Month: March 2021
The Big Bang Theory: Evolution of the Universe
Since the beginning of human history, we have strived to understand how our we and our universe came into existence. It is from our histories that many tales of how we came to be grew out of mystical attempts to explain the unknown. Our quest to study the cosmos has given us strong theories that have led to even more complex questions. Even though our curiosity and questioning will be everlasting, it will be my attempt to put into words our current understanding of the Big Bang Theory.
It is because of the Big Bang Theory’s emergence, that the universe can no longer be only thought of as finite. According to this theory, it was approximately 14 billion years ago that the explosion that created everything took place. At the moment of this tremendous event, all the matter and energy moved away from each other and filled space with particles of a newly formed universe. It was two early 20th century astronomers Edwin Hubble and Milton Humason that discovered that galaxies are moving away from the Milky Way. With that being said, these scientists brought forward the hypothesis that every galaxy in the universe is moving away from all other galaxies. This, in turn, logically means the whole universe is constantly expanding.
Scientist over the decades have been conducting test to prove the big bang theory. There have been discoveries made about the big bang that came from other experiments. It was in 1964, that two astronomers Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson, were trying to find microwaves originating from space. They accidently discovered noise coming from the cosmos and this noise could not be pinpointed as coming from a singular location, but rather from every direction. According to the textbook Conceptual Physical Science Explorations, "This faint microwave radiation is now referred to as cosmic background radiation and is taken as strong evidence of the Big Bang.". (Web, Book) This accidental discovery lent more credence to the theory of the Big Bang. Still, many scientists of the time believed the universe to be static?” constant.
Immediately after the Big Bang, the newborn universe began to grow and cool down. At first moment of the explosion, scientist estimate the temperature to be in excess of billions of degrees. The National Aeronautical and Space Administration posted on their website facts about this very phenomenon, "According to the theories of physics, if we were to look at the Universe one second after the Big Bang, what we would see is a 10 billion-degree sea of neutrons, protons, electrons, anti-electrons (positrons), photons, and neutrinos.". (NASA, web) The matter in the early universe was not evenly distributed across space. There were concentrated clumps of matter were held together by gravity and were unevenly spread around. After a while, these clusters created galaxies, stars, and other celestial formations.
There is one aspect of the Big Bang Theory that still perplexes scientists, what happened before the Big Bang? Some scientist are believers that the universe is in a continuous pattern of contraction and expansion. Others think that there are an incalculable number of universes hanging in some greater dimension. These theories are all plausible in their own ways. One thing for sure it true, questions like this are the reason why the theory of the origins of our universe will always be tested, stretched, and explored.
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The Big Bang Theory: Evolution of the Universe. (2021, Mar 17).
Retrieved November 7, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2021/03/page/20/
The most Lethal American Sniper
War is a way of life. There will always be war. Violent wars about race, religion, revenge, economics, and territory. People have been so familiar with war, they don’t know it is happening. Not all war is killing, People fight the war on hunger, diseases, and oppression of rights. The war in 2003 was revenge. American Sniper is an autobiography about Chris Kyle’s journey through training, combat and his choices that have to be made in war. In the first few chapters Kyle talks about growing up in Texas and how it affected his choice to join the SEALS. Growing up in Texas, Kyle learned how to hunt “ I've always loved guns and I always loved hunting. I don't remember when I started hunting, but it would have been when I was very young”(8). This is how most Texans have been raised. Loving guns, hunting and patriotism. That is the influence that Kyle had when signing up for the military. Like all training, the military beats you down mentally and physically.
To be a SEAL you have to go through three stages in training; BUD/S, hell week, and SQTS. BUD/S is about 6 months and helps train future SEALS. BUD/S is mainly training for working with boats, and aquatics. It prepares you for one of the toughest weeks of your life: hell week. Hell week is continuous week that filters out the fragile. Kyle right before hell week “fractured his foot in a boating accident”(30), he is forced to keep going through the pain in Hell week. After Hell Week Kyle is forced to be rolled back and has to wait until there is another troop to start training with. Kyle says “that Hell Week is more psychological than physically tough,... you know you can ring the bell and quit at anytime.” After the Roll back Kyle had to wait 3 months, to go through the rest of BUD/S and move on to SQTs. Seal qualification training is more training in and around water than on land, which Kyle complained about a lot.
Once 9/11 happened everything was happening at high speed. Kyle went to war and was soon finding himself in unpredictable combat situations, “ I pushed my finger against the trigger. The bullet leapt out. I shot, the grenade dropped. I fired again as the grenade blew up. It was the first time I had killed anyone while I was on the sniper rifle. And that was the first time in Iraq--and the only time--I killed anyone other than a male combatant” (3). During that time he had killed a little boy and a woman, they are the one of the many casualties of war. What is interesting is Kyle’s Wife’s role throughout the book. She writes about the strain that war has on a family. Her mentality is you put God first, family second, and country last (213). Kyle thought that country came second and family was last (213).
This put strains on the family when they started to have children. She talked about the high number of divorces happen with military families and she did not want to be another statistic. Although she does not have that many entries in the book, her words are powerful and relatable. After coming home Kyle became very upset with the American people, he was angry that the people were protesting the war saying, “ These mother f***ers protesting the troops who were going over to fight. They were protesting the wrong people. We didn't vote in congress; we didn’t vote to go to war” (118). Veterans and all active service members need to be treated with the most respect.
They went to war and are willing to lay down their life for their country. People need to be more educated on who makes the decisions to go to war; instead of blaming people that are laying down their life to protect citizens. The author of the Kirkus review thought that “The highlights of the narrative are the grim yet often funny accounts of Kyle’s violent battles all over Iraq, most of which are described crisply.” The review is right, Kyle balances the often violent and gruesome fights with comical relief. The Kirkus review had many great points saying “Kyle is unapologetic about his own conservative persona.” This is very true Chris Kyle doesn’t care about how his thoughts and feelings affect other people. Which is something we should all admire in this controversial and politically correct world. The second book review from the L.A times is very graceful to the American sniper despite the paper’s liberal background.
The only thing the review says “Kyle is unpossessed by political correctness” and that is well known if you have read the book. Tony Perry writes “‘American Sniper" is about one man's evolution from restless civilian to dedicated killer. For those who like their American military personnel to be diffident and dutifully respectful of their enemies, this book is not for them.” Which is right Kyle could be a little more sensitive to the insurgents that he has killed, but the ones he did kill were trying to/ killed his brothers. This book is important because this was Kyle’s first hand perspective of war that we won’t be able to hear from him again. This book is testifies what Kyle saw in war and could be provide evidence for ongoing kill investigations. American Sniper is an important book because it gives us details the media may not have had or could release, due to the graphic material. American Sniper is a biased book it is from Kyle’s prospective from being in the war.
The intended audience is for mature young adults and people that can handle intense situations and very explicit language . Kyle is not a professional writer; so he does not write professionally, Kyle uses cuss words quite frequently. He writes how he talks, often saying “ain’t”. Which for some people can get very annoying quickly. Kyle also makes very offensive remarks to the Muslim community calling the native people “towelheads” (398). Kyle is very blunt about who he kills and how he kills them; it is very graphic at times. To understand what he saw his writing had to be graphic and that is understandable because it is way worse in real life.
Anytime you read this book you instantly feel for Chris when he loses friends and comrades. Kyle's book was beautiful, emotional, intriguing and a real page turner. The American sniper makes you realise that SEALs are just like any other people. They have marital problems, they deal with grief and problems with their faith. Chris Kyle helps readers realize it is more than killing people from far away; it is the companionship and hard work paying off. Americans need to be like Chris; hard working, patriotic and giving. It is hard knowing that Chris went through so much in the war and died trying to help others. Rest in Peace, Chris Kyle (1974-2013).
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The Most Lethal American Sniper. (2021, Mar 17).
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The Big Bang Theory in Science
The Big Bang was the beginning of everything. All elements of matter come from the Big Bang in our universe. It all began when Einstein’s theory gave better understanding of gravity pull and Edwin Hubble discovered that the galaxies are always moving apart from one another. In 1964 Arno A. Penzias and Robert W. Wilson accidently discovered cosmic background radiation. This allowed evidence for the theory of the Big Bang making it acceptable. Technology, like Hubble’s telescope allows us to better understand the Big Bang and the structure of the cosmos. It has even led to evidence that our universe is always stretching and expanding as it cools.
The Big Bang began 15 billion years ago. It happened everywhere at once there was no center or edge. Gravity pulled dust particles together and began to spin and heat up pulling in whatever passed by, this is called accretion. Gravity pulls matter together squeezing as it begins the process of heating up. This cloud of dust and particles quickly become thicker and thicker forming a hot spinning disk. The heat creates the spinning disk to get smaller brighter and hotter. The heavier dense elements would sink to the center while the lighter less elements rose to the top. Atoms fuse together releasing energy creating a star. This huge ball of matter than expanded and cooled and different elements were spread throughout the universe. It all As space stretched everywhere all at once, quickly expanding this same process of new planets and elements repeated. Instead of one massive ultimate force in the universe there were several versions of It acting under different rules. It begins to form new particles like protons and neutrons. After the universe became so hot causing it to condense it then cooled creating an expansion, growing to one hundred billion kilometers. It is now cold enough to allow the neutrons to decay into protons and formed the first atom, hydrogen. Our entire universe is mostly made from hydrogen and helium. This process continues and hydrogen clumps gas together after millions of years and forms stars and galaxies the earth and us humans and other atoms. Our galaxies are constantly evolving and growing. Since we are made of dead stars, we are not separate from the universe we are part of it.
There are many other theory’s and reasons that support and expand our knowledge of the Big Bang. Some theories were solved and helped us even better understand the Big Bang theory. We now have the technology and evidence to show whether they are facts or not. For example, the geocentric theory, and heliocentric theory. The heliocentric theory is the theory that the sun is at the center of all things while the earth and other planets revolve around it. Greek philosophers speculated that the earth was a sphere revolving daily around some "central fire" (sun). Two centuries later the idea was proposed that the earth and other planets move around the central object which was believed to be the sun. This theory is correct, and our planets still evolve around the sun. The Big Bang cooled and expanded and created many planets, but they all follow the gravity pull to stay in orbit of the sun, this is how a galaxy is formed.
Geocentric theory is the theory that the earth is the center of the universe. Greek astronomers assumed that the celestial bodies moving about the Earth followed perfectly circular paths. After observing and trying to find facts to support their theory there were not constant patters on celestial motion. Everything changed from month to month and the suns patch changed with time. In conclusion the Big Bang is not an explosion, it is the theory of how hot our early universe was and the explanation behind is cosmic expansion. The theory is not accepted yet because we have no proof or facts of how it happened and how everything was packed into a single point into the initial singularity. The initial singularity is the starting point of the universe but not knowing whether or not something came before. The data and facts we have collected provide truths and facts of the hot cosmos and the rapid expansion. There are no new ways to check for information about our earlier universe and what had happened. We do have evidence that prove hydrogen and helium came from space and started the makeup of everything surrounding us.
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The Big Bang Theory Explanation
The expansion of the universe has been explained from the Big Bang theory. The Big Bang described how elements were made and how planets and stars were created. The expansion could be explained by inflation, which could have created a numerous number of universes. Dark energy is able to explain why the universe has expanded so rapidly. The cosmic microwave background determined what happened in the early universe and also explains whether the universe is flat or not.
The Big Bang is studied by scientists all over the world. The Big Bang is considered to be the reasoning behind expansion of space. There are various studies and analysis’s of where the elements may have originated from. The early universe was very hot and dense. It also only contained protons, electrons, neutrons, and a small number of other particles. Scientists questioned why stars were made of 90% hydrogen and 10% helium. Because of the particles in the universe causing a tremendous amount of heat, hydrogen went through fusion and produced helium. (Muller, 2010)
There were no other elements after the Universe was only a second old other than protons, electrons, and light. The universe was so hot that it formed a majority of the helium in the universe. Helium made up 25% of the stars. After being studied, the universe would have been burnt apart from being so hot and there would not be any oxygen and nitrogen created. The fusion inside of the stars created the elements. "Three helium nuclei fused to form carbon. Carbon fused with hydrogen to form nitrogen." (Muller, 2010) Even then, the slower fusion was not enough to create heavier elements. There are suspicions that heavier elements were created in the fusion when stars exploded, which is called the supernova event. A majorty of the elements in the periodic table were created with the supernova event. (Muller 2010) Supernova explosions caused the elements to cool and then convert to dust after being brought into space. The debris that was left developed the planets in the Universe. The conditions were cool enough for water in the plants and that lead to the creation of life. (Muller, 2010)
The evidence to prove the Big Bang would be Hubble’s discovery. He discovered that the universes were expanding, and they were moving further apart from one another. There has been a theory stating that if the galaxies are flying apart, they were once closer together. Along the baryonic matter in the universe, there was also an enormous amount of helium. Helium was in the early universe before there were stars. The photographs of space made with the Hubble Space Telescope describes that galaxies in the early universe were smaller and in an irregular shape. The earlier universes would have been colliding with one another. This theory gives an advantage to what the early Universe was like, but it fails to explain the cosmic dynamite that caused the Big Bang. (Maran, 2017)
There is a misunderstanding as to why there is no communication throughout space with messengers going at the speed of light. Alan Guth considers inflation to be the reasoning. He believed that after a millisecond, the universe went through a growth spurt. (Maran, 2017) Researchers cannot observe the expansion of space that was caused by inflation. Scientists believe that inflation may have created universes beyond what has been seen. Inflation caused some parts of the universe to hold more matter and energy than other parts of the universe. (Maran, 2017)
The vacuum gives power to inflation that has particles and antiparticles that are regularly being created and destroyed. The vacuum can also force things further apart, unlike gravity that pushes objects closer together. Inflation may have caused the geometry of the universe to be flat. If the universe were to be flat, it would have to have critical density. If density is greater than critical density, it would cause the universe to collapse and if the density is less than the critical density, gravity would not be able to overpower the expansion and the universe will grow indefinitely. (Maran, 2017)
Dark energy is yet to be explained. The only explainable aspect of dark energy is the repulsive force. The expansion of the universe was slowed down because of gravity, but the matter was spread apart as the universe continued to grow. Dark energy caused the universe to expand faster as the gravity in the universe grew weaker. If the expansion of earth was slowing since the Big Bang, there would not be a massive distance between earth and the father away galaxy, with a shorter travel time for light. There is a significant amount of dark matter of 26.8% and dark energy of 68.3% in the universe. (Maran, 2017)
Because of the cosmic microwave background, scientists are able to calculate what happened in the first three microseconds in the Big Bang. (Muller, 2010) The Big Bang predicted the universe would be full of microwave radiation. The cosmic microwave background started when the universe was 379,000 years old. The light that is detected from the universe is not shifted in wavelength by the expansion of the universe as microwaves and far-infrared light. Nothing was hotter or colder and it had appeared to have a perfect temperature. The early universe was not smooth and had over dense and under dense places. Those dense places embody tiny seeds that could have clumped together to form galaxies. When measuring the temperature of the microwave background, hot and cold spots were found. Because of how small the temperature differences were, they were tremendously difficult to detect. Scientists looked to the cosmic microwave background to determine whether the universe was flat or not. A flat universe would have temperatures fluctuate a specific pattern. Scientists believe that the microwave background has this pattern and that the universe is flat. (Maran, 2017)
Time was nonexistent before the Big Bang. It was created after the elements and life were created. "In the relativity theory, space and time are treated as different dimensions in the space-time continuum." (Muller, 2010) There is no such thing as time before the Big Bang because it did not exist before the Big Bang. Because of this, scientists may never be able to explain what caused the Big Bang. (Muller, 2010)
From the looks of it, galaxies will begin to move away from us at a greater speed than the speed of light. With that speed, the sun will diminish as their light will no longer reach the milky way. The sun will become a red giant, shed the outer layers and fade away as a white dwarf. The universe outside of their galaxy will go dark. (Maran, 2017)
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The Big Bang Theory Explanation. (2021, Mar 17).
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Big Bang Theory: Explanation of the Universe
The big bang theory is the most popular explanation of how our universe came to be. “according to the standard theory our universe sprang into existence as ‘singularity’ around 13.7 billion years ago” - (insert citation). A singularity is a space believed to be in the core of a black hole. A Black hole's pressure at its core is estimated to be so powerful that matter is smashed to an infinite density. After this singularity's first appearance also known as “the big bang” expanded and cooled down, starting from miniscule and almost 10 billion degrees Fahrenheit, to our current amplitude and temperature.
Next, “the cosmos contained a vast array of fundamental particles such as neutrons, electrons, and protons. These decayed and combined as the universe got cooler” - (insert citation). The “bang” most likely would have been impossible to view, due to the fact light cannot travel inside of it. “the free electrons would have caused light (photons) to scatter the way sunlight scatters from water droplets in clouds” - (insert citation). Although after a while the free electrons came together with other matter and created “neutral atoms”. What this did was, 380,000 years after the big bang light was finally able to shine.
Also, light finally able to shine referred to as the “after glow” of the big bang – is properly known as the cosmic microwave background. Ralph Alpher and other scientist were the first to predict this in 1948 but was found by mistake 20 years later by Arno Penzias, Robert Wilson, and Robert Dicke. The CMB has been observed a multitude of times on a multitude of missions. One of the most prestigious missions was NASA’s cosmic background explorer satellite, mapping skies in the 1990’s. “several other missions have followed in COBE’s footsteps, such as the BOOMERanG experiment (balloon observations of millimetric extragalactic radiation and geophysics), NASA’s Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) and the European Space Agency’s Planck satellite” - (insert citation).
NASA’s second mission was WMAP, compared to COBE, WMAP had a much greater resolution, WMAP surveyed the whole sky. It measured temperatures anywhere from tiny to huge differences of microwave radiation. This radiation is almost spread perfectly throughout the universe. By putting together information from the universe with theoretical models, scientist can predict that its “flat”, on cosmological scales that is. “the geometry of space satisfies the rules of Euclidean geometry (e.g., parallel lines never meet, the ratio of the circle circumference to diameter is pi, etc.” - (insert citation).
A Substantial issue that came to eye when the data of COBE and WMAP arose was the universe was to uniform throughout. If the mathematical theory is true and the universe was exposed to a massive burst of expansion directly after the big bang, this large burst of energy being named inflation, there would have to be an unstable form of energy within the big bang. The nature of this energy from is not yet known. All this does is leave an amplitude of questions for what could have possibly energized the inflation, which is one of the most troubling parts about the Big Bang Theory. “Still many missions are still in the development by NASA and ESA that will look for gravitational waves from the epoch of inflation” - (insert citation).
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The Story of Bill Gates
Bill Gates, age 63, is a notable business pioneer, technologist, saint, and affluent business person. He was conceived October 28, 1955, in Seattle, Washington. Doors established the Microsoft Corporation, the biggest PC organization on the planet. He likewise made the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, that has prompted working on worldwide wellbeing.
Through his diligent effort, good cause, and achievement, Gates has carried improvement to the PC business, just as to our worldwide wellbeing programs. He is known for his faithfulness, insight and empathy for individuals. Bill Gates experienced childhood in an informed and working class family. His family was dedicated, strong, and adoring. His dad, William Gates Senior, was a lawyer in Seattle, Washington. His mom, Mary, filled in as an educator and served on a leading body of a significant bank in Seattle.
Now and then Bill would go to the executive gatherings with his mom. The family was known for messing around, like Monopoly, being imaginative and inventive. Entryways was an Eagle Scout and cherished being serious with his companions and kin. He had a more seasoned sister, Kristianne, and a more youthful sister, Libby. The youngsters were constantly urged to be serious and to put forth a valiant effort.
In 1967, Gates selected at Lakeside School. This is the place where he was first acquainted with the main PC. He generally dominated in all subjects and adapted rapidly. Little did Gates realize that his presentation would later bring him achievement. In 1968, age thirteen, he met Paul Allen and turned out to be dear companions. Allen showed him more with regards to PCs and programming. Both young men dispatched the primary programming program for microcomputers. In 1973, Gates enlisted at Harvard University. He contemplated math and software engineering during his time at Harvard. Entryways turned out to be so keen on coding and thoughts with PCs he decided to forget about Harvard and drop.
Subsequent to leaving Harvard in 1975, Gates and his companion Paul Allen, had begun to foster the main program for Micro-delicate. By 1976, the organization was developing and the name changed to Microsoft. Entryways had turned into the author of the Microsoft Foundation. This was an enormous achievement for these men and they were prepared to impart their data to general society. Entryways felt that this product and a PC ought to be in each family. In 1977, the Tandy Corporation employed Microsoft to foster programming for PCs. By 1979, these men had presented the PC business, Windows 1.0. Entryways had a significant year in 1980. He had made an agreement with MITS to foster an essential working framework. IBM (International Business Machines) was driving the PC business as of now.
IBM was keen on this new framework. In a little while, Gates had made MS-DOS and offered it to IBM. By 1983, around a little less than half of PCs were utilizing Microsoft programming. Doors moved his organization to Redmond, Washington in 1986. His organization made the securities exchange. This stock sold for twenty-dollars per share, then, at that point started to rise. This was another colossal achievement! Doors had turned into a tycoon by the age of 32. By 1995, Windows 95 was made and set many new components and norms for this advancing working framework. This form made the foundation for every one of things to come discharges with Windows. In 2000, Steve Ballmer assumed control over the job of Microsoft CEO. At this point, Gates was known as the most extravagant man in the USA, with 89 billion dollars in the bank. In 2014, Gates was at this point not the director for Microsoft. He just filled in as a counselor. Entryways left Microsoft in 2008, so he could zero in on his objectives through the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.
In 1994, Bill Gates wedded Melinda French, in Hawaii. They had three youngsters, Jennifer, Rory, and Phoebe. He and his better half have consistently upheld one another and are both truly proficient. Doors and his better half settled the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. They have voyaged all around the world and have kept on utilizing their commitments to help other people. After 2008, Gates and his better half gave the vast majority of their opportunity to good cause work. He is very much aware of numerous worldwide concerns. He was known for contributing around 31 billion from this establishment. This commitment was committed to infection anticipation, inoculations, diminishing neediness and for instruction. In 2013, Gates assisted India with turning out to be liberated from the illness polio. Still up in the air to further develop worldwide medical problems in helpless nations. He and his significant other have headed out to numerous helpless regions everywhere. He visited Africa to offer clinical types of assistance and food. His endeavors and abundance have kept on accommodating those out of luck. Many spots think of him as a saint since he accommodated them and has helped them when out of luck.
Bill Gates and every one of his works with Microsoft demonstrate that he was exceptionally useful and will consistently keep on impacting the PC business. His dependability and difficult work to this business, has carried notable projects to our reality that individuals actually use today. Microsoft's Internet Explorer, Microsoft Power Point, Microsoft Word, and Excel are simply to give some examples. The Windows programming has created the spine for future programming.
Charles Babbage is known as the dad of the PC, in the wake of thinking of the possibility of an Analytical Engine in 1837. The Analytical Engine contained firm memory and a fundamental stream control. Despite the fact that Charles thought about this idea, the PC was rarely fabricated while Babbage was alive. Notwithstanding, Henry Babbage, Charles' most youthful child, likewise had an interest in innovation. In 1910, Henry Babbage finished a machine that could execute basic estimations. In 1991, a variant of the Analytical Engine was made in the London Science Museum. Charles is known as the dad of the PC due to his progressive ideas. Despite the fact that he didn't finish these thoughts in the course of his life, he is as yet answerable for the possibility of a PC. In case there is some kind of problem with your PC you can "troubleshoot" it. The expression troubleshooting it comes from the Admiral Grace Hopper. Once, Hopper was on her PC and she discovered a moth! At the point when the moth was taken out, she utilized the expression investigating her PC. The authority significance of the word troubleshoot signifies "fixing an error".
PCs all come in various sizes and perform various capacities. There are six unique sizes of PCs. The first class is the supercomputer. Supercomputers became well known during the 1960s. Supercomputers are the most impressive with regards to speed and precision. They're the kinds of PCs that can do trillions of assignments each second. Supercomputers are likewise for taking care of complicated numerical statements. These PCs are the biggest of all. They can be evaluated from $200,000 to $100 million. The following classification is the Mainframe. These are genuinely large PCs and they're for the most part for holding documents. They are similarly amazing; they can hold huge measures of information. The third class is the minicomputers. They controlled related capacities, similar to tasks. These PCs are practically terminated due to the prevalence of the PC. The fourth class is the workers. They give assets, usefulness to the client, and administrations. The fifth class is the PCs. These PCs are the littlest, generally utilized and the most economical. They became famous during the 70s and 80s. They have a little memory and are utilized in a great deal of families today. The last class is the installed PC. These are not general establishments; they are remain solitary, electronic equipment. This sort of equipment does tedious tasks.
The web is developing and changing from various perspectives that you can't give all the credit to one individual. Nikola Tesla is given kudos for the web since she thought about a "world remote framework" in the mid 1900s. The web is for the normal method for getting to information online as sites and hyperlinks. The web was worked by numerous individuals of researchers, way before any innovation even existed. The first name of the Internet came in the last part of the 1960s, it was ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network). The web has had an exceptionally rough way to get where it is today. In 1990, PC researcher Tim Berners-Lee created the World Wide Web as far as we might be concerned today.
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Aspects of the Big Bang Theory
The Big Bang Theory was invented by astronomers, who used mathematical calculations along with observations to come up with the idea of how the universe begin. The mathematical part of the Big Bang theory is a combination of Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity and theories of fundamental particles. Today the National Aeronautics and Space Administration also known as NASA, has the Hubble Space Telescope and the Spitzer Skace Telescope measuring the expansion of the Universe. It's said that one day the Universe will stop expanding and turn around, then collapse just like when it was born. The theories of physics say if we looked at the Universe one second after the Big Bang, we would have only seen a ten billion degree of neutrons, protons, electrons, anti electrons, photons, and neutrinos. After a while, the Universe would cool. The neutrons would start decaying into protons and electrons or they would combine with protons to make deuterium. The Universe would cool and reach the temperature where electrons combine with nuclei and form neutral atoms. Before they recombination, the Universe would be opaque because of the free electrons that had caused light to scatter like sunlight from the water droplets in clouds. When the free electrons got absorbed from the neutral atoms, the Universe became transparent. This created the afterglow of the Big Bang also known as cosmic background radiation. It can still seen today.
NASA has had two missions to study the cosmic background radiation, taking pictures of the Universe 400,000 years after it was born. The first mission was the Cosmic Background Explorer also known as the COBE. In 1992, the COBE Crew declared that they mapped the hot and cold spots in cosmic background radiation. The hot and cold spots are part of the gravitational field in the beginning of Universe. The spots formed giant clusters of galaxies that go on from hundred million light years all over the Universe. Dr. John Mather and George Smoot, from the University of California, helped NASA earn the 2006 Nobel Prize for Physics with their work on cosmic background radiation. The second mission sent to explore the cosmic background radiation was the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe, also known as the WMAP. The WMAP overlooked the whole sky. It measured the different temperatures of microwave radiation, that is equally spread all over the Universe. What the WMAP saw in the sky was hot regions (in red color) and colder areas (in a blue color). Combining this information with theory of how the Universe looks, scientists think that the Universe is flat. That means the geometry of the Universe fits the rules of Euclidean geometry.
Planck was the third mission by the European Space Agency with help of NASA, it took off in 2009. The Planck mission resulted in the most realistic maps of the microwave background radiation so far. It had tools sensitive to temperature variations of a culpa millionths degree. Mapping the whole sky, over 9 wavelength bands. Planck can measure the changes of the temperature of Cosmic Microwave Background radiation. The Big Bang theory was bulletproof and made everything seem clear, but in 1996, the examination of distant a supernovae completely changed whole theory. Many scientists thought that the Universe and everything in it would move slowly as it expands. The supernovae showed that the expansion of the Universe was not moving slowly like they thought, but faster as it accelerated. Something unknown that's not matter or ordinary energy is pushing the galaxies apart from the each other. This is called dark energy, whether it's formed dynamically or it’s an ability the vacuum of empty space has. Maybe one day scientists will find out exactly what dark energy is, cracking the Universe's hidden secret right open.
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Opinions about the Big Bang Theory
Some people are still weary about this theory. The leading hypothesis about the universe’s birth solved many puzzles and fits all observations. This "cosmic inflation" hypothesis lacks actual, real proof. The absence of the "ripples" has fueled some weaker theories of cosmogenesis in recent years. Alternative idea say that the ripples would simply be too weak to observe. "The question is whether one can test the entire inflation scenario, not just specific models," said Avi Loeb, an astrophysicist and cosmologist at Harvard University. "If there is no guillotine that can kill off some theories, then what’s the point?"
The researchers predicted an oscillatory pattern in the distribution of matter throughout the cosmos that, if detected, could distinguish between inflation and alternative scenarios ?” particularly the hypothesis that the Big Bang was actually a bounce preceded by a long period of contraction. In a new paper that appeared on Sunday, suggested such an idea. Will Kinney, an inflationary cosmologist at the University at Buffalo and a visiting professor at Stockholm University, said that the reasoning seemed correct to him. He called the idea a very good one.
"If the signal is real and observable, it would be very interesting," Sean Carroll of the California Institute of Technology said in an email. Any potential hints about the Big Bang are worth looking for.
Imagine taking a giant net to the sky and counting how many galaxies wind up inside. Now increase the size of your net. When catching larger volumes of universe, you might find that the number of captured galaxies might vary way more than it did before. As you use a larger net, the size of matter density variations should be between more and less extreme as you move up the scales.
Regardless of which theory of this is correct, cosmologists believe that the density that has varied and observed throughout the cosmos today, were most likely made by random ripples.
Some scientists think any quantum field that filled the universe would have fluttered with ripples of all different wavelengths. Waves of a certain wavelength would have constructively interfered. These concentrations later grew into the matter density variations we see on different scales today.
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Astronomic Explaination of the Universe Creation
The Big Bang Theory is the leading explanation of how the universe was created. It was discovered by George Lemaitre, and proved by many scientist’s data, that was later used as evidence. The theory explains how the universe expands and other scientific explanations such as the origin of all matter.
The Big Bang Theory is a scientific theory about how the universe began. The theory states that the universe started at with a small singularity and then inflated over 13.8 billion years and is still to this day. Scientists aren't sure what a singularity is, but with our understanding of physics, they are at the core of Black Holes. The Big Bang Theory is the most widely accepted theory for the origin of all matter, some laws of physics, and the expansion of the universe and how it expands. "The first second the universe began, the temperature around it was 10 billion degrees Fahrenheit," NASA stated. Particles such as neutrons, electrons, and protons combined as the universe got cooler. It was impossible to look at the universe at this state because the light wasn't able to be carried inside it. Eventually, over time, elections combined with nuclei and created neutral atoms. This process allowed light to shine through 380,000 years after the Big Bang occurred.
The Theory was introduced by Georges Lemaitre 1927 when creating an expanding model for the universe. He based most of his work off of the discoveries of Einstein and De Sitter. Lemaitre called the theory, "hypothesis of the primeval atom" or the "Cosmic egg." He studied Einstein's law of gravitation and concluded if Einstein's theories were correct, It is true that the universe must be expanding. When Lemaitre proposed his theory, that the universe is expanding from all different directions, many scientists ignored it because he had no data to prove it. Even Einstein didn't completely believe his theory. Then in 1929, Edwin Hubble discovered galaxies were moving away at high speeds. Although he was unaware of Lemaitre's theory, Lemaitre used Hubble's discoveries as evidence for his theory. Lemire also used the idea of entropy for evidence, which states that everything is moving towards greater and greater disorder. As more people began to hear about the theory, it was named "The Big Bang Theory".
Scientists made a conclusion to this theory from evidence. The first evidence is that scientist are almost certain that there was a start of the universe. Secondly, if the universe was very, very hot in the beginning, as stated in the theory, we should be able to find some remnant of the heat. In 1965, Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson discovered a 2.725 degree Fahrenheit Cosmic microwave background, which proves this statement. Penzias and Wilson shared a Nobel prize for their discovery. Also, the affluence of the hydrogen and helium found in the universe are thought to support the Big Bang model. Another thing that supports the theory is the redshift of galaxies, that help relate to the probability that the universe is expanding. Lastly, the theory predicts that around how much of each element should have been created at the beginning of the universe, and what we can see in distant galaxies and old stars shows that the prediction is correct.
There are many misconceptions surrounding the Big Bang Theory, for example, we tend to imagine a giant explosion. Which it never really happened that way. The first common misconception we see is that the big bang theory didn't happen in one place. This is one of the hardest theories to understand. People imagine the whole universe being compressed into a tiny sphere and then exploding outwards into space, but this is entirely wrong. The second misconception is that the big bang theory was not the true explanation of how the universe was created. The big bang theory is a true explanation of how the universe was created. Without this valuable information, many scientists and observers couldn't really explain the universe if people didn't know how it formed from the beginning. The third misconception we see is there is no evidence for the big bang theory. The big bang had indeed much evidence. For example, distribution of elements was the possible way to calculate how much of each element should be formed in the initial event. Since astronomers had a good handle on energy, it was possible of how much there could be. If that number didn't match up with the observations the big bang would be shot. Another misconception which is wildly popular and has crossed the mind to almost about everyone is the big bang leaves no room for God. This is not a scientific argument but rather a philosophical which is just a point. The big bang like all science does not have any implications either for or against God. Many people who follow Christianity know that God created Earth and the universe in his own way and many people believe that. The scientific theory of how the universe was made through an explosion and fusion. This offends people who believe in God because it questions their faith in how the universe was created but people present this theory unbiased.
There are many interesting facts about the big bang theory. They show and prove many things that are hard to explain in the universe and in our understanding of science here are few facts. The big bang happened everywhere. There wasn't a location where the big bang theory began it just happened everywhere simultaneously. The big bang may not describe the actual beginning of everything. The initial singularity is the starting point for the universe observes, but there might have been something that would've come before the big bang. When the big bang happened there was an explosion that wiped everything and could have possibly wiped any evidence of signs of an earlier universe, but no one can rule out any information or proof that there was possibly a universe before the big bang. The big bang theory explains where all the hydrogen and helium came from in the universe. In the 1940s, a scientist named Ralph Alpher and George Gamow calculated and found there were excessive amounts of helium and hydrogen in our universe. Later on, their research concluded that it came from the big bang theory. One of the most common misconceptions was the big bang leaves no room for God. A fun fact that relates to this topic one of the first people to think scientifically about the origin of the universe was a Catholic priest. Georges Lemaitre, who was religious and did training, was a physicist which he studied the theory of relativity and also worked on some conditions of the early cosmos in the 1920s and 30. Despite him being a religious man, it never stopped him from being open-minded about how the universe could’ve started and not letting his religious belief interfere with his studies. A cool fun fact about the origin of the name big bang it actually came from the astronomer named Fred Hoyle, who was the leading proponent of an alternative theory, where the universe continues forever without a beginning. There are other astronomers who tried to adopt their theory name like the Calvin Hobbes who named their theory the Horrendous space kablooie which has failed so far.
In conclusion, there are many other theories that could’ve explained how the universe began, but the big bang has proof and plenty of information to prove that indeed happened. For example, the big bang explains how the universe had excessive amounts of hydrogen and helium from the explosion.
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Occurrence of Owl Creek Bridge
Ever wind up in an astonishing circumstance, wanting it to be just a bad dream you would long wake up from, simply to understand its reality which is fixed because of an uncontrollable situation? In the short story, “An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge,” author Ambrose Bierce begins with the main character Peyton Farquhar who is being prepared to be hung by Union Soldiers. The story penetrates into his mind and reveals his reflect before his death. Bierce makes him one of the casualties of wars.
Peyton was a Confederate plantation owner whose war begins when he shows courage by having the devotion for the South with an intention to burn down the bridge. I like, “An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge,” because of two conflicts which was revealed man vs self, man vs man, and the unique plot twist. The most obvious external conflict was man vs man. The soldier who appeared at Peyton house to be from the Confederate army put him in the situation of being executed. When he approaches the federal scout inquiring about news, “The solider reflected, “I was there a month ago,” he replied. “I observed that the flood of last winter had lodged a great quantity of driftwood against the wooden pier at this end of the bridge. It is now dry and would burn like tinder” (Bierce).
The man was actually a Federal scout who trickled Farquhar into accomplishing something that would lead to his death. Finally, the plot twist at the end of the story made it quite entertaining. As Peyton neared his home and reached his wife, the rope tightened around his neck more and more. When he was about to reach his wife, “Ah, how beautiful she is! He springs forwards with extended arms. As he is about to clasp her he feels a stunning blow upon the back of the neck”(Bierce) . When Peyton felt the sharp pain, he was feeling the rope snapping his neck. At that moment, he died. The realizes that Peyton’s escape was not real and that he never escaped his death. The shock value of this story is extreme considering the fact that the reader is taken on a journey through Peyton’s mind as he is dying. Bierce expertly used Peyton life to give the reader an exciting experience.
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Bill Gates Great Achievements
My business leader’s name is Bill Gates. He was born October 28, 1955. Bill Gates grew up in a middle-class family with 2 sisters, Kristianne and Libby. Bill spent many hours reading books. When Bill was around 11 or 12 years old, his parents began to have concerns about his behavior. Bill Gates went to Lakeside School when he was 13. Bill Gates graduated from Lakeside in 1973. He scored 1590 of 1600 on the college SAT. He then went to Harvard in the fall in 1973 for Law. He spent more time in the computer lab than he did in class during his freshman year. Within two years, Bill dropped out of Harvard to pursue Microsoft with his partner Paul Allen. Paul and Bill met their senior year. They linked through their interest in computers.
In 1975, Bill Gates and Paul Allen formed Microsoft. The company started on shaky footing, but by 1979 Microsoft was grossing approximately 2.5 million to 16 million dollars. When Bill was 23, he named himself the head of the company. With his acumen for software development and a keen business sense, he led the company and became the spokesperson. He reviewed the code that the company shipped, and he would often rewrite it. Between 1979 and 1981 Microsoft’s growth blew up. The staff was increased from 25 to 128, and revenue shot up from 2.5 million to 16 million. Mid 1981, Gates and Allen incorporated Microsoft. Bill was appointed the president and chairman of the board. Allen was named the executive vice president.
Despite the rivalry, Steve Jobs invited Microsoft to help develop software for the Mac computers. Through this knowledge of collaboration, it could be seen that Microsoft was to develop Windows. Windows is a system that used a mouse to drive a graphic interface, displaying text and image on the screen. Bill Gates later then announced in an advertising campaign that Windows is going to be developed. He also said it will be compatible with all PC software products developed on the MS-DOS system. Nearly 30 percent of the computer market was using the MS-DOS system and waiting for Windows to come out.
Bill Gates intelligence made him successful. He was able to see all sides of the software industry. When analyzing any corporate move, he would develop a profile of all the cases and run through them. Even with Microsoft's success, he always checked on other competition to see who is doing better. Gates wanted everyone that worked for him to have the same dedication as he did. Bill Gates would challenge employees and their ideas to keep the creative process going. In 1989, Microsoft introduced Microsoft Office, which had applications like Microsoft Word and Microsoft Excel into one system that was compatible with all Microsoft products. It sold over 100,000 copies in just two weeks. Bill Gates had to contend with a case claiming Microsoft was a monopoly. Bill Gates pointed out, “It’s fine to celebrate success, but it is more important to heed the lessons of failure. He also reminded others: “your most unhappy customers are your most significant source of learning.” Bill never let the Microsoft team become complacent, even when they were holding the market leader position and were achieving multi-billion dollar revenues. Bill Gates understood that he needed to diversify Microsoft to maintain its leadership position by creating a web browser, gaming consoles, and computers. Just like Gates said, “We always overestimate the change that will occur in the next two years and underestimate the change that will occur in the next ten. Don’t let yourself be lulled into inaction.”
Bill Gates always had taken a selfless approach to his leadership. He spends considerable money and time in philanthropic efforts to give to others. He receives happiness by knowing he is providing benefits that can create the leaders of the future who will then shape the planet for the future generations. The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation has donated billions of dollars to causes around the world. He made significant differences in the lives of children and adults. This illustrates Bill Gates character and focus on social responsibility as a global corporate citizen. It also shows his pursuit of coming up with solutions and making life better went beyond just making a profit. It was about driving significant change in the world that would make a difference for the people that need it the most. Gates noted, “As we look ahead into the next century, leaders will be those who empower others.” Microsoft’s revenue is now sitting at about 110 billion dollars. Microsoft has 134,944 employees as of 2018.
In an interview with Bill Gates about energy, Gates said, “Climate change keeps climbing each time every year” He also said, “As it gets up to 2050, 2080, and 2100, its effect will overwhelm the Pacific Oscillation.” Bill said that we need innovation that gives us energy that’s cheaper than today’s hydrocarbon energy, that has zero CO2 emissions. Bill Gates said every year, “greenhouses get used more and emit more gasses into the air.” Energy usage is high, and we need to start using less so climate change doesn’t go up drastically. Energy is really minimal and sometimes we overuse it more than we need to. Bill Gates has donated 2 billion dollars to try to fix the energy problems by releasing CO2 into the air.
The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation focuses on tackling critical problems in five program areas. Their Global Health Division aims to reduce inequities in health by developing new tools and strategies to reduce the burdens of infectious diseases and leading causes of child mortality. The global Development Division focuses on improving the delivery of high-impact health products to the poorest countries. Their Global Growth & Opportunity division focuses on creating market-based innovation to stimulate inclusive economic growth. Their Global Policy & Advocacy Division seeks to build relationships with foreign countries.
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Bill Gates Sets a Standard of Philanthropy
"I believe that with great wealth comes great responsibility, a responsibility to give back to society and a responsibility to see that those resources are put to work in the best way possible to help those most in need," states Bill Gates in A New Era of Technical Leadership at Microsoft. Bill Gates is a venture capitalist, author, humanitarian, and the founder of Microsoft. Gates best represents philanthropy because he is one of the most generous donors to date, he successfully challenges his peers to be more charitable, and his foundation is well-known and accessible.
Bill Gates is incomparable to other philanthropists because he motivates others to be benevolent. He is one of the founders of Microsoft, a technology company started in 1975 which is best known for Windows Software, computers, and electronics. In 1986 Microsoft became a public company, and made 12,000 Microsoft employees into millionaires. In 2000, Bill Gates and his wife Melinda formed the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. According to Forbes magazine, "Bill Gates’ net worth is over $92 million and his lifetime donations are over $35 billion." Currently, he is the world’s second wealthiest individual so you might assume that he has donated the most because he has the most. But if you look at the percentage of his wealth he has donated to charity, you will find that percentage much higher than other billionaires. Bill Gates has set a new standard for giving, and has inspired others to take action to support charities they believe in to make the world a better place.
Gates best portrays philanthropy by challenging his peers to be more altruistic. Along with Warren Buffet, Bill and Melinda Gates started the Giving Pledge in 2010. The mission of the Giving Pledge is to get the world’s wealthiest families and individuals to make a commitment to philanthropy by dedicating the majority (more than half of their wealth) to giving back during their lifetime or in their wills. Currently, they have 184 pledgers from 22 different countries. The charities the individuals in the Giving Pledge support are poverty relief, education advancement, medical and healthcare research, economic development, and entrepreneur encouragement. The members of the Giving Pledge primarily consist of entrepreneurs in technology, finance, and oil, while noticeably absent are famous athletes, actors/ actresses, and top singers. "The Giving Pledge hopes to help shift the social norms of philanthropy toward giving more, giving sooner, and giving smarter,"states The Giving Pledge "Press Release." It is people like Bill Gates that help increase the amount of charitable donators and donations.
Finally, Gates best embodies philanthropy by making his foundation prominent and accessible. Many other foundations exist, but the average person doesn’t hear about them or know their purpose, hindering organizations from attaining applicants and money needed to thrive. The publicity The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation gets makes charity more accessible for more people than ever before. Many people know the name of the foundation, the website is easy to understand, and they get a lot of attention in the media, inviting high rates of investors.
Bill Gates best represents philanthropy because his generosity is remarkable. By donating millions of dollars to probable causes, providing an example of a selfless entrepreneur, and making donating a feasible process, Gates is an impeccable example of a philanthropist. Whether you are a billionaire or average person, Bill Gates legacy challenges us to all to be innovative and do what we can to make the world a better place.
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Breakfast Club Film by John Hughes
The Breakfast Club is a John Hughes film from 1985, it’s iconic and a classic comedy high school drama. With being released over 30 years ago the movie still has a strong message. It takes place on an all-day Saturday detention in a school library. There are five students who got detention for all different reasons and they were complete strangers with nothing in common. A brain, a princess, a jock, a rebel and an outcast. Throughout the day they begin to bond with one another and realize maybe they do have more in common then they thought.
One of the best features is the character development throughout the movie. In the beginning, the characters seem almost cliche, but there is so much more to them underneath the surface. The script and direction are great, John Hughes perfectly taps into the teenage mentality. This film is also so timeless, with little having changed in school character-types over the years. The acting is also great, with Judd Nelson and Anthony Michael Hall having especially strong roles and performances.
The only downside to the movie is possibly the fact that almost all the scenes are shot in the same setting, this could also be a good thing at the same time trying to solely focus on the characters and their stories. There also isn’t a lot of action in this movie either. One of the only adult characters in the movie is Vernon, the assistant principal. He is portrayed as the bad guy, out to get the group of students in detention that day. Unable to relate to the students or their situations, he only saw what was on the surface. The janitor points out later on that when Vernon assumes the students are the problem in his lack of understanding the new generations, he never really bothered to look closer and realize it was him who had changed over the years. This plays a major role in the main theme of the movie, the inability to see past the surface of a problem or character and judge based on appearances.
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Breakfast Club: Major Themes
The major theme recurring in the movie is that appearances tend to cover up someone’s true personality and that there is more than meets the eye to anyone, no matter how stereotypical they look or act on the outside. A good example (among many) of this would be of the character of Claire, who does seem like the stereotypical conceited socialite who has a charmed life with a rich family, something that is routinely mocked by Bender, however she reveals that her parents have been on the edge of divorce and use her as a tool to get back at each other. The group’s nerd, Brian is also talked down to by Bender for seemingly not having a life as rough as his, due to him not being physically abused, as he sardonically acts out a skit about how much easier Brian’s home life is than his. This was before he admitted that he considered suicide due to his overbearing mother pressuring to keep straight A’s in school, which is intensified after failing his “easy A” shop class, by bringing a flare gun to school, which then accidentally goes off in his locker, causing him to spend the day in detention. And for recluse Allison, who initially comes off as both aloof and slightly deranged, remaining mostly silent during most of the first half of the movie, is actually revealed to be an act as she assumes this role due to being neglected at home and being socially inept.
Another theme that is also present in the movie is the rebelling against unjust authority, as the major adult characters in the movie are antagonistic in one way or another. The school principal, Richard Vernon was the man who sent all of the five in detention. While during their stay he regularly talks down to his students and is constantly at odds with the criminal, Bender, even to the point of almost getting into a physical confrontation with him. Another example of a so-called “villain” in the movie would be the parents. Though they get only four minutes of screentime combined, the teen’s parents have a big part of the movie, and are the reason for the angst which causes them to lash out, such as the fact that Bender lives with a father who physically abuses him, even giving him a cigarette burn on his arm at a younger age, causing him to act out band with Andy’s father being a loudmouthed narcissist who lives on vicariously through his son, espousing an extreme “winners-only-get-first-place” attitude. Andy’s dad also in one way, motivated him to act out on a prank on a weaker underclassman in the locker room, causing him detention.
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“The Breakfast Club” Movie Analysis
John Bender is my favourite character from "The Breakfast Club" movie. The two dilemmas that John Bender’s deals with in the movie are his relationship with his parents and sexual activity. In The Breakfast Club, John Bender’s character come off as cocky, rude and always quick to throw a verbal jab at anyone who comes at him. However, a closer look at the character shows that he may have deep issues when it comes to his parents, especially his dad. Bender’s mood switches and he blurts out all forms of obscenities when Andrew asks him about his family. He describes them using words like "Stupid", "goddamned" and "free loading son-of-a-bitch". His reaction tells us that he has a troubled home life and even though he acts like a jerk, this really bothers him. When he shows his friend the burn mark in his arm caused by his dad, we see why he holds so much anger towards his family. It is here that it becomes clear that Bender’s character could be living in a dysfunctional home, which could explain why he acts out and has an erratic personality.
The topic of sexual activity and sexuality in Bender’ is overt as he exhibits signs of being homophobic. This is seen when he makes homophobic remarks about his teacher, Mr Vernom’s dress code, insinuating that he dresses like a gay person. This statement is rude but gives us a glimpse into how Bender thinks about homosexuality. Bender is crude and aggressive and shows signs of bullying when he makes jokes about sexually assaulting Claire to his friend Brian. His nonchalant statement about impregnating the "prom queen" tells us that Bender has no respect for matters of sex and treats them as casual occurrences, this is at least the case in how he talks. The movie is still relevant today and can easily resonate with high school or college students all over America and even across the globe. This movie tackles issues of identity, sexuality, drugs, teenage sex, peer-group relations and issues of bullying. Like it happens in high school or college, students from different walks of life are coming into a school system to not only find an education but to discover who they are. In the case of "The Breakfast Club", the different students, ranging from a queen/ princess, a high school jock or an athlete, a nerd, a criminal and a rebel all come together as friends to realise that they may have different backgrounds, but their struggles give them a common ground. Since these are the years that are fundamental to the rest of their adult lives they have to face challenges and issues that contend with their moral values and beliefs while also learning to express who they are as individuals. These dilemmas or struggles are universal and most high school students go through them.
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The Breakfast Club Film Review
The Breakfast Club addresses the angst found in teens in the 1980’s. It also takes time to do a deep dive into many stereotypes found in the time period. It addresses bullying, as well as mental illness, and tackles divisions among the characters and leads them to learning that maybe they aren’t all that different. Every character is more or less assigned a role, "jock" or "brains" or "criminal" or "princess. " Every character is very different from the next, and the movie addresses the ideas in the 80’s that differences separated us, not made us stronger. It also does a good job in addressing the teenage feeling of resisting authority, as over the course of the movie they start to deviate from the rules of the principal.
Their is an overarching message reflected in the movie. When Allison Reynolds says "When you grow up, your heart dies." The characterization of the principal, who does everything in his power to make their lives miserable reflects this idea, that when you grow up you don’t care about other people. The principal continually makes fun and emotionally torments Bender, which perpetuates this idea of power in adulthood.
I think the film helped me understand the stereotypes prevalent at the time the movie was filmed. There really were types of people, and each one had different barriers they had to knock down in order to get close to the others. For example when "princess" Claire agrees to do a makeover of Ally out of the kindness of her own heart, she destroys this idea that she thought she was better than everyone. I think this also added to this idea of teen angst. Everyone felt they needed to fit into this roles, but this movie did a great job showing viewers what acceptance of others looked like and how it could benefit you.
The film is pretty accurate because it touches on people from all different backgrounds. There’s the brainiac, the princess, the criminal, the athlete, and the basket case. Viewers at the time would have resonated with one of these characters and their reasons for getting detention, and their eventual hatred of the situation they were placed into. I think there wasn't the representation of all different types of teens that truly would have showed people breaking down stereotypes and societal roles and learning that our differences don’t define us. If there were kids of different religions, cultures, races, sexualities, etc, that would have truly been revolutionary.
This movie had a big impact on people around the world. This idea that the heart dies when it grows up really resonated with viewers around the world. It made already angsty teens rebelling against their parent’s control and authority not want to be like them. The way the principal perpetuated this need for power and lack of respect for the kids made viewers really consider the stereotypes in their lives as well as gaining a respect for people with mental illness. The Breakfast Club was able to lead teens to be mindful in their adulthood.
Music was very important in this movie and really added to its message. "Don’t You Forget About Me" played in both the beginning and the end of the movie to symbolize the fact that people are so much more than the stereotypes society puts on them. When all 5 of them have a dance party together, a pivotal scene in which they bond together, "We are not Alone is playing." A lot of the music speaks for itself in the show and was very meticulously placed to add to the message.
The kids smoke marijuana together in one scene during the movie, in which they reveal secrets about themselves. Kids in the 1980’s were not strangers to the power of unity that comes from weed. Furthermore the scene in which Mr. Vernon threatens as well as makes fun of Bender. I think this is accurate to the way in which people during the 80’s (and still do) look down on people they feel are below them, and feel like they can behave in certain ways because they are "superior."
The movie does a great job of reflecting the fashion, hair styles, and way of talking during the time period. Claire has a sort of bob that was prevalent to the 80’s and the clothes they were wearing as well were very on brand to the time period. Their way of speaking was very different from what we normally hear today, for example "eat my shorts." We don’t say that anymore, but apparently people used it as an insult back then.
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Teens Psychology in the Rye and the Breakfast Club
Neuroscientist, Carolyn Gregoire, talks about the mystery of teenage brain in her interview with HuffPost Science: "The frontal lobes, which are the seat of executive function, decision-making, empathy, judgment, insight and impulse control are the last places that hook up to the rest of the brain during development." Gregoire answered to the question: "In terms of decision-making, would it be accurate to say that teenagers are wired to be risk-takers?" Her answer shows that teengaers’ brains are still in development, so they might appear as risk takers who do not think and act as adults. Teens’ decisions are under more emotional influence, than they are in an adult, since their brains are not fully developed until the age of 25. The Catcher in the Rye and The Breakfast Club illustrates teens anger towards the society and how it causes them to make impulsive decisions and have negative consequences. Holden from The catcher in The Rye and characters from The Breakfast Club show how their decisions have consequences for others and themselves.
In chapter 7 of The catcher in The Rye, after talking with Ackley, Holden is walking in the corridor, trying to avoid going back to his room to see Stradlater but: "All of a sudden, I changed my mind. All of a sudden, I decided what I’d really do, I’d get the hell out of Pencey- right that same night and all. I mean not wait till Wednesday or anything. I just didn't want to hang around any more" (Salinger 51). Under the circumstances Holden was in, he did not think it was necessary to inform his parents, teachers, nor his friends, because his main concern was leaving everything and running away with no plan. Holden appears as a risk taker because he takes a risk of leaving to go to New York with completely no idea of what he's going to do next. Therefore, he does not care that his parents or teachers might worry, or that he is abandoning his education and future, because of this decision people who care about him are going to lose their trust and faith in him. At one point in The Breakfast Club, when everyone is sitting the circle in the library, Brian asks: "what is gonna happen to us on Monday?" then he adds: " I mean. I consider you guys my friends, I'm not wrong, am I?" Meanwhile Claire says they are friends, on Monday they would act as they do not know each other because of their social status in the school, which made Bender furious: "And as far as being concerned about what's gonna happen when you and I walk down the hallways at school, you can forget it! 'Cause it's never gonna happen! Just bury your head in the sand...and wait for your fuckin' prom!" (Bender).
Claire chose her popularity over her friends without even thinking how that might affect them. Even though, she made a point how Andrew would do exactly the same thing because of his image, everyone else said they would never do such a hideous thing. By making this decision, Claire keeps pushing people away which might cause both her and her friends to be self conscious and insecure. Holden from The catcher in The Rye and characters from The Breakfast Club show how anger causes them to be irrational make irrational decision.
Throughout the book, The Catcher in The Rye, Holden keeps reminiscing and admiring his brother, but when he passed away Holden lashed out: "I was only thirteen, and they were going to have me psychoanalyzed and all, because I broke all the windows in the garage. I don't blame them. I really don't. I slept in the garage the night he died, and I broke all the goddam windows with my fist, just for the hell of it... It was a very stupid thing to do, I'll admit, but I hardly didn't even know I was doing it, and you didn't know Allie" (Salinger 38-39). Holden is furious that Allie died so young, leaving him feeling abandoned because he idealizes him, so now he does not know how to act nor what to do. At that moment, it's easier to deal with physical pain for Holden, then emotional pain. His rage provoked him to make irrational decisions like ignore his feelings or disconnect himself. In The Breakfast Club, when Vernon locked Bender in a closet because of his behavior, he gave a speech about how Bender is nothing compared to him and added: "...And I'm gonna kick the living shit out of you, man, I'm gonna knock your dick in the dirt!" (Vernon). Creeped out, Bender asks: "Are you threatening me?" (Bender) As he gets closer to Bender, Vernon shouts: "What're you gonna do about it? You think anybody's gonna believe you? You think anybody's gonna take your word over mine? I'm a man of respect around here. They love me around here, I'm a swell guy...you're a lying sack of shit!" (Vernon). When Vernon yelled at Bender, he reminded him of his father who is always telling what a shameful son he is. Bender got angry which led to him sneaking out of the closet even though, he was told to sit there till the rest of detention. Sneaking out was his way of showing that he is not afraid of him and that he can not stop him from doing whatever he desires. Bender is afraid to deal with his feelings, so he escapes and does not think rationally. This behavior is shown throughout the movie, Bender argues with Vernon which makes both of them bitter instead of listening to him.
The Catcher in the Rye and The Breakfast Club emphasize how adolescence irritation towards the community have an impact on them in different ways. Holden, Claire, and Bender portray how their emotions cause them to make impulsive decisions that have negative consequences. Teen’s emotions clouds their judgement of what's right since their brains are still in development.
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Psychological Principles in the Breakfast Club
Social psychological principles are often placed into films and television shows to make them more realistic. Many of these principles are present within the popular film, The breakfast club. In this film, five students, Brian (the Brain), Andrew (the Athlete), Claire (the Princess), Allison (the Basket Case), and Bender (the Criminal), spend a Saturday together in detention for various reasons that are revealed throughout the movie. The students are initially unfamiliar with each other and the film follows them as they go from being uncomfortable around each other to enjoying each other’s company. Throughout their time together, normative social influence, frustration-aggression, and stereotyping occur.
Toward the end of the film, Bender goes off to smoke and one by one the other students decide to join him. However, Allison resists and does not join in. This scene demonstrates normative social influence (NSI), often associated with peer pressure. It is essentially the act of conforming to be liked or accepted by others. NSI leads to public compliance, not private acceptance. In other words, this phenomenon does not often lead to attitude change. This principle was supported by the Asch experiment in which individuals were shown three lines and told to match a fourth line to one of the others. The individuals would give the wrong answer if others around them answered incorrectly, but while they were alone, they would answer correctly. In the film, the three students who chose to smoke with Bender probably think smoking is wrong, but they do not want to be rejected by the others in the group, so they decided to smoke anyway. Especially after Claire, who is very popular, decides to join in, Andrew and Brian have more motivation to do so. However, it is unlikely that this will change their opinion about smoking and they will probably not continue to smoke after leaving detention. NSI also occurs when Claire describes why she acts the ways she does. She mentions that she must go along with everything that her friends say and that she feels a large amount of pressure from them. She does not behave in the ways she does because she believes it is right to act that way. She behaves how she does because she fears that she will be rejected if she does not how her friends act. I feel as though this principle was accurately depicted because the examples of NSI incorporated in to this film are likely scenarios that high school students will be met with. These examples emphasize how much influence others can have over individuals especially when individuals fear rejection if they choose not to comply.
At one point in the film, Bender is pestering Claire about her sexual activity. Andrew does not like the fact that Bender is doing this and threatens to fight him. He ends up pinning Bender to the ground but nothing else happens. This demonstrates frustration-aggression. Frustration is defined as a gap between what is expected and what actually happens. In other words, there is a contradiction between expectation and reality. According to Dollard and Millard’s Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis, frustration increases the likelihood for an aggressive response. This response can either be direct, toward the person or thing that caused the frustration, displaced, toward a person or thing that did not cause the frustration, or vicarious, thoughts of performing an aggressive act. Andrew is upset with Bender for picking on Claire. He asks him to stop, but Bender keeps going. Andrew acts aggressively toward Bender because he expects his verbal warnings to stop Bender, but they do not. Thus, he gets frustrated, threatens to fight Bender, and eventually pins him to the ground. This is an example of direct aggression because Andrew takes out his aggression directly on Bender who caused his frustration.
However, Andrew’s frustration with his home life, specifically the pressures he feels from his father, may have added to his need to respond aggressively. This would be an example of displaced aggression. Another example of this principle is shown during the scene in which Bender talks about his home life and how terrible it is. After Andrew accuses him of lying, he aggressively knocks the books off of a table. This is an example of displaced aggression since it was not the books that caused Bender to be frustrated. Bender’s act of aggression supports the idea that relative deprivation can lead to aggression. It is in this scene that all the other students have food to eat, but Bender does not. Bender is reminded that the other students have better home lives than he does, which is reinforced by the fact that Andrew does not even believe him when he describes what his home life is like. When he realizes that his home life differs from those around him and could be much better, he gets frustrated and becomes aggressive. I feel as though both aggressive reactions were somewhat mild and could have been more aggressive, especially Bender’s. However, the principle was depicted well. It is clear that there are contradictions between expectation and reality that lead Andrew and Bender to become frustrated and then act aggressively. Furthermore, having Bender act aggressively when he is deprived of food helps to emphasize the relative deprivation theory.
In the beginning of the movie, Brian’s voice can be heard reading an essay to Principal Vernon. He points out that Principal Vernon sees the five students as a brain, an athlete, a basket case, a princess, and a criminal and that the students saw each other this way at the beginning of the day. This is an example of stereotyping. Stereotyping is cognitive and occurs when people are thought of as having the characteristics of a specific group and not thought of as individuals. Stereotyping in and of itself is not a terrible thing, but when it leads to discrimination, acting negatively toward or harming a member of a group solely based on their membership to that group, it can become very problematic. Discrimination is not apparent in the film. Instead of considering the personalities of the individual students, Principal Vernon saw the students as belonging to certain cliques, all of which have certain generalizations made about them. The students also saw each other this way, at least at the beginning of the day. Furthermore, the ways in which the students interact with their parents, at the beginning of the film reinforce these stereotypes to the viewer. Stereotyping also occurs when Bender says that he is not surprised that Andrew is smart because he is a wrestler. He doesn’t really know Andrew, but associates wrestlers with being smart, so he concludes that Andrew must be smart too. Bender also links being involved in school activities with being a jerk.
He doesn’t consider what activity someone is involved in. According to Bender, if someone is involved in a school activity they are jerks. Again, he would ignore the personalities of individual students and judge them solely based on their participation in school activities. This principle is an important component within the film, and I feel as though it was presented successfully. Each of the students is portrayed as fitting in to a particular group and given characteristics associated with those groups. The groups represented in the film are common ones seen in high schools. The ways in which the five students interact show that they accept these stereotypes. These interactions would be similar to those in a typical high school. Students from different groups would likely have little interaction with each other, depending on the size of the school, outside of forced interaction, such as within the classroom or detention. Furthermore, the perceptions about those in other groups would likely consider their membership to the group and not individual characteristics.
Within The breakfast club, incorporation of the principles of normative social influence and stereotyping help simulate a high school environment very similar to one that would exist in real life. Incorporating frustration-aggression allows Bender and Andrew to be portrayed with reactions that would likely occur. Thus, making these characters appear more realistic. Incorporating these social psychological principles in to The breakfast club, and television shows makes the film more relatable for viewers because they are able to connect more with the setting and characters as a result of the presence of principles encountered in real life.
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The Breakfast Club Movie Overview
The Breakfast Club movie was about five high school students from diverse cultures that must take a Saturday detention. The group was made up of a rebel (John), princess (Claire), outcast (Allison), brainy (Brian) and a jock (Andrew). Each one has a chance to tell a story, hoping to make the others see them a little differently. As this was an optimal group size of five, these group dynamics were especially identifiable as this group spent a whole day together in a confined space. When the day ended, they all questioned whether the school they have attended will be the same.
Leadership is influence. Allison held the role as leader more than anyone else. She was not silent in its influence, but also early on John had a lot of influence. When John left the detention room, the others would follow. The same was true when he closed the doors so that the principle would not hear what they were saying. The group begins to realize that John is showing how the group is beginning to form. But the biggest use of influence was seen when John convinced the group to smoke a joint of marijuana. They all began to tell about their poor relationships with the parents and how they felt about school and who each other hung around with. This also helped the group as they could relate to one another and bond together. But in the long run the indifferences taught them that conformity is not always applaudable. Just because you are someone of a different walk in life, you just need to asses the situations and adapted to them to achieve results. I believe this was done and the goals of getting through the Saturday detention were achieved, along with building somewhat new friendships.
What made the dynamics in this group interesting was that it was a sort of casual/social group, except this social group was very different from the normal social group they were all in. The relationships formed that day were very short-lived but seemed to have long lasting results. When it was asked what the group was going to do on Monday, the consensus was that, basically, nothing would change between them.
Not only did all of the five students struggle for power, so did the principle and the janitor. At first, the principle had great power because he had the ability to assign more detentions, and he did exercise this power with John. John didn’t see these punishments as punishments and he really didn’t care how many detentions he got or could get.
At all times, the principle of the school had power because he was the principle and he was to be the higher authority. But this power did not seem to come to be too strong though, because other individuals felt they had greater power.
Each of the five students during different parts of the movie held different types of power. In the beginning there was a definite order between Claire, B
rian, Andrew, and John. Allison’s influence in the group is very apparent. There is a strong battle for power between Claire and John, and John and Brian. John and Claire seem to be granted the most power because the others want them to like them. Claire is perceived as the "pretty girl" and the pretty girl typically gets attention from guys. John gets power as well, especially from Andrew because he looks up to him. Claire and John go back and forth between giving/getting power. Brian seems to go into a power struggle with John. Brian feels that he deserves the power and John does not.
The achieved status of each of the five students was from a variety of statuses. Claire, the daughter of a rich man and a pretty girl, Brian, a jock and a wrestler, Allison the very standoffish individual, and last is Andrew the total rebel and did not like to follow anyone’s rules. As the day goes on, status is formed of context within the group. Each person’s status seems to level out as knowledge of one another’s backgrounds grow.
The group has different ways of thinking, but all have different identities. Such as Brian who is shy but engaging, Allison who is a mysterious, quiet and reserved person, John who has hand gestures such as using the middle finger and many facial expressions insulting his new ''friends'', Claire displays her feelings of being above everyone else, making judgmental faces at certain people when they talk, and remarking how she is very aware of how popular she is at Shermer High School, Andrew has a great personality, he comes off as a star athlete and is very tough. The group reinforces each identity by working with what each person brings to the table and supports each one’s decisions and feelings.
While in the Saturday detention, John develops a sense that he is losing his "cool kid" reputation and begins to come up with arguments with all others in detention. He starts an argument with Claire about "how much of a princess" she is and even goes to the extent of bringing up her parents and drunken mother. This prompts Claire to retaliate with bringing up the friends that John hangs around with and the reputation he has in the school. This is the same with the others in the group, but after the typical arguing of who thinks they are right, the group concludes that everyone will always have an opinion, but you must respect that opinion and the person. The group also had both constructive and destructive conflicts that eventually were worked out by listening and accepting the thoughts and concerns of each other.
All during the day different small conversations are made amongst the group, the group members sometimes even comment amongst themselves on how they think of members in this detention. The group members sometimes turn on each other but realize that maybe what people are saying could be true or something that they need to think about. When all of them sit down and engage in a group conversation, they work together to come to make sure that each other are fully understanding what has been said. They also clear up any rumors or misguided thinking so that nobody feels that what was said should be taking negatively and they want to reach a positive outcome when all is said and done.
At the end of the Saturday detention each member takes a small leadership role and reminds the group that they were here for a reason and whatever that reason was, is not important anymore. What is important is that they are or have grown to be closer in understanding who each person is, what their personality is, what the likes and dislikes are. They also realize that you can not judge someone by what they wear, what car they drive, who their parents are, but that everyone is not perfect, and you can have a jock and rebel talk to each other in the halls or a princess and a rebel talk in the halls. You could also say that the dynamics of the group changes drastically from start to finish. Looking at the five in the beginning and then seeing the five at the end, you would could conclude that each member had grown. However, that just shows you how much influence an individual can have on the group to completely change the dynamic of that group.
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The Breakfast Club Media Review
When someone hears the name John Hughes what comes to mind? More than likely what comes to mind are movies such as Pretty in Pink, Ferris Bueller's Day Off, 16 Candles, and of course his most well known film, The Breakfast Club. The 1985 film, The Breakfast Club is a truly timeless film that previous generations, and generations to come are able to relate to. The Breakfast Club focuses on five high school students who were sentenced to a saturday detention because of poor behavior. Each student is a part of a different high school clique. On the outside looking in each student believes that they are all very different, but it is not until further discovery that they soon realize that maybe they are not so different after all. The Breakfast Club sheds light on many health issues, but the most prominent ones being suicide and personality disorders.
John Bender is portrayed as the always angry, defiant, troublemaker student in this film. Bender comes from a physically, and verbally abusive household which in turn makes it difficult for him to be able to form healthy relationships with people. One could also say the Bender has an identity issue. There is a particular scene in the film where Bender and the assistant principal, Mr. Vernon are in a storage closet. Mr. Vernon proceeds to yell at Bender who beings to almost shut down, and starts to realize that he does not want to engage in that abusive behavior anymore. Next is Claire Standish, the popular, attention seeking, and at times narcissistic student in the group. Claire believes that she is special, and that everyone wants to either be her or be her friend. Standish is wealthy and believes that money can buy her happiness, so she seeks out expensive items in order to cope with the intense feeling of emptiness. Being as though Claire is popular and wealthy, she is constantly looking for validation from others in order to maintain her position at the top.
The nerd of the group is Brian Johnson. Johnson is the nerdy, quite, reserved student in the film, who endures an enormous amount of pressure from him parents to maintain good grades, and oftentimes experiences stress, anxiety, and depression if he falls short of their demanding expectations. A scene in the film best describes just how bad the pressure can get at times when Johnson said he attempted to commit suicide because he would average a B in woodshop, which in his parents eyes was not good enough. The next student is Andrew Clark. Clark is the jock of the group, and he just like Johnson, deals with intense pressure from his parents. In Clark’s case it is his father that puts pressure on him to be this amazing wrestler. Clark is constantly worried about what his father will say or do if his performance does not meet the high bar set for him. It is almost as though Clark’s father is living vicariously through his son, and forcing him to continue wrestling because in the film Clark says sometimes he wishes he leg would give out again so he will not have to wrestle again. Lastly, there is Allison Reynolds. Reynolds is portrayed as the outcast, socially awkward, shy one of the group. Her character also suffers from a less than ideal homelife. Reynolds’ parents ignore her which as left her with the inability to form strong, stable relationships with people. Reynolds is also a compulsive liar, an ineffective thief, and at times seems to be disconnected from reality.
The contents presented in this film greatly relate to the discussions had in class because it illustrates comorbidity, and numerous personality disorders. It would be irresponsible of me to diagnose any of the five students in this film with a personality disorder because I do not have enough background information on each student to form an accurate conclusion. It is safe to say that some of these students possess DSM criteria for certain personality disorders. Starting with John Bender, based on some of Benders’ behavior he exhibits some symptoms of Borderline Personality Disorder. Bender experiences "identity disturbance: markedly and presistantly unstable self image or sense of self", he also displays "inappropriate, intense anger or difficulty controlling anger", and "impulsivity in at least two areas that are potentially self damaging" (Barlow, Durand, & Hofmann 470), in John Benders’ case that would be smoking, and having multiple sexual partners. Claire Standish also displays some characteristics that align with a personality disorder known as Narcissistic Personality Disorder. Standish demonstrates symptoms such as "having a grandiose sense of self importance", "believing that others are envious of him or her", she also believes that "... she is special and unique and can only be understood by, or should associate with, other special or high status people" (Barlow, Durand, & Hofmann 475). Let me reiterate, I am not diagnosing these characters with any of the personality disorders mentioned. As stated in multiple lectures, there is a spectrum that pertains to mental disorders and it just depends on where someone falls on that spectrum that may or may not warrant a clinical diagnosis.
Overall I found that The Breakfast Club was successful in its portrayal of mental illness. I say that because the film was able to be entertaining, but it was also one of the earlier films that really highlighted the gap between being okay, and on the verge of a breakdown. I applaud this film for attempting to break the stigma surrounding men and mental illness. I commend the director John Hughes on being able to find balance between writing with sensitivity, and telling the truth. This film reminds us to have compassion for one another because everyone is dealing with their own internal demons.
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Yhe Right to Breastfeed in Public
Breastfeeding is a natural phenomenon that has been there since time memorial since every human being is a product of breastfeeding. Billions of women all over the world do it on a daily basis without stopping to think about it. However, in the recent past, there has been sexualization of breastfeeding leading to a heated discussion if women should do it in the public space (Mulready-Ward & Hackett, 2014). Despite the fact that it is a natural and healthy method of feeding infants, it has come under attack by some section of people who are hypocritical opponents (Scott, Kwok, Synnott, Bogue, Amarri, S., Noris & INFABIO Project Team). The issue has grown bigger and bigger to the extent that women that are trying to breastfeed their kids fear being harassed and humiliated in the public sphere. However, women should be free to breastfeed their kids in the public amid the public outcry against the motherly practice.
Breastfeeding not only confers to the child physical benefits but also help the child achieve cognitive and socio-emotional development. Breastfeeding increases the level of IQ of a growing child 10 fold and it decreases the incidence of specific cancers as well as childhood obesity (Mulready-Ward & Hackett, 2014). According to a report published by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, infants that were completely fed on breastmilk for at least 3 months or longer had higher rates of intelligence scores (Amir, 2014). The most recent research shows a link between breastfeeding and lower rates of type 2 diabetes, childhood obesity, Sudden Infant Death Syndrome as well as leukemia (Anderson et al., 2017). The advantages that breastfeeding provides alone are enough to save the government off the funds that would have been spent in fighting the diseases (Mulready-Ward & Hackett, 2014). Consequently, it would be wise if we focus our attention on issues that need attention as well as public outcry instead of wasting public money, resources and media attention on the issue of breastfeeding in public. In the process, the community will improve on confronting problems that are more legitimate.
It is not moral and legal to be nude in the public and therefore since breastfeeding has some nudity it should not be allowed in public places. It should be born in the people's minds that nudity in the public place makes people get uncomfortable (Grant, 2016). Breasts are sexual organs whose public display is prohibited by the law (Grant, 2016). Consequently, it is not logical that mothers should be allowed having this nudity in the name of breastfeeding. The most recent study shows that a significant majority of the parents cannot imagine their kids being exposed to this form of nudity. It will affect their moral growth negatively.
Companies spend millions of money annually on motor vehicle advertisements, beer advertisements and currently mortgage companies are using breastfeeding to let the public know about their products. Our communities are always booming with offensive advertisements such as pornographic billboards that one is bound to see on their way to work. So many magazines cover feature women that are almost naked which every five years old is bound to see in such places as the entrance and exits of grocery stores and other commercials that promote condoms and body lotions (Amir, 2014). It beats the logic that there is no public outcry against these uncensored advertisements. Any parent will point out that the advertisements are offensive but avoiding them in a normal day is an impossible mission to accomplish (Mulready-Ward & Hackett, 2014). Therefore, it is important to conclude that one offense at the sight of a baby suckling milk from their mother’s breast should not be an excuse to dictate other people’s fundamental human rights (Anderson et al., 2017). According to the WHO, breastfeeding is a basic human right. In fact, it is as basic as being provided with the most natural and nutritious food at the start of life.
A majority of women that breastfeed in public do not do so because they feel it is their right. The ability to get out of home after many weeks and months after giving birth is undeniably essential for mothers to reduce the chances of suffering from post-natal depression (Amir, 2014). A certain section of people postulate that breastfeeding should be done at home, bottle-feeding should be the best alternative, and it is true but it is crucial to have it in mind that babies are never always as clockwork and such things as the spilled bottled will be an environmental menace (Anderson et al., 2017). On top of that, there is scientific evidence that breasts become tender and sore in the cases where women do not get a chance of expressing and spending time away from home working will necessitate a feed. It is nearly impossible for women to keep on preparing for such challenges every day, for example, it is inconveniencing for women to have to go home whenever they need to express (Amir, 2014). It is due to the fact that the mother has a myriad of issues to deal with which makes them too tired to have such arrangements. Additionally, the health of a child and that of a mother are far more important than the concern of another person wanting to have a glimpse of an exposed breast.
Women should never feel uncomfortable while breastfeeding in public since any person that is likely to see her breasts grew from breastfeeding. However, the only difference that might arise is the location of their mother when they were doing the same. I agree with the assertion that women should make an effort of covering themselves up while breastfeeding. The breast should never be a disgusting feature in the case of nursing mothers. A vast majority of the world’s cultures do not have any negative notions against breasts for the simple reason of breastfeeding (Amir, 2014). Parents that are worried about their kids having a glimpse of the breasts should explain to them the essence of breastfeeding. This will play an important role in enabling future generations in getting into terms with the benefits of breastfeeding. In the United States of America, a significant number of states have enacted laws in a bid to protect the rights of the mothers that are breastfeeding. Currently, more than 49 states have passed legislation to allow women to breastfeed in the public (Mulready-Ward & Hackett, 2014). On top of that, 21 others have laws that exempt mothers from public indecency laws (Mulready-Ward & Hackett, 2014). Therefore, many of the public places in the states embrace breastfeeding and treat it for what it is.
Overall, women should have the right to breastfeed in public without fear of judgment or humiliation. Breastfeeding provides many health benefits to the growing child. Breastfeeding in public allows mothers to conduct their daily activities without being inconvenienced. Breastfeeding should not be equated to the public display of nudity. All countries in the world should enact laws that protect mother’s breastfeeding their kids in the public space.
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Should Breastfeeding be Public or Private
All over the world familes are welcoming new babies into their homes and mothers are beginning to make some very important decisions on their lives, specifically breastfeeding or using formula. Many mothers do not have the ability to breastfeed, whether that be because of work, lack of milk production, along with various other reasons. However, many mothers do choose to breastfeed their children. Choosing to breastfeed is such a advantageous experience for both the mother and the child, but sadly women do face the undeniable examination of others when they choose to breastfeed their children in public.
What could be possibly wrong about a Mother breastfeeding her child? Absolutely nothing! Many people view a women’s breast as sexual items. The main purpose of breast is to breastfed a child after birth. Breastfeeding had been around since before the 15th century. Breastfeeding offers a number of benefits for the mother and child, in addition, to strengthening the bond between the two. Babies who breastfeed have a lower risk of meningitis, various cancers, bacterial and viral infections and so much more. Breastfeeding is one of the most nutritious options for a baby. This could be a variance decision for some. Such variance can be seen between Amy Bentley in the article "Breastfeeding in the Public should be Welcomed and Supported" and Hanna Rosin response "The Case Against Breastfeeding".
Amy Bentley is a professor in the Department of Nutrition and Food Supplies at New York University. She is a historian with interests in the social, historical and cultural context of food. She is the author of several book and the winner of the ASFS Best Book Award. Amy believes that breastfeeding is the most natural way for women to feed their babies and provides many benefits to both mother and child. Hanna Rosin is a mother of three and is an American author and writer. She also is the co host of NPR podcast Invisibilia and co-founder of Double X. Hanna says that although it’s healthy food for a baby, many people still regard breast milk as a bodily fluid, and it can contain disease antigens that other people should not be exposed to against their will.
Two different primary points stand out in Bentley’s and Rosin’s writings. Both agree that breastfeeding is a natural way for women to feed their babies However. Bentley and Rosin disagree on the fact that women should breastfeed in private.
When examining the first point of disagreement, both women address the question of if breastfeeding should be done in public or private. "Breastfeeding can be time-consuming and inconvenient, which sometimes necessitates mothers to nurse their children in public places", stated Bentley. Though breastfeeding is the body's way of feeding a baby, nursing a baby can be trying and inconvenient. Smaller babies can experience difficulty latching, which makes feeding physically difficult. This is compounded when a mother is told to place a cover over herself and the child, as she cannot help the child as easily and many children will struggle against them (Bentley). Furthermore, requiring women to leave all public areas is a significant burden: it can become more complicated to work or handle time-consuming errands outside the home if she must disappear on a moments' notice when her child becomes hungry. Rosin, like most people says that "breastfeeding typically took place inside the home or in another private area, away from the public." Regardless of the reason, seeing a woman breastfeed in public makes many people uncomfortable (particularly when the children being fed are no longer infants) and opponents of public breastfeeding agree that this discomfort should be respected.
The second point of view between Bentley and Rosin centers on business owners and making every customer feel comfortable. Public breastfeeding has formed serious legal implications for business owners and employees, who need to balance customer complaints with public breastfeeding law compliance, stated Rosin in her article. Asking a woman to cover up or relocate in attempt to address these issues can result in legal action or campaigns of threats led by breastfeeding advocates who feel they are being shamed for nursing in public (Rosin). Opponents note that this leaves many business owners defenseless to appease all of their customers. On the other hand, Bentley feels as businesses must be educated on how to comply with laws permitting public breastfeeding. Any public establishments and places of employment are not equipped with comfortable, or even sanitary, facilities for breastfeeding. The law considers bathrooms to be unsanitary places for handling food, which makes them similarly unsuitable for feeding infant or pumping milk.
Should breastfeeding be public or private as Rosins suggested or in public as Bentley believe is right? If people were more accepting of the perfectly normal act that is breastfeeding; it would become so normal that it would no longer be seen as a problem or be made a big deal of and women wouldn't be so afraid to breastfeed their children.
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Discrimination for Breastfeading in Public
Women have been discriminated throughout the years for breastfeeding their child in public. One mother, Lauren from Michigan, was verbally discriminated for feeding her son in an empty cafeteria. She claims that she was completely covered, and nobody could tell what she was doing. Lauren talks about an older couple approaching her to tell her that what she was doing was wrong in many ways. She states that the couple made her very self-conscious and made her not want to feed her child. She later talks about choosing to be selfless for her baby’s sake and deciding to not care about what others think.
Breastfeeding in public is a controversial topic but should not be shamed. People who are making mothers feel embarrassed for feeding their babies, when the babies are hungry, are the ones who should feel ashamed. Women who breastfeed while in public have a background of being harshly judged but the evidence and reasoning behind the idea is logical. Mothers don’t want to be glared at and talked about, but they take the risk for their child. Breastfeeding is a part of life and shouldn’t be looked at differently if done in public or at home.
The history behind women breastfeeding in public hasn’t changed since the 1950’s. People have always been harsh to a woman who breastfeed in public. When women started to participate in the workforce and other outside activities, they didn’t have time to join the outside world and be a mother at inappropriate times ("Breastfeeding in Public: Overview"). This forced women to choose between nursing in public or being a part of life outside the home. Mothers who worked from home or mothers who didn’t even work at all were the ones who were able to feed their children in the comfort of their home. These were the higher-class mothers who could also afford formula. The lower-class mothers couldn’t spend the money on formula, so this also gave them no other choice other than breastfeeding.
The debate over whether it is appropriate to breastfeed a child while in public is still in rage today. Now that most mothers can afford to feed their baby formula, people don’t see the need in breastfeeding. People will come to find that the ones that have a problem with breastfeeding today are the people without children. In 2015 the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention took a survey on how mothers felt about breastfeeding in public. 62.91% of mothers agreed that they should be encouraged to breastfeed no matter where they were and only 4.54% disagreed. The 4.54% who disagreed claimed that the only reason why they don’t breastfeed their children in public is because of all the hatred and discontent that they receive. People in this world today thrive from making people feel bad about themselves.
Since breastfeeding in public continues to be such a hot topic, laws were set in place to protect this right. As of 2018, all fifty states offer some sort of legal protection for nursing moms. In 2010 the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, signed by President Obama, made it legal to let women pump at work (Walano). This law states that employers must give their employees a reasonable break to pump for up to one year after giving birth. Not every state has the same law on breastfeeding, they are all unique. Nebraskan women can now breastfeed their children anywhere they’re authorized to be. They’re also excused from jury duty until they're no longer nursing (Walano). These laws are in place to keep these mothers protected from hate, but that doesn’t seem to stop rude people.
Breastfeeding brings an incredible number of benefits to mother and child. Colostrum, the "premilk" that comes in after the delivery, is full of antibodies to protect a newborn baby (Namibia). Since newborns are so immune to sickness, breastfeeding is the best way to keep a baby healthy. If a mother dragged a bottle everywhere, more and more germs would attract to the bottle. A mother who breastfeeds in public doesn’t have to worry about unsanitary bottles to get her baby sick. What most people don’t know is that breastfeeding burns calories. If a mother were to feed her baby 20 ounces of milk a day, that’s 400 calories swept off the body (Namibia). Breastfeeding doesn’t only benefit a baby, it benefits a mother too.
When someone feels the urge to eat, they eat. Why should that be any different for a baby? A baby has the right to eat whenever he or she is hungry, in public or not. A mother knows when her baby is hungry usually if the baby is crying and won’t settle down. If the mother were to ignore the crying baby, people would get upset and annoyed. If the mother were to start breastfeeding the baby in public, people would feel the same exact way. Since it is human rights to let the child eat whenever he or she is hungry, people shouldn’t have a say in whether it is correct or not.
Breast milk doesn’t only give a baby nutrition it needs, it also has some behavioral gains. Children who are not breastfed are found to have not received the significant amounts of certain fatty acids, growth factors and hormones that are vital to the function and development of a child's brain and central nervous system (Mansbacher 28). A child who has been breastfed by his mother will more than likely have a different amount of respect for her than a child that wasn’t breastf ed. Breastfeeding will give the mother and baby a special bond. Breastfed children show more maturity, self-confidence and interpersonal security when they are adults (Manbacher 28). If a mother must breastfeed her baby in public, she will without any hesitation. Everybody wants a child that will act well behaved, and breastfeeding can help that.
Mothers also choose to breastfeed because of the financial aspect of it all. Babies need to eat a lot to grow and some women cannot afford to feed their baby with formula. The average savings for a mother who breastfeeds can be $800 per year (Mansbacher 29). Also, children who are not breastfed get sick more than children who are breastfed. Mothers will then be paying for doctor visits, medical prescriptions and the baby's formula and the formula water that needs to go with the formula. Infants who weren’t breastfed spent on average $68,000 on medical costs, and infants who were breastfed only spent on average $4,000 on medical expenses (Mansbacher 29). If a mother breastfeeds, she won’t have to go out and buy new bottles every month either. Breast m`ilk reduces diarrhea as well, so this saves money on buying diapers more than necessary. Babies who are not breastfed are ill more times that babies who are breastfed. If the mother works, she will have to be taking off work all the time for a sick baby. This will then decrease the amount of money that mom earned, and most mothers rely on their paycheck.
Breast milk is nature's perfect baby food. Breastfeeding boosts a child’s immune system and the effects of vaccinations. Those who are not breastfed for at least four months show an increase in respiratory infections and are three-times more likely to be hospitalized due to those types of infections (Mansbacher 28). Many researchers have found that breastfed infants are less likely to die from Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, often known as SIDS. Since breast milk has so many positive nutrients, child obesity is lowered for children who are breastfed. Babies find that breast milk is easier to break down than formula. Breast milk will cause the baby less stomach aches and less constipation. Breastfed babies are less likely to develop allergies, diabetes and lymphoma ("Breastfeeding Benefits Extend beyond Baby"). Breastfeeding gives a baby benefits that could save the child’s life.
Not very many people agree with the idea of breastfeeding while in public. Many women have been discriminated and judged for feeding their children in public. Most people don’t agree with this topic because of the way it makes others feel and some find it inappropriate. The most common opinion on breastfeeding in public is that it is wrong and should be done in private.
The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) does not recognize breast milk as a bodily fluid or require it to be handled as a biohazard like blood, it acknowledges that serious infectious diseases such as HIV and hepatitis B can be transmitted through breast milk ("Breastfeeding Should Be Private"). Women shouldn’t breastfeed at places like pools or other communal areas because of the high risk of diseases that could be spread. Not all mothers think about disasters that could happen if they breastfeed their child in a place that is not clean or sanitary.
Many people do not feel comfortable seeing breastfeeding happen in public. People who disagree with breastfeeding in public often think that a woman's breast is a private part of her anatomy and that exposing it in public, even to feed a child, is morally wrong. Nobody wants to see a stranger in that sort of way, especially if the people are meeting for the first time. This makes people uncomfortable in many ways. Other people worry about their children seeing a grown woman’s breast if they see them breastfeeding out in the public. People have the right to their own opinion.
People ask women who breastfeed in public to cover up. If a woman were to cover her baby with a blanket while breastfeeding, most people probably wouldn’t even realize what she is doing. This way she is not discriminated, and everybody is happy. Another tactic that women could use to keep breastfeeding in public is using a secret is code word. If a woman is breastfeeding a child that is old enough to talk, she can teach he or she a word to use when they want to eat. Nobody would know what the child wants and this way nothing gets uncomfortable.
Women have been breastfeeding their children since the early 20th century. Even then, breastfeeding was frowned upon. That hasn’t stopped women from feeding their baby the right way. Breastfeeding is the most natural way to feed a child, and more women should do it. Laws have been set in place to keep these mothers protected. More research has been done on all the benefits that come with breastfeeding to show people that it truly is not a negative matter. More women should choose to be selfless and breastfeed their babies.
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Is Breastfeeding Okay in Public ?
Breastfeeding is scary for most mothers because of public feeding and just being a first time mother. Mother’s think that people would give them weird or dirty looks and would be publicly embarrassed by breastfeeding. When out in public breastfeeding draws a lot of attention to the mother because most people don’t just walk into a public place and see a mother openly breastfeeding her baby. Although some may think breastfeeding should be done in private, once someone has analyzed that the mother has to feed, pump breast milk, and care for the baby’s need they’ll understand what breastfeeding means, Also breastfeeding rates have went up dramatically since the early 1970s.
In the United States, the legal right of a mother to breastfeed in public is clear, And yet public behavior shared by members of the society prevents breastfeeding mothers from feeling equal and autonomous in public spaces. Public places such as the park, the mall, restaurants, buildings, and offices show many challenges for breastfeeding mothers. Breastfeeding makes other feel uncomfortable and disgusted, it forces people to look and notice or self-conscious about not looking.
In several stories mothers have admitted to feeling embarrassed while breastfeeding in public places. In order for some moms to feel comfortable they would breastfeed in the nasty public restrooms because they didn’t want to risk the public shaming. In December of 2015 Whoopi Goldberg stated “If they’re old enough to hit then they shouldn’t be breastfeeding”. The baby has to feed off the mother for up to 4 hours or so when the baby gets hungry while out you’ll have to immediately attend to the child.. If the child is hungry the mother has to rush to the restroom with a crying & hungry child which would draw attention as well. One can clearly deduce that it is a shame that these mothers are being harassed because they are simply feeding their needy child, stated by Janice Porter, 31, A mother of two.
“A simple burp rag over the child and the problem goes away” stayed John beck. The problem of public breastfeeding cannot be solved with a burp rag. If a mother is out eating at an restaurant and her baby is being very fussing she’ll have to attend to her baby. If a mother uses a breast cover the baby can easily throw it off or even pull it down to expose what’s under. Some mothers are even asked to leave the restaurant or even go to the restroom to breastfeed. When people see things like this they don’t know how to act, where to look, or even what to do.
Rates of breastfeeding have went up since the early 1970s by race and just all breastfeeding mothers. In the 1970s, breastfeeding rates in the hospital were as low as 24 percent, with only 5 percent of mothers nursing for several months following birth. The feminist women groups and Christian women groups such as La Leche began challenging the medical model by promoting natural childbirth and breastfeeding. “ These groups promoted the benefits of breastfeeding and also raising a child.* Some of the feminist health groups helped organize a boycott of nestle in the late 1970s for promoting formula in developing curries. Therefore these groups claimed that nestle led to 1 million infants deaths because of their formula.
Ones say that breastfeeding is healthier than bottle feeding. Breastfeeding provides advantages for the babies health and growth. Breastfeeding is a way to achieve so-called good mothering idealized notion of mothers as selfless and child-centered.*Mothers who take breastfeed into consideration doesn’t have to pay for high price formula and cereal. As one can see breastfeed is cheaper and healthier for the parent and child.
In the 1980s there was a little decrease and flateau in the breastfeeding rates and then in the 1990s, the rate steadily rises to a higher percent. Currently only about one third of mothers report breastfeeding at six months. “In 991, breastfeeding rates, both for imitation and six months after birth began to increase again”.* Between 1991 and 2002 breastfeeding rates for all mother’s increased 16.8 percentage points at birth and 15. Percentage points six months after birth. Therefore all mothers across all democratic characteristics experienced increase in breastfeeding rates.
While society wants mothers to breastfeed to protect and promote infants health, It wants them to do so behind closed doors. Most mothers are asked to cover up or go to the restroom while out muring in restaurants. “In 2007 a nursing mother was asked to cover up while nursing in an Applebee’s restaurant” stated by John.* This incident resulted in “nurse/ins” at Applebee’s location all over the united states in protest. As one can see the resistance to nursing in public areas from the link between breast and sexuality, including the idea that breast are in accent.
Children that have been breastfeed for six months of life are healthier than the children that are given formula. They say breastfeeding even helps the baby fight infections and develops healthy immune systems. This research found that children who were breastfeeding for that least nine mothers had higher IQ test scores when tested in their late teens and 20s.* Mothers who choose to breastfeeding are healthier with less risk of ovarian and breast cancer. Therefore breastfeeding helps digest easier that’s why babies have to have their diaper changed almost every feeding.
The first six months of a babies life are the crucial stages of growth and development. The first six months of life the baby is immune to get more sick, virus infection, ear infection ect. Many health professionals believe that breastfeeding reduces the sickness and helps to provide the baby with a healthy start.* Within the first five years research suggest that breast milk is the best milk because it meets all the nutritional requirements.”* Human milk is different in its composition and chemial make-up than formula and canned milk. Therefore the protective factors in human milk are natural and cannot be artistically produce.
Breastfeeding is an important factors in a child’s life and mothers have to care for their baby at all times. Breastfeeding is a normal factor for mothers and it’s the child in need of feeding and needs to be fed. “Breast Milk is more healthy than formula milk” stated by Amanda. For a long healthy life time for you and your child breastfeeding is one way to make it possible.
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Why is Caring Important in Nursing: Unveiling the Heart and Soul of the Profession
Each individual has their own special image of what caring means. There are many ways to show caring to others. When thinking of the word "caring", the first profession comes to mind is nursing. Nurses are regularly connected with caring in light of the fact that they comfort, support while helping patient to recuperate to the best of their capacity.
Dealing and managing different patients throughout the day and every day with unusually and interesting medical conditions show their experience, patient, and care. Throughout the years I have encounter some best nurses that have formed my meaning of what caring ought to give a picture of.
Throughout the years, I have encounter some of the best nurses that formed my mind on the true meaning of caring for their patients/ clients. They are the ones who will go to a community that others are too afraid to go, they are the individuals who hold the hand of a dying patient and sing quietly to him or her, the one who holds a scared and frighten child and rock that child to sleep if need be, they are also the ones who stand adjunct to the doctor when he tells a patient or patient’s family someone is dying or has died. These are the nurses with care in their heart and soul that comes from within. The care from our human soul comes from the love of Jesus Christ, Philippians 2:4(NIV), "Do not be concerned about your own interests, but also be concerned about the interests of others."
Nurses learn to help their patients to face the unbelievable through their touch, soothing voice, their healing presence, a look of kindness and compassion one see in the most unbearable situations.
I realize that it will not be easy, however, I am positive about getting ready myself and picking up the information important to give trust even to the individuals who decline to get well. I need to have any kind of effect in somebody's life and support those in the midst of misfortune. I expect to be a nurse who will never abandon her patients regardless of how terminal their sickness, I will dependably be there urging them to appreciate each second they have. I will approach my patients with deference, respect, consideration, sympathy, mindful, understanding, and do the best to give them an inspirational standpoint. Joy, delight, and energy are extremely infectious, and a basic grin, contact, or even single word can turn a patient's day. I will do my best to comprehend their history, disease, and treatment to keep them educated and refreshed on their wellbeing status. I will dependably put my patient first and urge them to convey fears, stories, needs, expectations, and solaces to have a superior comprehension of the most proficient approach to enable them to recuperate. As I acquire learning on the most proficient method to productively think about patients, I will advance every day on improving as an nurse. Minding is a progressing procedure that never closes, so nursing is a test will vanquish each day with a grin all over. There are no words that can express that I am so eager to wind up the best medical caretaker I can be. As I would see it, mindful is the way to nursing, and without it, nursing would be nonexistent.
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Professional Nurse Caring after Hip Replacement
The Perioperative Nursing Process (ADPIE)
Patient Mr.H is a 46-year-old male presenting with avascular necrosis scheduled to undergoe a right total hip arthroplasty (THA). The patient presented with severe right knee pain for months with no diagnosis. The patient explained "I can’t bend down to tie my shoes or bend down to pick up my sons". The patients primary care provider requested an X-ray of the hips. The X-ray indicated severe avascular necrosis due to a decrease in blood supply to the right femoral head. The patient has been on Novalog insulin pump for 30 years to manage Type 1 Diabetes. The patient also has a history of hypertension diagnosed five years ago and is on Lisinopril medication for treatment. The patient is currently a smoker consuming a half a pack of cigarettes a day. The patient has no other past medical or surgical history. The patient lives in a one-story house, and no stairs to get up to enter it. The patients support system is his wife and his sons are ages six, and three.
The patient is diagnosed with avascular necrosis and is scheduled to undergoes a THA. Preoperative testing is a crucial first step in the perioperative process. Mr.H has a few risk factors including smoking, and type 1 diabetes both which can delay wound healing and increase the chance of infection (Goodman & Spry, 2017). Mr.H had a routine chest x-ray that showed no abnormalities, Mr. H received an electrocardiogram that showed normal sinus rhythm. Mr. H’s preadmission testing results including a complete blood count (CBC) had all values within normal limits, and no electrolyte imbalances were indicated with the basic metabolic panel (BMP) lab tests. His Hemoglobin and Hematocrit were 13.6 and 39.9% respectfully. Due to Mr.H being a Type 1 Diabetic a hemoglobin A1C was ordered for him and the results were six percent indicating proper diabetic and insulin management. The patient had no indications of infection with a white blood cell (WBC) count of 9,000. The patients’ blood type and screen indicated the patient is type B positive. The patient’s prothrombin time (PT), and international rationalized ratio (INR) results were 12 seconds, and 0.9.
The perioperative nurse has a variety of very important rolls. For Mr.H the perioperative nurse will help provide patient care, educate and teach the patient, as well as manage and assist in the best possible patient outcome (Penn, 2018a). In order for this to occur is important to fully complete the perioperative nursing process which includes planning, implementing and evaluating. A SMART goal or a goal that is specific, measurable, attainable, realistic, and timely, for Mr.H will be that he will be able to identify four signs or symptoms of infection before surgery. This is important so that he is prepared and educated in the event of an infection postoperatively. Mr.H is a smoker so it would be important to educate the patient on the important of smoke cessation and implement the use of smoke cessation resources. A necessary implementation for Mr. H’s care will be to collaborate with the interdisciplinary team and arrange for an at home physical therapist for proper postoperative physical rehabilitation. Mr.H will be evaluated on his understanding of the necessity of proper wound care due to the risk of infection and the evaluation of his understanding on the need for physical therapy after surgery.
Pathophysiology of Avascular Necrosis
The pathological process of avascular necrosis includes the death of bone and bone tissue to the lack of blood supply to the area. In Mr. H’s case, the pathological process of avascular necrosis in the femoral head in the hip is not fully understood. Due to some reason whether it be from injury or progressive degeneration or occlusion due to dislocation, there is an interruption in the blood supply to the bone, thus leading to bone death which is called avascular necrosis ("Avascular necrosis", 2018). When there is no longer blood being provided to the femoral head there is a result of ischemia to the area which kills off bone marrow and osteocytes thus leading to a collapse of the hip. In Mr. H’s case, his orthopedic noted that he was very lucky he was diagnosed when he was due to the very close chance his hip was going to collapse at any given moment ("Femoral Head Avascular Necrosis", 2018).
Description of Surgery and Operative Setting
The description of the surgery Mr.H will be undergoing is quite simple to understand. The injured, or dead bone and cartilage in the hip is removed and then replaced with a prosthetic element or component. The cartilage will be removed and replaced with a metal socket and a ceramic ball will replace the damaged femoral head that was removed. Lastly in order to provide mobility of the joint a plastic spacer will be placed in between the joint socket and the new prosthetic femoral head. The wound closure will be completed with staples and steri-strips. (Fisher, 2015). Mr. H’s surgery is scheduled as a required surgery and will be performed by an orthopedic surgeon in the operative setting of a hospital. Mr. H’s surgery is scheduled for the afternoon so he will stay at the hospital for one night and will be planning for discharge the next morning.
Roles of The Perioperative Nurse and The Perioperative Phases
The role of a perioperative nurse is very important because it is their responsibility to adhere to the nursing process for entire surgical experience of the patient which means the perioperative nurse will work with Mr.H before surgery, during surgery, and after surgery also known as the preoperative phase, intraoperative phase, and postoperative phase (Penn, 2018a). The perioperative nurse will work with Mr. H’s surgical team including the surgeon, the anesthiologist, and surgical technicians. The perioperative nurse will work to provide the most optimal care for the client during the phases of the surgical experience (Penn, 2018a).
The preoperative phase started when Mr.H scheduled his surgery and this phase will continue until Mr.H is transferred into the surgical operative room (Penn, 2018a) This phase is very important because Mr. H’s data and assessment was collected. His results give the nurse a baseline for his vitals, and assessment findings in the event that an adverse reaction or complication occurs. A major responsibility of Mr. H’s nurse is to provide preoperative teaching. Mr.H will be given Chlorhexidine Gluconate (CHG) which will be used to shower with prior to surgery because it is effective in combatting certain microorganisms that may lead to infection. Mr.H will also be tested for Methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) due to the fact that a prosthetic component will be surgically implanted which raises the chances of infection because of the foreign body (Mori, Hagemen, & Zimmerly, 2017)
Patient centered teaching and preoperative preparation are crucial in the preoperative phase. Mr. H will be educated on the importance of infection prevention for example adhering to the CHG bath, use proper hand hygiene, as well as care to the incision post-surgery to decrease the chances of infection. Mr.H has Type 1 Diabetes so it is important to educate him on the potential result of hyperglycemia from the stress of surgery (Penn, 2018c). During this time Mr.H will be educated on what to expect which will include pain management methods, as well as post-operative exercises like the use of an incentive spirometer and early ambulation. Mr.H will be weight baring the day of surgery and can be expected to walk with use of an assistive device like a walker anywhere from 4-6 hours postop. Mr.H has been educated on what to expect and was able to demonstrate an understanding of all of the preoperative teaching including the verification of nothing by mouth(NPO) status before surgery. Mr.H understand potential complications of bleeding, and infection as well as side effects from anesthesia including nausea, and a potential spinal headache (Penn, 2018c). Mr.H will be taught signs of infection for example redness, edema, foul odor, purulent drainage. Mr.H had no further concerns or questions regarding the surgical process.
Going through the preoperative check list is one of the most important processes of this phase. Mr. H has provided informed surgical consent, anesthesia informed consent, and blood transfusion informed consent. To complete the check list Mr.H has all of his lab results and current vital documented, with a current health and physical. All of these items will be placed in Mr. H’s medical record and will go with the patient to surgery. Prior to surgery Mr. H’s nothing by mouth (NPO) status will be verified, a medical reconciliation is done on current medications including over the counter medications and herbal supplements and he will be educated on the removal of any jewelry, and to alert the provider if he feels like he is getting ill before surgery. Mr.H does not have any hair in the location of the surgery so there is no need for hair removal in order to reach the surgical site (Penn, 2018c).
Intraoperative Phase
The intraoperative phase occurs when the patient is received and transferred to the surgical suit and is not complete until the patient is admitted to the post-anesthesia care unit, often abbreviatedPACU (Penn, 2018a). During this phase, the patient will be prepped, the surgical suite will be prepared and the any necessary duties before the surgery begins will be completed. This includes prepping the suite with the proper instruments, as well as making sure there is working and functioning equipment.
Constant monitoring and advocating for the patient will be done by the surgical team and perioperative nurses. Patient safety as well as workplace safety are very important aspects to consider. Many instruments and sharps are used during
g surgery and can cause serious injury for example Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) (AORN, 2018). In order to eliminate this risk, it is important workers use the correct and safest handling of sharps and use proper protective equipment when handling sharps as well as disposing of them properly and safely. In addition, with the use of many instruments it is important for the patient’s safety as well to be very aware and decrease the chance of a retained surgical items during the surgery. According to AORN, surgical instruments should be counted multiple times before, throughout, and after the surgery to account for all necessary instruments. To protect the safety of the patients and the integrity of the staff, universal protocol must be followed by initiating surgical site verification. "Time-Out" is method used which communication between the team to verify the correct patient, procedure and surgical site. This protects the safety of the patient and the surgical team this ensures safety of the patient and a safe workplace with open lines of communication.
A major priority for this patient’s safety would be making sure there is proper sterility and high-level disinfection due to the fact that Mr.H is receiving a prosthetic implant. According to the Association of periOpertaive Registered Nurses Guideline for High-level Disinfection, implants are considered a critical item that must be sterilized according to the Spaulding Classification System (Association of periOperative Registered Nurses [AORN, 2018]).
During this phase preparation for the administration of Mr. H’s anesthetic will occur. The type of anesthetic that Mr. H will be getting for his hip replacement will be regional anesthesia. This anesthesia will block the nerves near the surgical site while having no effect on the patients breathing or brain function this means that Mr.H will be conscious and in order to relax he will be given sedatives in addition to the spinal block. (Foran & Stuart, 2018). It is important as the nurse to provide Mr.H with emotional and physiologic support during this phase. During the intraoperative phase the nurse will assist in monitoring the patient’s status to prevent any injury or infection.
Mr.H will be positioned in the left lateral positioning so that optimal access to the right hip is available to the surgeon. For this particular position, it is important that the team maintain Mr. H’s proper body alignment especially keeping the neck in neutral position as well as being aware of critical pressure points for example Mr. H’s shoulder, iliac crest, ribs, and opposite hip, as well as continuous monitoring of the circulatory and respiratory system of Mr.H. Mr.H also has high blood pressure which was established in the preoperative phase so it is a patient priority to monitor this ailment during the surgical process. When positioning Mr.H it is important to use proper body mechanics, in order to decrease the chance of injury or improper transfer or positioning (AORN, 2018). Safety is key for both Mr.H and the workers. Ensuring safety, and preventing infection throughout the intraoperative phase is pertinent and a vital responsibility of the nurse.
Postoperative phase
This phase occurs when Mr.H enters the PACU and lasts until patient is stable and there is a certain degree of recovery (Penn, 2018a). This is the phase when the main focus is to continuously monitor and manage the patient’s physiological health for example monitoring Mr. H’s blood sugar and blood pressure in addition to heart rate, oxygen saturation, temperature and respiratory function. Pain management and preventing infection will be major elements to provide to Mr.H. Patient education will also be provided to Mr.H during this phase (Whitlock, 2018). While still in the hospital Mr.H will be administered IV pain medication such as morphine and then upon discharged be prescribed an order for Percocet pills for pain as needed. The main goal is to decrease discomfort in order to be able to participate in necessary postsurgical activities for example physical therapy. Mr.H will be assisted with physical therapy the day of the surgery in the hospital and will have an in-home session with them two days later. In addition, pharmacologically Mr.H will be sent home with the pain medication, a low dose of aspirin to decrease the chance of blood clot formation, and a stool softener do decrease strain from potential constipation which can be a side effect from the opioid medication. Reinforced teaching about infection prevention, pain management, and physical therapy will be provided (Goodman & Spry, 2017). The discharge teaching may also include managing and or preventing complications, the healing process to expect, follow up appointments and medication adherence.
Legal and Ethical Considerations.
In terms of ethical implications, the nurse’s role and actions will be guided by The Code of Ethics for Nurses. All of Mr. H’s medical information, personal information will remain confidential within legal limits (Penn, 2018b). Ethically the patient will have the right to self-determination, and will be treated with justice, meaning equally and unbiased. Mr. H’s autonomy and dignity will be preserved throughout the perioperative process. An important consideration to document and discuss with Mr.H is his code status meaning what his wishes are in the event of an emergency that his heart stops or he stops breathing. Mr.H will be a full code status meaning in the event that he needs to be resuscitated, he wishes to exhaust all necessary options in order for resuscitation. In the preoperative phase, all informed consents were received and witnessed for Mr.H. These consents are put in place to grant permission for the surgery to take place as well as the administration of anesthesia, and the permission of a blood transfusion in the event it is necessary. Mr.H signed this form after being fully taught the indications for the surgery, what to expect from the surgery, and any questions or concerns answered and explained by Mr. H’s surgeon. All of these components are very important to obtain before surgery begins to protect the proper legality of the situation. Throughout the process of caring for Mr.H it is important to strive for the most optimal care a patient can receive while meeting individualized needs and concerns.
References
- Association of periOperative Nurses. (2018a). Guidelines for Perioperative Practice. Denver, CO: AORN.
- Avascular necrosis. (2018, May 05). Retrieved from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/avascular-necrosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20369859
- Femoral Head Avascular Necrosis. (2018, October 23). Retrieved December 3, 2018, from https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/86568-overview
- Fisher, S. J. (2015, August). Total Hip Replacement. Retrieved December 3, 2018, from https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/treatment/total-hip-replacement/
- Foran, J., & Stuart, F. (2018, September). Anesthesia for Hip and Knee Surgery. Retrieved December 2, 2018, from https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/treatment/anesthesia-for-hip-and-knee-surgery/
- Goodman, T. & Spry, C. (2017). Essentials of perioperative nursing (6th ed.) Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning,
- Mori, C., Hagemen, D., & Zimmerly, K. (2017, March/April). Nursing Care of the Patient Undergoing an Anterior Approach to Total Hip Arthroplasty. Retrieved December 3, 2018, from https://www.nursingcenter.com/cearticle?an=00006416-201703000-00007&Journal_ID=403341&Issue_ID=4084255
- Penn, N. (2018a). Introduction to Perioperative Nursing [PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved December 2, 2018 from http://newclasses.nyu.edu
- Penn, N. (2018b). Legal & Ethical Implications in the Perioperative Setting [PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved December 2, 2018 from http://newclasses.nyu.edu
- Penn, N. (2018c). Preparing the Patient for Surgery [PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved December 2, 2018 from http://newclasses.nyu.edu
- Whitlock, J. (2018, September 3). The Different Phases and Procedures of Surgery. Retrieved December 2, 2018, from https://www.verywellhealth.com/perioperative-defined-3157137
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Comparing Cats and Dogs
Cats and dogs, two of the most cherished house pets. Both animals have been around for thousands of years and loved for most of them. They come from different yet similar ancient backgrounds and let us see how far they've changed since the wild. Cats and Dogs have been compared for years but no one has gone in depth in their history which is important when comparing. Dogs have been around for thousands of years and are descendants of the gray wolf. Archeologists have theorized that Central Asia may have been the 1st to domesticate dogs. Before full domestication, signs of relationships between man and wolves date back to 10,000 to 15,000 years ago. The domestication of wolves (now dogs) began when hunters would use wolves for hunting by keeping flocks together and warning against approaching enemies, in return, the hunter would make sure the wolves were fed. After wolves were domesticated, human dog interaction changed throughout the years. By this I mean although during the Middle Ages people saw dogs as status symbols, at another point in time people saw dogs as food and a delicacy.
People then started to breed early dogs for size and color which is still happening today as more mixed breeds are becoming popular. Cats on the other hand have a slightly different history. Cats have been found to be most likely descendants of the middle eastern western cat. Unlike dogs, cats were domesticated much later than dogs as they were domesticated only around 4000 years ago. Cats were most likely first domesticated by egyptians as they were the first to keep cats to control pests and to hunt. Cats were so worshiped in ancient egypt that it was illegal to kill cats and the sentence was the death penalty. Cats were also worshiped as gods and mummified before burial which displays great respect for these animals.
Although cats and dogs come from different background they are similar in certain ways. Both cats and dogs can and have lived in the wild. Cats and dogs are very territorial and are born with that instinct. Both animals also have drastically changed over time. Both gray wolves and wildcats were bigger and looked a lot different than the furry friends we know today. Both animals also portray human animal connection. Both cats and dogs have evolved to depend on humans when it comes to an easy life which causes a strong connection and loyalty between owner and pet. Both animals have also benefited from human interaction since thousands of years ago. In return for aid in hunting, owners would give these animals food, shelter, praise etc. Things have changed though since back then, now we give these animals all these things without them needing to do anything. This has caused animals to depend on humans for most things. Humans haven't always been good to these animals though as both animals have experienced discrimination with cats being believed to be associated with the devil to dogs being hunted and eaten rather than hunting. In conclusion, although both animals have gone through different things to become the pets we love today they still are equal. Both animals went from wild animals to small house pets.
Cats and dogs are a great example of the impact humans have on animals. After all this time we still don't truly know whether the domestication of dogs and cats was for better or worse. Although this we do know that both humans and these pets have benefitted from each other in a coexisting relationship. These pets give us an insight on the genetic and behavioral evolution of animals and the cause and effect of human animal relationships. No matter the past of our pets we still cherish them in the present
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Animals as Pets Review
Animals and humans have worked together for centuries. From accompanying hunters to assisting farmers with livestock, therefore we call dogs a man’s best friend. Animals have been trained to assist people with many responsibilities, in addition to providing companionship. In recent years, however, animals have been taught to serve mankind in new and different ways. Animal-assisted therapy is a new form of therapy, this has become popular in more recent years and has created a new role for animals in this day and age. While assistance and therapy animals are common today, they have not always been as widely accepted, and their use in treatment, while well documented, is sometimes questioned. Although as long as humans have had animals as pets, domesticated animals have provided companionship to people of all ages.
The most common dogs used as a service dog is a Labrador and Golden retriever. “Approximately 60-70% of all working guides in the U.S. are Labradors.” This breed of dog is used due to how smart they are, they want to work to please you, and they are big enough to fit in public places. When it comes to Emotional Support dogs, there is usually a list of dogs that would be best fit for the job. Many of which are small lap dogs and have to be very affectionate, because they need to be good for cuddling and consoling the owner. For therapy dogs, they also have a list of breeds best suited. However usually the same breeds are used for all three areas of service. The animal really just need to apply to the specific laws of the service animal world and be trained with a professional.
Service Animals are significant for some person’s everyday life, generally for those with disabilities. The disabilities somebody might typically associate service animals with, would be hearing impairments and blindness. However they can be used for many additional disabilities, like those with diabetes, severe allergies, autism, seizures, mobility issues and psychiatric disabilities. There are three kinds of Animal groups, service animals, emotional support animals and therapy animals. These animal groups provide numerous positive health and daily benefits for people who use them. An example of this is, having service dogs at school with students with disabilities can provide a encouraging impact on the students education.
I believe the US Service Animal organization and those who train, breed, and use the service animals would be very supportive in backing up this proposal. These groups will gain the acknowledgement they deserve and the chance to expand the positivity of the animal’s and persons stories. These groups work very closely to the animals and get to see the influence it can have on the people involved. I think there are some people who don’t comprehend the importance of these animals and the effects they can have on the human’s health. Which is why it is a good idea to give proof to those who don’t support the idea, and to gain more attention on this important topic.
I choose this topic to let others know about the animals that provide help to people on a daily basis. I want to share the knowledge that people may not know, or don’t have an understanding of it. People should know of the physical and mental health benefits that come from working with these animals. Service Animals have different types of support they can offer. Such as a therapy dog that is being taken to a school or college for a day to offer stress relieving cuddles. Even having them in the workplace can prove to relieve stress where middle-age employees spend their long days at work. Another way the service dogs make an impact is on the groups of people who suffer from PTSD. Over 300,000 veterans have been diagnosed with post traumatic stress disorder. They suffer from symptoms, such as, fear, anxiety, depression and substance abuse. They often feel isolated and withdrawn. They turn away from the friends and family and turn to substance abuse to cope. Organizations like, Paws for Purple Hearts, have been created to help veterans who are afflicted by PTSD. Researchers are finding that relationships with animals creates biological effects, like elevated levels of the hormone oxytocin. This hormone improves the ability to trust, recognize facial expressions and to overcome paranoia. It has been found that suffering from PTSD has been reduced when the patient has an animal by 82%. There are also programs that assist vets with finding the perfect companion that are free of charge. Many of the animals that are provided are from rescue facilities. These animals provide the veterans with, “…benefits included improvements in sleep, increased community participation and physical activity, protection from suicidal thinking and behavior, and decreased reliance on medications for mental and physical health” (Yarborough). They are also trained to provide deep-pressure therapy while laying on top of the person who could be suffering from PTSD. Having service dogs specifically trained for the needs of a disabled veteran is an amazing treatment idea. The mere presence of the animal had a beneficial effect on heart function, and stroking and talking to a pet reduced blood pressure and stress. They can also be helpful if the veteran’s PTSD is triggered by other people. I also want to show to others that they can have many other animals to use as emotional support. I honestly believe if the animal follows laws about non-aggression and is legal to have as a pet, then it could be used for at least an emotional support animal.
Those who have autism can also have great experiences with service dogs. Due to sensory issues that children with autism suffer from, it is super important that the child is acquainted with the right dog. If the child is sensitive to loud noises then the family would want to make sure that the dog does not bark unless it is to alert the parents or care giver. If a child is sensitive to smell then the smell of a dog could be overwhelming. Service dogs for autistic children can also be very expensive and around the amount of $10,000. Children with autism can benefit from a service dog to help calm them when they are put in a situation that overloads their sense. It can also alert the child’s parents when a child is suffering physically. Many dogs have alerted a child’s parents when they child is having a seizure or has stopped breathing. It has also been shown that when an autistic child bonds with a service dog it makes it easier for them to bond with human’s later in life. Dogs are believed to have positive influences to children in the areas of arousal and sensory stimulation.
Another thing that many people don’t see a real big difference in regular pets and emotional support animals. There has been a rise in emotional support animals in college students and requests to bring them into workplaces. However many don’t know how to handle the rise, “… few court decisions to guide attorneys, business owners, and human resource professionals on how to handle the recent, emerging phenomenon of ESAs in the workplace. Employers are left wondering how to deal with the influx of reasonable accommodation requests by employees to bring their ESAs to work” (Burden). It is grown to a point where the situations need to be analyzed depending on each of the cases.
Therapy dogs are meant to provide a comfortable space for a person, and can be used for many different situations. It has been revealed that animals are able to heal patients that suffer mentally and physically. Although Therapy Animals are not legally defined by the federal law, but some states have laws describing therapy animals. They provide people with contact to animals, however are not limited to working with people who have disabilities. Pet therapy, known as animal assisted therapy, is recognized as helping with treating depression and mood disorders. “The primary purpose of a therapy animal is to provide affection and comfort to people in hospitals, retirement homes, nursing homes, schools, hospices, disaster areas, and to people with learning difficulties” (ADA). So basically the animal is meant to make a safe environment both physically and mentally, for the person they are with. Therapy dogs provide two main physical benefits, which is lowering blood pressure and increasing oxytocin levels. Dogs can help a person who is stressed, reduce anxiety and boost happiness. They are also there to help with the person’s movement, “A physical therapist might use a therapy dog during a treatment session to encourage a patient to move and improve motor skills” (Levey).
Many service dog owners can get a lot of backlash. They can receive resistance when interacting with other people. It is common for retail and restaurant owners to be wary of service dogs since so many people have used “fake” service dogs as a way to take their pets into public places. I am sure some people will also disagree with the argument and that these animals should not be permitted in community areas due to food violations and possible allergies, there are even circumstances where people will misuse the name “service animal”. However allergies and fear of the animal are not valid reasons for denying access or refusing service to those with service animals. The service animal is also allowed in areas that sell or prepare food, even if the health codes prohibit it. Hotels that normally charge guests for damage that animals cause, may also charge those with service animals. Staff is also not responsible for providing care or food for the animal.
Although there are other ways around the issues of allergy or fear. It is to use animals other than a dog, like a miniature horse or a capuchin monkey. The miniature horse can be trained by a professional from six months to a year and have a lifespan of thirty to forty years. They can be used to guide the blind, pull wheelchairs or to care for a person suffering with Parkinson’s disease. While using the miniature horse, they can be considered by those with allergies, religion where dogs are seen as unclean, and those with phobias. The monkey is called, “Helper Monkey”, and is considered an assistance animal. They are acquainted with humans as infants and they can serve twenty-five to thirty years long. They are generally trained in school of private organizations, and take approximately seven years to train. They then can help in daily activities for those with severe spinal cord injuries, quadriplegia, or any other mobility issues.
However the animals are protected under the American with Disabilities Act (ADA). These animals have become a critical part to people’s lives, and therefore are allowed where ever the owner is. They, being service and therapy animals, shall not be treated as a regular “pet” by business owners. A person cannot be asked to remove their service animal from the area. Unless it is out of control and there is not action from the owner or is the animal is not housebroken. However “Service dogs in training (SDITs) are not covered by federal law, but many states mandate that SDITs are afforded the same protection as their fully trained counterparts” (Maynard). Emotional support animals are protected and allowed to fly without pet fees as well as special accommodation opportunities.
There has been a recent rise of fake “Service Animals” and it’s where people are just buying a vest that a real dog would have or also faking the dog to have a free ride on an airplane. Although service dogs are not always required to wear a vest. Then these people are just putting it on their untrained dog and taking then to public areas where dogs are not usually allowed. Then the dog will be exposed when a real service animal walks by, because normal dogs will bark. If real, these trained dogs know not to freak out on another dog, because they are working. Therefore if they had been a proper service dog, they would not to do this. The fake dogs are abusing the law and cause disturbances. The only dogs that are allowed in places dogs are normally allowed in, are service dogs and therapy dogs. The therapy dogs will however have to make arrangements beforehand. Although they aren’t normally seen outside of schools, businesses and therapy rooms.
There is significant lack of knowledge surrounded by the public regarding the rights of the disabled. Many people believe that without a “Service Dog” vest or tag, a dog cannot be a legitimate service animal, and there are several disreputable companies that profit by this ignorance. They sell these forms of identification without requiring proper proof of the level of training a dog has had, nor medical documentation of a person’s disability. Although whenever it’s not obvious what the service is, staff is allowed to ask two questions. First is to ask about why they are required, and then what task they have been trained to perform. They are not allowed to ask what disability the person has, or require any medical or training documentation. The Minimum Standards for Service Dogs, were developed by a team of service dog trainers, animal behaviorists, people with disabilities, and veterinarians to guide the development of the Service Dog Education System. The minimum requirements includes only specific suggested characteristics and minimum behaviors required of all service dogs. The characteristics and specialized behaviors required of individual dogs should vary, based on the individual disability requirements of the person for whom the dog is trained. Any dog can be a service animal, however they must be non-aggressive, housetrained, willing to please, alert, socialized, and to go through professional training.
Other service dogs have different actions other than the standard requirements. Such as guide dogs which have been used for the blind for nearly two centuries. They must be able to help avoid obstacles, signal changes in surroundings, locating persons or objects, and carrying items. Hearing dogs must be altering to the presence of other objects or people, retrieve items, carrying messages, and warning to approaching vehicles. Service dogs should learn how to open and close things, turn on and off lights, help person getting dressed, assist in sitting up, prevent falls, call 911, identify symptoms and alert, find help or places to bring to safety, provide deep pressure, detect allergens and low and high blood sugar levels. Disability related services include guiding the blind, alerting deaf to noises, pulling a wheelchair, getting items, alerting to attacks, remind person to take medication, and calming those with PTSD. However on special occasions the dogs are taught to disobey and order if it will lead their owner into a dangerous situation. A hearing dog may wear an orange collar and leash or a vest. A variety of breeds are used a hearing dogs, since intelligence and trainability are more important than strength and size.
For a person to be eligible to have a service animal, they must meet these requirements. They must have a disability of some kind, whether physical or mental. Most common reasons include Asthma, blindness, hearing issues, mobility issues, seizures, speech problems, and also diabetes. Although is it not limited to these few disabilities. For emotional support animals you can also have similar issues, although to be eligible for this type of assistance you can have less of an issue and have more mental issues. Such as depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, PTSD, suicidal thoughts, panic disorder, separation anxiety disorder, sleep disorder, multiple personality disorder, etc. Many of the requirements are mostly similar for each type of assistance needed. It really just depends on the person and what they need from an animal.
The intention for this paper is to bring enlightenment to how important pets are to our healing, both emotionally and physically. I want for others to understand the full picture of why people use the animals on a daily basis. Many people are isolated due to their injuries or disabilities, and they can often feel alone, angry, frustrated or isolated. Therefore with the help of service animal’s humans have been shown how to cope with everyday stresses and have often been able to get rid of medications. Those who have suffered from physical handicaps have been able to lead a more normal life, by having an animal to help them with the slightest tasks while also providing a trusting, loving and loyal companion. Therefore whenever a human is suffering and isolates themselves form everyone they can always depend on their pet to provide consoling. I want others to know that there are more ways someone can get assistance from an animal. I want others to see how great these animals can be and to show the general public that they can make a massive difference in someone’s life. I want to provide this knowledge for those thinking about getting an emotional support animal, or if they just need access to certain laws and regulations that come with these animals. I want to help companies and employers recognize that they have specific actions and laws they have to maintain. As well as working through certain steps when permitting their employee(s) to come into work with their service, therapy or emotional support animal. Although, “…there are many different disabilities or disorders that can be treated with the use of a service animal. Obviously, these animals can’t provide a cure, but they can help make everyday life a little more bearable” (US Service Animals), therefore these animals are very important to many people and they can really make a difference in someone’s life.
With the assistance of the general people and those who are intertwined with service animals, as well as animals in general, I would like to spread the idea and the importance my research could have. I have confidence in those who have experienced the positive results of the animals first hand. They would be a great network, for supporting and distribution of the information. I think they would financially support the proposal, especially since they understand the prominence and benefits the animals offer. This is crucial in spreading the word, so that we are all well informed of the service animal’s significance. The more others recognize and appreciate the system of the animals, then the further they will support, rather than discriminate against. It is important for these animals to be acknowledged in society due to them being sheltered by the law, as well as being necessary to human life. Patients who have access to animals have better chance of re-entering society and living a normal enjoyable life. An animal companion can bring someone back from the brink of despair and can sometimes present when they feel they have nowhere to turn. The animal can provide the patience, love, understanding and support to a person suffering emotionally or physically in need. With a better understanding of how animals can heal the human soul, more programs could be put into place to assist patients in getting an animal to assist them. As well as more people understanding an appreciating the usage of the service animal.
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Choosing the Right Animal as a Pet
Ever since the days of the early cavemen, who domesticated wolves into dogs about 14-15 thousand years ago, mankind has had pets. In fact, we have domesticated many animals to be pets, as well as beasts of burden and food and clothing, but just like everyone prefers different things to eat, or fashions to wear, it seems that no one agrees on any one kind of pet.
Like deciding who you will marry, finding the right pet for you is a personal decision, and it can be based on many things, like how much time you have to spend with it, how much money you can afford for its care, and your overall lifestyle and level of commitment. Americans personalize everything these days, and it seems that there are different pets for different people.
If you are looking for a universal “best pet”, the obvious first choice is the first animal that ever was a pet, the dog. The dog, said to be man’s best friend, is a good pet and a great friend and companion who has been bred for tens of thousands of years to work for – and with – us and to truly enjoy being around their people. It has been argued that civilization would not have begun without their help (www.beamsandstruts.com paragraph 1). However, regardless of such a long and beneficial history between people and dogs, they just don’t fit everyone’s lifestyle. Some modern Americans are so busy or live in such small houses that it might be hard to care for something as large as a dog. Of course, there are many different breeds of dog and each of them has their own benefit, but nearly all of them can cause allergies and they aren’t all so easy to care for. Also, some people might not have the time or money to be a good companion to the dog or be able to afford food for it. So, not even the reigning champion of pets- even with all of its varieties- is a good fit for everyone.
While there are hundreds of types of animals that can be pets, probably the next most popular animal is the cat. Cats are very independent creatures, and they don’t have to greet you at the door like the dog. They’re very clean because they self- groom. They also are calm, and don’t panic when you are leaving. These tend to be positive attributes to people who don’t like or have the time for dogs. Unfortunately, this independence comes with a litter box. Sure, if you have a doggie door they can go outside but you’re bound every once in a while to find an accident. Plus, fleas and cars live outside, and you don’t want your cat to meet either. More to the point, outdoor domestic cats are arguably the worst invasive species infestation in the history of the world, and they have caused many species to go extinct. Some source evidence is “Domestic cats are directly responsible for the extinction of a number of animal species around the world, including 33 bird species.” (CBSnews.com paragraph 5). If you are pregnant, cat litter boxes carry toxoplasmosis, which is a parasite which can kill your unborn baby (https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/toxoplasmosis). While millions of people love their cats like they were their own children, there are very good reasons why they are also not suited for everyone.
Aside from other somewhat traditional pets, there are plenty of exotic alternatives such as primates (which usually don’t do well as pets), and reptiles - some of which do well in captivity. An often popular reptilian choice is the ball python. The ball python does not take much in the way of money or time and is basically silent and odorless – good for apartments. In terms of money you have to pay for the enclosure, the light, the ground cover of the enclosure (sand, wood shavings, carpet, etc.), water bowl and optional things like rocks, fancy bowls, backgrounds, etc. They have a lack of emotion and so they don’t really require much attention. In fact, even though they adapt well to handling, they do not suffer if they don’t get played with. They are not slimy, not venomous, and only bite with tiny teeth when very hungry or in defense. Some downsides to having a ball python is the lack of companionship and that it does not show affection the way a dog or even a cat does. They can be difficult to get to eat reliably, and when they do, it is either live or pre-killed mice and rats – something that many people don’t want to deal with. Also, it is important to make sure that if you get a ball python that it is captive bred, and not caught from the wild. With the increased popularity of reptiles as pets there is increased pressure on wild populations. In addition to the more than 60,000 ball pythons that are imported annually, ball pythons are killed for food and their skin is used for leather in their native land. (www.anapsid.org/ball.html, paragraph 6) Because of this the ball python is also not a pet for everyone.
We have reviewed 3 different animals as possible pets, and none of them are quite perfect for everyone. It would be impossible to cover every species of animal in any one book, much less an essay, but neither the traditional or exotic animals we covered meet everyone’s needs any better or worse than many other animals. Some people might want a platypus. I’ve heard they don’t do much.
Overall, it seems conclusive that there is not a best pet, and that what type of pet (if any) is best for you depends on many facts about your life and schedule, income and affection and many other facts. But while no one species works for every person, if you are interested, there are likely many good choices for you, because I believe there is a perfect pet for every person.
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