Month: February 2020
The Biggest Influencer in American History – Abraham Lincoln
Disdain violations and horde savagery are nothing new, however that reality that disdain wrongdoings have gone up practically 60% in 2017 contrasted with earlier years has raised many inquiries. Many individuals believe that Donald Trump being in office has given those with extremist perspectives even more a stage to complete disdain wrongdoings, particularly since they most likely feel more open to doing as such in a climate where the president heaves xenophobic and misogynist manner of speaking. This carries me to the inquiry Lincoln brought up in his "Propagation of Our Political Institutions" address: What is the best danger to the Republic? This discourse makes a few focuses on the obliteration of America that will come from inside because of the ascent of impossible horde brutality, and the despot like pioneer that will emerge as a result of it. For this paper, I will break down how the Lyceum Address anticipated the present status of the USA and how Donald Trump's way of talking empowered wide spread horde viciousness, which Lincoln said would be the best danger to the republic and its organizations, and even outcome in insurgency.
Lincoln unmistakably expressed that didn't fear an unfamiliar assault, "Will we anticipate some transoceanic military monster, to step the Ocean, and smash us at a blow? Never! Every one of the militaries of Europe, Asia and Africa consolidated, with all the fortune of the earth in their tactical chest; with a Bonaparte for a leader, couldn't forcibly, take a beverage from the Ohio, or make a track on the Blue Ridge, in a preliminary of 1,000 years." He says that the main peril that America truly expected to dread would come from the inside: "In case annihilation be our parcel, we should ourselves be its writer and finisher. As a country of freemen, we should survive untouched, or bite the dust by self destruction". He saw a lamentable future in the developing dismissal for the law for lynch-mobbing. "Records of shocks submitted by hordes, structure the consistently information on the occasions. They have plagued the country, from New England to Louisiana, they are neither curious to the timeless snows of the previous, nor the consuming suns of the last mentioned, nor are they bound to the slave-holding, or the non-slave-holding States."
Later in the discourse, Lincoln started to address these violations that were occuring around the country. For instance, he raised how in Mississippi the hordes began by lynching speculators in spite of the fact that betting was permitted by law. From that point forward, "negroes, associated with planning to raise a rebellion," were being hung, even white men who were associated with teaming up with African Americans were being lynched. It quit wasting time where the casualties of these lynchings were likewise outsiders visiting from different states. This turned out to be such an enormous issue that Lincoln says,"dead men were seen in a real sense hanging from the branches of trees upon each street side; and in numbers practically adequate, to equal the local Spanish greenery of the nation, as a curtain of the timberland". I believe that the spike in disdain violations and horde brutality on the two sides yet especially the extreme right have truly been a danger to the United States and might actually prompt what Lincoln dreaded most, our own obliteration. The extreme left and extreme right's "estrangement, as opposed to connection" to the public authority and its foundations are what have lead to this limit mobocratic soul. Lincoln says that despite the fact that enthusiasm is expected to support our freedom, this energy will be a foe of our own in the future."That sanctuary (Liberty) should fall, except if we, their relatives, supply their places with different columns, cut from the strong quarry of calm explanation," Lincoln says. "Energy has helped us; however can do as such no more. It will in future be our foe. Reason, chilly, ascertaining, unimpassioned explanation, should outfit every one of the materials for our future help and protection.– Let those materials be formed into general insight, sound profound quality, and specifically, a love for the constitution and laws: and, that we improved to the last; that we stayed free to the last". This is the thing that it will take to save our country.
Later in the discourse, Lincoln guided his crowd to enthusiasm as the "foe" of the individuals who might live by law and order. He discusses "chaos," the "mobocratic soul, "the developing attitude to substitute the cold and incensed interests" in the spot of "calm judgment." In 2016, I recall how terrible this polarization between the two gatherings got, and I saw that many individuals on the two sides were removing companions and even relatives because of who they decided in favor of. It began with little things like this, however that was only a hint of something larger that later wound up with the mob in Charlottesville that left one individual dead and afterward, the walmart tiki-light horde. What truly drives me to address whether Trump is the voice of the mobocratic soul are the things he has said at his meetings. I can't statement all that has been said for purpose of this tasks page length, however the thing I'm especially discussing is Donald Trump's uncontrolled consolation of savagery at his assemblies.
Donald Trump exemplifies this mobocratic soul. It was clear at his meetings and during his mission. Through these meetings and addresses, he truly made ready for a crowd to go rogue, pushing thoughts that specific gatherings (ethnic,race,gender,etc) are the adversary, the individuals who are not with the horde are additionally the foe, and let us not fail to remember the insanity over the "phony news". This brutal manner of speaking and the damaging tendency from a portion of his adherents are what lift Trump. His help reflects precisely what Lincoln dreaded in the mobocratic soul: disappointment, distance, and division from the public authority. The impossible to miss thing about his administration and achievement is that all that meant to destroy his application just gave him more force. This administration has encapsulates all that Lincoln cautioned us about, and there is by all accounts no method for halting it.
Abraham Lincoln additionally cautions about the pioneer that would emerge due to the mobocratic soul, and furthermore dreaded an "evil sign" because of the developing negligence for the law for lynch-crowd vigilantism. "To expect, that some man had of the loftiest virtuoso, combined with desire adequate to push it to its most extreme stretch, will sooner or later, spring up among us", and when a pioneer like this ascents up among us, Lincoln cautioned, "it will require individuals to be joined with one another, connected to the public authority and laws, and by and large canny, to effectively disappoint his plans". Lincoln anticipated if such a figure ought to emerge among us, "Differentiation will be his principal object", figures who may take advantage of distinction, and this pioneer will have "nothing left to be done in the method of developing, he would set intensely to the errand of pulling down.". It would be a stretch to consider Trump a "loftiest virtuoso." But he unmistakably brings the success for pulling down the two his relationship with most Americans and his relationship with different countries that have been our companions and partners. He has called the European Union "foes of America," and on second thought of become a close acquaintence with them he has dismissed them and has taken blessing to despots (Putin, Kim Jong-un).
Lincoln then, at that point, discussed our obligation to the initial architect to keep up with this building "unprofaned by the foot of a trespasser… undecayed by the slip by of time, and untorn by usurpation—to the most recent age that destiny will allow the world to know." He talked about this as a "assignment of appreciation to our dads, equity to ourselves, obligation to any kind of family down the line, and love for our species overall" that "significantly requires us steadfastly to perform". Lincoln advised us, "to expect, that some man had of the loftiest virtuoso, combined with aspiration adequate to push it to its most extreme stretch, will eventually, spring up among us" . What's more, when a particularly one ascents up among us, Lincoln cautioned, "it will require individuals to be joined with one another, appended to the public authority and laws, and by and large wise, to effectively disappoint his plans, and that. He then, at that point, goes further top to bottom on this evil sign, and says that " discussed "the expanding negligence for law which plagues the country; the developing demeanor to substitute the wild and irate interests, in lieu of the calm judgment of the Courts; and the more terrible than savage crowds, for the leader priests of equity."
Lets not disregard how Trump declined the Paris Climate Agreement, making us one of the three nations that aren't separated of it. On a similar theme, the Trump organization has additionally cut homegrown projects that numerous Americans rely upon, especially the old, poor people, and minorities, and has abandoned the climate for business advancement.
What does Lincoln say the response to the entirety of this is? In the first place, Lincoln depicted the happening to an individual like Trump as somebody whose particular desire and virtuoso for power so "thirsts and consumes for differentiation" that he will seek after it at any expense. Lincoln said, there is just a single arrangement. "It will require individuals to be joined with one another, connected to the public authority and laws, and by and large clever, to effectively baffle his plans". Abraham Lincoln is saying that with the end goal for us to brace against it (infringement of the constitution), each American should track down a shared conviction, get around there contrasts, and join to save the republic from such a ruler- - however something reveals to me that we wouldn't have the option to do that, because of how partitioned the nation as of now is.
By the state of affairs today examining terms of the political environment and polarization among individuals because of their political convictions, I don't feel that we could join to forestall a ruler like this. I feel like Donald Trump truly touched off the viciousness we are seeing today. Despite the fact that I don't favor the left a lot, it is more than clear that despite the fact that there is radicalism on the left, the quantity of disdain violations, brutal get-togethers and racially propelled killings completed by the right are at a definitely more critical sum than strategically and racially roused assaults, mobs, and killings of the left. From the "fine individuals on the two sides" Charlottesville revolt, to the person that was sending bombs through the mail to noticeable leftists, we have never seen viciousness on this huge of a scale break out, paying little heed to what party won the administration. The assault that truly stood apart to me the most was the newsroom shooting. The Capital Gazette newsroom shooting helped me a ton to remember the lynchings that occured. Many individuals reprimanded previous Breitbart editorial manager and traditional provocateur Milo Yiannopoulos for requiring this assault after a post that said "I can hardly wait for the vigilante crews to begin gunning writers down immediately," two days before the occurrence occurred. At the point when he was gotten some information about this episode, he says it was only a joke in helpless taste. This makes me think, how have we quit wasting time that individuals would be agreeable enough to require these common assaults for great many individuals to see, regardless of whether it was only a joke? Since the time Donald Trump's mission started, it appears to be that Trumps exacting call for brutality is the thing that set the entirety of this off in any case, this leaves us with the inquiry that if this would really wreck our country. The response to this is yes.
With the present status of our nation thus many individuals going rogue, it bodes well that Lincoln truth be told anticipated the conditions we are seeing today that would be fundamental for these things to happen. Prior to the crowd viciousness, we need to remember what lead such countless individuals to follow Trump. Individuals can say that this analysis of Trump, which I estimate could be depicted as the "character" analysis, is regularly met with a fast and confident rejoinder: that we are overlooking the authentic foundations of the Trump adherents' fury. Each of the three parts of government, have become extremely withdrawn from ordinary Americans and are acting in opposition to their inclinations in different ways. Trump vows to crush this bad framework. Yet, however significant as this point seems to be, and just as it clarifies Trump's devotees, it doesn't legitimize Donald Trump's activities. His points are what they accept is useful for the country. However, in the event that unlawful, the drawn out outcome is gradually annihilating what bonds us together.
Lincoln says that a country of laws considers everybody responsible. If not, the country at last falls to pieces. A piece of the discourse reads,"As the loyalists of 76 (Revolutionary War) did to the help of the Declaration of Independence, so to the help of the Constitution and Laws, let each American promise his life, his property, and his holy honor;– let each man recollect that to disregard the law, is to stomp all over the blood of his dad, and to tear the personality of his own, and his youngsters' freedom. Let respect for the laws, be inhaled by each American mother, to the stuttering darling, that chatters on her lap–let it be instructed in schools, in theological schools, and in universities; let it be written in Primers, spelling books, and in Almanacs;– let it be lectured from the platform, announced in administrative lobbies, and implemented in official courtrooms. What's more, to put it plainly, let it become the political religion of the country; and let the old and the youthful, the rich and poor people, the grave and the gay, of all genders and tongues, and shadings and conditions, penance persistently upon its special raised areas". Something final that Lincoln specifies would they say they is, "recollections of the penances of the American Revolution) were the mainstays of the sanctuary of freedom; and presently, that they have disintegrated away, that sanctuary should fall, except if we, their relatives, supply their places with different columns, cut from the strong quarry of calm reason...Let those materials be formed into general insight, sound ethical quality, and specifically, a worship for the constitution and laws: and, that we improved to the last; that we stayed free to the last; that we respected his name to the keep going; that, during his extended rest, we allowed no antagonistic foot to ignore or befoul his resting place; will be what to realize the last trump will stir our Washington." This leads me to close this article with the accompanying inquiry, have we as Americans arrived at a point where we will dismiss law and order and permit any pioneer to stomp on the Constitution since they oblige our political perspectives?
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Mary Surratt and the Plot to Kill Abraham Lincoln
On April 16, 1865, President Abraham Lincoln was killed by scandalous entertainer and against unionist backstabber John Wilkes Booth. Corner had fostered a profound cultivated scorn against abolitionist subjugation, and, not set in stone Southerner willing to chance anything for his country, he intended to revolt. With numerous co-plotters, Booth incubated a plot to capture Lincoln and vindicate the South. Unbeknownst to the majority of different plotters, Booth at last chose to change over the abducting plot into an insidious plot to kill Lincoln unequivocally, placing the country in sudden unrest and disorder.
Additionally, four of the co-backstabbers associated with the seizing plot were hanged for their apparently tremendous help with Booth's plot. One of the all around considered primary accessories to the plot was boardinghouse proprietor and Catholic widow from Maryland, Mary Surratt. For sure, Mary Surratt assumed a part during this plot, yet this job was minor thinking about that she just conveyed the bundle to the bar under Booth's structure. Utilizing proof from CommonLit's article "Lincoln and the Writ of Liberty," Swanson's account book Chasing Lincoln's Killer, Lincoln's discourse "Lincoln's Second Inaugural Address," and the film The Conspirator coordinated by Robert Redford, a contention can be created to assess Mary Surratt's situation in Booth's connivance. Some might contend that without Mary Surratt's help with getting the weapons and different supplies prepared, Booth's arrangement to kill Lincoln couldn't ever have succeeded. Nonetheless, given proof from the different sources and the way that Mary Surratt didn't think about Booth's expectations to change over the capturing plot to a homicide plot, Mary Surratt's discipline of hanging didn't fit the greatness of her part in Booth's plot.
In the film The Conspirator coordinated by Robert Redford, Frederick Aiken was Mary Surratt's legal counselor for her legal dispute, and discovered something convincing for her contentions, which made him accept that she was guiltless and her life ought to be saved. "After the most intensive examination in our whole country's set of experiences, the public authority's whole argument against Mary Surratt lays on three demonstrations. One, her colleague with Booth. Two, her supposed guidelines to Lloyd. Furthermore, three, her non-acknowledgment of Paine. It is these three demonstrations that establish the whole of Mary Surratt's part in this double-crossing and dangerous trick. Without help from anyone else, they comprise no crime...but the public authority demands she did them with detestable goal, generally dependent on the declarations of two men, John Lloyd and Louis Weichmann. However, best case scenario, the activities of these men sabotage their believability, and to say the least, they have done the unspeakable. They have acquired their opportunity by dishonestly blaming one more for their crime" (Redford). In the statement, Frederick Aiken separates the contribution of Mary Surratt into three essential demonstrations, expressing that while these demonstrations without anyone else would not be crimes, Louis Weichmann and John Lloyd's declarations propose that she did them with abhorrent plan.
Notwithstanding, Aiken contends that these men have carried out malignant things themselves, and certainly don't have the validity to pass judgment on Mary Surratt's position in Booth's trick. Moreover, he expresses that they have done foul play to Mary Surratt by erroneously blaming her for their crimes to acquire opportunity, so it is silly to just capitulate to their tricky charges on her. "There will be no question that the head and genuine explanation Mary Surratt is here today is a result of her child, John Surratt. He welcomed Booth into her home, she didn't. Also, he shrouded rifles and ammo in the bar, and she did not...I don't allow this bad form to Mary Surratt by forfeiting our sacrosanct rights out of retribution" (Redford). This statement shows that the bogus judgment of Mary Surratt to have done such crimes is crazy given such lacking proof. Aiken additionally contends that Mary Surratt ought not be considered answerable for the scheme when her child John Surratt was the person who welcomed Booth into their home and put away ammo, rifles, and different supplies in the bar. He infers that sentencing Mary Surratt for such a crime is just negligible unfairness and a wicked barbarity. Altogether, from the film The Conspirator, Mary Surratt's legal counselor Frederick Aiken contends that to blame Mary Surratt for such crimes would be a demonstration of massive profaneness and an infringement of the holy rights that everybody under preliminary merits legitimate privilege to, though her child, John Surratt ought to be authored the real schemer for his illegitimate deeds of the capacity in the bar and his general inclusion of joint effort with Booth.
Some might contend that Mary Surratt should in any case be held liable because of the steady utilization of her boardinghouse and her bar as a position of Confederate trick, including that of Booth's plot to grab and at last kill Lincoln, and the way that she gave the bundle to John Lloyd. "Mary conveyed the message to the bar attendant John Lloyd: 'I need you to have those shooting irons prepared; there will be parties here this evening who will call of them.' She gave him Booth's bundle enclosed by paper. The evening guests will need this, as well, she clarified. Furthermore, she added, give them several containers of bourbon. Her job well done, Mary and Lewis drove back to Washington" (Swanson 22). In the statement from Swanson's book Chasing Lincoln's Killer, Mary Surratt gives the bar guardian John Lloyd the bundle Booth advised her to give him. Notwithstanding, by the writ of habeas corpus, to consider Mary Surratt liable for this demonstration would be insufferable, as she was basically doing the constrained offering of Booth, unbeknownst to what in particular was inside the bundle, which would suggest an unjustifiable and one-sided preliminary totally dependent on the declaration of the indecent bar manager John Lloyd. "The authority of judges to free detainees held without lawful explanation depends on a right that existed in America some time before either the Constitution or the Bills of Rights were composed. This is the right of habeas corpus.
As displayed in the film The Conspirator coordinated by Robert Redford and Lincoln's discourse "Lincoln's Second Inaugural Address," Mary Surratt's preliminary was not treated reasonably with the writ of habeas corpus, and surprisingly the fundamental privileges of the Constitution. "The outcome ought not be our solitary proportion of justice...It's tied in with forestalling injustice...The Constitution was expected to ensure the privileges of all residents consistently, in harmony or war...Do you accept she's honest? I don't have the foggiest idea, yet in the event that we don't get an appropriate preliminary, we won't ever will" (Redford). In the statement from Robert Redford's film The Conspirator, Frederick Aiken makes a solid endeavor to contend that under the Constitution, Mary Surratt's preliminary was not treated reasonably. He expresses that, regardless of not knowing whether Mary Surratt is guiltless, she actually merits a reasonable preliminary, and he wishes to forestall shamefulness. "I do thusly announce that the writ of habeas corpus has been suspended in such cases as this, and I do therefore particularly suspend this writ, and direct that you continue to execute the request until now given upon the judgment of the Military Commission" (Redford). In this statement from The Conspirator, the new president, Andrew Johnson, chooses to suspend the writ of habeas corpus for this case.
This bad behavior renders Aiken powerless, as he discovers his allure has been dismissed. "With vindictiveness toward none, with foundation for all, with solidness morally justified as God offers us to see the right, let us endeavor on to complete the work we are in, to tie up the country's injuries, to really focus on him who will have borne the fight and for his widow and his vagrant, to do all which might accomplish and love an equitable and enduring harmony among ourselves and with all countries" (Lincoln). This statement from Lincoln's discourse "Lincoln's Second Inaugural Address" depicts that all mankind ought to be dealt with decently, with equivalent regard. Be that as it may, this is irrationally abused in Andrew Johnson's abrogate of Aiken's writ. Similarly as Aiken's writ represents reasonable treatment toward Mary Surratt, the supersede represents the Union's debasement and its endeavor to forfeit the holy privileges of the Constitution and habeas corpus. In summation, from Robert Redford's film The Conspirator, and Lincoln's discourse "Lincoln and the Writ of Liberty," it very well may be seen that Mary Surratt's preliminary and crime were unjustifiably tended to by a bad Union, and Aiken's enticement for a reasonable preliminary was additionally stifled.
In general, Mary Surratt's discipline for her part in Booth's deceptive intrigue to kill Lincoln was not suitable, as displayed from CommonLit's article "Lincoln and the Writ of Liberty," Swanson's account book Chasing Lincoln's Killer, Lincoln's discourse "Lincoln's Second Inaugural Address," and the film The Conspirator coordinated by Robert Redford. Mary Surratt was just at fault for permitting Booth to utilize her boardinghouse and bar, just as conveying the bundle. In any case, she had no information on the transformation of Booth's grabbing plot to an underhanded killing plot. Consequently, her discipline of hanging a lot of outperformed her contribution in Booth's plot. As per the writ of habeas corpus and the Constitution, all individuals ought to be held equivalent and all preliminaries ought to be just about as reasonable as could really be expected, and impartial. Nonetheless, President Andrew Johnson's concealment of Aiken's writ was a vindictive infringement of these sacrosanct rights. While Aiken did all that he could to stop this foul play and vindictiveness toward Mary Surratt from occurring, utilizing contentions from habeas corpus to help his thinking, he was fruitless. Generally, because of the writ of habeas corpus, Mary Surratt merited a fundamental right to a reasonable preliminary, and a more suitable discipline to accommodate her crime.
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Mary Surratt and the Plot to Kill Abraham Lincoln. (2020, Feb 26).
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Benito Mussolini and Napoleon the Traits of Dictators
The average reign of a dictator is 12.5 years of brutality upon their subjects. The rule of Italian Dictator Benito Mussolini lasted from 1922 to 1943. Mussolini acted like any other dictator in his time and, for crimes against his people, was killed on April 28, 1945. Napoleon would exceed Mussolini in crimes against his own subjects. Unlike Mussolini, Napoleon would survive the duration of his reign in recorded history. The tyrannical rule of Mussolini In Italy and Napoleon from Animal Farm resemble each other with the violation of Republican Rule, self-determination, and their utter control exerted upon their countrymen.
The beginning of every dictator is almost universal, seizing power from the state and the people. For Mussolini, this universal principle of dictators applies with his own grab for power. Mussolini is famous for his March on Rome(Historic World Leaders), where thousands of Fascist Blackshirts marched to seize power for Mussolini. The Democratic Government of Italy at the time crumbled fearing civil war with the fascists. With the backing of King Victor Emmanuel III, Mussolini was proclaimed Prime Minister of Italy. The seizure of power with Napoleon on Animal Farm would not be as smooth as it was for Mussolini in Italy. Napoleon needed a force like Mussolini with his Fascist Blackshirts so he procured nine enormous dogs wearing brass-studded collars came bounding into the barn(Orwell 53). These dogs would be the muscle for Napoleon, he used them to oust Snowball and thus seized power on Animal Farm. Even when dictators seize power it may crumble if their power is not consolidated.
The consolidation of power may be the most important part of any dictators success, for without support from their subjects their reign will fall. Propaganda is a staple of dictators through history and appears in both Animal Farm and Italy. Mussolini and Napoleon both use slogans as a major form of propaganda in their respective states. Mussolini made good use of the slogan Mussolini is always right(People of the Holocaust), to indoctrinate the children and people of Italy. This is a rare example in which Napoleon and Mussolini are Identical, Boxer uses the slogan Napoleon is always right(Orwell 56). The slogan is then adopted by Napoleon's regime and encouraged the slogan to be used by the other animals. Then by using these slogans the children and dumber animals were fooled into believing such fabrication. Now a mere speck of the propaganda these dictators used it shows how they secured the people's support with every minor victory in their career, solidifying power. Mussolini and Napoleon could indoctrinate the majority of their people to Fascism and Animalism, but there would still be dissidents to crush.
Apparent in both regimes insurgents would arise that could not be indoctrinated to the ideology of the regime. Mussolini from the beginning of his career used political killings to eliminate those who opposed him. In the case of Giacomo Matteotti, a Socialist member of the Italian Parliament was brutally murdered by fascist thugs on the order of Mussolini. Though Mussolini denied any involvement he ordered it but he encouraged it and was blamed for it. The public with a wave of revulsion swept across Italy and threatened to topple Mussolini from power(Historic World Leaders) showed the difficulty of such killings for Mussolini. Napoleon would never have such problems with extrajudicial killings like Mussolini in Italy. Napoleon ordered the killings of any animals that stood in his way and executed them swiftly and brutally without evidence. And so the tale of confessions and executions went on until there was a pile of corpses lying before Napoleon's feet(Orwell 84), the brutality cannot be underestimated but even as this happened the animals did nothing allowing it to continue. Though the difference in the process of killings Napoleon and Mussolini both used extermination to secure the remainder of their power by removing the dissidents. Thus Mussolini and Napoleon would never be challenged in their rule except for foreign powers.
The similarities between Napoleon and Mussolini cannot be understated in terms of their brutality. Napoleon and Mussolini both shared a meteoric rise to power their ends would be quite different. Though Mussolini may have fallen there is nothing to suggest that Napoleon will not fall either, in time. The consolidation of power will last for years but eventually, like Mussolini, Napoleon will be overthrown no matter the subjugation of the animals by Napoleon. The vicious propaganda of these states and the power it wields will fail as Napoleon's power crumbles. The final act in the consolidation of a dictator is brutal killing which they both shared in different ways. The final days of Napoleon will never be known but for Mussolini his end would be in 1945, showing that the right of man is to be free. These dictators may one day fade from the memory of humanity, but Orwell's lesson will undoubtedly live on against tyranny for which should not be forgotten.
Works Cited
- "Benito Mussolini." People of the Holocaust, Gale, 1998. Biography In Context, https://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/K2422000042/BIC?u=imcpl21460&sid=BIC&xid=f65ef1a6. Accessed 11 Oct. 2018.
- Commire, Anne, editor. Historic World Leaders. Gale, 1994. Biography in Context, https://link.galegroup.com/apps/pub/0HOZ/BIC?u=imcpl21460&sid=BIC. Accessed 11 Oct. 2018.
- Orwell, George. Animal Farm. New American Library, 1996.
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Benito Mussolini and Napoleon the Traits of Dictators. (2020, Feb 26).
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Fry V Napoleon
The Fry family sued the school region claiming it abused the Americans with Disabilities Act ("ADA") and Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act ("Section 504") by declining to permit their girl, E.F., to bring her administration canine, Wonder, to school with her. The case made it right to the Supreme Court, where the Court held that fatigue of the IDEA's managerial strategies is superfluous where the "gravamen" of the offended party's claim is some different option from the forswearing of the IDEA's assurance to a Free Appropriate Public Education (FAPE). The Court remanded the case to the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals to decide if the gravamen of the family's grumbling in regards to Wonder looked for help for the refusal of a FAPE. You can peruse our blog entry clarifying the Court's choice here (look down to part of the way through the post).
On remand, the Sixth Circuit court inspected the Frys' grievance, and found that it didn't look for help for the refusal of a FAPE. All things considered, the grumbling affirmed handicap based segregation without alluding to the specialized curriculum administrations gave to E.F. declining to permit Wonder was oppressive, not a refusal of FAPE. The court additionally thought to be the two theoretical inquiries presented by the Supreme still up in the air that the "gravamen" of the Fry's agreeable is that, whether or not she was given a FAPE, the school area disregarded E. F's. privileges under the ADA and Section 504 by denying her admittance to school with her administration canine. At last, the court thought about the historical backdrop of the procedures between the gatherings. The court noticed that when the Frys initially reached the school to address admittance to the school for E.F. with her administration canine, they referred to just the ADA. They didn't specify the IDEA or any inquiries or worries about the IEP. All things being equal, it was the school who summoned the IDEA's systems each time the assistance canine issue was raised. The Sixth Circuit decided that the Fry's cases were not dependent upon the IDEA's weariness necessities and struck the school's positive safeguard that the Frys neglected to deplete regulatory cures.
The two players then, at that point moved for outline judgment. E.F. requested that the court rule in support of herself as to responsibility on her purposeful separation case, and afterward plan a jury preliminary to decide harms. The school documented a synopsis judgment movement requesting that the court rule in support of its and excuse this case. The Sixth Circuit dismissed the contentions brought by the two players up on the side of their movements. E.F's ADA and Section 504 cases for purposeful separation and inability to oblige will continue to a jury preliminary.
E.F. was 5 years of age when this case was recorded. She is presently 15 and a jury will currently choose whether she can recuperate cash harms from the school's choice not to permit Wonder to go to kindergarten. Maybe the case will at last be chosen on schedule for us to realize whether Wonder can go to E.F's. secondary school graduation!
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Book Review Napoleon a Life
Facts of Publication
Napoleon: A Life by Andrew Roberts is a book published by Penguin publishers in 2014. The newly reprinted edition was published on October 20, 2015. The author presents a definitive biography of a great and powerful military leader known as Napoleon Bonaparte. The book is reliable because the author is a historian and a visiting professor at Lehman Institute at New York and King's College London. He has worthy knowledge of war and historical studies. He is also the best author of the book known as the Storm of War. Roberts is an exceptionally skilled author; thus, he presents a stimulating narrative of a political and military genius of the time.
Reasons for Selecting the Book
The rationale behind selecting this book is it provides the most valuable lessons in the life of Napoleon Bonaparte. It has a remarkable narrative that brilliantly conveys Napoleon as a pronounced leader. His rapport with soldiers in the military hierarchy was absolute and his capability to cap the image of power while at the same time shifting situation made him not only an incredible leader but also a great statesman too . His vigor shines and revolving visionary scheme into the politically powerful advocated major economic changes.
Moreover, the reason for selecting this book is due to the need to determine the way great leaders handled the crisis when most demanded. This biography adds richness and offers an image of failures, success, and reform in the wars he was a protagonist in. The life of Napoleon will inform young readers of how he rose rapidly into power through the military ranks during the French Revolution, seized political power and crowned himself as an emperor. In most cases, reading memoirs, biography or autobiography books offer valuable lessons on the way young generations can handle crisis or issues in their life.
Short summary of its Contents
"Napoleon: A Life" is an autobiography book that offers a chronological perspective into the life of the powerful military leader. It focuses on the life of Napoleon and his major failure, as well as accomplishments as a leader. It traces his life from as a youth in Corsica to his developing military career. It presents his first experiences as a military man on the battlefield and ascension to leadership roles in France. In fact, Napoleon is far much more than a statue and genius military leader. Just like Julius Caesar and other leaders of all time, Napoleon is among the greatest soldier-statesmen.
3 Examples
The author takes the reader through his major reforms across the political, economic and social arena. First, the political events during the time of Napoleon give an insight into the nature of French civilization. Napoleon made an attempt of imposing a continental system, a blockade on English commodities to damage an enemy when political antennas deserted him. He made an effort of forming an imperial outwit but this backfired. England continued to build an interminable coalition against France causing Napoleon to fail in the forthcoming Russian Campaign.
Secondly, Napoleon played significant contributions in the French Revolution. The French economy faced the major crisis during his time. However, he encouraged major financial aspects, such as property rights, low taxes and centralization of power, as well as national glory. The Napoleon war led to tremendous social upheaval in Europe but brought much economic prosperity. The impact of the French economy was of modest significance in the long-run. Nevertheless, the costly campaigns and loss of lives of millions of people, especially the Russian invasion that left thousands of French corpses, makes critics wonder if Napoleon was a true hero or villain. Roberts is reliable enough allowing the reader to make a conclusion as to whether Napoleon was an authoritarian leader or not. Fortunately, the author is an exceptionally talented writer capable of synthesizing diverse aspects of materials in clear and an elegant prose.
Lastly, Napoleon provided credentials throughout his career redefining the meaning of greatness. Analyzing this book can offer the insight that talent matters more than birth. For example, Napoleon did not depend on his status but rather the achievements. He worked tirelessly to impact the World economically, politically, and socially. However, the downfall of Napoleon was a result of the unforeseeable circumstances and mistakes that he made especially on the Russian invasion. His final defeat resulted from the failure to anticipate Russia's genius ploy of destroying all the supply sources as the French retreated to their center.
Historical Figures/Places/Episodes for World History
One of the historical figures from that I gained prolific knowledge of is Thomas Hobbes. Hobbes is one of the greatest political English philosophers, a social contract theorist, who contributed to diverse aspects in different areas including history and theology among others. He is the first political scientist whose writings led to significant transformations in the Western World. In his book of Leviathan, 1651, Hobbes attempted to examine issues of war through people's adaptation to such events. He observed the relationship between states and people. Unlike Napoleon who became a great military leader, Hobbes became a great philosopher who contributed a lot through his political writings. Nonetheless, his observations and the political world remain among the best reads in the government.
Related Journal Article Describing the Book
Duncan Kelly in his journal article Napoleon: A Life, by Andrew Roberts attempts to describe the author and offer a review about this book. It is a bestselling journal article posted on the New York Times and the first single volume that describes the life of the Napoleon. Roberts takes an advantage of the recent publications existing letters about Napoleon that radically changes the understanding of the society about his extraordinary leadership skills. According to Kelly, Roberts describes Napoleon as a passionate, inspired and visionary leader of the first modern state. Roberts has received many awards on history and has visited about six battle sites of Napoleon. Hence, he made significant discoveries about Napoleon in the historical archives across the globe.
Kelly gives an in-depth review on how Roberts brilliantly conveys the Napoleon and military whirlwind through an incessant questioning. The dynamism of Napoleon shines in the set-piece chapters of Roberts on major combats like Jena and Austerlitz, as well as turning the visionary military into political moments. Having arrived at the political view of his life, Napoleon was delighted to be among the elected leaders in the sophisticated organization that dealt with war-related issues. However, he first had to suppress most of the revolutionary wars in France before gaining state power. Thus, Robert's Napoleon book is all about the statesman, military soldier and bona fide intellectual who become powerful in the politics of his time.
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Napoleon Vs Enemies
Napoleon was one of the best military pioneers Europe has at any point seen; his administration of the French armed force saw him control quite a bit of mainland Europe. Napoleon's enemies gave him an extraordinary benefit during his prosperity through their ineptitude and divisions. Anyway the shortcomings of Napoleon's resistance was by all account not the only motivation behind why he was so fruitful. One should likewise take a gander at different motivations to why Napoleon had such a lot of accomplishment.
Napoleon's enemies had antiquated, slow and fixed strategies when battling Napoleon, this made it simpler for Napoleon to overcome them, as his military was speedy and versatile. This powerlessness to created new strategies was uncovered at the Battle of Ulm in 1805. The Prussians were battling Napoleon, they were slow and stable, and accordingly lost 45,000 men, Napoleon had the option to effortlessly uncover their fixed status. Napoleon's enemies showed were separated and not joined as one as they neglected to combine and fashion an effective union against Napoleon. The Second Coalition of 1799 is an illustration of their ineptitude to combine against Napoleon. It was between Britain, Russia, Austria and the Ottoman Empire. Anyway it was comprised of a progression of isolated collusions, which implied there was no single point. Before long there was political aftermath among Russia and Britain over Malta, which implied the alliance was successfully disbanded. The aftermath permitted Napoleon to meddle and get Russia on side, and afterward menace Austria into the Peace of Luneville. In spite of the fact that it tends to be seen that Napoleon was fruitful in 'gap and rule' as he had the option to divide the partners and produce a different union, this bombed alliance likewise shows the inadequacy of Napoleon's enemies to joined against him.
Napoleon's enemies additionally considered him to be trustworthy and this implied they would enter a fight against him with dread and frequently gave him a lot of regard. Obviously Napoleon's enemies ineptitude and divisions had an influence in his prosperity, they had helpless strategies and couldn't join against him. Anyway to dissect how far his enemies inadequacy and divisions prompted Napoleon's prosperity, one should likewise take a gander at different elements which prompted Napoleons achievement.
Napoleon's himself and his administration of the French armed force is a critical justification his prosperity. At the point when Napoleon took order of the French armed force, he revamped it and took lead of the entire armed force himself. The military was isolated into corps of 25,000 to 30,000 fighters, which expanded the militaries' portability. Napoleon controlled the entire armed force and chose each continue on the combat zone. This alongside the versatility of the military, permitted him to settle on quick choices and his military had the option to react rapidly. To speed up and portability Napoleon additionally presented 'living off the land' which implied his officers conveyed a restricted stockpile of food and garments and were urged to plunder as they walked. This implied his men could make a trip from 12 to 15 miles every day. In one more work to build versatility Napoleon likewise utilized pony cannons.
Napoleon had extraordinary characteristics as a tactical general; he would define an overall game plan before any fight and compute every one of the potential outcomes. He did this at Austerlitz in 1805 to incredible impact. He connected with the Russians, however kept a huge hold, which permitted him to move to triumph. Napoleon was additionally a speedy scholar and had the option to make do by utilizing his portable armed force to exploit foe botches. This can be seen at the Battle of Ulm in 1805, where he made do by settling on a speedy choice to send marshal Murat in quest for the Austrians, which decreased their numbers from 70,000 to 27,000.
Napoleon had extraordinary moxy. Wellington said of him 'his quality in the war zone merits an extra 40,000 men'. He would battle close by his men, which enlivened his men and acquired him regard. He did this at the Battle of Austerlitz in 1805, when times got hard for his fighters. He additionally utilized enthusiastic, dramatic language in his Daily Bulletins, to motivate and stir the interests of his soldiers. This capacity to move his soldiers implied he got the best out of his men consistently, expanding his odds of triumph. Napoleon likewise comprehended the significance of paying his men in coin cash as connect to paper cash, as it didn't devalue in esteem. He likewise permitted them to plunder as they vanquished new terrains. This supported spirit as his fighters were payed well and it likewise implied they regarded him. Napoleon would likewise take advantage of his natural abilities, and as he had a powerless naval force, he never took on maritime conflicts.
One more expertise of Napoleon was his capacity to fuse others' strategies into his own military with incredible impact. For example he took military mastermind Guibert's strategy of 'blended request' (a mix of lines and sections of men), and joined it into the military. It had an incredible effect as it expanded portability and implied they were less defenseless and unsurprising. Despite the fact that it was not his thought, Napoleon consolidated into his military to extraordinary impact.
Obviously Napoleon's tactical abilities and initiative of the French armed force was one more justification him been so effective. He had extraordinary abilities such controlling the entire armed force, preparing and improving to exploit foe botches. He was likewise splendid at getting the best out of his soldiers through his appeal and joining others' strategies to incredible impact. One more explanation that should be dissected to set up why Napoleon was so fruitful is the strength of the French armed force he acquired when he came to control.
Because of induction presented in 1793 preceding Napoleon was in power, the French armed force was by a long shot the biggest in Europe. By 1805 it comprised of around 600,000 men. This was a conspicuous an extraordinary benefit to Napoleon, it empowered him to change the idea of fighting to 'levee on masse'. The size of the military permitted him to encompass enemies as he did at the twin clash of Jena-Auerstadt where by encompassing the Prussians, made them face on the incorrect way when fight started, subsequently they lost 45,000 men. Napoleon was likewise ready to take enormous misfortunes himself, as on normal he took on 73,000 new recruits. Napoleon likewise acquired the accomplished warriors that had battled in the 'Grande Armee' during the French unrest; these men were of extraordinary worth. So clearly Napoleon was aided his prosperity, as he acquired an enormous armed force, which gave him the edge against the more modest, more vulnerable multitudes of his enemies.
So in spite of the fact that Napoleon was helped by the awkward and partitioned nature of his enemies, different factors additionally had an incredible commitment in his prosperity, especially his tactical abilities and administration. Without having extraordinary abilities he would have not been as effective. It was his abilities, which permitted him to exploit the shortcoming of his enemies, and the military he acquired and subsequently have such a lot of military achievement.
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Napoleon Bonaparte and Klemens Von Metternich
Napoleon Bonaparte, also known as Napoleon I, was a French military leader and emperor who conquered much of Europe in the early nineteenth century. Napoleon accelerated within the ranks of the military during the French Revolution. Napoleon's sudden rise to power had him working extremely hard to restore the stability in post-revolutionary France. He had centralized the government, instituted reforms in such areas as banking and education, supported science and the arts, and sought to improve relations between his regime and the pope,who represented France's main religion, Catholicism, which had suffered during the revolution. One of his most significant accomplishments was known as the Napoleonic Code. This civil code gave post-revolutionary France its first coherent set of laws concerning property, colonial affairs, the family, and individual rights, which had streamlined the French legal system and continues to form the foundation of French civil law to this day.
From 1803 to 1815, France was involved in the Napoleonic Wars, a series of major conflicts with various coalitions of European nations. Napoleon did make sure to be victorious battle after battle along with the fact that he had made major improvements in France and so he decided to declare himself as the first emperor in 1804. Napoleon's conquests cemented the spread of French revolutionary legislation to much of western Europe and eventually permanently altered the European map.
Napoleon's kingdoms had consolidated scattered territories in Germany and Italy. Along with that, these developments had caused resentment towards Napoleonic rule and sparked growing nationalism in these regions in addition to Spain and Poland. Prussia and Russia, less influenced by new ideologies, nevertheless introduced important political reforms as a means of strengthening the state to resist the Napoleonic war machine. Prussia expanded its school system, modified serfdom, and also began to recruit larger armies. Britain was less affected, protected by its powerful navy and an expanding industrial economy that ultimately helped wear Napoleon down. Although, even in Britain, French revolutionary example spurred a new wave of democratic agitation.
The thirty-three years after the Napoleonic Wars finished, are called in Austria and even to some extent in all of Europe, the Age of Metternich. Clemens von Metternich was a major player in European affairs for twice as long as Napoleon Bonaparte. Metternich, also known as the man who outwitted Napoleon, was Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1809 to 1848 and the Austrian State Chancellor from 1821 to 1848. He was the most significant conservative statesman in Europe during this time period.
As well as dominating affairs within the Austrian Empire, Metternich often dictated policies within the German Confederation and the Italian states, and directly influenced the pattern of international relations through the medium of the Concert of Europe. He has been credited by some historians with having devised a method of working, known as the Metternich System. This system was a series of meetings among the more powerful European nations between the Napoleonic War and World War I which the purpose was to resolve the disagreements between European nations and repress nationalism and liberalism within states. Both individuals did what was best for their nation along with influencing the rest of Europe but in their own ways.
Napoleon: There are many. I have already installed what is called the, Napoleonic Code, into France. This code is something that will give France a backbone and like you said earlier...when France needs discipline, I am the perfect man to provide it. The Napoleonic Code eliminates feudalism, supports religious tolerance and introduces other liberal reforms across Europe. It seems it is already spreading influence throughout Europe. Great Britain has been fighting against us for European supremacy to the point where we had treated the weaker powers heavy-handedly. Although, the Napoleonic Wars have been making France more successful overall as a country since we continue to conquer almost all of Europe now. So now I am also planning to invade Russia. As an advanced military leader, this is something that needs to be planned accordingly. All of my battles have been successful and there is no surprise that this one will be as well. Do I still have your support?
Metternich: Yes you have Austria's support. France actually is the most powerful European nation and I think it would be smart decision. Napoleon: I am glad you agree, Metternich. Now you're thinking as a leader as well. Metternich actually Metternich deceived Napoleon into thinking that Austria supported France's 1812 invasion of Russia. Meanwhile, Austria secretly encouraged a Russian victory After the French retreat, Metternich dropped the cover of neutrality. He led Austria into outright alliance with the coalition against Napoleon. Metternich and Napoleon met for the last time on June 26, 1813 in Dresden.
*With Austria on their side, Russia, Prussia and Britain were able to overthrow Napoleon in 1814. As a reward for his success, Francis I made Metternich a hereditary Prince of the Austrian Empire. The Bourbon restoration then proposed that France be now governed by the English and French diplomat Talleyrand. Napoleon was exiled to island of Elba* *The victors gathered at the Congress of Vienna, where Klemens von Metternich exercised considerable influence on the proceedings. The Congress was interrupted by Napoleon's escape from Elba and his subsequent defeat at the Battle of Waterloo.*
Metternich: I have an aristocratic view of the international order. I believe Kings are meant to govern and people to be governed. I believe that the best government is absolutist that it was best because it guaranteed equal justice and fair administration for all. I dread revolution, liberalism and nationalism as well. Metternich: My system, the Metternich System, establishes the organization of periodic Congresses, in which the great powers could meet to consider how to suppress revolution.
Metternich and his generals also worked to keep this part of the post-Napoleonic world intact. Defeats only strengthened resolve, particularly in Germany and Italy, where the repeated invasions by the French during the revolutionary period had led to reforms and stimulated alike royal and popular ambitions. British and Russian empires expanded so greatly that they became the world's leading powers after the Napoleonic Wars.
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Langston Hughes his Impact on Literature
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Hughes Poem i
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Men and Women in the the Color Purple
In the 1900's, men and women were not as equal as they are today. For centuries African Americans have been fighting for fairness, equal rights and equal opportunities in a country and racist system that wants to keep them as lower-class citizens. Even with Heads of State such as Abraham Lincoln, John F Kennedy and Barack Obama, and Civil Rights leaders and freedom fighters like Martin Luther King, although greatly increased since the abolition of slavery, the opportunities for African Americans were still significantly lower than white America. Families were generally patriarchal and in the movie The Color Purple by Steven Spielberg, he dissects the idea of how diverse two people's pasts can become later in life with the smallest change of detail when a person is young. The story focuses mainly on the lives of African American women in the southern United States in the 1930's and addresses numerous issues suffered by them but most importantly, their exceedingly low position in American Social Culture. Two sisters, Celie and Nettie, live contrasting lives, one in the form of torture, and one in the form of a successful life fulfilling adventures. One of the protagonists is an independent, no-nonsense and assertive African American woman called Sofia who takes pride in the fact that she is a free woman and doesn't have to work for white folk. While in town, the Mayor's wife Miss Millie approaches Sofia and her children. She begins to paw at and finger the children, without speaking to, or asking permission from their mother. This is a poignant image and reminiscent of the way slaves would have been examined at the slave markets.
This description shows that the white members of the town don't even consider the feelings of the African American mother or children they are just something that can be examined or checked like possessions that they can check over at a store before buying. As an African American woman raised in the south in the 1930's, Sofia utterly dismisses the systematic oppression and discrimination that immersed the position of the black woman at this time. In this system, African Americans had to remain completely subservient to the white Americans both economically and socially. Sofia feels there would be no greater dishonor than to have to answer to or feel inferior to a White American. Sofia pays greatly for keeping true to herself and her morals and in the process loses most of her strength and dignity. This shows a great irony that the value she places on fighting back against the white man is the thing that prevents her from living her life independently. The character of Sofia, for this reason, both manoeuvres and hinders empowerment. Spielberg uses Celie to show how finding your voice and stating yourself can enable you to oppose mistreatment1 . In the original novel by Alice Walker, Celie writes letters to God about her life experience, but in the movie it is all shown through powerful scenes and voiceovers. Racism, sexism, and feminism are three main things that are shown throughout the film. The cyclical nature of sexism can be seen many times, but it can mainly be seen in Celie and Harpo's lives. Celie is a character that can be seen to have the core issue of low self-esteem. Most of the film she believes that her sister Nettie is dead. This causesher to feel inadequate and in most of all instances, Celie shows that she doesn't enjoy living, as she lives in fear most of her life. Her low self-esteem is first seen early, as she writes Alfonso beat me today cause he say I winked at a boy in church. I may have got something in my eye but I didn't wink. I don't even look at mens.
I look at women though, cause I'm not scared of them2 . Celie is beaten by her stepdad, Alfonso, who she believes at the time is her real father. Alfonso beats her because he presumes that she was showing romantic gestures to a male. This is showing that Alfonso clearly doesn't allow Celie to show any romantic feelings or doesn't allow her the freedom to choose her husband. Clearly in this society, women have a lot less power than men and are regularly beaten in private. Celie is submissive to Alfonso, and later Albert (Mr.). She writes, Albert beat me like he beat the children. Except he don't never hardly beat them. He say, Celie get the belt. I make myself wood. I say to myself, Celie, you a tree. That's how come I know trees fear man3 . Just to survive and endure these beatings, Celie imagines that she's a tree and doesn't fight back. She is submissive and fills the stereotype of the housewife who cares for the children and doesn't talk back to the husband. However, as time goes on, Shug, Sofia, and Nettie empower Celie, giving her a reason to fight. Her breaking point was when she found the letters that Albert was hiding from her her whole life. They create a support group for Celie, giving her safe space. Celie is rebirthed, as she is able to then retaliate against Albert and stand up to him. She says to him, You a lowdown dog is what's wrong, I say. It's time to leave you and enter into the creation. And your dead body just the welcome mat I need. You took my sister Nettieaway fromme, I say. And she was the only person love me in this world. All of this pent up anger towards Albert was finally released and she shocked everybody. Speaking back in this society was not normal and everyone was extremely surprised that she did it of all people. The superego is in the internalized social values of a person”what is right and what is wrong. Harpo's superego underwent a dramatic change after he met Celie and Sofia. His initial societal beliefs can be seen when he is asked to get a bucket of water, to which he responds, Women work. I am a man. It is very easy to see the sexism of work in the society.
Women do all the heavy lifting while the men sit around and drink. These values can also be seen when he marries his first wife, Sofia. Sofia is different from Celie in the sense that she doesn't subdue herself to men in her life. Harpo tries to beat Sofia multiple times, however, he never succeeds. The societal idea that you must beat your wife is so ingrained into Harpo's mind, that he continuously tries to control Sofia through fear, as he witnessed his father do to Celie. Harpo trying to beat his wife is showing that this is normalizing society and continues without thought through our generations. Feminism is shown when Sofia fights back and gives him a black eye. He lies to everyone about how he got it, which shows his insecurity in regards to his manliness because of the fact that his wife can beat him up. In their relationship, Sofia becomes more dominant. Harpo and Sofia also believe that no matter what, their children will grow up to be racists. Sofia is convinced that because of society's influence, her children will become cynical of everyone around them.Celie is oppressed throughout her life because that's the way society has been for a long time. The idea that men are better than women was passed down for generations. However, Celie was able to break the cycle. The movie's representation and portrayal of the historical context from struggle to liberation invites the movie's viewers to understand the issues from a gender and intercultural perspective. .
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Aristotle Believes
Happiness is a world that is frequently described as emotional as well as inseparable from progress which also can be similarly just about as close to home as the word happiness. Nonetheless, Aristotle would depict happiness with a movement. A movement that pushes us toward a province of Eudaimonia. In this way, on the off chance that morals is investigation of how one should live it is, basic to realize how to live.
To start living morally we need to carry on with a glad life. As indicated by Aristotle "Happiness, then, at that point is clearly something complete and independent since It is the finish of the things reachable in real life. At the end of the day, assuming each activity is only a necessary evil, it ought to be noticed that we need to carry on with a significant life that focuses on the most noteworthy useful for each activity ultimate objective is simply one more activity that prompts another end which is basically another activity, etc, etc. While some may contend that the most noteworthy great is the procurement of material abundance, the quest for notoriety/honor, or the fulfillment of real delight. Aristotle would counter contend by guaranteeing these "products" can't be the most noteworthy great as they miss the mark somehow. As Wealth, for instance, is utilized to secure something different, honor is directed by the judgment of others, and substantial joy isn't in every case especially useful for people.
Aristotle accepts the great activities should be normally acceptable. Normally great relies upon three things its value/utility, it's pleasure, and its magnificence or Kalon. Subsequently, an action should be "an action with congruity with ethicalness". The word goodness is aretê, and it could similarly be interpreted as "greatness." Something has aretê in the event that it plays out its capacity well. A decent horseman, for instance, has the aretê of being acceptable at taking care of ponies, and a decent blade has the aretê of sharpness. Likewise, Aristotle additionally characterizes the incomparable great as a movement of the objective soul as per ideals. As the objective soul is which isolates creatures from people. In the event that the movement of the objective soul should be as per goodness how one carries on with an upright life? A righteous life is the point at which we make the best decision at the ideal opportunity, in the correct way, in the perfect sum, close to the ideal individuals. Which means; if for instance I had the choice to save an old woman from getting robed one may contend saving the old woman would be acting in understanding to an ethical life. Nonetheless, if doing as such implied the expense of your life than saving that old woman would not be righteous, all things considered, calling the cops would be as you checked out the circumstance and made a move in the correct manner.
In any case, playing out these activities alone doesn't comprise excellence itself. Ideals requires playing out the smart activities with an agreement and a craving of playing out the activity to accomplish your latent capacity. These prudent activities must be made routinely, for instance, on the off chance that you tip somebody the loose coinage in your pocket that was left over from your exchange just for not troubling yourself with conveying loose coinage, then, at that point you, at the end of the day, are not acting idealistically. All things considered, you should be liberal for being liberal. This once more, is impossible without first shaping liberal propensities.
Liberal demonstrations anyway don't cut it. Activities should be particularly selective to thyself. In case you are inadequate in a space in your life or have normal inclinations that are either extreme or insufficient you should adjust these propensities to live highmindedly. Eventually we can find that as indicated by Aristotle happiness is certifiably not a mental state, not an inclination, not delight, but instead, making a move that is one, attractive all alone, alluring for some other great, and finally that, that, other great is alluring for the wellbeing of its; which means it's independent insofar as these activities are finished with comprehension. It is this way of life that Aristotle would characterize as eudaimonia; carrying on with in significant life to turn into the better form of yourself.
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Analysis of Different Large Firms Business Ethics
Business ethics is the study of how a business should handle policies and practices in regards to potentially controversial issues such as discrimination, insider trading, bribery, corporate governance, as well we social and fiduciary responsibility. We will be looking at the history of Business ethics and how it has shaped business today. Furthermore, this paper will be looking at four organizations to break down their business ethics and how they compare against each other. In order to do this, four questions will be asked: What each company does? What is the ethical system of each company? How each company evaluates and measures its ethical systems. Lastly, how each company impacts the community it operates in. The four fortune 500 companies that will be evaluated are General Electric, Starbucks, Walmart, and Microsoft.
History of Business Ethics
Since the early 1970's, the term Business ethics was commonly used in the United States with origins found in academy (writings, teachings, research, and publications). The term business ethics then began to be used in a more generalized in media and public discourse mostly associated with business scandals. Later, business ethics took another turn and was used to create the corporate structure. The corporate structure involved forming ethics codes, ethics officers, ethics committees and ethics training (De George, 2015).
Business ethics is still very much a part of every business today; it generally focuses on the moral and ethical actions of people. Today the question has shifted from why or should ethics be a part of business today, to which values and principles should guide business decision and how ethics should be combined within business (Hartman, DesJardins and MacDonald, n.d.).
Company #1 General Electric
General Electric is a 125-year old company that refuses to grow up. In fact, they pride themselves on what they call Thinking like a startup as a flagship means of delivering innovative products and services. GE has become an undeniably great company in many respects. Grown from Thomas Edison's electricity provider into a Fortune 10 multinational, it has become a multimodal corporation offering not only energy utilities, but also consumer and business electronics, technology infrastructure, and capital finance, among other products and services. As GE has expanded to emerging markets in India, China, and beyond, its commitment to legal and high ethical standards (both its host countries' and its own) is more than just good business ethics for the company”it's good business around the world. General Electric also attributes their focus on ethics as key component behind their market agility. Business ethics are so important to the firm that former CEO Jeffrey Immelt developed a personalized ethics letter that is distributed to each brand-new employee to set the tone for ethics in GE's corporate culture. The global corporation has made ethics and compliance a benchmark of its operations around the world and is, in many ways, the gold standard that other companies look to when it comes to modeling global compliance and ethics programs.
To overcome cultural barriers to reporting ethics violations, the best companies develop programs and policies that allow workers from different cultures to make ethical decisions and report bad behavior in a way that gibes with their own cultural worldview. The company also conducts annual surveys and focus groups to assess how well its employees think the system is working and how comfortable they feel reporting problems they perceive. It is no doubt that GE's commitment to compliance extends beyond its immediate employees. Because you are more than likely to buy a GE-brand product from an authorized retailer than directly from the manufacturing plant, the company must ensure that retailers who buy and sell GE merchandise also receive compliance training. GE's growing globalization can make these efforts tricky, though. Different cultures have different frameworks for understanding integrity and how to confront unethical behavior. That's why GE offers five different pathways in which employees around the world can bring their concerns to management's attention: Employees can talk to their direct managers; they can go to the compliance department; they can talk to someone in legal services; they can take their concerns to human resources; or they can report issues anonymously to an ombudsman through a variety of channels.
Company #2 Starbucks
Starbucks, named after the first mate in Herman Melville's book Moby Dick is known to many around the world as a place that sells coffee. The company started in 1971 originally as a retailer of teas, spices, ground coffee and whole beans in the historic Pike Place district of Seattle, Washington. Today Starbucks has locations in over 70 countries and serves millions of customers daily. The concept of each location is not simply to serve coffee. Based on the coffee bars found in Italy they wanted to recreate that same experience here in the United States. Not only as a place to purchase coffee but also a place of conversation and somewhere you could go to within your community. The company also offers pastries, snacks, breakfast items and premium teas, even the music you hear inside a Starbucks is specifically chosen for its appeal and artistry. Starbucks is one of the top selling coffee brands in the world. They are known today as a premier roaster and retailor of specialty coffees while providing a coffeehouse experience.
Starbucks has various ethical systems in place. When it comes to the onboarding and hiring of their employees they promote an equal opportunity environment hired based only on job related criteria and do not engage in the practice of forced labor. They also foster a work environment free of bullying, harassing and discrimination. Starbucks views diversity and hiring a diverse workforce as a competitive and strategic work advantage. When it comes to employee pay and wages, Starbucks follows all applicable federal, state and local laws. The company also believes in ethical sourcing for all of their products, supporting local farmers and participating in forest restoration programs and continuing to reduce their overall environmental footprint through the use of recycling, energy and water conservation and green construction. When sourcing their coffee beans and working with local farmers Starbucks sends partners out to those locations to fully engage and work with the local communities and to ensure ethical standards are met. They have a one hundred percent ethically sourced coffee bean currently with goals to have all of their tea and cocoa based products one hundred percent ethically sourced by 2020.
Starbucks understands the importance of community involvement and its impacts. Branded right into their mission statement To inspire and nurture the human spiritone person, one cup and one neighborhood at a time (Starbucks.com). The local neighborhood coffeehouse experience has been their vision since the beginning. The idea of a place people in their local communities can go to and chat, meet up and sometimes even conduct their business and daily work at. The company is committed to the role of environmental leadership in all aspects of their business. This can be seen with the actions they take such as buying, selling and using environmentally friendly products, instilling environment responsibility as a corporate value, being fiscal responsible and encouraging all employees to share in these same missions. They try to work with employees and realize the need for a positive work and life balance to allow those employees to be more involved within their communities. All of these different missions Starbucks itself consistently measures and monitors the progress for each project. Overall Starbucks is a company that understands the importance of communities, the environment and the people they serve. They continue to keep a balance between profit and having a conscience and being socially responsible.
Company #3 Walmart
Walmart is multinational retail corporation that operates a chain of hypermarkets, discount stores, and grocery stores. They consider themselves to be a one-stop shop that allows shoppers to buy an assortment of goods, from grocery and entertainment, to sporting goods and crafts. It is also the largest U.S. grocery retailer.
Walmart uses the Utilitarianism ethical system, this means that the actions they do are right if they are useful or benefit the majority. Most retail stores that thrive in the free market use this. They try to maximize the overall good by selling products at a low price and giving back to society. They have also raised wages in the U.S. and expanded benefits to better help employees.
Walmart uses annual Global Responsibility Reports to measure and evaluate their ethics and to make sure they are up to level with their ethical standards. According to Doug McMillon, it helps their company identify key risks in their business, develop standards, and processes to address those risks, and then bring those standards and processes to life in the business that is Walmart.
Walmart has a huge impact universally. Walmart currently employs over 2.2 million associates and invests 2.7 billion in higher wages, training, and education of their employees. Walmart's low prices help low-income shoppers and the new low-cost pharmacy program has helped lower the cost of pharmaceuticals nationwide.
Walmart has also been noticed for their various environmental initiatives. It has replaced store lighting, increased the efficiency of both their buildings and their fleet of vehicles, and has become committed to making their stores use solar energy, all in an effort to reduce their carbon footprint.
Company #4 Microsoft
According to their company website, Microsoft "enables digital transformation for the era of an intelligent cloud and an intelligent edge. Its mission is to empower every person and every organization on the planet to achieve more" (Facts About Microsoft, n.d.). Microsoft has been a technology company for over 40 years, founded in 1975 by Bill Gates and Paul Allen to sell BASIC interpreters, an old coding language, for the Altair 8800, one of the first personal computer systems developed. Gates and Allen followed up their BASIC Interpreters with the phenomenally successfully, and still widely used Microsoft Windows platform. Microsoft is now spending a great deal of their time and financial resources on growing their cloud platform offering, Microsoft Azure.
One of the most important and imperative values that Microsoft holds is a heavy emphasis on innovation. In the technology industry, you have to stay ahead of the curve to survive. With the cloud and artificial intelligence exploding in both popularity and potential revenue, Microsoft places a lot of worth in their employees thinking outside the box and their website highlights the progress they are making. Among the featured examples are the work being done Artificial Intelligence for speech recognition, Speech separation or overlapped speech recognition is paramount for far-field conversational speech recognition. It has a wide range of potential applications, such as meeting assistance and medical dialog transcription. (Thinking Outside of the Black Box, 2018). Another featured area of Microsoft innovation is how machine learning can be used to help create fair decision practices, Human decision makers are susceptible to many forms of prejudice and bias, such as those rooted in gender and racial stereotypes. One might hope that machines would be able to make decisions more fairly than humans (Dud?k, 2017). By taking the time to emphasize their current technological advances and provide such detailed examples, it is clear that one of Microsoft's primary values as a company is to inspire and innovate.
Also, of primary focus on for Microsoft is their vision or corporate responsibility. Stated as a manifesto on their website, We're working to apply the power of technology to ensure corporate responsibility, safeguard human rights, and protect our planet. Our policies and business practices reflect a commitment to making a positive impact in communities around the globe. This commitment doesn't just impact the type of products and services we develop”it's also central to why many of our employees come to work every day (Corporate Social Responsibility, n.d.). Microsoft is an international corporation, with offices and departments all over the world. With this broad reach comes a great responsibility for monitoring and ensuring that all human rights are respected across the globe. In 2017 Microsoft partnered with the U.N. Office of the High Commissioner for Human Right to develop new technologies that can better predict, analyze and respond to crises (Solomon, 2017).
To ensure that the entire company is both aware of and can quantify Microsoft's position on human rights, they have created a Global Human Rights Statement and provided in-depth training for employees. Microsoft is a big proponent of good governance and the rule of law around the world as a system of measuring and guaranteeing its ethical system around the world. Good governance and rule of law lead to reliable enforcement of labor and environmental laws and promote justice and national security systems that maintain an appropriate balance between protecting people's safety and protecting people's rights from government infringement. Microsoft advocates across the globe for public policies and laws that promote innovation while protecting human rights (Microsoft Global Human Rights Statement, n.d.). They also believe that they can be most impactful on ensuring human right by being present in areas that are struggling with this issue, being an involved and visible example for change and growth.
Another area of Microsoft ethical importance is responsible sourcing. Computers and hardware are still made of raw materials that need to be sourced, often from impoverished and unmonitored nations. Microsoft expanded our partnership with Pact, a leading nonprofit international development organization, to support work in the Democratic Republic of Congo to reduce child labor in mining (Responsible Sourcing Practices & Strategies, n.d.). Although not their legal responsibility to monitor in countries with loose or no child labor laws, Microsoft's code of ethics urged them to take the lead and ensure that no children were taking advantage of to produce their goods. Additionally in the Microsoft Supplier Code, specific direct language is used to clearly show that Microsoft in no way support any of its international suppliers using slavery or human trafficking, All workers must be provided with clear and understandable written information about their employment conditions in a language understood by the worker with respect to wages, benefits, location of work, living conditions, housing and associated costs (Smith, 2018).
Microsoft also works hard to positively impact local communities. Through Microsoft Philanthropies they support Medical Teams International to provide medical care for more than a million Sudanese refugees and Ugandan citizens. They also have the Technology Education and Literacy in Schools (TEALS) program to help bring computer science into every high school, the program pairs classroom teachers with technical volunteers to provide a quality computer science education. Within two years of working with a tech volunteer, 97% of classroom teachers are able to teach computer science on their own, creating the basis for sustainable CS programs (Learning Digital Skills through TEALS Program, n.d.). Microsoft is a big proponent of the Skillful Initiative, which aims to use the very forces driving changetechnology and datato build an ecosystem of workers, employers, state and federal government, educators and workforce centers to help Americans adapt to the changing workplace, (Microsoft Philanthropies, 2017) and has donated $25 million to the cause so far.
Microsoft prioritizes people, and they make this clear in both their international and local enterprises. Their impact can be felt around the globe, not just in technological advances and amazing developments, but in people's lives through fair work practices and community involvement. It's easy to see way Microsoft has been a Fortune 500 Company for the past 25 years, with astounding financial success and ethical business practices, it has well earned its position.
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The Idea of the State and Rulership in Aristotle’s Politics
The Idea of the State and Rulership in Aristotle's Politics and Plato's Republic
Aristotle and Plato are often seen as the two most important figures in all of Ancient Greek philosophy and political thought. However, even though they are associated with the same intellectual tradition, and Aristotle was even a student of Plato's, their views did not always line up as closely as one might expect. Indeed, they each had quite differing conceptions of the state and rulership. For Aristotle, the state in general was a natural association because it was derived from the important human pairings of family and village. By contrast, Plato believed that a just state was the only state that could be natural because his definition of justice revolves around the ordering of the classes through the specialization of labor, which is based upon the abilities that each person is assigned by nature.
In terms of rulership, Aristotle believed that anyone who was a citizen, and thus, had the capacity for rational thought, should be able to rule. For Plato, however, a ruler would ideally be a philosopher king who possesses knowledge of the forms. This latter issue of rulership has particularly maintained relevance throughout history, showing the vast influence of Aristotle and Plato on much of Western thinking. Even in contemporary times, there continues to be debates over whether or not important leaders should come from a specialized political class. There is certainly still a conflict between those who advocate for leaders who are professional politicians, and those who believe our leaders should come from other sectors of society, such as business, or should be ordinary citizens from the working class.
Aristotle's Natural State
One major difference between Aristotle's and Plato's idea of the state is that the former believes that all states are natural, whereas the latter only believes that a state is natural if it is just. In the case of Aristotle, he sees political association as deriving from crucial human relationships, namely the association of the family or household as well as that of the village, and says that political association is what completes the nature of man. These associations are natural because they fulfill the need for self-sufficiency, or as he says in Politics, there must necessarily be a union or pairing of those who cannot exist without one another (8). Two relationships form the household, that between men and women, and that between masters and slaves. Aristotle believes that men and women have a dependency on each other so that they can reproduce the human race, a natural impulse of animals to leave behind them something of the same nature as themselves (8). In the case of masters and slaves, they are thought to preserve each other's common interest since everything created in nature has a single end and the natural purpose of masters is to rule, while the natural purpose of slaves is to be ruled. Because of this, the master has to be paired with the slave because if they were not paired together, they would end up doing tasks for which they are not suited, and thus would be disobeying the natural order.
As noted, from these two relationships, the family or household is formed. Aristotle sees this association as natural because it is instituted for the satisfaction of daily recurrent needs (9). The village is then established from the family for a degree of self-sufficiency greater than that of daily recurrent needs and beyond the village there is political association, which is created from an amalgamation of villages. Aristotle sees political association as natural because it is the final and most perfect form of human association, reaching the height of full self-sufficiency and allowing humans to achieve the goal of their existence, the good life. Political association is the end toward which all other associations strive and Aristotle notes that the end for which things exist is what constitutes their nature. He states, what each thing is when its growth is completed we call the nature of that thing and then says, From these considerations it is evident that the city belongs to the class of things that exist by nature, and that man is by nature a political animal (10). Every state exists by nature because it is the completion of the other associations, family and village, which are essential human groupings.
The Just State as Natural
For Plato, however, his ideal state is the only one that can be natural. This is because Plato's ideal state involves every person doing the task that they are naturally suited to perform in order to ensure the greatest quality work. As Plato writes in Republic, each thing becomes more plentiful, finer, and easier, when one man, exempt from other tasks, does one thing according to nature (47). The goal of Plato's ideal state is for the city as a whole to have a share of happiness, which is achieved through specialization of labor. As he says, it's not the concern of law that any one class in the city fare exceptionally well, but it contrives to bring this about in the city as a whole, harmonizing the citizens by persuasion and compulsion, making them share with one another the benefit that each is able to bring to the commonwealth (198). Plato later concludes that this ideal state, with specialization that is based upon natural ability, is entirely good, saying, I suppose our city”if, that is, it has been correctly founded”is perfectly good (105).
When the city is perfectly good, Plato says that it will necessarily contain the virtues of wisdom, courage, moderation, and justice. The class of rulers possess a kind of knowledge called wisdom. The guardians have courage, which Plato explains is the preservation of the opinion defined by law and education about what is and what is not to be feared. Moderation is present in every class of the city, and is defined as the consensus between rulers and subjects about who should rule. Justice is the presence and preservation of the other three virtues in the city. Plato says it provided the power by which all these others came into being (111). He explains justice as being each man's minding his own business in the city (111). In other words, justice is everyone doing the one job that they are naturally suited for and not meddling in the affairs of others. Establishing justice, then, would be to order the different classes of the city in natural relation to one another. If justice meant carrying out the natural order, this suggests that a state could only be natural if it were a just one. However, not every state is perfectly just, meaning that Plato's ideal state is the only one that could be natural.
Citizens as Rulers
Another important difference between Aristotle's idea of a state and that of Plato is that Aristotle conceives of a state as being ruled by anyone who is a citizen, whereas Plato thinks that only philosopher-kings have the natural ability to rule a state. For Aristotle, man in general is destined for political association because he possesses the capability of language. While the sounds of animals only have the capacity to express pleasure and pain, Aristotle notes that humans have the capability to perceive through language what is good and evil, and what is just and unjust. This grasp of reason and language is what allows man to create households, villages, and finally, states. Since the state came into being because of language and rationality, which is a capability that only humans possess, every citizen, or member of a state, should be able to rule or have a share in the judgement of political affairs, as long as they have a grasp on rational thought. In fact, Aristotle's very definition of a citizen is one who shares for any period of time in judicial and deliberative office (84). He also says that a good citizen has to possess the knowledge and capacity for ruling in addition to being ruled, stating, the excellence of a citizen may be defined as consisting in ?a knowledge of rule over free men from both points of view' (94). It seems that as long as one has language and rationality, Aristotle believes that they are capable of participating in politics.
Plato's Philosopher King
Contrary to the idea that all citizens possess the capacity to rule, Plato's idea about specialization of labor entails a specific set of requirements for a person who is naturally suited to be a ruler. The only type of person who is fit to rule in Plato's ideal state is a philosopher king. As he writes, the philosophers rule as kings or those now called kings and chiefs genuinely and adequately philosophize, and political power and philosophy coincide (153).
The philosopher must rule as king because a ruler must know what is best for the people of the ideal state. What is best is the aggregate happiness of the state, and the aggregate happiness of the state can only be attained through justice. Plato believes that the philosopher is the only kind of person who could possess knowledge of justice. This is because, in order to know what justice is, one would have to be someone who loves learning, which is the very essence of the philosopher. As Plato states, the philosopher is a desirer of wisdom and that one who approaches learning with delightwe shall justly assert to be a philosopher (155). Plato's requirements for a person to be able to rule are certainly more particular than that of Aristotle.
In his view, philosopher kings do not only need to have rational thought, which includes mere opinions, but must specifically have knowledge of the forms as the goal of their inquiry. Forms are the ideal essence of concepts themselves such as beauty or truth, which are eternal and non-material. Plato notes the philosopher's connection to the forms when he states, Must we, therefore, call philosophers rather than lovers of opinion those who delight in each thing that is itself (161). A philosopher must have knowledge as their goal because it is never mistaken, whereas opinions can often be flawed. Also, the endpoint of knowledge is the forms, which are entirely perfect, while opinion only has the material world, as well as mere images of the material world, as its endpoint. Due to the specialization of labor in Plato's ideal state, it is clear that only this certain type of person who possesses knowledge of the forms could be a ruler.
Works Cited
Aristotle. Politics. Translated by Ernest Baker, Oxford University Press, 1995.
Plato. Republic. Translated by Allan Bloom, Basic Books, 2016.
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Main Elements of Business Ethics
Business ethics is a set of standardized norms which are deemed acceptable within a business whereby the behavior of the employees and the leadership is guided. Business ethics is the study of proper business policies and procedures in business, it ensures that a certain level of trust exists between a consumer and business. Business ethics goes beyond just a moral code of right or wrong. (Investopedia, Date unknown) Some ethical requirements for businesses are codified into law; environmental regulations, the minimum wage, and restrictions against insider trading and collusion are all examples of the government setting forth minimum standards for business ethics. (Horton. 2018) Ethics is commonly viewed as an easy task, something that happens with very little effort, but it is the exact opposite. Ethical behavior requires understanding and identifying issues, areas of risk, and approaches to making choices in an organizational environment. (Ferrel, Fraedrich, Ferrel. 2017)
One difference between an ordinary decision and an ethical one lies in the point where the accepted rules no longer serve, and the decision maker is faced with the responsibility for weighing values and reaching a judgment in a situation which is not quite the same as any he or she has faced before. Management All organizations have to deal with misconduct. That is why the management is the most relied upon on any organization. The management team is the one that sets the example for a company on a daily basis. Management within an organization guide and lead employees to make decisions that can benefit themselves and the organization. Management is considered the foundation of an organization, and when you have management that are well familiar with the ethics of the organization and have a positive effect on the company it helps retain the highly talented individuals within the organization. When management is leading in an ethical manner, the employees are likely to follow in their footsteps. (Horton. 2018)
Industry
Every organization has the potential for unethical behavior. Ethics can be defined and considered different by industry. For example, with an investment brokerage and the best decision for a client and his or her money does not coincide with what pays the brokerage the highest commission. Companies that produce energy, face inexorable scrutiny on how they treat the environment, so they have to be extra careful with how they produce this energy. And then there are companies like Amazon, who do all their business through the internet, have to be concerned about protecting their customer's privacy and security, but their main concern is their decision in marketing their business. They use their customers' information to track their movement and sell the data to marketing companies. Military ethics was ordered to be renewed by the U.S. Defense Secretary after cheating scandals occurred in different branches in the military. It was discovered that the Air Force officers at the Malmstrom Air Force Base in Montana were suspended after it was discovered that there had been wide- spread cheating on monthly proficiency tests on operating warheads.
The same with the U.S. Navy, it was criticized when sailors were found to have cheated on qualification exams for becoming nuclear reactor instructors. Even in sports it is an issue. The National Football League was heavily criticized for initially giving Baltimore Ravens player Ray Rice a two-game suspension after videos surfaced of him abusing his girlfriend. So, the NFL had to revise their policy on how serious domestic abuse should be taken. Benefits Ethics has benefits to yourself and to the organization you work for or plan on working for. Having good ethics tells about the person that you are and how you can benefit the organization. If you have great ethics you are more likely to get the opportunity of a promotion within the organization. Employee commitment comes from workers who believe their future is tied to that of the organization and from a willingness to make personal sacrifices for the organization. The more an organization is committed to taking care of its employees, the more likely the employees will take care of the organization. The field of business ethics continues to change rapidly as more firms recognize the benefits of improving ethical conduct and the link between business ethics and financial performance. Both research and examples from the business world demonstrate that building an ethical reputation among employees, customers, and the general public pays off. Legislating Ethics In 1907, Teddy Roosevelt said, Men can never escape being governed. If from lawlessness or fickleness, from folly or self-indulgence, they refuse to govern themselves, then in the end they will be governed [by others]. (Mondy & Martocchio, 2016, 2014, 2012)
Therefore, laws were designed to help identify the baseline separating what is good and what is bad. There are four attempts to legislate business ethics since the late 1980s, which are, The Procurement Integrity Act of 1988, 1992 Federal Sentencing Guidelines for Organizations Act, Corporate and Auditing Accountability, Responsibility and Transparency Act of 2002, Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, and Whistleblower Protection. The Procurement Integrity Act of 1988 prohibits the release by government employees of source selection and contractor bid or proposal information. For example, the information in a bid like employee pay rate, goods, and proprietary information about the contractor's business processes. The reason for the regulation is to establish procedures to help mitigate the likelihood of noncompliance. Federal Sentencing Guidelines for Organizations Act which outlines an effective ethics training program and explained the seven minimum requirements for an effective program to prevent and detect violations. It offers softer punishment for corporations that have an ethics program in place. But in order for that to happen there were recommendations regarding standards, ethic training, and a system to anonymously report unacceptable conduct. (Ferrel, Fraedrich, Ferrel. 2017)
The third attempt was the Corporate and Auditing Accountability, Responsibility and Transparency Act of 2002 also known as Sarbanes-Oxley Act, criminalized many corporate acts that were previously relegated to various regulatory structures. The primary focus of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act is to redress accounting and financial reporting abuses in light of corporate scandals. It was intended to eliminate conflict of interest. The act also contains broad employee whistleblower protection that subject corporations and their managerial personnel to significant civil and criminal penalties against employees who report suspected corporate wrongdoing. The whistleblower protection of the act apply to corporations listed in the U.S. stock exchange, which include officers, employees, contractors, subcontractors, and agent of those companies. (Ferrel, Fraedrich, Ferrel. 2017)
The fourth, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act is a large piece of financial reform legislation passed by the Obama administration in 2010 as a response to the financial crisis of 2008. The act was brought on by the worst financial crisis since the Great Depression, which resulted in the loss of 8 million jobs, failed businesses, a drop in housing prices, and cleared out personal savings of many workers. All four of these attempts are to benefit and protect the business sectors. Businesses need some type of protection when they are accused of unethical behavior and they help determine if the act is in fact unethical. Of course, none of these protect the business unless the business has some type of ethical trainings in place and enforce the trainings.
Conclusion
Business ethics includes organizational principles, values, and norms that may originate from individuals, organizational statements, or from legal systems that primarily guide individual and group behavior in business. Investors, employees, customers, special interest groups, the legal system, and the community are all stakeholders in businesses and they each could determine whether a specific action is right or wrong, ethical or unethical. Studying business ethics is very important. Primarily because of the widespread of incidents of unethical activity and the need to better understand the factors that contribute to ethical and unethical decisions. An individual's personal morals, values, and principles may not be enough to guide them in the business world. Business ethics helps you identify ethical issues and know the necessary approaches to resolve them.
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A Midsummer Night’s Dream Theme
A Midsummer Night's Dream is one of the William Shakespeare's comedy plays which is so profound in literally elements. The Duke of Athenian and Hippolyta, the four Athenian lovers and the actions surrounding these characters are the major components of the play. These comprise of the events of young lovers from Athens as well as a group of six inexperienced performers who are influenced and directed by the fairies who dwell the woodland where a substantial part of the play's setting takes place. One of the literary works that are prominent in the William Shakespeare play. Themes are quite essential and, in most cases, universal ideas reconnoitered in literary works such as narratives, songs, and poems. In this play, the themes are fundamental to the plot and structure development where Shakespeare is able to bring out relevant issues through them. It is therefore quite imperative to explore the important themes and how the characters facilitate the founding of themes.
One of the most widespread themes in the play is love. Time causes individuals to change their view concerning the people they perceived as attractive. At one stage in the play, the story of the four Athenian young lovers proclaim that even though ""the course of true love never did run smooth"" (Shakespeare Edited by Bevington I.I.134), portraying that true love is triumphant in the end, conveying happiness as well as harmony. On the other hand, at another stage, the audience may be compelled to make a consideration what a seemingly unreasonable and fanciful thing love is, at best when experienced amongst young people.
The other important theme in the play is the theme of magic. The magic from the fairies that present majority of the weirdest, as well as hilarious occasions in the plot, is another component key to the whimsical atmosphere of the play. Shakespeare makes use of magic both to exemplify the nearly unnatural strength of love (with love potion as the embodiment) in addition to establishing a strange world. Even though the abuse of magic results to muddily affairs, as when Puck erroneously smears the love potion to the eyelids of Lysander, magic, in the end, gives solution to the tensions in the through reestablishing love to equilibrium between the four Athenian youths.
The relationship between Hernia and Lysander plays an important role in developing the theme of love in the play. In the beginning, Demetrius tries to woo Hernia, but she refuses to marry him. Theseus is informed by Egeus that Hermia declines on entering into marriage with Demetrius, desiring in its place to get married to Lysander. He requests for the appropriate time to give Hermia a death punishment if she does not obey. Theseus holds to the traditional requirement and instructs that Hermia's sole duty is to give in to her father's will, and issues her with threats to abjure forever the society of men or to can become a nun You can endure the livery of a nun (Shakespeare Edited by Bevington I.I.70). So it is ordered, get married to the person her father desires. Lysander disapproves, but the law overrules the decision. Lysander and Hermia then resolve to run by night into the forest adjacent to Athens, where they are in a position to evade the law and then get married. They inform Helena concerning their plan. Helena, on the other hand, is deeply in love with Demetrius. In hopes of gaining favor with Demetrius, Helena tells him of the plan.
HERMINA. I will go tell him of fair Hermia's flight.
Then to the wood will he tomorrow night
Pursue her. And for this intelligence
If I have thanks, it is a dear expense.
But herein mean I to enrich my pain,
To have his sight thither and back again. (Shakespeare Edited by Bevington I.I.246-51)
Lysander then falls in love with Helena. Issues of charm play a role in the separation of Hernia and Lysander, but they still end up together.
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Robert Frost Analysis Essay
Robert Frost, a clever thinker and master of metaphors, is known for successfully taking his reader's imagination on journeys through his poems. Frost's ambiguous poems, ""The Cow in Apple Time"" and ""Mending Wall"" both develop a wall as an extended metaphor in order to explain that ignorance of the purpose behind boundaries can lead to foolish acts.
""The Cow in Apple Time"" begins with a cow showing an unconcealed act of ignorance, she crosses the wall with no question of its reason and ends up facing the consequences which it was protecting her from. The poem exhibits what many people are faced with today, the penalties of blind exploration and addiction to drugs and alcohol. The Cow perceives the wall as an ""open gate"", and unknowingly steps right into a trap of her own desires. The use of ignorance in the cows action portrays how results are never known until after the event has taken place and boundaries are placed to prevent those results from ever occurring. The cause of addiction mostly occurs as people choose to ignore the rules and cross lines without understanding that they were created to stop them from happening in the first place. As the poem moves on to disclose the cows conviction of the wall builders as ""fools"", the cow fails to see the builders motive to protect her and she crosses the boundary without care. By condemning the creators of the divider her ignorance of the rules is emphasized, her actions can never be reversed and she is bound to face dire consequences. Often small actions such as smoking or drinking once can lead to a lifetime addictions which are very tough to reverse. As the composition moves on to the cow overindulging apples as if there were no tomorrow, she realizes her mistake after she ""bellows"" on the hill in pain and realizes that her ""milk [has gone] dry"". The cow is left in misery as she has to face the results of her ignorance and realize her mistake as no transgression is left without punishment. The cows pain reveals how greed, ignorance and addiction will all have consequential outcomes and there is no way to escape them. The Cow in Apple TIme explains how ignoring rules, boundaries and crossing the line can lead to addiction which will always have tragic outcomes. Without understanding the reason behind the boundary the cow ended up acting in a way it never intended to, foolish and drunk.
Mending Wall is about the speaker questioning the purpose of a wall and refuting the neighbor in pursuit of altering his viewpoint. The poem touches the topic of blindly accepting tradition without understanding the reasoning. As the speaker attempts to put a notion in [the neighbors] head to trigger the encompassing question of why the wall needs repair at all if there is no reason behind it, the neighbor remains oblivious to the speaker's viewpoint and fails to notice the intent of the wall as no longer relevant. The use of two conflicting point of views portrays how there are often quite a few differences in the way of life when traditions were created to modern day needs. As the speaker continuously attempts to convince the neighbor, the idea that act of fixing the wall every year is almost foolish as there is no need for it anymore is emphasized. As the poem continues, the speaker describes the neighbor as [moving} in darkness after giving up the attempt to change his mindset. Darkness, the opposite of light, represents the neighbors lack of knowledge and reasoning behind his words. As the speaker becomes serious his view changes and he sees his neighbor as threatening. The result of the speakers attempts going in vain represents the sometimes people's mindsets never change and useless traditions will always remain. From beginning to end the neighbor refuses to go behind his fathers saying, he remains stubborn and refuses to think other than his father's words. Without the critical thinking he never realizes the uselessness of the barrier which they have rebuilt for countless years. The neighbors repetition emphasizes that although time and circumstances change some traditions, even without purpose, will never go away as people continue to blindly follow them. Accepting customs without thought can lead to unnecessary work and commitment. The speakers realization that the rebuilding the wall as an act of foolishness tells the reader that some traditions followed by our ancestors have no purpose for the lives of those in this day and age.
In both Mending Wall and The Cow In Apple Time , Frost explains how the ignorance of a boundary ends in foolish acts. The cow becomes drunk and faces negative results and the neighbor refuses to listen and continues to waste time and effort every year to mend a wall that is no longer needed. The powerful use of extended metaphor drives the idea that ignorance never has positive outcomes.
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Very Common Disorder – ADHD
What disorder affects six-point-four million people and eleven percent of children each year after diagnosis? It's a very common amongst four to seventeen-year-olds. It is called Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, otherwise known ADHD. ADHD is a very common disorder. About eleven percent of school-aged children have either ADD (Attention Deficit Disorder) or ADHD. The condition is more commonly recognized in boys rather than girls. Men's symptoms are almost like a base in what we associate ADHD with. Just like our brain, men and women have differences in their ADHD symptoms. ADHD is a very common disorder, and about fifteen percent of the U.S's population has ADHD and the diagnosis rate is on the rise. Since the upsurge in diagnosis doctors have found multiple medications to treat the symptoms, ADHD is a disorder that has come a long way since the start.ADHD is a psychological disorder that has been around forever. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder is a neurodevelopmental abnormality usually identified and diagnosed at the age of 7. Statistics show that kids ages five to seven are the most likely to present ADHD at these ages. Since ADHD develops in the brain, the disorder starts to burrow its way into the child's mind and interworkings of their everyday thoughts and actions. It is usual for kids to act hyperactive at that age but with kids that exhibit abnormal amounts of hyperactivity compared to regular kids. Doctor Sir George Still was the first doctor/scientist to recognize ADHD as a mental condition which he named Hyperkinetic Impulse Disorder. Later on, the National
Walser 2Institute of Mental Health recognized it as a mental disorder and the NIMH renamed it a more suitable name. Since the disorder is an abnormality it is believed to develop around the of three or five. Which around the age of seven is when it starts to portray. Kids with ADHD tend to not have many friends because of their jumpy personality, they sometimes miss social cues. As children get older, social interactions become more complicated, and children with ADHD fall behind (Gay Edelman). Because of their missed social cues, kids with ADHD tend to be picked on as weak because they don't have as many friends. They sometimes don't have friends because they often invade others personal space, speak rude comments, and play too rough for most kids. All of those reasons make up why they don't have a lot of friends however, this is not the case with all of them. ADHD has been around since humans have evolved, just like other disorders' and diseases abnormality in development and duplications evolve.Men and women have differences in ADHD symptoms that go unrecognized too. Men and women's brains are obviously wired differently which would explain why the symptoms associated with ADHD are different. Women tend to get overwhelmed, stressed, socially anxious, and fidgety. Men act very jittery, inattentive, and spacey. Many studies have interviewed children with ADHD of different genders. Girls tend to have fewer friends and feel sad while boys sometimes flourish in social environments because they feel less overwhelmed, but are instead unfocused. From young ages, girls and boys are taught differently and learn differently because if the accommodations to teach what is ladylike and manly. It's a different story when the children grow up Research into ADHD in adulthood suggests an almost equal balance between men and women. (Jane Collingwood). Since the start, boys and girls have been different and it's not a shock to see differences in the symptoms.
Walser 3Since the discovery of the disorder, medications have arisen to combat the symptoms. People have been trying to find ways cope and control the side effect using different types of prescriptions. Adderall is one of the most used prescriptions for people with ADHD. The drug is very easy to get a hold of in turn increases the amount of addiction to Adderall. Since the addiction outrage, lots of people are turning to Ritalin, but it causes people to forget and impairs peoples speaking and movement. The drug isn't the best for young kids though. Daytrana is on the rise. It is a patch worn by the person on either their stomach, back, or thigh. The patch releases a type of medicine absorbed through the child's skin. ADHD's diagnosis has shot up since the nineteen-eighties. In recent years there has been more and more diagnostics each day and year. ADHD affects millions of people worldwide and the importance of understanding it is rising just like the disorder.Just because multiple medicines have arisen that doesn't mean what people think it affects peoples lives and the way they live.
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Overdiagnosis of ADHD & Prescription Medications
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is the ultimate guide used in the psychiatric and medical fields (Myers and Dewall #). Each DSM edition has been used to medically diagnose patients and provide efforts for treatment (Myers and Dewall #). Today, physicians and mental health workers are using the fifth edition. However, many people are skeptical of the new addition. The DSM-5 has a broad spectrum in which multitudinous behaviors can lead to disorder. This concerningly brings about questions of overdiagnosis and how the DSM-5 may be pathologizing everyday thoughts and actions (Myers and Dewall #). Along with these new disorders and diagnoses, comes a surge of prescription medication usage. These two intertwined and correlating problems are leading to what could be considered a vastly growing epidemic.
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a disorder characterized by severe inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity (Parekh). According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), an estimated 4.4 million children were diagnosed with ADHD in 2003. In a little over a decade, the numbers had increased by nearly two million (Data and Statistics). On page 531 of Exploring Psychology in Modules, written by David G. Meyers and C. Nathan Dewall, the overdiagnosis of ADHD is discussed. This is a particularly controversial topic. Many people believe that the climbing numbers of those diagnosed is due to increasing knowledge and a better understanding of the disorder. Regardless of the facts, overdiagnoses is leading to a drastic increase in prescription medications.
The combination stimulant medication of amphetamine and dextroamphetamine, more commonly known as Adderall, is one of the most common medications used to treat ADHD. An alarming amount of evidence shows that this controlled prescription medication produces effects similar to those experienced by meth and cocaine users, especially when taken by someone who does not have ADHD. Due to the high feeling that users experience, Adderall is desired by many people across the country. People who have illegally taken the medication before report that it is not hard to obtain, whether stealing from medicine cabinets of family and friends or purchasing it illegally on the streets. The ease of finding Adderall could potentially be a result of the overdiagnoses of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. This is a major and widespread problem throughout the United States. Adderall addiction can lead to prolonged altered behaviors, depression, and strong suicidal thoughts and actions (Adderall Symptoms). Reports of Adderall being injected and snorted have arose since the drug became more popular on the streets. Although users experience a better high, these methods are capable of quickly leading to fatal overdose (Adderall Symptoms).
Environmental factors play a massive role in children who are diagnosed with ADHD. A strong lack of parenting and good living situations often times causes children to have emotional problems. When these kids attend school and are too loud and commonly act out, the solution is to diagnose them with ADHD. By taking this into account, the DSM-5 make changes to the too broad of a spectrum, making it stricter and more difficult to diagnose people with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. People are blinded by the idea that it is common for these kids to have ADHD, when the outbursts and lack of listening can often be blamed on a poor environment. Similar to the later abuse of Adderall in teen and young adult years, the desire for this drug could sometimes be blamed on home environments. If parents are too hard on their children, teens may use the stimulant in order to be alert and give themselves the energy to be successful at their schoolwork or athletics. Regardless, if children are misdiagnosed at an early age, the dependence of prescription medications can cause early problems and lead to a long, difficult recovery farther down the road.
People who do not believe that the overdiagnosis of ADHD leads to the increasing illegal sales of Adderall would tend to say that anyone who has a prescription from a doctor must need it. They believe that is its prescribed, addiction will not occur. These skeptics do not understand how stimulant drugs can quickly affect the mind and body of those who do not need it. Regardless of what people want to believe, there is a clear correlation between these two issues. Data has proven that there are rising numbers in ADHD cases. In addition to this, the street use of Adderall is more prevalent than ever. The DSM-5 must take into consideration its broad spectrum and physicians, as well as all those involved in this epidemic, need to really consider all aspects of a case before taking drastic actions to diagnose.
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ADHD: Symptoms and Medication
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is a disorder in which a person is unable to control behavior due to difficulty in processing neural stimuli, accompanied by an extremely high level of motor activity. The best way to explain ADHD is like jumping from one thought to the next in a matter of seconds. It can be hard to figure out why you are upset because you can not directly find the root of the problem. Many people do not understand what it is like and just dismiss you as immature. Medication can be a way of helping the symptoms of ADHD due to its effects on the brain's neurotransmitters. Once I was given medicine for the first time, I was able to focus and understand things without being interrupted. This is not to say that medication is the only way of treating this disorder but rather the beginning process of a solution. Medication is often integral to the management of ADHD.
Many people are confused as to where ADHD comes from and how one can develop it. While scientist are not exactly sure what causes ADHD but some of their guesses are from genetics or causes from a birth defect. It can be hard to diagnose a kid with ADHD because some of the symptoms can be considered a form of depression anxiety or even a type of autism (webmd).
An interesting discovery founded, was the different types of ADHD. it consists of three types. This is a newer take on diagnosing ADHD, because in the past it was either ADD or ADHD. Now it's just factored into 3 types, inattentive, hyperactive-impulsive type,and combined. The three types are very different make diganosing easier for the doctor. (types).
First, Inattentive ADHD symptoms are a lack of attention, make stupid mistakes, can not payattetion to what is going on, failing to listen and follow instructions, will not put forth effort for work, get distracted, and forgetful. A person must have more than 6 of these symptoms to be classified as inattentive. This is what ADD used to be classified as, can easily be distracted from a task involving work. A way of determining this type of ADHD is if the patient daydreams a lot, becomes bored easily or is always forgetful. There Are many ways of treating it such as medication or apprasial.
Another type of ADHD is defined as hyperactive-impulsive. webMD states the symptoms as:
Fidgeting or squirming, Nonstop talking, Trouble sitting still and doing quiet tasks, such as reading, Running from place to place; acting like he's driven by a motor, Constantly leaving his seat, jumping or climbing on furniture and other inappropriate places, Not having patience, Blurting out comments at inappropriate times, Interrupting conversations or speaking out of turn, Trouble waiting for a turn or standing in line. (webmd)
Each child must display these symptoms for more than 6 months to be diagnosed with it. This is what ADHD used to be defined as but since has changed. Many kids are naturally hyper and may display these symptoms without even having them so that why they wait 6 months.
The final type of ADHD which is the mix between the two. This type is the most common out of the three being that one kid does not always have one type of ADHD. the two other types are so different with how kids act which can make it difficult to diagnose.
Many parents of adhd children go through the process of first finding out about it, then comes the issue of how to treat it. A main problem that comes up is the deciding age of which age is the best to start medicating. Parents are worried that their child could have bizzare side effects such as tics or personality changes (Gardner). In rare cases, some ADD medications can negatively affect the patient such as tics, personality changes, mood swings, etc.. This may scare off a parent from using the medication. The problem with this outcome comes from one of two problems. One, the doctor not giving a full exact definition and multiple solutions or two, the family not realizing it can take time for medicine to work. Sometimes it can be a test and fail situation because the medication can affect everyone differently. This is how a majority of medication is used to treat others.
Another concern parents have with using medicine to treat their children is over medicating. According to Eileen M O'Conner, her study found that 84% of students that had ADHD were on some type of medications (O'Conner) . She later found a 72% of those kids were taking multiple medications(O'Conner). O'Conner was concerned that these kids were being over medicating. This brings up the problem, can the child act freely as a kid? This situation deals with how the doctor treats the patient, sometimes it's necessary. In the article, we are not given much information regarding each students life and reasons of why they are on the medication. A certified doctor that can give a unbiased medical decision.
Finally, a common fear that I mention briefly was the fear of misdiagnosing the patient. In the past and very minor of today, a child might be diagnosed with ADHD when they have a different problem which can lead to other problems. If misdiagnosed, a child could become more moody, violent or even depressed because the wrong medication can bring about unwanted side effects (suicide). That why in recent years, they have changed the way of diagnosing ADHD. They split into three types and make it a longer processes which has resulted in a positive outcome.
In conclusion, the types of ADHD ar the main key to diagnosing a child with it. They Used to be classified ADD and ADHD but now its just three types of ADHD. many parents fear that medicting their child will result in affect how the child will grow up.
Work cited
Gardner, Amanda. ADHD Medications and Scary Side Effects. WebMD, WebMD, www.webmd.com/add-adhd/childhood-adhd/features/adhd-medications-scary-side-effects#1.
Suicide link to ADHD drug."" Sydney Morning Herald [Sydney, Australia], 5 Oct. 2013, p. 1. Opposing Viewpoints in Context https://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A344659440/OVIC?u=lom_schoolcraft&sid=OVIC&xid=8a
571295. Accessed 6 Nov. 2018.
O'Conner , EILEEN. Medicating ADHD: Too Much? Too Soon? Monitor on Psychology,
American Psychological Association, Dec. 2001, www.apa.org/monitor/dec01/medicating.aspx.
Types of ADHD. WebMD, WebMD, www.webmd.com/add-adhd/guide/types-of-adhd.
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A Question of Plastic Surgery in Modern World
Growing up in the 21st century social media has had a great impact on today's society. Social media influencers and celebrities change their appearances from when they were younger and some of them are open about what they have had done. Plastic surgery emerged as the new way of feeling better about yourself rather than doing it to heal injuries. Cosmetic surgery was apparent to me starting from middle school all the way up to the age I am today. My peers, friends and even some family members would scroll through social media apps and depict others features in a person's photos or videos. As a little girl virtual games were all I used to play. I would create characters on these games and change any appearance they had from mine. Their lips, their body figure, and even eye color. These online games flourished and even as a small child I realized I could create a whole new appearance and life, under the palm of my hands. Plastic surgery in general tended to show every sign of criticism in the eyes of most people especially in teens. As a teen and young adult today, society just tends to like specific body types but dislike the fact of it not being natural. To my knowledge plastic surgery seems to be an efficient and faster way to change what you dislike rather than exercising or learning self acceptance. So should plastic surgery really be banned from teenagers?
Research shows that plastic surgery has grown billions of dollars specifically in the US. By having the plastic surgery industry be accessible to teens the industry grows significantly and it benefits the economy. According to Discount Cosmetic Surgery: Industry Trends and Strategies for Success by Lloyd M. Krieger plastic surgeons have started giving adolescents discounted prices for surgery. patients are now price-sensitive (increasing their bargaining power as buyers), and there are few barriers to entry among providers (allowing potential new entrants into the market). (Krieger) This business strategy is making teens want to get more work done at an easier price to pay for. The American Society of Plastic Surgeons (ASPS) estimates that more than 333,000 plastic procedures were performed on patients 18 years of age or younger in the United States in 2005, compared to approximately 14,000 in 1996. By recording the growth of adolescent patients by decreasing the price for cosmetic operations study shows that the number of adolescents requesting these procedures show that this business is in high demand. Appearance and deformities are important to anyone who engages in social interaction. Teens as well as adults also could have valid plastic conditions that benefit from plastic surgery. Adolescent plastic surgery is not a new thing, but the topic has come to the forefront as a result of recent media attention. The most common sources of information for teens about plastic surgery are magazines and television. The quick fixes on television "reality" shows can establish unrealistic expectations and distort the facts about actual plastic surgery.
Teens are often uncomfortable with their evolving bodies. Distortions in body appearance can lower self-confidence and disrupt social acceptance. This can result in difficulty with school, depression, or disconnection with friends and family. The cosmetic procedures teens desire most based on the The American Society of Plastic Surgeons (ASPS) that overall improves their self-confidence are liposuction, rhinoplasty, and breast augmentation.Young people can be cruel, whether they mean to or not, teens and adolescents can cause significant emotional distress with their words. Comments about visual appearance or related areas may drive a teen to seek surgical solutions. Will adolescents who want to improve their appearance rationally consider the risks? Studies by implant manufacturers show that most women have at least one serious complication within the first 3 years, including infection, hematomas and seromas, capsular contracture (a sometimes painful hardening of the breasts), loss of nipple sensation, and hypertrophic scarring. Since breast implants typically last 10 years, an adolescent will require repeated surgeries throughout her lifetime. Breast implants can also cause complications with breastfeeding. The cost of any surgery can be very extortionate so having price reductions such as installment plans can greatly make up an adolescents mind with the decision of going through with a procedure.
A counterargument to the idea that plastic surgery should be allowed to adolescents are that there are lots of misconceptions and false advertisement. Along with those things there could be genuine reasons as to why people choose to do it rather than others. Since this issue is seen in today's society there are shown to be positive attributes to it but with restriction. An example of this is the topic of how plastic surgery is fine but it should be restricted to only adults 18+. Having adolescents be exposed to plastic procedures could be dangerous to their mental health and overall perspective of what is important and what is not. Having a adolescent view their peers receiving these procedures and consider it as normal could lead to many issues. Medical doctor Michael A. Bermant wrote the article Ethics of Cosmetic Plastic Surgery in Adolescents he explains the study and how usually teens/kids are not mature enough to have procedures by choice. The deformity, physical and emotional maturity, and desired outcome for each adolescent patient must be carefully evaluated before any decisions are made. Additional consultations and long discussions before plastic surgery are often merited. By having this be questioned so much proves that it is better safe than sorry to operate on an adolescent. With plastic surgery it should be well thought out instead of making an impulse decision. Everything should be safe and fine if you really think things over and don't just do it for temporary acceptance. It is important to distinguish between teenagers below 18 years, and those above 18 years, as the older ones are legally of consenting age. But the problems before the teenagers have nothing to do with this division. They have two types of issues: To conform to their peer group, and obvious cosmetic problems, for example, asymmetry of breasts or gigantomastia causing severe medical problems.
According to Cosmetic Surgery in Teenagers: To Do or Not to Do. by Singh Kuldip the many reasons why plastic surgery is popular within teens is because of trends. Kuldeep gives reasoning as to why plastic surgery needs to be well thought out for an adolescent who wants something done to themself. Many solutions of how a teen considering plastic surgery should do before going through with it. Psychologically it could be damaging to a teen thinking about plastic surgery just because there is a trend for it. Emotional damage can also occur if the results become not what the teen wanted. In the Demographic features of patients seeking cosmetic surgery there was a study conducted that shows the rate of how plastic surgery is between 415 patients. Within these 415 patients their demographic features were investigated from a psychiatric point of view. Most of the 415 patients had different types of disorders and it became a possible factor in their decision making with going under the knife. Gender was also a factor in this study showing that more females than males get plastic surgery willingly not just because of an injury. many patients seeking cosmetic surgery were considered to have mental health problems. Expectations are important to consider for teens thinking about plastic surgery.
I think that plastic can be beneficial to an individual's self esteem but precaution is important. Plastic surgery can bring lots of happiness and it can greatly help someone's mental pro many people into your life and you can explore many more. Just be careful making impulsive decisions because you never know what your going to get.
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Why is Plastic Surgery Dangerous for Teenagers?
Why is plastic surgery dangerous for young teenager?
In today's society, the picture of beauty is a model with a tinny waist, larger hips, and bigger breast. Because society portrays this to women starting at such a young age, most girls truly believe this. This especially starts to play a big role in their lives starting around puberty, ages 10-15. Young women truly believe they need to look like these models, the easiest way to achieve this, and to fix themselves is cosmetic or plastic surgery. Although most think cosmetic surgery and plastic surgery there is a slight difference. Cosmetic surgery is plastic surgery for improving a person's appearance by restoration of damaged areas of skin removal of wrinkles or blemishes, etc. (Mifflin, 2002) Plastic surgery is the branch of surgery dealing with the repair or replacement of malformed, injured, or lost organs or tissues of the body, chiefly by the transplant of living tissues. (Mifflin, 2011)
Plastic surgery is dangerous for young teenager because of media in our world today, it has placed with importance and high significance on the physical characteristics of young adults. Teenagers today are considering treatments that could cause them potential harm due to the fact that their bodies are still growing and maturing. Cosmetic surgery changes your appearance by altering or reshaping parts of your body that function normally but don't look the way you want. Before you proceed with cosmetic surgery, consider expenses, risks, recovery, expectations, etc. (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2016, para.3)
The reason I picked this topic is because my sister has been interested in cosmetic surgery for years. And I completely believe she is too young, and also I think social media has a larger role in her thoughts.
Another huge factor of social media is that it also causes other problems for young girls like anorexia, depression, and which all can evolve to them thinking for plastic surgery. Bullying is a huge aspect of plastic surgery although I do not agree teen with plastic surgery, I certainly do not approve of childhood plastic surgery. At this young age children
There are many risk factors can occur in cosmetic surgery in teens. The biggest risk factor in teen plastic surgery is that adolescence bodies are still growing. Average young woman gains weight between the ages of 18 and 21, and that is likely to change her desire or need for breast augmentation and liposuction. (Zuckerman, 2012, para. 5)
Gender
Society today has brain washed not only today's women, but also the men to believe thatin order for a person to look beautiful, they must look like the images that are seen on television, inmovies, and on the cover of magazines. These images portray thin women and muscular men. TheHollywood figures that are so famous for their looks and bodies also encourage the belief that thinis beautiful. These images are plastered all over television shows, commercials, and magazineadvertisements. With all these visions of beauty that are seen everywhere, a person feels compelledto look just like those images.
Their results also suggested that women are more likely to undergo cosmetic surgery than men, and that older men report less desire to undergo cosmetic surgery than younger men. (Furnham, 2012, para.6)
Risks/ Recovery
Dissatisfaction is possible after any type of cosmetic surgery. Surgical complications are possible, too ” including excessive bleeding or infection at the surgical site. With all these visions of beauty that are seen everywhere, a person feels compelled to look just like those images. Although plastic surgery can improve patients' appearance and self-image through both reconstructive and cosmetic procedures, it can induce a lot of detriments whichmay lead to the perilous risks, even death
Recovery. After cosmetic surgery, you might need days, weeks or even months to recover. Understand the physical effects that might be part of your recovery, as well as how the surgery might affect aspects of your personal and professional life.
Addiction, Cost
Cosmetic surgery isn't covered by most health insurance plans. The cost varies depending on the procedure, ranging from hundreds to thousands of dollars. Also, consider the cost of any follow-up care or additional corrective procedures.
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The Ethics of Drug Pricing
The Ethics of Drug Pricing
EpiPen is a device that stops potentially fatal allergic reactions by injecting a precise dose of epinephrine. It has become a requirement for families with children suffering from counter effects like wheezing, uneven breathing, increased or decreased heart rate, swelling and other potentially fatal reactions. The price of this product was $100 for a two-pack until it raised to $608.61 in the year 2016. These prices tremendously inflated due to the actions of the top executives of the pharmaceutical company; thus, the moral agent whose actions will be analyzed are the top executives of this company. The ethical issue that arises from this scandal is whether or not these prices are ethical.
Mylan, the pharmaceutical company that owns EpiPen, had been gradually raising the whole price. Previously, pharmacies paid less than $100.00 for a two-set pen, but in the year 2009, a pharmacy paid $103.50 for a set. On July, 2013 the price escalated to $264.50 and again escalated 75% to $461 by the year 2015. According to “Elsevier Clinical Solutions’ Gold Standard Drug Database”, the price of the EpiPen spiked again to $608.61 in the year 2016. It has been reported that Mylan reaped in nearly $300 million in compensation from 2011 to 2015. Due to its tremendous hiked up prices, the top executives of the pharmaceutical company such as the CEO, Heather Bresch, were heavily criticized and the public was outraged. People questioned whether or not these prices were ethical. To justify the company’s actions, Heather Bresch blamed the rise of the price of its drug on Obamacare and the rise. This scandal is interesting because of the way Bresch responded to the criticism she received for her decision. Instead of owning up to the idea that it was irrational and inequitable, her initial reaction was to blame Obamacare and the rise. Through this scandal, there have been various perspectives on the ethics of this pricing. Some of the various perspectives on the ethics of this pricing are: utilitarian, deontologist, and virtue ethicist. Through these three crucial theories, it will demonstrate whether or not Mylan’s action was justifiable or not.
There are two types of utilitarianism which are rule and act utilitarianism. The difference between these two types are act utilitarianism is the belief that it is the right action that brings the greatest total happiness whereas rule utilitarianism is the belief that the moral correctness of an action depends on correctness of the rules that allows it to achieve the greatest total happiness. Generally, the main concept of utilitarianism is the greatest happiness principle. This principle primarily states that an act is morally better than alternatives if it creates the greatest total happiness. By happiness is “…intended pleasure and the absence of pain…”[footnoteRef:1]. For instance, a utilitarian would get the Anne Frank case right because a utilitarian would lie to save Anne Frank in order to minimize suffering or pain. Additionally, it focuses on the consequences rather than the means. Means refers to any action whereas the ends or consequences refers to the sole purpose of achieving something else. An example of this is the Trolley Problem where there is both an innocent person and five other innocent people on the track ahead of the trolley. The dilemma is that if you allow the track to run its course, one person will die or if you change the tracks, then five people will die. A utilitarian will decide to let the innocent person to die for the sake of saving five people. Thus, a utilitarian would have better solved the situation. A utilitarian would have used the greatest happiness principle as its test for permissibility because the action is considered moral as long as it is the optimal choice in increasing utility and minimizing pain. Not only that, a utilitarian would have considered everyone, all options and put the correct value on things in its calculations. Thus, a utilitarian would have opposed to Mylan’s actions. Mylan was generating satisfactory profits before the price hike, and even during the years of the increase the product was still affordable. On the other hand, the price has gone to the extreme and stakeholders are more outraged than Mylan is satiated with its profits. People have taken to protesting by “… marching to Mylan’s headquarters and 500,000 individuals have signed a petition…”.[footnoteRef:2] Evidently, Mylan’s action would not be considered moral since it did not minimize the pain, which would be the outrage of the clients. [1: Mill, John Stuart. Utilitarianism by John Stuart Mill. Edited by J. Bulger, Ph.D., 1.
] [2: EndPlay. "500,000 Petitions Delivered to Mylan Headquarters in Protest of EpiPen Price Hike." WPXI. August 30, 2016. Accessed December 24, 2018. https://www.wpxi.com/news/500000-petitions-delivered-to-mylan-headquarters-in-protest-of-epipen-price-hike/433058945. ]
On the other hand, a deontologist would do the complete opposite than that of a utilitarian. The foundation of this theory is duty or obligation. Unlike utilitarianism, nothing but the means matter. According to this theory, we are morally obligated to act in accordance with a set of principles and rules regardless of the outcome. In relation to this theory, one version of the categorical imperative is “The Formula of the End in Itself”. Kant states this formula as “Act in such a way that you always treat humanity, whether in your own person or in the person of any other, never simply as a means but always at the same time as an end.[footnoteRef:3] Kant argued that an action done without the motive of duty would then be without moral value; and therefore, insignificant. Kant also stated that nothing is good without qualification except a good will and a good will is one that wills to act in accord with the moral law and out of respect for the law rather than out of inclinations. Evidently, it can be said that he perceived the moral law as an unconditional command. An example of this is if a person proposed to kill everyone currently living on land that could not support agriculture in order to bring a world without starvation, a deontologist would argue that this would without starvation was a poor state of affairs because of the way in which it was brought about. Additionally, because this theory is about following duties, a deontologist will not be able to lie because a deontologist has a duty to be honest. For instance, you would have to give up Anne Frank if she is hiding in your house because you can’t lie. For the EpiPen scandal, a deontologist would only raise the price of the drug if it goes with its set of moral values and the people will not be harmed from this act. However, Mylan’s action would have only complied to the notion of acting rationally when they increased their product’s price. Yet, they did not allow others to act rationally since they were in a compromising position. For instance, a rational customer would purchase the cheaper of the two options, but Mylan had its customers pushed towards a place only supported by the EpiPen. Mylan also lacked respect for their consumers, otherwise they would have priced their products at a level that would allow for increased profits at an affordable price. Furthermore, Mylan was motivated by self-gain which is considered unethical by a deontologist. [3: Cahn, Steven M. Exploring Ethics: An Introductory Anthology. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009., 411.
Virtue Ethics is a theory similar to deontology. Conversely, virtue ethics emphasizes the virtues or moral character rather than duty or obligation. It stems from good intentions but in a business setting, this theory is considered as not ideal. This theory is not ideal in the business setting because corporations are looking to hire for employees who will assist in turning a profit rather than exploring the human nature. A virtue ethicist would focus on evaluating the rightness of the action rather than the moral rules. An example of this in the trolley problem is that a virtue ethicist would throw the switch in the trolley problem because I am a virtuous person and saving five people is the type of compassionate act a virtuous person executes. Another instance is the Nazi asking whether or not you have Anne Frank. A virtue ethicist would have lied to them for the sake of kindness which is considered as one of the admirable character traits. In this case, a virtue ethicist would have demonstrated how the CEO of EpiPens were after profits and therefore controlled by greed, which culminated from their characters. Not only that, some of the admirable character traits are courage, honesty, and justice. In a company, courage has to do with its level of risk-taking whether they uphold right ideas and actions. It can be argued that although Mylan did take a risk in raising the price of their product, it was not to uphold right ideas. Honesty in a company refers to the company’s trustworthiness in agreement. This was not upheld in the company since Mylan lied about the EpiPen’s profits. Justice examines if the company engages in hard work, good ideas, and fair practices. Mylan’s work had produced quality products, excellent ideas, but were not fair in executing them out. Although Mylan was courageous in raising the price of their product, they were dishonest, misguided, and unfair.
Mylan executives’ decision on raising the price of EpiPen to this extent is not morally justifiable and has negatively affected the consumers who relied on the EpiPen. Instead of Mylan’s objective being to promote the health of the population, it was solely on raising its profits. Additionally, Mylan chose an action that did not fully take into account the health of others. It can be said that if Mylan researched more on the effects of different levels, it would have not made its decision of setting the price of the EpiPen so high. By collecting data of different regions, they could have found a price affordable for all regions. Because Mylan is facing a major setback with criticisms from their consumers, Mylan needs to go about this issue carefully if they want to persist in being profitable and remain the market leader when the patent expires. Mylan’s first goal is to fix problems such as the lack of consideration for the lives of patients and then address the company’s motives. Because the patent is expiring soon, Mylan lower the price of the EpiPen. Mylan should also work with insurance companies to offer higher rebates and other deals to aid in paying for EpiPens. Evidently, these types of actions such as calculating, considering all options, and putting the correct value on things is what an utilitarian would do. With this said, various perspectives from a utilitarian, deontologist, and a virtue ethicist have demonstrated that the prices of the EpiPen are unethical. Therefore, Mylan’s actions are unjustifiable.
Bibliography:
- Mill, John Stuart. Utilitarianism by John Stuart Mill. Edited by J. Bulger, Ph.D
- EndPlay. "500,000 Petitions Delivered to Mylan Headquarters in Protest of EpiPen Price Hike." WPXI. August 30, 2016. Accessed December 24, 2018. https://www.wpxi.com/news/500000-petitions-delivered-to-mylan-headquarters-in-protest-of-epipen-price-hike/433058945.
- Cahn, Steven M. Exploring Ethics: An Introductory Anthology. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009.
- Tuttle, Brad. “EpiPen Prices: Mylan CEO Heather Bresch & Big Pharma Scandal | Money.” Time, Time, 21 Sept. 2016, time.com/money/4502891/epipen-pricing-scandal-big- pharma-politics/.
- Miyashiro, Andreas Kanaris. "Mylan’s EpiPen Pricing Scandal." Sevenpillarsinstitute.org. September 14, 2017. Accessed October 19, 2018. https://sevenpillarsinstitute.org/mylans- epipen-pricing-scandal/.
- Willingham, Emily. "Why Did Mylan Hike EpiPen Prices 400%? Because They Could." Forbes. August 25, 2016. Accessed October 20, 2018.
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Propaganda in our Youth
Propaganda in Our Youth
People may think that propaganda is a thing of the past, but we do not realize that we are being tricked into believing propaganda-based ideas every day. Propaganda is any association, systematic scheme, or concerted movement for the propagation of a particular doctrine or practice (Simpson 1466). I explain propaganda as a way for the media or people in power to get the audience to be on their side and make you believe what they want you to. This concept is terrible in my eyes because they are telling you what they think is true and wanting you to believe it. As a result, people end up in fights and can not defend themselves because they do not know enough about what they are trying to defend.
We will begin with how propaganda was used to manipulate adults and children in war-times. During World War I and World War II, propaganda was used to romanticize war. Or, in other words, leave out all the horrid details about what really goes on and make it seem like people do not die and that we all come out as heroes (Behreandt 37). A well-known use of propaganda is in our posters and advertisements. Propaganda posters in America during World War I often used images of children and sometimes women to drum up support for various aspects of the war (Behreandt 37). They used an emotional attachment to children known as Kindchenschema, baby schema, to trick adults, especially women, into buying liberty bonds to support the war. Liberty bonds are something that people bought into during the war to help finance the war effort (Behreandt 37). If you think about this for a moment, you may remember that people were not doing well off financially. Buying into these bonds would not only put them in debt, but they would have trouble feeding themselves and their families all because of some posters that persuaded them at the wrong time. The people who were creating the propaganda posters learned early on that when adults saw an infant in danger, they automatically thought they needed to protect the children (Behreandt 37).
Members of the junior division of the Hitler Youth were forced to take this oath, In the presence of this blood banner, which represents our F??hrer, I swear to devote all my energies and my strength to the savior of our country, Adolf Hitler. I am willing and ready to give up my life for him, so help me God (Behreandt 33). The German youth were to be prepared to be obedient subjects, instead of independent citizens, in the future dystopia. Second, a large group of children, easily manipulated into worshipping the state and its leader, was a potent source of propaganda that could be used to mold and manipulate public opinion at home and abroad (Behreandt 33). The people of that time were used as slaves and they did not even know it. The Hitler Youth organization was used to poison children with biases before they were old enough or knowledgeable enough to refute the messages they were being told (Behreandt 34). Some may say that no one really knew what was going on and, therefore, they could not come up with a way to think. But, they would never know because they were only being told what the government allowed. They were not being told the whole truth. A steady diet over the years of falsifications and distortions made a certain impression on one's mind and often mislead people's minds. No one can possibly conceive how difficult it is to escape the dreaded consequences of a regime's continuous propaganda (Behreandt 35). The Formation of Men's Attitudes states that Nowadays, Propaganda pervades all aspects of public life (Behreandt 35). St. Nicholas, a popular magazine in 1917, would tell people that every person from every age group had a duty to prepare themselves for service. That way, when the government was ready for them, they would be quickly and conveniently allotted their proper places (Behreandt 36). To summarize, propaganda was using children and women as props to help them with something as serious as war.
Next, we will talk about how easily a child's mind is manipulated and how kids and teens today think it is so important to avoid dorkdom (Golway 6). With all the stars rising up today, one can only imagine the amount of rumors and opinions floating around. And, of course, everyone wants to fit in because, as stated by MTV and echoed in mass media, A young person can face no worse fate than to be considered uncool, unhip, unchic-a dork (Golway 6). Take this into thought: there is a teen out there taking drugs because someone told her that they would make all of her problems go away. She does not even think twice about it because everyone takes drugs, right? She thinks, What harm can they really do? So, she takes the drugs and does a lot of harm to herself. Whether she realized it or not, she was manipulated into believing that drugs are acceptable just because of what other people say. She desired something that others had.
Another example would be how the media exaggerates things beyond proportion. Not long ago, when all of the hurricanes were happening, you would have reporters showing everyone the damage to the surrounding area. You could see reporters waist-deep in water, or holding on to a palm tree like they were going to blow away. We believed what they were describing was true because we were not there. It was not until we dug a little deeper and found some behind the scenes clips, that we saw what was really there. A reporter, down on his knees taping the news for that night. Another holding the trunk of a palm tree for dear life, only to find out that before editing, you could see the townspeople walking around like it was any normal day. Why must people blow things so far out of proportions instead of telling the truth? We put our trust in these people thinking they tell us nothing but the truth, but the reality is, we never get told the full story in treacherous situations. A person's mind is a precious thing and something that shouldn't be cheated out of the truth. Ultimately, we realize that no matter how hard we try to stop them, lies are something we can not put a stop to.
In addition to our earlier point, we know that tricks, lies, and manipulations are everywhere. We come to realize that propaganda is in everything, including our pop culture. Pop culture can consist of books, movies, comics, media, and what any celebrity has to say or do. As previously stated, our minds are so influenced by everything that goes around and sometimes we can not tell whether something is real or fake. Our pop culture is crammed full of lies that we can not even begin to believe some of the things that may be true. Propaganda in our pop culture is no big surprise because it has been around for so long that we have become ok with it. Our music tells us that drugs and suicide are good, our magazines tell us that we don't have the right bodies, books and movies try to teach us some good things but there is typically some kind of underlying thing that turns it bad. None of these things should be considered the norm, yet we live every day and ignore the fact that propaganda is everywhere. Some people say that its good to have someone to turn to or people for the children to look up to, but they forget to have their own opinions that are not based on someone else's opinion. We need to have our own opinions, because only then will our personalities be able to shine through like they should. To summarize, we have come to terms with the fact that propaganda is something that will not be leaving us anytime soon even though something so dreadful should not have entered our world in the first place.
We see that propaganda will not just magically disappear from our lives anytime soon, but we can limit the amount of it we believe by doing a bit of research. You may learn more than you ever thought imaginable. So, in conclusion, propaganda uses people, media, and tons of other outlets to trick our minds in ways that should not be possible. Maybe next time you will not be so quick to believe the lies that propaganda will provide you.
Works Cited
- Behreandt, Dennis. Propaganda: Fight for the Minds of Children. New American (08856540), vol. 34, no. 11, June 2018, pp. 33“39. EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=129749332&site=ehost-live.
- Dennis, David B. ?Honor Your German Masters': The Use and Abuse of ?Classical' Composers in Nazi Propaganda. Journal of Political & Military Sociology, vol. 30, no. 2, Winter 2002, pp. 273“295. EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=8797508&site=ehost-live.
- Golway, Terry. The Educated Dork. America, vol. 182, no. 4, Feb. 2000, p. 6. EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=2797876&site=ehost-live.
- Kallis, Aristotle. Nazi Propaganda Decision-Making: The Hybrid of ?Modernity' and ?Neo-Feudalism' in Nazi Wartime Propaganda. Portuguese Journal of Social Science, vol. 8, no. 1, Apr. 2009, pp. 61“84. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1386/pjss.8.1.61pass:[_]1.
- Kehoe, Thomas J. Fighting for Our Mutual Benefit: Understanding and Contextualizing the Intentions behind Nazi Propaganda for the Arabs during World War Two. Journal of Genocide Research, vol. 14, no. 2, June 2012, pp. 137“157. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1080/14623528.2012.677759.
- Scekic, Radenko. The Media and the Wars in Western Balkans in the Last Decade of the Xx Century. Journal of Liberty & International Affairs, vol. 1, no. 2, Sept. 2015, p. 78. EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=pwh&AN=120370198&site=pov-live.
- SEAGREN, CHAD W., and DAVID R. HENDERSON. Why We Fight: A Study of U.S. Government War-Making Propaganda. Independent Review, vol. 23, no. 1, Summer 2018, pp. 69“90. EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=130143918&site=ehost-live.
- Sennett, Alan. Play It Again, Uncle Sam. Journal of Popular Film & Television, vol. 37, no. 1, Spring 2009, pp. 2“8. EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=39564579&site=ehost-live.
- Simpson, J.A. Oxford English Dictionary. Clarendon Press, 1989.
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Chinese Philosophy and Communism
The emergence of philosophy is associated with a profound turn in the spiritual history of mankind, which took place between the VIII and II centuries BC. In this era, the main categories that we think to this day have been developed, laid the foundations of world religions, and today remain the most influential. There has been a sharp turn in history, which meant the appearance of a person of the type that has survived to the present.
History of philosophy is usually divided into 5 stages.The philosophy of antiquity is the stage of the emergence of philosophical thought. The specificity of Greek philosophy, especially in the initial period of its development, is the desire to understand the essence of nature, space, the world as a whole. The philosophy of the Middle Ages was closely intertwined with theology, making up its integral part. In the era of Renaissance, the main focus was on man, which characterizes philosophy as anthropocentric. The most important distinguishing feature of this era is its orientation towards art. The philosophy of the New Age is characterized by an almost unlimited faith in the omnipotence of reason, which, as it seems to philosophers, is able to know nature and lead a person to a beautiful future.The latest philosophy, which is also called modern, is a very complex phenomenon that combines all the questions that philosophy has ever posed.
Basically, Western philosophy is referred to as the school of thought from Greek philosophy that influenced the greater part of Western civilization. In contrast, the Eastern philosophy is based mainly in Asia, more specifically the Chinese philosophy. Moreover, Western philosophy takes its roots from Rome and Christianity, specifically Judeo-Christianity. Eastern philosophy, on the other hand, is from Confucianism, Mahayana Buddhism, and Taoism. Thus is it safe to say that Eastern philosophy is classical Chinese, while Western philosophy is more Latin in its roots.
There are some differences between Eastern and Western philosophy.The main differences between the school of thought or the philosophies of the East and West are the West’s Individualism and the East’s Collectivism. The Eastern philosophy is drawn much more into groups or society or people’s actions and thoughts as one in order to find meaning in life as they try to get rid of the false “me” concept and find meaning in discovering the true “me” in relation to everything around them, or as part of a bigger scheme. In contrast, the Western civilization is more individualistic, trying to find the meaning of life here and now with self at the center as it is already given and part of the divine.
To summarize,as an engineer I can say that philosophy plays a significant role in engineering.Philosophy does not pay enough attention to engineering.However, engineers should not use this as an excuse to ignore philosophy. The argument here is that philosophy is important for development, at least for three reasons. First, philosophy is necessary so that engineers can understand and protect themselves from philosophical criticism.In fact, there is a tradition of engineering philosophy that is largely overlooked, even by engineers.Secondly, this is necessary to help engineers deal with professional ethical issues. Third, due to the philosophical nature, engineers can use a deeper engineering understanding.
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The Bluest Eye: Analysis
The Bluest Eye: Analysis
In the book, The Bluest Eye, Toni Morrison, writes about a young African American girl named Pecola Breedlove who is convinced she is ugly because she does not have blue eyes. Through Pecola Breedlove, Claudia MacTeer, and several other characters in the book, Morrison demonstrates the result of the Western's culture standard of beauty which leads to internalized racism and self-hatred. The standard of beauty created through advertisements and other media outlets has made it difficult to grow up in America as an African American.
Throughout The Bluest Eye, Pecola's physical attributes affects her self-esteem because she is only exposed to a certain type of beauty due the exposure that she has access to. In the beginning of the novel, Morrison asserts, Adults, older girls, shops, magazines, newspapers, window signs- all the world had agreed that a blue-eyed, yellow-haired, pink-skinned doll was what every girl child treasured. (20) Even at such a young age it was ingrained in the brains of little black girls that this was what a beautiful woman should look like. Although, this is not the reality of it, it just goes to show you how much of an affect media has.
Claudia's character does not show much or if any self-hatred that her other peers may have, she very much so realizes the prejudice ideal of beauty going on. For example, she asserts that I destroyed white baby dolls The truly horrifying thing was the transference of the same impulses to little white girls. (22) She even goes on to say, What made people look at them and say, Awwwww, but not for me? (23) This is one of the only times she questions her own beauty by comparing it white females. Claudia's character tries to resist glorifying the dolls and white girls but even though she does the white beauty standard is still there.
Morrison demonstrates internalized racism that divides part of the African American community throughout the novel. Characters like Pecola, Claudia, and Frieda show signs of jealously towards Maureen Peal, who is a light-skinned, wealthy, well off African American girl. Maureen represents the obvious division of classes within the African Americans society. The girls were so envious of her they even claimed, We looked hard for flaws to restore our equilibrium, but had to be content at first with uglying up her name, changing Maureen Peal to Meringue Pie. (63) These self-conscious girls took it upon themselves to look for flaws in order to make themselves feel better about being less pretty and being considered lower class.
As tensions arise Maureen reveals her internalized racist thoughts by yelling at Claudia, Frieda, and Pecola, I am cute! And you ugly! Black and ugly black e mos. I am cute! (73) Maureen believes she is more attractive because she is of a lighter skin tone, she associates being whiter as being more beautiful. She also uses the word black as an insult, she is calling those girls uglier because they are blacker than her, yet Maureen is still a black girl. Morrison implies that the world they live in is that not only are whites superior but lighter and wealthier African Americans are too. Another character who displays internalized racism is Geraldine, who is also a lighter skinned, middle-class African American.
Geraldine clearly shows racism when she is explaining to her son the difference between colored people and niggers Colored people were neat and quiet; niggers were dirty and loud. (87) Geraldine's character represents that same-race racism that is common throughout this novel and it can occurs to all ages. She even acts as if other black people are of a separate race by telling her son the differences and by doing so she is establishing a racial stereotype. The differences in class and skin tone in the African Americans community has lead to same-race racism due to this Western culture's standard of beauty and superiority.
Pecola correlates being beautiful with those who have blue eyes and she believes she can only achieve this beauty if she has blue eyes. Morrison distinctly states, It has occurred to Pecola some time ago that if her eyes, those eyes that held the pictures, and knew the sights- if those eyes of hers were different, that is to say, beautiful, she herself would be different. (46) By different she means she would see herself as pretty instead of the ugly girl she sees when she looks at herself in the mirror. Her self-hatred stems from the beauty standards that are created through the white people's society.
Growing up as an African American in this society is definitely difficult and unhealthy. Imagine being a young black girl such as Pecola who feels a ton of pressure to comply with this unrealistic standard of beauty. Pecola was so intrigued by the white icons during her time that they knew she was fond of the Shirley Temple cup and took every opportunity to drink milk out of it just to handle and see sweet Shirley's face. (23) Pecola drinking milk comforts her in a false means because it lets her believe in flawed values. Her obsessiveness with drinking milk from the Shirley Temple shows the pedestal she puts these white values of beauty on and it later leads to her strong desire for blue eyes. Pecola also goes to store to buy a certain kind of candy so she can idolize this white girl with blue eyes on the front of the wrapper. Every time something negative happens to Pecola she wishes for blue eyes, believing that it would solve all of her problems. The ideas white society has created is damaging to young black girls growing up because they then have an unsuitable definition of real beauty.
In the novel, Morrison uses dandelions as a symbol for the less privileged African American society. Mainly called weeds, dandelions represent the lower-class black society as unattractive, ineffective, and undesirable. Pecola who is consider of the less privileged society is similar to the dandelion and she even thought they were pretty. (47) Morrison implies that Pecola seeing beauty in the dandelions is her actually seeing beauty in herself.
This beauty depicts the underlying beauty that people do not notice. People generally perceive weeds as unpleasant because they are inconvenient, but people don't realize that they can be beautiful in their own way. Pecola, Claudia, and Frieda, are the dandelions in the sense that they too are seen as ugly because they do not represent the Western's culture standard of beauty. Pecola only begins to think dandelions are ugly when Mr. Yacobowski makes her feel ugly by actions such like not wanting to touch her hand. (49) and displaying the total absence of human recognition. (48) Mr. Yacobowski repulsiveness towards Pecola makes her now think dandelions are ugly. They are weeds. (50) So now Pecola hates herself again for not having blue eyes and the feelings of anger take over her body. This shows how society as a whole can shape a young person's thoughts and opinions into thinking what is beautiful and what is not beautiful. The ideals of the white society make characters like Pecola want to conform to this beauty standard even though it is unattainable. Morrison draws connection between nature and racism because both can be looked at as inevitable.
Toni Morrison conveys that the Western's culture standard of beauty results in internalized racism and self-hatred largely among the African American community. The social norm of beauty in this novel which is light skin and blue eyes has caused young girls like Pecola to question her identity along with her beauty which is similar to what happens to young children growing up in America today. The definition of physical beauty in America effected the confidence of Pecola and other characters in the novel. Morrison sheds light on same-race racism in characters like Maureen and Geraldine by showing how it is a direct outcome of this social structure that white and lighter is more superior. Racism whether it is internalized or not has made it difficult to grow up in America as an African American.
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Hiroshima by John Hersey – a Story of 6 Survivors
Hiroshima, written by John Hersey, focuses on 6 survivors of what is the first atomic bomb ever. One universal theme that showed immediately in the story was the importance of community in the face of tragedy. A few characters who exhibit this theme are, Mr. Tanimoto and Father Kleinsorge. These two characters worked to help those in need and even at one point in the book, interact with each other and help others together. Mr. Tanimoto had gone out and tried to help, or get help for those in need. Father Kleinsorge, on the other hand, had helped those who were unfortunate like Miss Sasaki overcome the scarring event. Overall, both of these characters showed that without the community, they might not have survived, nor anyone else.
Mr. Tanimoto helps many people doing things like getting them food, taking care of them. By helping the people who were hit by the bomb he could help the community get over the bombing. The book states, the night was hot, and it seemed even hotter because of the fires against the sky, but the younger of the two girls Mr. Tanimoto saved and the priest had rescued complained to Father Kleinsorge that she was cold. He had covered her with his jacket. (Hersey. 45). Here, Mr. Tanimoto helped the little girls with Father Kleinsorge by recusing helping them survive until they could get actual help. But as state earlier he tried, the younger of the two girls had a large burn on her; being in salt water before she was recused was probably excruciatingly painful for her. Seeing this Mr. Tanimoto wanted to prevent any more deaths and helped more people and keep. Another example of Mr.Tanimoto showing the importance of community in the face of tragedy is when the book says, There he saw hundreds of people so badly wounded that they could not get up to go farther from the burning city (31). Here Mr. Tanimoto has the choice to just leave or help, but in the face of tragedy, he feels that he should help the wounded. So instead of leaving he goes and retrieves the wounded water. Mr. Tanimoto strived to help everyone, helping him, and them get over the atrocious tragedy. Broadly speaking Mr. Tanimoto contributed a lot to the community helping them overcome the terrible bombing and by getting those in need help.
On the other side, Father Kleinsorge is also helping those in need. Father Kleinsorge is helping those who have lost faith, restore hope. By doing this those who have lost faith can get back up again and strive forward. In the book Father Kleinsorge encourages Miss Sasaki to become a Christian, this helps her pick herself back up and move forward for her own sake as shown as, during the early summer, she prepared herself for conversion to Catholicism. IN that period she had ups and downs. Her depressions were deep (86). Hereby encouraging Miss Sasaki, Father Kleinsorge had shown what he as a part of her community could do to help her get over her depression due to the bombing.
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The Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
At the end of the World War II, the U.S dropped the first Atomic Bomb on the Japanese city of Hiroshima. The president Harry S. Truman warned his advisers that any attack or attempt to invade Japan would result in horrific American casualties. The U.S was warned by Albert Einstein. He warned us that the Nazi was researching nuclear weapons. As a result, the U.S dropped the Atomic Bomb in on September 2, 1945. By this time the Nazi was already defeated. As a result, only the Pacific and Japan were left in the War. As the creation of the Atomic Bomb did destroy many lives. The Manhattan Project Which solved the problem of producing and delivering the nuclear explosion(ushistory.org). However, the Atomic Bomb did kill many people, it was a scientific triumph. This enormous creation was a solution to end World War ll in a drastic way. Had I known that the Germans would not succeed in producing an atomic bomb, I would not have lifted a finger-Albert Einstein (brainyquote.com).
The United States has been planning the conventional bombing for as early as 1942. In 1939, a group of people from United Kingdom, Canada and German Scientists Started research to create the first nuclear weapons. But how would they do it? Uranium-235 and plutonium-239 were selected by the atomic scientists because they readily undergo fission (atomicheritage.org). German scientists had started to figure out how to split a uranium atom. Thus, people had the fear of Nazi scientists utilizing that energy to create a bomb capable of monstrous damage. Harry S. Truman warned his advisers that any attack or attempt to invade Japan would result in horrific American casualties. Only 3 years later Albert Einstein and the United States created the most alarming bomb in United States history. I do not believe that civilization will be wiped out in a war fought with the atomic bomb. Perhaps two-thirds of the people of the earth will be killed-Albert Einstein(brainyquote.com). As a result, 60,000 to 80,000 people were dead in the matter of minutes. Following this drastic attack, some survivors shared their experience following this event. I was three years old at the time of the bombing. I don't remember much, but I do recall that my surroundings turned blindingly white, like a million camera flashes going off at once.
Then, pitch darkness.
I was buried alive under the house, I've been told. When my uncle finally found me and pulled my tiny three year old body out from under the debris, I was unconscious. My face was misshapen. He was certain that I was dead(time.com). This bombing scared the survivors for life.
However, this frightening event ruined thousands of lives, it was the start of the nuclear age. The nuclear age is the time following the first atomic bomb. The Atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki was the first Atomic bomb thus, the nuclear age started following this event. The Nuclear Age started on July 16, 1945.
Additionally, this bomb did result in thousands of dead lives, the nuclear energy used to power this bomb is able to be transported to cure some types of cancer.
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The Fields of Forensic Science
Over the years, new technology has developed and grown into something monumental. Forensic science has also grown with those technologies and uses them to this day. Forensic science first started by simply using a magnifying glass to analyze evidence, to nowadays using all sorts of chambers and processing stations to maximize the exactness of the evidence collected. The reason I chose this topic is because I have a passion for the criminal justice system. I believe that the criminal justice system plays a crucial part in society today and will continue to grow and have a huge impact on the world in the future. I am deciding to lean towards the forensics side of the criminal justice system mainly working in the blood spatter field. I have always been into math and science and growing up to become a scientist is a dream of mine. A Forensic Scientist has many areas that they could deal and work with, ranging from fingerprint analysis, blood spatter analysis, forensic odontology, evidence analysis, and crime scene technician.
There are many fields in Forensic Science. Fingerprint analysis is one of those fields.. Fingerprints are the most often found piece of evidence at a crime scene to-this-day. There are three different fingerprint patterns. There is the Loop type of fingerprint, which is the most common and are found on 60% of the people in the world. This pattern of print curves around to form a loop shape, hence the name. There also is a Whorl pattern print. This print is found on 35% of people in the world. The Whorl print can be split into four different categories; plain, which are just circles, central pocket, which is a circle with a tail at the end, double loop, which is two circles that connect to make an 'S' like pattern, and an accidental loop, which does not form anything specifically. The last type of pattern is the Arches pattern, which has a more of a wavy look. This can be split into two categories; tented, which typically rises higher, and plain tented, which is normally a lower, smoother wave. This is found on around 5% of the people in the world.
Fingerprints found at crime scenes can be put into three different categories based on what substance and or material they are marked and placed on. The first is the Patent Print. The definition of a Patent Print according to www.fingerprinting.com, is visible prints that occur when a foreign substance on the skin of a finger comes in contact with the smooth surface of another object (Types of Fingerprints 1). These are obvious to the human eye. The second type of print is the Plastic Print. This has more of a three-dimensional look. These are typically formed after a person has been in contact with a waxy substance, such as butter or soap, then touching a surface leaving a three-dimensional form print. The third type of print is the Latent Print. This type of print is the hardest print to find and is nearly impossible to see by the human eye. The print left behind is created just from the natural oils on the human skin. When looking at a scene for fingerprints, the analyst will typically use the two-step method to look for the prints. He/she will first search for Patent and Plastic Prints first because they are actually visible to the eye. The Fingerprint Analysts will use flashlights and black lights to help find any and all prints on scene. The second step is to search for the Latent Prints, the prints that are not clearly seen by the human eye. This often involves a bare physical search of the scene. The prints are most commonly found at the entryway and or exit points and on any item that appears to be tampered with or bothered. To collect Latent Prints, on either a porous or nonporous surface, there are different techniques to collect the print fully and successfully. The Powder technique is what is mainly used today. The black, dusting powder is often magnetic and is carefully brushed onto the surface and seeps into the cracks of the print, revealing a clear leftover fingerprint.
Another field in Forensic Science is the Blood Spatter field. A Blood Spatter Analysis will overlook blood stain patterns and splashes, blood drips and drops, and puddles and pools of blood. There are three types of bloodstain patterns. The first is Passive Patterns. These type of patterns happen when blood either drips or falls from the force of gravity and comes in contact with a surface. An example of this is say a gunshot wound and a person's loss of blood falling to the ground. The second type of bloodstain pattern is the Projected Bloodstain Pattern. This pattern can be put into three subcategories: low, medium, and high impact spatter. The Projected Bloodstain Pattern forms when a force or strength is put towards a person. An example of this is a person's blood spatting back after a gunshot wound onto the wall. The third type of bloodstain pattern is the Transfer/Contact Bloodstain Pattern. This pattern is pretty self explanatory. It results from an object coming in contact with any sort of blood at the scene and changing its look and or outcome from its original way. An example of this is a person with a gunshot wound stepping and slipping in a pool of blood. This Transfer/Contact Pattern can be split into two separate subcategories: wipe and swipe. The Wipe category is formed when an object just moves through a stain. The Swipe category is formed when an object leaves a stain.
Forensic Odontology is another field in the Forensic Science area. Odontologists deal with teeth and dental impressions to determine the victim and or criminal and also age and gender. The Palatal rugae, the ridges on the top of the mouth between the teeth, is a key factor in determining the gender of the victim or criminal. The size of this ranges from 25-40 mm wide. The smaller being a female and the wider being a male. Bite marks or impressions are typically found on the stomach, butt, or breasts or either the criminal or victim. It is less likely but, bite marks or impressions can also possibly be found on a piece of food around the scene. The first step to collecting these marks is to recognize if the bite it from a human or animal. If it is human, swab the mark for DNA collection, to help pinpoint the criminal or victim more accurately. For the next step, the odontologist must take multiple pictures of the bite mark because most bite marks will disappear anywhere between 5 minutes to thirty six hours after being imprinted into the skin. The odontologist will go with the body to the morgue and remove the area of skin off the victim where the bite mark is. Once this is complete, they will conserve the skin by using Formalin, a mixture of chemicals used to help maintain the skin and form a mold.
Forensic Odontology dental identification can be split into 4 different categories: Positive Dental, Probable Dental, Possible Dental. And Discarded Dental identification. The first is Positive Identification. This category deals with the teeth at the stage between antemortem, before death, by using previous dental records, and postmortem, after death. By using this identification category, the likelihood of having the exact match of someone else is 1:10,000. The second category used is the Probable Identification. This category uses more than just the teeth to identify. They use DNA and the person's bones for identification and determination. The likelihood of having an exact match of someone else in this category is 1:100. The third category is Possible Identification. This uses the obvious to try and identify. It is mainly a trial and fail technique. The Fourth and last type of identification technique is Discarded Identification. This is basically using all the leftover evidence and working with it to find another identification factor.
Forensic Pathology is another field. Pathologists deal deceased bodies to determine the time and cause of death. They determine these findings when the body is going through Rigor and Livor Mortis. Rigor Mortis is the stiffening of the muscles and tissues because of the loss of ATP, adenosine triphosphate, and occurs exactly twelve hours after death. Livor Mortis is when the blood discontinues flowing through the body, resulting in the skin turning a purplish color. This occurring between one and two hours after death. When pathologists are not out on the scene investigating, they are in the morgue performing autopsies, examination of the body during postmortem. The most common ways of dead found are death by asphyxiation, lack of oxygen, death by blunt force trauma, physical attack, death by gunshot wound, and death by stab wounds. A Pathologist will use all sorts of parts of the body to determine time and manner of death. These parts ranging from the skin, brain, hair, blood, urine, and fingernails/toenails. Autopsies can be split into three forms: Complete, Limited, and Selective. The Complete Autopsy is where a pathologist will examine every part of the whole body. A Limited Autopsy is where the majority of the body is examined, besides the head. And lastly, a Selective Autopsy is where only a certain area is analyzed. An example of this being say the brain.
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Retrieved November 3, 2025 , from
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Forensic Science: DNA Testing, Autopsy Screening, Fingerprint and Blood Spatter Analysis
DNA testing, autopsy screening, fingerprint and blood spatter analysis are methods used in forensic science. These scientific methods are often used to arrest criminals and determine the cause of death in committed crimes. Conventional radiography is one of the oldest imaging techniques used in conjunction with these practices to provide information of skeletal injuries (Grabber S, 2016). However, due to increasing advancements made in radiography, CT and MRI are now more reliable methods. These are used to provide law enforcements and medical professionals with more effective methods to determine the cause of accidental and non-accidental deaths. This paper will evaluate these new procedures and their uses in forensic radiography while primarily focusing on the issue of post-mortem non-accidental injury seen in children.
Non-accidental trauma (NAT) can be defined as any intentional abuse inflicted to either harm or threaten a child (Paul, 2014). NAT is the leading cause of childhood traumatic injury and death in the United States (Paul, 2018). It is estimated that 1,700 children in the United States die of child abuse and neglect annually (National Center for Fatality Review and Prevention, 2011). Studies have shown that cases suspected of NAT often show recurrent attributes such as multiple fractures, metaphyseal fractures, bucket-handle fractures, and fractures of the posterior ribs (Jayakumar, 2010). Moreover, physical abuse is often suspected when a child experiences internal bleeding, showing as subdural bleeding and retinal hemorrhages on the scans (Geddes, 2001) Therefore, forensic radiography is a crucial investigative tool that detects physical abuse in children of pre and post-mortem and combines the use of x-ray, CT and MRI.
Prior to the use of diagnostic imaging in determining the cause of death, conventional autopsy was the common tool used for post-mortem assessment. This tool uses direct inspection, palpation, and tissue specimens to aid in assessment. However, the nature of this procedure is invasive. In addition, it does not allow for a second opinion in court due to the potential loss of evidence from cut tissue. Thus, autopsy is not the most effective method. Because of this, x-ray, post-mortem CT and MRI have been immensely developed and widely used in forensic science and analysis (Yen, 2007).
As noted earlier, x-rays have often been used for post-mortem suspected NAT cases. Although these post-mortem x-rays are significant in identifying skeletal injuries, most cases of NAT are more complex than skeletal injuries alone. These injuries include abdominal and spinal injuries as well (Grabbher, 2016). Conventional radiography is limited in detecting abdominal injury due to its low sensitivity rate and specificity of examinations. A study conducted in 2013, showed that 85% of abdominal injuries were detected by CT. This is due to its high sensitivity and specificity for this type of injury (Larimer, 2013).
Another limitation of post-mortem x-rays is that it is not able to obtain all the necessary images required in the appropriate planes due to the stiffening of the muscle after death. This condition is known as Rigor Mortis (Wagensvald, 2015). This problem is eliminated by PMCT's ability to post process images into different orientations. Multi-planar reconstruction can be used to re-orientate and examine the body parts in different planes (Radiol, 2011). Additionally, post-mortem x-rays
are more time consuming than PMCT, which can be done in a matter of seconds, making it more efficient.
Post-Mortem CT (PMCT) is a non-invasive cross-sectional imaging technique that is increasingly used in determining the death in suspected NAT. Not only is it able to detect skeletal injuries, but also is able to detect more fractures than an autopsy. A study proved this when it detected 28% more injuries than the autopsy did (Daly, 2013). The study continued to say that PMCT is additionally able to classify the blunt force trauma due to its sensitivity. Further, another study done in 2009 concluded that PMCT is able to retrieve valuable information related to brain and spinal cord injuries that are usually missed in an autopsy (Thomsen, 2009).
The advantages of PMCT are evident. However, just like conventional methods, a radiologist must interpret the images obtained. Training and years of expertize is imperative for the accuracy of proper diagnosis. It is important that only the specialized radiologists and pathologists report these post-mortem images. One of the major limitations of PMCT is that is it limited in assessing soft tissue injuries due to CTs poor tissue contrast. Soft tissue injuries are commonly seen on a child who is being physically abused. A study done by Thompson conceded that external or superficial injuries, such as bruising are nonviable using CT (Thompson, 2009). Therefore, CT should not be solely used in the investigation of NAT. In conjunction with PMCT, post-mortem MRI is another tool available that is particularly good at delineating these injuries.
A study published by Korean J Radiol, analyzed five post-mortem cases that underwent an autopsy, PMCT and PMMR. This study concluded that both PMCT and PMMR findings were consistent with four out of the five autopsy cases. However it found that PMMR was the most effective method in evaluating the soft tissue lesions, hemorrhages and bone injuries, all of which are present in NAT victims (Radiol, 2010).
Another study conducted in 2010 compared the two different imaging modalities against an autopsy. It concluded that PMMR was the most effective imaging modality in evaluating traumatic brain injury (Ampanozi, 2010). Brain injury is the most common injury seen in NAT in children, accounting for 64% of the cases (Larimer, 2013).
Given the evidence above, it is evident that PMMR is excellent in determining deaths that involve soft tissue injuries along with hemorrhages. However, one disadvantage of this imaging modality is its limitation in detecting bony details, which are common in NAT victims. These can include metaphyseal lesions and rib fractures (Grabber S, 2016). Perez Rossello concluded that this insensitivity along with high costs, time, prolonged time, low availability, and issues associated with metal artifacts has greatly reduced the significance of PMMR as the frontline imaging modality used in forensic science (Rossello, 2010).
In conclusion, due to the technological advancements made in radiological science, PMCT and PMMR have become increasingly popular tools in forensic science. These imaging modalities allow for the images to be stored digitally and indefinitely. Because of this, tissue samples may not be required from an autopsy for NAT victims. Additionally, the images produced by these modalities can be used in court and can be shown to the audience as evidence with less explicit and tormenting details. These non-invasive methods are often preferred by the victim's family members and more acceptable for cultural and religious beliefs. However, modalities used include autopsy, x-ray, CT and MRI alone or in combination with each other. Ultimately, this will be determined by a case-to-case basis and decided by the radiologist.
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Forensic Science: DNA Testing, Autopsy Screening, Fingerprint and Blood Spatter Analysis. (2020, Feb 26).
Retrieved November 3, 2025 , from
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Why did the U.S. Bomb Hiroshima?
The dropping of the Atomic bomb was a way to end the war and close WWII, and it was a mass murder on the people of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan. It not only ended the war with Japan but showed the world that the U.S. was the global hegemony that was not afraid to drop the atomic bomb.
Was dropping the atomic bomb moral or immoral? Or did we have good enough reasons to drop the atomic bomb? Which is like asking if we had good reasons to commit mass murder? There is no reason to fathom dropping the bomb and committing mass murder. As the end of the second world war was gradually approaching, the Japanese did not cave to surrender. It's imperial leadership even promised that they were willing to fight to the death. As the Japanese nation wish to fight longer, America wished to shorten the war. America wanted to end the war and its goal was to close WWII. President Harry Truman's decision to drop two atomic bombs, in Japan: Hiroshima and Nagasaki, was a way to abruptly end the war. Americans were tired of the war and wanted it to come to an end. Both countries had weaponry to kills many more Americans and Japanese if the war continued. But it was America's decision to go out with a big bang and end the war abruptly leading to their last conclusive conclusion. Dropping the Atomic Bomb. There is two ways to view it. Either the United States had the moral right to engage in nuclear war with Japan, especially after events like the attack on Pearl Harbor, or it stepped out of its authority when they followed through with the final act. The Japanese were given many opportunities and chances to surrender but chose to continue fighting. As the Japanese said, they would fight to the death, and if the atomic bomb didn't happen the war would have carried on. The bomb guaranteed a conclusion and the final act that would spare lives on both sides by ending it the war. I personally am not defending America and President Truman's act on the bomb, but simply stating the reasoning, point of view, and the conclusion to decide to drop the atomic bomb. The dropping of the bomb killed hundreds of thousands of innocent lives. It killed children and families. It made people sick. If any survived they would eventually face their death weeks or months later due to side effects.
Dropping the atomic bomb does not fit the just war theory. The just war theory purpose is to endure war to be morally justifiable through a series of criteria. The just war theory is a largely Christian philosophy that attempts to reconcile three things. The first is that taking human life is seriously wrong. The second is that states have a duty to defend their citizens and defend justice. The third is that protecting innocent human life and defending important moral values sometimes requires willingness to use force and violence. The theory specifies conditions for judging if it is just to go to war, and conditions for how the war should be fought. Although it was extensively developed by Christian theologians, it can be used by people of every faith and none. The purpose and aim of just war theory is to provide a guide to the right way for states to act in potential conflict situations.
The atomic bomb does not fit that criteria of the just war theory. It was not morally justifiable at all, in fact no war is morally justifiable. War is never just war. In war there's always external costs that cannot be simply calculated neatly. People on both receiving ends die. There is death, disease, poverty and economic loss, loss of families and subsequent generations, hunger, etc., during and after war. Not to mention what it does to a country's psyche. War will never be just war. It's like saying it's just business. And the atomic bomb was not just an atomic bomb that would end the war, but it would kill hundreds of thousands, and yet some would argue that it would save millions. Mass murder or do we say it's civilian causality deaths? What is the general consensus of not just the parties involved but the global scale. Is there a moral difference between murder and collateral civilian casualties during war? Murder is murder. Death is death. Civilian casualties is basically a way to say that these are the risks involved if you get in war, that there is no liability for murder, so no there is no one to blame when war is involved.
Why is there a distinction made between the deaths of women or children and the elderly versus the deaths of young men? People during war view women, children, and the elderly more valuable but also fragile and weaker compared to the men involved in war. Women in the twentieth century were viewed as weaker and were not politically powerful because men and women were not seen equal. Women were viewed as the weaker sex and children are not fully developed and very young so they're weak to, and the elderly are at in the weakest state of their life. Women, children, and the elderly are seen more fragile which makes them more valuable versus a strong man going to war and dies at war for his country. Women and children are also seen as valuable because women raise and produce children and children are the future generations.
The effects from the bomb on the people of Hiroshima were horrific. Tens of thousands of people were burned alive from the atomic bomb. People's skin were peeling. Thousands died from burns and radiation. Countless more that survived with deformities and had children with birth defects. The two atomic bombs dropped on Japan killed and maimed hundreds of thousands of people, and to the people that survived, they must live with their effects to this day. The uranium bomb detonated over Hiroshima had an explosive yield equal to 15,000 tons of TNT. It razed and burnt around 70 per cent of all buildings and caused an estimated 140,000 deaths by the end of 1945, along with increased rates of cancer and chronic disease among the survivors. A slightly larger plutonium bomb exploded over Nagasaki three days later on the city and killed 74,000 people by the end of 1945. Ground temperatures reached 4,000?°C and radioactive rain poured down. There was hardly medical response in Hiroshima because 90% of physicians and nurses were killed or injured; 42 of 45 hospitals were rendered non-functional; and 70 per cent of victims had combined injuries including, in most cases, severe burns. All the dedicated burn beds around the world would be insufficient to care for the survivors of a single nuclear bomb on any city. In Hiroshima and Nagasaki most victims died without any care to ease their suffering. Some of those who entered the cities after the bombings to aid also died from the radiation. The bomb was notable for producing long term effects. The incidence of leukemia among survivors increased noticeably five to six years after the bombings, and about a decade later survivors began suffering from thyroid, breast, lung and other cancers at higher than normal rates. For solid cancers, the added risks related to radiation exposure continue to increase throughout the lifespan of survivors even to this day, almost seven decades after the bombings. Women exposed to the bombings while they were pregnant experienced higher rates of miscarriage and deaths among their infants. Children exposed to radiation in their mother's womb were more likely to have intellectual disabilities and impaired growth, as well as increased risk of developing cancer. If the U.S could have seen the aftermath and known the number in fatalities and disease and the number of women pregnant and children that died, maybe the U.S could have understood all the effects of the bomb.
President Truman who wasn't as friendly as Franklin D. Roosevelt was toward Uncle Joe Stalin, perhaps talked with his advisors and military leaders and saw the need to counter balance Soviet Union's expansion to Berlin. The bomb on Hiroshima was a not so subtle message to let the Soviet Union and other adversaries know that the U.S. was now the premiere military power of the world. This message would have resonated with our military brass and subsequent military industrial complex build up which adheres to military power begets more power. Therefore, dropping the bomb had the added benefit of putting the world on notice. This was a way for the 800 pound gorilla to consolidate power.
There were pragmatic war strategies, like where the atomic bomb should be dropped. If the U.S. would resort to dropping the bomb, then they better use all their ideas on where and how it can get the most effect for Japan to understand. The military had convened a target committee, which consisted of scientists and military personnel that decided where the bomb should be dropped. The initial places included a remote military installation and/ or Tokyo Bay, where it should be detonated as a demonstration. But the committee decided that those options wouldn't show the world the power of the new atomic bomb. The U.S. knew that what they were doing would have a great impact on the people and would be the closing of the war, which they wanted, but while they were deciding on where to drop and the best place it will have a lasting effect for the world to remember and to recognize America as a global hegemony. There were two psychological objectives of the first atomic bombs. The first was to scare Japanese and make them surrender and the second was to impress upon the world the power of the new atomic bomb. The bomb wouldn't just kill, but it would wipe a city off the map. It would be a travesty, and that is why America believed it would have a lasting impact on Japan, forcing them to surrender. Hiroshima was chosen because it was believed that if the bomb was put in the middle of it, it would destroy almost the entire city. Also, Hiroshima was a real military target, there were factories and other facilities there. The Army the bomb killed seventy thousand and eighty thousand people. The bomb killed more than one hundred thousand. It was a definite realization that the war was over.
The bomb on Hiroshima may have been a victory for the U.S. to end the war, but it was devasting and difficult to understand the pain and murder of the innocent people of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. President Truman's decision to drop the bomb put an end to the war while showing the world that the U.S. was the global hegemony, but it was at the cost of innocent people that lost their children alive and in the womb. People became deformed and had birth defects. People grew cancer and had other diseases from the radiation. The U.S. won the war, but there is always a price.
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Why did the U.S. bomb Hiroshima?. (2020, Feb 26).
Retrieved November 3, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2020/02/page/3/