly, the ending incorporates not only the simplicity of the entire film but that of the tramps character and Charlie Chaplin Himself.
Other than Chaplin’s humble and beloved tramp, I found myself fascinated with the character of the blind woman played by Virginia Cherrill. She effortlessly shows her complex blackened life through daily chores and somehow manages to convey her emotions effectively with the minimum use of eye movements. She shows her sense of resentment or envy of the Man and Lady outside her window. She shows her gratitude to the tramp with subtle smiles, and most importantly she shows her unbeaten resolve constantly giving hope to a pessimist like myself too.
In this film, each character brings forward a purpose which adds to the storyline cinematographically. This is companied by the speediness and roughness of some editing techniques which produce an engaging cognitive effect. The picture is very simplistic and linear which was the style of Mr. Chaplin however, using the characters reactions and the use of light help progress and keep the audience entertained. There was an instance of the dissolve in the boxing scene, there was over the shoulder shots between the alcoholic millionaire and the generous tramp but mostly the camera was focused in a long shot or middle shot to keep everything in focus especially the reactions of the people in the film which was required to add to the a comedic effect. Chaplin also used sound to achieve his cinematic goals, i.e. the whistle in party scene, or the bell in the boxing scene and the music to transition or elevate certain aspects of the acting.
To conclude, Charlie Chaplin is said to be the biggest star of Hollywood or a Cinematic genius. His films can be remembered for their story or their hilarity. But for me, Mr. Chaplin and his films will always be a bittersweet memory from my childhood. He is the reason behind the smiles millions of us, and millions before us.
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The History of Phlebotomy
Phlebotomy is a method of drawing or removing blood from a being - human, animal etc. In modern day, phlebotomy is used to detect, identify and treat a plethora or illnesses and diseases. However, that was not originally the case. The practice of phlebotomy (or bloodletting as it was called in its previous era) can be traced back to the times of the egyptians. The Egyptians would take a bath in the blood of healthy individuals and warriors as they thought it would bring health and strength to them. Pliny the Elder and other Romans would drink drink the blood from dying warriors as they, too, believed they could receive strength from blood. Shortly, they believed in order to retain their youth they would have to have “youthful” blood flowing through their bodies.
This brings us to the first transfusion. Pope Innocent VIII was the first recorded bloodletting. He, however, did not survive the procedure nor did the children he transfused from. At this time, there was very little understanding of blood and its components and two fatal mistakes were made. His transfusion came from three children - this means that he had a mix of two to three blood types coursing through his veins and and had produced antibodies to antigens on the red cells that did not match his which cause agglutination in his body. Secondly, the three children died as they transfused too much blood at one time.
Bloodletting then became a way to remove evil spirits from the body as well as certain illnesses and diseases. Yet again, too much blood was being drawn out of people that they grew weak or would get weaker in the days after and eventually succumb to the loss of blood. Transfusions at this point were banned. But people like Libavius and Harvey continued to fight for the importance of transfusions. Libavius wrote articles explaining how transfusions saved lives and Harvey’s theory showed the pattern of circulation via veins.
Noting Harvey’s theory of circulation, Christopher Wren conducted experiments using dogs. He would inject poison into the veins of dogs and see how they reacted. From this experiment it was discovered that the fastest way to achieve a desired effect is to inject it directly into the veins - this gave Wren credit for IV therapy.
Transfusions then moved from simply injecting dogs with fluids (water, milk, wine etc) to transfusion from dog to dog then from animal to human. Denis made three attempts at transfusing from an animal to a human. The first patient ended with a dark urine, the second has increase heart rate, sweating, kidney pain and dark urine and the third patient died. He made the mistake of transfusing from two different species and was ultimately charged for murder. This put a cease on transfusions for nearly 150 years.
After a hiatus from transfusions, Blundell noted that there needed to be a transfusion from the same species. He did human to human transfusions for women who would bleed out during childbirth. With much success, Blundell became the father of modern blood transfusions.
Another problem encountered early in the practice of bloodletting was the blood clotting quickly. As soon as the blood would be taken out of the body it would clot and be rendered useless. Braxton-Hicks began doing research on ways to keep the fluidity of blood. In his attempt he used sodium phosphate as an anticoagulant. However this was detrimental. Sodium phosphate was highly toxic and they ended up killing four people. Then Huston came a short while later and used sodium citrate and glucose. As an anticoagulant, sodium citrate was not harmful or toxic and is still currently being used today. The glucose was used as an added energy source for the red blood cells.
Now we have a method of preserving blood as well as transfusing blood but there is still the problem of blood clotting inside the body. This problem would not be solved until the works of Karl Landsteiner and DeCastello and Sturli was published. Landsteiner discovered and published ABO blood groups - only noting types A, B, and O. DeCastello and Sturli noted that you can have the presence of AB antigens on the surface of the cell. Between the three of them, we now have blood types A, B, O and AB.
Through a collective measures over the years, phlebotomy has gone from unsafe, fatal practices to an intraspecies, meticulated, and screened practice. Blood is drawn - volume specific - for testing purposes as well as for donations.
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Why Work Matters in the Division of Labour
The division of work, which is also known as division of labor, is breaking down a work into a sequence of stages and assigned to a group of people, so it requires several steps to fully complete the job.
A French sociologist Emile Durkheim is considered as the father of sociology. In his book The Division of Labor in Society he introduced how the division of labor, meaning different individuals being responsible for certain jobs, benefits society as it increases productive capacity of workers. Specialization is the way for people to compete in larger societies.
Durkheim also developed model of contrasting social order types, mechanical solidarity, and organic solidarity. For mechanical solidarity, it refers to social bonds based on people’s common belief, likeness, or common ritual. People who participated in mechanical solidarity are identical in many ways and are united automatically. However, organic solidarity is based on individual differences. Such solidarity is supported by division of labor, in which people specialize in various occupations. In Durkheim’s opinion, division of labor is positively correlated to dynamic density, which refers to the combination of population density and the amount of social interaction within the population. Density can occur through growth concentration of people, development of ways of communications and emergence of towns and cities. Once these conditions are satisfied, labor starts to become divided and works become specialized. Mechanical solidarity will ultimately be replaced by organic solidarity as it is the key to characterize cities. As cities developing and
urbanization taking progress, social cohesion based on bilateral interdependence will be created. Division of work and dissimilarities bring about more interdependence in society. Interdependence can be seen in human morality.
There are lots of advantages of division of labor. Firstly, as mentioned before, division increases productivity and it is also the greatest benefit. We all have heard of the famous pin example introduced by Adam Smith; it is said that procedure of pin production is divided into several relatively independent operations. Ten men’s output is over 200 times more than that of one man in a day. Another thing is that division is distributed according to the worker’s capability, which ensures from waste of time. As the worker performs same operation every day, he/she become highly adept at the specific work and thus adds to productivity even further. When production is of high volumes, division of work is likely to achieve economies of scale. Moreover, division promotes the emergence of entrepreneurs, whose job is to specialize in organization. Rise of entrepreneurship has contributed to the increase in efficiency as well as the economy as whole. In modern society, globalization has enabled division of labor by unit of country. For instance, some developing countries concentrates on labor intensive production of primary products, which involves massive number of workers with rather low wages. Afterwards these products will be transported to developed countries for further processing, package and selling.
However, division of labor goes beyond economic interests; other than that, it also initiates order within a society. As societies become more civilized, each individual can be distinguished from one another more easily. Density increases the division of work through competition between individual. In order to survive, people must diversify and meanwhile compete for same resources in the society. As they are more divided the competition becomes more effortful.
Human beings have practiced division of labor since the earliest social organizations. All societies have at least some basic form of division of labor, some work is assigned to women, some to men, and some to both sexes. The division of labor is based neither on biology nor simple equality. Another important factor is the status of the husband and the status of the man in society. Whatever how demanding male’s tasks, they seems to receive more respect. A few decades age, sexual division of labor is obvious and even continues to exist till today. Since taking care of children and housework are effort-intensive, married women spend less effort each hour of work than that of married men under the same working length. As a result, married women usually have lower hourly wages in the same market. Some of them choose comparatively less demanding jobs. Responsibilities society puts on married women for childcare and housework has a big influence on salary and occupational differences between women and men. This division is justified, and moral precepts are part of the social experience of boys and girls in society. In early social interactions, young people begin to acquire their parents' values and skills. With the development of industrialization, however, the division of labor became more complex than any other system of production. Work has been divided into several different occupations for which everyone is qualified.
A movie called “On the Basis od Sex” tells story of legendary female judge Ruth Bader Ginsburg’s career in the struggle of fighting for gender equality, and she is also the second female judge to enter the supreme court. The historical background was in New York in 1960s and 70s, during which time even an outstanding female law school graduate cannot be employed by any of the 13 law firms she visited. Her knowledge and ability was not acknowledged by the employers; meanwhile the man she helped win the case for has never been married and taking care of his mother alone at home, no one believed that a adult male would be willing to do that and doubted him for “stealing tax”. What happened to them was an expression of the gender segregation in employment. People believed that occupations in certain fields are specifically for male or for female only. This also reflected in domestic division of labor. A study in 2016 (Man-Yee Kan, Heather Laurie, who is Doing the Housework in Multicultural Britain) shows that the housework women do is twice that of men in white British and black British household. In India and Pakistani the disparity is more enormous. Study found that education influent housework imbalance that in all ethnic groups, women receiving more education tends to do less housework.
Broadly speaking, social division of labor refers to the division of labor at different levels of society, which constitutes a complex social structure. The division of labor is used in a sociological context and is concerned with social divisions, for example, gender, class, race and with forces of social cohesion and disintegration as well as the importance of solidarity. The division of labor is necessary for every system of production. Simply put, it means the diversity of roles within the enterprise, applicable to all factors of production. It is called specialization of workers in a part or operation of the production process. In modern industrial societies the division of labor is complex. All societies have a simple division of labor. This is to some extent natural result. In industrial societies division is extensive because of the small role that technology needs to play.
References
Division of Labour. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/social-sciences/division-of-labour
Gender Division of Labour. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/social-sciences/gender-division-of-labour
Pettinger, T. (2017, December 22). Specialization and division of labor. Retrieved from https://www.economicshelp.org/microessays/as/specialisation-division-labour/
Pettinger, T. (2017, December 22). Specialisation and division of labour. Retrieved from https://www.economicshelp.org/microessays/as/specialisation-division-labour/
Sexual division of labour. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/sexual division of labour
Essays, UK. (November 2018). Division of Labour And Central Features Of Modernity Sociology Essay. Retrieved from https://www.ukessays.com/essays/sociology/division-of-labour-and-central-features-of-modernity-sociology-essay.php?vref=1
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Woodrow Wilson Term of Office
Who would have ever excepted the 1912 election was going to be the most crucial election ever known in American History. It shaped the way our economic world works today. All four men who were nominated for election had the desire for change and knew there was a cry for help. So in the end, there was a need for change that they all agreed upon.
In 1912, Presidential candidates Theodore Roosevelt, Woodrow Wilson, Eugene Debs, and Howard Taft all had similar goals of progressivism but definitely had different ways of accomplishing it. Brett Flehinger stated “ Although Roosevelt, Taft, Wilson, Debs, and others disagreed fundamentally on a number of issues, their debates focused on a central question: How should American Society respond to the swift and sweeping social and political changes brought on by corporate economy.”(pg.21)
Theodore Roosevelt political views were conflicting. He was a member of the Republican party and yet became a part of the Progressive movement. He transformed the role of a President, remained faithful to the Republicans, and is known to be a reformer.
President Roosevelt had chosen Taft to help him in the election. Taft was important for continuing Roosevelt's antitrust actions.Taft was nominated by the Republicans and since Roosevelt did not accept the Republicans nomination, he and his supporters formed their own progressive party and gave it the nickname “Bull Moose Party.”Debs was a part of the Socialist party and Wilson was Democratic. The election was basically between two friends Roosevelt and Wilson. They struggled with the issues of women suffrage, trust, and tariffs.
In the first two decades of the 20th century reform were the political scene reflecting upon ideas of the Progressive movement. The movement encouraged fundamental social and economic reforms. Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson were both presidents during the Progressive Era, and competed against each other for presidency. Both men saw the problems caused by industrialization and Big Businesses.
Debs believed he was the real Progressivism, and the power was to the people and unions. Some of his political demands included absolute freedom of press, speech, reduction of tariff duties, unrestricted and equal suffrage for men and women. This shows he was fighting for the working people and unions, since he once was part of a union himself.
Woodrow Wilson was quiet different from the other opponents. He believed that if the economy is made up of small, independent economic producers it would direct them to a efficient and democratic social and economic system. He wanted to break up the monopolies and set regulations to them. They relied and focused on the Sherman Antitrust Act and its amendments.
Wilson took a social angle when he approached the issues of trusts and corporations. His approach was a little different than the other candidates. Roosevelt said there were “good” and “bad” trusts, whereas Wilson said all monopolies were harmful to the nation. Wilson was all for restoring competition that would benefit consumers and lowering the power of corporations wealth.
Woodrow Wilson and Theodore Roosevelt adopt two different approaches to progressive reform. Roosevelt saw the benefits of increased efficiency brought on by Big Business and stressed the need to legislate against its abuse of power while Wilson saw all monopoly as inherently unproductive and stressed how important it was to get rid of it.
Roosevelt supported tariffs and taxes on goods because he believed it protected wages. He wanted to strengthen Federal Regulations over commerce, 8 hour work day, ban on child labor, and Government to watch big business so they won’t harm the society they were expected to serve.
New Nationalism was Theodore Roosevelt's Progressive political philosophy during the election. He made the case for what he called the New Nationalism in a speech he gave in Osawatomie, Kansas, in August 1910. His argument were human welfare versus property rights. He insisted that only powerful federal government could regulate the economy and guarantee social justice. Roosevelt believed that the concentration in industry was not bad. He wanted executive agencies (not the courts) to regulate business. The federal government should be used to protect the laboring men, women, and children from what he believed to be exploitation. The New Nationalism supported child labor laws and a minimum wage law for women.
Roosevelt pointed out that special interests were using their power to manipulate politics into misrepresenting the common will. He stressed the importance of getting rid of politics of this manipulation through measures such as prohibiting political contributions and corporations and implementation of the Australian ballot.
Roosevelt also pointed out that the power of big business exploited the small ones and prevented their advancement through society. He wanted corporations and the people who run them to be responsible for maintaining legal behavior and to disclose their economic status to the public in order to prevent corruption. He also stressed that governments should maintain complete control over industries that were vital to the welfare of the nation.
Although Wilson and Roosevelt agreed that economic power was being abused by the American government, Wilson's ideas split with Roosevelt on how the government should handle the restraint of private power with corporations that had too much economic power.
When problems started in Europe in 1914, President Wilson decided the United States would remain neutral and not get involved. Wilson won reelection two years later and used the slogan, “He Kept Us Out of War.” This kept Americans happy since they considered this to be a European issue. In the end, Wilson could not keep his promise and declared war against Germany in 1917 saying,”The world must be safe for democracy.”
In the end both presidents had the same general idea but with different ways of approaching it. Some views worked and some did not. Whether it was good or bad the country moved forward because of attributions that these two men worked and fought for
There were a lot to be done and Wilson succeeded in what he proposed to do after winning the election. Although Roosevelt did not accomplish everything that he was set out to do, he accomplished a majority of what he had planned on doing. Presently, a lot of Americans say politicians as liars because they never do what they say, and they only campaign for selfish reasons. If we only had the same drive and motivation as the candidates of 1912, in my opinion, things can be a lot different.
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Woodrow Wilson Term of Office. (2021, Mar 27).
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Gerrymandering is the US
Introduction
In the United States, we believe that each person has one vote and that each vote counts equally among all other votes. But what if I told you that that is far from the case. Gerrymandering, which is the practice of drawing district lines for a political advantage, ensures us that not all votes contribute equally to election outcomes. Particularly in the past decade, advanced computing and data gathering has turned the art of manipulating district borders into a science. And using this science, a particular party can be all but guaranteed a win on election day in a given area.
Central Claim: Gerrymandering harms democracy in the United States.
Claim 1: Gerrymandering ensures that not all votes contribute equally to election outcomes.
Grounds: advanced computing and data gathering has turned the art of manipulating district boarders into a science. By using this science, a particular party can be all but guaranteed a win on election day in a given area.
Backing: If a state or city’s population consistently votes 60 percent for one party over another, you might expect that the majority of elected officials in that area would be from the leading party. However, through gerrymandering, district boundaries can be drawn in such a way that the minority party wins a greater number of seats. (Ellenburg, Gerrymandering driven by technology, not simply politics)
Sub backing- As mathematics professor and author Jordan Ellenberg wrote in a New York times article published in October 6, 2017, “About as many Democrats live in Wisconsin as Republicans do, but you wouldn’t know it from the Wisconsin State Assembly, where Republicans hold 65% of the seats, a bigger majority than Republican legislators enjoy in conservative states like Texas and Kentucky”.
Claim 2: Gerrymandering is hardly a new problem. Politicians have engaged in it for hundreds of years.
Backing: Political Scientist Brian Klaas described the term’s history in a February 10, 2017, article in the Washington Post: The word ‘gerrymander’ comes from an 1812 political cartoon drawn to parody Massachusetts Governor Elbridge Gerry’s re-drawn senate districts. The cartoon depicts one of the bizarrely shaped districts in the contorted form of a fork tongued salamander. Since 1812, gerrymandering has been increasingly used as a tool to divide and distort the electorate. More often than not, state legislatures are tasked with drawing district maps, allowing the electoral foxes to draw and defend their henhouse districts.
Sub backing- Klass further argues, gerrymandering has resulted in uncompetitive elections across much of the country: In 2016, only 17 seats out of 435 races were decided by a margin of 5 percent or less. Just 33 seats in total were decided by a margin of 10 percent or less. In other words, more than 9 out of 10 House races were landslides where the campaign was a foregone conclusion before ballots were even cast. In 2016, there were no truly competitive congressional races in 42 of the 50 states (Wasserman).
Claim 3: While gerrymandering has long existed, evolving technology has dramatically changed how the practice affects elections.
Grounds: High-Powered computers and access to demographic and voting data records allow politicians to predict how small changes to districting lines might alter electoral outcomes.
Backing: (Ellenburg) New York Times “Gerrymandering used to be an art, but advanced computation has made it a science. Wisconsin’s Republican legislators, after their victory in the census year of 2010, tried out map after map, tweak after tweak. They ran each potential map through computer algorithms that tested its performance in a wide range of political climates. The map they adopted is precisely engineered to assure Republican control in all but the most extreme circumstances.”
Claim 4: As gerrymandering has become more mathematically sophisticated, fair elections advocates are challenging the practice in both state and federal courts.
Grounds: In Pennsylvania, fair election advocates have based their case against a highly gerrymandered districting map on the state constitution.
Backing: As law professor David S. Cohen wrote in a January 23, 2018 in Rolling Stone: “The Pennsylvania Supreme Court gave a big boost to [the effort to reduce partisan gerrymandering] by ruling the state's congressional map was unconstitutionally gerrymandered. Better yet, the ruling should be final and unreviewable by the U.S. Supreme Court.”
Sub backing: (Cohen)This was one of the most closely watched gerrymandering cases in the country. In every election since the state map was redrawn by Republicans in 2011, Republicans have won the same 13 of the state's 18 congressional districts, despite Pennsylvania voting for President Obama in 2012 by over 5 percent and only barely favoring President Trump in 2016 by less than 1 percent.
Sub backing: (Cohen)What makes this case so important is that it was decided by a state supreme court on the basis of state constitutional law and when a state supreme court makes a decision on the basis of its own state's law, the U.S. Supreme Court doesn't review the case. It's as if a different country's court system decided a case under that country's law. The U.S. Supreme Court would have no say. The Pennsylvania Supreme Court made this clear saying explicitly that it reached its conclusion on the 'sole basis' of the state constitution. (Wolf and Weiser)
Conclusion: Now that I have defined gerrymandering for you, explained how it hurts our democracy, and given an example of current cases against it, I would like you to take that forward with you as a young voter. For in the future, hopefully you will get a change to vote on gerrymandering and you will vote against it. Because you want your vote to count equally among all other votes.
Works cited
Cohen, David S. “Pennsylvania Court Rejects Congressional Gerrymandering.” Rolling Stone, Rolling Stone, 25 June 2018, https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-news/pennsylvania-court-rejects-congressional-gerrymandering-126236/
This article goes more in depth in the Pennsylvania case on gerrymandering. Describes gerrymandering as being unconstitutional. I used this article for the Pennsylvania case. Cohen points out the significance of this case and how it can help in the future if gerrymandering goes away. I also used his points on how Pennsylvania determined the results on their case on the bases of a states decision rather than the United States Supreme court decision.
Ellenberg, Jordan. 'Gerrymandering driven by technology, not simply politics.' The Post and Courier 6 October 2017. Online Article. https://www.postandcourier.com/opinion/commentary/gerrymandering-driven-by-technology-not-simply-politics/article_d5231ad6-aabe-11e7-bb8a-3fcc7b2741d6.html
In this article, Ellenberg goes in depth of the technology side of gerrymandering. It is described
as a computer science where particular programs can collect data from surveys being done and help map out an area to help a particular party. Ellenburg defines gerrymandering and gives examples throughout the article. I used this article for the computer science aspect of gerrymandering.
—. 'How computers turned gerrymandering into a science.' The New York Times 6 October 2017. Online Article. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/06/opinion/sunday/computers-gerrymandering-wisconsin.html
In this article, Ellenberg does the same as the previous article, it describes gerrymandering as a computer science. I used this article because it gives a good description of how Republicans in
Wisconsin tested out this computer science by running their maps through different scenarios to
see what outcomes could be achieved. It shows how it maps out your districts to give you a win in the larger districts and a loss in the smaller ones.
Klaas, Brian. “Gerrymandering Is the Biggest Obstacle to Genuine Democracy in the United States. So Why Is No One Protesting?” https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/democracy-post/wp/2017/02/10/gerrymandering-is-the-biggest-obstacle-to-genuine-democracy-in-the-united-states-so-why-is-no-one-protesting/?noredirect=on&utm_term=.908ae045baaa
In this article, Klass gives a detailed definition of gerrymandering, what it is, where it came from,
And examples. He also describes elections being won by landslides due to gerrymandering. Klass gives reasons as to why gerrymandering is harmful to democracy and he also describes
situations of where gerrymandering can be beneficial. I used this article to give a history of gerrymandering and to give an example of how it makes elections unfair.
Wolf, Thomas P. and Wendy R. Weiser. 'The Supreme Court sidestepped partisan gerrymandering.oters need a decision before 2021.' The Los Angeles Times 19 June 2018. https://www.latimes.com/opinion/op-ed/la-oe-weiser-wolf-gerrymander-scotus-20180619-story.html
This article describes different court cases throughout the country involving gerrymandering. It describes gerrymandering as harmful and gives examples to back that up. I used this article for it's information on the Pennsylvania gerrymandering case.
Additional sources.
Evans, James. 'What is gerrymandering in the U.S. and what is an example?' Quora 12 October 2017. online article. https://www.quora.com/What-is-gerrymandering-in-the-US-and-what-is-an-example
Wasserman, David. 'Presidential Election Results: Donald J. Trump Wins.' The New York Times 9 August 2017. https://www.nytimes.com/elections/2016/results/president
This website gives election results from 2016, presidency, senate, house, exit polls, and, state results. I used this article to provide credibility on Klass's statements on 'elections being won by landslides'. It does have other links in the website that provides you with breakdowns of how each state was won as well.
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Gerrymandering is the US. (2021, Mar 27).
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Professional Liability and Medical Malpractice
The Medical Staff Coordinator asked me to write a written discussion on professional liability and medical malpractice. In this discussion there will be two parts. The first part I will be defining what liability, malpractice, and summarize the general liability when a physician/ employer is responsible. The second part I will be discussing medical malpractice prevention, summarize the 4 Cs, and the role and purpose of risk management.
Per US Legal, “Liability refers to the responsibility, under law or equity, for which a party is bound or obliged to make restitution, compensation, or satisfaction to another for loss or harm.” Malpractice refers to when a medical practitioner does an improper, illegal, or negligent activity or treatment to a patient. All adults that are responsible for their acts are liable with their jobs and their personal lives. When an employee works for a physician, there are three general liabilities that they are responsible for. The first one is the practice’s building and grounds. It is very important for employers to make sure the building and grounds are upkeep to make sure there are no injuries to patients and employees. Employers also needs to make sure that patients’ medical records are protected at all cost. Employers also needs to make sure they are covered for fire, theft, and liability insurance just in case someone does get hurt on the premises. The second one is automobiles. If an employer has an employee use an automobile to do their tasks, then the employer is responsible for liability. For example, if the employee was dropping off mail at the post office and the employee causes an accident, the employer is liable. The reason the employer is liable is, because the employee is on the clock doing what the employer asked the employee to do. So, before an employer has an employee drive an automobile the employer should make sure they have adequate insurance for automobiles. The third one is employee safety. When an employer hires employee they are responsible for making sure the work environment is a safe place to work and reasonable comfortable. The employer should check with any state and federal laws to make sure they are in compliance with any regulations regarding the workplace. If the employees have to handle any hazardous laboratory wastes and materials there should be a general safety procedure book present for the employees to follow (Judson, p 121-122).
Healthcare providers should take necessary steps to ensure they are not making any medical errors and that the providers are well trained. When it comes to medical malpractice prevention there are four Cs to follow. They are caring, communication, competence, and charting. When healthcare professionals are treating patients, it is very important that the patient feels like the provider cares for their well-being. If the patient believes that the provider cares they would trust the provider more when it comes to treatment plans. Also, if the treatment doesn’t go as planned, the patient might not feel like the provider did anything wrong if the provider is caring and compassionate. The biggest thing that a provider can do when treating a patient is making sure that the patient understands what is going on. When a provider makes sure that the patient is on the same page, the patient tends to trust and respect the provider more. If a healthcare professional is taking telephone messages or scheduling appointments, they need to make sure they are done accurately. Competence is a very important prevention for healthcare professionals. Let say a patient goes to see his primary care doctor for having urinary issues. The provider does some tests and finds out that the patient has prostate cancer. The primary care doctor would refer the patient to see a urologist, because that isn’t the primary care doctor’s scope of practice. Healthcare providers should constantly update their knowledge and skills to make sure they are up to date in their fields. Last, but not least is Charting. When it comes to malpractice prevention charting is very important and crucial. When a healthcare professional documents a chart that is proof that something was done for the patient. If a provider has a patient get a procedure or test done and its not documented, it means it wasn’t done. Healthcare professionals should make sure that a patient’s medical record is documented accurately, because the record can be used legally or can harm the patient if something was entered incorrectly. Healthcare professionals should never write anything in the patient’s chart that they wouldn’t want the patient to see (Judson, p 152).
Another prevention for malpractice liability is risk management. Risk management takes the necessary steps to minimize danger, hazard, and liability. Risk management does that by identifying problem practices, or behaviors, and then getting rid of them or controlling them. Some of the risk management activities that can help avoid malpractice suits is providing written descriptions for each healthcare employee that works under the clinic or facility. Also, it is very important to have office procedure manuals and employee handbooks that covers everything that is important to know for the clinic or facility. By doing this it helps reduce the risk for liability for the clinic or facility (Judson, p 163).
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Professional Liability and Medical Malpractice. (2021, Mar 27).
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Sylvia Plaths Battle with Depression
Esther was the main character in the novel the Bell Jar. Esther faced multiple challenges throughout her life and tried many ways to overcome them. Sylvia Plath is Esther. Sylvia Plath’s most popular written novel The Bell Jar creates a theme of someone being viewed as successful but, struggling with their internal feelings. Esther dealt with many problems through her years being in a great writing business. Though there were many lessons learned in this novel there were many that the main character Esther still did not understand and these conflicts that are present in the world to day. Also, many didn’t understand how to solve these issues we can see how the main character dealt with them and may prevent other from feeling the same ways Esther and Sylvia Plath felt.
The author of the novel the Bell Jar Sylvia Plath grew up in the city of Boston in 1932. When she was younger she had dealt with the passing of her father around the age of 9. Plath was also not able to attend the funeral because her mother and family thought they were too young. Throughout the rest of her years she was a high grade average student in high school. In her later years she had worked to become a magazine editor. Plath started losing her happiness and started suffering from depression. She had attempted to take her life one with sleeping pills. Plath had realized that she need help with her condition so she referred to shock therapy. The main character Ester has gone through many of the same same problem like, family and mental health issues. As Plath wrote in the Bell Jar the main character faced many issues when it came to her living the life she wanted to live. Esther got pressure by family and friends on wanting her to be like them and how they see a women living in the times she lived.
As Sylvia Plath went through her years of growing up and trying to understand the world she had written in a journal. Plath had always knew to respect others and see how different each person really was and and how they have their own stories of life (Plath, 1950-1962). Sylvia was interested in others and always saw something unique in each individual she had compared people to her own stamp collector meaning in something she cherished her much. Plath grew up saying people can't go on to questions others lives and be able to still live there own at the same time.(Plath, 1950-1962) In the bell jar Esther would always question why people would be so different how her friends would go out and party. Esther’s mother Mrs. Greenwood was always concerned for her especially on what Ester wanted to pursue.. Esther's mother would always ask why cant Ester can't be satisfied with her job and pursue the perfect life that involves a stable job and marriage. Ester reflects to her doctor on why she dislike her mother and why others feel the need to question her life and why she can’t pursue her dream of poetry.
Many of Sylvia Plath's works especially her poems had a darker tone towards them as she grew more aware of the world. During the poem she wrote Tulips she had explain these tulips looking at her seeming so perfect as she identifies herself as a shadow and how this tulips are able to take her breath away (Stern, 2006). The tulips are the outside world as she is the shadow and the people pull away her identity from who she wants to be. Plath had others view herself as less than them and resulted in her doing the same to her self. Plath would write more and more poems having described her words as missiles( Laston, 1) Her words would target people secretly and unidentified just like how she had compared the tulips to the outside world. The use of her words were small but they had a meaning so strong. Many confused in trying to understand Plath's words and the meaning behind them they were filled with such madness( Frederick, 1983). After her first attempt at trying to take her life she had a darker tone to her words. Plath had more to say and the only way she could get her emotions out was written through her poems. In the book The Bell Jar we were able to see Esther compare herself to a bell jar. The bell jar was to symbol for herself as of what was inside the bell jar was her emotions. Esther was so contained in her self as people would force her to be just like them. Those emotions was were in need of release which to do that Esther took shock therapy. The way Plath dealt with her problems was in the poems she wrote. Plath was able to show her unique style with words related to her life in very much realist way.
Throughout Plath's many years of depression she had took her own life. Many have thought her taking her life would have been her husbands fault from running away or the many thought was the case which is poems. Sylvia Plath had wrote a letter to her mother a little before her death explaining her view on see life and how it’s different from other others view of it (Plath, 1962). Plath had focused on other differences as others want her to be the same. Plath goes in to saying “The core of life has fallen apart”( Plath, 1962). When Plath wrote this the world she was describing was how people judge others based on personal experience of what they have seen as a normal life. The main character from the Bell Jar Esther wasn’t really able to notice those problems and would have resulted in her loving her self for who she wanted to be which was a poet. Stated in the back of the Bell Jar, “to the person in The Bell Jar, black and stopped as a dead baby, the world itself is a bad dream”( Plath, 264). Plath had said this quote to base it on what she has written in the novel. When she describes a person she relates to herself, she relates life to being a “bad dream” (Plath, 264). Also, shown in the book was how only Plath was to understand the problems that she had to overcome but, also how dark the world could be in trying to surpass those struggles (Plath, 1962).
The Bell Jar showed many issues that we still have today in this world. Many of the conflicts that Esther and Plath were realistic to real life today. The Bell Jar is told by Esther’s point of view. The novel has a slow start as the characters are introduced. There are many conflicts that involve her job and what she really wanted to be which is a poet. Her mother doesn’t like the idea of her being a poet as she already has the job of being a magazine editor. Another conflict Esther has to face is love and marriage. She struggles to find the meaning of love and how in comparisons once again by her mother or her very close friends. Esther has a dislike towards her mother because of her mother controlling ways. In the Bell Jar Esther struggles to find herself as other intercept there on feelings into her.. The novel shows the main conflict in the world which is how others will all prefer someone to live there life the way they want it to be instead of living there own life. The lesson that can be learned is not to have judgement on what others want to do if its their own life and is happy with what they do.
Throughout the novel the Bell Jar I was able to identify how alike the main character Esther an Plath were. Both were able to identity there struggles and try to learn a lesson from them. Esters struggle was her personal identity as for Sylvia Plath’s was also the same. Esther was able to find peace slightly but, still not able to find her purpose in life. But, for Sylvia it was too late for her to get a lesson learned from the conflicts that had occurred and therefore resulted in her taking her life.
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Avians and Humans Relationship to Diseases
The birds get diseases by some feeders that has bacteria or old food in it, and if a bug bites them and the bug already had a disease. The most common diseases in birds are salmonellosis, trichomoniasis, aspergillosis, avian pox, and lyme disease. Salmonellosis is mostly common in feeders with bacteria in them. Trichomoniasis is a disease that spreads fast in birds if a dove or pigeon has it and a hawk or eagle eat it now they have it. It cause the birds to have sores in their throats and make it to where the birds are not able to swallow anything. Aspergillosis is a fungal infection that can be found in damp or wet seed mix in birds nests. Avian pox is reported to spread 60 bird species. This is a virus found in feeders.
In the world 89,00 to 270,000 of people die from bird flu. The symptoms humans with the disease can have from bird flu and diseases from birds are dry cough, high fever, a blocked or runny nose, aching body, bloody nose, headache, and sleeping difficulty. Birds spread diseases by feathers, nests and faeces. How humans can get a disease is if a person either come in contact with a dead bird, the feathers of one that has the disease and if a bug bites the bird with the disease then bites the human. Depending on how bad the symptoms are either the person can be hospitalized or just have plenty of rest and medication.
Bird diseases aren't just affecting wild birds or pet birds, it is also affecting poultry. In poultry there is the influenza affecting them. Influenza is a virus that is in their saliva and feces. Poultry may get this if they are in contact with waterfowl. It can spread very quickly through a flock of poultry. Sometimes in poultry it doesn't show they have a disease till last minute. It can also spread to humans but there is a vaccine you can get to help with not getting it.
In poultry there multiple other diseases like Fowl pox. Symptoms for in fowl pox is when they get white dots on their bodies, laying of eggs stop, and scabby sore on their combs. There are treatments for fowl pox so it's not a life or death situation for the chickens. Another one of a poultry disease is pullorum. Pullorum affects both chicks and older chickens differently. With the chicks they will show no sign of activity, have white paste on their backside, and show sign of breathing difficulty. With the older ones the show symptoms of sneezing, coughing, and not laying as much or at all.
To help get rid of bird diseases you should clean the feeders every 30 days. If any uneaten food is left over from last feeding then empty and put a less amount of food into clean feeder. If any food fell onto the ground make sure to clean up that so then there won't be any mold on the ground for them to eat. If birds are fighting get another feeder to help with that. If a dead bird is found around that feeder make sure to stop feeding for 2 weeks and clean the feeder with 10% bleach and 90% water.
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Avians and Humans Relationship to Diseases. (2021, Mar 27).
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Was John F. Kennedy an Effective President?
It's all around simple for us to scoff at Kennedy's position as a Cold Warrior, this load of many years after the fact. Yet, he was a man of his occasions, when neurosis and doubt administered the day. In the startling philosophical fight against the Soviets, no one was safe to rash and crazy thoughts. Truth be told, the Bay of Pigs disaster had really been arranged by President Eisenhower, not Kennedy, and just been acquired by the Kennedy organization.
Indeed, Kennedy decided to proceed with the arrangement, yet what president wouldn't have? Cuba was viewed as an authentic danger, a traction for the Soviets directly close to home. Kennedy HAD to accomplish something. As Jim Rasenberger, creator of The Brilliant Disaster, portrays the predicament over the Bay of Pigs plan: "[Kennedy] had a great deal of questions about it, a ton of worries about it, however he never could sort out a way not to do it."
What's more, with respect to the Cuban Missile Crisis, Kennedy totally merits recognition for turning away all out worldwide catastrophe. Blasted with clashing assessments from military consultants - some of whom were squeezing for the US to trigger conflict against the Soviets - Kennedy DID keep a composed attitude, and he DID make the right arrangement with the Soviets to control the world away from an atomic holocaust. It's sheer amazing good fortune we had him in the driving seat instead of somebody who may have paid attention to flawed guidance and gone with a tactical reaction.
What might be said about Kennedy's significance on the homegrown front? He established the Peace Corps, an association of volunteers which attempts to work on the existences of individuals across the world, is as yet pressing onward right up 'til today.
He likewise set before America the way to the Moon arrival, announcing in 1961 that "I accept that this country ought to concede to accomplishing the objective, before this decade is out, of handling a man on the moon and returning him securely to the Earth." This seemed like sci-fi at that point, however Kennedy's vision was so solid, so persuading, that the objective was to be sure accomplished.
What's more, in particular of all, Kennedy straightforwardly prepared for social liberties in the United States. His discourse in 1963, in which he handled the situation of dark Americans head on, was a milestone second. "We are gone up against basically with an ethical issue. It is pretty much as old as the Scriptures and is just about as clear as the American Constitution," Kennedy said to the country. "100 years have passed since President Lincoln liberated the slaves, yet their beneficiaries, their grandsons, are not completely free. They are not yet liberated from the obligations of bad form. They are not yet liberated from social and monetary persecution. What's more, this country, for every one of its expectations and every one of its brags, won't be completely free until every one of its residents are free."
The discourse was lauded by in all honesty Martin Luther King as "the most clearing and blunt at any point introduced by an American president". Following Kennedy's death, his replacement Lyndon Johnson pushed forward with the broad Civil Rights Act, saying that "No remembrance address or tribute could all the more persuasively honor President Kennedy's memory". Kennedy might have been a defective president, however - obliged by his tempestuous occasions - he had an effect, and he improved his country.
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Was John F. Kennedy an Effective President?. (2021, Mar 27).
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Book Review “Monique and the Mango Rains”
This is a book review of the book “Monique and the Mango Rains: Two Years with a Midwife in Mali” which is authored by Kris Holloway and published by Waveland Press in July 2006, located in Long Grove in the state of Illinois. Kris Holloway was born in Ohio. After she graduated college she served two years (1989-1991) in Nampossela, Mali, as a Peace Corps volunteer helping out Monique, the village's midwife. Kris and Monique develop a unique relationship over the two years. After her return to the U.S., she completed her graduate studies in maternal and child health, wrote the book “Monique and the Mango Rains: Two Years with a Midwife in Mali” and started a study abroad organization for students.
Holloway continues to advocate for the women in Mali and is a frequent speaker on the topics of international service and exchange, women's health and how to foster community across cultures. The book Monique and the Mango Rains is a memoir to her friend Monique, the midwife Kris Holloway met in Mali. Monique passes away a couple of years after Kris’ return to the U.S. The thesis of the book Monique and the Mango Rains is cross-cultural friendship between Kris and Monique and the power of intercultural exchange.
In this essay I go deeper into the unique friendship between Kris and Monique, healthcare and childbirth in Mali, the status of women in Mali, spousal abuse to women and how the two years as a Peace Corps influenced Kris’ life. By reading the book I got a better understanding of the reality for a lot of women in Mali, the living conditions and how it is that Mali is one of the world's countries with the highest child death and women dying in childbirth. I learned about culture, beliefs, traditions in Mali and how they differ from the Western world.
Holloway’s story, Monique and the Mango Rains is about her two years in Mali working as a Peace Corps volunteer. Holloway works closely with Monique Dembele, the sole village midwife in Nampossela, a small, rural village in Mali. Kris is only 22 years old when she moves to the village and Monique, the village’s midwife is 2 years older. Right from the start, the young women develop a very close relationship. Monique is very open about the struggles she has in her relationship, health problems, unfair treatment, and her work as the only midwife in the village. Monique was in an unhappy enraged marriage with a man named François. Monique is very open about the struggles she has in her relationship, health problems, unfair treatment and in her work as the only midwife in the village. Monique also tells Kris that she is having an affair with the man she would have married, had the cultural practice of arranged marriage not existed. Kris is impressed by the dedication that Monique has for the women in the village and for her children. Coming from the developed U.S. while Monique is from a rural village in Mali makes this friendship extraordinary. The two women had major influences on the lives of women in Mali.
In her first week, Kris got to experience her first childbirth in a small hut in the village, which makes her realize how bad the conditions are in Mali. The living conditions in Mali are extremely different from what she is used to back home in Ohio. Monique is responsible for all the childbirths in the village. She has to work from a very small hut which is named the birthing house, which only has a concrete block in the center for the women to lay on. There is no electricity, running water, ambulances or emergency room that are there to support Monique in her work. For this reason, a lot of babies and mothers die during childbirth. Monique is able to assist with childbirths with only limited education and short training to work as a midwife. The country of Mali has one of the highest pregnancy-related mortality rates in the world, for mother and child. This mostly has to do with the fact that women do not always have enough food for their babies or do not know how to make baby food. Another issue is the lack of vaccinations. The lack of access to clean water, basic sanitation and limited food due to the climate in Mali (limited rainfall) and exposure to infectious diseases make it hard to survive in rural Mali. Another issue is once a second child is born, the first child is put onto adult food, which the child's stomach cannot handle and causes diarrhea. Diarrhea, which is a treatable disease in Western countries, is a common cause of death for small children in Mali
One of the major differences is the status of women in Mali. The men in the village Nampossela are seen as leaders and have way more rights than women. The women are responsible for cooking and taking care of the children. The men are served by the women and have the opportunity to eat first and what is left is given to the women and children. Monique does not only have to take of the cooking, household and the care of her children but also works all day. Kris could not believe it when she heard that Monique does not get to collect her salary herself. One of the men in the village picks up Monique's salary and keeps a significant amount of it. It was normal in the village that the men have control over the money but this hard to see for an outsider in which’s culture this is not the same.
The biggest threat to women in Mali is spousal abuse. Korun, one of the women in Nampossela got beaten by her husband, as Kris mentioned “The lantern light was dim, but I could see that one side was swollen, her eye half closed with puffy tissue. She met my stare, lowered her gaze, and quickly draped the scarf back over” (Holloway, p.51). Violence towards women in the village often occurs. Men expected women to have many children and since there were no birth control women got pregnant soon after giving birth, which led to that their bodies had no time to recover. Women are expected to go back to work after childbirth, sometimes within hours after. Most men in the villages have multiple women, which is overall accepted. If the women would want to divorce the men she gets no support from her family and basically gets abandoned. Kris struggled with the cultural differences and had to learn how to appreciate these cultural differences. She is often tempted to interfere with the culture in Mali and for example, stand up for Monique's rights because in Kris’ believes it is an injustice.
Her time as a Peace Corps volunteer was a life-changing experience for Kris. Not only did she befriend the midwife of a rural town in Mali, but she also got to experience what life is like in Mali. By signing up to be a Peace Corps volunteer you have the oppurtunity to travel but also the opportunity to interact with other cultures. During her time in Mali, she met her partner John, who was also a peace corps volunteer. Kris and John first met during the Peace Corps training sessions in their first weeks in Mali. John got send to a different village but came to visit Kris. John also befriended Monique and got to know Monique’s family and the people of the village of Nampossela. After he was done with his assignment in the other village, John moved to the same village of Nampossela. The couple managed to get the build of a new birth house funded by the Peace Corps organization. The two years in Mali also inspired Kris to study complete her graduate studies in maternal and child health. She, later on, started her own study abroad organization, wrote the book Monique and the Mango Rains: Two Years with a Midwife in Mali and continued to support the women in Mali.
What stood out for me was how the cultural, social, structural and economic factors forced the women in the village into poor health positions, especially pregnancies, women and child health issues. It was shocking to me that the women in Mali have no control over these factors that directly and negatively impact their lives and health. This motivated me to learn more about Mali by reading what it was like for Kris as a volunteer and Monique's personal experience as a midwife in rural Mali. I was eagerly to see how the friendship between the two evolved, how the new methods to increase health
Overall I am very impressed with the story and the way Kris presents this in her book. Kris writes about how she felt near the end of her time as a Peace Corps volunteer, "I cherished spending almost all my time out-of-doors, taking bucket baths under the stars, watching thunderheads pile the sky, and walking and dancing by moonlight. I loved living in an inviting community, where you were always asked to share food and drink, and where you spend time greeting and joking rather than avoiding others because of a busy schedule. Generations intermingled, there was always an excuse for celebrating, and death was sad, but not feared" This seemed odd to me since you did not get this same feeling from readin the book. What bothered me was the fact that the author talked about certain isseus briefly but never further went into it. The book Monique and the Mango Rains relate upon the themes of globalization and development discussed in the FAO report and in the textbook Intro to International Studies by Dr. Brown & Smallman. The FAO report and the textbook cover tthe hemes globlization and development.
Personally, while I can not relay to Kris’ experience as a volunteer for the Peace Corps in Mali, I am impressed and inspired by reading how Kris, who just graduated college dove into this dangerous adventure in Mali and develop a close relationship with the midwife in the village. The book does help me to understand what it is like to be a Peace Corps volunteer and live in a rural village. Which issues come from the lack of resources in the rural areas in Mali.
In the book “Monique and the Mango Rains: Two Years with a Midwife in Mali”, the writer Kris Holloway extraordinary well shares how it was to be a Peace Corps volunteer for two years in Mali. She discusses multiple themes and issues during her time in Mali. The interaction between Kris and Monique gave a good perspective of the friendship between the two depsides the cultural differences. During her time in Mali, Kris noticed the conditions under which the women had to give birth and how little supplies and support Monique had. She might have been aware of the high child death and women that die at childbirth before Kris went to Mali but to see it up close influenced her and the rest of her life. There is no electricity, running water, ambulances or emergency room that are there to support Monique in her work. For this reason, a lot of babies and mothers die during childbirth. There is a stark contrast to the life most Americans are leading. One of the biggest cultural differences is the status of the women, they were seen as less than the man in the village. Kris explains how Monique's salary even gets collected by one of the men in the village, she gets only a share of it or sometimes even nothing. Spousal abuse is not uncommen in Mali and most women are getting an arranged marriage.
The book made me realize how much the women in Mali have to struggle, every day. How privileged I am to be have been born in the Netherlands, which is a wealthy, developed country. It was devastated to read what the circumstances are that the people of Mali have to live in.
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Book Review “Monique and the Mango Rains". (2021, Mar 27).
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Personal Identity in Literature
The various institutions people come in contact with represent a crucial component of modern society that parades more than one fundamental activity or particular function. Without such institutions, present-day societies would be unable to prevail and within a society is one’s identity. The various functions within institutions take part in shaping human social life for which they are all dependent on each other for the conduct of their corresponding functions. One such institutions that takes on the role of constructing one’s identity, which is highly influenced by motivation, confidence, and self-esteem, are schools. Schools remain the one place that takes up a considerable portion of a student’s life and for the purpose, they are highly influenced by what goes on there. In Cathy Davidson’s essay “Project Classroom Makeover”, she clarifies that schools and the education system need to take a step back and reevaluate their methods. She suggests they need to become innovative and dynamic to keep students engaged in the system. She believes an education that is led by students can be beneficial.
Jean Twenge in her essay “An Army of One: Me” argues the modern educational systems are favoring self-esteem over criticism which furthering the damage on the student’s identity and lastly Susan Faludi in “The Naked Citadel” argues the academy is stripping students of their identities through the academy's actions and traditions. All three of the authors are depicting similar themes that are all coordinating to the essential point of one’s identity is being affected. With that said, it is important note that to recognize a school’s responsibility to develop one’s identity, one needs to reevaluate the school itself. They can influence one’s identity either negatively or positively or in some cases the student decides to determine the amount of influence the school should have on them.
The Citadel is an emblem for the surviving nature of traditional gender roles; it has met with various challenges to maintain an environment of severity, manhood and military refinement. In her essay, she focuses on the assorted behaviors displayed inside the Citadel. For the fourth-class system, Faludi claims that the Citadel hopes “to ‘strip’ each young recruit of his original identity and remold him into the ‘whole man’” (Faludi 75). This is essential to understand because this is a prime example of a system illustrating their role of identity within a society which then can be characterized as an array of interactions between humans in demeaning situations, shaping the overall person in the end. As she witnessed, various behaviors displayed by the students in the academy, hazing stood out being the prominent problem. In this case, the upperclassmen would direct their anger and violence down upon the freshmen in order to convey an aggressive message.
Exclusively, they aimed for the freshmen athletes. She construes these events by saying “a member of the cycling team was forced to hang his fingers over a sword poised two inches below his testicles” (Faludi 186). This speculates the idea that the upperclassmen are unafraid of anyone or anything. They want to make sure that everyone knows they dominate the environment including the most conspicuous of underclassmen. Deeper than that, their actions show the power and influence they have over the Citadel. They continuously prove that they are capable of transforming the identity of incoming freshmen as well as underclassmen by stripping away what they value most; safety and guidance. By establishing a bleak environment for the cadets, they will be fit to command and dominate them in ways they desire which is purely done through control.
One’s personal identity would be profoundly influenced by the core teaching taught to students today. Teachers would see the world in a normalized way due to their typical experiences. They would observe the classroom for what it would be from a culture position and expect everyone to share their identities. Students, however, would see this as the teacher not being able to understand their situation. Cathy Davidson speaks out about how a student’s identity would be affected and brings up whether or not that student should continue attending school. As the issue for maintaining one’s identity, Duke felt the need to bring technology into the picture which would improve the student’s interest as well keep them engaged. Davidson described the iPod experiment as “an investment in a new form of attention, one that didn’t require students to always face forward, learn from on high, memorize what was already a given, or accept knowledge as something predetermined and passively absorbed” (Davidson 54).
The students had come up with their own way of incorporating innovative idea to make the device more useful in the classroom. Each student came up with a disparate idea, there was diversity in the different programs presented at the end of the experiment. She also mentions, “by giving the iPods to the first-students, we ended up with a lot of angry sophomores, juniors and seniors. They’d paid hefty private-university tuitions too! So we relented and said any student could have a free iPod—just so long as she convinced a prof to require one for a course and came up with a learning app in that course” (Davidson 51). Each student was eventually influenced by the other and together decided to act upon what kind of app they would come up with. This was the main starting point that initiated the motivation for students to become more engaged and interested. Not only was this beneficial for the university, but it displayed a culture that established both ideas and identities within the community.
People today, are more concerned with themselves rather than coinciding with others around them. They tend to establish their needs before others which further encourage students to maintain their façade of narcissism. Twenge promptly makes a concerning argument that Generation Me is based precisely on entitlement. The sole concern is this generation tends to focus on the fact that its automatically the best without having to earn it. They do not need to try; it is just given to them. This leads to a “cotton candy sense of self with no basis in reality” (Twenge 57). She mentions this kind of entitlement exhibits a direct correlation to selfishness.
The modern generation sincerely believe they are entitled to only focus on themselves, disregarding everyone else solely due to the claim that they have been the best from the start. They have become so self-absorbed and preoccupied with themselves that they do not think to go beyond themselves and lose the idea that they get what they feel they deserve. The idea of self presents an essential point of examination during their existence to which is defined as their identity in this current generation. As Twenge mentions “Generation Me had no need to reincarnate [themselves]; [they] were born into a world that already celebrated the individual” (Twenge 490). These people never thought to explore or discover other facets of life or their what their existence holds beyond their own selfhood. (ENDING)
Various factors contribute to a person’s identity; like confidence, self-esteem or even motivation. Institutions like schools are a part of a more comprehensive picture because they represent the center of creating and developing one’s personal identity. In Cathy Davidson’s essay, she suggests that the education system needs to be relooked at because their current methods do not align with current expectations. She argues they need to become more innovative and creative with the way they handle their students and their core teaching methods. Providing the students the opportunity to control education in their direction can be foreseen as beneficial in the future. Jena Twenge in her essay argues educational systems are more focused on making sure student’s feelings are not getting hurt instead of preparing them for what is ahead. Lastly, Susan Faludi claims that the Citadel, an academy strictly for military men, is stripping these individuals of their identity through their actions and traditions that make the school what it is. Knowing that schools are a major key point in shaping one’s individuality and identity, it can either lead to a positive ending or a negative one but in such cases, students in addition have the option to determine how much impact the institution will have on them in making who they become in the future.
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Personal Identity in Literature. (2021, Mar 27).
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