Revenge in William Shakespear’s Hamlet

To obtain revenge is to cause harm or injury in return for a wrong committed (“Revenge 474”). To pursue justice is to ensure the condition of being morally correct or fair (“Justice”). William Shakespeare’s The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark portrays explicit circumstances of betrayal inevitably leading to vengeful desires and progressive developments of insanity in Hamlet, the protagonist of the play. Hamlet undoubtedly values revenge over justice as depicted through his desires to inflict pain and suffering upon his uncle, King Claudius, the main antagonist.

Hamlet’s seemingly obsessive attraction to vengeance is displayed early on in the play, when the ghost of his deceased father, King Hamlet, comes to notify him of his actual means of death. He is shocked to understand that his uncle Claudius, the current king of Denmark, was King Hamlet’s assassin. When closely comparing Hamlet’s mentality before and after the first encounter with the ghost, we are given a firsthand look into the shift of his attitude towards Claudius. According to Robert N. Watson, a distinguished professor of English at UCLA and published author, “the Ghost’s initial confrontation served as a catalyst for Hamlet’s motivation to preserve his father’s memory by ‘attacking the proximate cause of his father’s death’” (Watson 200). Revenge, in this case, “can symbolically restore us to life by defeating the agency of our death, conveniently localized in a villain.” Murdering Claudius will, in Hamlet’s mind, immortalize his father forever (Watson 200). However, not just any murder will suffice. In order to fully avenge his father, Hamlet believes he himself must inflict eternal agony on Claudius. Specifically, Hamlet seeks to permanently damn Claudius’ soul to Hell by murdering him shortly after he commits a serious sin. Then, and only then will Hamlet have achieved true revenge.

From the very beginning of the play, Hamlet perceived his uncle in disgust as he was completely appalled by his incestuous relationship with Gertrude, his biological mother: “O, that this too, too sullied flesh would melt/ Thaw, and resolve itself into a dew… / ...why she, married with my uncle/ My father’s brother, but no more like my father / Than I to Hercules” (Shakespeare 1.2.133-134, 153, 155-158). This quote from Hamlet’s earliest soliloquy illustrates that, although he certainly does not prefer Claudius in the least, Hamlet can at least tolerate him to the point of somewhat accepting his place in his family as well as the kingdom of Denmark. However, after the ghost appeared in the end of the first Act, he disclosed that Claudius was truly his father’s murderer: “Thus was I, sleeping, by a brother’s hand / of life, of crown, of queen at once dispatched, / cut off, even in the blossoms of my sin… / ...no reck’ning made, but sent to my account with all my imperfections on my head” (1.5.81-83, 85, 86). The ghost explains that Claudius killed King Hamlet at a time when he had not confessed his sins; he was not prepared for death. King Hamlet’s soul is thus damned to Hell for eternity. This realization was enough to instantaneously ignite Hamlet’s vengeful desires. He immediately shifts his priorities to investigating Claudius on a much more personal level. This way he would be able to confirm that the ghost was not actually lying, but also that revenge is justifiable and crucial. Hamlet knew his duty was to attain vengeance by giving Claudius the same treatment, a painful death followed by a treacherous afterlife: “So uncle, there you are. Now to my word. / It is ‘adieu, adieu, remember me.’ / I have sworn’t” (Shakespeare 1.5.117-119). The idea of justice is never explicitly stated nor requested by the ghost with regard to the vengeance of the late King Hamlet.

The prayer scene perfectly illustrates how Hamlet values revenge in the play. Millicent Bell, an assistant professor of English at Brown University, makes the point that Hamlet may have likely avoided killing Claudius when he was kneeling in prayer because “then he might not send him straight to hell” (Bell 318). Alone, Claudius confesses to killing King Hamlet during his prayer. In regards to why he weighed this factor so heavily to the extent in which he completely refused to proceed with the killing: “He cannot be anything other than the Revenger the play sets out to make him” (Bell 318). Given that Hamlet is willing to falsely portray himself as insane to Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, we can collect that he is fully invested in his plan, to the extent in which he will isolate his close friends to avoid being caught and further questioned. This demonstrates Bell’s claim that Hamlet is the “Revenger the play sets him out to be” (318).

Hamlet enters (unaware to Claudius) with the sole intention of finally stabbing him in that instant. Upon eavesdropping, he slowly changes his mind: “And so am I revenged. That would be scanned: / A villain kills my father, and for that, / I, his sole son, do this same villain send / To heaven” (Shakespeare 3.3.80-83). Hamlet comes to the realization that should he go through with his plan to end Claudius’ life then and there, he risks sending his soul to eternal salvation rather than damnation. In the eyes of God, confessing a sin alleviates the soul of the sin. Therefore, Hamlet purposely delays the murder of Claudius to a later time, when he will inevitably catch him sinning again. This will maximize the chance of sending his soul to hell, followed by endless pain and suffering, fulfilling his desire.

Many scholars question if Hamlet’s delayed murder was the optimal choice. It is argued that if Hamlet simply wanted revenge, could he not have simply outright murdered Claudius during the prayer scene? This would have ultimately satisfied Hamlet’s desire of avenging his father, right? According to Kenji Yoshino, a law professor and English major, Hamlet delays the murder in two major instances in the play: “First, Hamlet delays because he is uncertain of Claudius' guilt. Only after his reaction to The Mousetrap does Hamlet become fully convinced that he is, in fact the culprit. The second delay is that in which Hamlet forgoes the chance to kill Claudius while Claudius is praying in the chapel. Both delays can be explained by Hamlet's desire for perfect justice” (Yoshino 189). This simply is not the case due to the fact that Hamlet had no reason to rush the murder, for he wanted it to be totally perfect. His strong infatuation for the infliction of suffering upon Claudius led him to hesitate because killing him in that instant would have only redeemed his soul to heaven. Likewise, not only does Hamlet never explicitly state a desire for justice in any of his soliloquies, he goes as far as referencing ‘bloody thoughts’. Hamlet speaks of vengeance and suffering as he mentally prepares for the treacherous path he will embark in the latter half of Act 4: “O, from this time forth / my thoughts be bloody, or be nothing worth!” (Shakespeare 4.5.68-69). Hamlet’s progressive mental degradation through the plot becomes so problematic for him that he begins to believe that non-violent thoughts are not even worth contemplating; a complete waste of his time and energy. Hamlet’s actions throughout the play are definitely malicious, but under no circumstances justifiable. From isolating Rosencrantz and Guildenstern by his deranged facade, to murdering Polonius in cold blood witnessed by Gertrude thereby resulting in Ophelia’s unnecessary death, Hamlet displays an undivided infatuation with his vengeance. This shows how Hamlet does not desire justice per se, but complete retribution on behalf of his father.

William Shakespeare’s The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark portrays explicit circumstances of betrayal. To obtain revenge is to cause harm or injury in return for a wrong committed, which in Hamlet’s case, was the primary objective in regards to Claudius. Hamlet undoubtedly values revenge over justice as depicted through his desires to inflict pain and suffering upon Claudius. His encounter with his father’s ghost initiates his unstoppable desire for vengeance, which reinforces his motivation for murder. Hamlet’s gradual plunge into madness as the direct result of his unhealthy obsession with his father’s vengeance was ultimately what led to his own downfall, causing those of the other characters of the play.

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Hamlet’s Revenge in a Shakespeare’s Play

In “Hamlet”, a play written by Shakespeare, there are many things that point to one of the main themes, which is revenge. Their also is many characters that can be compared and contrasted to Hamlet and revenge, but the one character that has the most prominent comparisons is Laertes. Hamlet and Laertes try to avenge their father's deaths and it contributes to one of the main themes in the play which is revenge. By attempting to avenge their fathers’ deaths, it leads to there own untimely deaths. Laertes and Hamlet both share an extreme love for Ophelia and are both quick to anger, but they react to their father’s death differently which creates the theme of revenge throughout the play.

Hamlet and Laertes both have strong love for Ophelia. Hamlet expresses his love for Ophelia by saying “I loved Ophelia”(5.1.255). At the beginning of the play Hamlet acts as if he is crazy and does not like Ophelia, but in all actuality he loves her. He only verbally expresses his love for Ophelia once he finds out that she is dead and is witnessing her burial. His love for Ophelia is shown when stated that he is “ a lover of Ophelia” (McEvoy 189). Laertes also shows a strong love for Ophelia. With Ophelia being his sister he automatically is very protective of her. This is shown when Laertes states, “perhaps he loves you now, and now no soil nor cautel doth besmirch the virtue of his will, but you must fear”(1.3.14-16). Laertes is like the typical “big brother” because he watches out for Ophelia and tries to protect her at all times. Laertes also shows his love for Ophelia when he gives her relationship advice about Hamlet. While at Ophelia’s grave, Hamlet and Laertes fight about who loves her more. But like the older brother he is, “he begs [Ophilia] not to take Hamlets wooing seriously”(Shakespeare handbook 327). Hamlet and Laertes both have a strong love for Ophelia which makes the revenge stronger.

Both Hamlet and Laertes are quick to anger. Hamlet is quick to anger when he first learned that his father has been assassinated. This is shown when Hamlet states,"Haste me to know’t, that i, with the wings as swift as meditation or the thoughts of love, may i sweep to my revenge” (1.5.29-31). Hamlet is so outraged that his father has been murdered instead of dying from natural causes like he thought. It is shown that Hamlet knows that his father has been murdered when it is stated, “How can Hamlet call on Claudius to arrest himself for the secret murder that only the two of them know about”(McEvoy 188). Hamlet also is very angry with his mother for marrying another man, which just so happens to be his uncle, so quickly after his father's death. Likewise Laertes is also very quick to anger. He is outraged when he comes home from Denmark to find out that his father had been slain.King Claudius states that “if you desire to know the certainty of your dear father’s death, it’s writ in your revenge, that, swoopstake, you will draw both friend and foe”(4.5.139-142). Not only is he angry that his father is dead, but that Hamlet is the one who killed him. Laertes quickness to anger is shown when “Laertes’ reaction reminds us that blood feuds lead only to further bloodshed: there will never be peace or justice while they are allowed to flourish” (McEvoy 188). Laertes thinks the only way to get revenge is by killing someone.

Furthermore, Hamlet and Laertes have one major difference. Their biggest difference is that Hamlet is slow to action when he is trying to avenge his father's death, while on the other hand Laertes is quick to action when trying to avenge his father's death. Hamlet is so slow to avenging his father's death because he is so indecisive. He does not know whether to kill his uncle while he is praying or not. Hamlet states that he cannot “take him in the purging of his soul when he is fit and seasoned for his passage”(3.3.86-87). Hamlet takes his time in thinking about what he is going to do about his father’s death. While Laertes quickly wants to avenge his own father’s death. It is shown that Hamlet is slow to action when stated that he has “a mind too philosophical or a nature temperamentally unfitted to act quickly”(The world of Hamlet 255). Laertes is so angry about his father’s death that he wants to get revenge as soon as he is told, but King Claudius manipulates him in to waiting and schemes up a plan to to kill Hamlet.When King Claudius instructs Laertes to kill Hamlet Laertes states, “My lord, I will be ruled the rather if you could devise it so that I might be the organ” (4.7.69-71). King Claudius tells Laertes that he needs to kill Hamlet and not to help Laertes avenge his father but for his own personal reasons. It is shown that “Laertes seethes for revenge against Hamlet” (Cahn 331). Laertes is so mad at Hamlet that he wants revenge at that exact moment.

In all, Hamlet and Laertes both share a extreme love for Ophelia, and they are both quick to anger, but one of the biggest differences between them is their quickness to act on their father’s death. Because of this, revenge is a main theme in the play. By both of them trying to aveng both of their fathers deaths, it leads to their own untimely deaths.

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Movie Analysis Hotel Rwanda

"In the year 1994 located in the African country of Rwanda there were two groupings of the innate population you had the Hutu’s, and the Tutsi’s, self-assertively done by the frontier Belgium’s, is currently imbued inside Rwandan mindset regardless of the Rwandan autonomy. Regardless of the Belgium’s having set the Tutsi’s in a higher position amid the Belgium principle, they have set the greater part Hutu’s in power after autonomy.

Paul Rusesabagina a Hutu wedded to a Tutsi Tatiana Rusesabagina, is the house manager of the Hotel Des Milles Collines in Kigali. The Milles Collines possessed by Sabena, who is a national carrier of Belgium, is a four-star inn providing food essentially to rich white westerners. Paul, who realizes how to work the framework to run the lodging viably for its visitors and for Sabena. Paul is pleased that most of the Caucasians who he meets in this expert limit approach him with deference. After an occurrence the relative quiet between the Tutsi guerillas and government-supported state Army proceeds. Paul’s believed that the local populace all in all who are not straight forwardly engaged with the contention will be ensured as the UN peace keeping powers and hence the world is watching does not occur as the western world to a great extent clears from Rwanda and relinquishes the locals. Such starts what will end up being an annihilation of the Tutsi populace. Paul, who can get his close family to the inn which is still a great extent observed as a position of asylum, should utilize the significant aptitudes Paul has used to run the lodging just as he has rather to keep himself, his family and any others taking shelter at the inn alive, regardless if they be Hutu, or Tutsi. In the interim, Colonel Oliver, a Canadian heading the UN peace keeping powers, and Pat Archer with the Red Cross do what they can to help Paul and to get individuals to security first to the inn at that point out of the nation. While field columnist, like picture taker Jack Daglish endeavor to bring the decimation once more into the worldwide media to have the world by and by consideration about what is happening.

The three theories we will be looking at that, best stood out to me, and that best represent the theories are as follows the functionalist perspective, conflict perspective, and the labeling theory. First, we will start with the reasons why I have chosen these perspectives, and how they relate to the movie. We start with the functionalist theory, and as we watch Hotel Rwanda, we see that the Hutu’s who are now in the dominant group position want revenge for how they were treated when the Tutsi were in power. However, the Belgium colonies are the ones who put the Tutsi in power, but rather than blame the Belgium for creating their class system the Hutu fail to address that, and instead want to punish the Tutsi for what the Belgium colonies had them do. This finding is why I have chosen the functionalist perspective in this paper.

Next, we briefly touch on why I have chosen the conflict perspective, and what evidence I have seen through the movie. In this perspective the dominant group dishes out blame to the low-class group in this class the Hutu’s and the Tutsi. The Hutu see the Tutsi as the privileged ones, and were in power under the Belgium colonies, and treated the Hutu’s very badly. However, the Hutu are now in power, and want to exterminate the Tutsi as revenge against what they did to the Hutu during there time in power. The Hutu play the blame victim card and blame the Tutsi for all their lack in life such as housing, money, and power. A group demonstrating those ideologies fall into the conflict perspective.
Lastly, we will investigate the reason I have chosen my last perspective, and that is, the labeling theory. We see this very early on in the movie when it comes to the Hutu power radio station. The radio host clearly states many times how the Tutsi people are cockroaches and needed to be cut down. The radio host continues to dehumanize the Tutsi people so, others will see them as the radio host has portrayed them. As a result, the Hutu Army has no problems massacring the Tutsi people since they view them as less than humans, or in this case as insect pest which, need to die.

First, we will start off with the Functionalist Theory, and what the functionalist theory is exactly. As per functionalism, society is arrangement of interconnected part that cooperate amicability to keep up a condition of parity and social balance for the entirety. For instance, everyone of the social establishments contributes critical capacities for society. Family gives a setting duplicating, supporting, and mingling kids; training offers an approach to transmit a general public’s aptitudes, information, and culture to its childhood; legislative issues gives a method for overseeing individuals from society; financial aspects accommodate the generation, dissemination, and utilization of merchandise and enterprises and religion gives moral direction and an outlet for love of a higher power. The functionalist’s viewpoint stresses the interconnectedness of society by centering on how each part impacts and is affected by different parts. For instance, the expansion in single parent and double working families has added to the number of kids who are bombing in school since guardian have turned out to be less accessible to regulate their kids’ homework. As an aftereffect of changes in innovation, schools are putting forth progressively specialized projects, and numerous grown-ups are coming back to class to adapt new abilities that are required in the work environment. The expanding number of ladies in the workforce has added to the detailing of strategies against sexual provocation and occupation separation.

Components of society are utilitarian on the off chance that they add to social dependability and
useless if they disturb social solidness. A few parts of society can be both practical and useless. For instance, wrongdoing is useless in that it is related with physical brutality,
loss of property, and dread. As it is stated by functionalism society is only stable if they contribute to social stability. We clearly see in Hotel Rwanda this is certainly not the case during the entirety of the movie. The Hutu’s clearly do not want to let bygones be bygones when it comes to the Tutsi, and both coming together as one nation of Rwanda. Instead, they want to discriminate, persecute, and even kill the Tutsi people further in the movie. Which, all this causes dysfunction in their society which, indelibly brings instability to their society. In the beginning of the movie we see the Hutu’s marching, and rallying in the streets. As Paul, and his friend drives by they stop them, and Paul knowing his friend driving is Tutsi tells him to assimilate and go along with saying he is Hutu, and shouting “Hutu Power” so, they would let them pass.

Later, we see the Paul a Hutu bring together the Tutsi people who are trying to escape persecution from the Hutu Army into his hotel. Next, we will be looking at the conflict theory, and illustrations from the movie supporting this. In contrast to the auxiliary practical hypothesis, which sees society as a serene unit, Conflict Theory deciphers society as a battle for power between gatherings taking part in strife for restricted assets. The contention hypothesis, recommended by Karl Marx, claims society is in a condition of never-ending strife in view of rivalry for restricted assets. It holds that social request is kept up by mastery and power, as opposed to accord and similarity. As per struggle hypothesis, those with riches and influence attempt to clutch it using any and all means conceivable, mainly by stifling poor people and feeble. An essential reason of contention hypothesis is that people and gatherings inside a general public work to augment their very own advantages.Marx’s competition hypothesis targeted roundthe competition between two indispensable categories. Each class comprises of a gathering of individuals bound by common interests and a level of property possession, frequently bolstered by the state. The bourgeoisie speaks to the individuals from society who hold most of the riches and means. The low class incorporates those thought about common laborers or poor.

Class conflicts, is truly, without a doubt, what we are seeing throughout the movie of Hotel Rwanda. The Tutsi just want to live out their lives in Rwanda however, because the Belgium’s placed class distinctions on the people of Rwanda that is where the problems occur. One scene comes to mind is, when the Hutu Army had Paul, and everyone else hiding in his home in the front yard calling them cockroaches that needed to be exterminated, and that they were filthy scum. They are referring to their very own people, but are too blinded by hate that, they cannot even see it. Another one was just listening to what the Hutu radio host was saying. He had talked about how the Tutsi had the power, but now the Hutu have the power, and they are going to take back what was taken from them. Unfortunately, two wrongs never make a right, and they would not have even of had these social conflicts till the colonist’s came and gave them class distinctions.

Lastly, we will be looking into the labeling theory is, and how it applies to the movie Hotel Rwanda. Naming hypothesis is a standout amongst the most essential ways to deal with getting degenerate and criminal conduct. It starts with the supposition that no demonstration is characteristically criminal. Meanings of guiltiness are built up by people with great influence through the plan of laws and the translation of those laws by police, courts, and remedial establishments. Abnormality is hence not a lot of attributes of people or gatherings, yet rather it is a procedure of collaboration among freaks and non-degenerates and the setting in which guiltiness is being deciphered. A significant number of the guidelines that characterize aberrance and the settings in which degenerate conduct is named as freak are surrounded by the well off for poor people, by men for ladies, by more established individuals for more youthful individuals, and by ethnic and racial greater parts for minority gatherings. At the end of the day, the more dominant and predominant gatherings in the public arena make and apply freak marks to the subordinate gatherings.

For instance, numerous kids participate in exercises, for example, breaking windows, taking natural product from other individuals' trees, moving into other individuals' yards, or skipping class in school. In rich neighborhoods, these demonstrations might be respected by guardians, instructors, and police as guiltless parts of the way toward growing up. In poor regions, then again, these equivalent exercises may be viewed as propensities towards adolescent misconduct, which proposes that distinctions of class and race assume a critical job during the time spent relegating marks of abnormality.
When an individual is named as freak, it is amazingly hard to expel that mark. The freak individual progresses toward becoming slandered as a criminal or degenerate and is probably going to be considered, and treated, as conniving by others. The freak individual is then prone to acknowledge the name that has been connected, seeing oneself as degenerate, and act in a way that satisfies the desires for that mark. Regardless of whether the marked individual does not submit any further freak acts than the one that made them be named, disposing of that name can be exceptionally hard and tedious. For instance, it is generally troublesome for a sentenced criminal to discover work after discharge from jail as a result of their mark as ex-criminal. They have been formally and freely marked a miscreant and are treated with doubt likely for the rest of their lives.

This is so true for the entire film of Hotel Rwanda, and it all started with the Hutu power radio station that, can be heard throughout the movie. The Tutsi were constantly labeled as traitors, and as cockroaches throughout the entire movie. So much so, the Hutu though of the Tutsi people as such, nothing more than an insect that needed to be exterminated. That is why I think they were able to massacre them so freely with no regard to their own conscious is because, of the labeling theory. The Tutsi were classified as traitors, and criminals for so long by the Hutu people that, they are were blanketed as such resulting, in the relentlessly killing of the Tutsi people, and the genocide of the Tutsi nation.

The only reason the Tutsi people were not annihilated was because, of the sympathy, and kindness shown by Paul. If it had not been for him, they would have been wiped out by the Hutu nation, and many more would have been brutally murdered than there were. Watching Hotel Rwanda truly shows how far hate, and bigotry can bring us as humans. As we can see throughout Hotel Rwanda nothing good comes from hate, and having enough hate in one’s heart, and allowing it to grip our lives can lead to the genocide we see in Hotel Rwanda. We as nations must stand up as Paul did against these acts of hate, and not shed a blind eye to it, because if we do it can, and history has shown us it will lead to genocide, or violent acts being distributed to those who we think are less than us. "

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Historical Background of Hotel Rwanda

" The movie Hotel Rwanda is based off of true historical events that occurred in 1994 in Rwanda. During this time a mass genocide was occurring and a civil war amongst two political parties. The movie focuses on a moderately wealthy family the husband is a Hutu the wife is a Tutsi, their three children are considered to be Hutu which is their father tribe. The father name is Paul Rusesabagina and is the manager of Hôtel des Mille Collines, the family were living a happy and stable life. However a civil war broke out where Tutsis were being murdered in larger numbers by the Hutu tribe which are the majority population in Rwanda, a Coupe was also held against the government were the Hutus overthrew the government and took power the fight started in early April. During this time a humanitarian crisis began in Rwanda, leading to a mass genocide.

During the movie Paul the manager of Hôtel des Mille Collines, is left with the decision of whether to protect the endangered Tutsis that are seeking refuge in the hotel or to send them out. He decided to help them to the best of his ability while hiding the tribal background of his wife from those around them so that she would not get killed. Paul is able to hide the identity of his wife for most of the time and help protect the Tutsis in his hotel by bribing others and soldiers but it only lasts for so long. Eventually soldiers and other Hutus no longer want bribes and Paul also no longer has any money to give and the hotel gets raided where hundreds ends up getting murdered.

During this time United Nations and other countries did not interfere with the fighting that was occuring, United States had sent in troops but for the purpose of taking out all American citizens. United Nations also sent in soldiers but they did not interfere with the fighting that was going on instead they were on standby trying not to mingle with the countries affair. The movie gives great insight on what people were experiencing during the country civil war, and genocide. It shows the impact it was having on people, the things they had to do just to survive. Young children were getting killed all for the sake of their tribal background, mothers, fathers, pregnant women, elderly people as long as they were Tutsis or in favor of Tutsis surviving they were killed and targeted. The movie did a great job of showing the struggles people went through, in one scene in the movie while escaping the hands of death Paul and his family were in a vehicle which was being driven in the dark, while driving the roads were extremely bumpy when Paul and another got out the vehicle to investigate they found the road covered with human remains after they were brutally murdered and left on the road. Paul and the others had no other choice but to keep on driving over the dead bodies.

The movie gave an insight of the civil war and genocide from a rwandan citizen view and experience. It also allowed viewers to partially feel the experience of all the horrible things that went on and showed the roles other countries played whether it was just watching the killings go on or taking a selective group of people out. During the movie Paul attempts to help his children and wife escape while he stays back to help protect the people seeking refugee in the hotel but the plans did not work and they ended up returning to the hotel. During this time people were facing hunger, lack of food and dying. The civil war and genocide lasted for only 3 months but managed to kill 800,000 people mainly the minority group Tutsis and the majority population Hutu.
In Garrett Hardin writing The Tragedy of the Commons he writes about the view and concept of population control and the pros and cons. This can relate to the movie Hotel Rwanda in one specific way which is the Hutus attempt to control and wipe out the Tutsis population in their country. Hardin said in his writing “A finite world can support only a finite population; therefore, population growth must eventually equal zero”, this can be used in the views of what Hutus were thinking when carrying out the brutal genocide on Tutsis. Thousands of Tutsis and those who wished to protect them were murdered all a part of a plan to control Rwanda population and the dominant ethnic groups.

Many people lost their lives, loved ones, fathers, mothers, sisters, brothers, nieces, nephews and friends all for the sake of a certain form of population control. The movie also pointed out how thousands were finding ways to flee from Rwanda and neighboring countries, and other countries both near and far in Africa and out of Africa. People were trying to find ways to escape death, hunger and persecution from being from a specific ethnic background. Organizations like United Nations could have helped play a much bigger role in helping protect innocent people lives from being taken but instead did not intervene and help protect many people. Foreign countries could have also aided and protected innocent people from getting killed on such a high skill genocide that dramatically reduced already a minority group in Rwanda.

The cons outweigh the pros dramatically in the movie and the event that occured. Due to lack of international intervention thousands of people who were not soldiers nor political leaders deaths, young children were mercilessly killed so were adults and the elderly. The country government was completely upside down and in total chaos for three months. Also the level of immigrants that flowed into other international countries and in the continent of Africa from Rwanda increased due to them seeking refuge from the brutal genocide and civil war happening in their birth land.

Lastly some pros however was Paul being able to help protect a thousand plus people seeking refugee in Hôtel des Mille Collines. He managed to reduce these people and keep them alive throughout the brutal killings that occurred in the country. The minor intervention from United Nations did help a bit to save some people lives and place them in safer locations such as other countries. Hotel Rwanda is a representation of the struggles that occurred during the Rwandan genocide and civil war. The movie also helps to share the story o one brave man and his heroic action which managed to save a thousand plus people lives. "

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Importance of Sleep for our Health

"The functions of sleep are not fully understood or fully explained by science and this has led to the undervaluation of sleep by health professionals. Traditionally thought is that perhaps inactivity was a survival mechanism during the vulnerable period of night or a way to conserve energy, but more recent research suggests that sleep is a complex combination of restoration for both the body and more importantly, the brain (Why Do We Sleep, Anyway?).

There are 4 stages of sleep, light sleep or NREM 1, NREM 2, which is slightly deeper sleep in which heart rates slows and blood pressure decreases. NREM 3 is when brain waves slow and cellular repair happens; it is also when hormone secretion peak and the immune system is most active (Clayton, p. 25). During the last stage of sleep, REM, brain activity resembles that of waking hours dreaming takes places which helps process emotions, makes new neural connections and removed unnecessary ones, and the brain stores memories (Clayton, p. 27). A research study done at Bar-Ilan University in Israel used zebrafish, which are transparent, and examined their neurons while sleeping, showing that Dna damage that builds up during waking hours can only be repaired during periods of sleep (Sleep tight!) Professor Appelbaum, the lead researcher on the study, likens this activity to fixing pothole, “Roads accumulate wear and tear, especially during daytime rush hours, and it is most convenient and efficient to fix them at night, when there is less traffic.” Without sleep, DNA damage in brain cells can build up, with possible results being memory issues, dementia, and even Alzheimer’s disease.

Another brain system that is more active during sleep is the brain’s glymphatic system, which is similar to the lymphatic system, but named for the glial cells in the brain that control it and which is ten times more active during sleeping hours(Clayton, p. 26) Sleep is imperative to immune system functioning as well; the stresses of everyday life stimulate the sympathetic nervous system, which in turn, suppresses the immune system and this is why, during sleep, the immune system is at its most active, and natural killer cells are able to do their work, the body is repaired, and inflammation decreases ( Wilson and Brooks, P 7). Sleep stage 3, when brain waves are the slowest, the immune system is also able to form “memories” that enable it to respond to pathogens better in future encounters, if sleep is impaired these memories may not be made and in some cases the immune system may lose some of its ability to tell the difference between normal cells and pathogens, leading to autoimmune disease (Wilson and Brooks, p. 20).

The effects of sleep deprivation are also less obscure and include increased pain levels, longer recovery times, delayed wound healing and a general lack of wellbeing. In addition, when sleep problems cause the body’s circadian rhythm to be out of sync, hormone release is affected, resulting in an increase in hunger hormones and increased blood glucose levels; this provides insight as to how sleep and certain health condition s such as diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease and obesity may be intertwined (Calyton, p 26). Sleep deprivation is also linked, whether as a cause of or a result of, all major psychiatric conditions, including depression (p. 25).
The suggestions that sleep affects all aspects of health including mental health, immune function, recovery, memory, chronic disease and even mortality, indicates that sleep deficiencies are an under recognized public health problem that all health providers need to be aware of and work to remedy. "

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Elderly Abuse and Care

Elderly abuse has affected many lives in one way or another. It is an important health problem. According to the article Elder Abuse Statistics: Statistics Over Time, around 1 in 6 people 60 years and older experienced some form of abuse in the community setting during the past year. Rates of elder abuse are high in institutions such as nursing homes and long-term care facilities, with 2 in 3 staff reporting that they have committed abuse in the past year (“Elder Abuse Statistics- Statistics on Elderly Abuse over Time”). When reading the article Elder Abuse Statistics: Statistics over time, it stated that people who are seniors will double from millions to billions. Elderly abuse can happen in many different forms. There are different kinds of elderly abuse that include, physical abuse, financial exploitation and neglect abuse among elderly people. Family members can also play a role in elderly abuse.

The National Center for Biotechnology Information stated, “physical abuse against elderly, involves the application of physical violence or force against an elder that results in physical impairment, physical pain, injury or bodily harm to the individual” (Reay & Browne, 2001). Some types of physical abuse may be battery, assaulting a person, hitting or preventing an individual from moving. Elderly people may encounter physical abuse from a person they know, from a nurse if they are needing assistance, caregiver or even a family member. Sometimes elderly people do not report the physical abuse or not capable of reporting it themselves. It is important that family, caregivers and friends know the physical indicator of abuse against the elderly. Some signs that the elderly person is being abuse include; past history of hospital visits due to unexplained injuries, not receiving medical care for an injury, elder withdrawal from activities they did before and social activities, and strained relationships between the person that may be caring for them.

Neglect happens when the caregivers do not respond to elderly person who can’t care for themselves. Neglect can happen in many settings of a caregiver. Some people and families are not able to care for their family members who are elderly and depend on other resources. Many elderly people have a person who works taking care of elderly people or a family members that comes into their house to care for them, long term care facilities, assisted living centers, and in home senor care. This includes; meal prepping, hygiene care, clothing care, bedding care, giving elderly people their medications, taking them to doctors appointments, helping them in their daily basic needs and sometimes providing company for them.

Unfortunately, we also hear about cases where elderly people are neglected. This may affect many families who cannot care personally for their loved ones. According to, The ScienceDirect,” in the United States, at least 1 in 10 adults aged 60 and older living in their own homes experience abuse, neglect, or exploitation annually” (“Elderly Abuse and Neglect: Responding to a National Problem”, 2008). The risk for elderly abuse can increase if a elderly person has physical or cognitive impairment and also for elderly people who are alone and may not have family nearby. Elderly abuse can have long term effects. These effects consist of emotional or psychological distress.

There are resources out there that can prevent physical and neglect for elderly people. Seniors and families can find general services to help them. The National Institute on Aging (NIA), leads the federal government in conductions and supporting research on aging and the health and well- being of older people. The National Institute on Aging (NIA) states, that The Institute wants people to understand that it is normal for people to age. It is important for people to understand the process of aging and what aging can bring to elderly people. Problems will occur and can include; diseases and medical conditions. Its Health and Aging Initiative features resources about Alzheimer’s Disease, Caregiving, Disability, Doctor- Patient communication, End of Life, Exercises, Healthy Aging, and Longevity, Legal and Financial Planning, Memory and Cognitive Health, Men’s Health, and Women’s Health.
Caring for adults who are elderly is important as many families will need to care for someone in their lives or will reach out to outside facilities to help. Important caregiver skills keep elderly people happy and healthy. Caregiving is a demanding role and is important to ensure the best possible health and well being to elderly people. Commutation is a key role. If the commutation is there between the patient and the caregiver, then a relationship will be built, and the elderly may feel safer and comfortable with their care giver. Listening is an important communication skill and the elderly person must be heard and express their needs. Empathy allows the caregiver to try to see them self’s in their shoes. Knowing the demands and limitations of the elderly person will makes things easier on them and will also allow the caregiver to know more about their patient. Observation skills are also important when caring for an elderly person. Observation means that caregivers will be able to know if the patient needs medications and see for any reaction the patient might have. It’s also important to know if the patient needs time to them self. Its ok to give them that time. Lastly, if something seems wrong then it needs attention or needs reporting. I also believe that any person who is working as a caregiver, should be education and have knowledge in how to care for elderly people. Weather it might be special training needed or classes taken by the person who will be providing services.

Human rights of older adults are important for people to understand for health and well being of elderly people and for their families Author, Carole B. Cox, MSW, PhD states, that human rights apply to everyone; they do not diminish with age. When age is used as a proxy for competency and functional well-being, many aspects of a person’s life are threatened, including the basic rights of independence, security, and dignity. Moreover, impairment itself does not diminish the importance of these rights or of the role of policies in ensuring they are met. Thus, even those with chronic conditions that impede functioning share the same basic rights free of discrimination. Social policy is meant to address social problems and inequalities in society. The government acts in problems. There are policies that involve choices concerning benefits, allocations, and the sectors that are involved in the allocations (Gilbert & Terrell, 2012). It also includes decisions about the institutions that are responsible for addressing specific concerns and problems. There is also the National Council on Aging (NCOA) Elder Justice Act that helps elder abuse protections of the Older American ACT; it promotes financial empowerment and protections; expands elder abuse research and training for law enforcement; enhances elder justice capacity at the Department of Justice; and creates Silver Alert plans nationwide.
Elderly people will always be around. Being elderly is a circle of life that all humans will reach.

The future direction or elderly people should be bright and have many options for them and for families who cannot take care of them their self’s. More Amenities and Lifestyle Perks in Traditional Senior Housing. During my research I had read about Eco-friendly senior living. Eco- friendly could be a garden that elderly people assist in, even if it’s just being able to water the plants. This will allow for them to feel useful and will give them something to look forward to each day. Eco-friendly can also be incorporated in senior living centers for elderly. Seniors can be part of a garden project, where they can later visit on daily basics to watch their plants grow or water them. Eco-friendly can also be part of a senior living at home and making it a duty for their caregiver to make them a part of. More amenities and lifestyle perks in traditional senior housing can also benefit elderly people. Having cultural and lifestyle based. Cultural events could include important events of different cultures. Educational opportunities, so people can learn about each other’s cultures.

Health education should be offered to people who might be working with elderly and to family and friends who will have to care for elderly loved ones. This will allow individuals to gain knowledge for proper care and know their options for health care. Education classes can teach individuals how to keep elderly people active. The classes can provide information on how to keep older people active and feed healthy foods. This can also decrease the changes from older people having to go into nursing homes and can live a happy life. According to the Duze University and Vocational School of health Services, “among the topics where elderly people need help most, a lack of knowledge comes first, and the World health Organization has emphasized the importance of health education to support health care needs and the health promotion for elderly people” (Rana et. Al., 2010).

Health education for people who will be caring for elderly people would be great. It requires knowledge of health and health care and can give them resources while caring for an elderly. This will also educate caregivers to learn about diseases and learning the importance about medications for their clients but also to learn on how to manage stress. There are also Caregiver wellness programs that are offered for free. These programs provide educational information for caregivers and families that will need to care for an elderly person. During my research I found two organizations that can offer support to caregivers. One website that can help is Caregiveraction.org. It serves a wide spectrum of family caregivers from parents of children with special needs to adult children caring for parents with Alzheimer's disease. The website includes a Family Caregiver Toolbox with instructional videos and educational resources. Offers a new program to provide family caregivers in underserved areas with online training and support in a virtual classroom. Family Caregiver Network. Provides services, education programs and resources for caregivers. Oversees the National Center on Caregiving, which advances research and best practices. Offer the Family Care Navigator, which helps caregivers locate support services by state.

In conclusion, elderly care is important. Many people don’t have family who can take care of them when they are no longer able to take care of themselves. Elderly people may have to go live in an elderly facility or have a caregiver go into their home. Unfortunate elderly physical and neglect occur. That’s why it’s important to know the sings of physical and neglect abuse and report it when its needed. Caring for adults who are elderly requires knowledge to be able to keep them healthy on their well-being. There are programs that are free that can provide support for educational purposes. Caregivers and families need to know that there are Federal resources that can support them. Future direction for the elderly is looking bright, as there are more amenities and lifestyle perks going into living senior care.

Reference

Campbell Reay AM, & Browne KD. (2001). Risk factor
characteristics in carers who physically abuse or neglect their elderly dependants. Aging & Mental Health, 5(1), 56–62. Retrieved from http://falcon.lib.csub.edu:2048/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=rzh&AN=106092699&site=ehost-live
Cox, C. (2015). Social policy for an aging society: A human rights perspective. New York: Springer.
Elder Abuse and Neglect: Responding to a National Problem. (2008, February 11). Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0196064494703248
Elder Abuse Statistics - Statistics on Elderly Abuse Over Time. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.nursinghomeabusecenter.com/elder-abuse/statistics/
Elder Justice | Public Policy & Action. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.ncoa.org/public-policy-action/elder-justice/
Kane, M. (2018, December 04). Educate Yourself on Being a Caregiver. Retrieved from https://www.kiplinger.com/article/retirement/T013-C000-S004-educate-yourself-on-being-a-caregiver.html
Keçeci, Ayla & Bulduk, Serap. (2012). Health Education for the Elderly. 10.5772/33472.
Windows Apps. (2018). Professional C# 7 and .NET Core 2.0,1082-1155. doi:10.1002/9781119549147.ch33
Search. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://knowledgecenter.csg.org/kc/search/site/polices and programs to help americas senir citizens
SOCIAL POLICY AND THE HUMAN RIGHTS OF OLDER ADULTS, The Gerontologist, Volume 55, Issue Suppl_2, November 2015, Page 398, https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnv180.17
Stevenson, S. (2019, April 01). 8 Predictions about the Future of Assisted Living. Retrieved from https://www.aplaceformom.com/blog/2013-8-27-future-senior-care/

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Problem of Elderly Abuse

Today, maltreatment of elderly people s is exceptionally wild which consistently occurs in their homes, in family members' homes, and may likewise occur in the consideration offices expected to take great consideration of them. The majority of the elderly populace incorporate the delicate, more seasoned and defenseless and can't assist themselves with depending others to accommodate them their fundamental necessities (Anetzberger, 2012 p.13). Aside from misuse, elderly are likewise presented to carelessness from their relatives, guardians, companions, and so on Laws have been supported in every one of the 50 expresses that forestall elderly maltreatment, and change from one state to another yet comprehensively misuse is characterized, and it might include: Physical maltreatment which is includes forcing torment on a more seasoned individual by means of swelling, slapping, and so on, sexual maltreatment, disregard, double-dealing, deserting, self-disregard, and psychological mistreatment (Anetzberger, 2012 p.14).

The extent of maltreatment of elderly has drawn in a ton of specialists and theories since the time that issue was recognized the greater part a century prior. Reports from prior reviews show that elderly maltreatment was normally polished. It is obvious from the way that four-thirds of medical services homes faculty saw either mental or actual maltreatment instigated to an elderly and furthermore 66% of them has at any point taken an interest in elderly maltreatment act. From the audited writing on elderly maltreatment, it is reasoned that 80% of the examinations investigate elderly maltreatment in homegrown setting or inside the local area and 20 percent for the most part centers around the elderly maltreatment in private consideration offices that is in nursing homes. The examinations are equitably circulated based on looking over more established people inside a country and the utilization of clinical examples of the elderly who live in medical care homes or social assistance setting.

Networks endeavor to help preparing for administrations suppliers at care home for the more established peoples. Parental figures from various disciplines, work settings, and foundation are touchy to manhandle gives in this manner ready to recognize misuse and disregard (Maurer, 2012 n.p). It then, at that point empowers them to deal with the cases adequately and make references to the fitting organizations. All areas locally have met up to unify endeavors, address, investigate and comprehend the issues identifying with elderly maltreatment along these lines empowering them to distinguish holes and take fundamental measures to take care of them. Likewise, a few areas locally are concocting organizations that guarantee that family savagery that may straightforwardly influence the elderly people is stayed away from no matter what (Anetzberger, 2012 p.12).

For the issues referenced above identifying with elderly maltreatment, we conclude that, elderly maltreatment is a broad issue that stretches to different trains in all parts of life and is constantly executed somehow. Basic consideration specialist co-ops are consistently mindful of elderly maltreatment and somewhat coherently assess the elderly people for maltreatment at admission to their units (Anetzberger, 2012 p.13). They distinguish signs and manifestations of maltreatment in the mishandled elderly people and are likewise mindful of the motivation to which more established people would prefer not to report misuse and generally thinks of it as while requesting data. In this manner, empowering the consideration of elderly maltreatment detailing frameworks and investigation in unit convention and techniques is vital for giving nature of care (Kosberg, 2013 n.p).

There is a massive advancement in appealing the government reaction to elder maltreatment. There is a milestone law on elder equity that has been instituted and carried out which guarantees that there is a reasonable and just judgment dependent on elderly maltreatment, for example, monetary maltreatment and so forth elder equity give a space to both instructed and spurred people to look for extended strategies and practices that will support elder equity and impede elder maltreatment in America (Herzog, 1991 n.p). Preparing and schooling are accepted to be the better instrument of forestalling elderly people misuse and disregard. It is accomplished by instructing the parental figures and the whole local area about the signs and manifestations of misuse and disregard to empower them perceive such occurrences and report to the specialists which additionally apply to elder individuals. Preparing is furnished to outfit care suppliers with the satisfactory information, abilities and capabilities for taking care of the elderly and fragile people with no obstacles that might require misuse and disregard (Herzog, 1991 n.p).

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The Global Food Waste Scandal

Through his struggle to demonstrate the extent of the food waste problem on a global scale, Tristram Stuart suggests that to find the true cause we must first look at ourselves. Over the last 12,000 years, human civilization has been able to increase global food production. This may seem like a great success story for humanity, but as we do so, we must realize that we are reaching the ecological limits that our planet can bear.

At the age of fifteen, Tristram first became concerned about the global food waste problem when he started feeding pigs that he bought in order to make extra money. When he started feeding them, he went about the most eco-friendly and traditional way he could think of; table scraps from his school kitchen, the local baker, and the grocery store. What he saw though was shocking. The supposed “table scraps” that he was given were often foods that were stale or oddly shaped and weren’t up to the grocery stores cosmetic standard, yet still edible. When Tristram asked the grocery stores about how much food they were wasting, they wouldn’t comment but it didn’t matter, he’d already seen the damage. Their garbage bins overflowing with food, and the trucks that were called to haul them off to landfills as waste. Surely there was a more sensible option for the food? And then it hit him one morning as he was feeding his pigs. After seeing what Tristram called a “particularly tasty-looking sun-dried tomato loaf,” he ate it for breakfast with his pigs. This action as he would later find out, is called Freeganism or the “exhibition of the injustice of food waste, and the provision of the solution to food waste” (Stuart, The Global Food Waste Scandal). To put it simply, people need to just sit down and eat food, rather than throwing it away.

After his first encounter with seeing the waste of food from just his community, Tristram set out to find the extent of this crisis on a global scale. During his TED Talk, Tristram shows the audience a graph of nation by nation, the breakdown of food waste in each country in the world. By taking the food supply of every country compared to the likely amount of food being consumed, Tristram was able to make an approximate guess of how much food is actually going into people’s mouths. In the middle of this graph is a bolded black line, that shows the “likely level of consumption with an allowance for certain levels of inevitable waste” (Stuart, The Global Food Waste Scandal). Any dot above that line, which is most of the countries in the world, represents the unnecessary surplus of food being made. In an article published by Stanford University, “roughly one third of globally produced food is wasted” (Briggs,2013). There is always going to be waste, but typically as a country gets richer such as most European and North American countries, they invest in getting more surplus in their stores. On the graph that Tristram presented, it showed these countries falling between the 150 and 200 percent range of the nutritional requirements for their populations. Essentially, showing that they have “twice as much food on their shop shelves and in its restaurants than is actually required to feed the people” (Stuart, The Global Food Waste Scandal). While the amount of people living on earth continues to grow, so does the amount of food that needs to be produced. If we were to take a look at where we were developmentally 12,000 years ago to now, the agricultural surpluses we’ve achieved could be seen as a success. And it is a success story, but at the rate that we are going our resources will be depleted, and our planet will have reached its ecological limits. Every day, forests are being cleared to provide farm land and water is being taken from already suffering water reserves, just so that we are able to grow more and more food. The amount of fossil fuel emissions from pastures for producing meat for our stores or our cars is wreaking havoc on our environment, when in reality the majority of the food is being thrown away or wasted. We need to start thinking about what we can save.

In an effort to tackle food waste, Tristram started an event called “Feeding the 5,000” which was organized in 2009 that has helped feed 5,000 people with food that would have been throw out or wasted. Since then this event has been held in London and all across the country in an effort to celebrate food instead of wasting it, as well as bring awareness to the global food waste epidemic. Humans depend on our land for food and other resources and unless we do something to start saving it, our planet will continue to deteriorate.

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