Month: March 2021
The Impact of South Florida’s Coastal Ecosystem
Abstract
This paper explores the impact the coastal ecosystem has on South Florida. Research was conducted using the internet and “The Everglades Handbook: Understanding the Ecosystem,” Lodge, T.E. This paper will take you through the historical and current significance of the coastal ecosystem to South Florida. How we have gotten to where we are today, the impact of human interference with the coastal ecosystem and the effects it has on the Everglades and what can happen in the future to the coastal ecosystem if we continue to destroy our coastal ecosystem, and ways we can start today to help prevent further destruction. South Florida’s coastline is divided into four ecological areas such as sandy beaches, mangrove and salt marshes, shallow bays, and the Florida reef tract. Each ecological area plays its important role in the coastal ecosystem. Lastly, we will break down the entire South Florida coastal ecosystem and marine ecosystem into 10 sub regions and describe the current ecological status of each sub region in South Florida.
Most people come to South Florida to enjoy our beautiful sandy beaches and the vast marine life. To most people it is a vacation site, to Floridians it’s home and about protecting and saving our Coastal Ecosystem. The coastal ecosystem of South Florida can be best described by dividing it into four ecological areas. There are sandy beaches, salt and mangrove marshes, shallow bays, and reef tracts. South Florida is not only appealing to tourists, people who live here vacation all the time to other Florida destinations. Having such a beautiful ocean and all the marine life South Florida is feeling the effects of human activities and our coastal ecosystem has some serious alterations. The population here in South Florida just continues to grow and industries are trying to keep up and continuously growing new developments. Currently the South Florida coastal ecosystem can be divided into about 10 sub regions, and the current ecological status of each will play their own role. The history of the South Florida coastal ecosystem is important to understand because this will help us see where we are headed and how we can impose change to better our environment. Lastly, the prediction of prospects into the future under alternative scenarios both protective and neglected will be discussed.
South Florida’s coastal ecosystem has four ecological areas; sandy beaches, mangrove and salt marshes, shallow bays, and the Florida reef tract. Florida is described as a peninsula, having water around ¾ of the state. The sandy beaches run down the Atlantic coast, down and around the tip of Key Bicayne, and continues up along the Gulf Coast. These sandy coastlines are constantly changing due to the onshore wind-generated wave action from the ocean with a current drifting southward. Typically, there is sand that is found in the pocket beaches, or as we know them as inlets, where you will find beaches that are mostly composed of calcium carbonate. The cause of the calcium carbonate comes from the limestone that is found along the lower mainland and also near the Keys. More so along the Gulf Coast you can find beaches that are more shelly and has silica sand (Pregram, 2018). South Florida is not only known for its beaches, but also for the number of severe storms each year.
There is a hurricane season from June through the end of November, where the most severe storms will occur. As a result, to these storms, the shell and quartz sand over a marl base are constantly formed and rearranged, the sand would appear to be white and soft and found mostly along the Gulf Coast. Due to the Atlantic beaches containing littoral sands, this sand is compared to dessert sand, because of its low diversity of marine animals and plants living there. Thus, the type of marine invertebrates and fishes found here are the burrowing type, such as, sea urchins, burrowing snails, crabs, and flat fish. The most common biological feature of the sandy coast northward from Key Biscayne is the massive worm reefs. These reefs can be found building up on the rocky platforms along the coast. The reef plays a significant role in providing protection for a host of fish and marine invertebrates (Pregram, 2018). Resting above sea level are dunes, these are a result from the shifting of sand and home to many plants. Plants are more commonly found here that have a strong root system, as a result from these systems these plants can act as a holdfast against the shifting sand (Kurz, 1942).
As we continue to move through these ecological areas we get into the mangrove and salt marshes, which are found forming a crescent shape around the southern tip of Florida. As a part of the Everglades National Park and the most southern tip in Florida is what is known as Cape Sable. Here is where you will find the greatest mangrove development. It has been proven that here are deep estuaries and mangroves are able to penetrate freshwater marshes (Pregram, 2018). Mangroves form small to moderate size islands known as, Tree Islands. This plays a significant role in the creation of the mangrove flats, which are developed along the mainland and the sediment is at its deepest. These flats thene turn into large strands along the tidal riverbanks that have a higher elevation than the center of the flats, due to the uneven elevation this causes breaks in the in the banks and will allow frequent flooding. With the hurricanes in Florida, debris and mud have been deposited along an old shoreline creating a low embankment called “Buttonwood Embankment.”
You can find these embankments along the shoreline of Florida Bay continuing to the North and Watson Rivers. There are different types of mangroves and some may require different needs to survive. For example you have the black and white mangroves, both that are dependent on periodic saltwater inundation. Lastly, you have the red mangrove, which is the dominant mangrove species, partly because the can grow in salt or fresh water. Due to the red mangrove having such a high tolerance for the freshwater, it can extend furthest inland (Pregram, 2018). Next you have your marl prairies that contain salt-tolerant ground, these prairies are constantly dealing with changes within the salinity and allow for saltwort, glasswort, sea blite, water hemp, sea daisy, and cordgrasses to grow. These plants contain a tolerance to these salinity changes and therefore are able to grow and develop.
Semitropical environments like Shallow bays, are important in supporting a variety of biological communities. The most common place to find these shallow bays are along the inlets between the Florida keys and are interconnected by narrow channels through shallow mudbanks. These communities are rely on the distribution of sediment, salinity, and the tidal flow. Tree island or “Ten Thousand Islands,” are along the southwest coast that contain numerous oyster bars creating a pattern of protected backwaters. Mangroves will continuously cover intertidal bars and will connect adjacent islands. Over time they will deposit tough fibers of what is known as peat and you will start to see the growth of oyster bars. Eventually these oyster bars will have a decline in growth and will cause restriction of the tidal flow (Pregram, 2018).
The Florida reef tract consists of a series of banks and channels parallel to the keys. Two major reefs that are present in the Florida reef tract are patch reefs and outer reefs. The patch reefs grow in the back of the reef zone where the water is calmer, and the silt accumulates. Patch reefs often have a halo of white sand around their perimeter caused largely by the browsing of the black-spine sea urchins on the adjacent grasses (Ogden and others, 1973). The outer reefs are formed from the seaward edge of the reef tract platform and contain more than 500 recorded species, providing a haven for fish, crustaceans, mollusks, worms, and sea urchins. They have an environment that is most stable in temperature and salinity and contains the clearest waters. This is important because most reef corals require photosynthetic algae living in their soft tissues which can only be found in the clear water (Pregram, 2018).
Research has shown the human interaction has a major impact on the current and historical significance of the coastal ecosystem. Due to these human interactions and development in the region alterations in the Florida Bay has had to deal with distress of seagrass die-offs, algal blooms, and a decline in sponge and shellfish. Research has proven from the study of pre-1900 and post-1900 has many similarities, however, because of the rapid growth in the human population many human developments have caused fluctuations to the natural pattern of salinity. Studies show that prior to 1900, the natural hydrologic system had variations of salinity, from faunal indicators swinging back and forth between 15-20% of the mean. Around 1910 the construction of the Flagler Railroad link to the faunal distributions. This railroad was built between 1905 and 1912 and the impact on it had on Florida Bay was significant because it cut off the flow of water that was between the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico (Henkel, 2013).
Going back to the 1970’s, the environmental history of South Florida’s coastal ecosystem starts with the construction of Dade County’s International Airport. This airport serves the tourist industry which provided nearly $2.1 billion dollars to the economy (Davis, 1972). A debate against the Port Authority came about when they agreed to build a jet training facility located on the Big Cypress Swamp which is approximately 6 miles north of the Everglades National Park. This sparked a committee to report, also known as the “Leopold Report,” that this proposed jetport would lead to drainage of the Big Cypress Swamp. It never dawned on anyone at the time that this drainage was going to cause permanent alterations of the South Florida ecosystem. Some concerns that were brought to the attention of these committees were for the protection for the Everglades National Park, now with the increased interest in public acquisition of the Big Cypress Swamp, and uncontrolled urban growth. Being so long ago, no one realized the impact South Florida was about to face with this drainage. Now we understand what is happening here in South Florida, and we are now aware that climate change has a huge impact on the polar ice caps that are melting and causing our sea level to rise. With the rise in sea level we are experiencing salt and fresh water mixing. However, the committee did find that because of the incompatibility of the surrounding ecology this report analyzed the function of the ecosystem and the plans for this jet training facility was to be relocated (Service, n.d.).
South Florida coastal ecosystem surrounds approximately 26,000 square miles of the 19 southernmost counties. To further elaborate, the South Florida coastal ecosystem region can be broken down into about 10 sub regions such as; Kissimmee River, Lake Okeechobee, Lake Wales Ridge, Peace River/Charlotte Harbor, Upper East Coast, Lower East Coast, Caloosahatchee River, Everglades, Big Cypress, and Florida Keys, including Biscayne Bay, and the lower southwest estuaries (Service, n.d.). To begin the Kissimmee River, originate in Orland and ends at Lake Okeechobee. The Kissimmee River is flat and contains hilltop and slopes, located along this river are high pines, and on the sandy coastal and more interior sites are the flatwoods. You can also find along the river hardwood forests, dry prairies, forested wetlands, and marshes (Service, n.d.).
Next is the largest lake found in all of Florida known as Lake Okeechobee. This lake was formed by a broad and shallow depression causing a circular shape in the bedrock. Originally Lake Okeechobee was the main source for the flow of Everglades. The lake sustained the Everglades and provided nourishment for the Florida bay and coastal estuaries. Today Lake Okeechobee has been re-engineered and contains major vegetative communities outside the lake. Predominantly outside the lake are freshwater marshes and some wetlands with small fragments of the pond apple forest. Had it been known that such a huge vegetative community would be dependent on this lake the draining of these freshwater lakes may have not occurred, and we wouldn’t be dealing with its effects on our agriculture (Service, n.d.).
The sea level has gone up and down, as a result the Upper east coast sub region was formed. This sub region can be characterized by three zones; (1) Atlantic Coastal Ridge, (2) Eastern Valley, and (3) Osceola Plain. Along the upper east coast, the vegetative community is made up of coastal dunes, coastal strand, maritime forest, hardwood hammock, and pine flatwoods. A more urbanized area in Florida is a sub region known as Lower East Coast. Here is where you have 30% of Florida’s residents. The ecological communities that are found here are your beach dunes, maritime and tropical hardwood hammocks, pine Rocklands, mangrove swamps, coastal saltmarshes, freshwater marsh, and wet prairie (Ronald L. Myers, 1990).
Located on the South West coast of Florida in the Lee County district is he Caloosahatchee River sub region. This river is shallow and extends from Lake Okeechobee to San Carlos Bay and contains three water control structures: Moore Haven Lock, Ortona Lock, and Franklin Lock. The predominant ecological communities found in this sub region are pine flatwoods, scrubby flatwoods, coastal strand, freshwater marshes, mangroves, and seagrasses (Service, n.d.).
The Everglades is unique with its diverse habitats containing both temperate and tropical flora. Historically the Everglades consisted of dense wetlands that covered an area approximately 40 miles wide, by 99 miles long. Rockland communities are found in the Everglades’ uplands. For example, you would see here the Rockland pine forests and the tropical hardwood hammocks. Also located in the Everglades are the freshwater communities, these can be categorized by marshes, prairies, ponds, and sloughs. With the length and location of the Everglades on Florida’s peninsula, the periphyton community occurs within the freshwater communities and serves as an important element to the base of the food chain (Service, n.d.).
Big Cypress has two watersheds: The Corkscrew Swamp and the Big Cypress Swamp, with a relatively flat landscape with more than 790,720 acres of connected wetlands. This system is mostly made up of cypress, pine, and hardwood forests. To help with drainage the prairie and sloughs are used to drain these Ten Thousand Islands and the rookery bay estuarine system. The Big Cypress sub region’s major ecological communities are the pinelands, hammocks, beach dunes, coastal strand, prairies, cypress swamps, mangroves, freshwater and saltwater marshes (Service, n.d.).
From Biscayne Bay down through the Florida Keys, this sub region began to form about 100,000 years ago. Over the course of the last hundred thousand years the marine and tropical habitats have a wealth of biological diversity. The geographic location of the keys is isolated and bring numerous endemic plants and animals. The natural community consists of hardwood hammocks, pine Rocklands, freshwater wetlands, mangrove wetlands, seagrasses and coral reefs. Each of these communities play their own important role in the protection and nourishing of the marine life. The hardwood hammocks and pink Rocklands are most known for containing tress, shrubs, and plants that contain more than 120 species. The mangrove wetlands help provide shelters for ocean life as well as the coral reefs such as The Florida Key’s coral reef tract. These communities also provide nursery areas for many fish (Service, n.d.).
South Florida has a subtropical climate and is a very humid state, the average rainfall is about 54 inches and usually falls 50 to 60 percent between June and September. The prediction of ecological change can be done with using different scenarios. One major scenario is with climate change, if we continue to ignore these vastly changing climates, we are not going to have any control in the future. We can already see here in South Florida that over the last couple of decades the sea level has risen, this is from the melting of the artic solar cap. There were studies done of climate change and level of sea water that shows in 2060, Modeling results depending on a particular scenario, can show significant changes to water budgets and will have concluded a water supply and ecosystem of the Greater Everglades. If we continue with these draining projects in the Everglades a lot of the fish will be forced to relocate, and the alligator will suffer significantly. There are some things that we cannot control like mother nature, hurricanes, fires, floods, but there are things that are happening that can help with the protection such as the Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan (CERP). With the amount of tourist, we see here in South Florida, means more pollution to our marine life. We need more beach clean ups and to not neglect the important coastal ecosystem that keeps the cycle going. We also need to find new ways to help with the sea level rising, because part of Dade County is already under water and it will only get worse over time.
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The Impact of South Florida’s Coastal Ecosystem. (2021, Mar 24).
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Only 20% of Plastic Gets Recycled
Did you know that only 20% of plastic gets recycled? People never think about where their trash will end up as they’re throwing it away; but they should start to. That other 80% of plastic that’s not getting recycled is ending up on beaches and in the ocean. According to Scholastic, “at least 5 million tons of plastic ends up in the world’s oceans each year.” Plastic is prevalent in the world today. People eat and drink with it, play with it, wear it, and use it in countless other ways. Plastic is inescapable.
The issue with this is that plastic can never biodegrade. Meaning plastic never fully breaks down, and it stays on the earth forever. This has detrimental effects on ocean life. Ocean species must have a healthy ecosystem in order to live. Due to the forever lasting plastic and debris in the ocean, millions of sea creatures die or are harmed each year. Sea creatures are eating and getting caught in the debris. If people don’t start recycling, sea creatures and their habitats will continue to suffer and eventually go extinct. It will also end up affecting humans. The debris on beaches and in the ocean will become a health and safety hazard for humans. Pollution will fill the air and contaminate the animals that we consume. It will destroy the recreation aspect of the beach as well.
The beach will no longer be an enjoyable place to go and it will become a dangerous place to go. Someone could easily step on a piece of debris and become injured. Marine life is also a major food source for humans. If animals continue to die and be contaminated, that food source will diminish.
According to author Laura Perdew, “studies have shown that harmful chemicals are present in the seafood sold for human consumption.” There are ways to help and prevent these things from happening. Beach cleanup programs are available. The website https://www.terracycle.com/en-US/ allows you to type in a location and provides you with what you can recycle, other programs, waste solutions, and much more. It is a great site to use to help keep the beaches clean.
Also, make sure that your trash is ending up in the correct place and recycle what you can. If recycling is not offered through your trash company, you can search “recycling centers near me”, and a list of centers that you can drop off your recycling to will show up. A change must happen to protect our beaches, oceans, and ourselves.
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Only 20% of Plastic Gets Recycled. (2021, Mar 24).
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Suits your Similarity Index. Consider Using It! Got It!
To compensate for the loss of manufacturer teams, four new teams were accepted entry into the 2010 season ahead of a much anticipated 'cost-cap' (see below). Entrants included a reborn Team Lotus – which was led by a Malaysian consortium including Tony Fernandes, the boss of Air Asia; Hispania Racing – the first Spanish Formula One team; as well as Virgin Racing – Richard Branson's entry into the series following a successful partnership with Brawn the year before. They were also joined by the US F1 Team, which planned to run out of the United States as the only non-European based team in the sport. Financial issues befell the squad before they even made the grid. Despite the entry of these new teams, the proposed cost-cap was repealed and these teams – who did not have the budgets of the midfield and top-order teams – ran around at the back of the field until they inevitably collapsed; HRT in 2012, Caterham (formerly Lotus) in 2014 and Manor (formerly Virgin then Marussia), having survived falling into administration in 2014, went under at the end of 2016.
A rule shake-up in 2014, meant Mercedes emerged as the dominant force, with Lewis Hamilton winning the championship closely followed by his main rival and teammate, Nico Rosberg, with the team winning 16 out of the 19 races that season (all other victories coming from Daniel Ricciardo of Red Bull). 2014 also saw a financial crisis which resulted in the backmarker Marussia and Caterham teams being put into administration, alongside the uncertain futures of Force India and Sauber. Marussia returned under the Manor name in 2015, a season in which Ferrari were the only challenger to Mercedes, with Vettel taking victory in the three Grands Prix Mercedes did not win.[38]
The 2016 season began in dominant fashion for Nico Rosberg, winning the first 4 Grands Prix. His charge was halted by Max Verstappen, who took his maiden win in Spain in his debut race for Red Bull. After that, the reigning champion Lewis Hamilton decreased the point gap between him and Rosberg to only one point, before taking the championship lead heading into the summer break. Following the break, the 1–2 positioning remained constant until an engine failure for Hamilton in Malaysia left Rosberg in a commanding lead that he would not relinquish in the 5 remaining races. Having won the title by a mere 5 points, Rosberg retired from Formula One at season's end, becoming the first driver since Alain Prost in 1993 to retire after winning the Drivers Championship. The final team remaining from the 2010 new entries process, Manor Racing, withdrew from the sport following the 2016 season, having lost 10th in the Constructors' Championship to Sauber with one race remaining, leaving the grid at 20 cars as Liberty Media took control of the series in the off-season.
Recent years have seen an increase in manufacturer presence in the sport. In 2016, Renault came back to the sport after buying back the Lotus F1 team. In 2018, Aston Martin and Alfa Romeo became Red Bull and Sauber's title sponsors, respectively, with the latter officially entering the 2019 season as Alfa Romeo Racing.The battle for control of Formula One was contested between the F©d©ration Internationale du Sport Automobile (FISA), at the time an autonomous subcommittee of the FIA, and FOCA (the Formula One Constructors' Association).
The beginnings of the dispute are numerous, and many of the underlying reasons may be lost in history. The teams (excepting Ferrari and the other major manufacturers – Renault and Alfa Romeo in particular) were of the opinion that their rights and ability to compete against the larger and better funded teams were being negatively affected by a perceived bias on the part of the controlling organisation (FISA) toward the major manufacturers.
In addition, the battle revolved around the commercial aspects of the sport (the FOCA teams were unhappy with the disbursement of proceeds from the races) and the technical regulations which, in FOCA's opinion, tended to be malleable according to the nature of the transgressor more than the nature of the transgression.
The war culminated in a FOCA boycott of the 1982 San Marino Grand Prix months later. In theory, all FOCA teams were supposed to boycott the Grand Prix as a sign of solidarity and complaint at the handling of the regulations and financial compensation (and extreme opposition to the accession of Balestre to the position of FISA president: both Colin Chapman of Lotus and Frank Williams of Williams stated clearly that they would not continue in Formula One with Balestre as its governor).[original research?] In practice, several of the FOCA teams backed out of the boycott, citing "sponsor obligations". Notable among these were the Tyrrell and Toleman teams.
During the 2009 season of Formula One, the sport was gripped in a governance crisis. The FIA President Max Mosley proposed numerous cost cutting measures for the following season, including an optional budget cap for the teams;[39] teams electing to take the budget cap would be granted greater technical freedom, adjustable front and rear wings and an engine not subject to a rev limiter.[39] The Formula One Teams Association (FOTA) believed that allowing some teams to have such technical freedom would have created a 'two-tier' championship, and thus requested urgent talks with the FIA. However, talks broke down and FOTA teams announced, with the exception of Williams and Force India,[40][41] that 'they had no choice' but to form a breakaway championship series.
On 24 June, an agreement was reached between Formula One's governing body and the teams to prevent a breakaway series. It was agreed teams must cut spending to the level of the early 1990s within two years; exact figures were not specified,[42] and Max Mosley agreed he would not stand for re-election to the FIA presidency in October.[43] Following further disagreements, after Max Mosley suggested he would stand for re-election,[44] FOTA made it clear that breakaway plans were still being pursued. On 8 July, FOTA issued a press release stating they had been informed they were not entered for the 2010 season,[45] and an FIA press release said the FOTA representatives had walked out of the meeting.[46] On 1 August, it was announced FIA and FOTA had signed a new Concorde Agreement, bringing an end to the crisis and securing the sport's future until 2012.[47]
Outside the World Championship
The terms "Formula One race" and "World Championship race" are now effectively synonymous; since 1984, every Formula One race has counted towards an official FIA World Championship, and every World Championship race has been held to Formula One regulations.[48] In the earlier history of Formula One, many races took place outside the World Championship, and local championships run to Formula One regulations also occurred. These events often took place on circuits that were not always suitable for the World Championship, and featured local cars and drivers as well as those competing in the championship.[9]
In the early years of Formula One, before the world championship was established, there were around twenty races held from late Spring to early Autumn in Europe, although not all of these were considered significant. Most competitive cars came from Italy, particularly Alfa Romeo. After the start of the world championship, these non-championship races continued. In the 1950s and 1960s, there were many Formula One races which did not count for the World Championship; in 1950 a total of twenty-two Formula One races were held, of which only six counted towards the World Championship.[48] In 1952 and 1953, when the world championship was run to Formula Two regulations, non-championship events were the only Formula One races that took place.
Some races, particularly in the UK, including the Race of Champions, Oulton Park International Gold Cup and the International Trophy, were attended by the majority of the world championship contenders. Other smaller events were regularly held in locations not part of the championship, such as the Syracuse and Danish Grands Prix, although these only attracted a small amount of the championship teams and relied on private entries and lower Formula cars to make up the grid.[9] These became less common through the 1970s and 1983 saw the last non-championship Formula One race; the 1983 Race of Champions at Brands Hatch, won by reigning World Champion Keke Rosberg in a Williams-Cosworth in a close fight with American Danny Sullivan.
South Africa's flourishing domestic Formula One championship ran from 1960 through to 1975. The frontrunning cars in the series were recently retired from the world championship although there was also a healthy selection of locally built or modified machines. Frontrunning drivers from the series usually contested their local World Championship Grand Prix, as well as occasional European events, although they had little success at that level.[citation needed]
The DFV helped make the UK domestic Formula One championship possible between 1978 and 1980. As in South Africa a decade before, second hand cars from manufacturers like Lotus and Fittipaldi Automotive were the order of the day, although some, such as the March 781, were built specifically for the series. In 1980, the series saw South African Desir© Wilson become the only woman to win a Formula One race when she triumphed at Brands Hatch in a Wolf WR3.[49]
The new rule for F1 tyre in 2016 is that the regulations would allow Pirelli to select three different tyres for each race, and each team could choose the tyre from those three depending on the strategies. This concept would continue in 2017 and in 2018 also but with Pirelli's thicker and wider tyres that tested extensively last year.
Tyre selections are announced over a month before each event, with rules stating Pirelli must announce compounds nine weeks before a European round and 15 weeks before a long-haul event. Drivers ordinarily select 10 of the 13 sets available for a race weekend, though Pirelli's new tyres means the Italian company will force each driver to stick to the same allocations for the first five races as it learns about the new tyre.
That means for the opening five races, drivers will have seven of the softest compound, four of the middle compound and two of the hardest compound available. Pirelli has backup compounds for introduction later in the season, if its initial batch proves to be too conservative in terms of performance or leads to greater levels of degradation than expected.[52]
Qualifying
A typical pitwall control centre, allowing team managers and strategists to communicate with their drivers and engineers. For much of the sport's history, qualifying sessions differed little from practice sessions; drivers would have one or more sessions in which to set their fastest time, with the grid order determined by each driver's best single lap, with the fastest on pole position. Grids were generally limited to 26 cars – if the race had more entries, qualification would also decide which drivers would start the race. During the early 1990s, the number of entries was so high that the worst-performing teams had to enter a pre-qualifying session, with the fastest cars allowed through to the main qualifying session. The qualifying format began to change in the early 2000s, with the FIA experimenting with limiting the number of laps, determining the aggregate time over two sessions, and allowing each driver only one qualifying lap.
The current qualifying system was adopted in the 2006 season. Known as "knock-out" qualifying, it is split into three periods, known as Q1, Q2, and Q3. In each period, drivers run qualifying laps to attempt to advance to the next period, with the slowest drivers being "knocked out" of qualification (but not necessarily the race) at the end of the period and their grid positions set within the rearmost five based on their best lap times. Drivers are allowed as many laps as they wish within each period. After each period, all times are reset, and only a driver's fastest lap in that period (barring infractions) counts. Any timed lap started before the end of that period may be completed, and will count toward that driver's placement. The number of cars eliminated in each period is dependent on the total number of cars entered into the championship.[53] Currently, with 20 cars, Q1 runs for 18 minutes, and eliminates the slowest five drivers. During this period, any driver whose best lap takes longer than 107% of the fastest time in Q1 will not be allowed to start the race without permission from the stewards. Otherwise, all drivers proceed to the race albeit in the worst starting positions. This rule does not affect drivers in Q2 or Q3. In Q2, the 15 remaining drivers have 15 minutes to set one of the ten fastest times and proceed to the next period. Finally, Q3 lasts 12 minutes and sees the remaining ten drivers decide the first ten grid positions. At the beginning of the 2016 Formula 1 season, the FIA introduced a new qualifying format, whereby drivers were knocked out every 90 seconds after a certain amount of time had passed in each session. The aim was to mix up grid positions for the race, but due to unpopularity the FIA reverted to the above qualifying format for the Chinese GP, after running the format for only two races.[53]
Each car taking part in Q3 receives an 'extra' set of the softest available tyre. This set has to be handed in after qualifying, drivers knocked out in Q1 or Q2 can use this set for the race. The first ten drivers, i.e. the drivers through to Q3 must start the race on the tyre which set the fastest time in Q2, unless the weather requires the use of wet-weather tyres. In which case all of the rules about the tyres won't be followed.[54][55] All of the drivers that did not participate in Q3 have free tyre choice for the start of the race. Any penalties that affect grid position are applied at the end of qualifying. Grid penalties can be applied for driving infractions in the previous or current Grand Prix, or for changing a gearbox or engine component. If a car fails scrutineering, the driver will be excluded from qualifying, but will be allowed to start the race from the back of the grid at the race steward's discretion.
Race
The race begins with a warm-up lap, after which the cars assemble on the starting grid in the order they qualified. This lap is often referred to as the formation lap, as the cars lap in formation with no overtaking (although a driver who makes a mistake may regain lost ground provided he has not fallen to the back of the field). The warm-up lap allows drivers to check the condition of the track and their car, gives the tyres a chance to warm up to increase traction, and also gives the pit crews time to clear themselves and their equipment from the grid.
Once all the cars have formed on the grid, a light system above the track indicates the start of the race: five red lights are illuminated at intervals of one second; they are all then extinguished simultaneously after an unspecified time (typically less than 3 seconds) to signal the start of the race. The start procedure may be abandoned if a driver stalls on the grid, signalled by raising his arm. If this happens, the procedure restarts: a new formation lap begins with the offending car removed from the grid. The race may also be restarted in the event of a serious accident or dangerous conditions, with the original start voided. The race may be started from behind the Safety Car if officials feel a racing start would be excessively dangerous, such as extremely heavy rainfall. As of the 2019 season, there will always be a standing restart. If due to heavy rainfall a start behind the safety car is necessary, then after the track has dried sufficiently, drivers will form up for a standing start. There is no formation lap when races start behind the Safety Car.[56]
Under normal circumstances, the winner of the race is the first driver to cross the finish line having completed a set number of laps. Race officials may end the race early (putting out a red flag) due to unsafe conditions such as extreme rainfall, and it must finish within two hours, although races are only likely to last this long in the case of extreme weather or if the safety car is deployed during the race.
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Suits Your Similarity Index. Consider Using It! Got It!. (2021, Mar 24).
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What is under your Foot while Skiing, and why it has Certain Characteristics
Have you ever wondered what is under your foot while skiing, and why it has certain characteristics? Well I have and knowing about skis is very helpful and interesting. I have loved skiing my whole life, but I have always wondered what makes a ski, ski a certain way. For example, a have had skinny skis that can only ski on groomers and can't do anything in powder. I have also seen the other side, currently I own a wider pair of skis and they can sort of carve on corduroy, but I have taken them in 3 feet of powder and the do fine. So, I was curious why my current ski that are wider and have a different shape skied different then my other ones that are skinny. I was thinking maybe it had to do something with the shape. My current skis have a u shape to them, and I can find it hard to carve in corduroy. My other skis had no u shape to them but carved. I was very curious on how it all worked. What I have found is that skis have either rocker, camber or a mix.
The definition of a rocker is the amount of curvature in the longitudinal contour of a boat or surfboard. Another definition is a curved bar or similar support on which something such as a chair or cradle can rock. If you were to look at a full rocker ski you would see how its curved. It looks like a u, if you can imagine a ski looking like this you would wonder how it would ski. The ski will rip through moguls and deep snow, but once it gets on a groomer it will struggle finding an edge. Since the ski has a u shape, it struggles on corduroy because its tip and tail of the ski is off the ground. The pros of a rocker ski are, “Great flotation for deep powder conditions. Perfect for helicopter skiing and snowcat skiing in perfect, bottomless conditions” (Ski Camber Vs). But the cons of a rocker ski can outweigh the pros if you aren't just skiing powder. The cons of a full rocker ski are it has troubles carving in corduroy because it has its tip and tail in the air. This makes less contact points and a flimsy ski. People tend to say that because of the shape of the ski, it feels like you're on rollerblades. You would imagine skiing down a steep hill on roller blades doesn’t sound like fun.
Another type of ski is camber. “Camber is a slight upward curve in the middle of a ski or board, with the contact points - where an unweighted ski or board contacts the snow - close to the ends. Camber requires more precise turn initiation and offers superb precision with plenty of power on groomed terrain and harder snow” (Rocker guide- what). Basically, the pros of camber are for you to be able to carve a turn with stability and a good grip. That is why a lot of racers like camber skis because of its ability to carve and grip on the groomers. Also, a camber ski will have a good stability at high speeds. But the cons are that it wants a firm surface so skiing powder is challenging. You also need very precise movement in the trees and moguls. The camber ski appeals to so many people because we aren’t skiing powder every day and being able to carve on the corduroy is worth the cons. On top of that most park skiers like camber too because they say it has a lot of “pop” in it. Camber skis appeal to the average skier and are more popular but there is a new design that seems to suite everyone.
A design that seems to be the best of both worlds is a mix. They make rocker camber rocker and rocker camber. Basically, rocker camber rocker is a ski with rocker in the tip camber under the foot, and rocker in the tail. “The addition of tail rocker to the tip rocker design means that exiting a turn is going to be easier, too, giving a much smoother feeling through softer snow. Because there’s still camber underfoot, the ski still helps you apply and keep edge pressure throughout the turn; however, because there’s a shorter effective edge than directional rocker and traditional camber, you might feel less glued to the snow when trying to carve or just tip the skis on edge” (Rocker Camber: A). This ski also appeals to park skiers because it has flex I the tip and tail for rails and butters. But camber under the foot for “pop.” The point of this ski is to get control in bumps and decent powder skiing with camber allowing you to carve better. You won’t be the best at each situation, but you will find less problems. A rocker camber ski is just like rocker camber rocker but without rocker in the tail. The purpose of this ski is NOT for park skiers. It has no rocker in the tail, and you can't ski it as good backwards. Also, it has no flex in the tail, so this ski isn’t for park skiers. It will carve better than the rocker camber rocker ski because of there being more camber. These two types of skis are becoming the most popular and it makes sense getting the best of both worlds. The pros and cons of these skis are being able to do everything fine; they don’t stand out in one spot and lack in another instead they do good in all categories.
Now I know what I'm skiing on, and why my ski isn’t great at one category. I have a rocker camber with a little bit of rocker in the tail. It does everything good. It won't ski powder great, but it will do it ok. It won’t carve great, but it will carve ok. Now you know what your skiing on and why its shaped a current way to ski different conditions. Maybe one day they will create a ski that can do it all but until then this is all we have. Do you ski? Do you understand what makes your ski perform so well in different situations?
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What Is Under Your Foot While Skiing, and Why It Has Certain Characteristics. (2021, Mar 24).
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At the Starting Line for Danica Sue Patric
Danica Sue Patrick was born on March 25, 1982, in Beloit, Wisconsin. She grew up in Roscoe, Illinois along with her younger sister, Brooke. [2] Even though she came from a family that had cars in their blood, she was the girliest of girly-girls. Overtime, her driver dad and mechanic mom got her into cars. Patrick loved watching her father race, and soon wanted to try it for herself. When she was ten years old, her family decided to go go-karting, which is where Danica had her first ever car crash. The crash didn’t phase her, though. She kept her cool, and handled it like a natural racer-which was what she was meant to be. [4]
She began racing go-karts and continued for a total of seven seasons. Her father, being a racer himself, gave her many tips to help her out. By the age of twelve, she had won her first Grand National Championship. She won two more after that, for a total of winning three Grand National Championships. In 1998, she placed ninth at the Formula Vauxhall Winter series as a sixteen year old. This gave her the title of the highest ever finish by an American, let alone a woman. [4]
Even though Patrick was a racer, not all of her girly-girl side faded away. In high school, she was on the cheerleading squad and loved it! Unfortunately she didn't make it all the way through high school, and dropped out at age sixteen. That gave her the chance to move to England and started racing open wheeled cars. Later, she earned her GED. Her success increased in 2000. She raced in Formula Ford Festival, and became the highest scoring American that ever raced in that race. This soon got her noticed by American racing driver, Bob Rahal, and joined his team. In 2002, she was the first female racer to compete in Monterey, Mexico in the CARTS (Championship Auto Racing Teams) series. Three years later, in 2005, she competed in the Indianapolis 500 where she held the first place spot for nineteen laps, and then lost it for a fourth-place finish. [1] She also earned the IndyCar Rookie of the year award. [4] These early achievements help kick-start her career as an auto racer.
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At the Starting Line for Danica Sue Patric. (2021, Mar 24).
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Racing is Becoming a more Popular Sport in Today’s Era
Racing is becoming a more popular sport in today’s era. In general, racing consists of many different variants such as: Formula 1, NASCAR, Drag Racing, Indy, and more. Each category branches off into other forms of racing. The topic that will be discussed in this paper is street racing. Street racing originated from drag racing in the 90s. There were many people that could not afford to drag race at a track because of issues with money or cars not fitting the regulations. The concept of drag racing is when two drivers line up, and in the middle of the two cars would be a stoplight consisting of five lights. It is called the Christmas tree because of its red, yellow and green lights.
The Christmas tree is basically a backwards stoplight; It starts at red, then to the three yellows, then it turns green, which signals the drivers to go. When the light hits green, the two racers drive as fast as they can to the finish line, which triggers an electronic board showing their times and speed. Street racing is growing rapidly amongst the community and it is only getting bigger from here. Street racing has a few different categories in itself. Classic street racing is extremely similar to drag racing. The difference is that there is no Christmas tree and no electric board. Although street racing is illegal, there are regulations set by the community. Most drivers will drive up next to another car that they see and ask them if they want to race.
The two cars will line up and either countdown vocally or with a series of three honks of the horn. The two drivers will race until either the gap between the two cars is far enough apart and there is an obvious winner, or until one car reaches the finish line or designated destination. The winner will then turn on their hazard lights as a sign of victory. There are also different kinds of races. The most common type of race is a dig. A dig is when both drivers are lined up at a complete stop in separate cars. Instead of a Christmas tree, there will be a person standing between the two cars with both arms in the air. This person is called a flagger. The two drivers will begin to rev their engines, and when the flagger standing between the car drops their arms, the cars will take off and race to the finish point. Another type of race is called a roll.
A roll can take place on any street or highway. It can even take place on a track, however that is less common. Racing from a roll is when two cars are driving side by side at the same speed, and the race is either initiated vocally or by a series of three honks. On the third honk, both cars take off and race until one car pulls ahead and the winner has a significant lead. The most common speeds for a roll are 40 miles per hour and 60 miles per hour; However, a roll can begin from any given speed. One of the less common races is the hat race. A hat race is when there are multiple racers that put a set amount of money into a hat. A neutral person then takes the hat to a given location while the drivers set up on a line. Once the neutral person calls and says where the hat is, all of the driver's race to the location. The first person to reach the destination wins all of the money in the hat. Another type of street racing is called drifting. Drifting is when the driver intentionally loses traction by oversteering the car, but remains in control while driving through a corner (Banner). This type of racing originated in Japan during the 70s.
One of the earliest events recorded in the United States was 1996 at Willow Springs Raceway. The event is now popularized all over the world, and has many events. The events are judged by speed, angle, and smoothness of the overall run. Illegal street racers race for many different prizes, some are much more valuable than others. The most common prize is a cash pool. The two drivers put down the same amount of money and the winner takes all. The least common selection happens to be the most exciting. Racing for pink slips is where both drivers put their cars up for grabs. The winner of the race will win the other driver’s car permanently. This kind of race is extremely uncommon. It originated in Japan during the 90s, and is featured in the famous movie, “Fast and Furious: Tokyo Drift”. There is one scene where the two drifters race to the top of the parking garage for a pink slip and the underdog wins. In street racing, people are basically allowed to use any type of car set up that they want, and race whoever they want. Many races are not even at all because it all depends on what the driver has modified on their car. There is a wide variety of modifications that can be done to a car. Most of these are done by a tuner or a mechanic. They change the engine, drivetrain, suspension, and other parts of the car. The variants of the engine add more horsepower and torque, which makes the car faster. The most famous engine modification is the 2JZ engine swap.
The 2JZ is an incredibly powerful engine that became famous because of the legendary race car, the Toyota Supra. The Supra 2JZ-GTE is a classic race car that is known for its incredible speed and sound. It was first developed in 1991 in Japan (Banner). Racers shipped them to the United States and tuned them to have over 1000 horsepower. Tuners specialize on tuning the engine. Tuning is when a mechanic tweaks an engine to get the maximum amount of performance out of the car. Modifications to the drivetrain are less necessary unless the driver is professional grade. These parts include the flywheel, clutch, gearbox, propeller shaft, and rear axle (Bosch 536). Adjustments to the suspension helps the car ride smoother and gives it more control while going over bumps and through sharp turns. There are two sides to the world of street racing. People either love it or they hate it and there is no inbetween. Many people say that street racing is bad and dangerous to the community. In 2001, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration reported that police listed street racing as a factor in 135 fatal crashes. The total was up from 72 street-racing-related fatalities reported in 2000 (NHRA). There is another side which thinks that street racing is safe and perfectly fine. All street racers know that this type of racing is illegal and can be dangerous, but in their minds they will believe that they won’t hurt people around them.
However, accidents do happen, and they happen to everyone. There was a street track called the Brotherhood Raceway which used to be located on Terminal Island. Brotherhood was basically a small, quarter-mile drag strip on a closed street (Brown). This was a place where street racers could go and race for free. It was mainly used for racers who wanted to know their times and speeds. This drag strip was created to keep racers off of public streets and highways. During the middle of the 90s, the track was closed down, forcing these people to transport to a different track, or to illegally race on the streets and highways. In these past couple of years, there has been an exponential growth to the street-racing scene, mainly because of movies and video games. The movie series “Fast and Furious” is a series based on a group of street racers that get into trouble and practically race their way out of it. All of the movies display fast, flashy cars and exhilarating races.
Although the movies are amazing, they are a slight exaggeration to how the car scene is in real life. Since the release of the movie, everybody who owns a car thinks they are a racer. The true scene of the real street racers has vanished due to these fake racers. The fake racers and the movie “Fast and Furious” have given racing a very bad rap. The fake racers think that they can race anywhere they want at anytime. They don’t care about putting their lives in danger or the lives of other people around them. Street racing has also been heavily influenced by video games. One of the most popular games is called Need For Speed, which contains a variety of different cars and tracks to race on. This game has gotten the youth into street racing which is making it more dangerous. Kids mimic what they see in movies and video games instead of being mindful about it.
Street racing is a substantial factor of the car community. It brings people together and creates networks throughout America. This community is growing exponentially and will continue to grow for years to come. The cars will become faster, the crowds will become larger, and the adrenaline will stay pumping.
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Racing Is Becoming a More Popular Sport in Today’s Era. (2021, Mar 24).
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Arts and Crafts are not Just for Children
Arts and crafts are not just for children; people of all ages can enjoy, especially seniors. As you retire, you have more hours to fill in a typical day. For too long, the answer to the question of how to spend those hours hasn’t incorporated much. As a society, we’ve failed to encourage older adults to explore new hobbies and passions. But that’s wrong, unfair, and leads to a stifling of the many good years people have left. As the new wave of seniors begin to retire, there has been a shift of focus regarding their health, happiness, and the quality of their golden years.
Now, many senior living communities are acknowledging the benefits of crafting for seniors and making sure to add these to weekly activities. Besides providing an activity to keep busy, there are personal benefits that stem from crafting. Even something as simple as coloring for seniors can aid with motor skills.
Health Benefits of Crafting
There’s a lot that a hobby of crafting can do for you that may not even be that apparent. When you’re crafting, you’re creating, and when you’re creating, you’re using your mind. This stimulates different parts of the brain. And crafting can even be used as a source of art therapy for those with dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. Creating visual art forces the creative and cognitive sides of the brain to work together. Some seniors experiencing dementia who choose to paint or color can bring them back to happy memories when they were children and may have enjoyed the same activities.
However, there is a lot of smaller benefits to participating in crafts for seniors. Crafting lessens anxiety, reduces feelings of isolation and brings about a general sense of happiness. These activities also help battle depression. Simple activities and crafts contribute to the creation of dopamine, a natural anti-depressant within the body. These chemicals aid in battling depression. Art additionally helps build confidence and give a sense of purpose. Being able to complete a project helps people feel like they can accomplish things. This pastime can bring seniors together. It’s never too late to form friendships. Finding people who share the same passion will foster a feeling of togetherness.
As for the body physically, arts and crafts aren’t exactly a full-body workout. But they move joints in the hands and fingers, and often elbows. Depending on the type, there can be a lot of movement. Painting, for example, involves a lot of arm motion and a concentration of body and mind. But no matter what the activity, arts, and crafts are an excellent way to keep blood flowing and the body moving, even on days when you don’t feel up to exercising.
Considerations
However, crafting may not be as easy as it once used to be. As you age, dexterity does become limited, and that’s nothing to be ashamed of. There are ways around this though. The first and probably most important is patience. It's not all about getting things done quickly but instead to engage the mind and the hands while enjoying the process of creation. Most people believe they must give up certain past times as they experience muscle fiber loss resulting in decreased dexterity. This often means that they must give up hobbies that bring them great joy. But because of this tendency to decrease activity, it is essential for aging adults to find new enjoyable activities or projects that can improve their dexterity while stimulating their creativity.
Next, be sure to block out enough time for the project. While ethey don’t have to finish it in one sitting, you don’t want to feel rushed while crafting. Instead, think of creating art as therapy. Enjoy your time and embrace a leisurely pace. Finally, when choosing craft projects for your loved one, avoid using sharp objects, like knives and needles, or hot objects like glue guns or irons. With limited dexterity, there is a higher risk of accidents.
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Arts and Crafts are Not Just for Children. (2021, Mar 24).
Retrieved November 4, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2021/03/page/10/
March is National Craft Month
March is National Craft Month, so let’s talk about that. Most people believe arts and crafts are for kids. But that’s not true; people of all ages can enjoy these activities, especially seniors. As you retire, you have more hours to fill in a typical day. For too long, the answer to the question of how to spend those hours hasn’t incorporated much. As a society, we’ve failed to encourage older adults to explore new hobbies and passions. But that’s wrong, unfair, and leads to a stifling of the many good years people have left. As the new wave of seniors begin to retire, there has been a shift of focus regarding their health, happiness, and the quality of their golden years.
Now, many senior living communities are acknowledging the benefits of crafting for seniors and making sure to add these to weekly activities. Besides providing an activity to keep busy, there are many personal benefits that stem from crafting. Even something as simple as coloring for seniors can aid in more than just passing the time.
Health Benefits of Crafting
There’s a lot that a hobby of crafting can do for you that may not even be that apparent. When you’re crafting, you’re creating, and when you’re creating, you’re using your mind. This stimulates different parts of the brain. And even be used as a source of art therapy for those with dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. The creation of visual art forces the creative and cognitive sides of the brain to work together. With this, some seniors experiencing dementia who choose to paint or color can bring them back to happy memories when they were children and may have enjoyed the same activities.
However, there is a lot of smaller benefits to participating in crafts for seniors. Crafting lessens anxiety, reduces feelings of isolation and brings about a general sense of happiness. These activities also help battle depression. Simple activities and crafts contribute to the creation of dopamine, a natural anti-depressant within the body. Art additionally helps build confidence and gives a sense of purpose. Being able to complete a project helps people feel like they can accomplish things. This pastime can bring seniors together. As it’s never too late to form friendships.
As for the body physically, arts and crafts aren’t exactly a full-body workout. But they do move joints in the hands and fingers, and often elbows. Depending on the type, there can be a lot of movement. Painting, for example, involves a lot of arm motion and a concentration of body and mind. But no matter what the activity, arts, and crafts are an excellent way to keep blood flowing and the body moving, even on days when you don’t feel up to exercising.
Considerations
However, crafting may not be as easy as it once used to be. As you age, dexterity does become limited, and that’s nothing to be ashamed of. There are ways around this though. The first and probably most important is patience. It's not all about getting things done quickly but instead to engage the mind and the hands while enjoying the process of creation. Most people believe they must give up certain past times as they experience muscle fiber loss resulting in decreased dexterity. This often means that they must give up hobbies that bring them great joy. But because of this tendency to reduce activity, it is essential for aging adults to find new enjoyable activities or projects that can improve their dexterity while stimulating their creativity.
Next, be sure to block out enough time for the project. You don’t have to finish it in one sitting, while you probably just want to see the finished product, you don’t want to feel rushed while crafting. Instead, think of creating art as therapy. Enjoy your time and embrace a leisurely pace. And finally, when choosing craft projects, avoid using sharp objects, like knives and needles, or hot objects like glue guns or irons. With limited dexterity, there is a higher risk of accidents.
Crafting at Brightview
At Brightview, we make it our priority to keep our residents busy and always try to find new enjoyable hobbies for everyone. One of the most significant things we work on is, finding a way for our residents to find a way to express their selves through art.
We offer many different art sessions and craft activities throughout the month and always make sure to vary the activities. We want to help our residents create something they can be proud of. One of our favorite examples is what we're doing at Brightview Perry Hall. We have an art teacher come in once or twice a week and teach classes in addition to other projects put on by our staff. The art from these classes are displayed museum style on our hallways, and the residents love it. In addition to this, we always do a craft show with our residents work where the public can come in and purchase these items. From this event, all proceeds go to the Alzheimer’s Association
We have also offered a specialized therapy technique called Mneme Art Therapy. This is a multi-sensory therapeutic arts session that uses everyday pleasures such as singing, cross-lateral movement, painting, and storytelling in a unique combination to strengthen and stimulate the brain through creative arts. This program is brought to us by AWBA- Art Without Boundaries Association. It is a professional organization of artists whose heart’s work lies in improving the quality of life for individuals with Autism, Alzheimer’s disease and dementia, and other related disorders of the brain. Mneme Therapy is a unique combination of creative arts guided by recent scientific findings relating to brain healing and wellness.
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March is National Craft Month. (2021, Mar 24).
Retrieved November 4, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2021/03/page/10/
Little about Hobbies
Hobbies are often defined as as something done for enjoyment, but what if I told you about a hobby that can offer you so much more? Volunteering at a local hospital is a rewarding hobby, as it provides health benefits, the feeling of accomplishment in the community and social network, and opens the door to career paths.
The benefits of your health are just one of the great things of volunteering at a hospital. When you are there to help people who are at their weakest, it can provide you with many health benefits. Volunteering can help to combat depression, decrease chronic pain, lessen the symptoms of heart disease and may help to renew creativity, according to HelpGuide.org.** Just by getting yourself out of the house a few days a week, can give you a sense of purpose and can greatly reduce depression. When you find yourself volunteering with other people you can place your focus and attention on them when they are in a vulnerable state and it can actually increase “feel good” sensation’s and decrease thoughts of depression. Chronic illness can take a lot of you physically and emotionally and can take you can be sure to find energy limitations. But whether you choose to volunteer in the facility and see how much energy you can might be able to commit to a certain assignment or you can actually volunteer from your home through web portal or a phone support system, it can help keep your mind off of your own illness and therefore reduce the feelings that come with chronic illness's giving you a better quality of life.
Volunteering at your local hospital can open up many career paths. Volunteering expands your social network, whether it be a staff member, a visitor, supplier, another volunteer’s, really the possibilities go on, and we have all heard the saying: it’s not always what you know, but who you know”. These new network of people out of your normal friends or family, might be the person than will offer your new career opportunity, may connect you with someone else, to open up that opportunity, or they could be used as reference for future career endeavors. You gain the ability to learn new skills and the opportunity to build on existing skills. Just because it is a hospital it doesn’t mean you can only gain medical experience. One may learn a new software program, build on their customer service skills, or get comfortable be with public speaking.
Volunteering will also show your committed and ability to work with others at different level’s. Did you know 76% of employers said nonprofit experience(working, volunteering, or interning) is important when selecting a candidate.With the ever growing number of candidates competing for jobs and the hundred of applications the employer receives, this fact alone should convince you of the benefits of volunteering along with a hospital being so versatile with the amount of opportunities that could be obtained. Volunteering at a local hospital is a rewarding hobby, as it provides health benefits, the feeling of accomplishment in the community and social network, and opens the door to career paths. The health benefit’s can help you live a more fulfilled life.
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Little About Hobbies. (2021, Mar 24).
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Hobbies for Happiness and Health
Hobby is something that one gets a kick out of the chance to do in one's extra time. The Oxford Dictionary characterizes hobby as a most loved action that an individual accomplishes for joy and not as their customary business. To put it plainly, hobby is one's number one side interest. So we should comprehend the significance of interests in our day to day existence. Hobby is definitely not a characteristic tendency. It is created through a consistent and deliberate cycle. A hobby isn't sought after to make a benefit. The fundamental reason for a hobby is to determine joy out of it. It gives us mental and actual unwinding. One utilizes one's extra time by seeking after a hobby.
While settling on a decision out of numerous methods of speeding our time, we should guarantee that it reestablishes our lost energy and brightens us up. There are a lot of side interests. The hobby that accommodates our advantage, nature and our financial plan would be awesome. R.I. Stevenson, an author of the nineteenth century, in his exposition 'A conciliatory sentiment for Idlers' censured over-work and over-business. He prescribed his perusers to figure out how to go to a recreation center and unwind, appreciate tea, address bystanders, play an instrument, to lounge in the colder time of year sun, to reflect – in short to do whatever isn't called 'work'. Bertrand Russell likewise denounced senseless and over-work of present day times. He had confidence in diversion and unwinding.
The quest for hobby is a brilliant method of investing one's relaxation energy. Hobby might be depicted as a normal movement of interest pursuit for its own inherent worth and not intended for any compensation. And still, at the end of the day a few side interests might empower moderate financial addition. It is additionally generally seen that limited's hobby might end up being another man's calling. In light of character and mental make-up, interest, demeanor, instructive level and way of life of various people, various individuals pick various sorts of diversions. Some normal leisure activities are planting, bird-watching, gathering stamps (philately), gathering currencies (numismatics), gathering signature, and so forth There are likewise a couple of cutthroat pastimes like tennis, bowling, golf, games, and so forth
Having a hobby is profoundly educative. Instruction is essentially inseparable from preparing. Seeking after different pastimes is a kind of preparing in different exercises of one's decision and those interests could expand one's viewpoint and points of view. A ton of encounters, abilities and information could be acquired by seeking after a hobby. The educative benefit of watching films can't be thought little of. Social qualities, modes and standards of a specific culture could be adequately granted through films. Movies are additionally significant mechanism for communicating history, topographical data and great logical disclosures and creations.
Pastimes keep the psyche dynamic and inventive, which is a decent exercise for the cerebrum. Mental exercise is pretty much as significant as actual exercise. Exploration shows that individuals who are more effective throughout everyday life (be it as far as riches, wellbeing, distinction or whatever else) are ones who likewise keep up with some hobby. Seeking after your picked hobby can widen your public activity as there are generally clubs and affiliations nearby that hold customary gatherings where individuals who share a typical interest can assemble to trade tips and stories and converse with their heart's substance about their energy.
Diversions are empowered by psychological wellness experts as an approach to assist individuals with diminishing their feelings of anxiety. At the point when your brain is completely occupied with your hobby, the hardships of life in our speedy society need to assume a lower priority for some time. When you return to your life, that load of issues and difficulties don't appear to be so overpowering and you find that you can deal with them all the more adequately.
Let us not fail to remember the feeling of ability and achievement that diversions can give. We have all had days when it appears as though nothing is turning out well for you. Your supervisor has quite recently removed a strip you for missing a urgent cutoff time, your accomplice is irritated with you since you failed to remember what unique day it is, even your canine appears to be annoyed at you. The pressure is rising and you feel like a complete disappointment. Thus, when you at long last return home, you lock yourself away and work on your pet task for a period. In spite of all else that turned out badly that day, you realize you can do this and do it admirably. When you rise up out of your case, you feel quiet and fit once more. You resolve to be more cautious at work, to make it up to your other half and to invest more energy with delight.
In the event that your hobby includes making something, there is additionally the fulfillment of making something uncommon for somebody extraordinary. A hand-made gift says to the beneficiary, in no too questionable terms, that you give it a second thought. You sufficiently minded to take the time and put forth the attempt to make something genuinely novel for themselves and them alone. That motion says more than any costly, locally acquired at any point could.
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Hobbies for Happiness and Health. (2021, Mar 24).
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Being Human May Seem Difficult
Being human may seem difficult since we’re always driven by fear to act irrational, expecting others to take the blame for our mistakes. Fear is a normal part of life in which it is the only thing that we are not truly capable of guarding ourselves against. This unpleasant feeling often cripples us to the point of no return, in which we are unable to make decisions or atleast overcome life’s troubles and challenges. Some may say that this emotion challenges or tests our sanity and humane values, that includes having the ability to think and feel complex yet still being able to respond to our natural instincts. Others may also argue that fear brings life to our selfish desires, bringing us closer to our own destruction. In William Shakespeare’s Othello, a tragedy play based on a gullible married heroic black general in the service of Venice and Oedipus, the king, another tragedy play by the Sophocles, discovers that he has unwittingly made the biggest mistake of his life, in which altogether both men were involved in domestic tragedies that were driven by fear causing the murder of a loved one and ultimately in the end, their own destruction along with the paved honor they had built for themselves.
Both Othello and Oedipus are presented as with prominent character trait. They’re renowned by their nobility and tragic flaws revealing their true character of being tragic heros in which they showed the consequences of fear becoming tragic heros as explained by Aristotle that a tragic hero “A person who must evoke a sense of pity and fear in the audience. He is considered a man of misfortune that comes to him through error of judgment.” It can be said that fear gave rise to their tragedy from within their marriages, Oedipus fearing the prophecy of him becoming the son that kills his father and marries his mother whereas Othello killing his wife was based on the fear of infidelity and his lack of trust.
In the play Oedipus, his father, King Laius of Thebes, learned from an oracle that he was doomed to perish by the hand of his own son including the loss of hand in marriage with his wife, Jocasta, whom he ordered to kill their baby. However unable to do so just as any other mother, taking the life of their child prove to be difficult hence she decided to leave Oedipus for the elements. One can say that the prophecy gave birth to fear, which was later on distributed between husband to wife and from parent to child (Oedipus). King Laius was fearful of losing everything to his son, this type of fear was then influenced onto his wife making her incapable of killing her son “Jocasta: An oracle came to Laius once. I don’t say from Apollo. No, from his followers. They say he would die - at the hands of his own child…. Laius did not die as he most feared, at the hands of his son” (Sophocles 32-33). Upon surviving his biological parents trying to kill him, years later Oedipus also met with an oracle which told him the same prophecy once told to his father in which he would marry his own mother and kill his own father.
Being fearful of his fate, he left for thebes where he met Laius, his real father, and, unaware of each other's true identities they got into a fight where three roads meet leading to the murder of Laius, “Oedipus: I was walking where three roads meet I came across a man in a chariot and his servant… I killed him stone - I killed them all” (Sophocles 37) the start of fulfilling part of the oracle's prophecy. Another moment where oedipus’ fear got the best of him was when he went to the prophet, Tiresias, for answers concerning the death of the old king. He believed that he was being told nonsense by the prophet since he tried keeping quiet until snapping that oedipus was the murderer. Dismissing everything that he was being told by the prophet he accuses tiresias of being corrupted by the ambitious Creon in an attempt to undermine him. “Oedipus: he has committed crimes against us, wife. He its wicked beware of his witchcraft… Then let him go - let me die, exiled, disgraced, dishonoured” (sophocles 28-30). Oedipus’ fear of the prophecy coming true made him delusional and insecure of creon's loyalty to him in which he demands that he should be executed, convinced that he is conspiring against him.
Unlike Oedipus, Othello's fear was driven by ignorance and misconception added that he was very gullible and unfortunately giving his trust to the wrong person. From being a former slave who achieved his honor through his military strength, Othello made cassio his chief lieutenant in which it made Iago jealous and very envious. This move by othello installed fear within Iago, the time of fear of not being good enough, or not being able to live up to the standards at which he holds himself “Iago: One Michael Cassio, a Florentine, a fellow almost damned in a fair wife, that never set a squadron in the field, nor the division of a battle knows more than a spinster… And I, of whom his eyes had seen the proof at Rhodes, at Cyprus and on other grounds christian and heathen, must be beleed and calmed by debitor and creditor.
This counter-caster, he, in good time, must his lieutenant be” (Shakespeare 1.1.21-34). In addition he feels that no one can love him and partly upon a reasonable fear of Emilia's retaliation. In which he decides to use Othello to ultimately do what he wishes he could do with his own wife. Iago becomes the main proponent of fear and manages to manipulate fear into the most rational characters like Othello “Iago: Cassio's a proper man. Let me see now: to get his place and to plume up my will in double knavery how, how? Let's see. after some time, to abuse Othello's ear that he is too familiar with his wife” (Shakespeare 1.3.435-447). One may say that Iago is only capable of escaping his fear by inflicting it on Othello whom he tortured and controlled since he knew his vulnerability consisted of his jealous nature. It is if he is scared to live his life that way or does not want to face the consequences he brings forth onto others. Othello wants Desdemona, and by winning her he hopes to gain the acceptance of Venetian society at large.
After becoming married he becomes terrified of losing her to a younger man, he seeks the help from Iago who stated “Iago: O, beware, my lord, of jealousy!It is the green-eyed monster, which doth mock the meat it feeds on. (shakespeare 3.3.167-169). Being such a smart and cunning man Iago made use of a handkerchief belonging to Desdemona, Iago persuading Othello that Desdemona has given the handkerchief to Cassio as a love token in which he did not believe at first until his fear of appearances and reputation that his wife remained faithful and thus has fail and his fears were irrational I’d make a life of jealousy to follow still the changes of the moon With fresh suspicions? No: to be once in doubt Is once to be resolved. (Shakespeare 3.3.179-184). The handkerchief in Cassio’s mistress’s hands, convinced othello that he has lost Desdemona, which ultimately causes he himself to becomes lost and allowing himself to self destruct. His fear of infidelity added with his insecurities about being both black and an outsider was so instantaneous became the furious flame that made him believe that he can save her by killing her. “Desdemona: O, banish me, my lord, but kill me not!... Kill me to-morrow: let me live to-night!” (Shakespeare 5.5.1-5).
To conclude, fear is something that we all have to face since it derives from our insecurities and past experiences as stated by Aristotle “To turn next to Fear, what follows will show the things and persons of which, and the states of mind in which, we feel afraid… …fear is caused by whatever we feel has great power of destroying us, or of harming us in ways that tend to cause us great pain” (Aristotle pg 103). Both Oedipus and Othello Feared the greater suffering as they both saw it as an attack upon their honor, becoming true tragic heroes in their final state. They learned through their experiences that fear is not a force to be reckoned with it. It can be very manipulative that aims to change the behavior or perception of others through indirectly, in Oedipus case fearing the prophecy of him becoming the son that kills his father and marries his mother and Othello killing his wife was based on the fear of infidelity and his lack of trust.
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“How did Oedipus’s Fatal Flaw Bring about his Downfall?”
Oedipus the King is an Athenian tragedy written by Sophocles. It tells the story of a man, blinded by his own wants and needs, who eventually ends up falling to his actions. After bringing his own downfall upon himself, it is too late by the time he realizes he caused this himself to fix or reverse what he’s done. Oedipus’ fatal flaw, his unruly and untamable arrogance, brought upon his downfall by causing him to become much too confident in the fact the tragedy of his kingdom was not the fault of his own, until it was too late and he was proven otherwise.
The tale of Oedipus is one of hubris, pride, overconfidence, and rage. Brought about by the murder of a man who was unknowingly to him his blood father, the kingdom to which he eventually ruled over would end up with a curse, a second one from the one in which he solved, which would be his fault. Oedipus had heard from the oracle that he was destined to kill his father and lay with his mother. In attempts to avoid such a tragic future, after asking his adoptive parents if they were his real parents and receiving a firm yes, he ran away. He kills Laius, his blood father who had him sent for murder at birth but was just abandoned by the shepherd, on his way to Thebes, the city where Laius ruled. Upon his arrival, he was prompted by a sphinx who would either kill him or, upon solving the riddle, leave the city. With the correct answer, he frees Thebes of the Sphinx. As a lovely offering, the widowed queen of the very recently passed king is essentially offered to Oedipus. He marries her and they have children— the result of laying together.
There comes upon a moment when the gods above are angry. There was a curse thrown upon Thebes, to which Creon tell Oedipus that if whoever killed Laius is found and prosecuted, the curse will be lifted. Oedipus sends for Teiresias, who tells Oedipus, much to his dismay, that it was him that had killed Laius. However, because of his blind confidence, Oedipus had already promised to banish whoever did the deed. He is in denial, because his belief that he had not caused the death of Laius. Jocasta, his wife, tells him not to be concerned by the words of Teiresias. She told him this story of when her and Laius has been told by a prophet that their soon to be born son would kill his father and lay with her. Of course that would have no happened, because Jocasta and Laius has had the child killed. The prophecy could not come true, of course.
Well, it had. Upon realization that this was all of his fault, Oedipus ends up blinding himself. This in and of itself is ironic as he’s become more open minded to how his behaviors have affected him without his sight versus before. He leaves Thebes as he swore to banish who had done this.
Oedipus had the belief he could escape anything. In a world where the gods control everything that happens, he had ignored a prophet who had told him his destiny. Oedipus, confident he would not have a future where he lay with his mother and kill his father, under the impression his adoptive parents were his true parents, left. He believed he could escape the fate destined to him, but on his way out of his life to “avoid” his destiny given by the prophet, he kills his blood father on a crossroads out of anger. It’s seemingly very ironic that in attempts to avoid killing off his father he ends up doing so. This also leads him to saving his blood father's kingdom and marrying his blood mother.
In denying his fate, or attempting to escape it, he brought it upon himself. His hubris and foolish pride ended up literally causing the marriage and murder he oh so wished to avoid by never returning to Corinth. “I curse myself as well…if by any chance he proves to be an intimate of our house” he says, cursing himself quite literally twice, because he was so convinced that it was not him that would have done that— for in his thoughts he’d left his parents behind.
“Pride breeds the tyrant violent pride, gorging, crammed to bursting with all that is overripe and rich with ruin—clawing up to the heights, headlong pride crashes down the abyss—sheer doom!” -Chorus
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Stephen Hawking’s Studies on Physics and Cosmology
As a young man, Hawking dealt with general relativity, exploring the issue of how black holes structure. His authority of mathematical techniques permitted him to demonstrate a bunch of surprising hypotheses about the conditions under which twirling billows of issue go through gravitational breakdown, leading to gravitational singularities. Cooperating with Roger Penrose, who had been exploring comparative issues, Hawking delivered an amazing paper in 1970 named "The singularities of gravitational breakdown and cosmology"
In this work, he and Penrose demonstrated that "sensible" space–times would display the two singularities later on (either the last peculiarity in a shut universe, or singularities present in black holes) and singularities previously (the Big Bang). Here, "sensible" implies that the space–time doesn't have causal abnormalities –, for example, shut time-like bends – and matter complies with a solid energy condition, so the presence of issue centers adjoining geodesics (the most limited lines between focuses on a bended surface) towards one another.
Taken together, the Penrose–Hawking peculiarity hypotheses give solid proof to the fundamental arrangement of black holes in our universe. It is an expectation that has been affirmed both by observational proof of galactic X-beam sources, for example, Cygnus X-1, and by the new and fabulous discoveries from the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO), which has distinguished the gravitational waves produced by impacting black holes.
Selling's next significant work was his generally renowned. His peculiarity hypotheses inferred that the space of a black hole's occasion skyline increments when more matter and energy is added to the hole, and ought to never diminish. Subsequently, Hawking and partners noticed that the space of the skyline was undifferentiated from entropy in the second law of thermodynamics: as per which entropy doesn't diminish, and will in general increment. Expanding on Hawking's thoughts, Jacob Bekenstein guessed that the space of the occasion skyline was indeed equivalent to the entropy of the black hole, up to a multiplicative consistent.
n 1974 Hawking tackled the issue of black-hole temperature in staggering style. By applying techniques for quantum field hypothesis on bended space–time to black-hole math, Hawking had the option to show that black holes act like black bodies, emanating warm radiation with a temperature ??/2?kB (where ? is Planck's consistent isolated by 2? and ? is the surface gravity of the hole), comparing to a black-hole entropy equivalent to one fourth of the space of the skyline, estimated in Planck units. Peddling's fundamental origination of the issue was basic and ?brilliant.
General relativity is about the compromise of various view of the universe. Extraordinary relativity accommodates the impression of spectators moving at various speeds, however all seeing the speed of light to be something very similar. General relativity accommodates the view of various eyewitnesses who decide to relegate diverse facilitate frameworks to occasions in a bended space–time. When quantum mechanics is tossed in with the general mish-mash, a momentous element emerges: inertial eyewitnesses and sped up onlookers have a completely changed view of the vacuum state – the state without any particles. The vacuum, no-molecule state for an inertial onlooker is seen by a sped up spectator as containing a warm blend of? particles.
On quantum field hypothesis, the vacuum isn't unfilled – it rises with virtual molecule antiparticle sets. An inertial spectator sees those virtual sets appear and afterward disappear again before they can be identified. Paradoxically, a sped up onlooker's molecule indicator will identify a warm combination of particles – the sped up finder viably supplies the energy and force expected to make genuine particles out of virtual particles.
Einstein's comparability rule expresses that speed increase provided by, for instance, a rocket, can't be recognized from the speed increase provided by a gravitational field. Subsequently, gravitational fields can make particles. In a rich contention dependent on quantum field hypothesis in a black-hole space–time, Hawking had the option to show that the gravitational field of the black hole makes a warm combination of particles radiating from the black hole's frame of reference. Nearby the skyline, virtual molecule antiparticle sets with trapped energies ±E are "advanced" into genuine molecule antiparticle sets of active particles with energy E matched with infalling antiparticles with energy – E. Since the energy of the matter falling into the black hole is negative, the black hole's mass abatements. The black hole emanates.
During the 1980s Hawking proceeded to accomplish fundamental work on quantum cosmology: his work with Jim Hartle and with others on the quantum hypothesis of universes without limit addresses a reasonably convincing strategy for moving toward the lastingly troublesome issues of quantum mechanics and the historical backdrop of the universe as a whole. From this methodology Hawking and teammates had the option to get helpful and intriguing outcomes on quantum cosmology, and cosmological swelling.
The no-limit approach prompted what Hawking had recently called his "greatest mix-up", until he concluded that proclaiming that data didn't escape from a black hole was more awful. After utilizing the method to infer a wave work for the universe that was symmetric on schedule, Hawking pronounced that a universe that extended and afterward contracted would go through specific time inversion during the compression stage. Raymond LaFlamme and Don Page were rapidly ready to show to Hawking that nothing of the sort need happen. The wave work Hawking had acquired was a quantum superposition of two cosmologies, one beginning from a condition of low or zero entropy and extending while entropy expanded, and the second being a similar cosmology as the first yet with time t supplanted by – t. On the off chance that the bolt of time inside a universe is to be relegated by the occupants, in any case, then, at that point the occupants of the two universes would probably cast a ballot to allot the heading of expanding time toward expanding entropy, so the subsequent cosmology would be capable by its occupants similar to equivalent to the first, instead of as going in reverse on schedule.
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The Firefighter and Politics
Politics is hardly a topic some people want to discuss privately and definitely not publically. Although some folks loathe the subject, others relish it. Being a public service employee is no different. Recently, politics has reared its nose into the neighboring Metro Fire Department and the city counsel. More specifically, the mayor’s office. The reason for this memorandum is that our town manager has requested a meeting with myself (being that I’m the Chief Officer of the town fire department) to address some political issues in the neighboring town. The issue is that the mayor has been campaigning to implement all public safety employees to submit to random drug and alcohol testing to instill public trust in its community servants. The mayor and his administration are adamant in introducing this topic on a bill and getting it ratified by the city which some think is ulterior in motive. This city direction does not come without some opposition. Unfortunately, there has been a lot of push back from the city’s public employee workforce (primarily metro fire department) due to the belief that the tests are a direct violation of their human rights and privacy. Ultimately, whatever the outcome is, all sides need to put the interests of those they service before their own.
This is not the first time that this proposed bill has made its way as a political discussion. The mayor and his administration has filed this bill consecutively for the past two years but it has fizzled out repeatedly at the state level since the state legislature is reluctant to take on the public employee unions. Needless to say, the relationship between the Metro Fire Department and the Mayor in the adjacent county has been strained for years. Due to some recent activities, the mayor’s push for random drug and alcohol testing to public safety employee may gain a foothold in his political agenda.
One of the recent dilemmas was that a firefighter from the metro fire department was forced to resign from his position after a federal raid was conducted on his property. In the raid of the affect individual’s vacation home, federal agents found and seized 131 marijuana plants. Another issue that has come to light in the region was about the perceived cause of deaths that claimed the lives of two firefighters involved at a structural incident. Even though it has never proven, the perceived opinion of community members that the two firefighters that perished in a restaurant fire were suspected in being under the influence of a drug or alcohol that contributed to their deaths. The information from both incidents has become public knowledge and has greatly effected the reputation of the fire department in the eyes of the community negatively. The pulse of the community is that fire department members are performing their job under the influence of drugs or alcohol, putting themselves and the public in unneeded threat.
As mentioned before, the illicit activities associated with the public safety workforce have negatively affected the community’s opinion about the fire department. So much so that the city and town managers of the surrounding have became greatly alarmed. Also due to the negative reputation of the public employees, the city’s employers have become worried about the performance and service that the employees provide. Although firefighters and the union officials are steadfast on their position of being an opposition of random drug and alcohol testing, we must address the reality of the issue before it becomes an epidemic.
Being in the public safety profession, members tend to be exposed to a multitude of physical and psychological trauma. Sometimes theses types of stressors may have an adverse reaction in some that drives some into either a positive or negative addiction. By no means am I condoning any type of illegal activity on the part of our employees but we, as leaders need to understand and be on the look out for subordinates that maybe abusing a type of dependence on or off duty. In a study conducted by the International Association of Fire Fighters (IAFF), some of the data suggested that, “rates of substance abuse in the fire service are even higher than the general population. For example, one multi-state study of 24 fire departments found that 50 percent of fire fighters reported binge drinking in the past month, compared to 23 percent of males in the U.S” (IAFF, 2017). These statistics suggests that fire fighters who are constantly exposed to acute and/or long-term stressful conditions are highly disposed to become substance abusers when compared to the general public. Even casual substance abuse by an individual can rapidly spiral out of control, attacking every facet of his or hers life. We must ensure proper policies and procedures are in place for our members.
One of the ways to facilitate support of an employee is through the Employee Assistance Program (EAP). It is a voluntary and confidential program that is offered free of charge through one of the city’s agency’s’. The EAP aids all members (including management) that maybe experiencing physical and psychological challenges in their life. These issues may inadvertently be causing the members job performance and health to plummet which in turn will impact organizational efficiency and effectiveness. EAP services include but, or not limited to employees with personal and/or work-related concerns, such as stress, financial issues, legal issues, family problems, office conflicts, and alcohol and substance use disorders (OPM, n.d.). It is paramount that we as leaders provide all the assistance we can to get our employees back to functioning properly and back to organization’s success. With this issue being addressed, we can start on working on rebuilding the trust of the public that may have been lost due to actions and perception of a few inappropriate individuals.
As the Fire Chief of our combination suburban fire department, it is essential that we sustain the public’s trust of its public servants. One of the ways we solidify this is through a proactive approach of preventative and corrective policies, which addresses alcohol and drug abuse that all members (career and volunteer) must abide by for continued employment. The approach we used once we began formulating our preventative and corrective policies was working with the local fire fighter union and the town’s human relations (HR) department. Working with the unions and county official helps to create a “buy in” from all parties involved to ensure strict adherence to all federal, state, and local laws. More importantly, cementing the trust of our community members.
While preparing our departmental policies, we utilizing national statistics and standards to add validity the guidelines. In an article by the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence (NCADD) it states, “Alcohol and drug use among employees and their family members can be an expensive problem for business and industry, with issues ranging from lost productivity, absenteeism, injuries, fatalities, theft and low employee morale, to an increase in health care, legal liabilities and workers' compensation costs” (Wilcox, n.d.). These are not characteristics that should be associated with the fire department. Also, individuals that choose to live this type of lifestyle will cost them substantially in the long run. Another reason our department abides with a drug free stance in our department is through necessity. According to the Drug-Free Workplace Act of 1988 it states, “some Federal contractors and all Federal grantees to agree that they will provide drug-free workplaces as a precondition of receiving a contract or grant from a Federal agency” (DoL, n.d.). Our department has previously applied for and has been awarded the federal Staffing for Adequate Fire and Emergency Response (SAFER) grant. The SAFER grant was, “created to provide funding directly to fire departments and volunteer firefighter interest organizations to help them increase or maintain the number of trained, 'front line' firefighters available in their communities” (SAFER Grant, n.d.). The grant is pivotal for all eligible fire departments that greatly enhances staffing, response and operational criteria for all effected members. Speaking from experience, if we were not awarded the pervious grant, our fire fighters and our community’s safety would be significantly reduced. Because of the grant, we were able to increase our minimum staffing and added and additional fire apparatus to meet the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 1710 standards. All of this would not be possible if we did not have drug-free workplace.
So in closing, for the needs of the neighboring community to be met, all affected parties must work collectively. Focusing on the health and safety of all city employees and the community they serve should be the priority. Although, the concerns of the fire fighters and its union officials are reluctant to submit to random drug and alcohol testing are valid, this act could negatively impact the fire department’s ability to apply for federal grants and possible safety by working with individuals that maybe under influence of substance. My advice for the town manager is that our department will maintain a drug-free work environment and I hope the surrounding fire departments will follow. Doing so should be the pattern of excellence, not a political agenda.
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Eleanor Roosevelt against Dictatorship
Eleanor Roosevelt was the First Lady of the United States from 1933 to 1945 and also an active political activist and accomplished a lot of tasks as a Human Rights ambassador. Roosevelt shared her dislike and disappointment about dictatorships with her speech, “The Struggle for Human Rights”. She spoke and made a statement on behalf of the members of United Nations in France to help eliminate the dictatorship and the issues about freedom and tyranny. Roosevelt’s exceptional credentials, strategically planned location, powerful logic, and heart-rending emotion allowed for the reaction she sought for.
Roosevelt’s exquisite credibility helped her create a powerful and inspiring argument about Human Rights and brought to attention of the founders of Human Rights in San Francisco. Roosevelt is an extremely reliable speaker even before the day of her speech because of her good credential as a speaker and ambassador. To gain more trust and respect from all her audience, she made trust with them. She guaranteed that she and her audience shared the same beliefs about freedom and democracy. She uses words such as “I” and “We” to personally connect with her audiences and be able to understand each other. These words of connection she uses are her way to connect with her audience and help her fight to stop dictatorship. Roosevelt’s speech was very detailed and organized in order for her to accomplish her goal.
Roosevelt preferred to deliver her speech in France, at the Sorbonne for many valid reasons and one of theme is because this is where the Declaration of Human Rights was proclaimed. Her ultimate goal is to grant every human being with their basic rights and freedoms, and to be able to accomplish this, dictatorship must be ended. This is only going to happened if there are enough supporters who are willing to fight for the cause. France was extremely sensitive to human rights due to their own history of revolution against their monarchy. The revolution resulted in horrible bloodshed, but also freedom for the common man. Roosevelt recognized this in her speech and said, “It was here the Declaration of the Rights of Man was proclaimed, and the great slogans of the French Revolution – liberty, equality, fraternity – fired the imagination of men” (page 1). She explained, “I have chosen to discuss this issue in Europe because this has been the scene of the greatest historic battles between freedom and tyranny” (page 1). Roosevelt choose wisely to speak to French civilians because she knew they have reasons to support her cause to end dictatorships. Roosevelt’s speech was crafted in order to appeal to her French audience.
Roosevelt informed her “free” French audience what it would be like to not live a free life. She reminded them that freedom encompasses freedom of speech, press, religion, assembly, freedom to petition, freedom from arbitrary arrest, and the ability to be safe in one’s own home. This reminded her audience of all the rights they gained as a result of the French Revolution. That stirred the audience’s emotions and made the cause personal. Roosevelt claimed that every human being deserved these basic rights, yet not everyone had them. She felt entitled as a free individual, to gain followers to help those who still do not have those basic rights.
Roosevelt was very aware that lack of freedom created serious restrictions and inequalities. Roosevelt supported her cause with examples to help her audience imagine the dangers of an authoritarian state. For instance, she explained that while creating the Commission on Human Rights, the U.N. produced important bylaws that many countries still follow today. One was: “Everyone has the right to leave any country, including his own”. To French citizens, travelling was an ordinary past time. However, when the Soviets were asked to agree to this bylaw, they said they would not until the words, “in accordance with the procedure laid down in the laws of that country,” were added. This example helped create a sympathetic emotional response within her audience. As her example showed, Russian citizens did not have the basic right to vacation freely. Roosevelt made their lack of freedom, personal to her French audience. That guilt and sadness that Roosevelt evoked within her audience was done for a reason. Guilt, sadness and anger will help drive her audience to want to change the plight of the trapped Russian citizens. Roosevelt connected her audience with both the cause and the individuals at stake.
While Roosevelt condemns the Soviets for their lack of Western freedoms, she also acknowledges and supports Russian patriotism. Russians have faithfully defended their country despite their situation, and have endured much misery at the hands of foreigners and revolution. Roosevelt stated, “They have been through a period of revolution, as a result of which they were for a time cut off from outside contact”. She explains to the audience why Russian government is suspicious. This is Roosevelt’s appeal to her audience’s rationality. While she argues emotionally against the tyranny of dictatorships, she also appeals to the audience’s rationality by explaining why Russia acts so mistrustfully of its citizens and the outside world. However, Roosevelt does not fail to acknowledge that that is not enough reason to enslave Russia citizens. Roosevelt believes everyone should live by the “Golden Rule.” Quite simply she states, “We do not think others should treat us differently from the way they wish to be treated.” The Russian civilians need to be treated with the same respect they treat their government with. Roosevelt expresses how blessed the free audience and herself are.
Roosevelt strongly stated that she would never live anywhere other than the United States. She explained that the freedoms, the opportunities, and the abundance that she experienced in the United States are unparalleled. Her strongly expressed convictions were meant to evoke in her French audience a response that they too would never want to live in a dictatorship. She expressed the values and benefits of freedom generated by democracy versus the constant battles that the bound citizens of Russia face. Roosevelt believed that freedom was the proper fertilizer to a functioning country. Non-free countries, like Russia, would never succeed until the West came to their aid.
Roosevelt’s speech was very impressive. Her carefully chosen audience listened and drank in her words. She enlightened everyone on issues that she felt entitled to share. She did so by appealing to the humanity, to the rationality, and to the character traits held in high regard by her audience. She showed great insight, tolerance and wisdom by not appealing to the base instincts of arrogance, hate and fear. Instead, she spoke of the Russians as if they were her own people. She said that they were borne into tragedy rather than it being a lack of character. Rationality, character, emotion and logic, are what made Eleanor Roosevelt’s speech so powerful and so successful.
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Fun Side of Nursing Home
Some people may not agree with me that working at a nursing home can be very enjoyable. Especially when working in a nursing home comes to things people may not like for example, changing briefs or toileting an adult. Some workers can’t handle certain situations that may occur. They may think it’s a horrible job. They’re also so many experiences someone can gain while working there. Workers also can-do fun things with the residents. Working in a nursing home can have many tasks. Along with those tasks you can have fun with the residence, along with many benefits.
Sometimes people think working in a nursing home isn’t the best job for them because of the tasks. For instance, if a person who works in a facility and they decide they don’t like changing briefs, toileting, showering people or doesn’t like the idea of getting hit by an Alzheimer’s patient. The worker may not like having to skip a lunch break because the resident need’s them. There’re several things that a person can think that the job is horrible, but the worker can make the most of it.
Working at a nursing home can feel rewarding and beneficial because of helping someone. Giving the residents the time and attention, they need is important, they also appreciate the workers that work in the nursing home taking care of them. Some think it’s fun to work in the Alzheimer’s unit because the nurse assistant can spend more time with the residents. Normally two aides and 1 nurse for 10 to twelve patients. When there’s more people working dealing with residence isn’t as stressful as if there was no help.
Therefore, there’s many fun activities to enjoy with the resident’s. Nursing homes always have interesting things for them to do. Nursing homes even have bingo that they play with the residents along with other’s games they have for them. Residents also attend little functions that the facility has planned out for them. For instance, people come and sing for the residents, and the workers have fun because the residents will sing along and clap. The elderly have fun with everything usually, and so can the worker’s. Some people love spending quality time with their residents. There’s times that a resident will make someone laugh with their jokes because the things that say can be hilarious.
Working as a nurse assistant is amusing at times and intriguing most of all fun. The elderly always have fascinating and impressive stories about their life. This gives time to get to know them and see how it was back in their day. They enjoy talking to others and sharing their experiences as well as listening to the staff’s stories. There’re times when the residents are having a bad day and the caregiver’s can turn the day around for the residents and help them have a better day. Also, the residents don’t always have family around so it’s nice for them when they get to know the workers. This makes them not be lonely.
Even as a caregiver in a nursing home, there’s more tasks to do than usual but with teamwork, it is possible to get things done. Staff working together can be more pleasant for the residents who reside there. They need excellent people who are caring and that will treat them as if they were family. Improving care is extremely important because they can’t do for their self. That’s why working for a nursing home is not only a fun but also demanding job, but there’s many benefits because the reward of helping people is priceless.
As a CNA there are many opportunities to learn and see new things that a person may not have known before. Also, working with nurses helps people gain more knowledge and with that knowledge will help further one’s career. It will also help to transition from being a certified nurse assistant into a nurse because everything will start to come together. Being that people think that working in a nursing home can be entirely unpleasant particularly with regards to things individuals don’t like. Certain laborers can’t deal with specific circumstances that may happen. People may believe it’s a horrendous activity however, it takes a special someone to work in a facility with the elderly. People would be amazed by all the possibilities of working in a nursing home. working in a nursing home can be hard but can be fun and rewarding at the same time. There are many tasks that are needed to be done, but every task has a reward.
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How Robotics Help Us
When people think of robots most will mention a movie that had a one. They don’t think a device that automatically performs a complicated task, such as an industrial assembly line. They may think of ASIMO, a humanoid robot created by Honda in the 2000’s. The study of robots takes us back to the ancient Greek times, with stories of the automatons of Hephaestus.
In Greek mythology Automatons were self-operating machines made from metal. Most, created by Hephaestus, and some by famous Greek inventor Daedalus. He used quicksilver to install a voice in these machines. Sadly, none of these automatons were ever recovered. During the Middle Ages, automatons were popular as part of clocks and religious worship. The Arab polymath Al-Jazari left writings explaining his mechanical devices, including a large elephant clock that moved and chimed at the hour, a musical robot band and a waitress automaton that served drinks.
Leonardo Da Vinci wrote about automatons, and his personal notebooks are littered with ideas of mechanical creations ranging from a hydraulic water clock to a robotic lion. The most interesting of his plans for an artificial man in the form of an armoured Germanic knight. According to Da Vinci’s sketches the knight was to be powered by an external mechanical crank and use cables and pulleys to sit, stand, turn its head, cross its arms and even lift its metal visor. No complete drawings of the automaton exist today but some think that Da Vinci may have built a prototype in 1495 while working under the Duke of Milan.
In Europe, Juanelo Turriano built an automaton resembling Franciscan friar Diego de Alcalá. Finished around the 1560s, the 15-inch-tall automaton is powered by a wound spring and uses an assortment of iron cams and levers to move on three small wheels concealed beneath its monk’s robe. It was able step up and down to imitate walking, and the friar’s eyes, lips and head all move in lifelike gestures. These elements give the impression of a monk deep in prayer. The robot can walk in a square pattern mouthing devotionals, nodding its head and occasionally beating its chest with its right arm and kissing a rosary and cross with its left. The 450-year-old device is still works today, and is at the Smithsonian in Washington, D.C. French engineer Jacques de Vaucanson created the first successful biomechanical automaton, a human figure that plays a flute.
In 1642, at the age of 18, Blaise Pascal invented and build the first digital calculator as a means of helping his father perform tedious tax accounting. The device was called Pascal’s calculator or the Pascaline or the Arithmetique. Pascal continued to make improvements to his design through the next decade and built fifty Pascaline machines in total.
In the 1730s, French inventor Jacques de Vaucanson created a mechanical flute player that used a pair of artificial “lungs” to perform a repertoire of 12 songs, and later made a pipe-and-drum-wielding robot capable of playing faster than any human. In 1739, he unveiled a “Digesting Duck” that could flap its wings, splash in a pool of water and eat grain from audience members’ hands and defecate pre-loaded pellets onto a silver platter. The gilded copper automaton was powered by falling weights that turned a sophisticated collection of cams and levers to replicate movement.
In France 1801, Joseph Marie Jacquard created a loom that enabled unskilled workers to weave complex patterns in silk. The Jacquard Loom is controlled by a chain of multiple cards punched with holes that determine which cords of the fabric warp should be raised for each pass of the shuttle.
In 1898, Nikola Tesla demonstrated the first radio-controlled vessel, the tele automaton. It used small, radio-transmitting box, used to control a tiny ship about a pool of water and even flash its running lights on and off, wirelessly.
In 1913, Henry Ford installs the first moving assembly line for the mass production of an entire automobile. His innovation reduced the time it took to build a car from more than 12 hours to two hours and 30 minutes. Elektro, developed by Westinghouse Electric Corp., became the first humanoid robot to be exhibited to the public, shown at the 1939 and 1940 World’s Fairs.
In 1942, Isaac Asimov's came up with 'Three Laws of Robotics' A robot may not injure a human being or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm. A robot must obey orders given it by human beings except where such orders would conflict with the First Law. A robot must protect its own existence if such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Law.
In 1948, Elsie Elmer and William Grey Walter developed the first robots to exhibit biological behaviour. George Devol created the first commercial robot, Unimate, in 1956, which became the first installed industrial robot in 1961. George Charles Devol, Jr., American inventor transformed modern manufacturing when he devised the first programmable robotic arm, in 1954. The robotic Unimate was introduced that same year and was quickly adopted for automotive assembly lines, where it became an industry standard and paved the way for an industrial robotics revolution.
GE Walking Truck 1968, The Walking Truck was developed by Ralph S Mosher for General Electric under a commission in 1966 from the US Army. The operator's hands controlled the two front legs while his feet operated the two back legs. Although it was said to be easy to control, operators were fatigued after something like 15 minutes due to the stress of coordinating the positions of the four legs using only manual control of the hydraulic servos, no computers were used.
ABB Robot Group introduced the world’s first microcomputer-controlled electric industrial robot, called IRB 6, in 1974. The robot was delivered to a small mechanical engineering company in Sweden. That robot was patented since 1972. Victor Scheinman introduced the first programmable universal manipulation arm in 1975.
In December 1996 Honda stunned the world when it unveiled the P2, the most advanced humanoid robot ever built up to that time. It is considered the world’s first self-regulating two-legged humanoid walking robot. The torso contained a computer, motor drives, battery, wireless radio and other necessary technology, all of which were built in. Independent walking at 2km/h, walking up and down stairs, cart pushing, and other operations were achieved without wires.
The Mars Pathfinder was launched December 4, 1996 and landed on Mars' Ares Vallis on July 4, 1997. It was designed as a technology demonstration of a new way to deliver an instrumented lander and the first-ever robotic rover to the surface of the red planet. Pathfinder not only accomplished this goal but also returned an unprecedented amount of data and outlived its primary design life.
In 2002, ASIMO created from two decades of humanoid robotics research by Honda engineers. ASIMO can run, walk on uneven slopes and surfaces, turn smoothly, climb stairs, and reach for and grasp objects. ASIMO can also comprehend and respond to simple voice commands. ASIMO can recognize the face of a select group of individuals. Using its camera eyes, ASIMO can map its environment and register stationary objects. ASIMO can also avoid moving obstacles as it moves through its environment.
Today, Robots are typically designed as automated machines that can take the place of humans. Most robotic machines can be seen in manufacturing lines, such as widely used in the auto industry. Robots are also utilized to replace humans in dangerous situations. In 1997, Carnegie Mellon’s Hans Moravec coined a new term, “Generation Robots,” which was used to describe the level of advancement of robots. Moravec predicted in 1997 that first-generation robots should carry the intelligence of lizards by 2010. First-gen robots would be incapable of learning, however, leading to the rise of second-gen robots, which have the intelligence comparable to that of a mouse and be available by 2020. He went on to say third-gen robots should have the intelligence of monkeys and fourth-gen robots with the intelligence of humans.
Moravec predicted human AI in robots would be possible by 2040-2050. Now, Robotics can be broken down into dozens of subfields and includes everything from biomechanics to nanoengineering and artificial intelligence to behavioural science. Robots have come a long way since the early days of robotic innovation. We now have robots in our workplaces, robots in our homes, and even on the International Space Station. Technological advancements improve every day, we may see robots that can think, act and evolve on their own someday soon.
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Oedipus Rex as a Tragic Hero
Greek stories such as Greek tragedies are plays that intended to strengthen religious values, like ancient Greece society. Greek tragedies aren’t specifically meant to be characters of study, but to create strategies to connect with audience. In this Greek tragedy, Oedipus is a tragic hero that has some character traits that can also identify him as an epic hero. In the Greek tragedy, Oedipus is a loyal ruler to his kingdom but finds out the truth of lies he receives from his family and friends. Oedipus Rex a Greek tragedy story, The king of Thebes, Oedipus sends his brother in law Creon to find the cause of the mysterious plague that has taken over the city. What Creon reveals is that the plague will be gone if the man who killed the former King confesses to his wrongdoings. Oedipus not knowing that he is the murder of his father confronts his wife Quee Jocasta also not knowing Jocasta was his mom.
Because of Jocasta not taking the word of Tiresias when he said that Oedipus was the murder because she did not believe Tiresias because of an oracle that once told her her husband would be killed by their child. This led Jocasta to leave baby Oedipus to die on the side of the road to stop her child from killing her husband. Leading up this made Oedipus have a feeling that he was the baby abandoned on the side of the road, when he made his first trip to Thebes, meeting a man by the name of Lauis and killed him where the three roads met, turning out to be his father. Oedipus soon met and married Jocasta, without knowing she was his mother. Oedipus getting suspicious asks a servant and messenger to confirm that the tale is true causing Jocasta to kill her self out of shame and guilt, also leading to Oedipus death using pins of Jocasta's brooches as a tool to stab his own eyes. Oedipus is an honorable man in the standing as a “tragic hero” since he carries the traits and qualities of the people of his land as a King. As Oedipus tried to do the right thing for Thebes which eventually causes the death of his dad Lauis and his mother/wife Jocasta. Oedipus was a tragic hero because he was a person of noble birth and contained potential heroic qualities.
This greek tragic hero was was hated by the gods. Oedipus was look downed upon by the gods because of his actions. But this epic hero so-called Oedipus struggles hard against his fate and wins the audience affection. In this story, Oedipus carries traits that could possibly make him an epic hero. There are 8 characteristics of an epic hero. Champion of freedom, these characteristics support the idea that heroes are fighting with the forces of evil. Courage when the hero continues the task or journey after they show signs of fear. Super strength, this is more of a physical trait that would portray this trial when he or she would take any risk to be on top of everyone else. Loyalty, a hero will show this trait when they stay loyal to their path or task no matter what obstacle comes in the way.
Love of glory is the sixth trait of an epic hero when they are obsessed with rewards of their journey such as glory, fame, or praise. Justice is the seventh trait that an epic hero displays when they portray the ability to keep doing the right thing no matter what changes around them. Last but not least the last characteristic of an epic hero is the weakness, also known as “tragic flaw”, this trait gives the hero human characteristics. For example, Gilgamesh was a Mesopotamian hero and Oedipus was a Greek epic hero who shares similarities and differences. Out of both heroes, Gilgamesh was braver than Oedipus, Gilgamesh was caring for others, risking his life several times when he was with his friend Enkidu. On the other hand, Oedipus was selfish and believed he could do anything. The fearless Gilgamesh would fight or kill anyone who claimed to conquer over him, While Oedipus would be a weakling and run the opposite way.
Although the characteristics that Oedipus carries that possibly make him an “epic hero” are loyalty and devotion. Loyalty because of his journey and knowing that the prophecy wanted him to do and he carried out the task no matter how hard the obstacle was that blocked his way. Even though lies were thrown his way and the fact he killed his father and married his mother to stop the plague that was killing innocent of his people. Devotion is another characteristic that would qualify him to be an “epic hero.” Also in comparison Odysseus and Oedipus can relate, Odysseus as a Greek epic hero also like Oedipus also as a Greek epic hero, similar in both tragedies both epic heroes go through a hard time, for example, Oedipus trying to defeat the plague and prophecy, and Odysseus fighting the Trojan war and fighting to return home. Even though both epic heroes battle their faith, Oedipus and Odysseus fought to save or return to their kingdom and family.
Also, both epic heroes have differences such as in Homers Illiad Odysseus would be known as brave, loyal, strong, and honest because even though he was a battle for 10 years plus 9 years to return home to Ithica for his wife, son, and kingdom to rule. And on the other hand Oedipus was more of a Stuck up king, anger management issues, and scared of the truth, for example finding out how he was the murder of his blood father, and how he married his own blood mother, made him weak because Oedipus choose to blind him self to die and leave family and friends behind and his reign. Still, Oedipus and Odysseus have there differences and similarities but the character is what separates the man from a boy. The lesson I've learned behind this Greek Tragedy/play is cannot escape fate, one can try as hard as they want but karma will come right back around. Jocasta and Laius thought by leaving their son on the side of the road they would escape the fear of their son killing their father. Oedipus is the son of Polybos, who would never imagine being the one killing his biological father not knowing Laius was his biological father. Everyone is horrified by the actions he had taken an equally terrified when they learned that fate had succeeded in completely carrying out the prophecy’s goal by having Oedipus marry and have children with his mother, to end up dying a shame.
Introduction
To determine if Oedipus Rex fits Aristotle’s definition of a tragic hero, we must first define or attempt to define what a tragic hero is. A tragic hero as defined by Aristotle is, “a person who must evoke a sense of pity and fear in the audience. He is considered a man of misfortune that comes to him through error of judgment.” This tragic hero in drama has several characteristics which collectively make up what we call a tragic hero. First of all, the tragic hero is typically a man of nobility. Typically those heroes in a Greek or Shakespearean tragedy is either a prince or a king. They are good, not perfect and their fall from grace stems from hamartia. Hamartia is defined as a, “tragic flaw, inherent defect or shortcoming in the hero of a tragedy, who is in other respects a superior being” (Brittanica Academic). Another characteristic of a tragic hero is that their downfall is of their own doing. Sometimes their bad fortune is not entirely deserved. The heroes tragic fall is not just their death, but includes a change from ignorance to knowledge. Finally, the tragic hero causes us to feel emotion. Aristotle senses that humans chase happiness, which cannot be destroyed except by, “great and numerous outward calamities.” (Barstow, page 1) Oedipus is the quintessential tragic hero because he, “is a man who fails to attain happiness, and fails in such a way that his career excites, not blame, but fear and pity in the highest degree”. (Barstow, page 1)
Oedipus As A Tragic Hero
Sophocles’ Oedipus Rex was first performed somewhere around 429 BC. Having been written so long ago, one could assume this makes him one of the first tragic heroes. While also exhibiting positive qualities, Oedipus is quite arrogant and impulsive. He lets his pride gets in his way and he is unable to see through to the truth. Oedipus also refuses to listen to what Tiresias is predicting, which is that he has killed his father, King Laius. Proclaiming Oedipus’ignorance, Teiresias (line 398-399) says, “Listen to me. You mock my blindness, do you? But I say that you, with both your eyes, are blind.” Soon after, Teiresias goes into more detail, giving us more insight into who the killer of King Laius is. Teiresias (lines 435-445) says, “The man you have been looking for all this time, the damned man, the murderer of Laios, That man is in Thebes. To your mind he is foreign-born, but it will soon be shown that he is a Theban, a revelation that will fail to please. A blind man, who has his eyes now; a penniless man, who is rich now; and he will go tapping the strange earth with his staff. To the children with whom he lives now he will be brother and father- the very same; to her who bore him, son and husband- the very same who came to his father’s bed, wet with his father’s blood.”
Examining the characteristics of a tragic hero above, we can see that Oedipus has most if not all of these characteristics. As told in the play, Oedipus is the king which meets the first requirement (normally a king or prince). Secondly, he is good, but not perfect. An example of this is that he was known to act swiftly, without knowing all of the facts. Almost all characters in a book, play or what have you are imperfect. Oedipus’ downfall was most definitely his own doing. Once the question of who had killed King Laius had been raised, Oedipus started losing control of his emotions. An example of Oedipus’ downfall not being completely his own doing is not that he was a bad king or even a tyrant, but rather that he was cursed by the prophecy that he was to kill his father, wed his mother and bear her children.
Later, Oedipus comes to realize that he in fact did murder his father as told in the prophecy. “It was true. All the prophesies! I, Oedipus, Oedipus, damned in his birth, in his marriage damned, damned in the blood he shed with his own hand.” (Oedipus, lines 1118-1123) “The moment at which Oedipus discovers his true identity in Sophocles’Oedipus Tyrannus receives Aristotle’s admiration as the finest example of self-recognition in Greek tragedy.” (Danze, 2016) Oedipus also does not die at the end, contrary to the definition of more modern drama, but he has to live with the knowledge of what he has done for the rest of his life. Whether Oedipus killing Laius had any effect on the prophecy since he was not actually his father, we will never know for sure.
If we look to someone other than Oedipus to blame for his downfall, we have to look no further than the god Apollo. On page 94 (Van Nortwick) Oedipus states, “it was Apollo, my friends, Apollo who brought about these terrible woes of mine.” Apollo is alluded to early in the play when Oedipus says, “And I have adopted it: I have sent Kreon, son of Menoikeus, brother of the queen, to Delphi, Apollo’s place of revelation, to learn there, if he can, what act or pledge of mine may save the city.” (lines 71-75) Throughout the play, Oedipus and Apollo are playing what amounts to a chess match in the fact that, “All of Oedipus’ moves in this game are freely chosen, and no one, not even Apollo, can predetermine the hero’s next move. Yet grand master Apollo can beat Oedipus easily; indeed, he can confidently predict the result of the match beforehand, insofar as he is able to lead the play in the direction he wants without his opponent (Oedipus) being able to guard against such an eventuality.” (Van Nortwick, p. 95)
Additional Points
In some ways Oedipus not only meets, but also refutes Aristotle’s definition of a tragic hero. “He has no clear vision which enables him to examine every side of a matter with unclouded eyes, and to see all things in due perspective.” (Barstow, page 2) For example, Oedipus sees only one side of a things, often the wrong one. One could also look at Oedipus from the viewpoint that he kills his own father and is simply a murderer. “I say that you are the murderer whom you seek.” (Teiresias, line 347) After he comes to accept that he indeed did kill his father, Oedipus has the shepherd to whom he was given brought to him to explain where he came from. He says that if only the shepherd hadn’t rescued him when his parents abandoned him, the whole murder prophecy would have never come true. When asked why he had been saved, the Shepherd told Oedipus (lines 1112-1115), “I pitied the baby, my king, and I thought that this man would take him far away to his own country.” A tragic hero is still intrinsically good. If you are able to look at Oedipus as a helpless victim of his own fate, he becomes less of a tragic hero and more of a pathetic one since pathetic characters suffering is more or less undeserved. Oedipus goes about trying to prevent the prophecy from taking place by never going home to Delphi.
Conclusion
King Oedipus exemplifies the qualities of a tragic hero because he attains greatness as king, yet his reign falls to pieces once he realizes that he killed his father, King Laius.
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Intro to Literature Luke Rolfes
Oedipus the king and Hamlet are two different play with many similarities and differences. Both play demonstrates various approaches to the search. This shows to audience about the active and energetic personality of the one and the philosophic, pensive and doubting personality of the other that leads both to the achievement of their aims. However, it happened to be a tragic end to both and after revealing the truth and accomplishing their task Oedipus and Hamlet are crushed by the severity of their doom. Talking about the similarities, both Oedipus and Hamlet were eager to take avenge in any circumstances as they had same tragedy of their dead fathers. This lead to suffer other people with a tragic consequences in both play.
Another similarity is both of the characters had issue with their families. The relationship of Oedipus with his family was strange where he ended up killing his father and marrying his own mother without knowing. Likewise, Hamlet’s relationship with his mother and uncle was complicated and mostly because of his father’s death. So, both of them were deceived by their parents. Moreover, another similarity could be anagnorisis, it is because of the way how Hamlet and Oedipus decided to discover the truths by themselves. Furthermore, talking about differences, story of Oedipus could be more about fate than Hamlet. It is because Oedipus did not know about the fact that he had his biological father and got married to his biological mother. Every decision that he made led him to this last, without not knowing what is going on. On the other hand, for Hamlet, he is aware of what is going on, and he should've known what is going to happen if he chose the decision.
Likewise, Hamlet's fate could've been becoming a king and leading his citizens in Denmark, which is a responsible thing to do in reality. However, he instead chose to revenge to Claudius for his dead father. In the end, he died with the success of killing Claudius. Claudius's fate could've been becoming a true leader by taking care of his people and listen to the citizens, becoming selfless in reality. However, he instead chose to become selfish by protecting only himself when situations came. He ended up finding the horrible truth and stabbed his eye by trying to avoid it. Similarly, another difference could be hubris. This is because Hamlet always mentions that he will kill Claudius but he is unable to put in action because he is a coward.
On the other hand, Oedipus has an excessive pride that he is very confident that he will find the solution to bring the peace to his nation. Likewise, Oedipus puts his works and decisions in action whereas hamlet seems to be philosophic as he like to put his works in words and writings. To wrap up, Hamlet makes a much more complicated character than that of Oedipus the King. It also looks that hamlet is more tragic than Oedipus the King. It is because almost everyone dies causing a terrible consequences. . Lastly, I think “Hamlet” the serves better as a model for modern-day tragedy. This is because it illustrates the deep pain from the death of the father and deceived by the family that Hamlet had. Moreover, it hurts more to him when hamlet’s mother gets married to his own uncle.
Similarly, the death of love of his life whom he loves the most in the world brings a deep tragedy in the story. So, basically in hamlet, nothing goes right and brings pain and tragedy in his life. So, in this point of view, hamlet serves better model for modern-day tragedy.
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Intellectual Heritage – Midterm Assignment
In class we discussed the difference between knowledge and wisdom. Through his endeavors, Socrates realizes there is a difference between the two, and this helps him form his own definition of human wisdom. In Plato’s Apology, Socrates attempts to challenge the prophecy that claims that he is the wisest man of all. After having conversations with men who are considered to be wise, including a politician, a few poets, and a few artisans, he concluded that he was superior to these men each time. The reason being that all of these people knew things for which Socrates was ignorant of, but they were not wise. Socrates observed that “upon the strength of their [work] they believed themselves to be the wisest of men in other things in which they were not wise” (Jowett). Socrates considered himself to be wiser because he could acknowledge and accept his own ignorance.
When the jury asked Socrates to propose a sentence for himself, Socrates mentioned the possibility of being exiled. He then claims that if his own city is to reject him for spreading his ideas, then there is a great possibility that the elders of other cities will as well. He will then be traveling from city to city just to get the same result. Socrates then mentions that he could go through with being exiled and “[hold] his tongue,” but he rejects the idea, stating that “the life which is unexamined is not worth living” (Jowett). It is apparent in his apology that life is meant to be questioned and that a life of obedience to a particular ideology is not meaningful enough to endure.
At the end of his trial, Socrates is sentenced to death. Rather than beg and plea for his life, he accepts his fate. Socrates claims that there is no reason to fear death, because no one knows what happens after one dies. In the final line of his apology, Socrates states, “The hour of departure has arrived, and we go our ways - I to die, and you to live. Which is better God only knows” (Jowett). This statement exemplifies his fearlessness towards death, and how we should all be fearless of death, because all except gods are ignorant as to what it will be like and whether it will be better than life itself.
We are all – probably – going to die. How does the text of Gilgamesh help us with this eventuality? Almost the entire plot of The Epic of Gilgamesh shows us that we are all going to experience death whether we want to or not. Every human and every animal is going to die at some point, regardless of the actions one takes to try and fight against their inevitable fate.
The main character that The Epic of Gilgamesh focuses on is, obviously, Gilgamesh. “Gilgamesh was his name from the day he was born, two-thirds of him god and one third human. It was the Lady of the Gods drew the form of his figure, while his build was perfected by divine Nudimmud” (pp. 2-3). This is one the many factors of the story that show that death is something that will affect all of us. Gilgamesh was literally sculpted by the gods and is proportionally more god than human. However, as we learn at the end of the tale, he still is affected by mortality just like any other human (who is 100% human and not godly) would be.
Another repeated idea in the story is the attempt to go against what is meant to be. In this first case, it was the punishment for Gilgamesh’s rejection of Ishtar. Ishtar was given the Bull of Heaven to wreak havoc on the city of Uruk after Gilgamesh insulted her. However, once the Bull caused over 200 men to fall, “Enkidu sprang up and seized the Bull by the horns” (pp. 52). Then, Gilgamesh finished off the Bull and killed it. In retaliation, the gods made Enkidu ill, which eventually killed him. This sequence of events exemplifies that no matter how hard one tries to go against whatever is intended to happen to us, our fate is our fate. Which, for humans, means death.
Finally, after Gilgamesh’s quest for immortality fails, he realizes that even though he must face his own death at some point, his work in ruling Uruk will exist forever. Gilgamesh says to the boatman, “climb Uruk’s wall and walk back and forth! Survey its foundations, examine the brickwork! Were its bricks not fired in an oven? Did the Seven Sages not lay its foundation? … Three square miles and a half is Uruk’s expanse” (pp. 99). Gilgamesh is appreciating the work he has done in the city of Uruk, and that will exist forever even though Gilgamesh himself will not. Sophocles’ Oedipus the King is a bit of a mess of a storyline, with many of the characters’ pasts being connected in some way. The gruesome ending probably could have been avoided if Oedipus had understood more about his origin, as well as his own personality traits that would soon work against him.
Had Oedipus known who his true parents were, he may have proved his own prophecy wrong and avoided killing his own father, Laius, as well as his mother and wife, Jacosta. Additionally, he would have prevented his own exile and blinding. And even if Oedipus did not know who his own parents were, if it weren’t for his stubbornness, he might have figured out that he fulfilled his own prophecy sooner than he did.
Oedipus was definitely not a stupid guy. He was the only one smart enough to “[understand] that celebrated riddle” (Johnston, 1800-1810) which would make him the king of Thebes and marry Jacosta. However, he lacked the self-awareness that could have helped lead him to a healthy, happy life, rather than one that would end in tremendous shame and turmoil.
While on the quest for the truth about who had killed Laius, Oedipus managed to get some information out of Teiresias. If it were not for Oedipus’s insolence towards Teiresias, he might have been able to reason with him. Teiresias says to Oedipus, “you yourself are the very man you’re looking for.” Oedipus refuses to believe him. “That’s twice you’ve stated that disgraceful lie” (Johnston, 430-440). Oedipus continues to berate Teiresias, saying to him, “Truth is not in you—for your ears, your mind, your eyes are blind!” (Johnston, 440-450). Not only would Oedipus knowing his own family history help him, but him knowing about his own distrusting nature, he might have been able to work with Teiresias to find out that it is actually himself who killed Laius and fulfilled his own prophecy.
Why write? Choose some one of our texts and consider why it should (or should not) be written down. Note: this is not a historical question – use ideas and resources from within the chosen text to address this question.
In every text we read, there is a lesson to be learned. Sometimes it is buried in a text which requires a deeper analyzation, and other times it’s front and center, represented in the plot of a story or the actions of a character. Plato’s Apology is especially interesting because it is a very old text that not only provides historical context, but also paves the way for the rise of free thinking, especially in the youth.
Young people often refer to some elders as “old-fashioned.” Some people grow up a certain way, they accept it as the way things are supposed to be, and they maintain that ideology for the rest of their lives. With the actions of the many people who came between Socrates and those today, and most importantly their documentation, the same message that Socrates preached allows us to contribute to society in a way that makes things better for everyone. If it weren’t for Socrates’ actions and messages, along with the documentation of his trial and eventual execution, we may not value the prospect of change as much as we do today.
Similarly, it is typically older citizens that get upset with the changes brought on by the youth. A recent example of this is the new movement for gun control in the United States, influenced heavily by the shooting that took place at Stoneman Douglas High School in 2018. The right to bear arms is in our constitution. We’ve had this right for years and until recently, it was mostly supported. But because people like Socrates and the activists who came after him, the youth has been encouraged to challenge what is considered the norm. People are upset and a lot of people simply don’t care that this is how it’s been for so long. A huge movement has been started by high school students, most of whom couldn’t even vote at the time, to challenge the authority that claims citizens should be permitted to carry firearms.
What is the role of gender in the actions, choices, and character of Antigone or Medea? Choose one character to focus on. The actions taken by Medea in Euripedes’ Medea are very difficult to understand and absolutely despicable. However, I find her to be a very strong female character. She defies the traditional expectations of a woman in an extreme fashion, which is especially interesting considering the time the play was written. In the play, Medea abandons everything she knows and loves, all for the satisfaction she will feel in getting revenge on her estranged husband.
A woman is typically thought of to be more of a nurturer than a man. Especially in previous times, the man would typically be the “leader” of the household, with the woman being obedient to him. Medea proved herself to be smarter, more defiant, and more vindictive than anyone would probably ever expect a woman to be.
The first step in Medea’s plot for revenge was convincing Creon to allow her to remain in Corinth for the day before being exiled. She says to Creon, “Suffer me to abide this single day and devise some plan for the manner of my exile, and means of living for my children, since their father cares not to provide his babes therewith” (Coleridge). Creon agrees to let her stay for the day. In that moment, Creon underestimated Medea’s wit, which she used to turn her tragedy into an opportunity for revenge. She also used her underestimated intelligence to use her children as pawns in her plot, sending them to give her husband’s new wife the poisoned gifts.
It’s one thing to kill someone, but Medea’s next actions would go against her nurturing, motherly instincts. She was so devastated and angered by her husband’s actions that she was going to prove herself to be the most powerful by murdering the children she raised herself. As terrible as her actions are, this again shows how she defies the role of the obedient female by creating such havoc all to get revenge on a man.
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Oedipus Rex Discussion
Oedipus begins to doubt himself and his actions with Tiresias’ revelation, and ever since then, he has doubted everything he thought he knew. In Scene 3, he figures out Polybus, who he thought was his father, had died from sickness and old age. He was glad that he was not the one that caused his death and did not grieve in any way. Both Oedipus and his wife are joyful about Polybus’ death because it distracts from the guilt that he was feeling about what could have happened, “Wonderful. But I fear the living woman” (938). He is still worried about his mother, who is still alive, which leads him to find out that Polybus was not his father. Oedipus needs to understand what is going on. For example, in line 959, he says, “What do you mean? In the name of God tell me” His constant need for full understanding of situations is what led to finding out the unbearable truth. His wife adds to his self-doubt by begging him to stay unaware of the truth for his own good, “For God’s love, let us have no more questioning! Is your life nothing to you? My own is pain enough for me to bear” (1001-1006). The Messenger makes him doubtful because she also questions his desire to understand the whole truth. Choragos only has a few lines in the third scene, but he caused some anxiety by being the voice of reason. Oedipus ignores it, by saying “let it come!” (1020).
The strophes and antistrophes appear at the end of each scene of Oedipus the King. In these, the Chorus basically just states how they feel and what they expect to happen. In Scene 3, the Chorus is very eager for the mystery of who Oedipus’ parents are to be solved, “May the god who heals us lend his aid” (1037). They seem to care about Oedipus’ well being or else they would not care who his real parents were. They do see him a position of authority, but they are older and wiser than he is, so they believe that they know better.
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Sophocles was Famous for Writing Tragic Plays
Author’s Style- Sophocles was famous for writing tragic plays, and he uses dramatic irony throughout the play. Most of his plays follow the format of taking place in the same place throughout the progression. Significance of the Title- The name Oedipus translates to “swollen feet” and Rex translates to “king”. This relates to Oedipus as, when he was little, he was left in the wilderness with his feet bound. He later became the king of Thebes. Setting- The story takes place in the ancient Greek city Thebes.
Summary- The novel opens with the new king of Thebes, Oedipus, talking to the citizens about the plague that has stricken the city. As the story progresses, and he is on his journey to find the killer of the last king, Oedipus learns about his past and what his fate holds for him.
Conflict (Internal & External)- The external conflict seen in the story is bringing justice to a wrong doer. Oedipus going on his journey to bring justice to the killer of his father and bring justice to him for his wrongdoing. The inner conflict is finding the truth. While on his journey, Oedipus realizes that he is the murderer of his father, and that he married his mother. He then struggles with the fact that this is the truth and the people close to him have been keeping this from him.
Theme- One theme seen throughout the story is determination. As Oedipus is seeking for the truth many people tell him to leave it alone, but with Oedipus’ determination to find the truth, he continues his journey. This ends up leading to his demise.
Symbolism- One of the many examples within the story is Oedipus’ swollen ankles. Oedipus was bound to a tree by his feet when he was a child, and the injury leaves him with a scar for the rest of his life. These scars symbolize how his fate has marked and set him apart. It also symbolizes the way his movements have been confined since birth, by Laius’ prophecy.
Author’s Background- Sophocles was born in Greece in 496 BC, and he died 406 BC. His father was a wealthy weapons' maker and leading citizen. Sophocles was not only a playwright, but a diplomat, war general, and a priest.
Impact of the novel- The play The Oedipus Cycle relates to today’s society because both show that people can and do change themselves internally and develop themselves over time.
Characters/Description- Oedipus is the king of Thebes, as he saved Thebes by solving the riddle of the Sphinx. Creon is Oedipus’ brother-in-law. Oedipus sent him to the oracle at Delphi to seek Apollo's advice for saving the city from plague. Tiresias was a blind prophet who tells Oedipus of his fate.
10 Quotes/Significance- “…Tell me, and never doubt that I will help you in every way I can; I should be heartless were I not moved to find you suppliant here”(Sophocles 4). In the beginning, Oedipus shows how much he cares about his citizens by stating he will help them in anyway he can.
“‘Your birds—what good were they? Or the gods, for the matter of that? But I came by, Oedipus, the simple man, who knows nothing—I thought it out for myself, no birds helped me’”(22). After being told his fate, Oedipus calls out Tiresias for not helping the city when the Sphinx was crippling it.
“‘I tell you, no man that walks upon the earth shall be rooted out more horribly than you’”(23). Tiresias tells Oedipus that he will have a horrible ending to his life, but Oedipus does not believe this.
“‘But I say that you, with both your eyes, are blind: You can not see the wretchedness of your life’”(22). The irony in this statement is that Tiresias is literally blind, but he is able to see others’ fates. While Oedipus has eyes, but he is blind to his fate.
“‘This day will give you a father, and break your heart’”(24). This quote acts as a riddle to Oedipus, who is supposed to be a master at solving riddles. This line also foreshadows Oedipus’ origins, his mother and wife’s death, and the loss of his sight.
“‘No more shall you look on the misery about me, the horrors of my own doing’”(69). Oedipus realizes that he did kill his father and slept with his mother. He is unable to handle the truth after being blind to it for so long that he blinds himself physically.
“‘You do not know me; but the city knows me, and in its eyes I am just’”(36). Creon tells this to Oedipus before he leaves their dispute. He implies that Oedipus is indeed the killer of his father and the people of the city knows this.Aristotle once said “A tragedy is the imitation of an action that is serious and also, as having magnitude, complete in itself . . . with incidents arousing pity and fear, wherewith to accomplish its catharsis of such emotions”. In order for a play to be considered as a tragedy, it needs to emotionally move the audience throughout the play. The audience should leave the play feeling like they were the in the shoes of the protagonist, going through the same troubles. The play Oedipus Rex by Sophocles gives the audience this experience. Therefore it is considered a classical tragedy because the audience experiences catharsis, the protagonist is a tragic hero, and he is good hearted.
The play can be classified as a classical tragedy because Oedipus can be seen going through the stages of a tragic hero. In the beginning, Oedipus is displayed as a virtuous person. As the priest and Oedipus are talking, the priest says, “‘Noblest of men, restore life to your city! Think of how all men call you liberator for your triumph long ago’”(Sophocles 5). This shows how highly the people of Thebes think of Oedipus. Since he saved the city from the Sphinx, the people crowned him king, and praise him comparably to the gods. Not only is Oedipus highly praised, but he is caring and compassionate towards his citizens, confident, strong, and powerful. However, he possesses a tragic flaw being him bearing hubris. Oedipus exclaims, “‘If Creon, whom I trusted, Creon my friend, for this great office which the city once put in my hands unsought––if for this power Creon desires to destroy me’”(21). After Teiresias tells Oedipus that he is the murderer, Oedipus gets enraged and accuses Creon and Teiresias of lying in order to take the throne. Oedipus’ over confidence in this remark does not let Creon defend himself from being accused, and loses a friend and ally. Later, he comes to realize that the accusation was false, and uncovers more horrendous facts about his fate. It is his overconfidence that leads Oedipus to his own demise.
Since the tragic hero, Oedipus, is admirable and good at heart, the play is furthermore considered a classic tragedy. Oedipus always tries to find a solution for others’ problems. Oedipus tells a priest who comes to him for help, “‘Tell me, and never doubt that I will help you in every way I can’”(4). Out of the kindness of his heart, Oedipus tries to solve the problems of his citizens in any way he can. If he wants, he could tell the people of Thebes to figure it out themselves, but he insists that he will find a way to rid of the plague. He does not go against his word. After Oedipus finds out he is the murderer of his father, and of his fate; he tells Creon “‘Let me purge of my father’s Thebes of the pollution of my living here’”(77). For the good of the people of Thebes, Oedipus requests to be exiled from Thebes to put an end to the plague riddling the city. Since he is the king and everyone admires him, Oedipus could falsely accuse someone else in order to remain king. Instead he keeps to his word of banishing the person responsible for his father's death. One of the three principles of a Greek Tragedy that the play follows is: The tragic hero must be essentially admirable and good.
The play also contains the use of catharsis. The reader exhibits terror towards Oedipus’ future when his fate is revealed. Teiresias proclaims, “‘To the children with whom he lives with now he will be brother and father––the very same; to her who bore him, son and husband––the very same’”(25). Teiresias’ telling of Oedipus’ fate leaves the reader afraid that he is sleeping with his mother. Although Oedipus may not see this connection between the statement and himself, the statement foreshadows the truth of who Oedipus is. The reader feels extreme disgust as well to realize that Oedipus is married to his mother and has kids with her. Yet later on, the reader begins to pity Oedipus for his punishment. The chorus states, “‘For the king ripped from her gown the golden brooches that where her ornament, and raised them, and plunged them down straight into his eyeballs’”(69). The reader pities Oedipus because of his wretched fate and the punishment he bestowed upon himself. For he had found is mother killed herself and blinds himself for his crimes against the gods. Not only does he blind himself, but also exiles himself from the city to never be seen by man again.
Since the play contains the use of catharsis, a tragic hero, and the protagonist is pure hearted it is assessed as a classical tragedy. The play is able to emotionally move the audience throughout the play, and the audience leaves the play feeling as though they were the in the shoes of the protagonist, going through the same troubles. Aristotle once stated that inorder for a play to be considered a classical tragedy, it must strike fear and pity into the audience as they watch.
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