Month: March 2021
Negative Effects of Raising Minimum Wage
Minimum wage is a popular topic that has caused an uproar of debate for these past years. My research has guided me to take a stand in the debate for weather the minimum wage should be raised. I have conducted research on both sides of the argument. One side in particular debates that the current federal minimum wage should be raised. Some think it should be $15.00 an hour, others think it should only rise slightly. Many have proof that raising the minimum wage will hurt jobs and the economy, while others have expressed that there is no effect throughout the economy when wages rise. My method of research contains a process of researching information through Academic journals. I pay close attention to what each author is expressing, as well as the stand that they take in the overall debate. I plan to continue to conduct research to find the best scholarly work to take a final stand in the debate while also educating my audience on a topic that has a great effect in our economy.
As there are many people struggling to live their daily lives, the topic like minimum wage can be very important for deciphering the many ideologies. Does raising the minimum wage hurt jobs and businesses? Raising minimum wage harms teenage employment, pushes nonpoor families in to poverty, and hurts small businesses on a piercing level. As many push the movement to increase the federal minimum wage, I will present my findings for why I disagree, and what has engaged me to not crave this change.
In many occurrences’ states have announced big plans to increase their minimum wage. New York, Los Angles, and many other popular cities have taken a stand to increase their minimum wage to $15/hr. While this may help many families escape poverty, this concept will also push costs of good up as well. Each state has the control to determine their state minimum wage. Many states have a minimum wage that is set slightly above the federal minimum wage price but defers from state to state. While many want the federal minimum wage to be $15/hr, unfortunately this would look different in each specific state. What this means is that the cost of living is different in every city. $15 in New York really gets you $12.26, whereas in Allentown, Pennsylvania, $15 will buy you $15 worth of goods (Bliss, 2015). This is called relative purchasing power. “To calculate the relative purchasing power, you have to measure the difference in local price levels of goods and services across the country, relative to the overall national price level” (Bliss, 2016, para.5). With this measurement it can help dig deeper in the issue surrounding minimum wage. Like Laura Bliss (2015) said, “if the goal were to guarantee low-paid workers everywhere in the country the same real purchasing power, that would require hundreds of different minimum wages, scaled to each locality's cost of living” (para.8). Many economists advise that if cities are debating on rising their minimum wage, to wait and see how big cities like New York and L.A. result after a wage rise. Cities can do much more to develop the lives of low-income earners, such as increasing housing stock or advocating for tax policies (Bliss, 2015). As of right now federal minimum wage is at $7.25 and is due for increase but I don’t support that the magic number 15 is best to increase wages to.
While the argument over what the minimum wage should be set to, many people will express their feelings on the negative effects of raising the minimum wage. For instance, in California, nonprofit organizations can’t keep up with the rise of wages to compete with their operating cost. In the article “Wage Dilemma: disabled programs hurt by higher minimum pay”, the author Helen Floersh (2017) explains, a business called New Horizons, a nonprofit that provides case management services for persons with disabilities, will have to foot $202,000 of the $243,000 needed to bump entry level employees to the new minimum wage. Organizations like New Horizons have been surviving with uneven funds for years. While L.A. is moving toward a $15 minimum wage, this will position many nonprofits liability to succeed. Just like with small businesses, they have to compete with the ever changing of wages, but when wages go up so does operating cost, and price of goods. With a nonprofit like New Horizons, who strictly helps those in need but still needs to pay workers, it is detrimental to keep a business like this running when its unstainable. Floersh (2017) says “Pressure from rising fixed costs coupled with a higher minimum wage has forced as many as 30 percent of housing nonprofits to close their doors, she estimates. Finding a moderately-priced home in Southern California is already a challenge; tracking down one that can accommodate a group or even an individual with disabilities is much more difficult” (para.22).
Nonprofits like New Horizons are given an extra year to comply with a new change in wages. The Lanterman Act allows regional centers to appeal to the state for provider rate increases under certain circumstances (Floersh 2017). Some services can apply for anticipated rate adjustments for the following year in case of staffing or location changes. This can be a very difficult situation to deal with especially being in the position as a nonprofit. Small businesses can also run into to implications like the situation that New Horizons is facing. As it might sound like a great idea for wages to rise for people to combat the high cost of living in L.A. and many other cities, it can also be very complicated to decide the best alternatives.
Minimum wage is a very complicated subject. As easy as it may be to understand at first, there are many implications that are imbedded into the subject. As I just explained only one situation in my writing there are many more instances with other business and individuals explaining their side of the story and the results that factored when recent minimum wage hikes have come into play. Minimum wage can help people positively and some negatively. Raising minimum wage harms teenage employment, pushes nonpoor families in to poverty, and hurts small businesses on a piercing level. Low-income earners, small businesses, and non-profit organizations need to pay close attention to the effects that have happened in the past to prepare for the forthcoming wage plans.
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Negative Effects of Raising Minimum Wage. (2021, Mar 28).
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Minimum Wage should not be Raised
Fighting poverty is basically what every human being is doing or in fact trying to do during their lives. In order to keep themselves away from that, people would work in jobs that pay the minimum amount of money while they figure out what might be next. Minimum wage jobs would not help people to stay not poor, in fact they will make sure that they stay poor. Minimum wage jobs usually require the least amount of skill, training and experience. Some parents use these kinds of jobs as a way to raise their teenage children. Minimum wage workers can be easily replaced by somebody for less pay. food preparation and serving workers, including fast food, dishwashers, cashiers, amusement park attendants, farm workers, child care worker and janitor, all of these jobs requires the least amount of training and skills therefor each worker get payed the minimum wage.
For many American workers, minimum-wage jobs are temporary prior to moving on to more suitable jobs. However, according to federal labor statistics, about 70 percent of minimum wage employees, work fewer than 35 hours per week and thus earn respectively less money. Raising the minimum wage will make it more expensive for employers to hire workers there fore a massive unemployment will accrue if this happens. Raising the minimum wage in the United States will create a huge unbalanced economy by increasing the cost for businesses to hire. It will drive small business, which are struggling in the today’s economy and will be forced to close. Hence, the government should not raise the minimum wages. Minimum wage may cause increase of the prices as the cost for businesses to hire will increase. Some businesses will try to increase the prices of goods because people including minimum wage worker have more money to spend.
National minimum wage was announced in 1998. This meant that employers would pay each worker a fixed rate that set by the government for working hours. The debate no increasing minimum wage has been a continuing matter for many years. In the United States, minimum wage started when the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 was passed and minimum wage started at 25 cents per hour. In 2011, according to estimates by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 3.8 million American workers received the federal minimum wage of $7.25 per hour or less. The purpose of setting a minimum wage is to arrange working hour and to ensure that every worker get payed a suitable wage for working. One of the most regularly asked questions in the U.S is: 'Should minimum wage be increased or not?'.
Minimum wage in the United States has been argued round for several years. Due to inflation, the minimum wage for workers had to be increased in order to balance for the increase in living standers. Many would argue that raising the minimum wage would benefit the economy by reducing income inequality. It could lower poverty by reducing the gap between jobs earnings. Although there would probably be people who lose their jobs after raising the minimum wage, and it would be very difficult for them to find new ones as the cost for hiring worker will increase, therefore, the number of poor people will surge. Workers who receive a minimum wage tend to rely on government aid or charities to compensate their necessary needs. By raising the minimum wage, prices may go up as a result of the rise in wages. However, many companies would be forced to close their stores and let go thousands of workers. This would place a huge pressure on the government reliefs programs as well as charities and create a massive number of poor people that is very hard to deal with.
Others who support the rise in minimum wage argues that increasing the minimum wage would have a good effect by rising the wages of people who receive above the minimum wage. Increasing the minimum wage would result in an increase wages not only for people earning minimum wage, but also for workers who make above the minimum wage. Therefore, it will create a more tougher work environment. Businesses will find that they must offer systematized raises to everyone working for them to preserve productivity levels. Increasing the minimum wage will increas the sum of unemployed workers. People who keep their jobs get slightly more money, workers who lose their jobs will suffer or fail to get new ones. This cost of raising the minimum wage will lead businesses to react by laying off workers instead of giving these raises. Businesses will try to increase the prices of things as the cost for providing the markets with their goods swollen over the minimum wage increase. It also may lead businesses toward investing in automated methods, technology, and machines to increase productivity rather than investing in human resources. For example, instead of having items checked and bagged by cashiers, self-service stations are installed, therefore less people are needed to fill this kind of jobs. If a worker position could be replaced by a machine, many businesses would replace them rather than giving raises. Businesses might also choose to outsource their employment needs to a country where the workforce costs are lower.
Workforce expenses are one of the biggest businesses have. Raising the minimum wage will make employers obligated to pay more, and their incomes may not fund this increased payment. This means some employees will find themselves out of business because their employer cannot pay the extra expenses. This results in more workers finding themselves unemployed which places an unnecessary pressure on the economy. It also stimulates greater costs for merchandises or services that creates an unbalance problem which contradicts the intended effect of the raising the minimum wages.
Many poor people will not be unaffected by an increase in the minimum wage as they do not have a steady job or not working at all. Poor families usually have one person that is employed full time. Raising the minimum wage will not change their financial position. If people are choosing to be employed with minimum wage, then they will remain in poverty, no matter what the raise in the minimum wage. Some poor people who earns the minimum wage would likely stop developing their lives if they make enough to survive. They might stop aspiring for better life. Creating more jobs, or changing more the nature of jobs from just a part time job to a full-time job, may have a better financial effect on poor people than just raising wages. Workers who get the minimum wage are normally not the main providor in their homes. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, workers under age 25 make about 50% of all workers making the minimum wage. Young people may be lock out of the workforce if the minimum wage is increased. Raising the minimum wage is therefore an unsuccessful solution to poverty.
Raising the minimum wage has many disadvantages in the long term and some advantages for the short term. increases to the minimum wage will place a problem on employers, especially small businesses, that might result in levels of unemployment. to make it more difficult for the less skilled workers with little or no work experience to find job.
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Minimum Wage Should not be Raised. (2021, Mar 28).
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Should Minimum Wage be Raised
Takita Atkins is a mother of two and an employee for the well-known company, Walgreens. She works a grueling schedule, commuting two hours round trip for work every day. Atkins began experiencing severe stomach pains and could not afford to go see a doctor for these issues, nor could she afford to miss any days of work. The mother of two made the choice to fight through her pains because her family would suffer financially if she took time off from her job. Atkins is one of many who believes that low-income wage rates should be increased so families like hers do not have to sacrifice in order to make ends meet. (NewBeginnings). Minimum wage is something almost every working class citizen in America is familiar with. But where did the minimum pay rate originate?
In the 1930’s, the federal government ratified the Fair Labor Standards Act, enforcing a minimum rate which employers must pay their workers in order to avoid abuse of labor by employers. The first minimum wage amount was set at $0.25 an hour. Throughout the years minimum wage has seen many rate increases. Some would say 1968 is the year that rates were at their peak when compared to inflation-adjusted buying power. The set rate was $1.60 an hour, which roughly translates to $10.70 when compared to today’s standards (Hiltzik). The last increase for wages came about in 2009, which has set the current federal minimum wage at $7.25 an hour. Although $7.25 is the set federal rate, there are a few states that choose to operate with higher wage standards (MinimumWage).
Some would argue that the current minimum wage needs to see an increase. Citizens who believe wages should be raised make points that the current rate is too low to support families and that raising wages could potentially help the economy grow in accordance to new buying power abilities (MinimumWage). Others would argue the opposite; making claims that an increase in wages can harm our economy. Those against raising wages bring up the point that an increase in pay rates could cause companies to cut employee hours, and can even cause a decrease in job availability (WageHikes). However, there is a third viewpoint that many Americans are getting on board with. Some are declaring that each individual state should have it’s own personal federal mandated wage due to the fact that no two states operate on the same economic level (Sewell and Kessler).
Those who are in favor of raising the minimum wage claim that the current set rate makes it nearly impossible for the average family to meet the basic standards of living even when a household has two full time minimum wage incomes. A person working a full-time minimum wage job at the federal standard would make $15,080 a year. Many families struggle to get by financially at this rate (MinimumWage). David Dayen, a writer for Los Angeles Times, states, “It's not hard to understand what workers need. The fact that so many can only afford to shop at severely discounted stores indicates that they don't make enough money.” In 2012, the fight for $15 campaign began in protest as an attempt to get congress to raise the minimum wage to $15 an hour so that the average American family can bring home a living wage. Supporters state that raising wages will not only make life more manageable for lower class Americans, but that it’s possible that the pay increase could also help boost the economy. When people make more money they have the ability to spend more, and with increased spending around the U.S. it could potentially help the economy flourish (MinimumWage).
Those who oppose raising the minimum wage point out that raising wages may have a negative impact on the economy, specifically for those who already live below or right at the poverty line. Rising wages throughout the years have already caused many companies to make employment changes in order to adapt and keep profits up. Companies and corporations have cut back on hours that an employee is allowed to work and on the number of laborers they employ in attempts to lessen payouts. Automated machines are being installed to replace certain jobs altogether so that employers don’t have to pay anyone for particular positions. Those who are against raising the minimum wage fear that pushing the wage up to $15 an hour will cause companies to continue making cuts and job opportunities will become even harder for American citizens to find (WageHikes). The National Bureau of Economic Research teamed up with The University of Washington to conduct a study on the impact of increasing wages. One round of studies showed that when wages were set at $13 an hour there was an increase of 3% in the average wage made by workers. However, the increase in money paid out by employers caused them to have a 9% cutback on hours for their workers and this ultimately resulted in an overall wage drop of 6% (SeattleWins).
Although there are people who believe that the minimum wage should remain at it’s current level as well as those who maintain that it should be increased, there are also those who think the federal government should mandate different minimum wages for each individual state. Every state within the U.S. operates on a different economic level, and when comparing certain places around the U.S. such as New York, Alabama or Washington, there is a vast difference in the cost of living (Sewell and Kessler). Employers in states that consist mostly of rural communities cannot afford to pay out the same wages as primarily urban ones like New York that have many larger profit cities. Forcing rural states to pay their workers the same as a state that operates on a higher economic level could cause many businesses to go under which in turn would increase the unemployment rate in that area (SeattleWins). Terri Sewell and Jim Kessler, writers from Wall Street Journal, state, “The idea that Spokane, Manhattan and Selma should share the same minimum wage is nonsensical and unfair to low-wage workers everywhere.” Those who believe varying wages should be set per state claim that, operating on that system can give Americans all over the country a fair shot at having the same living opportunities as their neighboring state (Sewell and Kessler).
Although many states have made the choice to set their wages higher than that of the federal standard, the federal minimum wage has not seen an increase in the past 9 years. Proposals have been made in recent years in an attempt to move lawmakers to increase wages but nothing has been legally finalized at present (MinimumWage). Protestors in the Fight for $15 movement continue to push for their cause in hopes that some day they will see a change. Those opposed to the change attempt to educate people about the dangers of drastic wage hikes (SeattleWins). Regardless of what side you look at the idea of raising wages from, it’s no secret that the country is not the same as it once was and a balance is needed to find a happy medium for all (Sewell and Kessler).
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Should Minimum wage be Raised. (2021, Mar 28).
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What does Freedom of Speech Mean to me
Freedom of speech wasn’t done just for the primary purpose for someone to say whatever they want to say, it was a primarily speech to protest against racial justice and encourage racial equality; but also it’s used to protect someone’s right to say something within certain limits. Some examples of freedom of speech are gender, religion, and racial equalities.
Freedom of speech was added to the constitution in 1971 as a free exercise right so that the government wouldn’t try to make laws to prohibit that. This made for a nonviolent approach by blacks in the late 1950’s and all throughout the 1960’s. In the 1950’s-1970’s they didn't want new government to stop people from speaking up about concerns and issues they had with the government or anyone else. People go to the government and complain about what they feel needs to be changed and they change it sometimes. They want you to feel like you can say what you want to them, and you get treated a certain way for what you say.
Even though most of the racism is gone such as the separation in restrooms for the black and whites. They’re still inequalities in today’s world. Police officers are being accused of being racist and shooting at black people. The freedom of speech was about racial equality and the police officers shooting at only a certain group of people isn’t really equal (not that the police officers should shoot anyone or everyone). Mexicans are being shamed for being themselves. Again the freedom of speech was about racial equality and the mexicans are being shamed and judged for speaking spanish around others, people bully them by telling them they are illegal even when they aren’t and are teased about drugs and cartels.
Freedom of religion, religion is about having faith or belief in a higher power such as a god or gods. There are 4,200 religions and some people are forced to have faith in something they may or may not believe in, and some people look down upon those people. Gender inequality is also a huge deal in the world today because women and men are looked at differently most of the time. “Less than 40% of countries offer girls and boys equal access to education and only 39% percent of countries have equal proportions of the sexes enrolled in secondary education” (Theborgenproject.com). Females are at a bigger risk of being sexual violated in jobs or school.
There are a couple of solutions that can help solve these problems. Officers are getting out of control with their authority. They can’t do whatever they want since they are police. While these shootings are happening we could make it to were, only certain officers can discharges his/her weapon. Mexicans, Americans, or Muslim everyone should be accepted for who they are. Not every Mexican you see is an immigrant, just like not every Muslim is a terrorist, and not every American is racist. Women usually get looked down upon. We live in a world where everything is looked over by men. Women are never given the chance for better jobs or better opportunities.
Freedom of Speech is over thought and used in the wrong context. You can’t just go out and say whatever you want. It’s meant to be used in the court of law, and in other serious situations. While also everyday situations can occur when you would need Freedom of Speech to defend your rights.
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What does Freedom of Speech Mean to Me. (2021, Mar 28).
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Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad
On a very cold night in the heart of Kentucky, an overworked slave planned his escape. He had heard from stories passed through former slaves about a pathway called the Underground Railroad. From what he was told, it was a pathway that runaway slaves could use, full of food and resources, that made escaping a very high possibility. This certain slave knew that this information was too good to be true, and if it had been true then why are slaves still getting caught? Years before tonight he had never thought of escaping and leaving his family and loved ones, but what choice does he have? His owner is a monster, one who works him so hard that he can barely walk, all while selling his family members to other slave owners, separating them with a possibility of never seeing them again. If he didn’t runaway, he was certain that he would be dead within the next 5 years. With that being said, this slave decided he would risk escaping and getting caught, as long as there was a possibility that the Underground Railroad stories were true, little does he know his wishes are about to be granted.
The Underground Railroad is not what it’s name makes it out to be. First of all, it’s not located underground, nor is it a real railroad, it’s actually a series of secret routes and safe houses for runaway slaves to travel on when making their way to freedom in the late 18th century. The Underground Railroad was the safest ticket to freedom for runaway slaves during it’s time. Along these routes were people called conductors, who would guide the fugitive slaves through the “railroad.” There were also people called stationmasters who would offer shelter and aid to runaway slaves through “safe houses”, such as a home, church or school. Aid included hiding places, food, transportation and even protection from bounty hunters. If such an incredible idea like this never came together, hundreds of slaves wouldn’t have gotten to experience the freedom they were given once they decided to escape on the Underground Railroad.
The whole idea of the Underground Railroad revolved around a well known figure named Harriet Tubman. She was born a slave with the name Araminta Ross around 1821 and later changed her name to Harriet, that way she wouldn’t risk getting noticed when she ran away from her plantation in the year 1845. She eventually made it to Pennsylvania, but returned to the plantation several times to rescue family and friends. Many can assume that this was where she found her life’s calling, which was helping Southern slaves escape to the North in order to lead a better life. Harriet later went on to become an American abolitionist and conductor of the Underground Railroad to pursue her life’s goal in helping slaves escape much safer and easier than if they were to go alone. Being a slave herself gave her a huge advantage in the Underground Railroad because she knew what it was like to be in the position of a runaway slave. This lead her to become an even more determined and brave individual, which is how she became the idolized figure she is in today's society. It is estimated that Harriet Tubman helped to free a total of 300 slaves by making 19 trips into the south over a 10-year span. Tubman mostly took groups of escaping slaves to Canada to make sure they would be treated well and were not at risk for the United States to distrust them. If they stayed in the United States, there was a possibility that they could be put back into slavery for good. Since they were already a runaway slave, their new owners would make it almost impossible for them to be successful in running away again in the future. (History).
The Underground Railroad was directed north since that’s where free states were located. Some secret routes stopped in free states such as Pennsylvania, New Jersey and Ohio in its early years, but were later on directed more toward Canada in the 1850s. Since Canada was out of the United States, slaves were guaranteed freedom from the southern states and were able to create better lives for themselves. The majority of people associated with the Underground Railroad were a mix, ranging from whites, African Americans, and even some who used to be slaves. These people were also free, that way they wouldn’t attract bounty hunters and other people who supported slavery and may want to catch escaping slaves. The less attention the people of the Underground Railroad drew, the less of a chance they had of getting noticed and more of a chance they had toward freeing slaves. Due to the work of the Underground Railroad, it is estimated that more than 100,000 enslaved people were brought to freedom and were able to start a new life as a result. The most popular and successful routes used in the Underground Railroad were going toward the North, although some that went into Mexico and the Caribbean were also successful. When going towards the North, many slaves were taken to Canada so that they were completely out of the United States and free from the slave hunters.
The runaway slaves that did manage to escape and gain their freedom lived to tell their stories of survival and to describe what the Underground Railroad was actually like. Henry Bibb was one of these runaway slaves who used the Underground Railroad to be able to escape successfully. Bibb was born into slavery in Kentucky during the year of 1815 and had made many attempts to escape slavery over several years. His final attempt at escaping was on December twenty fifth, 1837, running from the fear of dying as a slave. In his story, he describes the way that the conductors and other people involved in the Underground Railroad treated him and how they saw him as a friend. “These kind friends gave me something to eat, and started me on my way to Canada, with a recommendation of a friend on my way” (Eastern Illinois). Bibb explains that the people involved were very trustworthy for the most part and he knew that they would make his escape much easier and safer. Once he had gotten father into his journey, he stated that he had been directed to call an abolitionist when he reached his next stop. Since he feared hunting dogs and slave hunters from the South would be close to hunting him down, he decided not to stop and to continue on. “Not knowing what moment I might be captured while traveling among strangers, through cold and fear” (Eastern Illinois). Although he felt that the people involved in the Underground Railroad were trustworthy, he didn’t completely let his guard down knowing that there was a high possibility that a slave hunter was right on his tail. Although there were some risks when using the Underground Railroad, it was still the safer option for runaway slaves. If they had tried to run away on their own, they would face many more dangers and higher risks, meaning that their chance of success would be very slim.
Many people contributed to the success of the Underground Railroad, including some that you may not think would help out slaves. For example, the majority of conductors and station masters were African American, but there were also many whites, which was more common farther North. When you think of the Underground Railroad and the people who operate it, most people assume that all contributors are African American. This is probably due to the fact that whites were considered to be of a higher social class, so many might want slaves themselves instead of helping to free them. These whites were mostly ordinary people, such as farmers, rich business owners and ministers. For example, a millionaire named Gerrit Smith purchased an entire family of slaves from Kentucky and set them free (History). This just goes to show the impact that many of the whites had on the success of the Underground Railroad. All of these people who worked with the Underground Railroad were also free people. This included the whites, who were always free, and the African Americans, many who were once slaves themselves. Having previous slaves work with the Underground Railroad was a huge advantage because they knew what it was like to be escaping from slavery, since many of them were escapees. They understood how one minor setback could lead to a slave hunter finding the escapee and causing them to get caught. They also understand how to escape successfully, like running at night so you don’t get caught and the idea that you have to keep from drawing attention to yourself, to try to fit in as much as possible. These minor details can determine if a slave escapes successfully or gets caught, meaning that having previous slaves was a huge reason as to why the Underground Railroad was so successful and safe.
The Underground Railroad was built for one reason: to free slaves. In order to achieve this goal, abolitionists knew that they had to make this pathway to freedom as safe and reliable as they could. One solution was the roles of the Conductors and Stationmasters. The Conductors job was to guide the runaway slaves to different safe houses leading up toward the North. Then there were also the Station masters, who were the people who operated the safehouses (PBS). This included jobs such as providing food, clothing and shelter for runaway slaves, while also trying to keep attention away from the safehouse so that no one would notice they were taking care of fugitives. These “safe houses” would be buildings such as churches, homes or schools because these are places that they would be less likely spotted. All of these houses would be set up along the Underground Railroad paths and they would usually have a single lantern hanging outside of the door. Along with the lantern, some houses would also put special quilts outside on the balcony so that runaway slaves could distinguish a safe house from a regular house. This was so important because if they happened to step into the wrong house, that could be the end of their escape and they wouldn’t be able to make it to the North to be free (“Safe Houses”).
The process from the North to the South on the Underground Railroad was very long and difficult. Many people, even still to this day, don’t know of all the safe houses that were used or where they are located. The only way that escaped slaves knew how to get to the next safe house was because of the conductor, who would lead the way, so this makes the route really hard to map out in the modern day. All people really know about the location of these safehouses is that they all made their way towards the South, mostly through New York and Pennsylvania, and that they weren’t very far away from each other. The way that this process was made so safe was that the slaves would run from safehouse to safehouse during the night, usually traveling between 10 or 20 miles each night. When traveling, slaves would usually walk by foot or ride in a wagon but they could even sometimes catch a train or a boat ride if they were lucky enough (Wahmbrenda). Although the Underground Railroad made this journey a lot safer than if it was traveled alone, there were still the risks of the bounty/slave hunters. The bounty hunters would start hunting down the runaway slaves as soon as they found out they were gone and would even sometimes travel in large groups if this runaway was of high importance. This caused the runaways to play it safe and be alert at all times because they would never know when they could get caught.
Slaves and Conductors would normally meet at the safe houses when the runaway first escaped. After that, the Conductor would travel with the slaves to the next station, that way they wouldn’t get lost and would be as safe as they could at all times. The Conductor would then hand the runaway(s) to the Conductor stationed at the next safe house, repeating this cycle over and over until they reached their destination, which was most likely in Canada. How long this journey took when traveling from South to North would vary depending on where the runaway slave escaped from and how bad the weather conditions were. If the slaves had traveled in the summer, the conditions would be much easier to travel in, but if they escaped during the winter then the snow and large storms could be a big factor. This was one thing that was so hard about trying to escape because normally escaping in the summer would mean better weather conditions, but it also meant less nighttime, so they wouldn’t have as much time to travel. On the other hand, if they traveled during the winter then they would have worse weather conditions but more nighttime, so they would have much more time to travel (Wahmbrenda).
They went through to West Elkton safely that night, and the next night reached Newport, Indiana. With little delay they were forwarded on from station to station through Indiana and Michigan to Detroit, having fresh teams and conductors each night, and resting during the day. I had letters from different stations, as they progressed, giving accounts of the arrival and departure of the train, and I also heard of their safe arrival on the Canada shore (The National Center).
Although conditions may have been harsh at times, the Underground Railroad kept slaves from as much danger as possible and focused all of its energy on getting slaves to freedom quickly and safely. Afterall, if this secret pathway didn’t lead the escapees to the North quickly and safely, then what was the purpose of having it?
The Underground Railroad was such a big part of American history. When people think of the Underground Railroad, they think of runaway slaves who get a chance at being free and getting to lead a more normal life. If runaway slaves hadn’t been given an opportunity like the Underground Railroad, they would have had to escape and travel North on their own, which would be much more difficult. By traveling on their own, they wouldn’t have had the support, resources and shelter they would be given if they escaped using the Underground Railroad. That being said, The Underground Railroad was the safest ticket to freedom for runaway slaves during it’s time. Due to its name, many people who had heard of the Underground Railroad had thought that it was actually located underground, but it was just a “code” for “secret passage,” which made it the perfect set up for transporting fugitive slaves. With people thinking that this passage was underground, it kept slave hunters from the actual Underground Railroad, making it that much safer and easier to travel. Without this “railway to freedom,” so many slaves wouldn’t have been given the chance to live out their dreams as free citizens in America and would have had to live the rest of their lives as rundown slaves leading a terrible life.
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Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. (2021, Mar 28).
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Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill as a Failure of Human Technology
Case summary
This case summary is about the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, on 20th April 2010 the Deepwater Horizon is a floating deep-sea oil-drilling platform that had an explosion and was occurred by fire. The Deepwater Horizon was operated by Transocean and leased to British Petroleum’s (BP) Macondo Prospect in the Gulf of Mexico. The fire blazed for 36 hours, destroyed the whole platform, and killed 11 oil rig workers, and 17 workers were severely injured by the explosion. The platform of Deepwater Horizon has a massive superstructure that collapsed and sank due to the explosion it went into the Gulf and produced a ‘wellhead blowout’ because the oil inlet was disconnected at a seafloor depth of 5,100 feet. Over the subsequent period was 87 days before the wellhead explosion was successfully capped on 15 July 2010 more than 4.9 million barrels of petroleum flowed into the Gulf it was estimated the cost is (210,000,000USD) and 780,000 gals was lost.
The main reason for this explosion was human-generated technology disaster involving a hazardous materials spill (petroleum and dispersant chemicals) that generated severe ecological impact and human-generated have the potential to create significant risk to psychological distress and the range of mental health consequences equaling and often exceeding the effects produced by natural disasters. As a fact of human causation, the investigation by the presidentially appointed National Commission on the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill was preventable said by the US government.
Moreover, the Gulf coast specifically designed $52 million directed to SAMSHA for research and programming to gain the knowledge of the importance of psychosocial health effects during oil spill disasters and the BP Trust Fund reparations to Gulf coast for this research and programming purpose.
At the end of this research, The Deepwater Horizon explosion and oil spill represented as a failure of human technology. Even though the hazardous materials spill had been developed early before the explosion and no one of the in-charge person considered the uncontrolled spillage from offshore. As a way to prevent this kind of disasters, the US government implanted ocean-floor camera to visualize the illuminated with networks displayed a24/7 real-time movements of the Deepwater Horizon.
DBH outcomes of oil slicks: audit of the writing. As recently checked on in detail,17,32 DBH results have been routinely reported alongside physical wellbeing impacts after oil slick disasters.32– 36 Mental wellbeing impacts were explored in the 1996 Sea Empress oil tanker spill in Wales37,38 and the 2002 sinking of the Prestige oil tanker off the bank of Galicia, Spain.39– 41 However, the most extravagant wellspring of conduct wellbeing writing, preceding the Deepwater Horizon occasion, concentrated on the 1989 Exxon Valdez tanker spill in Prince William Sound, Alaska.42– 49 Strong parallels have been drawn by the specialists who researched the Exxon Valdez calamity, connecting their exercises figured out how to the Deepwater Horizon spill.50– 52 Now, quite a while since the burst of the Deepwater Horizon wellhead, the DBH writing particular to this occasion proceeds to accrue.53– 65 One of the most articulated worries for Gulf Coast inhabitants was the 'various introduction' effect.7,8,66– 74 The geographic area most influenced by the Deepwater Horizon oil slick incorporated a similar Gulf Coast regions that were most crushed by Hurricane Katrina in 2005.75– 78 The conceivable exacerbating impact of progressive 'hits' from both debacle occasions had been broadly estimated to lift dangers for noteworthy mental consequences.53,59,79– 82 Indeed, an investigation of people living in the Louisiana areas (regions) that got the heaviest shoreline oil pollution demonstrated a factually critical relationship between the dimension of earlier effect from Hurricane Katrina and the probability of indications of a posttraumatic stretch after Deepwater Horizon.59 The mental effects of oil slick catastrophes can persevere for quite a long time following the event.48,49 One year following the Exxon Valdez spill, for instance, there were huge increments in rates of tension issue, posttraumatic push issue (PTSD), and sorrow among occupants with an abnormal state of presentation to the spill and its cleanup efforts.44 Elevated dimensions of dejection, meddlesome pressure, shirking, and family struggle kept on being apparent 8 years post-spill.49 Additional people group level outcomes held on for a considerable length of time. Long-haul harm to the biological system influenced families and networks monetarily and socially. For instance, a few families whose jobs relied upon the regular habitat were compelled to migrate or live separated as a result of the biological harm caused by the spill.49 The degree and length of introduction to oil-based goods and dispersant synthetic concoctions may foresee the nearness and seriousness of mental pressure and pain.
Specifically noteworthy for examination is oil presentation for the oil slick cleanup laborers in connection to mental health.83– 87 For instance, following the Exxon Valdez spill, uncovered cleanup specialists had altogether higher rates of summed up uneasiness issue, PTSD, and real wretchedness contrasted and nonexposed controls.44 Recent investigations have inspected the wellbeing and mental outcomes of the Deepwater Horizon spill.53– 65 Four months after the spill, the Louisiana Department of Children and Family Services supported an examination to actualize emotional well-being needs evaluation in the four most affected Louisiana parishes.59 Despite the confinements of utilizing a nonrepresentative comfort test, discoveries were enlightening: respondents who communicated worries about the oil slick or who had encountered word related, family, or social interruptions because of the spill, had higher scores on sizes of posttraumatic stress, sorrow, and tension manifestations—subsequent to controlling for Hurricane Katrina affect, put fulfillment, and individual bounce back resilience.59 A review of inhabitants in Mobile County, Alabama found more elevated amounts of spill-related mental worry in respondents who demonstrated that the spill presented dangers to their monetary future, family wellbeing, and family funds and in overview members with business binds to characteristic assets and direct introduction to oil and contaminants.52 These outcomes were appeared to be similar to the psychological wellness impacts watched following the Exxon Valdez oil slick, further approving the significance of understanding the hazard factors regularly connected with social and mental results of oil slick disasters.52 Upon ask for from the conditions of Alabama and Mississippi, the CDC led the Community Assessment for Public Health Emergency Response (CASPER) study in the quick repercussions of the spill in 2010 and repeated the study in 2011.61,62 Using inquiries from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey (BRFSS) to give 2009 pre-spill correlations, agents studied delegate tests of the populaces of beach front Mississippi provinces and Baldwin and Mobile areas in Alabama.
Respondents in the CASPER test self-detailed higher extents of physically and rationally 'unfortunate' days, constrained action days, and burdensome indications promptly post-spill in 2010 contrasted and 2009 pre-spill BRFSS information for the two states.61,62 By 2011, these extents had all diminished notably toward gauge however stayed over 2009 levels.62 Following the 2011 replication, creators finished up, 'These outcomes recommend that emotional wellness administrations are as yet required, especially in family units encountering diminished salary since the oil slick.' 62 Acknowledging the significance of psychosocial wellbeing impacts amid oil slick calamities, BP's Trust Fund reparations to the Gulf Coast particularly assigned $52 million for social wellbeing, with $42 million allocated to four Gulf Coast states and $10 million coordinated to SAMHSA to lead examine and programming.16,88,89 Joining powers with the CDC, SAMHSA utilized a portion of these assets to direct study investigate with delegate tests of occupants in 32 beach front provinces over the four influenced conditions of Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida.17 To evaluate impacts of the oil slick on substance utilize, SAMSHA included 2,000 meetings in these states to the continuous National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH).
A basic plan component was the capacity to look at substance utilize rates for pre-and post-spill eras. NSDUH results indicated humble past-month increments in weed and liquor utilize. There were additionally expanded self-reports.
Investigation finding (causes of accident)
As for Deepwater Horizon the causes of this accident the careless action of employer who did not take care the platform of the Deepwater Horizon and did not hold up, he’s responsibility and the responsibility are to provide a workplace free from hazard’s and also to have complete OSHA stranded requirement’s (part IV, section 15-19). More over on this case explosion was human generated technology disaster involving a hazardous materials spill (petroleum and dispersant chemicals) and this happened because of the careless act of employees who should have complain or request hazard correction to employer following employee’s responsibility (part IV, section 24-27).
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What is Benchmarking?
Introduction
Wake Tech is North Carolina’s largest community college, serving more than 74,000 adults annually, with six campuses, three training centers, multiple community sites, and a comprehensive array of online learning options. Wake Tech is accredited and offers more than 200 associate’s degrees, diplomas, and certificates that prepare students for university transfer or immediate employment. The college also offers short-term, non-degree programs in IT, healthcare, hospitality, public safety, skilled trades, and more. Their vision is to reach out to the entire part of Wake County and let them know that Wake Tech can help them go as far as their dreams, talents, and resilience take them. Wake Tech structures its operations, training and educational programs around the core values of accountability, respect, responsibility, critical thinking, communication, and collaboration (“About”, 2020).
Wake Tech community college currently uses the contemporary management technique of sustainability. Currently, Wake Tech balances its short and long-term social, environmental, and financial goals to maintain its performance. Wake Tech community college would benefit from using the Benchmarking contemporary management technique. The benchmarking technique would allow Wake Tech to be able to use their critical success factors that have been identified, along with viewing how other community colleges at their same level achieve their critical success factors and implement techniques that would help them to maximize their performance compared to their competitors.
Benchmarking
Benchmarking is the process through which a company measures its products, services, and practices against its toughest competitors, or those companies recognized as leaders in its industry. Benchmarking is one of a manager's best tools for determining whether the company is performing particular functions and activities efficiently, whether its costs are in line with those of competitors, and whether its internal activities and business processes need improvement. The idea behind benchmarking is to measure internal processes against an external standard. It is a way of learning which companies are best at performing certain activities and functions and then imitating or improving on their techniques. Benchmarking focuses on company-to-company comparisons of how well basic functions and processes are performed. Among many possibilities, it may look at how materials are purchased, suppliers are paid, inventories are managed, employees are trained, or payrolls are processed.
Benchmarking will enable Wake Tech Community College to determine what the best practice is, to prioritize opportunities for improvement, to enhance performance relative to customer expectations, and to leapfrog the traditional cycle of change. It also helps Wake Tech to understand the most accurate and efficient means of performing an activity, to learn how lower costs are actually achieved, and to take action to improve cost competitiveness. Because of the many things benching marking can help a company accomplish, benchmarking has been used in many places as a tool for obtaining a competitive advantage. Wake Tech can undertake benchmarking with a view towards the many improvements that it may offer. These benefits include reducing labor cost, streamlining the work flow through reengineered business processes and common administrative systems, improving data center operations through consolidation and downsizing, cooperative business and information technology planning, implementing new technology, outsourcing some assignments and functions, redesigning the development and support processes, and restructuring and reorganizing the information technology functions. Wake Tech Community College would benefit from using the benchmarking technique to help their college grow and become a better, and more efficient workplace.
The goal of benchmarking is to identify the weaknesses within an organization and improve upon them, with the idea of becoming the 'best of the best.' The benchmarking process can help Wake Tech to find gaps in performance and turn them into opportunities for improvement. Benchmarking would enable Wake Tech to identify the most successful strategies used by other companies of comparable size, type, or regional location, and then adopt relevant measures to make their own programs more efficient. Wake Tech can apply benchmarking as part of a broad strategic process. Using the benchmarking process, benchmarking can find breakthrough ideas for improving processes, support quality improvement programs, motivate staffs to improve performance, and satisfy management's need for competitive assessments. Benchmarking focuses on these things in order to point out inefficiencies and potential areas for improvement. Benchmarking targets roles, processes, and critical success factors and this will benefit Wake Tech to better achieve their long-term goals and future plans.
Implementing Benchmarking
Knowledge comes in many forms. One such form is the knowledge that is distilled from comparing one organization’s performance against another’s in order to gather critical information about business processes, risks, and controls, and develop metrics by which to improve performance. This is called benchmarking. Effective benchmarking requires that you are wise enough to realize your organization has weaknesses, which translate into business risks and determined enough to do something about those risks. Benchmarking must be managed correctly and methodically to be successful. It is not simply a venue for collecting data, rather it is a tool for critical insight, which can motivate change and lead a company to more efficient, effective and innovative business practices. “Benchmarking has been described as a “structured process” that enables organizational improvement. The emphasis on embracing a structured approach during benchmarking is a fundamental tenet of best practice benchmarking” (Al Nuseirat, El Kahlout, Abbas, Adebanjo, Punnakitikashem & Mann, 2019).
When beginning the benchmarking process, Wake Tech needs to select the business process to benchmark and build support from both upper and middle management in order to gain the appropriate resources and to foster the spirit of participation required in an effective benchmarking initiative. Not targeting a specific process to examine or attaining management support will almost certainly mean that the benchmarking attempt will fall short of its goals. Selecting the process means determining which processes or issues are critical to the goals of Wake Tech, and whether benchmarking is the appropriate method to determine the efficacy of the process. In this initial process, it is important to gain commitment from management, process owners and staff to participate eagerly on the benchmarking project, and then to develop an action plan to focus efforts and keep information organized.
In the next process, it is crucial to determine the state of the current business environment. Too often, companies embark upon benchmarking efforts because they want to achieve the well-known results other companies may have had with this process. This is misguided because benchmarking is company and issue specific. Without a clear understanding of the business environment and the impact of specific business processes on overall business performance, benchmarking will fail to yield meaningful results. Before benchmarking Wake Tech against another to discover how they achieve high levels of business performance, one must understand their own performance. An initial self-assessment should include questions to determine if the process has been flowcharted; if the process owners have been correctly identified; where key handoffs exist within and outside of the process; if automated and manual activities have been identified; and finally, if redundancies or inefficiencies have been targeted.
During the time spent learning more about the business process under examination in the previous process, there will have been some suggestions for improvement. The next process will compare the improvement suggestions quantitatively and qualitatively to other processes, internally, externally or both. The first part of this process should be to determine the “should be,” and choosing potential benchmark partners. Benchmark partners are organizations, including Wake Tech, that are successfully executing the process being examined. Determining the “should be” is where the company begins to focus on examining the process from an external perspective, conducting secondary research to supplement internal exploratory efforts and discovering which criteria are important. This understanding will lead Wake Tech to the most appropriate benchmark partners. Being prepared by gathering quantitative information in advance of the benchmarking efforts will balance the odds in Wake Tech’s favor so that the benchmarking initiative will be a success.
The next process is to consider where Wake Tech should be and subtract where Wake Tech is at. This difference is the performance gap. The larger the gap, the higher the priority to narrow it. In this step, it is important to consider a host of issues and try to analyze them logically. For example, examine a process from a cost, quality, time and productivity perspective, with the understanding that strength in one area does not necessarily indicate strength across the board. For performance gaps to be useful, they must be logically identified, organized, and categorized. This means in part that the causal factor behind the gap should be attributed to people, process, technology, or cultural influences. In addition, each gap should be ranked based on a priority indicator.
The next process to consider is to design an action plan. There are several ways to ensure that the benchmarking efforts produce positive results. One way is to use goal-oriented, attainable, and detailed action plans to plot the improvement course. An action plan template should include a description of the overall action plan detailing each specification step and each problem the actions are targeted to solve. The action plan should also describe the chronological steps to implementation, defining requirements and specifications, and allotting an appropriate time frame for the implementation. Finally, the action plan should identify those accountable for implementation and describe rewards if their efforts are on time or ahead of schedule. Perhaps most important is to ensure the action plan has been accepted by all key parties, including management, process owners, and those affected by the proposed change.
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God Talks to you through Prophets
Introduction
A Christian prophet is an individual who is inspired to deliver a message to someone through the god himself. There're many ways someone who is prophetic can receive a message through god. They will receive public or private revelations.
Dreams as a medium
One way a person can receive these messages is through dreams. Dreams can get very complex and scary. Some dreams can have positive or negative outcomes. “Prophetic dreams aren’t a new or recent phenomenon and even the earliest book of the Bible (Genesis) contains moments when prophetic dreams and visions play a role in presenting God’s message.” Some prophets can have dreams where they can see the future. There are 3 different types of prophetic dreams: apparitions, clairvoyant, & warning. Apparitions dreams come from some deeply repressed emotions that are trying to
make themselves known. These dreams are very common. They are usually complemented with the emotion of fear but have a significant message behind them. These dreams are most times ignored cause in the present world the individual is trying to ignore these feelings as well. That message is from god. This type of dream is the most common and
easiest to convey.
Different types of dreams
Clairvoyant dreams are more complex. With Clairvoyant dreams, a prophet may see something that may happen in the
future or something in the present. It may come up as metaphors to describe people and their intentions. Angels and spirits can communicate with the prophet through these dreams. They sometimes give the person clarity on some things that the prophet has been asking. These dreams are usually safe and relaxing. These dreams can also have to do with karmic patterns to understand some present moments. Souls and angels would speak to us in these dreams in symbols. Once the message is recognized and fixed these dreams will go away. These types of dreams are a little more complex.
Warning dreams are equally complex but can have some negativity behind them. Warning dreams are the most difficult to understand. These dreams can be difficult because they can be messages from god or one’s own consciousness. When
god uses these dreams, he can be warning the prophet about a current situation they’re encountering, a warning for someone else, or even some events that might happen to the world. All dreams can feel very real, but with these dreams the prophet may awake to feel some type of negative emotion. Prophet’s should not be too dependent on these dreams. These dreams can also have a positive meaning too.
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Haitian Revolution as an Example of Courage
Throughout his study of the Haitian Revolution James skillfully demonstrated for the first time that it was not simply an inspiring struggle on a tiny island on the periphery of the world system, but was inextricably intertwined with the Great French Revolution throughout, pushing the revolutionary process forward in the metropole itself and investing notions of human rights with new meanings and universal significance. In writing about the Haitian Revolution, James rewrote the history of the French Revolution. One only has to look at some of the chapter titles of The Black Jacobins, such as “Parliament and Property” would the new 'Parliament' established by the French Revolution regarding enslaved black people in French colonies as more than “property” in light of the 1789 “Declaration of the Rights of Man”? James's main intended audience for The Black Jacobins in 1938 then not only those fighting for colonial liberation in Africa and the Caribbean in the 1930s but also those fighting for socialist revolution in Europe. James clearly hoped that the inspiration of the Haitian Revolution would inspire those Africans and people of African descent who read The Black Jacobins to seize the opportunity that would be presented by the looming inter-imperialist conflict to organize independently and strike out for freedom. In The Black Jacobins James painted a vivid panorama of the Haitian Revolution, stressing that it was not simply the greatest event in the history of the West Indies, but took its place alongside the English Civil War, the American War of Independence and the French Revolution as one of the great world-historical revolutions in its own right, a revolution which had forever transformed the world and laid the foundation for the continuing struggle for universal human rights. In many ways, the Haitian Revolution went further in its commitment to universal emancipation than any of these other revolutions; it was, as Paul Foot once noted: “Perhaps the most glorious victory of the oppressed over their oppressors in all history.”
Assuming today, in spite of the contemporary biological, financial, political and ideological emergency, despite everything it appears to be foolish to discuss world upheaval, it is seemingly simply because, as James once put it, “Western civilization has forgotten or learned to distrust the revolutionary temper, the revolutionary spirit, the revolutionary personality built on the grand heroic scale”. However, human advancement would be at an end, obliterated not by the nuclear bomb blasts from without, but rather by the coagulating from inside. During the 1930s, amidst a huge financial emergency, James saw the hardening from inside as autocracy, and one does not need to look far to see the arrival of that danger today crosswise over South America, Africa and Europe. Nor, given the militarism of the United States combined with the proceeding with risk of the multiplication of atomic weapons, would we be able to disregard the likelihood of development being devastated by bomb blasts from without. Be that as it may, in the event that one just took a gander at the development of savageness on the planet then one would doubtlessly fall into inactivity and gloom. James would rather certainly direct us toward the gigantic activations of the worldwide enemy of globalization and antiwar developments lately, and indications of a developing restoration of the class battle itself following quite a while of thrashing, as images of expectation and verification that the progressive soul consumes still. Those social developments and class battles in tum could have a couple of more prominent motivations for the twenty-first century than C.L.R. James, a progressive identity based on the terrific brave scale amid the world-notable history of the 1930s.
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The Seneca Falls Convention: Setting the National Stage for Women’s Suffrage
Over the years, many people have noticed that women have always been treated differently than men. In the beginning, women weren’t even expected to leave the house because they were supposed to stay home, cook, clean, and take care of the children. Women also couldn’t have any land because people didn’t think they could handle it. Women made a small breakthrough when they were granted the ability to divorce their husbands and own their own land, however, women still had a long way to go. One of the major beginnings of women’s rights was the Seneca Falls convention. This meeting was put together by many women who would change the face of woman’s rights for the rest of history. These women were Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, Martha Coffin Wright, and Lucretia Mott. This meeting happened for many reasons like voting rights, divorce, and owning land. Over the course of two days, many points and views would be brought up about what everyone thought women should be able to do. Obviously, Seneca Falls was able to accomplish somethings but there are still so many things that women still aren’t equal to men. Examples of this are woman’s paychecks and even how they are treated in public. Overall Seneca Falls happened because of many things, and it accomplished many things as well. It surrounded women’s rights with the four main women involved being Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, Martha Coffin Wright, and Lucretia Mott.
Seneca Falls wasn’t just a two-day meeting about why women are treated differently and how they can stop being treated wrong. The timeline of Seneca Falls is actually a little complicated. This meeting didn’t just pop up out of nowhere, instead, many things lead up to it. Also, Seneca Falls wasn’t able to accomplish anything right after it happened. Instead, it is still affecting things in the present right now.
Seneca Falls happened because, from the beginning of the new country, women had always been treated differently. In the beginning, women weren’t allowed to own land or even leave the house. Instead, they were expected to stay home and stay home. While they were home, they were expected to take care of the children that they had. During this time, women were expected to have 10 children. Many times only 2 or three would survive because of the lack of medicine and vaccinations. Women were also expected to clean and cook.
During this time women also weren’t allowed to divorce their own husbands. Many times, their husbands would just get up and leave to go move west. Women also weren’t allowed to vote. They were seen as just the caretakers of the country. This angered many women because they knew they were more than what people were giving them credit for.
Seneca Falls was a two-day convention. The first day was only open to women. This convention was open to all women, no one had to have an invitation. On this first day, every woman could speak her view about what was happening, what they wanted to happen, and how they thought the world would be better if they did it that way. Having the meeting set up this way made it easier for everyone to understand and comprehend what was happening.
The second day of the convention was open to everyone. Both men and woman were allowed to come and speak their opinions about women’s rights. On the second day of the convention, Elizabeth Cady Stanton gave a speech about women’s rights and why it was all important. This whole convention was so controversial because not many people in the world believed that women shouldn’t have the same rights that men did. Also when men did speak at the convention, like James Mott, even more people began to think that women didn’t deserve to be equal.
Even today, women are still fighting for equality. Now it’s over pay and being objectified. Obviously these aren’t as big of the battles from the past. However now, a lot of people are listening when, back when woman’s rights began, not many people would listen. Also now women have more say in what will happen in their lives, they are allowed to own their own properties, and are also allowed to divorce their husbands. This is all thanks to the women who helped start the women’s rights movements that were all started after the Seneca Falls convention opened the eyes of so many people that women were a force to be reckoned with.
Elizabeth Cady Stanton was one of the original women’s rights activists. She was one of the speakers of the second day at Seneca Falls. But how did she become such a courageous woman?
Elizabeth Cady Stanton was born November 12, 1815. She was born into a family with her father being a lawyer. He never wanted a daughter, instead he wanted a son who would be seen as a stronger person. Her father did have a son, however he died and Elizabeth Cady Stanton decided to step up even if her father showed little interest. She began to show off how bright she was by studying Greek at a very early age. This was nearly unheard of for someone her age to study such an odd topic. She showed her father that she was going to be educated, even from a young age.
Speaking of education, she held up to the standards she set for herself with her father at a young age. Her father saw how intelligent she was, except he still didn’t want her to attend college. “Her father loved her, but back then, only men were expected to go to college,” this is a quote from The Making America. She ended up attending Emma Willard’s Troy Female Seminary. She graduated from there in 1832. She studied abolition and women’s rights. In my own, personal opinion, I think it’s pretty cool that she studied women’s rights because she saw, even at a young age, that women were being treated differently than men.
Everything really changed when she married Henry Stanton who was an abolitionist. They married in 1840 and traveled to London to attend the World Antislavery Convention where she met Lucretia Mott who was also a women’s rights activist and abolitionist. Both Elizabeth Stanton and Lucretia Mott decided that it would be a good idea to begin the women’s rights movement in America. This is when the idea of Seneca Falls was born.
Right away, she wasn’t able to accomplish anything. All great things take time. Eventually, however, she was able to give people the idea that women should be treated better because they weren’t any different than men aside from their gender. Women could do whatever men could do. She fought for women to have to right to divorce their husbands and helped Susan B. Anthony fight for women’s voting rights.
Elizabeth Cady Stanton died in 1902. She was able to see few things that she helped accomplish before she died. She was able to see some states and territories grant women the right to vote. Because of her accomplishments and her will to show people that women can do the same thing any man can, helped establish modern civil rights that Americans are blessed to live with today.
Susan B. Anthony, as I have mentioned previously, fought for the right for women to vote along with the help of Elizabeth Cady Stanton. Susan B. Anthony was born February 15, 1820. She was born into a Quaker family. This family taught her their religious beliefs and what they valued. In this household, there was still inequality. Susan B. Anthony didn’t originally start out as a women’s rights activist. Instead, she was originally a teacher.
Susan B. Anthony got into women’s rights for some interesting reasons. She saw society’s flaws in overlooking women and paying them less than what men were payed. Women also weren’t allowed anywhere near politics. This angered many women because they were citizens as well so why weren’t they allowed to vote? One man’s reasoning for women not being able to vote was “the constitution of the female mind was such as to render women incapable of correctly deciding upon those questions.” The man who said this was named Moses D. Gale.
She was also in women’s rights because she knew woman should be treated better than what they were being treated like. Her main goal was the right to vote. Susan B. Anthony met Elizabeth Cady Stanton when they were both in New York and decided to form the women’s New York State Temperance Society together. They formed this society because women weren’t allowed to speak in front of mixed audiences. They weren’t allowed to even be seen on the stage sometimes and had to sit in the crown or behind a curtain.
During her time in the women’s rights movement, she was able to accomplish so many things that were long term and short term. She managed to get woman the right to vote. This was huge considering that is one thing that they had been fighting for since the new country came into existence. She also was able to open everyone’s eyes and show them that women were worth more than just taking care of children and cleaning the house. Susan B. Anthony majorly affected the way that women were seen and represented in the United States government, even though women wouldn’t hold any offices for a while. Susan B. Anthony saw it that at least woman had a say in their government. Susan B. Anthony died in 1906 and was also able to see few states and territories establish voting rights to women.
Martha Coffin Wright is another women who was important to women’s rights. She was born in 1806. She had seven siblings, one of which was Lucretia Mott who also became a women’s rights activist. Her father when she was young, her mother opened their home to be a boarding home. Her mom was a strong role model. Martha Wright attended a day school and later she did attend a boarding school. This school was called Westtown Boarding School.
Martha Coffin Wright had a hard adult life. Her first husband died and left her with an infant daughter. Martha Coffin Wright went on to have six more children. Her final husband was David Wright. He was a lawyer.
Women’s rights was a big part of her life. She was the president of the National Women Suffrage Association. She was also an abolitionist from the beginning of her adult career. During her time in women’s rights, she was able to team up with her sister. Both her and her sister fought to show everyone in the country that women shouldn’t be over looked, or ignored.
Lucretia Mott is the sister of Martha Coffin Wright. She was born January 3, 1796. She had basically same childhood that her sister had. They were both raised in a Quaker family. This means to that they were both raised to be very modest. They were also raised with the Quaker ideal that everyone, in the eyes of God, was equal. This meant African Americans who were enslaved and women.
Lucretia Mott and her sister attended Seneca Falls. After the convention ended, they both continued to speak about equality for women. Lucretia Mott also focused on the problem that African Americans weren’t being treated equal when they should. Especially since slavery had been abolished during the civil war. She was able to collaborate with Stanton and Anthony on the 14th and 15th amendments. After she died on November 11, 1880, what she did continued, and still continues, to inspire women to stand up every day and speak out about how they need to be treated the same as men.
Seneca Falls was America’s first women’s rights convention. It was the beginning of a battle that would continue all the way up to the 21st century. This two day convention paved a long path way for women to be seen as equal in the eyes of men. Even today, women are still walking this path. However, thanks to Elizabeth Cady Stanton for being able to get women the right to divorce their husbands, Susan B. Anthony for getting women the right to vote, and Martha Coffin Wright and her sister Lucretia Mott for helping women and men recognize that everyone is equal. Regardless of their gender or their race, everyone is equal. All of these women have contributed enormously to American history and how women are viewed in modern America.
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The Seneca Falls Convention: Setting the National Stage for Women’s Suffrage. (2021, Mar 28).
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Informational Interview with HR Representative
Introduction
On Tuesday September, 11 2018, I interviewed the Human Resource Manager at Special School District of St. Louis County, Lynn Lanigan. I chose to speak with her because I was rather unfamiliar with her daily role within Special School District. In our department of Human Resources, Lynn informed me that she screens and hires all of the teacher assistant positions that the district employs. She informed me that this position can be difficult to fill because of the level of pay and job duties. One of her main goals is to reduce the total vacancy level of the teacher assistants throughout all of the partner districts served by Special School District. She rose to her position as an HR Manager after fulfilling her role as the district HR Generalist.
Why Become an HR Manager?
Lynn currently enjoys her role as a Human Resource Manager and feels a strong connection to the functions of her position, but she did not start her career within the realm of Human Resources. Her career began in the payroll department within the corporate stratosphere, which lasted for fifteen years. She expressed that her desire to enter into Human Resources began with the question, “Why can’t HR get things right”? Coming from payroll, Lynn expressed that she enjoyed the structure of following a series of processes that arrived at a solution. Human beings are complex entities and must be seen as such rather than numbers on a spreadsheet, which is why Lynn immediately flocked to Human Resources from the field of payroll. They are outliers that must be delicately placed into the pre-determined processes laid out by an organization’s Human Resources Department.
She told me that she enjoys seeing how an individual person fits into the puzzle of a position within a part of the district and how they might be able to fit the needs of a specific student demographic. One aspect of her current role that she does not enjoy is the aspect of filling well over one hundred teacher assistant vacancies. The teacher assistant position is one that, because of sensitive job duties and lower pay, is often difficult to fill and comes with high turnover. Getting teacher assistants to buy-in and grow within the organization is something that she expressed was very satisfying for her. Many of the individuals fulfilling the role of teacher assistant find that they really engage within the field of education and wish to begin a career in the field. Special School District is in the early stages of implementing a plan for teacher assistants to ascend into the role of full-time teacher. This type of career management can only improve the organization as a whole as well as the consumers that they serve. Those consumers are students, parents, and the partner districts as a whole throughout the entirety of St. Louis County. Lynn expressed that one of her central challenges is getting those candidates to buy-into the mission of the district. When individuals invest in themselves like this, they are also investing in the district as a whole because they are gaining valuable skills and experiences.
“If someone was curious about beginning a career in Human Resources, where should they begin”?
When I asked the question, “If someone was curious about beginning a career in Human Resources, where should they begin”? She informed me that it is very important for someone to begin in the role as a Human Resource Clerk. When they begin in the lower level, they get a sense of what skills they can bring to the table and have a chance to experience the inter-workings of each Human Resource process. This also gives each person a chance to complete their own career self-assessment by seeing what their likes and dislikes are, as well as how their values fit into those of the organization with which they work. Beginning at an organization in a lower level clerical position may also help create a scenario in which an employee wants to stay within that organization because as they grow, they feel as if they are being invested in.
Employee loyalty is crucial to the success of organizations and is just as important to that success as the consumers that the organization serves (Laine, Stenvall, & Tuominen, 2017). One of the reasons why Special School District has become such a staple in St. Louis County is because it is known as a great place to work and a place where employees can maintain a career. Helping to manage career management is something that Special School District has attempted to build for years and will continue to do going forward. Their “Grow Your Own” program is designed to help lower-level teacher assistants gain experience and grow their equity within the organization, eventually building into a teacher-level role (2018). Currently, this plan is still on the horizon but it is part of the organizational strategic plan. Special School District has this as part of their strategic plan because they care about the career management of their employees and have a desire to be an active contributor to its overall success.
Innovations in HR
Another point of discussion during the interview was the selection and interviewing of qualified applicants. Lynn acknowledged that the field of Human Resources is changing as different technological hiring innovations arrive on the scene such as online selection and interactive game-based selection. She said that one of the benefits of using game-based interactive selection allows the Human Resource practitioners to not only gauge applicant reaction time but to showcase their overall communication skills. This could really help build a more diverse workforce for organizations and select applicants who are best-suited for the job it allows for someone to see how they might react on the job.
One hiring and selection innovation tool is the use of videogame playing to select applicants from a larger pool. Applicant data retrieved from videogame playing has shown that traits such as creativity and multitasking can be put into the spotlight for interviewers to examine (Savage & Bales, 2017). When organizations are interviewing hundreds of applicants for series of positions, this data could be a great way of getting specific snapshots of individual candidates while pragmatically sifting through the applicant pool as a whole. During the initial stages of applicant selection, using the data obtained from interactive videogame playing could help eliminate or decrease the presence of unconscious bias because the practitioners would have no knowledge as to the whether each applicant was a part of their in-group such as race or age (Savage & Bales, 2017).
Lynn expressed that she does not want for the traditional interview format to disappear but for selection to innovate with the times so that by the time the interview takes place, there is a diverse and refined applicant pool. She believes that interviews are a valuable way for the applicant and interviewer to communicate with one another and form a connection that carries over into the organization after that applicant has been hired. The interview itself creates the buy-in from the prospective applicant and could make or break the entire hiring process.
References
Comprehensive School Improvement/Rolling Plan 2017-2022. (2018, May). Retrieved September 16, 2018, from https://www.ssdmo.org/assets/about_us/CSIP_rolling_plan.pdf
Laine, P., Stenvall, J., & Tuominen, H. (2017). A Strategic role for HR: is it a competence issue?. Nordic Journal Of Business, 66(1), 29-48.
Lanigan, L. (2018, September 11). Informational Interview [Personal interview].
Savage, D. D., & Bales, R. (2017). Video Games in Job Interviews: Using Algorithms to Minimize Discrimination and Unconscious Bias. ABA Journal Of Labor & Employment Law, 32(2), 211-228.
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Learn the Basics of Hazardous Waste
Have you ever wondered how much hazardous waste you produce and how much harm it can cause you? Well, let me tell you that each person in the US produces about 4 pounds of household hazardous waste every year. Multiply that number by the global population and you get a really massive number. In fact, just the US alone produces between 20.3 to 29.1 million tons of hazardous waste. Since the world is becoming more industrialized and the population keeps growing, more and more resources are being used so the amount of waste generated has increased significantly, especially those produced by developed countries. However, not all the waste is being properly processed so it poses a threat not only to the environment but also to human health. Hazardous waste, specifically, can cause irritations, chronic diseases, and even lead to death. Therefore, it is important to ensure that these wastes are carefully treated in waste facilities as it can be toxic to humans.
First of all, you may be wondering what exactly is hazardous waste and how is it classified? By definition, hazardous waste is anything that has been discarded but can still harm the environment or public health. These wastes are dangerous byproducts of activities such as manufacturing, farming, and medical treatment or they could just be from household garbage.
They contain heavy metals, radiation, pathogens, or highly toxic chemicals like cyanides, mercury, and polychlorinated biphenyls. To identity hazardous waste, you have to take into account its reactivity with other chemicals which could cause an explosion or produce poisonous gas, flammability, toxicity, and how prone it is to corrode other materials. It is especially important for hospitals to pay attention to the disposal of medical waste since items such as used syringe needles, bandages, and swabs are also considered as hazardous wastes. Normally, these hazardous wastes are thrown into municipal waste collection centers to be sent to landfills or dumps but it doesn’t always happen due to the lack of resources. If these wastes are not treated, stored, or disposed of properly, then it poses as a potential hazard to human health.
Hazardous wastes can affect humans in many ways, ranging from the water they drink, the things they eat, and the air they breathe. Getting direct exposure to hazardous waste can cause chemical poisoning in humans since these wastes release chemicals to its environment. However, unattended waste like decomposed wet wastes with bad odor may attract flies, rats, and other creatures that spread diseases. One specific example of this is the 1994 pneumonic plague outbreak in Surat. Officials stated that it was due to the poor sanitary conditions from uncollected garbage since heavy monsoon rain created flooding in the poor part of the city. Likewise, if hazardous wastes are dumped near or into a body of water, it can contaminate the source of drinking water for the people and also affect the animals living there. Toxins like mercury and lead can persist in the environment for several years so aquatic animals may bioaccumulate these toxic substances in their bodies and biomagnification will occur as it moves up the food chain. Eventually, humans or other animals will absorb toxic chemicals into their bodies when they consume those fishes. Another way hazardous waste can enter our body is through the air we breathe; hazardous waste incineration plants that are not properly operated can cause air pollution.
Complications caused by hazardous waste on human health include diseases, infections, and irritations. Improper disposal of medical waste can cause Hepatitis B and C by infecting wounds with sharp objects, especially discarded syringes. Diseases can also be transmitted to humans by bites of animals feeding on hazardous waste, like flies transmitting intestinal infections. Chronic respiratory diseases and eye irritation can result from exposure to hazardous compounds and infected dust, especially during landfill operations. People working in waste disposal sites are also prone to chemical burns, poisoning, and other injuries due to minimal amounts of hazardous waste being mixed with general waste. Additionally, exposure to hazardous wastes can cause headaches, nausea, behavioral abnormalities, genetic mutations, physiological malfunctions, physical deformations, and birth defects. Studies have also shown that there are excess cases of cancer in residents exposed to hazardous waste. Therefore, these harmful chemicals that accumulate in the body can lead to cancers, seizures, poisoning, and death.
Hazardous wastes may affect everyone but certain people are more at risk than others. Those who are most are risk are people that come into direct contact with toxic wastes, which includes waste workers and ragpickers. Ragpickers scavenge for recyclable items in waste dumps so they can come into contact with infectious items. Thus, they are more prone to infectious and chronic diseases and injuries. Low-income people and people of color are more affected since they live in places where there are more toxic waste sites near them. People living in communities with improper waste disposal methods may have water supplies that are contaminated, which becomes disease breeding ground.
To avoid being harmed by hazardous waste, stricter regulations should be placed on hazardous waste to ensure that they get properly disposed. Since EPA is responsible for supervising toxic waste, it should fine those who violate the regulations. For example, companies should be charged when they try to avoid paying fees charged by waste facilities by dumping untreated hazardous waste on the ground or in town landfills. Individuals can also help out by carrying out proper segregation of waste so hazardous wastes don’t get mixed with other waste. Organic waste should also be separated for composting and then used as fertilizer since they decompose easily. There should be specific days where household hazardous wastes are collected. Landfills used to store hazardous waste should be completely covered to ensure no leakage to nearby groundwater sources and they should be located at a safe distance from all human settlements.
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1960 Feminist Movement
Introduction
The 1960s can be defined as a variety of things, but most importantly it is one of the most progressive eras this nation has ever come to know. The Feminist Movement has essentially played a role in the opportunities and rights we have as women today. Prior to this movement, inequality among the sexes could be seen in aspects of everyday life. Thousands of women teamed up together to fight against oppression and to earn what is rightfully theirs.
1968 Generation
The young generation of the 1960s Feminist Movement felt a cultural shift in the gender roles that had been placed on them by society. It became quite evident to the older generation, who failed to put aside their ignorance to understand the importance of this movement. As for the younger generation of feminists, they saw for what it was really, a chance for real equality.
The young men and women alike aimed to challenge the cultural definition of gender in a number of ways. An army of college students hungry for equality sought to create radical forms of liberation through protests and student rebellions. Revolutionary change was emphasized through the spontaneity, authenticity and anti-hierarchy that became key components of this revolution (Evans, 334).
They pushed through backlash received due to the feminist movement with the view “we considered that, unlike our elders, we had no apologies to make…. We were convinced that we could make everything anew” (Evans, 335). Regardless of the hesitation that first came with it, pushing back was a must in order for things to get done.
Responses to Feminism
The feminist movement has conjured up a number of different responses, especially from those of men. Three main responses were introduced during this time period were antifeminist, masculinist, and pro-feminist. Reports of these responses were provided with assumptions to provide evidence in backing their views regarding the feminist movement.
The antifeminist response focused on the traditional gender roles that had been placed on women from the beginning of time. They idealized that women must return to their “rightful role” as a house wife who served her breadwinner husband and took care of her children. They often argued that there was a “natural order, which guaranteed them the superior position over women” (Kimmel, 383). Most protests were met with degrading messages such as, “get back home, where you belong” or “Go make me a sandwich!”
The masculinist perspective was less concerned with the participation of women in the public setting, but rather role they played back home. In other words, they preferred that the mother did not play a dominant role in the household to keep their sons from “being distracted from being a man.” They emphasized that the “separation of boys and girls was essential to retrieving masculinity from women’s clutches” (Kimmel, 385). To put it simply, they didn’t really care what women did with their lives, as long as they left them alone to be a man with other men.
Conclusion
In our final response of the feminist movement, we focus on the men who sought to support the women and fight side by side with them for education, labor and political reforms. Rather than seeing this movement as a step back, they saw it as a gain for both men and women. As one advocate stated, he was glad to “align myself with a party that declares for absolute equality between he sexes. Anything less than this is too narrow for twentieth century civilization” (Kimmel, 388). They were open to change and envisioned a world in which it was both practical and moral.
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The Growing Awareness of Human Rights through the Lens of Globalization
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights is considered a monumental document in human rights history. It was created after the Second World War. After World War II ended, the international community vowed never again to allow atrocities like those of the war to happen again. It was created by representatives of multi-cultural backgrounds from all areas of the world. This was the first time that nations agreed on an inclusive statement of basic human rights. The declaration was adopted by the United Nations in 1948 at the United Nations general assembly in Paris. It stated for the first time that fundamental human rights should be universally protected.
Global legislation regarding the topic of human rights has, in many ways, been successful in making the world a better and more peaceful place. Global governments are striving to promote human rights domestically and abroad, and are collaborating with multinational institutions to achieve this. The UDHR has greatly influenced the development of human rights laws internationally. It is responsible for advancing regional political structures protecting basic human rights, such as the European Convention of Human Rights. Since its inception, the declaration has also been regularly utilized by other countries. Maskara, Shreya. “How Effective Has the Universal Declaration of Human Rights Been in 70 Years?” Qrius (Formerly The Indian Economist), 22 June 2018, qrius.com/how-effective-has-the-universal-declaration-of-human-rights-in-70-years/.
The world’s response to mass atrocities has seen the greatest progress, even though actual enforcement is not always consistant. The US in particular leads in creating governmental processes to prevent, predict, and respond to mass violence against civilians globally. Such actions include trainings to help American diplomats to recognize the signs and risks of mass violence and improve collaboration among federal agencies. There is still much work to do however, and this is one way the UDHR falls short. In the years following the tragedies of Bosnia and Rwanda, many of the world powers who apologized for their lack of action and effective response to genocide during the 1990s, and have yet to organize themselves sufficiently to act early and effectively to prevent or stop mass atrocities in the future. One example would be the massacres now going on in Syria. The United Nations needs to do more to intervene and rescue Syrian Citizens who are now currently trapped by the Syrian armed forces.
Article 25 in the UDHR expresses the fundamental right to adequate health. After adopting the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, another crucial goal to provide people with the right to basic and adequate public health care is strongly promoted, and significant resources have been devoted to the challenge. Realistically speaking, there are still many governments in the developing world that fail to provide adequate health care and living conditions for their population, their citizens can suffer unnecessarily from diseases and ailments that are routinely treatable or even preventable in more developed nations. In order to improve conditions in developing nations the focus needs to be, and has been, on some fundamental improvements. Access to and distribution of clean water, cultivating and maintaining sufficient food supplies, access to vaccinations and medications, basic preventative health care, pre and post-natal care, as well as basic health education. Thanks to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, efforts are being made and some improvements are resulting. The Food and Agriculture organization of the United Nations was formed to improve and increase agriculture to help with global famine and malnutrition. There’s also the Global Fund, which was established in 2001, to combat Tuberculosis, Malaria and AIDS, by way of allocating funding to nationwide projects in nations with higher disease rates. UNICEF, which is the United Nations Children’s fund, strives to improve children’s welfare around the world. This organization promotes education programs aimed at reducing infant and child mortality rates by means of intervening in nations where children are suffering from malnutrition, disease and the effects of war around them. Most notably, the World Health Organization was also formed in 1948 to secure that all people have access to the highest possible level of health. WHO actually defines the term health as, “a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity?” “Home.” World Health Organization, World Health Organization, www.who.int/. The WHO strives to improve the practice of healthcare and create standards for the international community. “ .” United Nations Security Council Resolution 660 (Condemning the Invasion of Kuwait by Iraq), S.C. Res. 660, 45 U.N. SCOR at 19, U.N. Doc. S/RES/660 (1990)., World Health Organization, hrlibrary.umn.edu/edumat/studyguides/righttohealth.html.
The UDHR states in article 1 that all human beings are created free and equal. Across the globe women’s rights and voices are now in the forefront and gender equality is making strides in developed countries like the US. However, women still lack equality in much of the Islamic word. Religious separatists are still being persecuted and some political freedoms are denied. While there still needs much improvement globally for basic equal rights violations the effort put forth by the UN is notable.
Although the Declaration is important in the history of human rights today as we know it, it has many weaknesses that prevent the each article from fully being implemented and recognized. One notable issue is that the Universal Declaration itself is not legally binding; it does not have the force of a binding treaty. The emphasis seems to be more on western societies.
One political issue that was involved in trying to force countries to comply with the articles of the UDHR was the issue that not all nations agreed nor signed it. Eight countries in total elected to abstain from signing the declaration; Belorussia, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Ukraine, the USSR, and Yugoslavia. It has been criticized that the Declaration didn’t apply to women, homosexuals, or members of select political, religious, economic and social groups. In the case of the right to seek asylum, it was made clear that this right “does not apply in the case of prosecution genuinely arising from non-political crimes or from acts contrary to the purposes of the United Nations. “ In other words, it’s of the concern that anyone involved in crimes against peace, war crimes, crimes against humanity or acts that directly contradict the very principles of the United Nations should not be granted the protection.
Overall, I believe that the Universal Declaration of Human Rights is monumentally important. It’s when we came together as a whole to attempt to define and protect basic human rights. Without it, atrocities like those seen in World War II would run the risk of repeating. Although not all countries have agreed to its terms, the heightened awareness the declaration gives to the subject of human rights helps to keep the ideals in the forefront. Improvements do need to be made to better address and protect those not clearly defined in the Declaration. I’m confident, however, in today’s global climate the subject of Human Rights will continue to evolve and improve.
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Hypocrisy in the Misanthrope
Introduction
Many of Molière’s plays embody the style of comedy of manners, which pokes fun at the aristocracy. Despite Molière being born a part of the French aristocracy, and his audience being mainly aristocrats, he still decided to poke fun at the aristocracy.
The Misanthrope
In The Misanthrope, many of the aristocratic characters engage in hypocritical actions. Specifically, the playwright displays the hypocrisy aristocrats embody as they try to fit into accepted society. While Alceste considers himself to be honest and genuine, his hypocrisy comes through in his love for Celimene. In Act 1, scene 1, Alceste condemns mankind and the pretentiousness of the nobles, telling his loyal friend Philante: When I survey the scene of human folly, Finding on every hand base flattery, Injustice, fraud, self-interest, treachery.... Ah, it's too much; mankind has grown so base. Alceste dislikes that aristocrats, and mankind in general, are ignorant of the deceit and flattery of society. He despises the falseness of society because he believes relationships require genuine expressions of beliefs and opinions. Alceste believes that if someone does not outwardly tell people the truth, such as disliking someone, that person is rude and a liar. Philinte, thinking Alceste a fool, responds: The world won’t change, whatever you say or do… It is no greater folly, if you ask me, Than trying to reform society” (1.1). In Act 2, scene 5, Alceste criticizes Celimene’s suitors for flattering her, “It’s flatterers like you whose foolish praise / Nourishes all the vices of these days,” shining a greater light on aristocratic society’s use of flattery in a way that creates more hypocrisy. Even though he says he will speak the truth, when Oronte asks for feedback on his poem, Alceste says his true thoughts to Philante, “You know the thing is trash. / How dare you praise it?” (1.2). Alceste instead evades the truth when speaking to Oronte by telling a story of a similar situation with a terrible poet, indirectly telling Oronte his poem is terrible.
Alceste is hypocritical in this instance because he does not directly tell Oronte the truth, despite saying earlier that one should tell the truth if it “is trash”. Later on, Alceste moves onto criticizing France’s justice system, telling Celimene “Then lose your lawsuit, Madam, or let it drop; / Don’t torture me by humoring such a fop (2.1)”, again revealing the problem Alceste has with the French aristocratic society. One comic element in the play is that Alceste falls in love with Celimene, a woman who uses deceit and flattery to manipulate people into getting her way. These tactics are the reason why Alceste condemns the aristocrats, however, when it comes to himself, Alceste looks the other way. Philinte questions Alceste’s love for Celimene because her “brittle malice and coquettish ways / so typify the manners of our days” (1.1). When he is called out on his hypocrisy, he becomes furious and makes up excuses. He rationalizes his deceitfulness by saying “he cannot manage not to love her” (1.1) and “the fault is yours because / you lead her on with laughter and applause” (2.5). Alceste excuses his hypocrisy by explaining that everyone else is responsible for the gossip and they encourage Celimene’s ways. While Alceste blames other for Celimene’s actions, he also begs her to lie to him by telling her “Pretend, pretend, that you are just and true, / and I shall make myself believe in you” (4.3). Celimene’s cousin, Eliante explains that men rarely criticize whomever they are in love with because 'They see their lady as a charming blur… / If she has any blemish, fault, or shame, / They will redeem it by a pleasing name”, emphasizing that Alceste views Celimene’s flaws as positive characteristics due to of his blind love. Alceste’s hypocrisy leads him to fail to live up to the standards he sets for others. Perhaps Alceste believes that if he publicly condemns Celimene or other aristocrats, he will lose his status in society. While he says he shall “do nothing (1.1)” about the repercussions of calling his fellow aristocrats out, he is will not proclaim the truth because he is scared of societal repercussions. He is a hypocrite himself, and therefore is possibly unconsciously scared of others calling him out on his own hypocrisy while he is condemning mankind’s universal hypocrisy. Throughout the play, love serves as a mask for vanity. For example, When Arsino© wants to captivate Alceste’s love in Act 3, she says, “If you will only give me a hint that you seriously think about [a place at court], / a great many engines might be set in motion to serve you” (3.7). Arsinoe appeals to society’s idea of love to serve one’s own interests in order to gain Alceste’s love. Arsinoe also wants Alceste for herself, therefore when she tells Alceste that Celimene is cheating, she also tells him “if you’re saddened by that revelation, / Perhaps I can provide some consolation” (3.7). Love provides opportunities to satisfy vanity, which is an important part of society, which is why the characters are obsessed with it. In Oronte’s sonnet, love is an event the aristocrats can engage in in order to pass time, and through Oronte’s sonnet of love, he is revealing his conceitedness. Oronte is obsessed with himself, which is shown through the imagery in the sonnet such as “your fair face” (1.2). By addressing the sonnet to Celimene, Oronte believes that he should have a fair return on his investment of love as “such joy is full of rue, / if nothing follows after” (1.2). Acaste remarks to Clitandre about love and commerce because Acaste believes “In any proper love affair / the partners must invest an equal share” (3.1), revealing that love is really in the interest of one’s self. Later on, Arsinoe remarks to Celimene about the implications of the mask of love, telling Celimene that in order to have lovers, they must be bought (3.5). Both the men and the women in the play satisfy their vanity by having suitors, and in Celimene’s case, many suitors. When Alceste accuses Celimene of entertaining men other than himself, she responds “‘What a gallant speech! How flattering to me” (2.1)!
While Celimene insults Alceste and his jealousy, Alceste still loves her and that helps Celimene’s vanity. Celimene’s suitors want to be repaid, and her lies and flattery are enough for the payment. While Celimene complains about the suitors and is not interested in them, as made clear by the letter (5.4), she enjoys the attention and flattery she gets from them. Alceste is jealous of the other suitors, but Celimene responds, saying “Is it my fault that all these men pursue me? / Am I to blame if they’re attracted to me?” (2.1). Celimene’s hypocrisy shows through when she tells Alceste to stop being jealous because he “knows he has her love” (2.1), but she does not deny the other suitors her love either. The aristocrats are dominated by their desire to be admired and loved by as many members of the opposite sex because of their self-interest. These tactics, such as flattery and deceit, are used by many of the characters because the aristocratic society encourages them. For example, when Acaste comes to visit Celimene in Act Two, scene Three, Alceste asks why Celimene never turns down her visitors. She responds that her visitors are “no great help, but they can do you harm” (2.3) because in aristocratic society, gossip spreads and can either be helpful or harmful. When a character’s vanity is tarnished or put down, as a result, they love the other person a bit less. For example, when Celimene’s suitors read the letter saying how boring they are, they are suddenly not interested in Celimene anymore and her to chose one of her suitors. Celimene’s letter brings to light her true thoughts of the suitors, but also points to their society as helping develop hypocrisy. Just as vanity motivates love, self-interest motivates friendship throughout this play, and these friendships are used to manipulate other characters.
Oronte and Acaste boast that they are in the good graces of the king, and they use their good reputation to influence people’s actions. For example, before introducing his poem to Alceste in Act 1, Oronte says, “I have his [the King’s] ear of course; it’s quite well known / That I am much in favor with the throne” (1.2). Oronte’s corrupt concept of friendship leads him to offer his support to Alceste at court in response to Alceste praising his poem. Another example of this mask is Celimene’s friendship with Clitandre. As much as Celimene gossips about Clitandre with his “embroidered hose… and his ribbons and his bows” (2.1), Celimene stays friends with him because she her lawsuit trial is soon and she “must have his influence on [her] side” (2.1). Alceste also despise the hypocrisy of the corrupt definition of love and friendship, as defined by societal ideals, but he is a hypocrite I these ideals too. As the play comes to an end, Alceste is fed up with hypocrisy and says he will reject society by living in the woods. Ultimately though, Molière leaves it up to the audience to decide whether he leaves society or is pulled back into society’s hypocrisy. The masks of the aristocrats are used to make their way in the elite, upper-class world of seventeenth-century Paris. Just as hypocrisy is present in France, it is also a part of present-day society.
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Mongolia Climate: Average Weather, Temperature, Precipitation
Introduction
Generally, as a location of Mongolia in the northern hemisphere mid-latitude, its climate influenced by the Westerlies. The Westerlies are bringing most of air moisture from distant Atlantic Ocean with partial contribution from North Seas (Natsagdorj L, 1980), (Tuvdendorj, D & Myagmarjav, B, 1985), (Dagvadorj, D et al., 1994; Mijiddorj, R, 2000). Some scientists have considered that Mongolia is located in the triangle of the Westerlies, the East Asian Monsoon and Indian Monsoon (MEGDM, 2009, Sato et al. 2004). But, air moisture flow for Mongolia from the Pacific and Indian oceans has not yet officially reported (Jambaajamts, S, 1989). Contribution in supply of air moisture for Mongolia from seas in Pacific and Indian ocean areas has not yet been reported and its direct impact is questionable as discussed above. The moisture transport along the southwesterly wind of the Asian summer monsoon has difficulty reaching Mongolia as a monthly/seasonal mean perspective. However, eastern Mongolia and northeast China are situated on the border area between westerly wind moisture transport by mid latitude synoptic cyclones and southerly wind moisture transport by Asian summer monsoon (Sato et al. 2004).
General information
Extremely dry air causes a strong radiative cooling of the surface and temperature regime in winter in most part of Mongolia controlled by high pressure, including the stable so-called Siberia-Mongolian High (SMH) with short period interruption due to infrequent cyclonic activities (Badarch, N, 1969; Tsegmid, Sh, 1969 ; Natsagdorj, L. & Gomboluudev, P, 2018). During the SMH, in the areas of depressions like Murun and Ulaangom where without air exchange has extreme cold temperature (from -40C to -50C), sometimes it recorded lower than -50C (in Tosontsengel). The Mongolian High (by Natsagdorj) centered on Great Lakes Depression in Mongolia (Badarch, N, 1971) and its frequency is 35%. During the period of Mongolian High, air pressure reaches to 1054 GPa, and dominated clear, stable weather in winter throughout the country. In winter, due to the predominance of anticyclonic weather, the air temperature depends mainly on the radiation conditions, and the air cools over the underlying surface.
During the warm season, due to the conventional process, tropical air mass moves to the north from the south. The cyclonic air masses prevailing in the summer three months. The subtropical air masses of continental origin which are active throughout the summer, and cause hot weather. So that, in summer, the whole country area controlled by the low pressure cyclonic system (Badarch, N, 1971). Any slight alteration in intensity of cyclonic activities’ trajectories would have direct impact on precipitation patterns in most parts of the territory of Mongolia (Murzaev, E.M, 1952), (Badarch, N, 1969). The average air pressure in summer is 770-920 gPa.
- In terms of the monsoon, there are different point of view within the scientists, still questionable. Some scientists; Russian climatologist Voikov (1880), Berg (1925), Namnandorj (1963), Shagdar (1967), Badarch, (1971) consider that the transporting humid air with Pacific monsoon reaches to eastern part of Mongolia through the Khyangan mountains. Its evidence is the amount of precipitation in the Numrug and Khalkhgol river basins more than surrounding areas (Natsagdorj, L. & Gomboluudev, P, 2018). Sato et al (2014) noted that ‘eastern Mongolia is situated on the border area between westerly wind moisture transport by mid latitude synoptic cyclones and southerly wind moisture transport by Asian summer monsoon’ (Sato T, 2004). But, Jambaajamts (1989) explained that is not effect of the Pacific monsoon, that is associated with the topography effect; the reason of the more precipitation around this area is the air moisture condensation by created the air uplifts to the mountain slope in Khayngan mountain range (Jambaajamts, S, 1989). (Murzaev, E.M, 1952).
In the winter half year, 50-60% of the air masses arriving have Arctic origin (SMH),
Spatial Distributions of Main Climatic Parameters
Regional Differences in Sunshine Duration
A remarkable feature of Mongolia’s climate is the number of clear, sunny days, an average of 230-260 days of sunshine annually. The duration of sunshine varies between 2,600-3,300 h a year in the country. The topography can significantly diversify the spatial pattern except the latitude of location, e.g., higher sunshine duration are measured in the mountains than in the depressions and river basin valleys. The highest values occur in the eastern part (3,118 h in Sainshand; 2,906 h in Choibalsan) while lowest is in the northen part (2,794 h in Khovd). (Tsegmid, Sh, 1969 ).
B.Jambaajamts (1989) calculated that the sum radiation per square cm by a surface in different latitudes: 120 kcal/cm2 (5028 J/m2) on the 47N, 130 (5447 J/m2) on the 44N, 20 km2.
The spatial distribution of sunshine shows that its value is higher by 10–15 % in the southern part of Mongolia than that in the northern or near-border areas with Russia (Fig. 4.2). The highest values in the southern part of Mongolia can exceed 5866 MJ, while less than 5000 MJ lower values are typical in the western and northern regions. The amount of energy in the summer months is 5–6 times greater than that in the winter months.
The duration of sunshine varies between 1800 and 2200 h in the country. The highest values occur in the southern part of Mongolia. The relief can significantly diversify the spatial pattern; e.g., during winter periods, when the mountains emerge from the cold, foggy air that covers the basin, higher temperatures and higher sunshine duration are measured in the mountains than in the lowlands.
The annual horizontal solar irradiaion 60-70 ccal/?m2 (2,500-2,900 MJ/m2) in northern part (northward from 480N), and 85-90 kcal/cm2 (3,560-3,800 MJ/m2) in southern part (southward from 450N). It means around 5-6 kcal/cm2 (209-250 MJ/m2) per one degree of the lattute (Natsagdorj, L. & Gomboluudev, P, 2018). However, direct irradiation changes due to the seasonal variations of the solar radiation. The minimum solar direct irradiation in December 3.0-3.4 kcal/cm2 (125-129 MJ/m2) in southern part, while it is 0.9-2.0 kcal/cm2 ( 37.8-83.8 MJ/m2) in northern part of the country. The spatial distribution of sunshine shows that its values in the southern part can exceed 10 kcal/cm2 (419 MJ/m2) in June, while 8.0 kcal/cm2 (335 MJ/m2) lower values are typical in the northern and western part. However, it could be different depends on the cloud cover. For instance: In December, direct radiation in Murun is 1.2 kcal/cm2 (50.1MJ/m2), while in Ulaangom it is 0.9 ccal/?m2 (37.8 MJ/m2), where has more cloudiness, even these two stations situated at the same latitude almost (Natsagdorj, L. & Gomboluudev, P, 2018).
The highest amount of horizontal solar irradiation in June, 3-7 times greater than that in the winter months. The seasonal variation of the direct solar radiation is lower in the southern part than in the northern part of the country.
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This is how Women Prevent Cardiovascular Disease
Stroke and heart attack? For many, this is the men's thing. Not correct! 'Women underestimate their risk of cardiovascular disease,' warns Prof. Dr. med. Vera Regitz-Zagrosek, cardiologist and director of the Institute for Gender Research in Medicine at the Charit©, Berlin. Why this is so and how you can prevent cardiovascular disease , read here.
Preventing Cardiovascular Disease: So dangerous is the carelessness of women
Many women think that estrogen protects vessels and thus the heart. 'Most people are unaware that protection stops after menopause and can not be restored by using artificial hormones,' says Prof. Regitz-Zagrosek. In strokes and heart failure women are even in greater danger than men to get them - and also heart attack and coronary heart disease they meet more frequently.
Even classical medicine has long known too little about women's hearts. The so-called 'gender medicine' now fills these gaps: New findings show what is especially useful to the female organ to prevent cardiovascular disease, but also harms. We present seven important results.
You want to know what your cardiovascular risk is? Take the test!
1. Lactic acid bacteria lower high-pressure risk
In men, yogurt is not a blood pressure influencer. In women already: US studies have shown that five servings of yogurt (125 g each) per week reduce the high-pressure risk. If the high levels are already there, two portions reduce the risk of strokes and heart attacks by 20 percent. According to molecular doctors from Berlin, yoghurt-lactic acid bacteria are behind the miracle effect: in the intestine they counterbalance the hypertensive effects of too much salt from the food.
2. False modesty is dangerous
If it comes to a heart attack, every minute counts to reopen the closed vessel. However, women over 65 need an average of four and a half hours to be in the emergency room after the first symptoms - men the same age one hour less! This was revealed by a study by the German Center for Cardiovascular Research. According to researchers, the reason for the delay is due to typical women's thoughts such as: 'It's getting better, I do not have to bother the ambulance right now.' They warn: false modesty hurts!
3. Cabbage keeps the vessels healthy
With age, the risk of atherosclerosis increases, as consequences threaten strokes and heart attacks. However, the dangerous thickening and hardening of the blood vessels counteracts vegetables, especially among women: among 954 participants in an Australian study, the wall of the carotid artery was thinner for vegetable fans than for green stuffed muffles. Kale protection offered cabbage like broccoli or cauliflower: Ten grams a day kept the veins the leanest! The antioxidants in it trap free radicals, thus preventing inflammatory processes in the arteries.
It is not only with the regular consumption of cabbage that cardiovascular diseases can be prevented. Discover more valuable foods that contain antioxidants.
4. Preeclampsia has long-term consequences
Anyone who has suffered from complications such as preeclampsia or high blood pressure during pregnancy should be careful: 'We now know that both in later life increase the likelihood of heart disease and hypertension.' The values ??should be checked regularly, 'says Prof. Regitz-Zagrosek. Also a high cholesterol level should be lowered - as well as the blood sugar. 'Diabetes poses a higher risk of coronary heart disease for women. Diabetics therefore require intensive treatment,' says Prof. Vera Regitz-Zagrosek.
5. Migraine harms women more
'Rheumatism and other diseases of the immune system can cause heart disease more often in women than in men,' says Prof. Vera Regitz-Zagrosek. This also applies to migraine, Danish scientists have now in a study with 50 000 mostly female migraineurs after. It increases the risk for z. As myocardial infarction, atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter and heart failure. Also poison for the heart: a strong increase of car exhaust in the air. Researchers at the University of Jena were able to show that the risk of heart attack doubled - but in both sexes.
6. Aspirin, unfortunately, does not help women
Aspirin protects the heart - but only that of men. 'In healthy women under the age of 65, aspirin does not help to prevent coronary heart disease,' says Regitz-Zagrosek. Cardiologists suspect that the drug is distributed differently in the body due to the lower muscle mass and body weight of women. The problem: 'Drug development in the cardiovascular area is very focused on men It is often done in males, and in drug trials more than a third of the participants are rarely women Therefore, some heart medications might work differently in women and men,.. Others, in turn, cause more side effects in women in the usual dosage, 'says Prof. Vera Regitz-Zagrosek.
7. Sitting is better than standing
Sitting in the office for a long time is a health killer for men only. If they are on the job, their cardiovascular risk is reduced by 39 percent. In contrast, women are up 80 percent, according to a Canadian study. The reason: women have more exhausting standing jobs, such as a nurse. For example, stress cardiomyopathy, triggered by a high level of stress hormones in the blood after stress, usually affects only women. 'Especially shortly after menopause, they are endangered. The syndrome is similar to the signs of a heart attack, but the coronary arteries remain open,' says Prof. Regitz-Zagrosek.
Informed means armed!
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Nutrition Guide for Toddlers
Introduction
Choosing the right foods for your toddler is important. Healthy foods provide the energy and nutrients that young children need to grow.
It is important to start healthy eating habits once your toddler begins eating solid food, especially since childhood obesity is an increasing problem. This program will help you better understand toddler nutrition. It explains how to introduce new foods to your toddler and reviews how much and what kinds of food your toddler needs.
Introducing New Foods
Before children reach age 1, most of their nutrition comes from breast milk or formula. Toddlers, children who are 1 to 3 years old, need less breast milk and can drink cow’s milk. This is because more of their nutrition comes from solid foods.
Too much milk can be harmful for your toddler. Drinking too much milk causes toddlers to take in more calories than they need. This can result in weight gain. Large amounts of breast milk or cow’s milk may cause a toddler’s body to not absorb enough iron.
To get your toddler to eat new foods, try introducing new foods one at a time. If your toddler resists, do not force them to eat the new food. Do not punish your toddler for refusing to eat new foods.
Try introducing new foods again at a later date if your toddler did not like them the first time. Toddlers may refuse one food for a while, but later accept or ask for it.
New foods should be given in small amounts. Toddlers are more likely to try smaller amounts of new foods. This also allows you to watch for any signs of food allergies.
If a toddler does not like a new food that is offered, they may like it if it is offered again later.
Correct. Toddlers can be picky and may not like a new food at first, but later they may ask for it.
Incorrect. Toddlers can be picky and may not like a new food at first, but later they may ask for it. Don’t give up right away. Try introducing new foods again if your toddler didn’t like them the first time.
Portion Sizes
Toddlers are very active. This could make it seem like they need more food. But toddlers are not growing as fast as they did when they were infants, and they actually need less food.
Aim for about 1,000 calories each day. This is the amount your toddler needs for energy and growth.
Toddlers also eat smaller, more frequent meals. Divide the 1,000 calories among 3 meals and 2 or 3 snacks each day.
Keep in mind that your toddler may not get 1,000 calories every day. They may eat a lot at breakfast and not much else the rest of the day. This is normal. Your toddler’s needs depend on their activity level and growth rate.
How many calories does a typical toddler need, on average, each day?:
1. 1,000 calories.
2. 1,250 calories.
3. 1,500 calories.
4. 2,000 calories.
Correct. Divide these calories among 3 meals and 2 or 3 snacks each day.
Incorrect. Most toddlers need 1,000 calories per day.
Incorrect. Toddlers need 1,000 calories each day.
Incorrect. Toddlers need 1,000 calories each day.
Give Them Choices
Your toddler may want one food for a few days in a row and then refuse to eat it the next day. This is normal. It is hard to predict what your toddler will want to eat from one day to the next.
Offer a selection of healthy food options to your child. Let your toddler choose which food they want to eat.
If your toddler rejects all of their options, you can save the food to try again later. Do not force your child to eat foods they do not want. This may cause your child to always refuse that food.
Should you force your toddler to eat new foods that they do not like?
Incorrect. Don’t force your child to eat foods that they don’t want. This may cause your child to always refuse that food.
Correct. Forcing a rejected food on your child may cause your child to always refuse it.
Aim for Variety
While toddlers may choose one type of food over others, you should aim for variety in their diets. Do not force your child to eat a planned meal.
When feeding your toddler, offer options including:
1. Meat, poultry, eggs and fish.
2. Milk and other dairy products.
3. Fruits and vegetables.
4. Cereal, bread, rice, potatoes and pasta.
As long as you provide a variety of options for your toddler, your toddler’s diet will balance out. You do not need to force your toddler to eat a wide variety of foods every single day. Some days will have less variety than other days.
If your toddler refuses what you offer, don’t let them eat unhealthy foods like cookies or sweets. These foods are high in calories and don’t provide important nutrients. Letting your toddler eat sweets instead of healthy foods will make your toddler want sweets more often.
You should also avoid foods that have a lot of spices, or foods that are salty or buttered. These additives may be harmful to your toddler’s health over time.
What is the problem with offering cookies and sweets to toddlers?
1. They are high in calories.
2. They don’t include important vitamins and nutrients.
3. Toddlers may want to eat them instead of healthier foods.
4. All of the above.
It is true that sweets and cookies can be high in calories, but there is a better answer.
It is true that sweets and cookies do not include important nutrients, but there is a better answer.
It is true that sweets and cookies can make toddlers request unhealthy foods instead of healthier foods. But there is a better answer.
Correct.
Safety
Safety is important to consider when your toddler eats. Toddlers have a lot of energy and may want to eat while talking or running. Teaching your toddler how to eat properly can help prevent choking.
Toddlers should always be supervised while eating. Your toddler should sit still during meals and snack time. Teach your child to swallow before talking. This helps your toddler focus on eating and decreases their chance of choking.
Before giving your toddler any food, make sure it is not too hot. Toddlers may not think about the temperature of a food before eating it. Hot foods may burn your toddler’s mouth.
Keep the portions of your child’s food small. Children are learning how to chew their food until they are 4 years old. Mashing or cutting large foods into smaller pieces helps prevent choking.
Foods that adults consider small may be too large for a toddler. Hot dogs, raw carrots, cheese sticks and grapes should be avoided or cut into small pieces.
Do not give your toddler:
• Nuts.
• Spoonfuls of peanut butter.
• Hard candies or gum.
• Raw celery.
• Marshmallows.
These foods easily can get stuck in the windpipe and cause choking.
Which of the following tips can help prevent your toddler from choking?
1. Make sure your toddler is sitting while they eat.
2. Mash or cut up large foods into small pieces.
3. Supervise your toddler while they eat.
4. All of the above.
You should always make sure your child is sitting while they eat to prevent choking. But there is a better answer.
You should always mash or cut up large foods into small pieces to prevent choking. But there is a better answer.
You should always supervise your toddler while they eat. But there is a better answer.
Correct. There are many ways to prevent your toddler from choking while eating.
Vitamins and Supplements
Dietary supplements are pills, powder, or candies that include vitamins and important minerals. Toddlers with a well-balanced diet rarely need supplements. But some toddlers may need an iron or vitamin D supplement.
Toddlers usually receive enough iron from meat, iron-fortified cereal and vegetables in their diet. If your toddler doesn’t eat enough of these foods, your toddler may need a supplement. Talk to your toddler’s health care provider before giving your toddler any supplement.
A large amount of milk may cause a toddler’s body to not absorb enough iron. Limit the amount of milk your toddler drinks to 16 ounces each day.
Toddlers usually receive enough vitamin D from sunlight, vitamin D-fortified milk and daily multivitamins. Toddlers should get at least 400 units of vitamin D every day to prevent rickets.
Rickets is a condition that causes a child’s bones to become soft and deformed.
Food labels may state how many units of vitamin D is included in a serving. The abbreviation is usually IU, short for International Units. A serving is a unit of measuring food. A serving of a cereal is usually one cup or half a cup.
Talk to your child’s health care provider if you are concerned that they are not getting enough iron or vitamin D.
Do most toddlers need supplements?
Incorrect. Toddlers with a well-balanced diet rarely need supplements.
Correct. Most toddlers don’t need dietary supplements.
Childhood Obesity
Babies and young toddlers need cholesterol and other fats for growth. About half of the calories young toddlers take in should be from fat. This slowly decreases once your toddler reaches age 2. By age 4 or 5, one-third of a child’s daily calories should be from fat.
Providing too many foods that are high in fat can cause your toddler to gain weight. Childhood obesity is an increasing problem.
Make sure you provide a well-balanced and varied diet. Healthy eating habits should begin as soon as your child starts eating solid foods.
Be aware of what your child eats when they are not with you. Make sure the people who care for your child are also feeding your child healthy foods.
Time spent in front of a TV or computer can also contribute to childhood obesity. Children who sit for three hours in front of a computer or TV screen each day have an increased risk of obesity.
If a toddler is offered sweets, candy or chips while watching TV, this may become a habit. This can contribute to too much weight gain and childhood obesity.
Limit the amount of screen time your toddler gets each day. Make sure your toddler has other activities to keep them mentally and physically active.
Do not give your toddler fast food. Fast food is high in fat and calories and can lead to obesity.
Giving your toddler too many foods that are high in fat may cause childhood obesity.
Correct.
Incorrect. Providing too many foods that are high in fat can cause your toddler to gain weight. This can lead to obesity.
Summary
Choosing the right foods for your toddler is important. Healthy foods provide the energy and nutrients that young children need to grow.
Let your toddler choose which foods they want to eat by giving your toddler a variety of choices. If your toddler rejects all of their options, you can save the food to try again later. Do not force your child to eat foods they do not want.
Give your child around 1,000 calories each day. This is the amount your toddler needs for energy and growth. Toddlers also eat smaller, more frequent meals. Divide the 1,000 calories among 3 meals and 2 or 3 snacks each day.
If your toddler refuses what you offer, don’t let them eat unhealthy foods like cookies or sweets. These foods are high in calories and don’t provide important nutrients. Letting your toddler eat sweets instead of healthy foods will make your toddler want sweets more often.
Safety is important to consider when your toddler eats. Toddlers should always be supervised while eating. Before giving your toddler any food, make sure it is not too hot. Always mash or cut up large foods into small pieces to prevent choking.
Toddlers with a well-balanced diet rarely need supplements. But some toddlers may need an iron or vitamin D supplement. Talk to your toddler’s health care provider if you are concerned that they are not getting enough iron or vitamin D.
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Fluidity of Cognitive Psychology
Cognitive Psychology is defined as the scientific study of mental process such as, attention language use, memory, perception, problem solving, creativity, and thinking. Most of the work derived from cognitive psychology has been integrated into various other modern disciplines such as Cognitive Science and of Psychological study known to have suggested that the brain was the seat of the mental processes.
In 1637, Ren© Descartes posited that humans are born with innate ideas, and forwarded the idea of mind-body dualism, which would come to be known as substance dualism . From that time, major debates ensued through the 19th century regarding whether human thought was solely experiential, or included innate knowledge . Some of those involved in this debate included George Berkeley and John Locke on the side of empiricism, and Immanuel Kant on the side of nativism. With the philosophical debate continuing, the mid to late 19th century was a critical time in the development of psychology as a scientific discipline.
Two discoveries that would later play substantial roles in cognitive psychology were Paul Broca's discovery of the area of the brain largely responsible for language production, Both areas were subsequently formally named for their founders and disruptions of an individual's language production or comprehension due to trauma or malformation in these areas have come to commonly be known as Broca's aphasia and Wernicke's aphasia.
From the 1920s to the 1950s, the main approach to psychology was behaviorism. Initially, its adherents viewed mental events such as thoughts, ideas, attention, and consciousness as unobservables, hence outside the realm of a science of psychology. One pioneer of cognitive psychology, who worked outside the boundaries of behaviorism was Jean Piaget. From 1926 to the 1950s and into the 1980s, he studied the thoughts, language, and intelligence of children and adults. In the mid-20th century, three main influences arose that would inspire and shape cognitive psychology as a formal school of thought: With the development of new warfare technology during WWII, the need for a greater understanding of human performance came to prominence. Problems such as how to best train soldiers to use new technology and how to deal with matters of attention while under duress became areas of need for military personnel. Behaviorism provided little if any insight into these matters and it was the work of Donald Broadbent, integrating concepts from human performance research and the recently developed information theory, that forged the way in this area. of behaviorism, and empiricism more generally, initiated what would come to be known as the 'cognitive revolution'. Inside psychology, in criticism of behaviorism, J. S. Bruner, J. J. Goodnow & G. A. Austin wrote 'a study of thinking' in 1956. In 1960, G. A. Miller, E. Galanter and K. Pribram wrote their famous 'Plans and the Structure of Behavior'.
The same year, Bruner and Miller founded the Harvard Center for Cognitive Studies, which institutionalized the revolution and launched the field of cognitive science. Formal recognition of the field involved the establishment of research institutions such as George Mandler's Center for Human Information Processing in 1964.
Mandler described the origins of cognitive psychology in a 2002 article in the Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences. Ulric Neisser put the term 'cognitive psychology' into common use through his book Cognitive Psychology, published in 1967. Neisser's definition of 'cognition' illustrates the then-progressive concept of cognitive processes. The term 'cognition' refers to all processes by which the sensory input is transformed, reduced, elaborated, stored, recovered, and used. It is concerned with these processes even when they operate in the absence of relevant stimulation, as in images and hallucinations. ... Given such a sweeping definition, it is apparent that cognition is involved in everything a human being might possibly do; that every psychological phenomenon is a cognitive phenomenon.
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Connecting Cognitive Psychology and Hci
While HCI (Human-Computer Interaction) is unarguably multi-disciplinary in its roots, cognitive psychology is a field that has had prominent contribution to its development. From cognitive psychology, HCI has assumed its theory-based research on experimental methods in laboratory settings, as well as research methodology on information processing by humans and computers (Hurtienne, 2009). This type of interconnectedness between cognitive psychology and HCI can be illustrated through the exploration of specific theories and practices, as well as the evolution within each field. For example, cognitive work analysis (CWA) is a common approach used in HCI, and it is generally used to discover and design effective user-interfaces. Though CWA is characterized as a systems-based approach, its principles use psychological theory; as it considers the behavior, cognition, and perceptual properties of human actors on given systems (Hurtienne, 2009). For instance, when looking at behavior and perception, prior HCI research has used CWA to better understand behaviors of characterized types of workers, specifically predicting behavior in given circumstances based on skills-rules-knowledge-taxonomy (Effken et al., 2001). In terms of exploiting perception, prior HCI research has used CWA methodology to examine human pattern-finding mechanisms in order to better understand how users interpret patterns of data on design displays in clinical settings (Effken et al., 2000; Pinsky, 1998). The above examples provide ample evidence for the connectedness of cognitive psychology and HCI. As illustrated, cognitive psychology has influenced the development of HCI, and while we cannot logically say the same conversely, given that HCI as a field was introduced after cognitive psychology, we can still connect the two in a similar manner. By looking at the development of cognitive psychology, we will see how important elements of today’s HCI, mainly computer systems, has had an impact on what we consider to be modern cognitive psychology.
Traditionally, cognitive psychology focused on intellectual function, knowledge, and general characteristics of mental events (Reisberg and Snavely, 2010). This type of methodology served only to explore conscious mental events, and while in modern day we know that there is much more to cognition that lie beneath consciousness, there was a more apparent issue with this methodology. Mainly, this approach only allowed for introspective thoughts and opinion-based claims (Reisberg and Snavely, 2010). Thus, in an effort to objectively study cognition, a new wave of cognitive study known as behaviorism was introduced. Behaviorism focused on direct observation of behavior rather than mentalistic notions and introspection (Reisberg and Snavely, 2010). While this approach appeared promising at the time, again a problem arose - while behaviorism allowed for objective study, it focused on the outputs of stimulus responses, rather than the understanding of the stimulus itself, the latter ultimately serving a more crucial means of information in terms of predicting responses. The next stage of cognitive psychology was truly revolutionary; this included a revamped methodology utilizing cause and effect and Kant’s method - ‘inferences to best explanation’. Interestingly though, it was the development of computers in the 1950’s that truly paved the way for modern cognitive psychology. Computers provided psychologists with a metaphorical language to describe information-processing, a central component of modern cognitive psychology. This is because computers are similar to the human mind in that they are able to store and later retrieve information. Additionally, they appeared to perform tasks that involved decision-making and problem solving. Psychology therefore began to explore the possibility that the mind functioned in a way similar to that of computers. Ultimately, this computer metaphor allowed psychologist to run the Kantian logic: given a set of data, one could propose a particular sequence of info-processing events, as the hypothesized source of those data (Reisberg and Snavely, 2010). Above describes the way in which computers, a central component of HCI, affected the evolution of modern cognitive psychology. Together, the descriptions above description illustrate the intricate ways in which cognitive psychology and HCI are not only currently connected, but also how they influenced each other throughout their respective development.
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Cognitive Psychology and Therapy
Cognitive psychology is the study of brain processing. The way humans think and why they think that way. An important part of the thinking process is memory. There are believed to be two different types of memory long-term and short-term. Short-term memory is the ability to recall information that was just introduced. Short-term memory or working memory is how we hold and process new information. As we get introduced to new environments and meet new people short-term memory is crucial in being able to function. Thus many experiments and theories have developed.
A commonly known theory that developed from the brown-peterson test is the decay theory of immediate knowledge. This theory first assumes that memory leaves a trace. A trace being a chemical or physical change. The theory then states that the inability to recall information or forgetting is the result of the rapid decline or fading of this trace.
A plethora of studies have supported this ideal that the longer the period of time is from when information was introduced the more difficult it is to recall it. Brown believed it was a simple explanation for why we forget and why we have a limit in memory. Others at the time had evidence supporting the theory of decay, supporting Brown’s theology. Conrad, 1957; Murdock, 1961; Peterson & Peterson, 1959)
Brown investigated this theory and debunked opposing ideals. He first did this by changing the intervals of time to very short time to a longer time, he also prevented rehearsal by asking the participants to do simple algebraic equation like counting down by three from 57. In his second trial he changed the order in which the participants saw the distraction item ( algebraic equation), the memory item ( consonants), and the empty delay. In his third trial he showed the memory item ( consonants ) and then had distraction item ( algebraic equation) set for a certain time. His third trial resulted in mixed results from trials 1 and 2. Today his procedures could be scrutinized and modern theories used against him ,overall, however his results supported the theory of memory decay.
The experiment will be conducted by using the Brown-Peterson memory generator, which shows participants three constants for two seconds after which they will be shown a number and asked to count down from that number by three for either 3 or 9 seconds and then asked to recall the original three constants. The two different times will test to see how long one can retain the information, while the algebraic equations prevent rehearsal.
The experimental design that was used was repeated measures. This design was used to be able to gauge a difference in the results. Although this design is more vulnerable to order effect this risk was counterbalanced by splitting the participants into two groups using random sampling and asking the fist half to recall the information in three seconds and then nine. While the other half was asked to do it in the reverse order.
Participants ranged from 16-18 years of age. All participants were either juniors or seniors in highschool, with a wide range of cultural background. Upperclassmen were chosen because of their higher level math skills, participants were asked to do simple algebraic equations and the researchers did not want the participants to go through undue stress. A total of 22 participants were used of those a mixed amount of female and males were present. Random sampling was used due to the fact the researchers wanted participants to have an equal chance to be placed in groups.
When participants entered the room paper was given to them, on this paper was a number ( 1-22 ) if the participants got a number that was even they were in group one, if the participants got a number that was odd they were in group two. This method easily allowed researchers to use random sampling. Researcher controlled order effect as mentioned above by splitting the participants in half and having the sequence in which conditions were performed reversed. Constancy of conditions was ensured by having both groups perform the experiment in the same room, while one group was participating the other one was asked to step out into the hall and vice-versa. Selection bias was also avoided by the researchers using random sampling.
Although the procedures were pretty straight forward researchers did not want to make the participants go through any undue stress, thus participants chosen has high level of math so the task would be easy. Deception was avoided as much as possible by having each participant sign a consent form with partial instructions, necessary to avoid demand characteristics but an ethical consideration still. Brown-Peterson memory generator - Essential to randomly generate constants and a number to which participants used to perform a simple algebraic equation. This generator also timed participants for either three or nine seconds. Lined paper- Essential for participants to write what they could recall, and for them to get randomly assigned into groups due to the fact researchers wrote numbers on them and participants came and grabbed one.
The results support the experimental hypothesis, the results show that the longer one has to wait to recall information just learned without the ability of rehearsal the least accurate and able they are to do so. In the data there were no major outliers allowing consistent results. This conclusion is also supported by the original study with its results beng supported by Conrad, 1957; Murdock, 1961.
A limitation of the experiment would be Hawthorne effect due to the fact the some of the participants had previous encounters with the researchers tempting the participants to act differently due to that fact. Another major limitation would be progressive errors, many of the participants did not understand what was being asked of them so the researchers had the participants do a practice round, although this decision allowed the participants to understand the procedures it also allowed them to practice the experimental skills before the experiment began. To gain better data a single-blind study would have been very beneficial for these conditions allowing the researchers to counterbalance the hawthorne effect presented. It also would have been very beneficial for the researchers to give more clear and concise instructions which would have eliminated the progressive error that occured.
Repeated measures allowed the researchers to compare the results of both groups. However a major limitation of using this method was order effect although the researchers counterbalanced that the participants were confused and splitting them into groups in order to avoid order effect added on to their confusion. Opportunity sampling was used for the convenience of the researches. It allowed the researchers to choose from classrooms that were close. However it limited the available sampling size.
The study support the decay theory of immediate knowledge. The results clearly show that when the participants had to wait longer to recall the information there was a significant decrease in ability and accuracy compared to when the participants had a shorter time before they had to recall. The participants were shown three constants, after which they were shown a number using that number they were asked to count down by threes until the screen went blank, after which they were asked to recall the three constants. These task relate to the theory first by denying the participants the rehearse the given constants and then by having a longer and shorter time in between recall.
The theory is pretty straight-forward however knowing how humans memorize and remember things could be beneficial in schools. Allowing admin to create curriculum that would help students truly retain information. The results strongly suggest that the longer someone must recall information without rehearsal their ability and accuracy significantly decrease.
References
Ricker, Timothy J., et al. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology (2006), U.S. National Library of Medicine, Oct. 2016, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4241183/.
McLeod, Saul. “Saul McLeod.” Simply Psychology, 1 Jan. 1970, www.simplypsychology.org/forgetting.html.
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Wonder Woman Literary Analysis
It’s important to identify how the fundamental aspects of interpreting the literature that are from different time periods and cultures throughout several nations across the world reflect on the film’s intentions for the audience to understand. The issues presented in the film are intended to help the audience become adjusted to the transnationalism that is accompanied by introducing the audience to new perspectives.
In the film ‘’Wonder Woman’’, directed by Patty Jenkins explores the main protagonist Princess Diana known as Wonder Woman, an Immortal Demigoddess, and Amazonian heroine from Themyscria with desires to venture out into defeating the villain Ares, the Greek god of war who becomes jealous of humanity and began its destruction by initiating World War 1. During the early 20th century, imperialism began to spread throughout the world that caused rivalries to take place that insinuated nationalism as a method of expressing their power to cause chaos among the people. Once Wonder Woman became aware of this situation by analyzing information gained by the axis powers and by rescuing Steve Trevor, an American spy who crashed onto Themyscria to warn her about the conflict of the outside world, it became apparent that the mythos presented such as Femininity, Transformation and heroism defined her motivation to seek out peace and love. To begin with, Wonder Woman’s feminine traits are what defines her ability to strive for success as in a world predominantly ruled by men however, sometimes struggles to do so. For example, in Themyscria Wonder Woman and the other women of this place didn’t experience any gender inequality whereas in the outside world, Wonder Woman would be considered unequal and not be accountable of opportunities such as the Supreme War Council which only allowed men in until she pushed herself in. This illustrates how Wonder Woman became so arrogant towards the Supreme war Council leaders not letting her in to analyze the notebook that Trevor has stolen from Maru, a chemist who designed a gas to use against the allies.
Another example would be her portrayal as a woman who wears dresses, debates with Steve Trevor that sexual pleasure isn’t reliant on men, and her thoughtfulness about the helpless people who need shelter or food to live. This shows her compassion and willingness to help others and how the relationship between Wonder Woman and Trevor grew as a result. Ultimately, it leads to Wonder Woman demonstrates her power of love by forgiving the mistakes that people make as they should learn from them even if their committed horrible acts of injustices. Furthermore, the transformations that occur throughout the films displays Wonder Woman’s ability to fight for a larger cause. For example, as Princess Diana, she would keep her identity secret and would often be encouraged by Trevor to not let anyone know as it could cause her reputation to decrease. However, once they reach towards the front in Belgium, Diana transforms herself into Wonder Woman, a sensational, outgoing and compassionate warrior who captures the enemy trench by using her Lasso of Hestia and armor to deflect the incoming bullets and to attack the enemy. This details how she is fearless and focuses on her objectives to finishing her duty as daughter of the gods. Another example is when Wonder Woman alongside Trevor and the crew reach a base where the gas is loaded into an aircraft headed for London, she intervenes Ludendorff and proceeds to fight him and kill him. This evaluates further into Wonder Woman’s courage to stand up for what she’s fighting for however, she becomes confused and irritated by how his death didn’t cause the end of World War 1. Ultimately, it would lead to be Wonder Woman’s ability to express heroic characteristics that helps to establish her identity. Nevertheless, Wonder Woman’s heroism is impacted by Morgan as she discovers that Morgan is Ares and has used Ludendorff and Maru as test subjects as he believes that they’re inherently corrupted people. For example, Ares describes to Wonder Woman in detail about wanting her to join his mission to destroy mankind and to create a paradise in which he ruled the earth. This argues against Wonder Woman’s values as she wanted to bring love and peace back into the heart of humanity as Ares had corrupted humanity for his personal interests. Another example would be how her courage, selflessness and patience played an important role of defeating Ares when Trevor sacrificed his life by hijacking the aircraft containing the gas and detonating it in the sky. The detonating of the aircraft in the sky allowed a presence of chiaroscuro to occur and once Wonder Woman saw what Trevor had done, she grieved and raged at the fact that Ares was responsible for his death. This led to Ares trying to convince her to kill Maru as she planned the gas however, recollects the memories that she had experienced with Trevor and realized that humans should be perceived as people that have some sense of wellbeing inside them. Wonder woman lets Maru lives and uses the lightning directed at her from Ares to finish him and cause peace and love to return to this world.
Overall, the mythos that is presented such as Femininity, Transformation and heroism defined Wonder Woman’s eagerness and motivation to rid the world of corruption and anger. This film fits into the context of this course as it presents to us a story that is from a different period that spans across Europe and how Wonder Woman became a major key into ending the world and bringing peace and love towards humanity. Also, how elements of Greek culture and World War 1 created a frame where two stories were blended into one and created a sense where the audience would see different perspectives and become interested in figuring out the main truth behind the chaos and destruction. Wonder Woman’s feminine traits define her personality and show to the audience that she is different compared to superheroes such as Superman, Don Quijote De La Mancha and Iron Man who are men and express masculine like traits. Wonder Woman’s transformations allowed for her fearless, outgoing and brave self to come out as she fought against the enemy through deflecting the incoming bullets and using her defensive tactics to defend herself. Ares thought that his manipulation of humanity would convince Wonder Woman to give up her heroism and submit to his ability to take over the world. This film represents the idea that such an Immortal Demigoddess, and Amazonian heroine like Wonder Woman is capable of using her powers for good and demonstrates qualities of a woman’s behavior and action in achieving greatness.
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Cognitive Psychology – the Study of Internal Psychological Processes
Cognition can be defined as a mental process or action of gaining knowledge as well as understanding through senses, thought and experience. Psychology is a diverse science which explores various issues that are related to our behavior as well as the mind. This discipline involves the immensity of challenges as well as the examination of individuals both individually and socially. Cognitive psychology is, therefore, the study of internal psychological processes including all things that gets to the brain such as learning, perception, problem solving, thinking, attention, memory as well as language (Sternberg, & Sternberg, 2016). Cognitive research is practically applied in the provision of help in the structuring educational curricula in order to enhance learning, ways to cope with mental disorders, treatment of learning disorders, increasing decision-making accuracy, enables the identification of ways in which people can recover from brain injury. This paper will try to address how research in cognitive psychology can be applied to issues in mental health.
These issues in which psychology tries to analyze are usually influenced by subjectivity which unavoidably leads people or individuals to study other individuals. Professionals of psychology frequently have problems reaching an agreement. The object of study in psychology is complex and changing. Psychologists mainly focus on making people understand themselves in a better way as well as improve their quality of life. However, their way of viewing things as well as their interests also influences decisions by psychologists despite their many efforts to seek the truth from different viewpoints or perspectives. Every person is usually different from the other and from each one's experiences, people are biased.
A good example is that people refer mental illness differently, some of the experts try to focus on biological causes of mental illness, others focus on the observable aspects of behavior while others think that the society is responsible for such cases. Cognitive psychology tries to understand mental processes which are related to knowledge. It is related to artificial intelligence as well as analyzing psychological processes such as learning, perception, cognitive distortions, memory as well as attention. The fact that studying cognitive processes is a difficult task has made it be rejected as a field of study in the past but today neuroscience has played a great role to ensuring that people approach or study cognitive process in a more tangible and scientific way. Through neuroimaging practices such as the Functional MRI, one has the ability to see how the brain of a person does specific tasks like deciding on whether you prefer tea or coffee.
Companies such as CogniFit are able to train as well as to measure the cognitive skills of an individual through specific games. These are skills and techniques that can be employed by a psychiatrist in the study, control, and treatment of mental illnesses in the society. Understanding how people process information, as well as think, allows psychologists to come up with new ways of helping individuals to deal with their psychological difficulties. By realizing that attention is both a limited as well as a selective resource, the psychologists are able to provide solutions which make it easier for individuals suffering from attentional difficulties to enhance their concentration as well as focus.
Cognitive psychology has enabled us to increase our understanding of how people recall, form and store memories. This understanding enables psychologists to come up with new ways of helping individuals to combat potential memory problems as well as in the improvement of their memories. Psychologists have discovered that the human short-term memory is really limited and short since it only lasts for 20-30 seconds and has the ability to hold between 5 to 9 items and because of this, strategies such as rehearsal may improve chances that data is transferable to a long-term memory that is more durable and more stable.
In day to day activities, people are exposed to a hypothetically boundless number of sensory experiences. No matter what one is doing, wherever one is, there are textures, tastes (if eating), multiple sights, smells as well as sounds that flood his/her brain and senses at any moment. The two separate systems in psychology are thought to be perception and sensation. Through the five human senses, a sensation is the bringing in of information. Perception involves how people's brain make sense of the information. According to psychologists, processing is a term used in referring to the way through which people's perception and sensation systems function both together and separately. Diagrams on central nervous system show that the brain is usually positioned on top of the sensory systems hence the higher-level cognitive processes for example thinking are usually considered to be based on top of the perception as well as sensation process (Anderson, 2014).
On the contrary, low-level brain structures such as those involved in hearing, sight as well as touch are at the bottom. Top-down processing is how people's brains utilize the information that is brought in the brain by the sensory systems. It is a cognitive process which pledges with people's thoughts that stream down to lower-level functions like the senses. Cognitive psychologists focus on mental processes which affect behavior some of these mental processes include attention which is a focused state of awareness on a subsection of the available perceptual data (Card, 2017). The function of attention is the identification or irrelevant data and filtering it out hence enabling important data or information to be disseminated to the other mental processes. Another example of mental processes is the memory which is classified into long-term and short-term memory.
Short-term memory is understood as working memory and cognitive psychologists frequently study reminiscence in terms of working memory. Working memory is the ability to remember data in the face of distraction. Long-term memory is divided into semantic memory, procedural memory, and episodic memory. Perception, metacognition, language are also other examples of mental processes. There have been theories of mental health that agrees with the important role that cognition plays, on the contrary, they differ by what process as well as how cognition influences mental health. Crafted by psychological analysts is basic for helping individuals who have encountered issues with mental processes. While we will in general take capacities, for example, consideration and critical thinking for in all actuality, maybe on the grounds that they are so woven into the texture of our regular presence, psychological interruptions can make devastation in various zones of a person's life. Consideration issues can make it hard to center at work or at school. Indeed, even moderately minor memory issues can make it a battle to deal with the requests of regular day to day existence.
Consider, for instance, how negative reasoning can meddle with your wellbeing and joy. We affair these contrary considerations occasionally, however, a few people may end up overpowered with negative reasoning examples that make it hard to work in day by day life. These ruminations can prompt expanded feelings of anxiety, cynicism, and self-disrupting, and can even add to sentiments of educated vulnerability. With the assistance of subjective clinicians, individuals are frequently ready to discover approaches to adapt and even overcome such difficulties (Linehan, 2018). Treatment medicines established in psychological research center around helping individuals change these negative reasoning examples and replace such cogitations with more positive and practical ones.
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The Importance of Cognitive Psychology
Cognitive psychology looks at mental processes such as memory, problem solving, language use, attention, thinking, and creativity. Psychologists learn more about how these processes work every day. They can develop new ways of fighting potential memory problems and helping people improve their memories. There are so many areas that a cognitive psychologist could help a patient with, such as treating a psychological illness, helping perceptual or sensory issues, exploring treatments for brain trauma, and if the person is experiencing dementia, memory loss, or Alzheimer’s disease. Some topics that are included in cognitive psychology include, false memories, dreams, decision making, perception, attention span, and problem solving.
According to the article, “Remembering the Father of Cognitive Psychology”, “Ulric (Dick) Neisser was the “father of cognitive psychology” and an advocate for ecological approaches to cognitive research” (Hyman, 2012). Neisser's goal was to push psychology in the right direction. Neisser publicized “Cognitive Psychology” in 1967 and it brought together the research involving pattern recognition, perception, problem solving, attention, and remembering (Remembering the Father of Cognitive Psychology, Hyman, 2012). He always emphasized the importance of constructive processing and information processing. Neisser didn’t really believe in behaviorism because he believed that it limited what psychologists could learn and study about. He believed that research should be used to explore how people think, perceive, and remember in tasks and situations that reflect real world situations.
Cognitive psychology involves a lot of different topics, one being dreams. A dream is a sequence of images, primarily visual in quantity, which are experienced during sleep. A dream can have several scenes and characters that usually involve the dreamer. Although a dream is a hallucination, the dreamer feels like they are experiencing it. According to the article “A Cognitive Theory of Dreams”, If dreaming is defined as thinking that occurs during sleep, and if thinking consists essentially of generating ideas, then dreaming is also a process of conceiving and the resulting dream images may be viewed as the embodiment of conceptions” (Hall, 1953). A precognitive dream is dream that comes true in the future. A person's brain is active the whole time through a dream, it usually occurs during rem sleeping which is a very deep sleep that involves rapid eye movement.
Attention span is part of cognitive functioning and refers to a person’s ability to detect and focus on genral information and to pick important environmental information. Attention span is very important for human's behavior, it includes external processes like sound, image, and smell and it includes internal processes like thoughts. Attention is the cognitive and behavioral process of concentrating on important parts of information whether it is subjective or objective. Attention span is very important especially in children. It is a very important factor in their learning process. The amount of time a child spends listening and watching their teacher affects how much they have learned from the lesson which has a big impact on them when they are adults.
Cognitive psychology is the part of psychology that examines internal mental processes such as problem solving, memory, and language. Cognitive psychologists are interested in how people understand, diagnose, and solve problems with their mental processes which lie between stimulus and response. As a scientific study of mind and mental functioning, the main focus of cognitive psychology is on studying how people obtain, process, and store information within the human brain. Cognitive psychologists are most concerned with studying how people remember, perceive, solve problems, focus, learn, forget, and think.
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Casual Sex Regret
The authors of this study were interested in what influences casual sex regret. They specifically wanted to know what thing predicted an increase or decrease in regret of casual sex and how those predictors varied by gender. Previous literature has pointed to multiple reasons for individuals regretting casual sex. The authors of this article analyze those reasons and labels them as “predictors.” They hypothesized that disgust and pressure into casual sex would increase regret and that taking initiative for casual sex and the perceived competency of the sexual partner would decrease regret. They did not draw an hypothesis on how these predictors would vary by gender.
The sample included university students from the United States and Norway. The Norwegian sample included 929 students with 560 women and 369 men included. The United States sample included 524 students with 321 women and 203 men. For the United States sample participants were offered fulfillment of course requirements; the Norway sample was not incentivized. Only heterosexual participants information was included in the final sample. The survey was comprised of questions relating to casual sex regret and predictors including gratification, worry, disgust, sexual competence, sexual pressure and sexual initiative. In this context, using a survey allowed the authors to analyze as immense amount of information. I feel that if they were to use a different data collection method such as participant observation or focus groups they would not have been able to gather the amount of data they did.
To summarize results: the authors found that in both nations there was a gender difference in the regret of casual sex. The authors then focused on things that increased and reduced the regret of casual sex. In regards to predictors of increase casual sex regret things such as worry, disgust, and high levels of sexual pressure were found. With regards to reduced casual sex regret things like high level of gratification, partner sexual competency and initiative to engage in the casual sex encounter were found. The most significant predictor of regret was disgust, as the authors hypothesized.
There is limitations in the way the authors drew their sample. Seeing as they compare Norway and the United States, having such a difference in sample size could impact results. Additionally, the American sample had an incentive whereas the Norwegian sample did not. There should be some consideration of this when the authors address the sampling but there is not.
This article both confirms and denies the myth I am studying relating to men and women’s differing experiences with sexuality. It confirms this as the research found there is a difference between men and women with casual sex regret. Although, it denies this as men and women both experience some level of regret in relation to casual sex.
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Theme of Regret in the Two Stories
The story ‘The Hollow of the Three Hills’ by Nathaniel Hawthorne is involves an unnamed woman who is willing to sacrifice her life to know how her past situation and actions have affected the present. This is caused by hurting and humiliating the ones she loved in the past. The theme of regret is expressed through the woman’s decision to sacrifice her own life and through the author’s use of language. The effect of the past in the present is expressed through the woman’s choice to abandon her family. The second story ‘The Door in the Wall’ by H.G Wells is about Lionel Wallace finding everything he ever wanted in a garden and being robbed of that by the world. This is caused by him telling his family and schoolmates about the garden and being punished. Therefore, he is subconsciously blocked from entering the garden. As the years went by, he finds the garden in various places and occasions in which he had to choose between the garden and his career. He refused to go in the garden and later on regrets it which ultimately causes Lionel’s death. The theme of regret is expressed through Lionel not going into the garden and the effect of the past in the present is expressed through Lionel informing his family and schoolmates about the garden.
Firstly, the theme of regret in ‘The Hollow of the Three Hills’ is communicated by the woman’s decision to sacrifice her own life in order to know how the past has affected the present. In page 2, paragraph 2: “I will do the bidding though I die”. In explanation, the woman had to attend a meeting with a witch to know about the present situation. This can only happen if the woman is willing to accept her demise. So this quote shows us that she is willing to accept her death because she regrets her past actions.
Secondly, the woman running away from her family and breaking their heart conveys the theme of regret. In page 4, first paragraph: “breathed against the daughter who had wrung the aged hearts of her parents, - the wife who had betrayed the trusting fondness of her husband, - the mother who had sinned against natural affection, and left her child to die.” This quote demonstrates the woman leaving her parents alone in a quite house humiliated and the woman breaking her vows to leave her husband broken hearted with the death of their child. She regrets leaving her family and that is one way the author conveys the theme of regret.
Thirdly, the theme of regret is conveyed by the author’s use of language. In page 2, paragraph 5, the woman says “Let me flee- let me flee and hide myself, that they may not look upon me!” This quote refers to the woman’s humiliation and her not wanting to be seen by her family. Feeling humiliated causes her to regret the past and so her humiliation conveys the theme of regret.
The second story, ‘The Door in the Wall,’ communicates the theme of regret through Lionel Wallace telling his family about the garden. In page 5, paragraph 2: “I tried to tell them, and my father gave me my first thrashing for telling lies. When afterwards I tried to tell my aunt, she punished me again for my wicked persistence.” This quote refers to his family punishing him for telling them about the garden because they had thought that he was lying. He regrets telling them about it because if he hadn’t, he wouldn’t be subconsciously blocked from entering the garden. This point can also be in the category of the effect of the past in the present. Wallace might have the chance to enter the garden more often if he hadn’t told his family about it and he wouldn’t have died which can really affect the present situation.
Secondly, the theme of regret is expressed by Lionel not going into the garden which was caused by his family. They made him consider that the garden was imaginary and this stopped him from entering the garden ever again. And later on in his life, he regrets not having what he always wanted which was entering the garden which leads to his death. So, one way the theme of regret is expressed through is by Lionel not going into the garden and by his death.
In the two stories ‘The Hollow of the Three Hills’ and ‘The Door in the Wall’, there seems to be more similarities than differences in them in terms of ideas. One of the similarities could be that both authors in the stories believe that there are repercussions for past mistakes. In ‘The Hollow of the Three Hills’, the woman abandons her family to live in a new life which ultimately leads to her death and in ‘The Door in the Wall’, Lionel regrets not going in the garden which also ultimately leads to his death. It seems like both authors believe that past mistakes can affect one’s life by consequences which may even lead to death.
In conclusion, the theme of regret in the story ‘The hollow of the three Hills’ is conveyed by the woman’s decision to sacrifice her life, and through the author’s use of language. The effect of the past in the present is expressed through the woman’s choice to leave her family behind for a new life. In the second story ‘The Door in the Wall’, the theme of regret is demonstrated by Lionel refusing from entering the garden and the effect of the past in the present is expressed through Lionel referring to his family and friends about the garden. The two stories also show that both the authors believe that making mistakes can have consequences which may even lead to death and that it is difficult to redeem oneself.
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One Thing i Regret not having Done (essay)
One thing I regret not having done last year is participating in MATHCOUNTS. Despite knowing about the competition, I didn’t know about the school team. Learning math gives you something productive to do in your free time. It gives you a chance to learn math years before you need it in school.
While I had heard of MATHCOUNTS and liked it, I never knew Guilderland had a team. I had never heard of it and just put it on my list of things to be jealous at Niskayuna about. By the time I learned of the school team, it was 5 months too late to do anything. Being interested in the competition since elementary school, this was a big disappointment. I only have three chances to make the team, and each year brings huge benefits. That one chance I missed still bothers me to this day.
Studying math gives you a great way to fill your free time. The competition brings a time crunch and you come underprepared. But later on, when you have free time, you start to reflect on your studies. As you stare at a wall, thoughts of quadratics and geometry wander into your head. You think of how a formula works, or how a problem could have been solved. Loaded with free time, you learn a lot.
Preparing for MATHCOUNTS comes with many benefits. It not only satisfies your parents (for two weeks) but helps learn advanced math ahead of time to help with school later. For example, you learn basic formulas ahead of time. Not everyone knows algebraic formulas like (a+b)² and a²-b². The famous Pythagorean Theorem is a simple formula. It is not unusual to see fifth graders using it, despite being officially taught in eighth grade. A quadratic formula from eleventh grade is not something that most can do. In MATHCOUNTS, you are exposed to these.
Learning math early can improve your grade when the math is taught in school and makes school easier to cope with. I know this from personal experience. I went to kindergarten knowing triple-digit subtraction. This head start has helped me up to now and is one of the reasons I do well in school. In middle school, I am starting to find some of the more advanced concepts I know in class. School will definitely catch up to me at some point. Studying math has delayed that by a few years. It’s hard to fathom what I could do with an extra year of studying for MATHCOUNTS.
MATHCOUNTS comes with many different benefits. Every year adds on to these benefits. There are only three chances to participate, and I regret missing one.
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Regret about Abortion
Abortion is not a topic that people generally find easy to talk about and are usually open for discussion. The silence about abortion allows myths to start floating around which then creates people wondering. Every woman has a right to choose what to do with their body as in keeping or getting an abortion, but abortion is a very serious situation that should be thought through very carefully depending on the situation.
Abortion is the deliberate termination of a human pregnancy, most often performed during the first twenty eight weeks of pregnancy (Dictionary). There are many different dangers to getting an abortion. The biggest one is unsafe abortion which happens to be very common because some people might not be able to afford it or decide to do it themselves which is unsanitary. Unsafe abortion could possibly lead to death or other things as in complications. Also, there are numerous risks to abortion even in safe and unsafe abortion. There’s anything from blood clots, infections, heavy bleeding, tear or punctures, and so many more things that are pretty bad (Pregnancy Center Directory). There’s even a higher risk of a woman getting cancer (Pregnancy Center Directory). There’s is also a possibility for breast cancer or cervical cancer (Pregnancy Center Directory).
Although it may on very rare occasions be the best thing to do, deliberately killing an innocent human being is very wrong, so therefore, abortion is wrong (BBC Parental Guidance). Choosing to deliberately kill an innocent human being rather than give them a chance at life seems pretty unfair. Abortion is wrong unless it is to save the life of the mother, something very serious, or life threatening (BBC Parental Guidance).
Back the abortion was considered a sin or a form of transgression of morality, and the laws were intended to punish or act out as a deterrent (Berer). Abortion was only ever restricted to save/protect fetal life in some or all circumstances (Berer). Abortion was dangerous and abortionists were killing a lot of women (Berer). Hence, the laws had a public health intention to protect women---who nevertheless sought abortions and risked their lives in doing so, as they still do today if they have no other choice (Berer).
After having two abortions, Margaret Cuthill thought she would have her life together and under control after it being a complete mess; but now she suffers with emotional problems and regrets ever getting those two abortions(Sanghani). Margaret Cuthill is now a pro-life and anti-abortion (who went on to have a daughter)- working for the Abortion Recovery Care and Helpline(Sanghani). She said: “I would say abortion isn’t the answer for women. It does harm women emotionally(Cuthill) (Sanghani).” “Many of the ninety five percent of women [in the study] will during their lifetime find it wasn’t the answer for them. I have women coming to me on a daily basis, whether their abortion was three days, five months or ten years ago and who have lived with a secret they’re ashamed of or regret (Cuthill) (Sanghani).”
Over the years, abortion rates have gone up drastically and it’s still continuing to increase. People get abortions because they either thought they were not ready for parenthood, wasn’t that responsible yet, had money issues, or so many more things that were pretty selfish or irresponsible. Since 1978, there’s been anywhere from 280-300,000 abortions just in New Zealand, but over-all there has been 44.5 million abortions between 1970 and 2014.
Many states and countries started to banned abortion because of sex selection, at a certain point in pregnancy, race, or when the fetus may have a genetic anomaly (Guttmacher Institute). In another state or country a woman has to go to counseling on perinatal hospice services before they can even consider or let that female have an abortion (Guttmacher Institute). Many countries still have abortion bans and probably plan to keep it that way. Over the years abortion has been an emotional and reckless roller coaster and it will most likely always be that way unless all countries and states plan to ban it that haven’t already. Abortion has changed people for the better or the worse. Many don’t regret it but suffer from the side effects, others regret it and are suffering the emotional roller coaster and regret that it brought upon them.
Abortion should not be banned but it should not be allowed in any state or country unless it is life threatening, to save the life of the mother or something very serious. Every state and country should make it mandatory for every women go to counseling on perinatal hospice services before they get an abortion. If it is not life threatening, to save the life of the mother or something very serious then if that female does not want the child they then give it up for adoption.
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Regret About Abortion. (2021, Mar 28).
Retrieved November 3, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2021/03/page/3/
Feeling of Regret: “the Cheaters Guide to Love”
“The cheaters guide to love” is a short story in which Junot Diaz (Yunior), the author, goes through life slowly getting what he deserves, as he had been completely disloyal to his prior fianc© who he had claimed to be so attached too the entire time even while he was cheating on her. As the story starts out noting to us that he had been cheating on his fianc© for quite a long time, it was a little more than just cheating for Yunior at this point as his poor decisions to cheat on her tuned into an immense pattern for him and turned into something that he had been doing for so long it was pretty much impossible to take back at this point. This feeling of “Regret” is there throughout the entire story, even though Yunior tries to ignore it throughout most of the story, it really surfaces at the end when he opens up the file folder under his bed and reads how many woman he had actually been with while engaged. This feeling of “Regret” Yunior finally grasps is a reflection of how he was thinking in in the beginning of all of this to how he now views it towards the end of everything, with immense regret.
Junot Diaz reveals the story through a narrator's voice (Yunior). The narrator is not simply an observer in this story, however. The narrator himself knows, for example, that for the most part, he did not love his fianc© like he says he does. (“She could have caught you with one sucia, she could have caught you with two, but because you’re a totally batshit cuero who never empties his e-mail trash can, she caught you with fifty”!) We know see that Junot had been caught sleeping with at least 50 other women over the past 6 years and this is just the beginning of the story where we can kind of piece together how the rest of the story is going to go but it doesn’t exactly end up exactly how you would think as I myself am a very firm believer in the saying “everything happens for a reason”.
It is obvious that the narrator knows more than can be physically observed. Yunior, however, never tells the reader or lets the reader know in any way what he is feeling towards his fianc© and his decisions. Instead, the reader must look into Yunior’s actions and words in order to understand what his true feelings are. Yunior tries a number of things to try and forget about his fianc© in order to try and keep his mind clear of the terrible past he had made for himself through his choices. As he seriously struggles to cope with his mistakes of cheating, he tries to continue to have sex with other women as he feels that by doing this will grant him some peace as by doing what he is addicted to and loves the most will have to make him more calm and relaxed. This is not the case for Yunior as he still continues to think about his fianc© on a daily basis. He starts to drink on a constant basis as by doing this he thinks it will make him forget as he will be living in present time drunk and not thinking about his horrible life choices in the past. As this doesn’t work either which we could have guessed, he also tries going to the gym and working out, the only healthy choice he has chosen and even this still doesn’t change Yunior’s mental state as the actions of his past were too brutal for him to face.
After sleeping with these women for so long, Yunior finally gains the ability to realize that he is a serious sex addict and that he was mainly sleeping with them only to regain his true feeling of being a man. (“Whether it is for love, control or stress reduction people have sex”). This is a line from the story in which Yunior tell to his best friend Elvis who is trying to help him through all of this stress and horrible emotion but his friend Elvis’s decision might not be of the most help for Yunior, even though they might be good suggestions. He tries activities like running for instance where he cant help to notice a beautiful young lady on his running path but as he continues to run he eventually hurts himself resulting in him having to stop the daily running exercises meaning he will never see this young lady again throwing another opportunity for love again right through the door cracks.
In conclusion, Yunior wound up cheating on the love of his life, his fianc©. He cannot seem to re-gather himself as an individual and continues to struggle to find true love that he is content with once again. He now knows that he had let his sex addiction and week mind get in the way of his perfect relationship and desperately wishes he could take it all back. He finally comes to the conclusion that no one individual can be blamed for the mistakes made while struggling from an addiction but everyone is responsible for their own actions and it is the individual’s fault if he notices the problem and does not take the necessary steps to fix it for himself.
Cite this page
Feeling Of Regret: “the Cheaters Guide To Love”. (2021, Mar 28).
Retrieved November 3, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2021/03/page/3/
