Era of Good Feelings – was the Time in the History of the United States

Era of Good Feelings – was the time in the history of the United States from 1815 to 1825. But the Era was generally considered concurrent with President James Monroe’s two terms from 1817 to 1825. The Era of Good Feeling really began in 1815, when American citizens payed less attention to European military affairs thanks to the end of the Napoleonic Wars. The good feelings were stimulated by two events of 1816, during the last year of the presidency of James Madison. First, the enactment of the first U.S. acknowledged protective tariff and the establishment of the second National Bank. With the decline of the Federalists the United States was a one-party state on a national level. Monroe secured all but one electoral vote in 1820. Sectionalism was replaced by nationalism. Even though, the Era of Good Feelings had little political disagreements, there were still tensions among the people. A major issue was rising in regards to slavery. However, despite these tensions the effect that unified America was defeating Britain, it was an undeniable feeling for the people of the United States.

The Louisiana purchase – The Louisiana purchase occurred on July 4th, 1803. It was an area that today would have stretched from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains, Montana to Louisiana, covering 828 thousand square miles. From 1699 until 1762, the French were in control of this area. After that, the French gave this region to their then allies, the Spanish. But in 1800 the territory was taken back by the French people under the reign of Napoleon Bonaparte. However, those plans changed as Napoleon was focusing on the preparations for the war with the British Empire. The land ended up being sold to the United States for a price of 15 million dollars. It is estimated that one acre of land ended up costing three cents, this bargain by Jefferson was one of the biggest achievements he had in his career as the President of the United States.

John Quincy Adams – was born in Braintree, Massachusetts on July 11th, 1767. He was the first President who was the son of a President, John Adams, one of the founding fathers and the second President of the United States. John Quincy Adams graduated from Harvard College as a lawyer. He started a career in politics at the age of 26 when he became the minister to the Netherlands, went on to the Berlin Legation and was appointed by President Madison as the ambassador to Russia. Under Jefferson he served as the Senator for Massachusetts. And he was the Secretary of State under James Monroe. Later in the year 1824 he became President and served only one term. A few years after his term he was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives, making him the only President to become a Congressman after being President. He served 18 years in the House of Representatives, fighting hard against slavery.

In 1796, Adams was elected as the Federalist nominee for President. Thomas Jefferson led the opposition for the Democratic-Republican Party. Adams became the second President of the United States by a narrow margin. While Adams was President, the United States government moved from Philadelphia to Washington, DC. Adams was the first President to live in the White House. During Adams’s presidency the Department of Navy and the Marine Corps was established. The war between the French and British was causing great difficulties for the United States on the high seas and in some factions within the Nation. Adams's administration focused all its diplomatic efforts on France, as France government had suspended commercial relations. Per Adams request, three commissioners were sent to France to negotiate. But the French refused any negotiations unless the United States agreed to pay what turned out to be a bribe. This was also known as the “XYZ Affair”.

When this became known to the public, the Nation broke out in favor of war. Adams, however, did not call for a declaration of war, despite some naval hostilities that occurred. The war and its associated taxes provoked domestic unrest, resulting in incidents such as Fries's Rebellion. In response to these issues, both foreign and domestic, the Congress passed the Alien and Sedition Acts. Signed by the President, these acts made it more difficult for immigrants to become U.S. citizens. It also allowed the president to imprison and deport non-citizens who were presumed dangerous or who happened to be from a hostile nation. As well as criminalized making false statements that were critical for the federal government. The Federalist majority argued that these bills strengthened the national security during a time of conflict, while on the other hand the Democratic-Republicans criticized the laws. By the year 1800, this undeclared war had ended, and Adams had become significantly less popular with the public. This greatly affected his re-election campaign in 1800 which he lost, with only a few less electoral votes than Thomas Jefferson, who then became the President. The last day of his presidency, Adams tried to appoint as many Federalist as possible into available positions as justices of the peace. This was supposed to be a plan against the incoming Democratic-Republican party, also known as the “Midnight Judges”. The judicial appointments were not delivered on time which resulted in failure.

The war of 1812 was an unnecessary war in which almost nothing was achieved. It seemed to have many reasons why it happened. Some of the biggest reasons was the capturing of around 3800 American sailors by the British Royal Navy and forcing them into their service, the Orders in Council that restricted the trade between the United States and the European Continent, and the desire of the American people to expand their territory. The Americans were not allowed to trade with the French as the British were fighting with them in the Napoleonic war. This was also another reason why this war was unnecessary to the British, they were already fighting with the French for several years. But the Americans saw this as an opportunity to gain total independence from Europe and to continue with the expansion of its territory. Over the course of the war, Americans suffered several losses from the British, Native Americans and Canadians. In August 1814, a significant event of this war was the British forces capturing and burning the nation’s capital in Washington, D.C. Later on, the Americans repulsed the British forces in New York, New Orleans and Baltimore. At the of the war neither side has gotten anything out of this war, it affected more Canadians and Native Americans, who saw it as a deciding turning point in their losing struggle to govern themselves. Another irony of this war was its greatest battle in New Orleans, which was fought just after the peace was signed, also known as the Treaty of Ghent. Besides numerous human lives lost in this war, not many things were achieved. Americans felt pride after the news of the battle in New Orleans, which raised patriotism to a whole new level. The war of 1812 was also known amongst Americans as the second Independence war, which boosted self-confidence of the nation and greatly affected the expansionism. After the Treaty of Ghent was signed, the British dropped their attempts to change the Canadian boundary and to establish a Native American state in the Northwest. All support to the Native Americans from the British had come to end.

In conclusion, the War of 1812 (which could have had a better name, “Second Independence War”, “The British-American Conflict”, “The Trade War”, etc.) affected the people of the United States in a great matter, it was the necessary step towards the expansion of the American territory. It was an important war for the Americans that left them prideful and confident. They were able to prove to the world that they could hold their own and defend themselves, their rights, and their beliefs.

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The Marbury Vs Madison Supreme Court Case had Occurred

In 1803 the Marbury vs Madison supreme court case had occurred and was led by Chief Justice John Marshall. This Chief decided the landmark case of William Marbury vs. James Madison and he also confirms the legal principle of judicial review. The long- term significance of the Marbury and Madison was that it separated the judicial branch from the executive branch. The decision fundamentally expressed that The Judiciary Act of 1789 enabled the court to propel executive officials to act in such matters as the delivery of commissions however the court deciding said that the Constitution had characterized the forces of the judiciary and the legislature couldn't expand them. This made the segment of Judiciary Act void. The judges were renouncing a minor power that was constraining a commission by affirming a more noteworthy one which was the nullifying an act of Congress (Brinkley 196). This isolated the Judicial Branch from the Executive Branch.

The foreign entanglements and questions of foreign policy that Jefferson had to deal with was the battle of Trafalgar which occurred in 1805. The British armada had crushed the French naval force so Napoleon began to pressure England financially and made a continental System to close the European continent to avoid British exchange and the British government made a blockade of the European coast requiring any merchandise being transported to Napoleon's Europe be conveyed by British boats or in nonpartisan ship ceasing in British ports. American boats got captured in the middle of their declarations so on the off chance that they cruised straightforwardly for Europe, the British naval force would catch them, however in the event that they cruised through the British port the French would catch them. This disregarded America's nonpartisan country rights.

The Federalist party and the Americans had been through many consequences resulting in the War of 1812. The United States armed force confronted an extraordinary number of thrashings against Great Britain. The Federalist government, thus, was mistreated and ended up becoming unpopular in New England. The Federalists tried to secede from New England, however, their fizzled attempt led to the defeat of the Federalist party. The Peace Settlement could be a consequence but this began even after the War of 1812. Another point would be Americans quit requesting for a British renunciation of impressment. The British had quit requesting an Indian support state to be made in the Northwest. The Treaty of Ghent finished the war. A business bargain in 1815 enabled Americans to openly exchange with England.

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The Great War for Empire, Otherwise Known as the Seven Years’ War

The Great War for Empire, otherwise known as the Seven Years’ War or the French and Indian War, took place from 1756-1763. The war began when Great Britain declared war on France over the territories in North America. Both France and Great Britain claimed to have owned the Ohio county, however neither had done much to sustain those claims. In the meantime, Native Americans that were currently living there had their own claims to the territory. In the 1740s the French had become worries that the Native Americans were strengthening trade ties with Pennsylvania and Virginia at the expensive of New France trades. To stall these trades, the French had begun to construct a chain of forts from Lake Erie to the Forks of the Ohio.

Also in the 1740s many Virginians and British enterprisers created several land companies to gain title to the Ohio country. In 1747 on of the companies, the Ohio Company, received a patent for 500,000 acres near the Forks of the Ohio River. In 1748, the Loyal Company was granted 800,000 acres from the Ohio Valley from the Virginia Council. In 1749 the Ohio Company forced Virginias lieutenant governor, William Gooch, to give the Ohio Company another 200,000 acres of land rather he wanted to or not.

The Great War for Empire didn’t come to an end until 1763 when the Treaty of Paris was signed by Great Britain, France, and Spain in February 1763. The war was ended but, in a way, that negatively affected Britain’s government as they nearly went bankrupt. The Treaty of Paris involved a series of land exchanges, the most prominent of which was Frances cession to Spain of Louisiana. Britain had major gains with its colonies in terms of land after The Great War for Empire. Britain received Canada from France, and everything claimed by France east of the Mississippi River. Britain also gained, from Spain, West Florida, Senegal and Minorca. Not only was Britain benefited by the land but also the trades they were able to get from their land. Question 2) How revolutionary was the American Revolution? What political, social, and economic changes did it produce? What stayed the same?

The American Revolution was a colonial revolt that took place between 1765 and 1783. The thirteen American colonies gained independence from Great Britain after defeating them in the American Revolutionary War. American independence was gained in 1776 when the Declaration of Independence was adopted by Continental Congress as a result of the American Revolution also known as the United States War of Independence.

The political effects of the American Revolution were that America wanted to get away from Britain’s form of government. America wanted more men as political figures to provide better representation for the citizens. Artisans and farmers made up most the elected officials because they felt it represented the ideal American, being a genuine, hardworking, honest laborer. From 1777-1781 this was known as the Articles of Confederation which soon after was ratified and replaces with the US Constitution in 1789. Also a notable political change was that much more people were participating in politics, as opposed to the elite or upper class running the colonies, they now had to seek the support of the common people.

The American Revolution brought forth major changes in the lives of women. During the war many women made items for war and maintained the farms and businesses of their husbands during their absence. After the revolution American women protested against male power and demanded respect.

Economically after the American Revolution the United States was left with quite a bit of debt. With England being a large trading partner with the US they were slow to resume trades after the war. The United States had a combined debt of nearly $40 million, with no nasional treasury, and a national government, under the Articles of Confederation, with no power to tax the citizens. The American Revolution had an almost entirely negative impact on Native Americans. Most Native American tribes were fighting alongside the British during the war, hoping that the British would win the war, preventing expansion of the US 13 colonies, protecting their tribal land. Other than what was previously mentioned on changes economically during the American Revolution, there was not much that changed economically and socially during this time. Question 3) What were the causes of the War of 1812? Where did Republicans and Federalists stand on declaring and then fighting the war?

The War of 1812 was a war between Britain and America that lasted from June 1812 to February 1815. America had several reasons to declare a war, the first limiting trade limitations of Britain restricted American trade sanctions against France. Another cause of starting the war was impressment. Impressment is the act of forcing men into military service. Between 1803 and 1812 the British Navy reportedly captured between 5,000-9,000 American sailors at sea and forced them into their navy as a way to make up for shortages of manpower. The issue of impressment between Great Britain in America is believed to be one of the main causes of the War of 1812, it caused a public outrage in America. The Federalists were opposed to the War of 1812 because they considered the war to be offensive towards Canada. Another reason for opposing war from the Federalists was rising taxes and increased war expenses as well as a shortage of military troops. The Republicans thought the war was a test of the Republic. The War of 1812 ultimately came to an end in 1815 when the Treaty of Ghent was signed and ratified by the United States senate unanimously on February 17th, 1815.

The treaty restored the relationship between the two nations. Question 4) How did the Market Revolution alter labor patterns for American workers in the early nineteenth century from previous patterns? How did American laborers react to these changes? The Market Revolution in the United States created major changes in the manual labor system originating in the South, shortly after moving to the North and eventually worldwide. During the Market Revolution traditional commerce was made obsolete due to imrovements in communication, transportation, and industry. The Cotton Gin was the first major innovation of the market revolution, created by Eli Whitney in 1793. Most of the southern planters abandoned growing almost all other crops because of how profitable cotton had become with the invention of the Cotton Gin. Because of this planters had a need for a large increase in slave labor to take advantage of the Cotton Gin.

Thousands of more slaves were purchased from Africa and the West Indies before the Slave Trade was banned in 1808. The high yield in cotton from the Cotton Gin caused Northerners to start building factories, and Southern farmers would supply them cotton, at which point the Northern factories would spin the cotton into cloth and ship abroad. The development of these factories resulted in creating the wage worker. The wage worker was someone who was paid by the hour to tend or maintain the machines or cloths in the factory. Railroads were also something that came about during Market Revolution, they allowed people and goods to move more quickly and cheaper.

Railroads were mainly on the eastern seaboard, from Virginia to Boston, but eventually expanded through the rest of the country. Long distance communication was revolutionized during the Market Revolution due to the invention of the telegraph in 1835 by Samuel F. B. Morse. The first transatlantic cable was laid in 1858 allowing fast communication between the United States and Europe. The Market Revolution changed how Americans traveled, worked and communicated it was one of the biggest and most important changes in United States history.

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Battle of New Orleans War of 1812

The battle of New Orleans is of a significant chronicled importance as it was the last a showdown that existed between the Americans and the British. The battle that began the eighth and finished 26th of January 1815. It occurred after the conflict of 1812. Andrew Jackson who drove the Americans to this battle had not gotten the data with respect to the Treaty of Ghent that was marked fourteen days sooner. This settlement finished the conflict. The Americans won and this success end up being important to individuals of United States. It prompted expanded patriotism as it was seen as recompense for consuming Washington, DC and this carried pride to the Americans.

It is obvious that the British Army encountered the incredible misfortune at the Battle of New Orleans since they had the numbers and had gotten ready for it. It included a ton of dynamic from the two sides, and the purposes for American win or British misfortune were many. Perhaps the most eminent angles was the American protective exertion that was facilitated by Major General Jackson. However, note that the British disappointment can likewise be ascribed to incapable joining of focus, shock, rhythm and even boldness previously and during the battle.

Intrusion by the British began in the late December of the year 1814 after they had secured and landed toward the south of New Orleans where they set camps along the bank of Lake Borgne and the Mississippi River. Then again, General Jackson had assembled various ranchers, privateers, Indians, Army, and local army for a gathering. As more British powers kept showing up, they zeroed in on setting up the idea of the American protections through experiences and analytical assaults. Albeit this methodology likewise had a concurrent effect as it additionally uncovered to the Americans on the idea of the British assault and the bearing, they are probably going to follow.

From the data acquired, General Jackson zeroed in on the development of protective components along the Rodriguez Canal. He ensured that the systems were finished by the eighth of January 1815 as this was the arranged day for the assault by the British. The cautious components fused marine weapons and the expansion of Indian scouts that zeroed in on screening and guarding the eastern bogs that were profoundly prohibitive and comprised a possible spot of covering protective walls. In the disclosure of the protective angles and a clear cut battle region, the British Major General Sir Edward informed for a change concerning plans and move the assault toward the west bank that was somewhat undefended. Nonetheless, he was overruled by the senior administrator Sir Alexander who contended that the move will make excessively long and they had not many boats to satisfy the move.

The difficulty included the advancement of another arrangement that elaborate Major general Sir Edward driving the fundamental attack against General Jackson. Then again, Lieutenant Colonel William will lead an unexpected assault toward the west bank against Patterson. The primary attack that was driven by Sir Edward contained two assaults that zeroed in on assaulting General Jackson's middle drove by General Kean and the subsequent assault was to draw in the less safeguarded region to one side of Jackson towards the bogs and this assault was driven by General Gibbs. Additionally, one more modest troop that was driven by Colonel Robert Rennie toward the West Indian with an intend to get hold of the forward fortress. Furthermore, the arrangement expected Kean to be adaptable in the occasion either Gibbs or Rennie required support comparatively, General Lambert instructed the save men.

The night prior to the assault, Colonel Alexander was needed to develop three gunnery batteries that were to help the development from the south by stifling the American mounted guns. This was concerning the previous endeavors to break the fortifications that had fizzled and this time still up in the air not to bomb again. Since the break was viewed as vital, it was essential to build stepping stools that would be utilized in the waterways to aid the development and attack through to the American line. While trying to guarantee legitimate speed, it was important to guarantee quiet and that there will be no discharging of shots until they were prepared to execute the break.

During the dull, it was arranged that Colonel William Thornton will lead a military across the stream with some light ordnance to take Patterson's battery and use it against General Jackson before they take part in the primary attack that they had arranged. Moreover, a trench will be burrowed by Thornton's men through the support that will empower them to coast into the waterway from the camp. However, it is apparent that the plans didn't go as they had been expected. Writing shows that two days sooner before that day for the assault, the Americans had caught British mariners who thus affirmed that there would be an assault on the eighth of January 1815. This had as of now been said by some British weaklings and later business as usual opinions were affirmed by a nearby rancher Pierre Denis who had ridden to the British camping area and ate with them. The British officials expected that the rancher was an enemy of American and depicted their arrangement in detail. After the supper with the British authorities, the rancher got back to General Jackson to affirm the all around said plans by the weaklings that he was by and by told something similar by the British authorities.

From the data acquired situation developed that before the battle, Thornton's trench imploded and this deferred the mission with a couple of William's men ready to get over. Albeit a portion of the men figured out how to go through, shockingly, they had no mounted guns and couldn't hold onto Patterson's battery as arranged before dawn. Furthermore, the development of batteries end up being inadequate in the sloppy and wet soil as it was not reasonable for the substantial firearms. By day time Dickson's men couldn't finish the development of the batteries as arranged. It is likewise confirmed that there was no surveillance that was led before the assault by the British faculty. The demonstration might have been ascribed to the view that the Americans were useless rivals.

In the first part of the day of January eighth, the British armed force began their developments as arranged not mindful of the mishaps they as of now were encountering. The morning was loaded up with haze from the stream and this influenced perceivability significantly, in any case, it was to the upside of the British armed force. Approaching General Jackson's fortifications, the two soldiers split Gibbs moving to one side and General Keane moving to one side as concurred. Toward the beginning of the day mist, they immediately neglected to focus on one another as they separated to their individual positions. Following the development settled upon, Rennie was at his situation close to the divider and Lambert with the hold armed force held up at some helpful distance behind General Gibbs.

Then again, Mullins a lieutenant assigned by Sir Edward to lead Gibbs segment had not yet found the area of the breaking gear around evening time and this influenced their planning as they walked past the fortress where they still up in the air that the hardware was kept in a battery in front. To their shock, the hardware was not in the said battery and this elaborate requiring some investment to get ready. It included recuperating the gear when they could battling the way upstream with the substantial burden through the sections that were at that point set up and be prepared to be back data.

Significant General Edward stirred with baffling data concerning Thornton's disappointment and surprisingly more terrible the haze that the British armed force relied upon to cloud themselves from being seen by the Americans was quick clearing up upon dawn. This caused them to become noticeable to the American fighters who were expecting them. The misfortune includes changes in the arrangement that were surprising where the rest of Thornton's men was requested to move to Keane's section. On the issue of the sign to propel, the American line started shooting in which the British armed force reacted. Notwithstanding the rising number of causalities on the British armed force they proceeded to progress and on an endeavor to find the remainder of the section the lead organization made an off-base turn and on understanding the mix-up they were at that point spread into numerous segments as of now disorganized. As they kept on propelling the American shooters started shooting with pivoting positions that at each second there was shooting. The British were not ready for such coordination and this was a staggering second on their erroneous conclusions.

Different men in the lower positions who saw this began to escape every which way dropping into trenches and tall grass to keep away from the fire anticipating orders, nonetheless, men in the higher positions progressed and prompted worker losses from both big guns and firing from the American warriors. This move didn't keep going long as later they broke positions and stow away in the close to trenches to anticipate orders. On the opposite end, Rennie's segment progressed rapidly with the assurance from the divider from Patterson's battery and on arriving at the American fortification rested to survey the circumstance. Rennie's strategy to hold onto the fortress filled in as the Americans were adequately not to stop him, in spite of the fact that acquired it, not really set in stone to keep up with it however couldn't infiltrate General Jackson's line without support.

From the past arrangement Kean was to help Rennie in the occasion, he held onto the fortress or backing Gibbs if the course to Patterson was not gotten by Thornton. As to the occasions, it was clear that the two circumstances were valid and this passed on Keane to settle all alone. In spite of the fact that prior to connecting any choice Sir Edward had as of now lost confidence in Thornton's central goal and needed to remove Keane from Patterson's firearms prompted the choice of Keane to help Gibbs. This move prompted the demise of the officer and later Kean was injured and taken out from the battlefield unconscious. Meanwhile, Gibbs reassembled the leftover armed force and not set in stone to penetrate the line despite the fact that they lost the break hardware as they connected with the Americans. On arriving at the divider they moved upon one another's shoulders and entered the American lines however the fire was overpowering and the individuals who came to were either killed or caught right away. The condition prompted Gibbs failing to keep a grip on his development totally.

Despite the fact that Rennie had authority over the held onto fortification, the rifle shoot couldn't permit his troop to see the battlefield. To see the circumstance, they utilized American detainees as human safeguards and become mindful that the assaulting sections had fallen and Americans were moving their powers to counterattack. Understanding no support will come he requested a game changing order that prompted his demise and numerous men without intersection General Jackson's line. The power that remained withdrew and run as quick as possible accepting fire and causalities as the Americans kept on terminating. The greater part of the British power that was on the battlefield had fallen.

Following the force of the circumstance, a few troopers picked to take cover behind their dead allies to keep away from butcher to hang tight for give up or retreat after the finish of the battle. Nonetheless, Major General Edward couldn't be at the back any more and chosen to ride into the battlefield to re-guarantee the battle. His essence motivated a portion of the warriors despite the fact that he was subsequently shot and mortally injured. In spite of providing the last order for Lambert to submit the stores, the courier was injured prior to conveying the message and they were rarely dispatched. General Gibbs on getting the data that Sir Edward was injured and he was in order, he instructed his men to proceed with the assault yet later in the day died. At this time Thornton had the option to conquer Patterson's firearms yet was past the point of no return as the majority of the British warriors were dead, caught, giving up or withdrawing. General Lambert being the excess general official attempted to progress however his methodology was fruitless prompting a full retreat. Getting back to the British base camp Cochrane, the Commander-In-Chief of British powers in North America, requested him to recharge the assault anyway with the misfortune experienced disregarded the Admiral and requested an arrival of Thornton's powers.

The battle of New Orleans was belittled by the British authorities, then again, the Americans zeroed in on the joke on their military and extreme put-downs as to the consuming of president's home in Washington, DC. As to the United States Army code, drawing in shock, focus, speed, and fortitude were the principle key to progress. This shows the explanation that prompts the disappointment of the British attack at New Orleans as they didn't consider the four precepts. The accompanying conversation is an investigation of the attributes that lead to the British disappointment on the attack prompting triumph on the American that is critical even today.

Besides, it is significant for any assault to guarantee that the speed is controlled as it guarantees that the benefit is held. Albeit Major General Edward had an arrangement to control the speed of the assault, the subordinate leaders didn't execute the assault as per plan. This is capable when there was a requirement for fast execution yet arranges confined fire however kept on progressing to the waterway. This presented them to extreme conditions that prompted the deficiency of penetrating hardware consequently loss of drive. The postponement in drawing in the adversary uncovered then as it caused them to turn out to be obvious objectives and consequently expanded setbacks. Another major fizzle in the execution of speed was clear when Rennie held onto the fortification for British powers, regardless of the endeavors made Edward decommissioned the solitary support that Rennie had.

In conclusion, daringness centers around the certainty associated with the execution of the arrangement and in case of extremely late changes demonstrates that Sir Edward came up short on the boldness as this entangles the circumstance further. Beginning with the interference Dickson's aberrant fire then unforeseen withdrawal of Rennie's help prompted clumsy endeavors in the battlefield. In any case, there was at that point an overall intricacy and disarray even prior to presenting the changes. All the more critically, no surveillance was led by the British on the space and course to decide any difficulties and take measures before the battle day. This showed their impression of the American warriors that they were frail and thought little of them prompting their disappointment.

From the data acquired it is obvious that the Battle of New Orleans will stay important to both the British and the American in various manners throughout the entire existence of fighting. Zeroing in on the battle, the British authority neglected to take suitable measures during the attack to expand their triumphant possibilities as they had the number however rather thought little of their adversary in light of the past occasions. They never accepted that prevalent preparing, discipline, and schooling will prompt triumph notwithstanding overpowering brutal conditions. Despite what might be expected, the Americans used each part of the United States tenet that empowered them to win the battle.

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Josiah Quincy, a Notable Lawyer

Josiah Quincy, a notable lawyer, and congressional spokesman established a protest against the war and it was signed by thirty-four anti-war federalists. He said if the war requited what they lost, it would make the suffering less severe. He questions the purpose of the war and states that the United States is not going to benefit from the war. He did not want to be “deceived” by it and Quincy was a part of that time period and the thirty-four other anti-war federalists. They clearly saw that this war was futile and that retaliation is not going to benefit them. (Quincy, 1).

Due to the ill-defined causes and outcomes of the war, it can be deemed not only as a war that was unnecessary but also a war that was not satisfying. Most of the people of New England were against the war. It gained none of what they set out to gain from the British. The war also led to thousands of deaths for an outcome that didn’t have a major impact. It only ended up hurting the economy of the United States. When a part of the United States is against this war, it highlights that this war was not wanted by the people. They got lucky to end up concluding the war in better shape because if the British were not simultaneously involved in a larger conflict, the United States would have been utterly defeated.

The United States declared the ward first and lost it with no benefits. Is national honor a principle which thirsts after vengeance, and is appeased only by blood?” (Quincy, 1). This question clearly says that it was a nonsensical decision to take, going to war against a powerful country was not logical. The damage that it was caused could have well been predicted before the war. People lost their lives fighting for something that didn’t benefit them and give them what they wanted. The Era of Good Feelings was a misleading phrase to describe the time period. There was an economic depression that took place during this time.

Sectionalism existed which completely throws off unity and the Treaty of Ghent only helped in getting the United States to the condition it was in before the war. The two major outcomes, the Treaty of Ghent and the Era of Good Feelings did seem like it served as an advantage to the United States, but when carefully evaluated can be seen that it had little to no impact. From the indefinite causes and the outcomes, it can be said that the War of 1812 was impractical and insignificant that did not have a major impact. The end of war celebrations masked the fact that none of Madison's stated goals in the War of 1812 were achieved. (Heidler, 1).

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Role of Land Reforms in Indian Economics

Contents

Introduction
Conclusion

Introduction

The reforms of land as a natural resource in a country pictures out that every country has to work for the economic development of them through proper use of the resources. Land is a national resource for every country and they are responsible to secure the livelihood and economic welfare of its population. On the other hand it is also important to facilitate services for the people in a manner so that they live with the interest and should have sustainable life. In a broad sense land reform means to bring improvement in agriculture system of the country. The reform includes measures and policies related to redistribution of land, good procedures of rent, improvement of tenancy and other agricultural issues.

Properly using land after the reform is really essential to sustainable agricultural production and economic development. Land and the other natural resources are mainly used for development in any country. In most developing countries like India land had been the tool for political groups and the impact of such issues put a concern for continuing of land reforms. Indeed, land reform in India was a bit problematic among the political parties because they thought that everything would go against their interest. Land reform in India was important because it had maintained the agriculture sector and through that there were many measures given which had brought change and betterment for the agriculture. Land is a valuable resource for development therefore, we should utilize this resource carefully. The main purpose of land reforms in India were to increase the production level and implement the needed social justice in order to concentrate on the lower class of the society.

It is obvious and pretty sure that the basis of all economic activity in any country is land. If we put a focus on review of land and reforms of land in India we will see that it was different in many time frames. Like as at the time land in India were held by British cultivators and Zamindars and the tax was taken and collected through Zamindari, Ryotwari or Mahalwari systems. It was showed that through this system the rich landowning class was getting more powerful year after year and they were accumulating more wealth. While, on the hand the class and small farmer were getting less and they after each had less gains and remained landless. India had start working on the implications of socialistic principles after independence like the equality in social, economic and political areas and therefore, at that time land reforms were essential steps towards social and economic equality because land is a fundamental asset needed for a good development.

Right after the independence the congress’s economic programs committee worked to reach a proposal of changing the agrarian sector. There it was basically focused on the land use rather than the profit and also it was discussed that land is a source of employment. Reforming of land in India started after the independence and at that period of time Nehru also had a sociable idea because the people who had large amount of land with them were the major challenges to the new India after independence era.

The first appointed committee in 1949 which was named congress agrarian reforms committee started work on land reforms in India and had recommended the abolition and ending of Zamindari system. It was clearly showed that land reforms that started would increase the agricultural production because we see that through land development small farmers develops and starts investing in the land they owns and they were also benefited and received inputs provided to them like technologies and innovations for the more production and development.

There were also approaches to land reforms suggested by the P.C Joshi which were the Gandhian approach, Radical nationalist approach and the Marxist approach. The first approach basically meant that landlords should give their surplus land as a donation to the poor and small farmer and the Radical nationalist was not satisfactory and worked formally with the government, the third approach also focused on the small farmer movements and other non-legal lines. A clear hint is given after the consideration of the three approaches which means to reduce the sharp class differences and favoring the small farmers. Land reforms are giving good condition for the small farmers, because there will be redistribution of income and wealth through which the small farmers benefit and on the other hand poverty is also decreased due to the issues of proper land reforms.

Governments are always trying to have developments through the very suitable and proper economic decisions. The governments put efforts in order to encourage the agriculture progress by the agrarian reforms in favor of small farmer and land owner who had less land or share of crop is small and also they have less incentive for carrying out the investment and expansions. The other way round for enabling and encouraging the cultivation where more labor is used in other words labor intensive because we see that the large landowners or simply feudal utilizing their resource means the land under their into a very large manner which is really of not good result and also wastefull.

Land reform objective showed that everyone can have a right on a piece of land and protecting tribal from outsiders so that no outsiders should take their land. Land reform legislation in India gives a clarity about the abolition of intermediaries, tenancy regulation, and ceiling on holdings with the idea of redistribution of surplus land to land landless. Sometimes land owners resist against the land reforms by using their political power where they register their own land under names of different relatives to bypass the ceiling and just talks around different plots land so that to run out of the law.

The first phase which shows the land reforms in three ways the number one is the ending of intermediaries, the number two is about the reform of tenants, the number three is the redistribution of land by using . The abolition of intermediaries was successful into some extent, while the tenancy and land ceiling was not that successful. The second phase where the focus was on the uncultivated land relatively efforts were put on to bring them under cultivation. The third phase in this phase it was focused on the water and soil conservation so that to work on water shed areas, desert area and wasteland. The fourth phase (1995 onwards) focuses more on land legislation, land revenue administration and clarity in land records. Land reforms were important initiatives to land policy in India because it brought change in order to have suitable development and also addressed the political and economic aspect from the land reform approaches.

The definite and clear effects of land reforms in India is basically steps to assist people who are not living with the good conditions of life. The purpose of land reform is to build up system where poorer section of the society could also have a use and justice should be applied by the land distribution. Land as the basic factor for agriculture production helps most of the common and small farmers because this had been the way of life in India, while the economic importance was cleared by the governments that comes one after another. Consequently the aim of agricultural development is to get the self-sufficiency and meeting the domestic demand agricultural raw materials. It was very clear from the beginning to put attempts for the reform of agrarian sector.

Land reforms were observed to be the important step and instrument for socio-economic change in India because it shaped a part of the agrarian strategy and reform which has transformed and modernized the Indian agriculture system. Political parties, leaders, economists and all other government administrators played the vital role for making good legislation and implementing them in post-independent India. Based on the sociological sense traditionally the upper group owned the lands while the lower groups are the tenants and agricultural laborers and therefore, there will be social inequality.

The most clear and obvious economic point of view of the land reform is inequality of land. A country with the very less scale of land and more rural population who live below the poverty line have very less number of people who might have access to some amount land. Economic development is defined in a manner where there is a sustainable increase and in the level income per capita we see that rise of the per capita is due to the economic and social structures of the society. More capital formation comes from the more input which is given to the farmer as the machineries and other facilities in order to increase the production level and also using the land properly. There would also be many more indicators for increasing productivity like labor and technology which will increase the level of potential saving and investments in the economy.

Changing the level of the rural development and unemployment by farm sizes would also affect the economic and distribution of income which are mostly coming from the agriculture and a good land use planning of the rural areas. The small farmer with the level of productivity would also enjoy a bit better life standard.

Sometimes it happens that small farmer would work better and are more productive than the large farmers and landowner, so the big landowners should have to give land for lease or sale to the small farmer in order to increase the productivity level. So the given facts are based on the operation of land market, or any other related agricultural productions we can see that the small farmer worked on his land with the own family members while the large landowner would hire worker here comes the incentive issue. Sometimes the small farmer won’t be able to pay the lease amount and therefore, the large landowner will try to have a share from their outputs. It also happens that often the small farmers can’t use the leased land properly and the landowner would take the land back and hence the tenancy rule will drop down and put effects on the economic progress and development in the rural areas.

If the efficiency of land reform would get weaker than the higher ability farmers would work on smaller pieces of lands and landowners lease out the lower quality of land plots as the result the land reform is damaged and productivity also comes down relatively. When the agriculture productivity increases there should also be a progress and development of other sectors too like the industrial sector in order to maintain a sustained economic development. Land reform changes the capital formation in agriculture sector small farmers would not give tax and their income would increase as a result their saving would also increase. Saving in this manner increases the capital accumulation and gives better picture for economic development the landowners were taking loans and could not well and they will be wasted. Now the small farmers also able to take loans and use them for the purposes of productivity these are all because of the land reforms.

Conclusion

Land as an economic factor really plays a vital role for the development of the economics in a country because it is the base for many economic activities. In the contemporary economics we see that land as a natural resource not only paves the way of progress for the agriculture sector but it can also be a source of investment for many other main sector. In addition to its importance there should be systems, legislation and policies for the land reform, management and administration in order to have a better use from this natural resource. Here in this paper I focused on land reforms, role and systems in India. I found that before the independence in India no special work was done regarding the land reforms and a country like India with a lot of population had problem with the agriculture and land. There were large landowners everything was under their control and the small farmers could not have better access to land. After the independence the land reforms had started which was same as the agrarian reform. The agriculture productivity was increased and the redistribution of land was in favor of small farmers they got better and put a part and share to the economic development.

Above all what had been achieved from the land reforms in India was good and put effects on the growth and development. On the other hand in contemporary India we again see that due to the weak implications of land policies and legislation and also giving more focuses on other sectors like Industrial and services land and agriculture is given less focus.

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United States and England

Both the United States and England fought in the War of 1812. Ending in 1815 with the Agreement of Ghent, the war did not achieve any of the issues it was being battled over. For the US, the War of 1812 appeared to just be one ongoing failure after another. While the military suffered countless catastrophes during the war, these were the direct consequence of citizens failing to unite for the causes of the war. In light of these failures, it is very legitimate to call the War of 1812 "America's most noticeably bad battled war.”

At the start of the war, the war was being battled by the Americans to address their complaints toward the British. This appeared to be a legitimate reason for a war, anyway not many of the natives had a similar feeling of solidarity about the political issues the war was being battled about. The US was very vexed about the proceeding with impressment of American mariners into the British Navy and the seizures of American trader exchanging vessels by the British. Another reason the United States wished to do battle with Britain was a result of their dealings with the Indians in the West. The British were exchanging with the Indians, however they were additionally giving them weapons and urging them to assault American settlements. Alongside these reasons, the Americans, presently getting to be ravenous for land, longed for catching British Canada and potentially Florida for the association. Likewise, the Americans still contained a specific level of disdain from the Revolutionary War, which they were anxious to take out on the British. Despite the fact that these were the causes the country was probably battling for, the whole country came up short on a noteworthy main impetus to pick up compensation for them. The country was not by any stretch of the imagination joined for the reason, as backwoods ranchers couldn't have cared less about what was going on to beach front delivery organizations, as seaside shipping organizations couldn't have cared less about what was going on to the boondock’s ranchers. Everybody was simply worried about their very own issues, and not worried about the issues confronting the country with respect to the circumstances its natives were persevering. Some would state that the country truly was joined for the reason, however with every individual locale just thinking about its issues, how could the country be joined together?

As war dependably includes battling between two restricting powers, war dependably has its outcomes, for example, decrease in remote exchange, and the likelihood of foe powers catching your nation. In the War of 1812, numerous gatherings had fears to the current war. New England didn't need a war, as it would eliminate their beneficial transportation business. The Southern States were to some degree along a similar line as the New England States as Britain purchased a large portion of their cotton and tobacco, and a war with Britain would remove the exchange and leave numerous southern growers with broad inactive inventories of item. The Federalists additionally had one extraordinary fear towards the war. As of now, the Federalists were a withering gathering, mostly in view of their loss of intensity in the administration, and in light of their coming up short initiative and association inside the gathering. They expected that natives of British Canada would penetrate the United States. The Federalists dreaded these Canadian "Average citizens" since they would bolster the Jeffersonian Republicans if they came into the United States, not the federalists. The Canadians were regular laborers, not privileged people like kicking the bucket breed who were attempting futile to keep the Federalists as a confident gathering in American Politics. On account of these fears toward the war, the natives were not ready to join together and combine to help the war that was going on around them.

Even though the incredibly feeble military contributed toward the title of "America's most exceedingly terrible battled war", it was not the immediate wellspring of this title. Notwithstanding, the military suffered awful thrashings for a few reasons. One of the primary reasons was that the military was very ill-equipped to go into war. Amid Jefferson's administration, he rolled out exceptional military improvements which had not yet been corrected by Madison. Jefferson decreased the standing armed force down to an absolute minimum, and he debilitated the naval force. At the point when the war came, these two organizations were as yet powerless and couldn't be utilized as a compelling battling power. Other than the powers being feeble, the administration was additionally frail. The officers were altogether left over from the Revolutionary War and had not had any battling knowledge or understood the adjustments in fighting for a long time. The residents likewise incredibly disparaged the intensity of the adversary. In precedent, the United States military idea Canada would be incredibly simple to take. In fact, the British powers in Canada held firmly and warded off each of the three assaults by the Americans.

Notwithstanding when the one general understood that he would require more powers, he endeavored to convince the New York civilian army to come help him. Since the New England states were against the war, the local army wouldn't come. If the natives had their entire consideration concentrated on the reasons for the war, maybe the state army would have gone, and we could have caught Canada. In light of this absence of excitement, the United States endured incredible military misfortunes. Close to the finish of the War, the Americans were even compelled to divert on edge methodology from their past hostile technique. Despite the fact that the military brought about extraordinary misfortunes amid the War of 1812, it was not the sole reason that the war can be effectively called "America's most exceedingly bad battled war", but instead the impact from another progressively real reason; the absence of political solidarity for the war's motivation. The main primary reason that the military fizzled is on the grounds that they didn't have the help of the whole country bound together against a solitary reason.

Consequently, when the War of 1812 ended, the two sides had achieved precisely nothing with the exception of wrecking little odds and ends of the adversary. Neither one of the sides had settled any of the issues they were initially battling about, nor had either side actually "won" as indicated by the Treaty of Ghent (1814). The United States gained a few things in a roundabout way from the war however, similar to another level of regard from remote countries and the recognizable proof of more war saints. The war additionally demonstrated that the Americans had the capacity to endure totally isolated from European Affairs. None of these outcomes however were the ideal ones from the war. In the event that the Americans would have had the capacity to set aside their provincial self-centeredness and contrasts, maybe the War of 1812 would have achieved more for the United States than it truly did.

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Social and Cultural Uncle Tom’s Cabin V.s. Cesar Chavez Cesar Chavez

Contents

Jacob Riis v.s. Chinese Exclusion Act
Transcendentalism v.s. White Flight/Suburbs
Trail of Tears v.s. Dred Scott Decision
19th Amendment v.s. Immigration Quotas
Plessy v. Ferguson v.s. Jacob Riis Plessy
The Trail of Tears v.s. Abraham Lincoln (13th-15th Amendments)
Seneca Falls Convention v.s. Abolitionist Movement
Abolitionist movement v.s. Common Sense
Treaty of Versailles v.s. Detente
Korean War v.s. Constitution
John Marshall v.s. The Constitution
Containment v.s. Virginia
Mercantilism v.s. Erie Canal
Homestead Act v.s. Industrial Revolution

Social and Cultural Uncle Tom’s Cabin v.s. Cesar Chavez Cesar Chavez had a greater impact on US history because he was able to unite the nation through fighting for farmers rights (via grape boycott) and continued to help found the National Farm Workers Association. Nativism v.s. NAACP Nativism had a greater impact on US history because it caused the creation of a whole political party, the Know-Nothing Party. Plessy v. Ferguson v.s. Enlightenment Plessy v. Ferguson had a greater impact on US history because it created the doctrine of ‘separate but equal’.

Jacob Riis v.s. Chinese Exclusion Act

Jacob Riis had a greater impact on US history because he used his gifts as a journalist to make people aware of the lifestyle of people in New York slums through his work How the Other Half Lives that promoted change through sanitary reform. Frederick Douglass v.s. McCarthyism McCarthyism had a greater impact on US history because it took advantage of people’s fear of communism and ended up causing innocent people to be blacklisted. Seneca Falls Convention v.s. Reservation System Seneca Falls Convention had a greater impact on US history because it was the first official convention for women’s rights. Abolitionist Movement v.s. Consumerism The Abolitionist Movement had a greater impact on US history because it was the main reason for the sectional divide between the north and south pre civil war.

Transcendentalism v.s. White Flight/Suburbs

Transcendentalism had a greater impact on US history because it’s philosophy helped to progress movements like abolitionism and feminism. Yellow Journalism v.s. Brown v. Board of Education Brown v. Board of Education had a greater impact on US history because it outlawed segregation in schools. Radio/Mass Culture v.s. Martin Luther King, Jr Martin Luther King Jr had a greater impact on US history because he was able to unite the civil rights activists and promote non-violent protests.

Trail of Tears v.s. Dred Scott Decision

The Trail of Tears had a greater impact on US history because the Cherokees sued to keep their their land and won, but Jackson forced them to move anyway, continuing a long line of neglect for Native Americans. Nat Turner v.s. Abraham Lincoln (13th-15th Amendments) Abraham Lincoln (13th-15th Amendments) had a greater impact on US history because the amendments have African Americans the right to vote and abolished slavery in general. Common Sense v.s. John F Kennedy (Legacy of Civil Rights) Common Sense had a greater impact on US history because it helped persuade the 13 colonies to fight for their freedom against Britain. William Lloyd Garrison v.s. City on a Hill City on a Hill had a greater impact on US history because it was one of the first instances of Americans trying to create a perfect society.

19th Amendment v.s. Immigration Quotas

Immigration Quotas had a greater impact on US history because they greatly limited the number of immigrants allowed into the US especially from the eastern asia, furthering the red scare. National Organization of Women (NOW) v.s. First Great Awakening National Organization of Women had a greater impact on US history because they called for equal payment and employment opportunities for women. Cesar Chavez v.s. Nativism Nativism had a greater impact on US history because it was a cause of the immigration act of 1924 which wouldn’t be fixed until 1965 in the immigration act of 1965.

Plessy v. Ferguson v.s. Jacob Riis Plessy

Ferguson had a greater impact on US history because it upheld segregation as part of the constitution. McCarthyism v.s. Seneca Falls Convention The Seneca Falls Convention had a greater impact on US history because it created the Declaration of Sentiments which called for a radical idea for the time, women’s right to vote. Abolitionist Movement v.s. Transcendentalism The Abolitionist Movement had a greater impact on US history because it caused Bleeding Kansas, the debate over slave v.s. non slave states caused so much tension that Americans cheat the voting system. Brown v. Board of Education v.s. Martin Luther King Jr Brown v. Board of Education had a greater impact on US history because since African Americans were able to get the same education as whites, they would have better opportunities for post-secondary education and for jobs.

The Trail of Tears v.s. Abraham Lincoln (13th-15th Amendments)

Abraham Lincoln (13th-15th Amendments) had a greater impact on US history because the 13th-15th amendments marked the end of abolitionism and the start of reconstruction in the south, helping African Americans and kind of starting the civil rights movement. Common Sense v.s. City on a Hill Common Sense had a greater impact on US history because it helped spread the idea of creating a democratic republic. Immigration Quotas v.s. National Organization of Women National Organization of Women had a greater impact on US history because they came very close to passing the equal rights amendment and is still trying to ratify the amendment today. Nativism v.s. Plessy v. Ferguson Nativism had a greater impact on US history because it caused a geographical divide between immigrants and Americans, inner city v.s. Suburbs.

Seneca Falls Convention v.s. Abolitionist Movement

The Abolitionist Movement had a greater impact on US history because it kept Europe out of the Civil War. Brown v. Board of Education v.s. Abraham Lincoln (13th-15th Amendments) Abraham Lincoln had a greater impact on US history because without the 13th-15th amendments abolishing slavery, then Brown v. Board of Education wouldn’t have been possible. Common Sense v.s. National Organization of Women Common Sense had a greater impact on US history because it influenced the colonies to create their own government apart for Britain. Nativism v.s. Abolitionist Movement The Abolitionist Movement had a greater impact on US history because it eventually succeeded in abolishing slavery through the 13th-15th amendments. Abraham Lincoln (13th-15th Amendments) v.s. Common Sense Common Sense had a greater impact on US history because it sparked the Revolutionary War, which is why America exists today.

Abolitionist movement v.s. Common Sense

Common Sense had a greater impact on US history because it easily communicated a new radical idea for a form of government which has morphed into our government today. Political Coercive/Intolerable Acts v.s. Monroe Doctrine The Monroe Doctrine had a greater impact on US history because it helped establish the US as more isolationist. Containment v.s. Watergate Containment had a greater impact on US history because it pitted the US against the Soviet Union in the Cold war. Mayflower Compact v.s. Mexican American War The Mexican American War had a greater impact on US history because it set the border for Texas. Thomas Jefferson v.s. Roe v. Wade Thomas Jefferson had a greater impact on US history because he helped write the Declaration of independence. Emancipation Proclamation v.s. War of 1812 The War of 1812 had a greater impact on US history because it resulted in setting the borders between the US and Canada. Articles of Confederation v.s. Teddy Roosevelt Teddy Roosevelt had a greater impact on US history because he helped the US establish a strong navy. Revolutionary War v.s. Jamestown The Revolutionary War had a greater impact on US history because it established the US as its own independent nation. Vietnam War v.s. Virginia House of Burgesses (1619) The Virginia House of Burgesses had a greater impact on US history because it was the first legislative assembly in America. Richard Nixon v.s. Spanish American War The Spanish American War had a greater impact on US history because it established the US as a world power.

Treaty of Versailles v.s. Detente

The Treaty of Versailles had a greater impact on US history because it ended the first world war. Marshall Plan v.s. Manifest Destiny Manifest Destiny had a greater impact on US history because it supported the annexation of Texas. Marbury v. Madison v.s. Popular Sovereignty Popular Sovereignty had a greater impact on US history because it gave Americans the choice of whether states were slave or non slave. George Washington v.s. Woodrow Wilson George Washington had a greater impact on US history because he helped America win the Revolutionary War. Confederate States of America v.s. Missouri Compromise The Missouri Compromise had a greater impact on US history because it created a physical divide between the north and the south that would later impact the succession of the south from the union. John Marshall v.s. Bacon’s Rebellion John Marshall had a greater impact on US history because his federalist views helped create a stronger central government.

Korean War v.s. Constitution

The Constitution had a greater impact on US history because it is the basis of our laws. Monroe Doctrine v.s. Containment Containment had a greater impact on US history because it caused the US to build up its arms in competition with the Soviet Union. The Mexican American War v.s. Thomas Jefferson Thomas Jefferson had a greater impact on US history because he used his foreign policy skills to gain the Louisiana Purchase from France. The War of 1812 v.s. Teddy Roosevelt The War of 1812 had a greater impact on US history because it instilled an idea of nationalism in Americans because we were able to defeat Britain for the second time. The Revolutionary War v.s. Virginia House of Burgesses The Virginia House of Burgesses had a greater impact on US history because it encouraged the other colonies to adopt a similar form of government. The Spanish American War v.s. The Treaty of Versailles The Treaty of Versailles had a greater impact on US history because it bullied Germany to the extent that Hitler was able to come to power and eventually start World War 2. Manifest Destiny v.s. Popular Sovereignty Manifest Destiny had a greater impact on US history because of Polk’s strong belief in it which led him to convince the public who then forced/convinced congress to declare war on Mexico. George Washington v.s. Missouri Compromise George Washington had a greater impact on US history because he defined the presidency as two four year terms and set the example for the amount of power the president should have.

John Marshall v.s. The Constitution

John Marshall had a greater impact on US history because he gave the supreme court the power to declare things unconstitutional. Containment v.s. Thomas Jefferson Containment had a greater impact on US history because it caused tensions between the US and Soviet Union which led to the Space Race. The War of 1812 v.s. Virginia House of Burgesses The Virginia House of Burgesses had a greater impact on US history because the ideas and leaders of the house of burgesses helped bring about the Revolutionary War. Treaty of Versailles v.s. Manifest Destiny Manifest Destiny had a greater impact on US history because it caused us to create the Oregon Treaty with Britain. George Washington v.s. John Marshall John Marshall had a greater impact on US history because he helped elevate the Supreme court to be equal to the other two branches through judicial review.

Containment v.s. Virginia

House of Burgesses Containment had a greater impact on US history because it caused the Cuban Missile Crisis, which almost resulted in nuclear war between the world’s two superpowers, guaranteeing mutual destruction. Manifest Destiny v.s. John Marshall Manifest Destiny had a greater impact on US history because it succeeded in connecting the US from sea to shining sea. Containment v.s. Manifest Destiny Containment had a greater impact on US history because it caused the US to interfere in multiple wars including the Vietnam War and Korean War. Economic NAFTA v.s. Populists NAFTA had a greater impact on US history because it created 5 million jobs for Americans, but got rid of lots of manufacturing jobs due to companies moving to Mexico. Pullman Strike v.s. Over-speculation (in general) The Pullman strike had a greater impact on US history because it almost completely halted work on the railroads although it was unsuccessful. Lyndon B Johnson (Great Society) v.s. Social Darwinism LBJ’s Great Society had a greater impact on US history because by funding social programs, it managed to reduce crime and improve the environment. Homestead Strike v.s. Rosie the Riveter Rosie the Riveter had a greater impact on US history because it encouraged women to join the workforce to replace the men that went off to war. 1st National Bank (Alexander Hamilton) v.s. Federal Reserve 1st National Bank had a greater impact on US history because it established the common currency of the US. Captains of Industry v.s. American Federation of Labor Captains of Industry had a greater impact on US history because the often used their fortunes to help the country as a whole, JP Morgan loaning money to the government.

Mercantilism v.s. Erie Canal

The Erie Canal had a greater impact on US history because it allowed an easier way for people and goods to travel across the appalachians. Franklin Roosevelt v.s. Tariff of Abominations FDR had a greater impact on US history because of his new deal which included a series of social programs, financial reforms and regulations that helped the US recover from the great depression. Keynesian Economics v.s. Gold Standard The Gold Standard had a greater impact on US history because without the gold standard, we would have silver backed dollars which proved to be very unstable. Ronald Reagan --supply side economics v.s. Gospel of Wealth Ronald Reagan supply side economics had a greater impact on US history because it cut government spending on social programs by 35 billion.

Homestead Act v.s. Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution had a greater impact on US history because it created more factory jobs. Henry Ford --assembly line v.s. Louisiana Purchase The Louisiana Purchase had a greater impact on US history because it provided better land for farmers. The American System (Henry Clay) v.s. Panama Canal The American System had a greater impact on US history because it invested government funds in internal improvements Eli Whitney --cotton gin/interchangeable parts v.s. Haymarket Square Riot Andrew Jackson’s War on the Bank v.s. Transcontinental Railroad Adam Smith v.s. Embargo Act (1808)

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The most Important Artist in Music History

He was, in the end, precisely what he promised and struggled to be: the most important artist in music history. If there had been any doubt, criticism, and misunderstanding, it ended on the afternoon of June 25th, 2009, when his death news arrived. Throughout his life, he has 5 Grammy Awards, 10 Lifetime Achievement, and 26 American Music Awards. He is the best-selling music artists of all time with estimated sales of over 350 million records. Also, he has over 4.8 Billion fans around the world and was once called “the king of pop”.

His life is so successful that his music and dance influence millions of people, while he is also a failure, he once became a figure of controversy for his changing appearance, relationships, behaviors and even had involved a scandal of child sexual abuse. Yes. You may have figured out; today I am going to introduce my idol since my childhood, Michael Jackson.

I like him is not only because of his music but also his humanity and personality. Because of him, I know that there are still many wars, hunger happens in this world and many people live with poor healthcare condition. Therefore, besides appreciation for what I have possessed, I set my life goal to be an excellent medical doctor, expecting someday I can save people’s life and contribute my little to our society.

In addition, his understanding of life inspires my life value and makes me realized what kind of person I really want to be. Being intent, confident, independent, and always listen to my heart, standing up for my values and ideas. It doesn’t have to be someone else breaking or shaking you. It doesn't matter what anyone does or says; I have a choice much wider than myself, and I must protect it and embody it. Because of his influence, I made the most critical decision in life; quitting my job from my home country and came to the U.S to get my new life chapter started.

Also, his reactions for those who have harmed him, makes me realized the fact that the forgiveness is always more powerful than the hatred, just like he has said: “If you enter this world knowing you are loved and you leave this world knowing the same, then everything that happens in between can be dealt with”. In fact, Michael Jackson has taught me how to love others, how to become a strong person and how to keep up a good state of mind in adversity and positively take the new challenge.

In my opinion, Michael Jackson not only belongs to music, not only belongs to dance, not only belongs to the fans, but he also belongs to our shared this era. Michael has already gone for a decade, but he always impressed me with a figure, a unique and glaring figure, he wore a jazz cap, black and white dress, when white light-gathering lit up, dance up his space step, singing, dancing, and that of the incessant cheers.

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Another Music Invasion

Another music invasion was about to happen worldwide in 1980’s. It was not the Beetles or the Beetles Invasion. This time it was the invasion of cable television. With rock and roll musicians looking to promote their music, music producers worldwide started a new music invasion of their own. The idea of making use of cable television was a brilliant idea of promoting music videos to other parts of the world. First in 1981, viewers were able to not just listen to the words of their favorite artist, but also watch videos of their artist portraying and acting out scenes to their own music.

“The Billboard’s Video Music Conference was held on November 1979, John Lack made an astonish announcement the he was going to develop and produce a 24-hour video music network for television.” With the business help of Bob Pittman, he helped encourage record studios and companies into producing music videos. “Promoting the works from cable television producing studios the very persistent team of Lack and Pittman started MTV on August 1, 1981.” (Marks)

It all started, “On this day on August 1, 1981, MTV: Music Television is going on the air for the first time ever, with the words (spoken by one of MTV’s creators, John Lack): “Ladies and gentlemen, rock and roll.” The Buggles’ “Video Killed the Radio Star” was the first music video to air on the new cable television channel, which initially was available only to households in parts of New Jersey. MTV went on to revolutionize the music industry and become an influential source of pop culture and entertainment in the United States and other parts of the world, including Europe, Asia and Latin America, which all have MTV-branded channels.” (history.com)

During the next few years, MTV used visual culture to transform the viewer’s ideas of their favorite artists. Listing of hard rock, punk rock, heavy metal, new wave and alternative rock were all a part of the music selections provided to the viewers. Well-known artists like Madonna, Who, Rod Stuart, and the first black artist to appear was Michael Jackson. Sales of records, to albums and concert tours soar topping off C.D. sales nationwide. MTV attracted viewers as young as twelve years old to music lovers through the age of the late thirties.

Fashion brought bright, bold, wild colors in the early 80’s. Along with big earrings and jewelry, leg warmers, hair spayed hair, oversized tops, and leggings to neon colors. Everything was dynamic from head-to-toe in outfits and costumes. Eyes were opened to outrageous dance moves being performed in the music videos. Viewers were wanting more insight of this popular fad of music television called MTV. On average viewers would watch anywhere from one to four hours a day. (Pemberto)

MTV didn’t have anything newsworthy on its programing like weather, sports, and news. It brought the listeners music news. Letting viewers known upcoming events, song releases and new albums. Some information reminds me of watching Extra or TMZ shows that becomes people’s opinions and promote curiosity verse the true real facts or news of the artists.

It wasn’t unusual to find a political motivated music artist throughout watching some of the videos on MTV. Music videos brought a visionary perspective besides listening to words being sung expressing political agendas. “Genesis did a video called “Land of Confusion” featuring a creepy puppet version of Ronald Reagan, Mikhail Gorbachev and many of the USA for Africa singers, this is a Who’s Who of the late Cold War era. Before the fall of Communism, artists often reminded us that the end of the world as we knew it was merely a red button away.” (Pemberto)

Producing music videos is not cheap, even back in the 1980’s. The most expensive music video produced was Michael Jackson’s video, “Thriller.” With the help of producer Quincy Jones, “Thriller” is the best-selling album and best music video in pop music history. Chorographic and mob dance moves are still a hit today with school, dance teams, wedding receptions and proposals to performances from marching bands half-time shows.

Music Television had to do something about the content of the explicative sexual and graphics of the videos being produced for cable television. MTV created a Program Standards Department, which aimed to reject music videos featuring extremely graphic and explicit content. Today, MTV television has changed from producing television music videos to reality shows to attract younger viewers. Still promoting relationships of cultural boundaries, including violence and living in the world of youthful pressures of drinking and sex. (MTV Launches)

Now onto a new decade of music and new artists. Wondering if there will be another song that will top the sales of Michael Jackson’s “Thriller” or maybe a new music invasion in the near future?

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“The Album Made Michael Jackson”

It all started with his first solo album, Off the Wall, in 1979. “The album made Michael Jackson the first solo artist to drop four top 10 hits from a single album: “Don't Stop Til You Get Enough”, “Rock with You”, “Off the Wall”, and “She's Out of My Life” (Biographies: Michael Jackson). This solo career couldn’t have started off any better. Then came the release of Thriller.

Thriller became the best selling album in history. It sold more than 45 million copies around the world. “It was at the #1 in every Western country and spent a record 37 weeks at No. 1 in the United States” (Michael Jackson). It was the first every album to hold No. 1 spots on both the Pop and R&B top charts, for there respected genres. The album also created seven top 10 singles - something that has never been done before: it included “This Girl is Mine”, “Billie Jean”, “Beat It”, “P.Y.T.” (Pretty Young Thing), “Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'”, “Human Nature”, and “Thriller”. The album, as a whole, won a record-setting eight Grammy Awards in 1983. Thriller introduced the idea of a music video, to Michael.

Music Videos, at the time, were mainly videos of them performing it live, but Michael had a different idea. Make the video around his song, with special effects and dramatizing the song. The months, and years after the release of Thriller, Michael was at the hype of his career. In May 1983, Michael Jackson debuted the “moonwalk”. Later that year, he also received a $5 million sponsorship with Pepsi. Unfortunately a year later, while filming a commercial for Pepsi, Michael was seriously injured his head. His hair was severely burned and it was never the same for Michael. That’s when Michael Jackson turned to pain killers.

After the commercial incident, he did continue his music. In 1987, Michael Jackson dropped Bad. The album was a success. It had five No. 1 songs "I Just Can't Stop Loving You", "Bad", "The Way You Make Me Feel", "Man in the Mirror", and "Dirty Diana". With all the success from the albums, Thriller, and Bad he purchased a home in California, that would later be famously known as Neverland Ranch. The home was worth $28 million, with a zoo, Ferris wheel, and a movie theater. Jackson had many parties for children that were critically ill, underprivileged, or disabled. Soon after his life would be on a downward slope; flooded in scandal and controversies.

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Famous: Michael Joseph Jackson

Biography

A famous american singer named Michael Joseph Jackson or well known as Michael Jackson was born in Gary, Indiana in 1958. Michael Jackson is one of the 10s child of Joe Jackson and Katherine Jackson ( Jackson Family). Michael Jackson father was a talent manager and his mother was only been a mother and taking care of their house. Michael Jackson started off in public school in Gary, Indiana until he was 11 years old, when he became famous he had to live school and get tutored by a private tutor 3 hours a day between Monday and Friday. When Michael Jackson became an adolescent he went to Montclair College Prep School. Even though he did not get a proper education, he was very self-taught and owned thousands of books.

Michael Jackson was very talent and his first job was related to music. He was a musician and he lead singer a group in his family. Michael Jackson began performing with his four brothers in the Jackson 5 when he was a child. The group was really talented and scored No.1 single in 1969. Michael started to appear in the TV really young at the age of 11. From 1970s to the 1990s Jackson started to release his solo albums.

When he moved to California, LA Michael Jackson purchased the Neverland Ranch. Jackson was married twice in his life; once was Lisa Marie Presley and once to Debbie Rowe and he was the father of three children, Prince Jackson, Paris Jackson, and Blanket Jackson. Unfortunately Michael Jackson passed away in June 25, 2009. Los Angeles County Coroner made an official statement classifying that Jackson's death was a homicide, but people still think that there is a secret behind his death. The Coroner stated that Jackson died from the combination of drugs in his body. But Michael Jackson made sure to be remembered as one of the most significant cultural figures of the 20th century and one of the greatest entertainers of all time, also considered the “ King of Pop”. Michael Jackson is well known by his moonwalk performance in the clipe Billie Jeans, some pop singers today inspire themselves in the King of Pop Michael Jackson.

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Determinants of Woodlot Plantation and Production in Ethiopia

The main constraints which affect woodlot production were land size, family labor, financial resources, knowledge, technology and the transaction costs and support to the woodlot owners (Maningo, 2014). According to Rapahel and Alemu (2016), the performance of forest plantation generally in Ethiopia and particularly in Amhara Region affected by various socio-economic, technical and institutional factors such as lack of extension service, poor market access, lack of cooperation, poor appropriate spacing, thinning, harvesting practice and inadequate institutional and policy support. Likewise, farm size, loan and credit access, per capita income, age of the farmers, land ownership of the farmers, availability of non-agricultural land were some factors which significantly affects farmers' adoption decisions on Eucalyptus woodlot production (Tefera and Lerra, 2016).

Abiyu et al., (2012) revealed that the main factor that significantly affect number of tree production and number of tree species were number of livestock owned by the household, land holding size and age of household head. Similarly, the probability of participation of smallholder farmers' in tree plantation were affected by nursery ownership, education level of farm household, land holding size, land productivity, distance to the nearest market centre, market access, value addition of plantation products, and infrastructures (Fentahun et.al., n.d). Likewise, the decision to grow trees by smallholder farmer is also affected by market incentives, such as availability of markets for outputs and inputs, their price and associated income loss (Warner et al., 1997; Arnold et al., 2006). Furthermore, Jagger et al., (2003) using ordered probit regression analysis reported that the main determinants of changes in environmental conditions during woodlot establishment were plantation zone, woodlot distance to market, population density, area of woodlot, availability of wasteland, Seedling survival rate, annual precipitation, slopes of area, soil type and tree species.

According to Bekele (2011), factors that significantly influence the decision to adopt woodlots as a form of land use were tree tenure security, quality of seed, contact with extension agents and size of land holdings. Woodlots require farmers to set aside part of their land for growing trees that results in the cultivable area under food crops being reduced. Therefore, farmers with smaller plots of land may view tree planting as competing with food crops, thus reducing incentive to establish woodlots.

In the case of Ethiopia, farmers have the ownership right to trees growing on his/her homestead and cultivated lands, but needs to get permission from the local government to cut the trees. This hinders the participation of the farmers in woodlot plantation. Ohigashi (2008) also stated that compared to Ethiopian farmers, Thailand farmers operating Eucalyptus plantations own an average of 13 ha of total land and out of 13ha, 8 ha were allocated for Eucalyptus but in Ethiopia the average land area owned by farmers are 1.2 ha, with 99 % of farmers owning less than 5 ha of land. Therefore the shortage of land are main constraints for farmers to produce Eucalyptus since it takes a minimum of 5 years to harvest. even though Eucalyptus provides high yield in all ecological conditions, its growth rate depends on different management factors like spacing, site conditions, amount of rainfall (Hailemicael, 2012).

Eucalyptus sale assist smallholder farmers to bridge the food shortage gap at household level. As a result, growing Eucalyptus at a farm level in a form of woodlot has become very common practice among smallholder farmers in rural parts of Ethiopia (Jagger and Pender, 2003) However, the size of farm, the wealth status and age of the farmers were the main factors influencing farmers' tree planting activities (Schuren and Snelder, 2008 cited in Bongers, 2010). Beside this, fertilising is an important factor to increase yield (Van Eijck, 2014). Likewise, Eucalyptus production was affected by insects (termites, Eucalyptus snout beetle), pests (locus) and fungi (Jagger and Pender, 2003). However, Hailemicael (2012) reported that compared to other commonly used exotic tree species, Eucalyptus species are not sensitive for the attack of different tree diseases/pathogens/, pests, and environmental stress such as water, and nutrient deficiency due to its genetic diversity by itself has a power to resist such infectious disease and environmental factors.

The productivity of Eucalyptus in tropical and sub-tropical countries are remained low due to poor genetic stock, weed competition, water stress, low nutrient status of the soil, and threats from pests and diseases (Sharma et al., 1985; Ghosh et al., 1989; Kallarackal and Somen, 1997). Krause et al., (2007) indicated that the main factors that hinder farmers from growing of woody plants were personal characteristics of farmers, poor access to infrastructure, shortage of land resource and seedlings. Similarly, Githiomi et al., (2012) also revealed that scarcity of seedlings, inadequate land and high cost of establishmen are the main obstacles encountered to farmers in woodlot establishment in centeral kenya.

Hailemicael (2012) reported that the main factor that affect the profitability of Eucalyptus plantation in Northern Ethiopia were labour access, low management techniques for wood lots, lack of proper market access and environmental factors like poor soil fertility, rainfall, and rough topography. Similarly, the income and profitability of Eucalyptus tree commercialization by farmers are affected by technical, financial and awareness support; market mechanism; wood price and non-income gains (Mekonnen et al., 2007). Even though Eucalyptus is mostly planted everywhere in Ethiopia, its processing and marketing are not linked well due to poor coordination and cooperation among producers. Moreover, lack of knowledge and experiences during sawing, drying and processing of the various commodities produced for the wood of Eucalyptus were the main reason (Bekele, 1994).

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Food -Processing Industry

Due to the food -processing industry, as American we have the means of eating all kinds of food, no matter the time, the kind of food, the location. We have it all. But “If you know where the food comes from, you might not eat it” (Kenner 2008) This phrase sums everything in perspective that there is a whole world out there that is hidden from us. The common theme of “farms to factories” in all the readings represent the reality of the food industry, how the food is processed and how the role of production is emphasized on “quantity not quality” (Striffler 2004). The labor in the farms and factories are highly intensive as the role of supply and demand increases due to corporations, also companies don't want people to know about the whole process of what is produced and the negative consequences implied within the current United States food system.

In the United States, the grocery store has a variety of selections of non-native and native foods all year round, most of the time we buy prepared food that we don’t put thought into the process, where the food came from and what resources were used to produce all the food we eat. All we ever get to see is “packaged food”. This represents the dislocation of the final product of the food and us as humans. This creates a separation of the final product we see at the stores and not knowing what really goes behind the doors of factories. In recent decades the hog industry has been transformed by the adoption of new and advanced agricultural technologies which has then replaced family labor and small scale farms. The pork-industry has changed dramatically by suddenly seeing the increase of the hog population as Driscoll & Edwards (2014) points out that suddenly, North Carolina had more pigs than people. “The growth of the hog industry from 2 million to 10 million heads and its concentration onto the coastal plain of the eastern North Carolina”. The extinction of farmers that would raise pigs as a method that would supplement a farmers income, the idea of small herds would have access to different shelters and pastureland and the waste of the animals would be used as a natural fertilizer for other crops. In today’s hog industry all are raised using the confined animal feeding operation (CAFO’s). This is a three-stage production; starts off as the hog house, the waste “lagoon” and the spray field. This whole production takes about 5.5 months. Now, since corporations own their pigs “from birth to bacon” they raise them by implementing advanced industrial techniques that makes profit to them, but also adds to the role of the supply and demand as “whereas not so long ago most farmers grew a variety of crops, now most farmers grow just one or two, And although farmers have become more specialized in what they grow, consumers have become more diversified in what they eat.” (Fitzgerald 2003). This can be seen in the industrialization of chicken production in Arkansas. “Tyson produces thousands of “further processed /value-added” meat products. The poultry products include nuggets, patties, franks, pet food, and a range in many shapes, size, textures, and flavors” (Striffler 2004).

In the film Food Inc by Kenner Robert shows how the production of the chicken industry has gained the ability to control the growth of a chicken faster than ever before, this whole idea supports the role of supply and demand as the process of fast growing a chicken has been in place to stay up to date with the global supply and the needs of consumers and also the variety of ways poultry products are made into, which is all we see in the stores. The profits play an important role in determining how the companies are providing consumers with cheap food, but the corporations keep doing this cycle of production regardless of the negative consequences this can imply in the future.

Most of the time we forget about the labor, the idea that in society we think as consumers but not think of the people producing the food (Kendra 2019). The article “Undercover in a Chicken Factory by Steve Striffler talks about how he got himself a job at Tyson factory in his home place; Arkansas. This gave him the ability to experience what it was like to work in a food processing job. The whole story starts when he went up to the receptionist trying to apply for a job; They first stereotype the idea that he would want a mechanic position, as that would be a more adequate position for him. The receptionist was confused and surprised as why “himself” as a white male would want to work on the line. He got to uncover the filthy working conditions, within the factory and also he “learned quickly that “unskilled labor requires immense skill” (Striffler 2004). The job of a ?harinero? was extremely complicated due to the multiple tasks it entitled, such as adjusting the breeder and rebreeding, monitoring the marinade, turning off and on the line and replacing the old flour with fresh flour. “One of the first things he learned was he was going to do the job of two people (Striffler 2004). At the factory he noticed that many of the workers were immigrants, working in the meat plants many would stay at the job for years due to the incentives that Tyson paid around eight dollars an hour more than any other work out in the farm, which provided more hours per week. “Even though on-line jobs are the worst in the plant-monotonously, even dangerously, repetitive. These workers stand in the same place repeating the same motion for an entire shift (Striffler 2004). As a society, we've yet to appreciate all the labor that is being done behind doors, in these farms and factories, especially for people like Roberto. “Poultry plants are, after all, one of the places where workers of the world come together” (Striffler 2004) The coworkers of Shiffler represent the diversity of people working and many of whom abroad seek a new life in search of this opportunity. The United States is a nation that is filled and continues to attract people from other countries. Native-born people and immigrants working the lines are the strength that keeps plants together.

In addition, the policy implication in the agricultural business, show that the policies applied to workers, many continue to work in the industry as an older group of people have been working at Tyson for more than 20 years, they are just waiting for the benefits that are given and gained due to the seniority bestows. And the implications that companies “pay them good” and officers insurance this maintains them satisfied for these jobs and the benefits it coues as for immigrants it's tough. The overarching problem around the country is that undocumented people are taken advantage in poor working conditions, therefore that many immigrant workers have to satisfied themselves with these working conditions due to the fact of fear to the policy of deportation. In the article Undercover in a chicken factory by Steve Striffler, Roberto quickly responds: “outside, we are all fucked. We ‘re in Arkansas.”. Another coworker of him seriously says to him “ Outside you’re a gringo. You are from here. Outside we are Mexicans, but it is different. We’re still screwed, but in different way. We are foreigners. We don't belong. At least here in the plant we belong even if we are exploited. Outside, we live better than in Mexico,but we do not belong. We are not from here and keep to ourselves” (Striffler 2004). This notion that while corporations and factories exploit their workers, this cheap labor might help lower the retail price of goods at the benefit of distributing and producing at the large-scale of operation goods. Meanwhile all of these systems are becoming the norm. The idea of quantity over quality, Has increase the realization of profit with in the agricultural industry. The United states food system have adopted new role of changes which have included less and bigger farms/factories, the increase of food in various types and consumption of foods, and the policies that are applied in order to keep workers, working. Even though these employees are consistently below, to what many would consider an adequate living wage. This is all due to the expense of producing and distributing all the food we see at our local supermarket.

The event that happened after World War 1, many agricultural advocated supporting the increase of industrialized farm methods. The intensity of this event emphasized the idea of standardizing farming in the US. Therefore this skyrocketed the interest of high agricultural and mechanization system, in today’s society. In these systems, there was an aim to maximize yields from available land. American farming, now days has applied the heavy use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers. “We do not think, really think about the life of food prior to its arrival at our nearest supermarket”(Carolan 2012). As nowadays there is no sight of farming of crops, farms with free-roaming animals and lush green field. All the practices are done with new technologies and science behind doors. The US food system has evolved, the evolution of the technology and science implemented in the agricultural has expanded even more.

The treadmill analogy is proposed by Willard Cochrane, the explanation that of the increase of industrialized agricultural producers have adopted new technologies and the increase of production yields varies that include the use of agrochemicals and genetic engineering. This method has caused the production to grow and the producer prices to fall. In addition, the idea that farmers, don't have it easy since there is a company behind that manipulates the ideas and manufacturing (Hutchens 2019). All of this relates to both the gain of crops and food animal production by using different methods of diversifying the crops incorporating pesticides and chemicals and methods that would raise livestock for profit benefiting the richer and corporation, not the farmers. Also, the shifting on the production of grains towards fruits, vegetables, meat and dairy productions as this is what more population growth is demanding.

7 The influence of science and technology in food production is the reality that with an increase of population in the world, “we all need food”. Therefore farming land has been taken over by urban expansion and the use of methods that would produce more food, and ideally, in order to do so, that would be a gain from the land utilized. Although the use of pesticides has many benefits within the agricultural production, such as helping kill the potential disease, time-saving and lowering the cost for the consumers. “The dispensary of feed, water and the various antibiotics and pesticides used to prevent disease among the heard is handled by the machinery (Driscoll & Edwards 2013) According to Cochrane, farmers are under tremendous economic pressure to adopt new technologies and increase their operations. (Carolan 2012) This ideology that the technology and science within the United States Society caught many farmers to adopt these practices especially as many thought that the technologies would maximize the yields and the overall the farm efficiency of production and meeting the supply and demand.

In fact, that was all not true in which they believed it would change their lives if they adopted these new methods. But many of the farmers then related to the “treadmill” metaphor: those who have invested in new technologies are essentially running on the same spot. They might be producing considerably more but because of shrinking profit margins they are not profiting widely from these increases of productivity”. (Carolan 2012) Even though many are grateful for these technologies and science, that has influenced the increase of production, there is many risks behind that workers and society had fallen to. The values of chemicals and pesticides have then affected technology and science. As we chose a new technology, there has to be more thought into weighing the cost and the benefits. Therefore science and technology have impacted society by applying the risk by using these methods. In the process of food production; the advancement of corn and diversifying the crop into corn syrup, and many other food items. Has increased the risk of high risk of health problems. In addition, many farm workers, though they are low paying the field work is very dangerous.

Many die in relation that are liked to their employment. “ Over 25 percent of CAFO workers suffer from respiratory diseases, ranging from bronchitis to mucous membrane irritation, asthma, and acute respiratory distress syndrome” (Donham et. at 2007) A change in technology has driven the force of agriculture into having a big effect in the structure of a “farm” and also the economies of the rural/communities in the business. Farmers have developed this strategy of pursuing new technologies, or many of the farmers that maintain themselves small, increase the risk of going out of business, due to the fact that many cannot meet the demands of the companies and this causes to not being to keep up with the treadmill aspect. This also puts into perspective as the crops and animals are applied with chemicals and fertilizers many could cause an increase in toxic food. This whole process can also be reversed as we can impact science and technology through regulations. If we regular the fertilizers and chemicals used in the products and the production.

Many farmers today cannot make enough money to survive in the agricultural industry, due to the treadmill. Many cannot even survive without the supplements off-farm income and government subsidies. In addition, this also makes farmers rely on government payments and help, in order to keep the treadmill going.

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Agriculture Loan Interest Rate: all you Need to Know

Agriculture is the main profession of people in rural India but from the past few decades, it has been facing problems in all parts of the country. Climate change, over production, lack of infrastructure, low prices of agri produce are some of the factors that have caused distress to farmers and it is these reasons that have made the government take note of their plight. The government has announced many pro-farmer policies and also waived off loans to bring them out of the crisis. Speaking of loans, the agriculture loan interest rates have been reduced and today, farm loan interest rates are the lowest in the market. So, here is checking out the different aspects of interest rates to know it better.

As per the directives of the Indian government, crop loans up to Rs. 3 lakh are offered at interest rate of 7% p.a. The government also provides interest aid of 3% p.a. to those who repay the loan on time which means the loan is actually offered at 4% p.a. Loans above Rs 3 lakh are offered at higher rates but the lenders have to follow the norms of the Reserve Bank of India and government directive, all the same. In the loans with maximum limit of Rs 1 lakh, no security is needed but loan above this limit could have a security but it differs from lender to lender. Any farmer, small or big, can apply for agri loan and avail it from lenders in the market. The loan can be short-term or long-term with both being the beneficiary of low interest rates.

The agriculture or dairy loan interest rate is subsidized by the government as it wants to help farmers and agriculturists. It is a form of incentive as well as aid for the distressed farmers so that they do not suffer and find the motivation to carry on with agriculture. They can use the loans to purchase land, equipment, or any other agriculture-related stuff. With low rates, farmers do not face problems and are able to repay the loan on time which also brings them the benefits of rebates. They can easily avail the loans as well because the lenders have ushered in faster loan processing and paperwork in the interest of farmers.

All the public banks in India offer agri loans to farmers at subsidized rates but the rates differ from one bank to another. Other financial institutions also offer credit schemes for farmers and overall, the market is favorable for agriculturists looking to avail a loan for their farming needs.

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“Pacific Railroad Act”

Railroads were a very hot topic in the late 1800’s and early 1900’s. With the help from the advancement in technology and the civil war, the federal government was allowed to speed along the process of improving transportation for transporting individuals as well as products at a faster and cheaper rate. In the late 1820’s the first railroad to take the tracks was a small steam locomotive on the Mohawk and Hudson Railroad. This train traveled a small distance from Albany to Schenectady and this is what was just the beginning of what was to become a thriving railroad industry. The transcontinental railroad is what lead to the change in economy, growth of natural recourses and agriculture, and the aid in the settlement of the west.

With the help of the federal government passing the Pacific Railroad Act which provided land grants to railways, this industry was able to make its entrance into what is now a great and easy way for transportation. The invention of the railroads made for a burst in political and social encounters which led to a fast-growing economy. The transcontinental railroad allowed for faster transportation of goods which tremendously boosted the economy and enhanced individuals' wealth. The demand for steel, iron and lumber skyrocketed which extensively helped the economy to thrive. This also allowed for new jobs to open up for individuals and allowed more goods to be shipped all across the United States. Railroads provided large cities with food, materials, fuel and lots more which made individuals daily life tasks much easier than before and completely changed our society forever.

The railroad helped to bring people and machinery to the recourses. This did end up hurting small business because they could not compete with the large businesses who had easy access to readily available capital. This ended up affecting agriculturists, ranchers, fish and tons more due to the huge expansion, covering almost 165,000 miles. This caused farmers to move west with the railroads to take advantage of the cheaper land and Homestead Act lands. Although more than 400,000 people received land and the number of crops being produced doubled, farmers were still having trouble getting out of debt. Farmers often bought newer and larger machinery which led to higher crop yields. Thinking they would eventually come out of debt, this actually caused them to go more into debt because of overproduction. Farmers put themselves into debt by producing so many crops and causing the prices to drastically drop due to overproduction. The challenges faced by Americans became very severe. Not only were farmers dealing with overproduction problems and dropping prices, but the problem of high tariffs was also hurting them. As tariffs rose, farmers were not seeing the rise in their crop prices thus making them pay the inflated prices but not receiving anything in return.

After the first transcontinental railroad was created many individuals began to move west since it was cheaper and much easier to travel. Moving west allowed individuals cheaper and more vast amounts of land, easier access to supplies, mining opportunities and much more.

The transcontinental railroad has forever changed the way of living for Americans. The transportation system has been thriving ever since the first railroad opened in the early 1800s. The movement of anything from fuel to food and everything in between has most definitely helped to make many cities thrive over the years. The change in economy, growth of natural recourses and agriculture, and the aid in the settlement of the west is what helped to shape the United States so that we can live as we do today.

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Rural Insurance Market in India

Contents

Introduction
Urban vs Rural Market
Opportunities and Threats in Rural Insurance Market
Opportunities
Threats
Role of Government
Role of IRDA
Role in Insurers
Conclusion

Introduction

The growth in the insurance sector is higher than the GDP growth-rate of the country. The insurance premium income has grown from 1.77% to 2.59% of the GDP in the last one year. A careful analysis of post-liberalization period suggests that new insurance players did make a good start while the existing ones maintained consistent growth levels. This is also evident from the rise in the penetrations level-from 2.52% in the year 2000-01 to 3.56% in the year 2010-11.

A noteworthy observation here is the divergence in the penetration levels of the urban and rural markets. This is evident from the fact that there is a significant difference in the insurance coverage in these two markets.

Urban vs Rural Market

Indian insurance market can be dividend into urban and rural markets. These two segments are diverse in nature and have distinguished characteristics. The economic growth of the two has not been the same. A wide disparity exists between the per capital income and literacy rate, among other things, in these two sectors. From insurance perspective, statistics show that rural population has lower reach. The agent per 1000 persons is around 0.25, which is far low in comparison to that of the urban market. Insurers may use this knowledge in designing innovative products, need-based selling of insurance, better penetration, development of new channels etc.

Most new insurance companies started operating from metros and urban areas. As a result, the urban population got more attention and led to more penetration in urban than in rural markets. The urban segment in India is small compared to the rural segment. Hence, exploring the rural markets poses to be a Herculean task to the insurers. Expects are of the opinion that the urban markets are rapidly getting saturated, and the future growth potential lies in the rural areas. However, it does not signal that the whole of urban insurable population is roofed, but the percentage of the first time buyers would be on decline. It is a fact that the urban population has greater accessibility and reach to the insurance products. Also, most of this population is a part of the organized sector and have insurance cover either directly or indirectly. Their higher education status has led to better awareness about financial and insurance products. They are more informed about market conditions, and demand product innovations to suit their growing needs.

But the situation with rural populace is different. A majority of them are left uncovered although they are also exposed to risks similar to or even higher than their urban counterparts. The ratio of rural Indian population is very high and it has growing insurance needs; therefore, it is a fact that the potential growth of insurance industry lies in the rural market, both for life and general (non-life) insurance. A lot of study and research was and is being carried out in this direction to develop new strategies to explore the untapped area in Indian insurance market.

Opportunities and Threats in Rural Insurance Market

Opportunities and threats go hand-in-hand in every industry and insurance industry is no exception. Identification of opportunities and threats helps in better analysis of the market. An attempt is made to examine the opportunities and threats related to rural insurance markets and how insurers can get the most out of them.

Opportunities

Gigantic population: India has higher population growth rates. The rural population amounts to nearly 72% of the total population and as discussed earlier, majority of them are left uncovered. This can be a major avenue for the players in the insurance market.

Agriculture insurance: Agriculture is the major vocation and source of income for the rural India. This segment has vast potential, which cannot be overlooked.

Growth in income level of the rural population: The national income of the country as well as the individual income level is on the rise. The agriculture and allied sectors are showing steady growth rate. The rural market countributes up to 55% of the national GDP. It points out to the tremendous amount of potential available in rural areas.

High savings habit: Indians, and in particular, rural people have high savings habit. This may be due to uncertainties and perils they are exposed to in the rural areas. Hitherto, they had only a few investment avenues like post office savings or bank deposits, and insurance could be made an alternate investment opportunity with the benefit of life cover.

Falling interest rates: Insurance has become an alternative investment product. With the fall in the interest rates, insurance products can be made investment avenues, which give good returns with insurance protections.

Threats

Uneven distribution of population: Indian population is not evenly distributed. The percentage of villages with population below 200 is 20%, and the percentage of villages with population between 200 and 500 is 40%. The total villages exceed six lakh in number. The uneven population distribution could be a hurdle for the insurers to reach out the ultimate customer. On the other hand, insurance as a product is unique in itself. Unlike other products, insurance selling is effective through personal selling. Which involves high costs. The agents/advisors may not find it worthwhile to interact and procure business, when prospective customers are scattered. It will take a long time for the alternative channels of distribution to reap results in out country especially in the rural areas.

Low literacy levels and insurance awareness: Statistics suggest that literacy rate is as low as 65% and much has to be done in this area. Low literacy stands out as another major threat for insurers because communication the benefits and mechanism of insurance products to the illiterate or semi-literate masses may not be easy.

Rural employment condition: The major employment source for rural populace exists only in agriculture and allied activities. These professions need much muscle works, which affects the longevity of a person. The earning power of a person is a crucial point for life insurance underwriting, and insurers cannot ignore this fact.

Low earnings: As much as 30% of the Indian population lives below the poverty line. Majority of them are landless agricultural laborers and wage earners. Therefore, it is quite essential to design low rate products that are affordable by these people. For them to be able to meet their basic needs-food, clothing and shelter is the primary object and purchasing insurance is not a top priority. Nevertheless, they too have insurance needs, and selling insurance to them would be a major challenge. The quantum of insurance is another aspect to be looked into while designing the products. On the other hand, insurance as a means of tax saving device won’t help due to their low levels of income and also because agriculture income being their major source of income. Hence, covering this large segment would be a daunting yet challenging task.

Traditional saving habits: If we give a close look at the savings habit of rural population, we find that they prefer to invest in real assets than in intangible assets like bank accounts, insurance, post office schemes etc. The most favorable avenues for them are purchase of land, both agricultural and non-agricultural, gold and silver etc. To shift their savings habit from tangible to intangible asset would be a big challenge for the financial instituations.

Health conditions: With the efforts of the government and non-governmental organization there is some improvement in the health conditions of Indian population, especially in the urban areas. But much has to be done in the rural areas. Many of the villages still do not have minimum basic amenities like proper sanitation, drinking water facilities, good hygienic environment, health facilities etc., which have direct and indirect impact on their health conditions. Risk of contraction deadly diseases is also very high. Though they have higher need for health insurance, their affordability is a major question. One can only wait and watch as to how insurers would conduct themselves in this regard.

People’s psychology: The majorities of the Indians especially rural population believes in God and are superstitious to some extent. They tend to either retain the risk of avoid the risk, instead on managing or hedging the risk. This tendency should also be considered as a potential threat in selling insurance.

Credibility: The research studies conducted by FICCI in association with ING Insurance reveal that, one of the major factors influencing the marketing of insurance in rural areas is the credibility of insurers. In the past, there were cases of financial frauds, which affected the faith of the rural population adversely. Confidence building exercises need to be carried out, and the government and the IRDA need to join hands with the insurers in this regard.

Role of Government

Across the globe, governments have been playing a major and important role in the social welfare of their citizens. In India, the central government along with state governments has been active on this front. But, on the whole, it is lagging behind, when compared with other developed countries.

The workers group can be dividend into two parts viz., organized sector and unorganized sector. The organized sector is relatively a small portion of the total working group. The unorganized sector which constitutes a major section in population includes cultivators, agricultural laborers and workers who work in the unorganized manufacturing and service industries and it includes the self-employed.

To a large extent, the organized sector has been provided economic security. Poverty alleviation activities: Around 30% of our population is living below poverty line. Ironically, the risk exposure of this population is higher due to the kinds of perils they are exposed to and due to the absence of adequate protection compared to the population with higher income. Most of the people would not be able to afford insurance premiums to cover the perils they are exposed to. Taking these factors and facts into consideration, the Social Security Fund with a corpus of Rs. 100 cr was setup in the Union Budget of 1988-89. This fund was set up exclusively for funding the group schemes for weaker sections.

Jan Arogya Bima Yojana: This scheme provides low-cost and economical medical insurance to poorer sections of the society in the country. The age group of the population covered is between 5 to 70 years. The sum assured is Rs. 5,000. Raj Rajeshwari Mahilakalyan Yojana: This scheme was started to provide economic security to the women population in our country. Experience shows that the sum covered is very low in these schemes and the claim amounts may not be sufficient for the funeral expenses of the deceased. A lot of bureaucracy/red-tapism and involvement of middlemen is also a major negative factor in this regard.

India’s economy has been an agrarian economy, and she stands fourth in the world in terms of output and income generated from agriculture activities. Agriculture contributes 25% of GDP. A major portion of population is dependent on agriculture and allied activities. Indian agriculture is labor-intensive unlike in developed countries, where more scientific methods are adopted and modern tools are used in agriculture and farming activities.

Agriculture has been providing employment to major portion of out population Indian agriculture is highly dependent on the monsoons and crops are exposed to several risks. Traditionally, the risks are borne to a large extent by the farmers themselves and to some extent by the government. Crop insurance was almost negligible in earlier years. Hence, the importance of agriculture insurance need not be overemphasized. Crop insurance was taken up as group schemes for farmers availing loans from the banks. The direct advantage from this was that the premium was low i.e., between 1 to 2%.

In this direction, the National Agriculture Insurance Scheme (NAIS) was introduced in the year 2000, which replaced the existing Comprehensive Crop Insurance Scheme (operating since 1985). NAIS was primarily aimed at covering all food crops, oilseeds, and annual commercial/horticultural crops in respect of which the pas yield-data is available for adequate number of years. As many as 11 crops are covered under the NAIS. For small and marginal farmers, 50% subsidy was given (shared equally by the Center and the respective state government). On these lines, a Pilot Seed Crop Insurance Scheme was introduced in the same year to protect the seed breeders. The live stock insurance was one more step in this direction (provided by all public sector general insurance companies).

The Agriculture Insurance Corporation of India Limited is a new initiative in this direction. The public sector general insurance companies and NABARD promoted this company, and it was registered under the Companies Act, 1956. This body was set up with the objective of intensifying the agriculture insurance in our country. It is expected that the new initiative would result in a quantum growth in insurance. The new corporation will take care of insuring farms, agricultural properties, cattle, poultry, etc. The estimated size of the agricultural insurance business is around Rs. 1,000 cr, and is expected to grow over Rs. 10,000 cr in the years to come.

Of late, government has been enacting legislations, which made insurance compulsory. They are- Public Liability Act, Motor Vehicle Act, and Workmen’s Compensation Act, etc. Suitable legislations may also be brought out in the areas of personal lines of insurance, which would help improve the economic security of the people. To begin with, health and pension sector could be considered.

Role of IRDA

The role of Insurance Regulatory Development Authority (IRDA) is prominent in the development of the insurance sector in our country. IRDA has evolved as a strong regulator in our country. Greater independence and more powers could be the obvious reasons for this.

In order to avoid the possible negligence by the insurers towards rural markets (particularly the new players), IRDA formulated the “Obligations of Insurers to Rural Social Sectors.” And it was found that all the insurers both, life and general, complied on these counts, and that their performances were much above the required levels. Looking at the performances, the pertinent question would be on the need to revise such benchmarks.Another area where initiatives are to be taken by both IRDA and insurers is the health sector. There is scope for much work in this domain.

Role in Insurers

Insurers have a major role to develop insurance business. They should orient themselves towards market development to increase the penetration levels. As discussed earlier, the penetrations level has increased to 3.56% from 2.52% in the last couple of years. There has been overall growth in the insurance market. The entry of new players has not resulted in the division of the existing market but the market itself is on the growth path. However, there is much scope and room for developing insurance particularly in the rural context and work in this direction has just begun. Development of alternate channels of distribution: The insurers should work towards development of alternate channels for distribution insurance in order to increase the existing levels of penetration.

Bancassurance is one such distribution, which is yet to be adopted in complete manner. The experience in the countries where it is working in a full-fledged manner is extraordinary. It has emerged as a cost-effective tool for distribution of insurance products. In India, where the number of villages is above six lakh, selling insurance could be a challenging job. With the spread of bank branches in majority of the villages, tie-ups with them should help increase in penetration.

Tie-ups with NGOs/SHGs: The non-governmental organizations and the Self Help Groups could play a major role in increasing the penetration levels. There are informal groups, which provide avenue for insurance selling through the mechanism of group insurance schemes. Group insurance provides greater reach with low operation costs and fewer rates.

Product development and innovations: In insurance market, product development and innovation exercises area continuous process. New products should be developed keeping in view the rural market conditions viz. low average income, seasonal income, etc.

Reduction in operating costs: Cost reduction cannot be ignored especially when it becomes part of the premium to be charged. Business Process Outsourcing, Third Party Administrators, Bancassurance can be considered in this direction. This effort would lead to low rates, which will have mare acceptability in rural markets.

Need-based selling: Some products, which are popular in the urban areas, may not be suitable to the rural areas, as they might not cater to their needs. Hence, insurers should adopt need-based selling.

Health insurance: Health insurance is a segment, which is neglected by both public insurers and private insurers. Statistics suggest that only 3% of our populations has voluntary health insurance cover. The rural population is more in need of the health insurance, because of its inaccessibility to high medical costs and due to non-availability of proper health infrastructure facilities. The health insurance segment needs grater attention keeping these facts in view.

Pension and annuity market: statistics reveal that only 11% of our population has the privilege of the pension. A major segment is left without old age income. This market needs to be exploited to the full extent. And nobody can afford to ignore the rural segment. Products with in-built life cover and old age income should be developed.

Conclusion

At the end of the day, it is the opportunities and not compulsions, which would drive the old and the new players to rural India. There is a mutual cause served, as the rural folk, particularly the low income population, get their risks hedged, and the insurers can earn and retain bigger shares. The outcome would be a steady and secured economic growth.

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Rural Insurance Market in India. (2021, Mar 20). Retrieved November 5, 2025 , from
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E-Krishibook: the Social Media for Farmer’s Community

Abstract

Smartphones and social media have made the world shrink to communicate with people from all around the globe. In the recent years, mobile phones have become more smarter. Android based smartphones are the most popular one as many applications are freely available to users. The use of smartphones has increased in every sector. Agriculture is one of those sectors that are using technology for modern age farming. Along with technology , Social media also plays an important role so if there is any platform where farmers can communicate and form an online community to share, resolve, communicate and sell their production could play a crucial role in their development.

Farmers face major problems because they may have less knowledge about modern technology and internet and how social media can help them. This makes them inadequate to take more advantage of internet to access information related to farming. According to UNESCO report 64% of population in India cannot use the internet due to lack of technical knowledge. To bridge this gap we have developed an android based application that is simple and user friendly as farmers are also using smartphones for communication.

In this application, we have made such an interface which can be easily used by farmers with less knowledge about social media. Farmer will have a two step verification activity that will provide more security to user. Farmers can easily update any post related to their production, crop diseases, equipment to sell etc. This application provides information about whether forecasts and different government schemes in three different languages like Hindi, Marathi and English so it is highly beneficial to farmers to be updated with weather as well as government schemes. This Android Application will help the farmer in many ways in order to get all the information about agriculture collectively. This application will be a great support to the digitalization of agriculture and farming sector along with farmers.

In today's expeditious world of internet, everything has become online. If we want to shop something there are many e-commerce websites available, if we want to connect with new people there are social platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn etc. Such platforms are growing rapidly for business purpose and these platforms can boost them to a height. In India, Agriculture is one of the major occupation and it is required to focus on the agriculture sector especially to boost their knowledge about modern farming techniques, products and how farmers can come together on a common platform and connect socially. The aim is to make farmers share the knowledge to other farmers locally as well as those who are located remotely through a social platform. Other farmers may be unaware that they can connect, share, get solutions etc through social media. To match the pace of famers with the speedy changing world, We are developing an Android based application as a knowledge sharing and product selling platform for farmers which will also support the digitalization of Agriculture sector.

In recent years, Use of Android smartphone have become more popular among us. The cost of smartphone is affordable to all with number of free applications to download. Many website provide information on modern farming and agriculture but the format of the information is very dissimilar for farmers to understand, i.e. the information may available in English language which is not native to famers and they can't take advantage of this information So an Android application can provide information on various aspects of agriculture and farming. If farmers want to access website’s information then it is not much handy as computer or laptop is required to access it. As today's world is a world of social media so our app will provide a platform to farmers where they can communicate with each other. Social media is an indispensable communication tool which will bring the community of farmers to connect and sell their productions easily. This will lead to a new revolution in the life of farmers.

In India nearly 70% people are living in villages and out of them almost of the total population rely on agriculture. Information and Communication Technologies play an important role in bringing about sustainable agriculture, development and provide valuable information. This project emphasis farmers so they can give their point of view on a common interest on a common social platform. The application consists of categories for users to view contents of interest. This application will help farmers to share their point of view as well as information about crop, crop diseases, modern farming techniques etc. Here farmers can also promote their business by directly posting their production for sale using e-krishibook application. We did understand now that people are looking for something unique that allows them to communicate with large group of people with same interest. Now social media is the best way to promote method of farming and share farming related ideas with other farmers. As now social media is growing with rapid information about everything that may be useful to someone’s interest or not so we have made an Android based application which can be easily used by farmers to connect with other farmers without any futile information. Some major features will be “Mandi Bhav”(Market price) information, weather forecasting, Government schemes etc.

The application will have a two step verification to authenticate the user. The user can update post, share their views, add new friends, create a social network, sell the production, can stay up-to-date with weather forecast and government schemes with the help of this single application.

For making any product successful it is necessary to find out community which will purchase your product .so our social media app that is e- krishibook the focuse is on need of the farmers community and what problems they are facing nowadays.in this app they can get all the information regarding farming and modern agricultural techniques. Nowadays low cost android smartphones are available at cheap cost which can be afford by farmers and its its also gives facility to choose language according to convenience of a farmer so they can take advantage from this app easily.

The In e- krishibook app there several functions are included which provide full privacy and security which are very important terms considering any social media application. In this app there are features like mandibhav weather forecast and government schemes so any farmer who need to know about any of this mentioned above then he can directly access any information through this application .

Technology is very important factor considering any social media that how scalable the technology is from that it will consider that application will be lose or fail so e- krishibook app is android application so it can easily run on any smartphone because android phones are cheap and comman among all .and it requires firebase for storing database which is secure and maintain data confidentiality and java is used for backend purpose of this app .

As any social media app in e-krishibook is also user can also update their status regarding anything they can update their status. For eg if any farmers is having any kind of crop in their farms so they can upload their status reagarding certain crop production .so a farmers can update his status in this app.

E-Krishibook is an platform for the farmers where they can easily communicate with the other. It supports three languages that is English Marathi and Hindi so there is no language barrier for farmers they can choose language according to their convenience. Here farmers can upload pictures of their crop and also there is facility of weather forecast is provided over here so rather than going for multiple apps this one will solve all queries related to farming.

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E-Krishibook: The Social Media for Farmer’s Community. (2021, Mar 20). Retrieved November 5, 2025 , from
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Most Important Part

Contents

Overview of Commodity Chain
Interesting Feature of the Commodity Chain
My Relationship to Folgers Coffee

If asked what the most important part of their morning is, there is a good chance your average adult will say their morning cup of coffee. In fact over 60% of Americans have at least one cup of coffee a day (Sherman). We may not think twice about where the coffee we consume comes from, but in reality the process of how coffee travels from where it is grown to the shelves of our stores is very complicated. This process affects many people, especially the small farmers where the coffee is grown. Throughout this essay I will be focusing specifically on Folgers coffee and Guatemala, one of the many countries where they receive their coffee beans from. I will also explain how there are many people in Guatemala who are impacted by the growth of coffee beans, one of the countries major exports, and how this affects my own relationship with this food staple.

Overview of Commodity Chain

Folgers receives coffee beans from many different places in the world including Central America, Ethiopia, the Caribbean, etc. The majority of these come from Central America, including small countries such as Guatemala (Black Gold). These areas are very significant for the growth of coffee beans as these areas have the proper climate for growth and these countries have many poor people who will do work for very little money, which I will go more into depth later. Farmers in Guatemala will work twelve or more hours a day to provide enough coffee beans for such an important export. These farmers then sell their coffee beans to middlemen for very cheap prices. The coffee beans are then processed where they are washed and the pulp of the beans is removed. Harvesting and processing the beans require extensive amounts of labor, and most times these people are underpaid for the amount of work they do. Once the beans are done being processed, they are ready to be exported. The beans are put into bags and loaded into shipping containers where they then are exported to the US. The US is one of the largest importers, “with approximately 2.5 million bags per month” (McNulty). Folgers coffee arrives at a port in New Orleans where there coffee beans are held in a silo and “handled by Silocaf, the world’s largest green coffee storage and blending facility on property leased from the Port of New Orleans” (Folgers Makes Louisiana Its Exclusive Roasting, Distribution Hub). Once the coffee beans arrive, the coffee is inspected and then taste tested. This process is done by the “Customs Border Protection (CBP), Food and Drug Administrations (FDA), and US Department of Agriculture (USDA)” (McNulty). After this process is done, the beans are ready to be shipped for roasting. Folgers roasts their coffee beans in four different facilities in New Orleans, Louisiana (Where We Roast). This is where coffee beans are turned into the dark brown color that everyone is familiar with. After roasting, the beans are cooled and then “blended into various flavor and strength combinations” (McNulty). This would also be where Folgers would ground their coffee, which is what they are most famous for. After roasting, the coffee is ready to be packaged and distributed. Folgers main distribution facility is located in New Orleans, and from there packages are shipped all across the country. This includes the stores in Michigan where we can buy Folgers coffee ourselves. Folgers coffee is then available for all consumers to buy.

The coffee commodity chain is one of the best examples to convey how global commodity chains work. In Food & Place: A Critical Exploration by Fernando J. Bosco and Pascale Joassart-Marcelli, it is explained how the chain is coordinated by the Global North, or the companies who are planning to sell the coffee. In chapter 6 of the book, Bosco and Joassart say this about activities along the commodity chain such as processing, marketing, packaging, etc.: “Because the Global North is rich in capital and the Global South has an abundance of labor, these valorizing tasks, which are more capital-intensive than farming or manufacturing, are typically performed in facilities located in or financed by the Global North” (Joassart & Bosco). This shows how it is the Global North and companies such as Folgers who are in control of these commodity chains and reap the most benefits off of the production of coffee. They go on to say, “most of the economic returns accrue to corporate capital owners . . . while producers in the Global South receive a very small share of the profits” (Joassart & Bosco). The Global North is in complete control of this chain and hold all of the power when it comes to decisions within it. There are also other institutions other than the corporations themselves that have an influence on this commodity chain. One of the biggest and most influential is the International Coffee Organization (ICO). According to David Condrad Johnson’s journal article, The International Coffee Agreement and the Production of Coffee in Guatemala, the ICO was introduced in 1963 to “administer the quota system and collect data about the international coffee trade” (Johnson). This quota system is part of the International Coffee Agreement which limited the amount of coffee each country could export due to the supply being much higher than the demand. The ICO is responsible for administering this agreement and helps to maintain the significant economic importance of coffee. Thus, the governments of many nations are part of an organizations that helps to regulate the trade of coffee. The relationship between where the coffee is produced in Guatemala and where Folgers is located in the US is very unfair. The farmers work very hard and for many hours and barely make enough money to survive, as they are receiving less than the price of production for their production. This is because “The farmers are forced to sell them to middlemen who pay them only half the market price” (McNulty). Meanwhile, companies such as Folgers receive the coffee beans, and consequently become one of the most iconic and successful coffee brands available. Also, the consumers are usually much better off than the people who are producing it for them. The farmers wouldn’t even be able to afford their own product as “family farmers will only bring in a yearly income of between $500 to $1000 for their coffee” (McNulty). The location where the coffee is produced and the location where it is distributed and consumed are two entirely different worlds.

Interesting Feature of the Commodity Chain

One very important part of the coffee commodity chain that must not be overlooked is the human cost of just a single cup of coffee. The people who find themselves at the bottom of this supply chain, the farmers who are producing the coffee beans, are struggling to survive and live in major poverty. According to Alternatives Journal, “Prices [of coffee] have fallen by 70 percent in the last five years and many farmers are unable to afford food or medical care, according to recent research” (Coffee Crisis). These farmers often have their wives and even young children help them harvest their crops in hopes that they maximize their profit. The Weather Channel investigated child labor involved with coffee production and found that the “The U.S. Labor Department, which tracks goods produced by child labor in violation of international law, cites 14 nations, including Mexico and Guatemala, for using children in the production of coffee” (The Source). If your average American knew that it was a six year old child who was the reason they were drinking their coffee, they would be appalled. Sadly, this has been ignored, and continues to worsen as price of coffee continues to drop.

In countries that have faced years of colonialism, slavery, and poverty, protecting children from having to work is often not a concern. These people face such a levels of food insecurity, that things an American may view as repulsive are not as much of a concern, and “even laughable” (The Source). In chapter 7 of Food & Place: A Critical Exploration by Fernando J. Bosco, it is stated that vulnerability to food insecurity involves “economic, cultural, political, and environmental” (Joassart & Bosco) risk factors. The people of Guatemala are very vulnerable to food insecurity due to the prices of coffee plummeting. In the Weather Channel investigation, The Source, the story of many Guatemalans who cross the Mexican border to harvest coffee is shared when they say:

“The coffee harvest, which stretches from October to March, is a bustling time here in Chiapas, where an estimated 30,000 destitute Guatemalan coffee pickers cross the nearby border, often in desperation with children in tow. They can’t afford to leave their children at home. They need all the hands they can muster to maximize their income. For many, earnings in southernmost Mexico during the harvest will be all that stands between them and hunger after they return home.”

These people will starve if they are not able to make enough money harvesting coffee, so they have no other choice than to bring their whole family, no matter their age, to help. After a long day harvesting the beans, children and their parents return to very small quarters where they often share wooden bunks, don’t have running water, and very primitive toilets. “Adults earn as little as $4.50 a day, subsisting on two meals of beans and tortillas while saving their earnings to take home after the harvest” (The Source).

Diana Kruger best summarizes this truth in the Journal of Development Economics when she says “Countries where coffee is economically important are vulnerable to coffee production shocks: they are adversely affected by negative shocks and benefit greatly with production booms, which lead to increases in labor demand in all sectors” (Kruger). This is a very important topic regarding the production of coffee not because it is unique, but because it is commonplace. This does not only happen in Guatemala, but all coffee producing countries. At the moment, the consumers of coffee are not very aware of the sad and ignored truth regarding the production of one of their favorite products. They are ignorant to the fact that their morning cup of coffee very well could have come from a child or someone who doesn’t know if they will be able to survive until the next harvest. If more people were aware of what was truly happening in the production of coffee, I believe that a narrative could begin and hopefully changes would be made. We find child labor to be an awful act in our country, so if more people were educated on how they got their coffee, they may demand change. At the same time, coffee is so important to people and “necessary” for them to make it through their day, I don’t think there would be a bunch of people who quit drinking their favorite coffee because of it. Ultimately, coffee is just one of the major imports our country takes that contributes to child labor all around the world. It is disgusting that children need to go through such things to provide us with something that is a “need” for most Americans.

My Relationship to Folgers Coffee

Focusing this essay on coffee may not have been one of the most unique food staples I could have picked, I still chose it for multiple reasons. One of the first reasons is that coffee is such an important part of over 60% of Americans daily lives. There are not many other food products that are used quite as often and viewed as important as coffee is to Americans. The second reason is that I have seen videos and articles in the past of how growing coffee has negatively impacted people in places such as Guatemala. I also decided to focus on Folger’s coffee because as I was growing up, this was the coffee I always saw in my household. It has been around since the 1850s and for many years was the most popular coffee brand in the United States (History). This means Folgers has been using coffee beans from places like Guatemala for many, many years. Personally, I do not drink coffee all that often, but my family will purchase a few of those recognizable red canisters of ground coffee a month, consuming it each and every day. Most of the time it will be purchased at Meijer, but it is very easy to obtain and can be bought at almost any grocery store in the country. A thirty ounce container will cost anywhere from seven to eight dollars. Each day it is prepared in our coffee maker and often mixed with some coffee creamer to lessen the bitterness. It is then brought to work, school, or wherever we need to make our morning commute.

The relationship between health and coffee is a complicated one. Old myths about coffee such as it stunting growth have been disproven. In fact coffee in moderation has been found to have possible health benefits such as protection against type 2 diabetes and liver disease. The caffeine provided from coffee can also give people a burst of energy to start their day. However, these health benefits only come when coffee is consumed in moderation, which it often is not. Too much coffee has been found to increase cholesterol levels and can increase risk of heart disease. Adding sugar and cream to coffee will also increase the calories and further increase health risks. Ultimately, the health benefits outweigh the health risks of coffee, but this is dependent on how much is being consumed (Hensrud). While I have never been a big coffee drinker, I know for a fact that this food staple alters people’s own identity. I have heard many people say that they can’t function throughout the day without drinking coffee. Any product that people are this dependent on has obviously become part of their identity and such an important part of their own day.

The commodity chain for Folgers coffee is very similar to other large coffee brands in the United States like Starbucks and Maxwell House. All in all, they are all affecting the producers of coffee beans in the same way. They all rely on this import to provide their consumers with something that so many rely on each and everyday. As I said before, I am not a big coffee drinker, but after doing further research on how it comes to our stores, I can say that I definitely don’t plan on becoming a coffee drinker any time soon. Too many people are struggling to survive everyday, just to make sure someone can get their daily cup of joe. Sadly, I can’t see big changes coming for these people any time soon. In the US and many other places around the world, coffee is an essential part of almost everyone’s diet. People won’t stop consuming something so important to them just to help some people across the world. However, I am hoping that I am wrong and someday people will be able to enjoy their coffee knowing that they aren’t contributing to many people living in poverty. All I know is that I don’t want to be consuming a product where an adult or child is forced to produce it to survive.

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Prescription Drug Abuse

Prescription drugs have valid medical purpose and are crucial for the health of the American people. However, the over-prescription of drugs by physicians presents a serious danger to a person’s health. The Uniform Prescription Drug Monitoring Program and Opioid Abuse Reduction Act is designed to reduce the availability of Opioids and fund the research to create non-addictive pain medication. This bill seeks to create a national database to monitor and regulate over prescription. Not to mention, the act will fund medical research to develop new non-addictive prescription drugs. This bill is essential because over 11 million Americans are abusing opioids. This problem has yet to be solved because people doctor shop, an illegal method where an individual visits multiple physicians to obtain prescription drugs. In Hawaii, opioid overdoses have more than doubled in the past ten years and everyday people are developing addictions after being prescribed opioids for surgeries. The Uniform Prescription Drug Monitoring Program and Opioid Abuse Reduction Act will strongly impact young adults (ages 18 to 25) and pain patients.

In order to execute the Uniform Prescription Drug Monitoring Program and Opioid Abuse Reduction Act, the Harold Rogers Prescription Drug Monitoring Program (HRDMP), which is funded by the U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, and the Bureau of Justice Assistance, will play a role. The program has the power to give grants to states for the PDMP (Prescription Drug Monitoring Program). The funds are allowed to go to establishing a PDMP system and expanding a system. Also, the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) can provide grants to states to implement drug monitoring programs, therefore the funds are available to create a nationwide system to monitor prescription drugs. PDMPs cost 450,000 to 1.5 million dollars, however there are multiple federal grants that can help to aid this program. In order to fund the medical research to develop non-addictive pain treatment, which costs around 2.6 million dollars, the Comprehensive Opioid Abuse Site-based Program will allow a grant. This program can fund up to 1.5 million dollars for up to three years for the opioid epidemic cause. The Uniform Prescription Drug Monitoring Program and Opioid Abuse Reduction Act will be implemented in the year of 2020 because the opioid epidemic is rising quickly. The bill may be resigned in the year of 2023, where hopefully new non-addictive pain medication will have been developed.

The federal government is legally able to enact this bill through the commerce clause (Article I, Section 8, Clause 3) written in the constitution, which states that Congress has the power to regulate interstate trade. This clause is the source of drug regulation laws. In the Supreme Court case, Gonzales v. Raicht, one side argued that possessing drugs can motivate those in other states to sell drugs. The court ruled in favor of Gonzales and concluded that Congress has the power to regulate the interstate market for controlled prescription drugs. Therefore, Congress has the ability to manage prescribed medications.

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The “Progressive Era” is a very Important Period in American History

The “progressive era” is a very important period in American history, roughly including the period from the 1890s to the 1920s.Since the mid-19th century, the United States has experienced tremendous economic and social changes and has rapidly transformed from a rural society to an urban society.At the same time, with the concentration of social wealth, the disparity between the rich and the poor has become larger and larger, and the society has begun to have class differentiation, and the issue of social equity has emerged. However, from the federal to the local, the US national governance structure is still basically a limited government formed in the first half of the 19th century. It not only fails to solve the new problems brought from economic and social changes, but also seems to be increasingly becoming a part of the problem.

Faced with the challenges of these issues, in the era of progress, most Americans began to change their traditional beliefs about a beautiful society and government. Since the 1890s, a political reform and political movement has been launched with the urban middle class as the core.In the second half of the 19th century, almost all industrial sectors were highly centralized, and a few large companies controlled the entire economy of the United States. Wall Street concentrated most of the capital of the United States, they manipulated the country's finances, and then controlled the country. With the huge wealth of their control, these large enterprises and big businesses have strongly influenced the activities of major political parties in politics, making these parties a spokesperson for their interests. The high concentration of wealth has greatly degraded democracy, making individual freedom become A false thing, the state's ability has become extremely fragile. In 1893, US President Cleveland even had to ask the Morgan Group to help maintain the country's gold reserves. In the fifteen years of the 19th and 20th centuries, in the face of the economic crisis, the US president has resorted to the Morgan Group three times to save the country.

During this period, not only large enterprises can do whatever they want, but also various SMEs are not bound. Enterprises have caused serious environmental pollution when making production decisions. There is no regulation of the production and sale of food and medicine, and food and drug safety constitute a major social problem. Among them, food safety is a particular problem. Milk is a very typical example. At that time, American women also began to enter the job market, and the demand for bottled milk in American households was growing, especially for infants. In this case, providing milk to urban families becomes a very profitable business. In the absence of supervision, insatiable producers and distributors often sell milk produced by tuberculous cows, low-quality milk, water, salt, soda in milk, etc., for urban women, these unclean milk It was a major cause of high infant mortality rates in the United States at the time.

Workers become wage slaves, working conditions are very harsh, and there is a lack of labor security and other security measures. In 1888, the "Chicago Times" once titled "Urban Female Slave", a series of reports on the extremely harsh working environment of Chicago's "sweatshop".Not only workers, but in front of those big capitals, farmers are also weak and weak. Farmers find themselves increasingly attached to railway companies and are exploited by their monopoly transportation prices. Large but invisible financial capital enterprises also constitute another level of exploitation of farmers. For example, the credit cost determined by financial enterprises often causes farmers to fall into bankruptcy. Some farmers gradually lose their land, and farmers are in the agricultural population. The proportion in China rose from 26% in 1880 to 37% in 1910.Urbanization and immigration have also created enormous demand and pressure on urban infrastructure and public services. Industrialization has caused enormous urban pollution and has also increased the cost of urban public services. The city government at the time did not effectively solve these problems.

Since the mid-19th century, the problem of corruption in the United States has also been extremely serious, and it has mainly been "commercial corruption politics." “Corruption trading” was the mode of operation of all levels of government at that time. The political corruption in the United States is actually due to the separatist system of political parties that has been practiced since the bourgeois revolution. Under the system of party separatism, the government has actually become the "object of the party" of the political party, and it cannot be the government of the people. Once a political party comes to power, the government's various official positions become the party's trophy. The party leaders distribute among the party's cronies. At the same time, if the political parties step down, these cronies will also follow the steps, so any official will seize the opportunity during his tenure. “Catch a handful”, so it is difficult for government officials to form long-term expectations, and there is no incentive to responsibly formulate policies and manage them.

This kind of party separatist government is increasingly becoming a part of the problem. The worse the government, the less the people dare to hand over power to the government. Until the turn of the 20th century, most American cities could not raise other fiscal revenues except for property taxes. In this case, in the face of urbanization pressure, the city government had to “invent” some financing methods to improve the city's infrastructure. A popular way is the so-called franchise system. Under this model, private companies obtain contracts for new services (such as transportation, electricity, telephone, and steam) by bidding to the government. In fact, it is to maintain business by selling public utilities, and this has become the place with the most corruption.

All in all, in the late 19th century, Americans became more and more unequivocally aware that economic growth was accompanied by increasing poverty, exploitation, chaos and corruption, and liberal ideals were completely lost. And without the corresponding economic freedom, political freedom is meaningless. During this period, class conflicts began to break out in both urban and rural areas.Why are these problems occurring? To answer these questions, we must analyze Americans' deep-rooted national governance concepts and corresponding governance models. For Americans, individualism is often accompanied by a fear of big government. To a large extent, this is the product of the revolutionary period. On this basis, the classical liberalism of the United States was formed, and its core was the laissez-faire capitalist economy and limited government.

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Peta Gives Farmers a False Reputation

If you are active on social media, there is a chance that you have come across the organization PETA ( People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals). More than 6.5 million people believe and rely on information Peta provides. In most of their articles, instead of stating factual information, Peta uses gruesome photos and unfactual information to tug at their reader’s heartstrings. Although to general society, Peta’s articles are upsetting, much of the information that Peta gives is not accurate or factual. The lack of accurate information about what happens on dairy farms gives farmers a false reputation.

For example, in their article titled “The Beef Industry,” Peta writes about cattle who are raised on ranches. In this article Peta fails to state any factual evidence to support their argument. Instead, they state that “In the winter, cattle freeze to death in states such as Nebraska, South Dakota, and Wyoming. And during the summer, they die from the heat in states such as Kansas and Texas.” Peta fails to inform the public that cattle have thick skin and thick hair which serve as natural insulation, or that cattle actually prefer temperatures between 40 and 65 degrees.

Similarly, PETA also released an article to the public in which they state that, “Youth that participate in 4-H are ‘forced’ to harden a piece of their hearts.” They argue that 4-H kids are unaware that they have to sell their market animals after the fair, thus, they develop a heartfelt relationship with them. Being a ‘4-H kid’ myself, I can argue this statement to be false. When I first began exhibiting my animals in 4-H, I was well aware that my market steers were to be sold and slaughtered after the fair. Moreover, I was also aware that these animals were not pets, but an asset in the business that my family has been a part of for three generations, myself being the fourth. Therefore, I am not “forced to harden my heart,” but instead I am better able to prepare myself for the separation from my animal.

Additionally, in their article about factory farming, Peta states that “Most animals that are raised on factory farms won’t even feel the warmth of the sun on their backs or breathe fresh air until the day they’re loaded onto trucks headed for slaughterhouses.” In almost all factory farming cases, this is false. The truth is on many factory farms across the U.S, farmers provide their animals with plenty of room to roam as well as plenty of fresh air. Nicole Wren, a dairy farmer from Prescott, Michigan, stated, “Our calves and cows all have the freedom to move around inside or outside of the barns. They choose when to eat, sleep, socialize and on a lot of robotic farms they even choose when they want to be milked.”

In contrast, while the majority of American farmers treat their livestock with the utmost respect, just as in other communities, there are a few degenerates who, as Peta states in their articles, treat their livestock poorly. For instance, in 2009, there was an investigation on a dairy farmer where employees were caught whipping “downed” cows, who were physically unable to stand due to common medical conditions. The actions taken by these employees were against common ethics and practices in which are taken by dairy farmers in order to protect the well being of their animals.

In conclusion, due to the inaccurate information that Peta releases to the public, American farmers are given a false reputation, which is unfair. In most cases, Peta’s accusations are purely emotionally charged representations on the practices carried out in the livestock industry. Instead of using factual information to educate their readers, in their articles, they most commonly use tactics such as over exaggerated terminology and gruesome photos in which stimulate their readers emotions. Therefore, Peta’s accusations should not be accepted by the general public.

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Farmers Go Toot

Ultimately, the majority of farmers were not able to keep up like this much longer and were forced to give up on their farms and flee westward, which promised all they had been desperately longing for. In the address “Fireside Chat #8,” President Roosevelt spoke about the living conditions in the south. As evidence, he said, “I shall never forget the fields of wheat so blasted by heat that they cannot be harvested. I shall never forget field after field of corn stunted, earless and stripped of leaves, for what the sun left the grasshoppers took. I saw brown pastures which would not keep a cow on fifty acres” (Source B). Since the image was so ingrained into President Roosevelt’s memory vividly, this showed how extreme the situation was to point to where it was easily remembered as shockingly tragic. Crops, livestock, and other viable resources were more or less damaged and wiped out. Years passed with the lack of fruitful production. Farmers struggled against bankruptcy on a daily basis and woke every day wishing for the day to be the last of Dust Bowl.

Because of the constant struggle, farmers started search for another way out of the problem. In the novel The Grapes of Wrath written by John Steinbeck, the growing desperation of farmers were described. For example, they were “Like ants scurrying for work, for food, and most of all for land” (Source L). The way the farmers were described as like ants was an accurate representation of the Dust Bowl refugees. Farmers had lost nearly everything due to deserted lands and raging dust storms. Once in a desperate state, they resorted to entirely rummaging around for land. As they scuttled to one place and another, they seeked for any labor, whether it was picking, pushing, cutting, or whatever, anything just for basic needs to survive. At last, many farmers came across advertisements that tempted them escape the disaster they were trapped in. In the document “The Migrant Experience” by Robin A. Fanslow, it described advertisements of the west.

For instance, “Popular songs and stories, circulating in oral tradition for decades, exaggerated these attributes, depicting California as a veritable promised land” (Source G). Farmers soon gave up lurking in destroyed lands and enduring the pain any longer. Advertisements like California’s often portrayed the perfect climate for farming and encouraged workers searching for a job. A visual illustration was painted into the weary farmers’ minds of this “ideal” land. These appealed especially to desperate farmers as the promises fulfilled all their needs they had been looking for this whole time. As it meant escaping the terrible Dust Bowl, many farmers took the offer. Eventually, hordes of farmers packed their belongings along with their families and journeyed towards the west to start a new life.

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In “Doing Gender” West & Zimmerman Counter the Classic Distinctions

The idea of "doing gender" depends on the possibility that gender is certainly not a complex of characteristics, yet is fairly a complex of exercises performed by people as per sets of standards recommended to either gender (West and Zimmerman 1987). Also, "doing gender" implies that an individual can't stay away from this presentation since they have been taught in specific systems. Conduct contrasts can be related with protection from addressing one's gender, however these exercises can't be kept away from altogether. In this manner, people decide to "do gender" since they don't know different examples, and they are relied upon to show certain practices and responses. In the event that these people decide to go against their circumstance, they are surveyed by general society as per the assumptions doled out to every gender.

In spite of discussions on the issue of gender in the public arena, West and Zimmerman's (1987) idea can be straightforwardly applied to female and male encounters at work. As per McDowell (1997), men in the working environment will in general emphasize their manliness, including dynamic, critical thinking, and authority abilities, and these characteristics and practices are anticipated from them. On the off chance that men exhibit these abilities, they are remunerated. Besides, Schilt (2006) fostered this thought and tracked down that female-to-male transgenders start to get more advantages in their work environments when they go about as guys despite the fact that their capacities and abilities don't change. This proof appears to help the standard related with "doing gender," as per which ladies and men are relied upon to show very various practices in associations as a result of far and wide gender inclinations. People prevail in the working environment when their practices are inside assumptions, and they prevail in the working environment in case they are men.

With regards to ladies' encounters related with their gender in the working environment, there are two contradicting sees. On the one side, ladies are seen as pioneers and supervisors just according to the viewpoint of manly personal conduct standards. In her investigation, Schein (2007) expressed that administrative roles are seen as ready for men, and this viewpoint makes profession hindrances for ladies. Kirton and Healy (2012) showed that ladies prevail in the work environment when they start to foster manly administration characteristics and explicit skills due to the assumptions for their adherents or collaborators. On the opposite side, ladies are relied upon to act as per their gender in the work environment additionally on the grounds that different sorts of practices incite questions and resistance among laborers (Eagly and Carli 2007; Trades Union Congress 2016). As indicated by Wright's (2016) decisions, the positional force of ladies doesn't ensure contrasts in men's impression of these ladies. In these models, ladies are relied upon to illustrate "doing gender" in the two cases, however concerning manly or female practices.

Albeit the idea of "doing gender" was detailed during the 1980s, and it is currently viewed as a customary perspective on gender disparities in the public eye, it can clarify explicit components of ladies' and men's encounters grinding away. Notwithstanding ladies' and men's practices and dreams in regards to this, they will in general perform as indicated by their gender or oppose the public's assumptions relying upon their exercises. In any case, regardless of whether people act strangely or have encounters that are not related with their gender, they are as yet surveyed by specific perspectives on gender took on in the public arena.

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Hidden Figures Hidden Meanings

Katherine Johnson, Dorothy Vaughan, and Mary Jackson were some of many African American mathematicians that worked for NASA in the 1960s. They made incredibly prodigious work for NASA and helped with many noteworthy achievements made at the time. This made me feel proud of the work they did especially at a time where it was very difficult for a woman to of color to obtain a high place in society. Katherine Johnson made calculations that were pivotal to the first US manned spaceflights, Dorothy Vaughan was a human computer at NASA and worked many other prestigious jobs, and Mary Jackson was an aerospace engineer that worked for NACA. I would love to go into a STEM major but at times I hold myself back because society has made me think that as a woman of color I shouldn’t participate in these types of projects. In Hidden Figures Theodore Melfi argues that gender and racial ignorance in the workplace oppressed women, but women concurred this ignorance by educating themselves and speaking against segregation to their supervisors.

In the movie, Hidden Figures Theodore Melfi included a scene where Al Harrison, Katherine Johnson’s boss, asked her where she went for 40 minutes every day. To this Katherine replied with a speech that basically said that there were no colored bathrooms in the building where she was working so she had to walk half a mile in order to reach the nearest colored bathroom. To this, Al’s response was to go down to the bathroom in the building they worked in and take down the “colored ladies restroom” sign by beating it down. Al Harrison then said “there you have it. No more colored restrooms, no more white restrooms, just plain old toilets”.

This scene was very powerful to me. It made me realize all of the sufferings women of color have had to endure throughout history in order to fight against segregation and oppression. It also made me realize that as much as we have fought against this as women and people of color both of these issues are still very much alive today. I have to endure these problems in my everyday life. My workplace, my school, and most public settings are examples of places where I suffer through these obstacles. In many of my classes, I hold myself back because I know that my English, being my second language, is not my strong suit. I feel that when I speak without hesitation people judge me and the way I pronounce some words or how it sometimes takes me a second to think of common words. This affects my education because I hold myself back and I cannot express my true self freely.

The movie Hidden Figures takes place in the 1960s. This was a time period filled with racism and discrimination. It was very socially acceptable for people to treat the black community and women visibly different. The civil rights act was passed in 1964 which finally forced people to not be able to separate races publicly. Unfortunately, in Katherine Johnson's case, she was still living in a time where they had segregated restrooms. This impeded her and many other people of color to reach their potential. There was also a lot of discrimination happening at this time. Both women and people of color were being trivialized for something they could not control. The discrimination of the African American community was an act that was being fought against extensively during this time. Katherine Johnson did her part in this by speaking against segregation in the workplace to her boss and creating a change in her well-known work environment.

In the movie, Hidden Figures Theodore Melfi incorporated a scene where Mary Jackson, an African American mathematician working for NASA, went to the courthouse to petition so she could take engineering classes at an all-white high school. When she told the judge she was petitioning to take classes in Hampton High school he reminded her that it was an all-white high school and that Virginia was still a segregated state. When the judge questioned what an African American woman would want to do at an all-white school Mary Jackson replies with a very inspirational speech. It reads, “I plan on being an engineer at NASA... Which I can’t do without you, sir. Your Honor, out of all the cases you’re going to hear today, which one is going to matter a hundred years from now? Which one is going to make you the first?”.

I connected to this scene in many ways. My parents immigrated from Mexico to the United States in the mid-1980s and started a family. That makes my sisters and I the first at almost everything. Not only are the first to have an education beyond 6th grade but we are high school graduates and college students. I had never put much thought into the first people of color who began to educate themselves, how frightening that must have been for them, and how proud they must have been of themselves after achieving this. I know that it is one of my parents proudest moments when they tell people from their native town that they have daughters going to college and succeeding in life, doing something they could never do. The way that Mary Johnson took her educational career into her own hands and believed this was something she was destined to do was amazing. I hope to be the type of woman that captures everything I know I deserve.

The lack of education for women of color in the 1960s affected the way they could move forward in their life. If a woman wanted to educate themselves at this time, especially in a STEM program, they needed to make a huge stand against the law and common social beliefs.

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Prevent Opioid Abuse and Addiction Essay

Imagine feeling extremely uncomfortable because it has been several days without any of your drug fixes and you start shaking uncontrollably, but way more is yet to come. Next, you start becoming more irritable, stressed, and anxious. Then, you start getting intensely hot and sweaty which is followed by profuse vomiting. This is what it feels like to go through opioid addiction withdrawal. It is known that there are multiple stories surrounding the current opioid crisis on the news daily. Along with this, Americans hear about thousands of people dying every year due to heroin addiction and overdose. A large amount of the United States is addicted to prescription opioids due to the role of big pharma, doctors around the nation and also the United States government.

According to an article titled “Today’s Heroin Epidemic,” heroin is a highly dangerous, illegal narcotic that is usually injected, snorted, or smoked, it can lead to shallow breathing, coma, and death (Center for Disease Control). The Center for Disease Control also states that “heroin use has increased sharply across the United States among men and women, most age groups, and all income levels… increases occurred in demographic groups with historically low rates of heroin use: women, the privately insured, and people with higher incomes,” (“Today’s Heroin Epidemic”). An increase in the number of people addicted to and abusing opioids has created a large problem in the country, and in turn, has led to many challenges with mental and physical health issues.

Heroin is one of the most dangerous, illegal narcotics that has claimed the lives of thousands of Americans. Heroin is not a legal drug and is made Opioids, otherwise known as narcotics, come in many forms such as illegal heroin or prescription pills like Vicodin, OxyContin, Morphine, Codeine, and numerous others. According to an article written in the Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine, from 1999 to 2010 the number of deaths related to opioid abuse and addiction skyrocketed to four times as many deaths, going from 4,300 in 1999 to more than 16,000 in 2010 (Reducing Fatal Opioid Overdose). If this statistic alone does not illustrate the impact of opioids on America, a graph from the KFF shows that in the united states 37,113 White, Non-Hispanic people died due to opioid abuse in 2017 which was followed by 5,513 deaths of black, Non-Hispanic people and also 3,932 Hispanics which brings the entire total for deaths related to opioids to 47,600 in 2017 alone (Opioid Overdose Deaths by Race/Ethnicity). This dangerously high number illustrates that opioids don’t discriminate, they impact the lives of thousands of people of every race.

Drug overdose is not something that is solely for the middle and lower classes. Hollywood sees multiple celebrities die every year due to opioids. For instance, in 2016 the famous singer Prince died from the abuse of Fentanyl while two years prior to that Philip Seymour Hoffman died of a Heroin overdose (American Addiction Centers). These two are just examples of the numerous celebrity lives taken by these powerful substances. Many more can be added to the list such as Whitney Houston, Amy Winehouse, Robin Williams, and Cory Montieth. Unlike the belief that certain drugs are only used by rich people or some by the poor, prescription pills and illegal opioids are abused by a wide range of people.

The opioid epidemic is believed to have begun in 1991. That is when the “first wave” began. Deaths involving opioids began to rise at this time, following a sharp increase in the prescribing of opioid and opioid-combination medications for the treatment of pain. Around this time is when pharmaceutical companies and doctors started overprescribing medication to people when it was not needed. “By 1999, 86% of patients using opioids were using them for non-cancer pain” (Liu, et al.). In the late ’90s, the main reason that opioids were prescribed was to relieve pain caused by cancer, however, this statistic shows that a shocking amount of patients using these medications did not have pain due to cancer. The main source of the “first wave” of opioid addiction is caused by doctors prescribing patients with medications that were considered unnecessary during that time period (Liu, PharmD, et al.). This put people into a mindset that these drugs should not be taken as seriously as they should be. If doctors prescribed patients for small pains then the drugs could not be that bad, yet that was not the case.

Not only have prescription opioids been taking a toll on the nation, but so has an illegal opioid known as heroin. The “second wave” of the opioid epidemic started around 2010 with a rapid increase in deaths from heroin abuse. Patients who had became addicted to prescription opioids turned to heroin when they were no longer being prescribed the opioids by their doctors. This led to the rise of heroin use by people with opioid addictions. Heroin overdose became more prevalent in a decade and increased rapidly in its danger. Any amount of death due to illegal drugs is something to be taken seriously, but when it gets to a certain extent “Deaths due to heroin-related overdose increased by 286% from 2002 to 2013, and approximately 80% of heroin users admitted to misusing prescription opioid before turning to heroin” (Liu, et al.). This proves that due to the abuse of prescription opioids that when patients stopped receiving them and they began having symptoms of withdrawal, they turned to illegal opioids such as heroin. Although the history of the heroin epidemic is still quite new it has had an even more destructive effect on the country than all other prescribed opioids.

There are multiple types of opioids that are generally over-prescribed and overused. However, some are more dangerous than others, for instance: Hydrocodone, Oxymorphone, Morphine, Codeine, and Fentanyl. According to CNN, Hydrocodone is considered to be the most commonly prescribed pain medication. Along with that, it is also considered to be a more powerful version of another opioid called Codeine (Opioid Crisis Fast Facts). Because of the strength of this drug and the effects it produces, it is highly addictive. When these drugs are prescribed, although not necessarily needed, they cause people to become dependent on them. Morphine is another one of the most prescribed pills, but is also given via IV or as a shot, and is very powerful and addictive. It is mainly prescribed when other painkillers are not working well enough. These drugs allow people to get used to the euphoric feeling caused by the drug. It was intended to be used specifically for the treatment of pain and not whenever they want to use it to get the same euphoric feelings. These different opioids are useful when used for the correct purpose, which is acute or chronic severe pain relief as prescribed by a doctor and not for minor pain and discomfort, which is what they are sometimes given for (CNN Library).

Although there is still a high death toll due to opioids the United States government is doing a lot to try and reduce the number of deaths occurring due to this epidemic. More recently the United States has implemented programs to help addicts cope with the addiction and overcome their addiction (Felter). Also, the government has granted $1 billion dollars to produce Naloxone, which is a drug that is used to counteract the misuse of opioids to help save the lives of people who would otherwise die from this, they also have required first responders to carry it with them to help in an emergency (Felter). The United States government is not punishing the victims of opioid addiction, they are helping them overcome it which used to not be the case and that led these addicts to not get the help they needed (Felter). Even though citizens might not be seeing the change there are plans being implemented, but it will take time to see a drastic change.

So, in conclusion, there are numerous reasons why the nation has such a grave problem with opioid use, abuse, and addiction. It is due in part by the role of big pharma over advertising opioids, greedy doctors who exchange money for pills, the United States government, the lack of proper treatment by medical professionals, and the lack of addiction prevention and treatment by the United States government and medical professionals. This research illustrates the immense consequences that these drugs have on Americans when they are used improperly. Hopefully, this paper also demonstrates why the media is attempting to raise awareness of this very destructive drugs. Although the opioid epidemic is still happening to this day, there are things that the American government and medical professionals are implementing to attempt to put this crisis to a halt.

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The Movement from Rural Areas to Urban Territories

The movement from rural areas to urban territories was to find better living conditions and jobs for other individuals. The United States transformed from a rural to an urban country in 1865 to 1945 because of industrialization. Industrialization had a big impact on the movement. During industrialization factories were in urban areas which cause people to move closers, farmers couldn't compete with wealthy farmers, and mechanization and mass production made it harder for farmers to survive.

The first major impact was big factories beginning coming up in the United States. Factories like John D. Rockefeller oil company, Standard Oil was one of the biggest business empire during the late 1800s. Standard oil control more than half of the entire oil empire. “ In 1904 Rockefeller control 91% of oil production and 85% of final sales in the United States”. With these sales Standard oil split of into 34 companies and rule itself an monopoly. Standard oil wasn't the only company taking over in the 1800s. Andrew Carnegie had the steel industry which help build railroad for transportation. Jay Gould was a railroad developer and hated by people. Henry Bessemer was a steel inventor and created the open hearth-furnace. Rural people wanted to move to get jobs in working in the factories. Factories use this to their advantage. They would work adult and children for 8 hours a day with little to no pay. People saw this as unfair to the workers which started the child labor laws. United States authorized the Fair Labor Standard Act ( FLSA) to insure that children would have a safe environment to work in. This act only helped children and did not increase adult pay or lower working time for them.

“During the last half of the nineteenth century, the expansion of the railroads and development of large-scale farming led to decreased profits and lands for independent family farmers.” Eventually, farmers will start a movement called the populist movement. During the populist movement the interest rate increase therefore farmers would have to pay more money to the government. Farmers corps, goods, plants, and others product would sell for less. This all happen once deflation comes into play during populism. Wealthy farmers had the newest product for plant grow and crops. New machines were being built to help with the farmers production, however poor farmers did not have access to them. Farmers tried to compete with the wealthy, but they didn't have the resources to. Once the dust bowl happen in the 1930s it destroy all farmers crop and land. After the dust bowl farmers did not have a fighting chance.

Machines began to put farmers out of work. Products was beginning to be mass produced. Machines did the easy job that farmers did. New machine wasn't the only thing taking farmers out of work. New technology begin to spread around. The people who live in rural areas had a hard time getting these new technology and didn't have the money for them. Urban areas was much more advance and richer than rural cities. New technology like the automobile, airplanes, and radio was available only in urban areas. The movement from rural to urban was taking a break during the great depression. During the great depression the United States economy fail. People had to live in hooverville because their money was gone and they couldn't pay their mortgage.

“The most widely agreed upon social impact of industrialization is urbanization; urbanization is the increase in the urban area.” It is caused by rural migration, which caused an increase in labor factories. I believe that industrialization is the direct cause for urbanization. Since the vast majority of pre-industrialization social orders were just founded on subsistence, where every nation would deliver what it expected to "endure", and that was for the most part nourishment, which made the greater part of these nations rustic; in view of their own horticulture to make their methods for survival.”This is what we call subsistence agriculture”. Industrialization,h has more goods that were able to be produced and traded, so less agriculture was needed, and more people could work in factories if needed. “Those workers needed houses to live in with their families, shops to buy the goods needed for their well-being and that of their families, etc”.These necessities made extensive towns be made as the quantity of laborers expected to work manufacturing plants continued expanding as industrialization began setting its foundations more profound and more profound inside the social orders it began in.

Alongside urbanization, industrialization caused the family structure to change vigorously. More distant families used to live respectively in a similar spot for ages, however with industrialization, men needed to go work in the processing plants far from home, so their family so their family can survive. In the long run they needed to move where work was accessible for making money to provide for their family. Industrialization also affected people income especially in europe. People who work inside the factories had to have some kind of skills. Workers without any skills won't be able to work inside the factories.

Industrialization caused the enormous urbanization we can even now witness today, it caused the family structure to be changed it had to do with how ladies' place in the general public changed. Industrialization was likewise an impetus for the salary levels, and apparently for the decline in the pay level, and addition to other things, cause the time-space pressure that currently enables exchange to be such an essential piece of the economy. To place it more or less, industrialization had numerous effects in the social orders in which it was presented, albeit a few effects appeared to be negative at first (like the working conditions in the production lines alongside the kid work with every one of the risks engaged with such conditions), it was for the best at last.

Before the industrialization ladies were regularly bound to female obligations, for example, arranging occasions inside the private circle and caring for their homes, However women felt like the could compete with men and become apart of the workforce . “The two people were looked with hardships in regards to compensation because of the focused idea of plants and venture”. Women turned out to be progressively free and included with the general public they occupied, they started to participate in challenges and crusades in which ladies battled for their rights, both inside and outside of the family. The industrialization never again acted like women couldn't compete to men, yet as their opposition. Be that as it may, ladies were not paid so much as men Women workers was very hard to found. During 1911 the Triangle Shirtwaist Company workers was only female. During the years of the factories Triangle Shirtwaist factory burst into flames. The fire killed 149 women, therefore new laws was passed to help protect workers in factories.

Industrialization transformed America by increase its economic growth. With these factories and new technology america became the leading war power in the world. This was all because of the workers from rural areas and the robbers baron who started of the United States back in the 1800s. The Gilded Age had a big impact on the United State from 1865 to 1945. The United States would not have advanced like this thoday without the help of our fellow Americans.

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Hidden Figures by Margot Lee Shetterly

Margot Lee Shetterly’s non-fiction novel Hidden Figures tells the story of the African American females who were employed by NASA as human computers in the mid twentieth century and the struggles they faced with discrimination. It focuses on Katherine Johnson, the main character, as well as Dorothy Vaughan and Mary Jackson. Throughout the book, the argument is made that many women during this time faced significant repression and subjectification due to their gender as well as their race. Shetterly highlights the fact that these women were highly integral to NASA’s operations but that they were often overlooked or placed in the background while the men were the ones in the forefront making the big decisions. Ultimately, women at the time were restricted on the basis of their gender and the book’s central premise is that they were essential for the United States to win the Space Race that was a prominent aspect of life in the time period.

Hidden Figures begins with a little bit of background about society at the time, with segregation of African American people and the reluctance of businesses to hire women as well as African Americans. The Langley Memorial Aeronautical Laboratory began to accept African American female applicants, realizing that “if anything, they came with more experience than the white women applicants” (Shetterly 19). The three main women of the book are subsequently introduced into their roles as human computers, and their backstories are introduced as well as their qualifications and achievements for the specific positions that they work. Throughout the book, there are various stories about the struggles of discrimination and segregation that these women had to face in their everyday lives. For example, when Dorothy Vaughan arrives at the Laboratory, she soon finds out that all of the employee housing is segregated by race in order to “avoid embarrassment” (Shetterly 43). On top of this, as Dorothy and the other women continue to make significant contributions to the Laboratory’s efforts, they are undermined by the white men who have the ultimate control positions, and placed in the background where they can perform the math without being in the public eye. Their work largely went uncredited and unnoticed, and their salaries were less than the male engineers were receiving, but the book aims to shed light on how important their roles actually were.

While the women are working to overcome the limits of the condition they have to work within, they do not give up working and continue to make significant contributions that have a profound impact on the outcome of the space race. For example, the book describes in detail Katherine Johnson and her calculations that were responsible for ensuring that the first astronaut launches were successful. Johnson’s specialization was calculating mathematics that related to orbiting and projection, and she was important for making sure that the launches were aimed properly to go where they needed to go. The women were likened simply to computers, which meant that their accomplishments were not attributed to people and went overlooked for a significant amount of time. However, they established actual computer programs, supervised other engineers, and made sure that all of the mathematical equations were correct and properly calculated to help advance all of the aerospace developments at the laboratory. Therefore, Shetterly’s goal is to showcase the fact that these women made these contributions, and that there were some powerful African American female minds behind some of these amazing space discoveries and successful campaigns.

In regard to the book’s sources, Margot Lee Shetterly relies primarily on her own firsthand knowledge of the situation because she knew these women personally. In the prologue, she states that her father worked at Langley from 1964 to 2004 as a climate scientist (Shetterly 6). As a result, he was able to describe what the working conditions were actually like with accurate detail, and also introduce Shetterly to the real women who became the subjects of the book. Being raised in an African American family, Shetterly also learned about the limitations of her race from her father, as well as the roles that different people were supposed to take up within society and within NASA’s structure. The prologue also describes the interview processes that Shetterly went through as she began writing the book, thus ensuring that the primary sources from interviews and other witness documents were integrated thoroughly to tell the story properly and from the inside. These women were able to tell Shetterly about their own stories, such as having to use a separate colored washroom and taking a different bus than the other people who worked there (Shetterly 8). This use of historical witness accounts and firsthand experiences provide a genuine angle to the story and a unique, insightful glance into history.

Overall, Shetterly is successful in achieving the points and arguments that she is trying to make, by stressing the importance of these women and shedding light on the contributions that they made to aerospace engineering. The author made substantial and valid arguments because they were backed up by the real stories that the women went through and the real events that took place at NASA’s laboratory. These witness accounts and testimonies are one of the book’s core strengths because it brings the sense of truth to the story and provides the non-fiction account that is so compelling for people in today’s world to read. Shetterly makes her point that these women deserve recognition by creating that sense of recognition and exposing the reality of what life was like for them. If the book has any weaknesses, it would be that it can be dry at times when it is referring to the historical background, but this is included because it needs to be in order to ensure that the audience has the right timeline and perspective on why it was so important that these African American women were doing what they were doing. Ultimately, the book sheds a positive and encouraging light on an important argument that everyone should read and be inspired by.

Works Cited

Shetterly, Margot Lee. Hidden Figures: The American Dream and the Untold Story of the Black
Women Mathematicians Who Helped Win the Space Race. New York: William Morrow, 2016.

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Agro Inputs Encompass

Contents

Introduction
Objectives
Major finding of the innovative channales
Agri input super markets in Uttarpradesh
Working model of itc choupal sagar and hariyali bazaar
About Hariyali kisan bazar
Godrej aadhar retail formats

Introduction

Agro inputs encompass not only crop related inputs like seed, fertiliser, and crop protection products but also seedlings, feeds, and machines which support crop and allied production. The availability, accessibility, quality and price have been major issue in this sector from the farmer perspective. There are issues of lack of availability of major consumable inputs in adequate quantity on time, reliable quality, especially in seed and crop protection products and feed. This dimension of agribusiness hits the farm production subsector hard as poor input quality and economics compromise the entire agribusiness sector especially farmers and output users whose costs go up and benefit is reduced. But, it is important to recognise that in agribusiness sector, the agro-input sector is the most crucial even to attend to concerns of food quality, food safety, and cost competitiveness. On the other hand, agoinputs are crucial for small farmers in terms of yield enhancement, cost cutting, and better quality production for better price realization.

In the recent past, there have been many experiments in the ago-input sector in terms of new distribution and marketing channels and some players have attempted to deliver total solutions to farmers including farm and allied inputs. These new channels range from marketers own outlets to supermarkets to franchised outlets besides traditional mainstream channel of selling through distributors and dealers/retailers. The major ones include: ITC’s Choupal Sagar, Khushali Krishi Kendras of Hydric, Champion Agro, and Mana Gromor of Coromondal Group. They also operate in/across different states of India. There are also agri start-ups like Green Agrevolution and Zamindara Farm Solutions which also attempt the same objectives for small farmers. Further, there is another parallel trend of custom rentals of farm machinery which started in Punjab during late 2000s and has spread quickly across many villages supported by the state government to cut down cost of cultivation for small 2 farmers. Besides, there are many private initiatives in this space (custom rental of farm machinery and equipment) where it is being attempted as business model and the only way to promote cost effective mechanisation in smallholder dominated context.

But, there have been no independent studies on the rationale, organisation and performance of the new models in comparison with existing channels with the exception of a few studies on the agricultural machinery rental services provided by PACS in Punjab. The performance of these new channels needs to be assessed in terms of farmer relevance and benefit from an institutional perspective in terms of inclusiveness of and effectiveness for small farmers. Also, most of the documentation on these models is in the form of teaching cases and not research papers or documents.

Objectives

In this context of changing institutional landscape of agro-input marketing and selling, the study:

Explores the distribution channels and business models of innovative agro-input players in India as institutional innovations.
Examines the smallholder inclusiveness of such channels and the nature and the level of effectiveness in helping the farmers access better inputs and services.
Identifies major issues and challenges in delivery of input services across regions and types of farmers.

Major finding of the innovative channales

Agri machinery rental services in Punjab

By examination of the business models of the two custom rentals models of machinery and equipment in Punjab which works on franchise basis shows that there is plenty of demand for such services from small farmers in general and from other categories of farmers also for some costly machines which cannot be owned at the individual farmer level. The use of PACS has been an 8innovative move on the part of the PSFC as it is a local level member based agency which is known for its farmer linkage as it also supplies fertilizers and working capital loans to member farmers. The farmer level analysis of their services across types of farmers both ZFS, local individual sources, PACS and other combinations shows that across all cases, farmers are generally happy using services though in some cases there are issue of price of service or timely availability as the sowing or harvesting windows are short. However, the inclusiveness of the models both co-operative and private is less than desired though Punjab has higher average land holding and more so in cotton belt where the cases studies were carried out.

Agri input super markets in Uttarpradesh

K3 outlets were inclusive of small farmers and were more inclusive than traditional channels and helped farmers achieve higher yield, lower costs of production and better resource management though they were still plagued by shortage of fertilizers as there is government allocation of fertilizers every season. But, still the K3 stores need to do better to get more loyalty which was limited only to a small percentage of buyers right now. This could be partly due to implicit interlinking of credit and input markets and partly due to lack of output linkage with farmers which takes them to other channels. The success of K3 in the state where larger players like HKB and TKB failed is interesting and has lessons for making such chain stores viable by keeping costs low and focus on farm inputs and services with sustained scale up.

The Green Agrevolution Private Limited (GAPL) as an agribusiness start up to facilitate farmers with better inputs and extension and markets in Bihar used franchising model under which it ran 11 outlets or centers called Dehaat across four districts which catered to a total of 4000 farmer members with each in a 10-12 km. radius covering 15-20 villages each with services like soil sample analysis, crop selection, and technical support during the season and marketing of produce. All 11 Dehaat centres in 2013-14 were franchises with GAPL.all the farmer who were the purcharing from the the Dehaat explained that there is the reduction in the cost of production up to 10 to 15%.

Working model of itc choupal sagar and hariyali bazaar

With its model mall in a Madhya Pradesh village proving a success, the cigarettes-to-hotels major ITC is set to build more hypermarts for rural India to replace age-old kirana or retail shops. ITC's Choupal Sagar, as the hypermart in Madhya Pradesh is called, is connected to the company's e-choupal network.

Company officials said 30 more Choupal Sagar hypermarts could be in the offing over the next 18 months. It will cost the company around Rs 50 million ($1.14 million) for each of these hypermarts that would sell everything from fertilisers to hair oil and tractors to needles. ITC's e-choupal network covers over 5,000 e-choupals and three million villagers in 31,000 villages.

A farmer coming to sell his produce through the e-choupal can also buy anything he wants through the same network. ITC has e-choupal networks in Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala and Andhra Pradesh. Its Choupal Sagars are malls that double up as shopping and facilitation centres for farmers. They provide training, investment advice, agricultural expertise and even facilities like banking.

About Hariyali kisan bazar

In rural India, farmers historically had limited access to quality input items for both their fields and homes. Indian conglomerate DSCL has undertaken a Rural Business Initiative to address this issue, establishing a chain of retail outlets throughout rural India geared toward farmers and their families. Through its growing network of stores, DSCL is able to establish relationships with farmers and provide them with a host of agricultural services, including improved crop inputs, agronomic support, fuel, banking, and consumer goods. The outlets also buy back some of the farmers' production at harvest time. In utilizing the products and services offered by the stores, farmers are able to improve the quality of their crops and access a network of helpful resources in an environment that was once considered completely tangential to the benefits of agricultural research and technology reaped in other parts of the world. DSCL strategizes about how the company can also benefit from these freshly forged connections with India's rural millions.

Two such examples of innovation in the rural agricultural sector are the much talked about ventures of ITC and DCM Shriram Consolidated Ltd. (DSCL) called Choupal Sagar & Haryaali Kisaan Bazaar respectively. Chaupal Sagar is a rural retail shop & warehouse with a size of 1500 – 2400 Sq m. Harayaali Kisaan Bazaar is a chain of centres across the rural landscape of the country aimed at triggering a qualitative improvement in Indian agriculture. Each centre is spread over 3 to 4 acres of land, in hinterland locations, offers to farmers.

The knowledge of warehousing and rural retail and their precision in execution has been brought to the forefront through their exceptional work for Chaupal Sagar and Haryali Kisaan Bazaar.

Godrej aadhar retail formats

In a bid to strengthen its hold on the farmer, the country’s largest consumer base, Godrej Aadhaar, the rural retail initiative of Godrej Agrovet, has launched two new formats. The large format stores have been opened at Mancher and Alephata on the Pune-Nashik highway in Maharashtra, taking the Aadhaar tally to 18 nationally. To increase its rural reach, Godrej Agrovet, which set up Aadhaar a year ago, is moving away from being a standalone outlet to hub & spoke model.

Spread over 10,000 sq ft at Mancher and 3000 sq ft at Alephata, the stores offer complete agricultural solutions and products for the farmers, along with a range of commodities including food, grocery, apparel, footwear, home appliances, furniture, kitchenware and hardware for the daily requirements of the farmer.

As part of its one-stop shop for farmers, it also has banking, postal and pharmacy services. “Over the years we have realised that rural India has a huge market with a significant potential for growth and we believe that Godrej Aadhaar, with its unique value proposition, has a tremendous potential to grow in the segment.”

Tata Kisan Kendra (TKK) is an initiative by Tata Chemicals Limited (part of the Tata group) with the following objective: “To provide the farmer with a package of inputs and services for optimum utilization of balanced primary nutrients; plant protection chemicals; water; seeds; post-harvest services; and to develop a genuine partnership with the farmer”. It is one of the initiatives taken up by big business groups aiming towards improving the quality of life of Indian farmers. TKKs are designed to be one-stop centers for all agricultural problems. They thus offer a wide range of services. They provide the farmers with trusted agro inputs such as seeds, fertilizers, pesticides at affordable prices. They also provide the facility for farmers to lease out farm equipment and implements, enabling farmers to use modern machinery even if they can’t afford it. They maintain a library of journals and magazines to help keep the farmers upto date with the new techniques and latest developments. Also they provide agronomy services such as soil testing, soil mapping and fertilizer testing. Training coupled with demos is also provided to the farmers by faculty members from universities and government institutions working in the area of agriculture. TKKs also have the provision for facilities such as crop insurance and other credit facilities. It is currently active in the states of Uttar Pradesh, Punjab and Haryana. An interesting feature of this initiative is that it not only focuses on better information, equipment and knowledge to the farmers regarding agriculture, but also aims at an overall development for the farming community. To be a member of TKK is a matter of pride and is based on factors such as literacy, land owned, age and progressiveness of thought. Training regarding farming is also provided to the farmer’s wives. Moreover, they are also taught about health, hygiene, child-care and things such as embroidery and sewing. There are also certain student awards for the children. Exhibition halls at these centers organize educational, social and also entertainment events in order to build better relations between farmers and their families. TKKs are a great example of support to Indian agricultures which have improved and enhanced themselves with time. GreenSky India salutes this campaign and sees this initiative as a role model for development in Indian agriculture

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Prescription Drugs-Gateway to Street Drugs

It is a known fact that drug overdose deaths are on the rise. Based on research I have read, most addicts say they started with pills, turn to heroin and die from the synthetic opioid painkiller fentanyl. Opioids are too accessible; there are other effective alternative pain managements that are almost never discussed as a treatment option. Other medications like Ibuprofen (Motrin), Acetaminophen (Tylenol) and Naproxen (Advil) are good effective options. Discussing these options and implementing them would drop the rate of drug addiction to an all low. Unfortunately, many patients leave the post-surgery recovery room with a prescription for 30 or more highly addictive opioid pills (such as Vicodin, Hydrocodone and Oxycodone), and about 6 percent are still using them three months or longer after the procedure (asahq.com, 2018). Noticing the signs and managing the pill intake could also save their life. Too many lives are lost simply because their doctor prescribed them opioids after a certain surgery and they became drug dependent. We need to stop this epidemic at the source, and that source is prescription drugs.

We live in a world where opioids are prescribed just as easy as or easier than antibiotics are. Not since the HIV/AIDS epidemic has the United States faced as devastating and lethal a health problem as the current crisis of opioid misuse and overdose (Science Daily, 2018). The Drug Enforcement Administration found that most overdose deaths are caused by prescription drugs, including opioids. While opioid abuse continues to plague certain states more than others, each state is unique in how it attempts to stem the crisis and its effect on families (Science Daily, 2018). More than two dozen states have implemented laws or policies limiting opioid prescriptions in some way and insurance companies have done the same. The most common is to restrict a patient's first prescription to a number of pills that should last a week or even less. According to Dr. Grant, “Nobody needs a prescription for 30 or 50 opioids and even those who are in major pain and may benefit should only take them for a day or two,” said ASA President James D. Grant, M.D., M.B.A., and FASA. “There are effective alternatives and many people don’t need opioids at all or at least should drastically reduce the amount they take” (asahq.com, 2018). A few states have pledged to come after those responsible for the rising death toll (Science Daily, 2018). Although, two dozen states is almost half of the US, there are still two dozen states left without this implementation and that needs to change.

The full extent of the public health consequences of prescription opioids is further complicated by the increased availability and use of heroin, which is less expensive and stronger than prescription opioids. Many people who develop habits from prescription opioids eventually switch to heroin. In one study, about 80 percent of current heroin users reported that they began with prescription opioids (Rudd RA, Seth P, David F, 2010-2015). With this information, it is safe to say that the connection of the effects of prescription opioids and heroin are intertwined.

In the last decade, US deaths due to opioid-related overdoses have tripled. Between 2001 and 2011 the rate of heroin overdose deaths increased more than 2.5-fold among whites aged 18 to 44. The mounting effect is a 200 percent increase in opioid-involved overdoses from 2000 to 2014 (Rudd RA, Seth P, David F, 2010-2015). Only in more recent years, national initiatives to reduce opioid prescribing have decreased the number of prescription opioids distributed. However, many people who otherwise would have been using prescription opioids have transitioned to heroin use due to this restriction, which resulted in a three-fold increase in heroin-involved overdose deaths from 2010 to 2014 (Rudd RA, Seth P, David F, 2010-2015). As you can see, the overall frequency of heroin deaths has been speeding up since 2010 when restrictions to prescription medication started take place; but by then, it was too late. We need to stop this epidemic, starting with prescription medication.

People who become dependent on opioids may experience withdrawal symptoms when they stop taking the pills. These prescription opioids can cause hyperalgesia, meaning they can actually increase sensitivity to pain (asahq.com, 2018), which equals to more medication being needed to ease the pain. Dependence is often coupled with tolerance, meaning that opioid users need to take increasingly larger doses of the medication for the same effect. People who become dependent on pain pills may switch to heroin because it is less expensive than prescription drugs and has a stronger high. Other indicators suggest that prescription control may have contributed to a reduction in some prescription opioid problems, without clearly stunting the growth in heroin use. The National Institute on Drug Abuse estimates that half of the people who inject heroin turned to the street drug after abusing prescription painkillers, also that three in four new heroin users start out using prescription drugs (CNN.com, 2019). We need to stop the drug abuse at prescription medication before they go down an ever harder path. Alternative pain management needs to be prescribed more frequently. Instead of prescribing Vicodin or Percocet, Doctors should prescribe medications like Ibuprofen (Motrin), Acetaminophen (Tylenol) and Naproxen (Advil).

It is impossible to keep everyone safe from addiction; even when restricting prescription opioids but treatment to reverse this addiction should be readily and easily accessible. Over 2.5 million Americans are addicted to opioids but fewer than 50% of private sector treatment programs offer medications for Opioid Use Disorder and only one-third of patients in those programs receive them (CNN.com, 2019). At the first signs of addiction- rehabilitation and detox should be a plan of attack so that this addiction doesn’t grow. Traditional treatment, which begins with detox and relies on lifelong abstinence, is no match for today’s opioid addiction. Like other medical conditions, to stabilize and manage opioid use disorder requires a medical model, using one of three FDA-approved medications. These medications significantly diminish cravings and reduce the risk of relapse. As detoxification alone for Opioid Use Disorder is an ineffective and potentially dangerous practice, it should not be the choice for most patients. All patients with Opioid Use Disorder should have access to one of three FDA-approved medications (buprenorphine, methadone, XR-naltrexone) as their primary treatment and treatment should continue for a minimum of one year, without a predefined length of treatment, under a long-term medical model (CNN.com, 2019). Opioid addiction hits hard, we need to hit even harder with reversal treatments. People currently on prescription pain medication should be closely monitored to reduce the chance of addiction. Over several years, the US Department of Justice promoted Prescription Drug Monitoring Programs (PDMPs) (Stefan G. Kertesz, Adam J. Gordon, 2018) but these programs are not available nationwide nor are they public knowledge and they should be.

While no one has gone against the new legislation and rules to reduce the amount of opioids prescribed, not even pharmaceutical companies who gained money from this prescription medication surplus, there is the argument that pain still needs to be treated. That argument is indeed valid as there are many people suffering from chronic pain due to certain illnesses and diseases like cancer and musculoskeletal diseases. New rules have made it hard for these patients to get the appropriate amount of pain medication needed (Will Stone, KJZZ, 2018). For some, alternative medications are not enough to ease the pain and help them live regular lives. Patients and doctors are now being held accountable and this is causing doctors to limit their prescribing of opioids because they do not want the liability (Will Stone, KJZZ, 2018), therefore, patients with chronic pain suffer. The new laws should maintain monitored access for chronic pain sufferers and others who rely on these drugs. The new restrictions should only apply to new patients. Cancer, trauma, end-of-life and other serious cases should be exempt to avoid this problem that some patients view as dehumanizing and unfair.

We all know that knowledge is power, so we need to use that to our advantage. Educating yourself and others on the dangers of prescription and street drugs is just as important as staying away from them. As President Donald Trump stated, "The best way to prevent drug addiction and overdose is to prevent people from abusing drugs in the first place," President Trump continued by saying, “If they don't start, they won't have a problem. If they do start, it's awfully tough to get off"(CNN.com, 2019). In order for this to be successful, the proper education is needed. Reading stories online or the news isn’t enough because the real gruesomeness of it is covered up. I think people need to see actual pictures of overdose victims not just before death, but what they looked like when they were found because seeing them at their funeral isn’t scary enough. They are made up and look so peaceful then. People should also see what their surroundings looked like and what their life was really like. People need to see the nitty-gritty of it and most importantly, the truth of how it all began and how easy it is to get caught up in drug addiction. In an article in NY Times, a coroner went to a New York High School to speak on this very subject. The kids there were shown actual crime scene photos along with the story of the victims. That is powerful and effective education; it gives an actual visual which is always worse than what you have created in your head. As Mr. Whitehead stated in a statement to school officials, “Are you so afraid to expose students to the graphic and harsh reality in our community that you simply turn a cold shoulder to it and hope for the best?” (Foderaro). Hoping for best, as we know, it is not enough. This problem will not just disappear on its own.

Alternatives to prescription opioids like Ibuprofen (Motrin), Acetaminophen (Tylenol) and Naproxen (Advil), can help save lives and reduce not only the number of drug overdoses but the number of drug addicted Americans. The opioid epidemic was and is too great to be ignored. Drug addiction has a beginning and for many Americans that beginning was prescription pain medication. It was the introduction and gateway to cheaper, lethal street drugs like heroin. People that are in a situation where opioids are an option should not be afraid to ask questions and listen when being spoken to about alternative treatments and be an active participant in your own care! Opioid addiction can affect everyone and anyone. As Mr. Whitelaw stated as “he flashed slides explaining the ABC’s of addiction and the diversity of its victims: “gifted, smart, rich, poor, doctors, lawyers, cops, judges, moms, dads, bus drivers, pilots, nurses, financial planners…”(Foderaro). Your race, social status or income cannot protect you; only you can protect you. As previously mentioned, many states and even insurance companies have implemented new laws to restrict the amount and duration of prescribed opioids, but not all 50 states have. These new laws and policies need to be implemented in all 50 states, not just half as the opioid epidemic and the rise of drug overdose deaths are nationwide. Treatments for those addicted should be accepted by more insurance companies and more readily available to everyone in order to be effective. Chronic pain patients should be exempt and should not be placed under the same rules as non-chronic pain patients. With the new laws in place nationwide, this epidemic should not increase, but decrease. This Opioid epidemic should not have a future, we the people should and that future needs to be as drug-free as possible and with new laws, regulations and education in play, a drug and addiction free future is now a possibility for everyone.

Works Cited

“Impact of Opioid Epidemic on Children Varies by State.” ScienceDaily, ScienceDaily, 6 Nov. 2018, www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/11/181106104300.htm.
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“Opioid Crisis Fast Facts.” CNN, Cable News Network, 17 Jan. 2019, www.cnn.com/2017/09/18/health/opioid-crisis-fast-facts/index.html.
Kertesz, Stefan G., and Adam J. Gordon. “A Crisis of Opioids and the Limits of Prescription Control: United States.” Addiction, vol. 114, no. 1, 2018, pp. 169–180., doi:10.1111/add.14394.
“Opioids Often Not the Answer to Post-Surgery Pain, Discomfort, Note Physician Anesthesiologists.” American Society of Anesthesiologists, www.asahq.org/about-asa/newsroom/news-releases/2018/01/opioids-often-not-the-answer-to-post-surgery-pain.
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