Month: November 2019
The War on Terror
The war on terror shows that the criminal justice system faces many ethical hurdles when it comes to terrorism and counter-terrorism. Professionals in this specialty will face many decisions that will test their moral values that can consist of citizens security, freedom, privacy, and even their human rights. Ethical decision making plays a vital role when it comes to counter-terrorism. Many changes arose throughout the intelligence community since 1947, but most significant changes came after the horrific attacks that happened on September 11, 2001.
This day was marked as a day that this nation will never forget and made the United States policymakers realize they more needed to be done to ensure that our land would not have to go through another horrific event like that day. Policymakers combined several organizations under one umbrella. The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) was created to strengthen information sharing and coordination among agencies. But many ethical issues between agencies such as information sharing still arise even with these functions that have been implemented to fight terrorism. Research by RAND suggest some features that could help when it comes to ethical decision making in counterterrorism.
Keywords: terrorism, war, agencies, the intelligence department, ethical, counterterrorism, RAND, The Department of Homeland Security, profiling, Central Intelligence Agency, information sharing, the criminal justice system, National Security Agency, central protection
War on Terrorism conveys a moral judgment about the illicit activity of a group of persons, and the act of labeling a group terrorist transmits moral condemnation (Banks, 2017). On September 11th of 2001, a deliberate and atrocious attack happened on United States soil by a terrorist group known as Al Qaeda. This tragedy could have very well been preventable if there just had been some interagency cooperation especially after the attacks against the U.S. Embassies in Kenya and Tanzania in 1998. If only the United States had taken the appropriate and necessary action and wiped out bin Laden's infrastructure after the attack on the U.S. Embassies, we might not have had the 9/11 attack. It may seem as though the Clinton Administration may have missed the opportunity, as did the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) who manage the operations and may have lacked in communication at the time of the attacks.
The CIA, FBI, the National Security Agency and many other branches of government share information and can cause a gap in the tragedy. Bullock states that it is difficult to assess and evaluate the likelihood of terrorist attacks, both within the United States and throughout the world because the end-result of these strikes, just showed our nation needed a stronger chain of central protection. Bullock also addressed that after the attacks, there was a need for change, and the need for more organized and cooperative information sharing between the US Government agencies (Bullock, 2011).
Local and State Agencies
During the Bush Administration, State and local agencies started to see that their efforts to protect the border were affecting its security and affecting the communities, it increased crime in the cities along the border, the cost of immigration services increased, also border violence cause a mass warning and travel restrictions. The Secure Border Initiative (SBI) instated a program that would work with all corrections departments in identifying illegal immigrants in prisons so that they would be deported because they were being released into the United States after their sentenced had ended (Carafano, 2005). Border and Smart security began to be addressed apart of this process were the number of agents hired, the fencing built, the technology used. Border security was vital to make communities feel safe and addressed the policies and programs in place.
A prime example of smart border security happened in 2006, when the Bush Administration requested an increase of 6,000 Border Patrol agents and wanted it done by December 31, 2008, this increase was to bring the overall number of border patrol agents to 18,000 by 2009, according to Carafano (2005). Another program known to pair government agencies together like state, federal and local law enforcement officials with Law enforcement officials from other countries is known as the Border Enforcement Security Taskforce (BEST). BEST was designed so that all agencies share crucial information and be able to act as a team to share relevant information, such as crime along the border. In 2006 Congress enacted another agency to fight terrorism known as The Secure Fence Act (SFA). SFA directed The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) to build fencing along 670 miles along the United States border hoping this would help with security.
According, to O'Sullivan (2011), The Department of Homeland Security ended the fencing project abruptly, because the government had realized that this project had already cost the United States millions and was estimated to cost another billion to finish. Also, The Department of Homeland Security through a better cheaper approach would be a country to country project. As of 2011, according to O'Sullivan, the fence is only operational along 53 miles of the Arizona border. The Department of Homeland Security planned to practice using commercially available surveillance measures, unmanned drones, thermal imaging, and other equipment. in the rest of Arizona's border for border security (O'Sullivan 2011).
Profiling after 9/11
After September 11th the United States began using procedures that involved profiling tactics. Profiling is a wrong approach because it causes law enforcement to profile people by their skin color, religion, or geographical background. Law enforcement intelligence personnel are continually learning and developing the best practices to both protect the American people from foreign and domestic threats while simultaneously observing the rights afforded to those protected.
Another unethical approach the United States is guilty of using is detaining detainees of war without allowing a fair and timely trial for many years. An excellent example of an unethical approach was in 2003 at the Guantanamo Bay Camp during the United States war on terror many Iraqis remained prisoners at the camp without being given a trail during the United States invasion of Iraq of 2003. All agencies involved with the organization are responding to meet the current needs of law enforcement and as a result, are learning to perform in a manner consistent with the post-9/11 situation (Heyman, 2008).
Counterterrorism Research
Counterterrorism actions that are condoned by the United States stir up many moral arguments on if used with justified cause. Research on ethics on counterterrorism has received a lot of attention these past few years. According to RAND a study done with the objective of outlining methods used by counterterrorism professionals to help draw consistent support on ethical decision making when it comes to counterterrorism. According to RAND research when it comes to ethical decision-making concerning counterterrorism, it shows certain features that agencies follow. Some of these features may include confidentiality, international teamwork, high impact incidence, and time-sensitive decision making. Many techniques used in counterterrorism require secrecy which can make it hard for professionals to discuss the ethical problem that can occur. For example, secrecy would make it difficult or different agencies and countries to share what would be the best practice ethical decision making.
Also, counter-terrorism requires many agencies like law enforcement agencies, and intelligence services to collaborate nationally and this could lead to different moral values between agencies. Another problem counterterrorism experts face is that many of the problems they face are time sensitive. These professionals need to make decisions that require quick, independent, and imperfect information on what action to take in certain situations because each choice can be a matter of life or death for hundreds or even millions of citizens.
RAND also goes on to state that applying these methods does not provide a guarantee of ethical decision-making, and inappropriate use of these methods may in fact be detrimental to achieving ethical outcomes. Strengthening ethical decision-making will, therefore, rely on an understanding of what constitutes an ethical climate, and how it can be developed and maintained within a specific organizational context, in addition to making methods to support ethical decision-making available to professionals (RAND, 2014).
RAND (2014) also pointed out five critical ethical problems that counter-terrorism professionals face associated with acceptability from assessing the legitimacy and means of an intervention of ethical issues that arise in this profession; determining (1) the appropriate interpretation of legislation; (2) the methods of intervention; (3) the threshold at which to exceptional powers; (4) the limit at which to intervene in an individual's private life; and (5) the quality and amount of evidence required to decide with high stakes.
Conclusion
In conclusion, as citizens of the United States, our safety is placed in the hand of every agency this nation has created. Therefore, the United States should take whatever measure it deems necessary to keep America a safe and thriving country. One thing is for sure that the goal of the entire criminal justice system is always to create ethical decisions that will include actionable, knowledgeable information that will aid each department when it comes to the fight against terrorism.
All countries involved in counterterrorism and the fight against terrorism face problems with resources, ethical or not to prevent attacks and try and use moral decisions when possible. RAND research made valid points of what could affect ethical decision making when it comes to counterterrorism especially when it comes to sharing information with other agencies. The September 11th attacks on the United States is a prime example of how moral values allowed The Clinton Administration not to take necessary actions to eliminate Bin Laden's infrastructure after the attack on the U.S. Embassies. An ethical counterterrorism decision made during that time and that cost the United States one of its consequential mistakes and cost hundreds of lives with one wrong ethical decision.
References
Banks, C. (2017). Criminal justice ethics: Theory and practice. A Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publication, Inc.
Carafano, J., (2005), The Heritage Foundation, Safeguarding America's Sovereignty: A
"System of Systems" Approach to Border Security.
https://www.heritage.org/homeland-security/report/safeguarding-americas-sovereignty-system-systems-approach-border-security
Heyman, D. and Carafano, J., (2008) Homeland security 3.0: Building a National
https://www.heritage.org/homeland-security/report/homeland-security-30-building-national-enterprise-keepamerica-safe-free
Bullock, J., 2011, Introduction to Homeland Security
https://booksite.elsevier.com/samplechapters/9780124158023/Front_Matter.pdf
https://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-the-difference-between-the-cia-fbi-and-nsa.htm
RAND, 2014, Handling ethical problems in counterterrorism: An inventory of methods to support ethical decision making. Retrieved from; https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR251.html
O'Sullivan, T., (2011). Department of Homeland Security Intelligence Enterprise: Overview & Issues (Defense, Security, and Strategies)
Cite this page
The War On Terror. (2019, Nov 18).
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Bioterrorism: the Modern Warfare
Bioterrorism: The Modern Warfare
Bioterrorism is the new era of starting a war. It is an intentional way of releasing some harmful biological agents such as bacteria, viruses and harmful toxins. In some cases, these virus and toxins are created and then released in to the outside world. The Bioterrorism has been ignored for many years and the threat it caused over the years must be publicly addressed. It could occur without being noticed by the experts and it must have an immediate attention to save lives of people.
The United States came up with few mechanisms that could help minimize the effects of bioterrorism at its early stages. This paper will argue the need to address publicly the threat caused by bioterrorism which has been ignored for years and the requirement of immediate attention to educate and enhance abilities of physicians and hospitals which are lacking the ability to tackle the attack efficiently. It will also examine the measures taken by the government to counter attack the bio war and preparedness of the state and existing biosecurity protocols.
Bioterrorism agents are potential pathogenic organisms or biological toxins that can produce death and disease in humans, plants or animals for creating terrorism. These agents are usually microorganisms found in nature, but these microorganisms are being studied and modified to make them resistant to the antibiotics or vaccines. Any attempted use of these agents whether a success or failure, they could cause a mass destruction to the humanity.
As it takes some research and comes with a low cost, terrorists are using the biological agents as their conventional tools for attack. The pathogens that are used for attack are the smallpox, Ebola and Marburg viruses, yellow fever, Venezuelan equine encephalitis and the bacteria anthracis. These agents are spread through food or water. They can also be transmitted by aerosols like spray devices, bombs or missiles.
The first known bio agent that is used for Bioterrorism act was Rye Ergot, in the 6th Century BCE by the Assyrians to contaminate the water supply of Israel. The goal was to infect the Israelites with Ergotism which created symptoms such as gastrointestinal upset, gangrenous development on the fingers and toes and hallucination. But the Assyrians were unsuccessful as they didn't realize that the poisoning had to be chronic to show any sign of infection. Hence the first incident of bioterrorism was a failure. In the same century, the citizens of Delphi revolted against Kirrha who were abusing them with their power of taxing and tolling pilgrims traveling to Delphi.
The people poisoned water supply of Kirrha with Hellebore, a poisonous plant that causes nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. Kirrha ended up losing to people of Delphi. With this people began to do research on bio agents to use them against their enemies constituting the new beginning of the war between nations.
The first bioterrorism attack in united states happened in fall 1984. Members of Rajneeshee, a Buddhist cult have brewed a salsa of salmonella (a food poising agent) into some restaurants. They made citizens to eat and the judge, attorney, dentist and the doctors were also a part of the people. Their plan was to seize the control of the county government by packing the polling booths with homeless people making the local residents too sick to vote. Though nobody died in the attack, nearly 751 people got very sick. Due to the likelihood of such an attack, there is a need for efficient biodefense mechanisms.
The United States government has been preparing biodefense protocols at the state and federal levels. The government has three solutions to do this. One is to provide vaccinations nationwide against all the agents that could possibly lead to bio war. Second of which is to educate people to identify symptoms of acts and protect themselves from the effects of already occurred bio war. The last one is to prevent the act from occurring, detecting and destroying the bio agents that are used for the act. These mechanisms depend on the abilities of physicians and hospitals to work efficiently and their lies the problem.
After the 9/11 attack in 2001, the requirement for the coordination of federal, state and local governments has been increased. In effect of this around $1 billion was given to local and state emergency preparedness annually. In 2006, Congress authorized the Pandemic and All-Hazards Preparedness Act (PAHPA) to improve the public health preparedness by focusing more on the natural disasters, emerging infectious diseases rather than concentrating more on bioterrorism.
The funding to the local, federal and state governments is being provided by the Public Health Emergency Preparedness (PHEP) program to prevent, protect, react and rapidly recover from chemical, biological, nuclear, radiological threats and attacks. PHEP is supporting National Health Security Strategy by following the tactics: within the state, territorial and local public health agencies to introduce robust management and programs that will help preparedness for the public health security, supporting key public health capabilities required for emergency planning and response, assuring the response readiness for public health emergencies and disasters, and promoting the health security of communities.
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The Buddha and the Spread of Enlightenment
The Buddha and the Spread of Enlightenment
Buddha is a Buddhist term to describe someone who has reached enlightenment. This term is most commonly used to describe Gautama Buddha or the Buddha. Gautama Buddha was born with the name Siddhartha Gautama in a town called Lumbini that is in, what is now Nepal. He spent his childhood in a town called Kapilavastu where his family was of the ruling class. Before Siddhartha was born, his mother, the queen, had a strange dream.
She decided to have her dream interpreted. The interpreter told her that her dream meant that she would soon give birth to a boy that would grow up to be either a great ruler or a great holy man. One week after Siddhartha's birth his mother died suddenly without explanation. As Siddhartha grew up, his father, King Suddhodana, shielded him from the horrors and sadness of the world. He did not want him to be exposed to aging death or sickness.
Siddhartha lived a luxurious life where all his needs were filled and anything he desired was at his fingertips. Siddhartha's father married him to his cousin when he was just sixteen. They fell madly in love and soon had a son together. After living in his kingdom for 29 years, Siddhartha was finally exposed to the horrors of the outside world. It all started with what is known as the four encounters which are when Buddha sees, first a man who is old and he realizes that he will one day grow old too; next he sees a man who is sick and realizes that everyone gets sick at some point; then he sees his first corpse and realizes the permanents and inevitability of death; last he sees a holy man in search for an answer to all the suffering of the world.
Being upset about his recent discoveries, the Buddha decides to leave his family and life of luxury behind and adopt the life of a mendicant. A mendicant is somebody who survives only on charity and donations from others. Buddha began practicing yoga and meditation and mastered the practices, but he never felt satisfied and had to keep moving forward. This new lifestyle began Siddharth's journey to enlightenment which would eventually lead him to create Buddhism.
As the Buddha kept practicing meditation, abstinence and even fasting, he realized that this was unnecessary to reach enlightenment. Siddhartha than discovered what is called the Middle Way. The Middle Way is the idea of not abstaining completely from life's pleasures but also not over indulging. After discovering the Middle Way, the Buddha set out to reach full enlightenment. He decided to sit under a tree and meditate until he reached nirvana. This took 49 days. On the 49th day, he has gained true enlightenment and gains the name the Buddha. This meant that he would no longer go through the suffering of rebirth and continuous lives.
After reaching true enlightenment and figuring out the Dharma, which in Buddhism means cosmic rules, Gautama had to figure out what to do next. To most, it seems obvious that he should teach his new findings, but the Buddha was unsure about this idea. He worried that the people of this world were too wrapped up in the vices of life to truly understand the Dharma. Gautama was eventually convinced by what is described as a heavenly king to spread the word of his enlightenment. At this point, Buddha gathered a group of men who believed in his teachings to help spread his word. They spread his word through Northern India and it took off quite well between all Indian casts. Buddha traveled through much of India himself to spread his teachings. He did this until he was about 80 years old, which was when he died from food poisoning.
The Spread of Enlightenment
As the word of Buddha spread, communities started to form around his teachings. These communities were mostly made up of monks that were called bhikkhus. The monks dressed in robes and spent much of their time meditating. These communities of bhikkhus popped up all over India, but they were still abundantly overruled by the prominent religion that had held India for years, Hinduism. The hold of Hinduism would soon shift though thanks to a new empire.
Beginning in 320 B.C.E., the Mauryan empire started to develop. The empire grew massively thanks too many gruesome wars. The horror these wars brought upon the people of India started to eat at one of the Mauryan kings, Ashoka. His appall at the atrocities that took place during these battles led him to convert to Buddhism. This conversion was what changed the way India was ruled. Soon the king decided to take a non-violent approach to ruling and began to use Buddhist teachings in his decisions of ruling the land.
Asoka contributed a great deal to the spread of Buddhism. He converted many people living near the Mauryan empire by having monks got to nearby territories and spread the word of Buddha. India readily adapted to Buddhism because many had grown tired of Hindu traditions. At this time Hindu's enforced the caste system which was essentially a ranking of status amongst the community. The caste system had worked for a long time in India, but as time went on people grew tired of the division it caused between the wealthy and the poor. This division left many doubting their faith to Hinduism and looking for something that had spiritually more to offer. Asoka continued to send monks teaching Buddhism to many different countries such as Malaysia, Burma, Greece, Sri Lanka, Syria, Cambodia, Laos, Macedonia, Nepal, and Bangladesh. Asoka also developed the Third Buddhist Council to help keep corrupt monks out of power.
As Buddhism kept spreading, Buddhist schools started coming up around the world. Mahayana was the first style of Buddhist school to come about and was the first altered branch of Buddhism. Mahayana style Buddhism allowed for people who had to continue to work to provide for their family, to still be able to practice Buddhism. Its ideas were centered around practicing Buddhism in day to day tasks and maintaining a Buddhist practice while working and going through life's motions.
As these schools gain popularity, the spread of Buddhism starts making its way on the silk road. This lets Buddhism into countries like China and Vietnam. Trading also allowed for the further spread of Buddhism and is how Buddhism spread to Indonesia. China began really adapting to Buddhist tradition. Buddhism began mixing slightly with Taoism and a branch of Buddhism called Chan was born. Chan spread through Korea and eventually developed the name Seon. With these new forms of Buddhism came new types of Buddhist schools. Soon there was a split between the main two styles of schools, the Mahayana and the Hinayana. This division left the Hinayana style nearly gone.
From Pakistan, Buddhism was able to spread to Japan. Japan did not take to Buddhism very rapidly, but the spread of Buddhism persisted to grow. China and Japan both were greatly influenced by Buddhism, but Tibet was where Buddhism really flourished. The king of Tibet, Songtsen, married two Buddhist women and through this was able to learn about Buddhism. His interest in Buddhism leads him to build two Buddhist temples and began requesting Buddhist books to be translated into the Tibetan language. Buddhism continued to flourish in Tibet and eventually became the national religion.
Europe had heard of Buddhism as early as the third century B.C.E. from Alexander the Great, but it did not become a well-known religion until the end of the 19th century. It began gaining slight popularity after philosophers started writing about it. Buddhism was brought to the United States through Chinese railroad workers. As they built the continental railroad across the U.S., they created Buddhist Temples throughout the country. Later the Japanese introduced Buddhism to Hawaii and California. A Japanese author named D.T. Suzuki boosted the spread of Buddhism by meeting with philosophers from America. D.T. Suzuki played a big role in spreading Buddhism in America.
Buddhism Today
Buddhism's hold throughout the world has fluctuated over the years. Buddhism is nearly nonexistent in India today. It is believed that the stronghold of Hinduism and the invasions by Muslims are to blame for the near wipeout of the Buddhist religion in India. China, on the other hand, is still primarily Buddhist and Buddhism has continued to prove successful today in many Asian countries. It is estimated that there are around 500 million practicing Buddhists today and around half of that number are living in China. Buddhism has evolved into its own subtype in the west, just as it had when it reached other areas of the world. It is expected that Buddhism will continue to evolve as time goes on.
The importance of Buddha's journey is something that has reached people for thousands of years and still touches people today. The idea of leaving a life of comfort and luxury to find meaning in the world is something that crosses most people's minds as they journey through life and gives an easy relatability to Buddhist ideas. While only around five percent of the world population is Buddhist today, Buddhist practices and ideas seem to be creeping their way into the modern world and even into other religions. The Buddha and his journey give us a story that we can all find importance in, in one way or another.
References
Humphreys, C. (1997). A Popular Dictionary of Buddhism. Lincolnwood, IL: NTC/Contemporary.
LIU, X. (2011). A Silk Road Legacy: The Spread of Buddhism and Islam. Journal of World History, 22(1), 55-81. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/23011678
Madhyamakavatara, C., & Mipham, J. (2004). Introduction to the Middle Way (Padmakara, Trans.). Boston, MA: Shambhala.
Peacocke, J., & Berry, P. (1992). Symposium on Buddhism and modern Western thought. Asian Philosophy, 2(2), 211. Retrieved from https://ezproxy.simpsonulibrary.org/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=9706053075&site=ehost-live
The Buddha: A film by David Grubin [Video file]. (2010). Retrieved November 18, 2018, from https://digital.films.com/PortalPlaylists.aspx?wID=1027
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Three Important Philosophers
This paper analyzes three important philosophers during the Age of Enlightenment, which occurred in the 17th and 18th centuries. Philosophers John Locke, Thomas Hobbes, and John-Jacques Rousseau all had different views on the natural state of man and how he is mannered socially. Locke believed that men were free to do what they want outside of government and had inalienable rights. Hobbes claimed that the state of nature is bad, and people, who are “primitive and brutal,” need a king to rule them. Rousseau suggested that man was naturally innocent but easily corrupted by civilization. Each philosopher’s version of man vs. government, or the social contract, is also unique.
Locke’s and Rousseau’s thought was that government provides protection of rights while the people stay loyal to the leadership. Hobbes asserted that government opposes a strict rule. Based on two key events that occurred in the 1700s, the storming of the Bastille and King Louis XVI’s decapitation, Locke’s views most accurately represent how man interacts with governments and civilization. However, without proper civilization, such as in William Golding’s Lord of the Flies, there is support for each of the philosophers’ arguments on man and the state of nature.
?
How should man act? Are there any boundaries that he should follow? During the Age of Enlightenment, a philosophical era in the 17th and 18th century, these were the questions for which philosophers John Locke, Thomas Hobbes, and John-Jacques Rousseau sought answers. While Locke, Hobbes, and Rousseau all had different views on the natural state of man, historical events prove that Locke’s was most accurate. Locke believed that men were free to do what they want outside of government and had inalienable rights. He further thought that government provides protection of rights as long as people stay loyal to the leadership. Should the government break this contract, the people have the right to revolt. Based on two key events that occurred in the 1700s, the storming of the Bastille and King Louis XVI’s decapitation, Locke’s views most accurately represent how man interacts with governments and civilization.
The storming of the Bastille, on July 14, 1789, resulted from the government’s poor leadership decisions and very tight political atmosphere. The government, which was being greatly influenced by the upper class of France, decided to heavily tax the poor and minimally tax the rich. This arrangement infuriated the poor, and they decided to conquer the Bastille, a medieval prison, as a sign that they were not content with this new mandate (Lu?sebrink et al., 1997, p. 38).
In accordance with John Locke’s social contract, the government’s job is to keep order, safety, and equality among the people, as long as they are loyal. However, if the government does not uphold the contract, the people are permitted to overthrow it, since “human laws are merely crude social devices for controlling the exercise of governmental power…” (Dunn, 1969, p. 162). Thus, when the government did not impose taxes equally, the population had the right to revolt.
Man has the right to take action befitting to the crime against him, even so far as beheading. Locke (1689) states, “So man has by nature a power not only to preserve his property, that is, his life, liberty and possessions, against harm from other men, but to judge and punish breaches of the law of nature by others, punishing in the manner he thinks the offence deserves, even punishing with death crimes that he thinks are so dreadful as to deserve it” (p. 28). Thus, after King Louis XVI was kicked out of Versailles, he began to plot with foreign powers to attack the people of France and restore the monarchy.
When the people heard about this, they brought the king to Paris and decapitated him. This is further evidence that Locke was correct in what the people will do should the government abuse the social contract and law of nature. By conspiring with other governments, King Louis was putting his people’s life and liberty at risk, and according to Locke, the people had the right to punish him with whatever means they felt necessary.
According to one of John Locke’s most famous works, The Second Treatise on Civil Government, and his statements within, two examples from the past display that Locke’s views of natural law and how man acts versus government is correct. The storming of the Bastille and King Louis XVI’s decapitation both presented a government that did not uphold its part of the social contract, which is to ensure the people have inalienable rights and keep them safe under the reign. The population took note of this and did exactly what John Locke predicted: punish the leader and find a new government that would stay devoted to them.
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New Orleans Jazz
New Orleans was the birthplace of Jazz in the early 1900's. It was the most influential music of its time and started a cultural revolution in America. Everyone of every race enjoyed the rhythms and smooth sounds of Jazz. Not only did it break race barriers, but it produced one of the greatest musicians of all time, Louis Armstrong. His performances were nothing short of legendary, and he became the best known black musician in the world. (Starr, waterman. 2018)
The sound of Jazz is uniquely American, originating in the hardy town of New Orleans. It was a city full of hardships and on the decline by the time the sweet sounds came out of the city. (Gioia, 2011) The city was a town Built in a bad place (Gioia, 2011) The people there had many troubles; from flooding and tropical storms, to the constant worry of sickness. But, like most Americans at the time, they still enjoyed dancing and playing music as ways to escape their daily lives.
Their music was also distinct because of the cultural melting pot of people that lived there. There was a large mix of Blacks, Whites, and Creole people that each had their own style of music. (Starr, Waterman. 2018) In spite of the hardships the people of New Orleans faced, they still knew how to have a good time. Rag-time music was being played in ball rooms across the city and this was a large precursor to jazz. (Starr, Waterman. 2018) However Buddy Bolden was the one who is often given the credit for creating the first sounds that were distinctly Jazz. (Gioia, 2011). Not only was he influenced by the ragtime music of the day, he was also influenced by his church and the early Black spirituals that they sang. (Gioia, 2011) Perhaps the greatest accomplishment of Jazz was the perfect mesh between the two styles created a rich and unique sound that everybody could dance to.
While Bolden may have invented Jazz music, his followers perfected it. The sound was so unique and catchy that people of all races wanted to get in on the jazz movement. In fact, the first recordings of early Jazz were made by a white group from New Orleans called the Original Dixieland Jazz Band. (Starr, Waterman. 2018) These recordings allowed people all over the country, black and white to experience the sounds of New Orleans and the popular music that was created there. It quickly became the music of choice for many dance halls across America (Starr, Waterman 2018).
Then came Louis Armstrong. He is a testament to how influential and long-standing jazz music has become, even in the modern age. He was one of the first black musicians to become a household name. Everyone wanted to hear him perform. He Closed the book on New Orleans Jazz (Gioia, 2011). His career spanned nearly 60 years and within those years he managed to have dozens of top singles and created some of the most memorable music that is still commonly heard today.
Armstrongs influences are often cited as being Buddy Bolin, and King Joe Oliver. (Gioia, 2011) He first heard their music, ran with it, and perfected it. He got his start with King Oliver's band in Chicago and worked his way into New York by joining Fletcher Hendersons band. (Starr, Waterman. 2018). From there he stormed the recording studios; people couldn't get enough of his solo's and unique style of music. Most musicians, white and black, wanted to play like him and saw him perform.
In conclusion, Armstrong helped to break down the race barrier through jazz. It became a universal sound that many Americans, and even people around the world, wanted to hear. It didn't matter if you were white, black, asian, or some other race; they could all talk about one thing. Jazz and Louis Armstrong. The sound also resonated with Americans because it helped them escape their own troubles, as it did in New Orleans. This was furthered by the Great Depression and the advent of the radio, everyone wanted to listen to music that helped them out of their daily slump, and that music was Jazz. (Gioia 2011). It is still listened to and enjoyed even today.
References
- Gioia, T. (2011). The history of jazz. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Starr, L., & Waterman, C. A. (2018). American popular music: From minstrelsy to MP3. New York: Oxford University Press.
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Jazz Origin Evolution and Lasting Impact
Music has always been a means of artistic expression and release for people. For African Americans, music has been the release from years of oppression, segregation, and ostracization. It began with slave songs and spirituals, and eventually progressed into a cumulation of African and European styles which we know today as jazz. Jazz has been possibly the most influential genre to those following such as rock and R&B, as well as cultural and social movements. Its history and importance are pivotal in the understanding of African American culture and issues even today.
Before looking at jazz as an art form, it’s important to understand the roots of African music itself, its many forms over the years, and how it informed what jazz is today. Being brought over from Africa and enslaved against their will, slaves turned to music as a means of communication. There were various amounts of languages spoken but music was the one they had in common as a way to get through a shared difficult experience.
The first music ritual of sorts to exist for African Americans was the ring shout. Samuel A. Floyd says of the ring shout, that it was “…foundational to all subsequent Afro-American music making.” It was the origin of aesthetic elements of African American music that are so recognizable today. Those include stylistic aspects such as “call and response, polyrhythms, off-beat phrasing, and blues notes.” Looking at jazz in relation to these stylistic motifs, it’s noticeable the influence the ring shout created on all that followed it.
Now for African American music, another important factor that transformed the music was religion. Initially there was secular folk music that contained no religious sentiment, and then after the Great Awakening of Christianity of the early 18th century, this changed. Out of this, emerged arranged spirituals which were meant for more educational purposes and contained more of a religious sentiment. Stylistically, the arranged spiritual differed from the secular songs. There was more structure, more harmony, and overall arrangement, hence the name. Both these secular and non-secular songs gave slaves a way to express what they were feeling; lyrically informing genres such as the Blues.
A place where African American music began to really become an entity of its own was in the city of New Orleans, the later birth place of jazz. In the early eighteenth century, there was a specific spot that held and continues to hold a lot of significance to the sharing of music for African Americans. Congo Square was a place where “on Sunday afternoons, people of African heritage, both enslaved and free, came together to enjoy themselves.” The performances would include playing of more traditional African instruments and African dances which continued for about one hundred years.
There were local Creoles of Louisiana, or people that had also French ancestry, and then those who gathered from outside of New Orleans. This allowed a mixture of the traditional African music featuring the elements mentioned before, along with European styles. New Orleans contained “an unprecedented mixture of European, Caribbean, African, and American elements-made Louisiana into perhaps the most seething melting pot of that the nineteenth century world could produce.” Later on, it was due to this cultural diversity that certain racial and social conflicts began and musically influenced jazz.
African American music changed significantly due to the Civil War of 1861. The emancipation of slaves, though still not free, granted the with “leisure… a novelty, and it served as an important catalyst for the next form blues took.” Blues originated in the South in the late 1800’s to early 1900’s. The blues, opposed to genres like jazz, originated from rural areas opposed to urban heavily populated areas. The blues was one of the genres that broke rules in terms of European and Western standards with its overall structure and musical sensibilities.
There was the use of the “blue note or the minor third and seventh within a major melodic line.” There was the use of bends between two pitches that became its most recognizable stylistic aspect. Blues didn’t always have the typical twelve bar form that we recognize so easily today. In its beginning, it drew from that call and response and ring shout style mentioned earlier, and it was really through the new life for the “free” slave that it took a new form. Lyrically, blues touched back to those songs previously about the struggle.
Another effect of the Civil War was the emergence of military bands and big brass bands. African Americans soldiers weren’t allowed to have actual weapons so they turned to instruments. They had the opportunity to be in the war but were still viewed as less than and not trusted with a weapon. This was the sort of catalyst for brass players and these bands popularity that began to spread across the United States. There were more rural brass bands which then spread to more urban areas.
Another genre to mention prior to the boom of jazz that held just as much importance as blues was ragtime. Ragtime preceded and acted as a bit of a catalyst to jazz. The genre was upbeat and relied heavily on syncopation, later leading to the swing feeling that was used so much in following music. In terms of its influence on jazz, that syncopation is of great importance and was heavily used. African Americans were playing as musicians in vaudeville shows, contributing to the more energetic and theatrical feel to the genre.
The name ragtime originated from the “rhythmic acrobatics” that the style exhibited. The player’s left hand would stay at a steady rhythm whereas the right hand played intricate melodic lines that usually made it difficult for vocalists to sing, leading it to be a mostly instrumental genre. Ragtime was both a compositional genre and a performative genre. It took a lot of skill to play that genre, and it was popular until its decline in 1917 and jazz really took over.
With ragtime losing popularity, jazz really made its way to the forefront; so much so that people were not fans of the jazz genre when it began to become very popularized. Jazz was monumental as a genre for its introduction to improvisation and ensembles of musicians. It also required a level of musicianship that was unmatched in other genres. To be play in a big band or to be of a certain caliber, it required a great level of skill.
However, to the general audience, it wasn’t well received in the beginning stages. Jazz was viewed as the “devil’s music.” This was due to its unconventional style. People were used to a very structured European style of music, so for a genre to completely bend these rules it was looked down upon by people with more traditional sensibilities. This swing style became the hit of the 1920’s and 30’s.
Opposed to ragtime there was a looseness to swing music that made it more danceable and people were able to listen to it with more ease.
Jazz originated in New Orleans as a result of its cultural diversity. There were major band leaders and brass players cultivated the art and made it was it was. It was with certain cultural and social movements and issues such as the Harlem Renaissance and African Americans moving up North from the South, where jazz found its way in popular clubs and was becoming an appreciated genre. Jazz was moving from New Orleans and experiencing booms in New York City and Chicago.
There have been many of those social and cultural climates that informed the genre. A prime example would be in 1919 in the period of Prohibition, where there was a ban placed on both the making and selling of alcohol. However, it didn’t stop it from being consumed in underground clubs called speakeasies. There was an explosion of jazz clubs and underground establishment in culture. Women had just acquired the right to vote and being a little more risqu© in their appearance and smoke and drink. This underground culture of predominantly white audiences had the soundtrack by black musicians. Due to it being an underground culture, blacks weren’t as appreciated as white musicians would be as they played the material by those black musicians.
Jim Crow Laws were still in place and it was this dichotomy of racial unacceptance and bigotry, but an enjoyment of their culture and talent. Something that was so toxic and harmful to what should be an artform as beautiful as music, was the blatant racism that existed within this time period. Black musicians were praised for their musicianship, but shunned for the color of their skin. White musicians had a much easier time securing the gig and would get much more public recognition. This was challenging for male black musicians, but especially for female black musicians.
This Jazz Age and popularization of Jazz in New York City and Chicago was only the beginning stages of all the different forms jazz has taken over the decades. With the political climate that came from the 1940’s post World War ll, jazz underwent a significant change from this swing era and big brass bands into a more intense sub-genre of jazz called bebop.
Bebop came from jazz musicians innovating a new style and straying from the swing era. Players were not happy with swing era and wanted to play a new style. It went from big bands to smaller bands playing way more intricate and intense form. A big purpose of swing bands in the 1920’s and 30’s was for those entertainment purposes in the clubs. For bebop players and these black musicians, they wanted to stray from that. Harmonically and melodically it required a lot more complexity, speed, and intricacy. There more emphasis put on the soloist rather than the ensemble. It was most popular in New York City, buts due to the war it actually ventured over into European territory.
A big social aspect of African American music was the gender roles in place. Women in the music industry have always had a challenging time. Especially for a black woman in the 1940s, it would be incredibly difficult to get the same amount of respect as a man would. There were women musicians who wrote many popular hits but were taken by men who got all the credit for them.
Approaching the 1950’s, the Civil Rights Movement emerged. African Americans were moved by actions by those such as Rosa Parks, to fight for the equal rights they were so rightfully deserving of. They were under segregation which meant they were not allowed in the same vicinity as white people and were completely treated as subhuman. In terms of music, this movement had a massive impact on the music that followed it. White musicians were overpowering black musicians and were getting recognition for things that they were taking from them. Black musicians were being more vocal about these issues.
It’s important for the recognition to be given to the black artists that so rightfully deserve praise. There were some artists that were monumental before and during this time period and really helped the shift in jazz. Musicians today cite them as influences and aesthetics of their singing or playing can be heard in contemporary artists. Those impacts have lasted decades and influenced many musicians that followed them. There were five that are some of the most recognizable. Billie Holiday, Wes Montgomery, Ella Fitzgerald, Miles Davis, and John Coltrane. They are household names that each brought something new to the genre that made a lasting impact.
Billie Holiday was one of the most influential female jazz vocalists there has ever been. Her voice was haunting and similar to Ella Fitzgerald, she was known for her phrasing. In 1939, Holiday put out one of possibly the most famous protest songs “Strange Fruit.” Speaking of the Civil Rights Movement, this song was so pivotal to the movement and dialogue surrounding it.
Jazz clubs had both white and black audiences, and for Holiday to sing a poignant and heavy song to such an audience was a very powerful and daring move. The song tackled the lynching of African Americans and the segregation that was still taking place at that time period. Disguised in a jazz ballad, it was the protest song of the age. Her haunting vocal made the song all that more impactful.
When looking at the guitarists of the jazz genre, Wes Montgomery is a player that comes to everyone’s mind right away. His sound was very distinct and recognizable to anyone who listened to him. A big contribution to this was his technique of playing with his thumb. This was something that wasn’t very common, and he was able to pluck the strings in a way that was unusual and very unique to him. Viewing a documentary on him, he was described as “playing like a horn player rather than a guitarist.” This was an interesting approach to guitar and set him apart from anyone else.
One of the most recognizable names of in jazz would be Ella Fitzgerald. She was known as Lady Ella and was praised for her specific vocal style. She didn’t invent the vocal technique of scatting, but she definitely contributed to popularizing it and doing it impeccably. Her vocal tone is one of the most recognizable within the genre and has influenced artists from Adele to Lady Gaga. For a black woman to have the impact in music that she did, she was important for future black females to know they could do the same thing. She as well as Billie Holiday were heavily involved in Civil Rights issues and helped influence the movement.
A real pioneer of jazz was trumpeter Miles Davis. His career spanned over five decades and is still world renowned as one of the best trumpet players and jazz musicians. He was within the bebop genre, and then within the 1950’s really introduced the concept of modal jazz to the world. Despite all of his trials and tribulations regarding addiction, he remained to be a superior force within the genre. His style has been described as lyrical. His most famous release would be 1959’s “Kind of Blue” which was famous for its heavy introduction into modal jazz. This record is looked at as one of the best because the chord progressions weren’t very elaborate, but his style of modal playing and creating modal melodies made the album what it was.
One of the pioneers of bebop was John Coltrane. A saxophonist, Coltrane was known predominantly for his style of improvisation. Improvisation is a big aspect of jazz, but Coltrane used a lot of modes and introduced a modal approach. For a genre that was so new, Coltrane’s approach to the genre was revolutionary and really shaped what came after it. He played with many other pioneers of the genre but set himself apart enough to become a real household name.
In the contemporary age within jazz, there are many hybrids of styles that exist. There is Latin jazz, jazz fusion, jazz-funk, smooth jazz, etc. Even through these hybrids, the sensibilities and aesthetics of jazz have remained true to its origins and pay homage to musicians before. The five artists I previously mentioned are all played and alive through their music. However, in this country there is still racial conflict that effects music.
In the United States, I find that black people, culture, and music are something that are completely fetishized by white folks while simultaneously being feared. Even through cultural evolution and the acquirement of lawful rights, black people still experience hardship to be truly recognized. It’s a shame that these divides still exist and there are people that want them to stay in place.
It is thanks to African musicians and African American musicians that we enjoy any of the genres that are so popular today. Pop, R&B, rock, and funk all derive from black music.
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Jazz Free, Jazz the Avant-Garde and Jazz Fusion
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The First Great Jazz Soloist Louis Armstrong
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F. Scott Fitzgerald Jazz Age Author of NYC
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Early Life of Susan B. Anthony
The purpose of this paper is to examine the life and work of an individual who was a pioneering force during the women's suffrage movement and the field of social work. The Declaration of Independence, in 1776 stated, that all men are created equal. What this famous document failed to mention was that all are created equal, despite gender or race. Among the many women who fought to ensure equal political rights, social status, and economic status among genders, no name rings truer than that of Susan B. Anthony. It would seem that from the very start Anthony would be destined to serve and commit her life to end the injustice that women were subjected to. Anthony's full name was Susan Brownell Anthony. Born on February 15, 1820, in Adams, Massachusetts, the daughter of Daniel Anthony and Lucy Read. (Sherr &Anthony, 1996). The Anthony home was never a quiet one, as Anthony was one of seven children. The Anthony family was raised in a Quaker household that lived by the nature of men and women speaking equally. Anthony became an activist at a very young age. As early as seventeen, Anthony could be seen out collecting petitions for various civil rights causes. Anthony's father, Daniel Anthony was a liberal Quaker who was well known in the antislavery movement. Conversations around slavery and abolitionism were not uncommon in the Anthony home.
Abolitionist
When most people hear the name Susan B. Anthony, they may reference her long-term involvement to ensure voters rights and equal political status among men and women. Although Anthony went on to be one of the most influential figures involved in the women's suffrage movement, it was not the beginning of her fight for equal rights. (Ridarsky, Huth & Hewitt 2012). Anthony's first work towards the social wellbeing of others would begin as an abolitionist. During the 1830s and leading into 1870, the abolitionist movement fought to emancipate all slaves and end racial segregation. Anthony's work in the antislavery movement would catapult her into her lifelong mission to eliminate the injustices and disparities women faced. In 1852 Anthony became an agent for the American Anti-Slavery Society. During this time, Anthony worked on arranging meetings, giving speeches, putting up posters and campaigning to end slavery.
Educational Reformer
Anthony entered the world of education in 1846, at the age of 26, taking on the role of head of girls' department at Canajoharie Academy. It was here that Anthony would witness, and be subjected to the unequal treatment of women in the workplace and the disparities in pay grade. In 1890, Anthony served on the board of trustees of Rochester State industrial school. During this time Anthony worked diligently to gain pledges and raising $50,000 to ensure the admittance of men and women at the University of Rochester. Anthony campaigned for coeducation and equality among boys and girls in school. Despite all efforts, funding was still short. In an attempt to ensure admittance and meet the deadline Anthony put up a cash value on her own life insurance policy. It would not be until the turn of the century that the admittance of men and women would be accepted. However, without Anthony's contribution and involvement, the deadline would not have been met. It was selfless acts of kindness such as this, and her unwillingness to quit that made Anthony one of the most inspiring and influential leaders.
Labor Activist
In 1868, women working in printing and sewing trades in New York were excluded from men's trade unions. Anthony encouraged them to form Workingwomen's Associations. Women were fed up with unequal rights and lower pay than men. The fight for women to have access to union benefits and establish women's rights in the workplace began. In 1869, Anthony was elected president of the Workingwomen's Central Association. (Lutz 1959). The association served as a gateway to access reports on working conditions and provided educational opportunities for women in the workforce. When printers went on strike in New York, Anthony encouraged the companies to hire trained women. Anthony's thought process was to show that women could do these same jobs as men, and thus should be paid equally for the labor. Union congressmen accused Anthony of strike breaking and dubbed her an enemy of labor.
Temperance Worker
The Temperance Movement was an attempt to limit the consumption of alcohol and untimely outlaw it all together. Those who supported this cause believed alcohol was sinful and wanted to end the altering negative behaviors they witnessed people exhibiting while under the influence of alcohol. According to Murdach, he explains this as one of the first times social work and substance abuse are intertwined. Religious groups fueled the rise of the Temperance Movement in the 19th century. Anthony being raised in a Quaker home had a zero-tolerance approach on alcohol. While working in the girls' department of Canajoharie Academy, Anthony joined The Daughters of Temperance movement. This group worked to gain stricter liquor laws and draw attention to the negative impact intoxication was having on families. In 1848 Anthony gave her first public speech to bring awareness to the cause. Anthony returned to Rochester in 1849, during this time she was elected president of the Rochester branch of the Daughters of Temperance. Anthony worked on raising funds for the cause, gaining new supporters and petitioning the State legislature to pass laws that would diminish the sales of alcohol. Even with 28,000 signatures, the State legislature denied the petition on the basis that most of the signatures came from women and children. This shifted Anthony's focus on the right to vote. Women needed to be able to give their opinions and them be relevant in the voting process.
Suffragist
The first mention of women and voting was proposed in 1849, at a women's rights convention in Seneca Falls, NY. It was during this time that Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Moot would declare voting as a human right. Anthony would meet Stanton three years later and forever build a partnership that fueled the driving force in the struggle for woman suffrage. In 1872 Anthony would make national news when she tried voting in the presidential election. This action would lead to her arrest and eventual trial. If Anthony could convince the male-dominated jury that she had the right to vote under the U.S constitution, she could walk freely and women would be granted the right to vote. This would not be the case. Henry Selden, Anthony's lawyer would later say, If this same act [voting] had been done by her brother, it would have been honorable. But having been done by a woman, it is said to be a crime... I believe this is the first instance in which a woman has been arraigned [accused] in a criminal court merely on account of her sex. (Peck, I 2018).
This was a bold statement in an attempt to shift the concrete mindset instilled in the conservative male jury. Anthony would later be found guilty of violating the 14th amendment, which nowhere stated that women had the right to vote. On the day of sentencing, Judge Hunt would ask Anthony if the witnessed had anything else she wanted to say? Anthony opened with, yes your honor. She said. "I have many things to say. In your ordered verdict of guilty, you have trampled under foot every vital principle of our government. My natural rights, my civil rights, my political rights, my judicial rights are all alike ignored." Anthony later would be charged with the restitution fee of one hundred dollars, which she never paid. It was this statement and action that was a pivotal turning point in the women's suffrage movement.
Susan B. Anthony dedicated her life to ending the great disparities women faced in the eighteenth century. It would be her perseverance that forever impacted the way we view voting for women and pave the way for the ongoing fight in the women's suffrage movement. Anthony gave her famous, Failure is impossible speech three days before she died. (Sheer, L. 1996). It was these words that became the motto throughout the continuing fight for equal rights. Anthony did not get to live to see her mission carried out. Fourteen year's after her passing, on August 26, 1920, women would be granted the right to vote through the passage of the 19th amendment.
Anthony's true mission was the equal right to all. It was her tireless efforts and selfless work that paved the way to the 19th amendment. This amendment says, "The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex." (Roberts & Smith, 2010). Anthony knew that the right to vote would be the only way to enact change in policies, wages and the rights of women. The field of social work seeks to help those who have been disfranchised, marginalized and discriminated against. Anthony's legacy opened the door for many leading advocates in the fight for equal rights
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Judaism and Ecology
How does thinking about sacred time help create a Jewish approach to the ecological crisis?
Daniel Shin
There are many advances in civilization evident today, but in terms of natural environmental development, society faces ecological problems in that natural resources are being continually depleted at an astonishing rate, pollutions in the form of gasses overtaking the atmosphere, plastics polluting oceans, global warming impacting safe temperatures, and more. This technical civilization may be beneficial for a utilitarian approach, but from an ecological perspective, these issues must be addressed. Implementing Judaism's practice of sacred time using the Sabbath is one way to approach this.
The idea is to set apart time in which people focus on the present time and take in the atmosphere and nature, completely focusing on the spiritual state of being. Relationships with others is also a key priority. It is important to refrain from actions that alter or remake space and actions that could cause earth harm. This also means to respect and treat the earth with care. For the Jewish people, the Sabbath is their sacred time. Heschel mentions, things created in six days he considered good, the seventh day he made holy (Heschel, 75). To the Jews given through the Torah, God created the earth in six days, then rested on the seventh. This rest is regarded highly because God the creator Himself made the decision to rest. The decision to rest is a symbol and instruction for His people to meditate and connect with their spiritual being. A time to calm down from working hard the whole week to recuperate back to full health. Instead of driving to school, walk and get some exercise in. Allow the body to keep up with the week and focus on strengthening the spirit. Keeping the Sabbath in society today may prove difficult as one whole day must be devoted to rest, but this change in lifestyle can very well impact earth's ecological issues for the better, while also allowing people to connect with their spirit to relax and continue the coming week in a more productive manner after being well rested. Billions of people around the world keeping the Sabbath would prove dramatic results in terms of a more sustainable and healthy planet, especially reducing gas emissions from automobiles, lowering electricity usage and more.
Heschel mentions the danger of the utilitarian ethic to nature in, Man has indeed become primarily a tool-making animal, and the world is now a gigantic tool-box for the satisfaction of his needs. (Swetlitz, 244) Although extreme, Heschel's point is that as people continue basing their ethics on utilitarianism, the earth will only be used for its' usefulness. Not for its' beauty as God's creation. If the world is nothing but resources to be extracted and used, then value in people will only be usable as things. Therefore, to combat this, the Sabbath provides that opportunity to set usefulness to the side and focus on the beauty and splendor of nature. Take time to see what God has created and respect it, while also resting from any actions that stress or burden. In a God-centered universe, all life becomes a source of wonder. (Swetlitz, 245) This wonder is seen only after first putting down usefulness. Abrams mentions one specific way to be with nature in, Tending the crop between Sukkot and Shavuot deepened my involvement with Jewish living and my connection to the natural world in ways I never would have expected. (Abrams, 157) Here Abrams is able to deepen his spiritual being by tending crops, but this was only possible through a time of rest in planting crops and connecting with nature.
Another issue regarding dangers to the earth is over-consumption. The earth is limited in resources so limiting consumption is key for finding solutions. Diamond states, We pursue our dreams of wealth and comfort only to discover that they are a chimera, and we are unable to find a viable vision to replace our shattered dreams. We feel like cogs in a machine, unable to change the course of our own lives, much less the complexion of society, (Diamond, 81) that people have this thirst for more things that we want, but don't have. This thirst that can never be fulfilled leads people to over consume products that are not necessarily needed. Diamond then introduces the Jewish way of consuming it, The Jewish view of consumption begins with the belief that the earth belongs to God. (Diamond, 81) This way gives thanks to God for using the land and resources while also respecting them. Especially on the Sabbath when we have time to give thanks and cannot spend money which limits consumption to only six days a week. There is also the fact that over-consumption can cause major life issues which are clearly described in Excessive consumption can wreak havoc in one's personal life and rob on of the life of the spirit. The attempt to satisfy every fleeting impulse, a common phenomenon in our world of ubiquitous advertising and malls, begins with our thoughts. (Diamond, 84) By respecting resources as if they were God's, then people can control their desires of over-consumption and limit consumption to only what is necessary for a sustainable life which also leads to a total sustainable economy. The many ecological issues society faces today are difficult to overcome and require future sacrifices and changes. Through the Sabbath, society can approach ethics in a new direction of respecting and thanking nature and connecting with inner being away from the utilitarianism aspect of things valued only by usefulness. And because of this, people can learn to connect with nature and find value in things spiritually and in nature itself. Changing the way, we approach resources can also bring about change in over-consumption one day of the week at a time. By respecting resources as God's, then we can focus on taking only what is necessary for life.
Victor Kimarud
Time is an exciting concept. We all probably have heard the saying that time waits for no one. We are all running out of time and so is the planet with the way we humans keep on treating it. What are ways that we can help save the planet from the ecological crisis that is ahead of us and also at the same time enriching our lives? We can do this by adopting the idea of the Sabbath and sacred time from the Jewish religion. This is the idea that we need to slow down and start thinking of the decisions that we make and how it impacts our lives and the environment around us. Heschel describes the Sabbath in a fascinating way The Sabbath is not for the sake of the weekdays; the weekdays are for the sake of Sabbath. It is not an interlude but the climax of living. (Pg 14, Heschel) This brings us to the idea that we should live our lives in a way that we look towards the Sabbath, a day of rest where we can focus on ourselves and reflect on the week. When we rest on the Sabbath, we should also allow nature to take a rest too. In order for us to value nature more, we need to experience sacred time. In Sirinsky, The Land of Your Soul comes up with the idea of river time as sacred time. When I ?found' Judaism, I discovered that my tradition - to my surprise - integrated ?river time' into its weekly calendar. The Jews I knew fondly referred to this particular time, this sense of timelessness, as Shabbat time. (Pg 121, Sirinsky) River time is a moment when the time changes entirely. Its when you stop keeping track of time and let nature take over. Judaism has river time built into the calendar as the Sabbath this is a time when we unplug from the technical civilization and tap into our souls and nature. Sabbath is like river time because before we get there, we must spend time preparing for our journey. In river time you get ready for your trip by planning the map out, checking all the gear and packing up. In Sabbath, we make sure we have all our work done in 6 days then on the 6th day we prepare for the Sabbath on the 7th day. This is the day that we allow ourselves to become one with nature. This brings us to the idea of technical civilization. We are living at the age of time where we covet material objects. This is not good for the environment since all we do is take, take, take without taking a moment and thinking about the consequences of our actions. Man has indeed become primarily a tool-making animal, and the world is now a gigantic tool-box for the satisfaction of his needs. (Swetlitz, 244). If we continue treating the world as a giant tool-box, we are going to end up running out of tools and ultimately leading to destroying our planet. This is why we need to let the planet rest from the toil and abuse we put it through. Fink's talks about in his article This, the fourth commandment, recognizes that not only human beings need a weekly day of rest. Shabbat provides all nature with a much-needed respite and an opportunity to recover from the heavy strain imposed by humanity's labors.(Pg 114, Fink). If the world decided to adopt this idea of Shabbat the planet would be able to be saved since humans are going to allow the world a day of rest. Where we do not take anything from the world and let the planet have a day where it can recover from the constant toil that we put it through. The Jewish religion looks at the Sabbath as a day where all of God's creation rest from the toil of the other six days. In Heschel's book, he says The Sabbath, thus, is more than an armistice, more than an interlude; it is a profound conscious harmony of man and the world, sympathy for all things and participation in the spirit that unites what is below and what is above. (Pg 31-32, Heschel) This brings us back to the main idea of using the Sabbath as one of the keys to solving the ecological crisis going on in our world today. When we take a step back and reconnect with both our spirit this allows us to create harmony with the world and unite us. When we allow this to happen, we can open our eyes to what's going on around us and how we are affecting nature and what we can do to stop the ecological crisis going on. I agree with Daniel that we can learn from the Jewish religion that we should value the planet and our souls. In Ellen Cohn, Rain and the Calendar she explains to us that the world was a gift from God and that we should treat it with respect, kindness, and dignity. She states God created the world, taught us to care for it, and demanded that we comply. We would be rewarded with bounty or famine depending on how we lived how we treated each other, and how we treated nature. (Pg 128, Ellen Cohn) When we treat the world how God taught us, so we will be able to save it from an ecological crisis.
Kevin Jansen
The urgency that surrounds saving the environment can often feel like a modern effort in response to a modern problem. The post industrial revolution world is a fast moving one and the consequent damage to nature can feel overwhelming when compared to the rest of human history. What becomes interesting is how the answer to this seemingly modern problem may lie in the text of an ancient religion. Human exploitation of the environment is arguably at unprecedented levels in the modern age, but Judaism proves that this is not an entirely new dilemna. Judaism introduces the important concept of sacred time and in this sacred time much can be learned about the dynamic between humans and nature, and more importantly, the divine significance in preserving this dynamic. Sacred time reveals the human relationship with God and preserving the Earth is a crucial step in maintaining that relationship. Sacred time has to be explained as a concept before learning how it relates to saving the environment. In order to understand this concept of sacred time, one should look no further than Abraham Joshua Heschel's The Sabbath. When describing the seventh day of the week, he describes it as being ...a day of detachment from things, instruments, and practical affairs as well as of attachment to the spirit (Heschel 29). Sacred time is a sort of elevation from the earthly realm and Heschel illustrates it as a time in which people are at their closest to God spiritually, because they do not concern themselves with worldly matters that occupy their mind on other days of the week. Sacred time is embodied by other quotes, like when he describes the Sabbath as The vision of a window in eternity that opens into time (Heschel 16) along with numerous other instances. The point in all of Heschel's romantic language is that humans can attain something during sacred time that can't be experienced in the ordinary world. Sabbath is a chance to escape the shackles of Earth and become something more than human. The divine connectivity of sacred time described by Heschel can also be found explained elsewhere. This can be demonstrated in Lawrence Troster's In Your Goodness You Renew Creation: Creation Cycles in Jewish Liturgy. Troster explains the creation and historical prayers Sh'ma and Amidah, and specifically how they relate to sacred time. He writes The Sh'ma and Amidah represent a journey in which we first accept the covenant and then are admitted” with praise and thanksgiving” into the metaphorical temple, the microcosm of Creation. We start with history and move to eternity (Troster 110) Through this quote a cycle begins to emerge. Humans live their lives through the six days of the week and on the seventh day they experience a moment of renewal. This cycle will repeat over and over. Unlike many other religions, where any equivalent to sacred time might only exist in the afterlife, Judaism presents an opportunity to feel a deep connection with God every Sabbath. With the idea of sacred time roughly understood, Judaism's ecological relevance can now be explored.
Daniel brings ecology into the equation by viewing the Sabbath in a literal sense. He points out that the Earth is given an opportunity to rest as a consequence of human rest and I agree with this assessment. I will argue however that the tenets of Judaism and sacred time ensure the earth is given rest on more than just the Sabbath. In Eliezer Diamond's piece Jewish Perspectives on Limiting Consumption, he calls attention to a verse from Deuteronomy, You shall eat from the tree, but not cut it down (85). You might take from the tree and enjoy its fruits, but to permanently strip it from the environment is not permitted. He adds his own words stating that This directive could be applied today to limit consumption to what is necessary for a sustainable economy (Diamond 86). Despite not being on the Sabbath, there are significant rules in Judaism that allow for the Earth to rest. This idea of limited consumption is one of the answers to the ecological question of how humans should exist in nature. The principles of ecology emerge once more in Ellen Bernstein's The Tu B'sh'vat Seder. The human and nature relationship is illustrated during a Seder in the quote, ...when people eat the fruit of a plant, they are eating of the plant's divine energy When they recite a blessing, they offer up divine energy that the angel can direct back toward the fruit (Bernstein 143). The kind of behavior being encouraged in this quote is one of gratitude. Bernstein also mentions that those who do not give a blessing after taking fruit prevent the angel from having the energy needed to restore the tree. This can be applied in a non spiritual context in how the ungrateful human that does not give a blessing for the fruit can easily be the ungrateful human that will take more than they need or even cut down the tree. The relationship described here can also be tied back to Diamond's ideas about limited consumption in how it promotes respect for the trees and indirectly discourages humans from exploiting this source of pleasure. Jewish ecological practices are similarly explored in the My Jewish Learning article Traditional Jewish Teachings on Nature and the Environment. The author explains Rabbinic law also innovated environmental legislation of other sorts. Civic concerns alone, without wider ecological considerations, were sufficient, to make the rabbis of the Mishnah and Talmud promulgate laws requiring safe waste disposal, the location of what today would be called industrial zones at a distance from settled areas (No Author Given) This might not relate to limited consumption, but it is undoubtedly proof that Judaism aimed to protect the environment beyond just the Sabbath. The level of conscientiousness towards nature remains impressive, but with all of these rules established, how might ecology relate to sacred time?
Heschel's description of sacred time on the Sabbath and the ecological aspects of Judaism can now be brought together. Victor mentions that when humans treat the world as God intended, the environment can be saved from an ecological disaster. I agree with this idea and where Victor explored what it means to follow God's intention, I will explore the role of humans in this dynamic. In Living as if God Mattered: Heschel's View of Nature and Humanity, Marc Swetlitz paints a picture of the relationship between humans, God, and the environment. He displays this in the quote, Aware that God created the world Aware that we are permitted by God to subdue the earth for six days a week, we labor to transform nature to satisfy our needs while maintaining a constant awareness of God's presence (Swetlitz 249) An idea of modesty is being pushed forward where humans are supposed to know their place. Earth was given to humans by God and they may be in a position to use it, but they are not in a position to destroy it. As a creation of God, it is to be respected and preserved. The quote also ties into Heschel's ideas about the Sabbath. The sacred time of the seventh day can only be experienced if humans allow the Earth to rest, but they must also follow the other ecological rules. Even though the Sabbath is a day for rest, that does not mean humans are given free reign to exploit the environment as much as they want on the other six days. The aforementioned ecological rules and practices explained by Diamond and Bernstein are there to keep people permanently conscientious, because there can not be a sacred time unless humans respect the creations of God on all days.
Sacred time may not specifically be about protecting nature, but environmental conscientiousness is definitely a product of it. Judaism is very much concerned with what lies beyond the earthly realm. In an effort to understand it and become closer with the divine, the religion encourages individuals to look after the planet given to them by God. Whether it be during the modern era with its impressive relevancy, or when the religion was only in its infancy, the ecological truths embedded in Judaism are integral to comprehending a human's role in the environment.
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The Importance of Judaism in Early America
America has a long and complicated history that is made of a mix of many people from many cultures. Although the Jewish people came a little later than original settlers and in a much smaller amount, they still made a significant impact in how America evolved as a nation. Judaism and the people who followed it helped to shape the government, education, and culture that we now experience in modern day America. Through their own triumphs and struggles they set paths that were dug deeper by many people after them. Sometimes the paths that were created were unfortunate roads to go down, like hatred and discrimination, but there were also paths made that lead to religious freedom and educational growth. America's Jewish community is currently majority Ashkenazi, which is Jews who are from Eastern Europe, mainly Germany. Although Jews are now mostly Ashkenazi, the first Jews who came to early America were Sephardic, which means they originated in Spain and Portugal. Jews began coming to America in 1654 when a group of twenty-three Sephardic Jews emigrated from Brazil. The United States of America was created in a very unique way that stands out from the rest of history. The United States was the first country that was created with democracy as a basis. The Bible was a big part in the start, especially the Old Testament, which is based around Jewish values.
As English settlers began arriving in what would become America, they began to describe themselves as Moses entering the Promise Land, referring to the Old Testament of the Bible, otherwise known as the story of the Jewish people. Not that the New Testament was not important to the settlers, especially because they were majority Puritans, but they identified with the story of the Jewish people escaping from Egypt strongly. In Adam Berkowitz's article titled Thanksgiving's Dark Origins he states, No Christian community in history identified more with the People of the Book than did the early settlers of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, who believed their own lives to be a literal reenactment of the Biblical drama of the Hebrew nation. They themselves were the children of Israel; America was their Promised Land; the Atlantic Ocean their Red Sea; the Kings of England were the Egyptian pharaohs. These comparisons seem a little drastic, but it seemed to put a stronger faith behind the Colony that helped them in their travels and attempts at success.
The first Jews to ever travel to what is now America were trying to escape from Recife, Brazil. They were considered Sephardic Jews because they originated from areas that are now known as Spain and Portugal. It is interesting that the first Jews in America were Sephardic because the population of Ashkenazi Jews is now much higher than of Sephardic Jews. There was around twenty-three of them and they travelled through New Amsterdam in search of a better place to settle. In A History of Jews in the United States Dr. Gary Zola is quoted, "The refugees immediately encountered hostility [such as Peter Stuyvesant's assertion to the Dutch West India Company that they are 'a deceitful race, hateful enemies and blasphemers of the name of Christ'] and fought for opportunity--a dynamic that is emblematic of the whole flow of American Jewish history." There were so few Jews, so they were not a huge threat but were still enough to cause a rustle in the earlier settlers plans. After a year of not so friendly interactions between Dutch West India Company and the Jewish people, they reluctantly gave the Jews the right to settle. But only after realizing that they required investments from them to be successful. This is one of the first instances of Jews helping to create a stronger economy in The United States.
The Plantation Act was passed in 1740 to regularize and encourage immigration. This law was made so specifically Jews and other nonconforming religions could be naturalized in the colonies. In 1743 a Jewish Revolutionary officer named Abraham Alexander married a non-Jewish woman, and she became one of the first converts to Judaism in the United States. Alexander also hand wrote a prayer book for his local congregations, which he was a very active member of. It also became very apparent that George Washington was a supporter of the Jewish people, he wrote in a letter to a Jewish congregation in Rhode Island, May the children of the stock of Abraham who dwell in the land continue to merit and enjoy the goodwill of the other inhabitants. While everyone shall sit safely under his own vine and fig-tree and there shall be none to make him afraid." He also had a Rabbi present when he was officiated into office.
The Revolutionary War was a huge turning point in America's history. People from all over the colonies came together to fight the war for their freedom from Great Britain. A group of people who were beneficial during the war but are often overlooked are the Jews, who were not a large group but still made a significant difference. The Impact of the American Revolution on American Jews shows a new perspective on Jews during this time period, The American Jewish population in the late eighteenth century numbered about 2500, scarcely one tenth of one percent of the national population. Jews' influence loomed far larger. Concentrated as they were in developing areas, Jews naturally became intimate with leading politicians and businessmen. Jewish merchants and non-Jewish merchants traded freely. Discriminatory legislation, though it existed in the colonies, rarely limited Jews' right to work and worship in peace. Indeed, Jews enjoyed far better conditions in the American colonies than in most other corners of the diaspora. Even though Jews were enjoying their new lives in the colonies, they were still facing anti-semitism that made it difficult for them to instantly pick a side when asked to. If the Jews wanted to stay where they were living they would have to side with the colonies, which the majority of them realized quickly. Very few Jews ended up staying loyal with Great Britain. Any and every Jewish person capable of joining in the war began fighting alongside the other colonists. Because the war did not discriminate in who it needed on the battlefield, people from all over were meeting Jews and realizing that they were not so different from themselves. As well as meeting people from other faiths, Jewish people were also able to meet other Jews who came from different part of the worlds than them. This helped to create a strong bond throughout Judaism and sparked many relationships. After the war there were many new opportunities in the colonies that were just as available to Jews as they were to everyone else. It was a little more difficult for Jews because they often had to break rituals to be available for work. The discriminations against them had faded because of the war, but they were still a very small minority in a large country. It was still not a comfortable and safe place to live for them.
As the colonies continues to grow, higher education rose in popularity. Universities such as Yale, Harvard, Brown, and other future Ivy Leagues began to build on already strong foundations with a curriculum focused on the Bible. Because they all taught about the Bible so heavily, Hebrew became a core language that was taught at these universities, unlike in Great Britain, where it was not taught anywhere. Many schools incorporated Hebrew phrases or symbols into their emblems and seals. Hebrew became so popular that some students even delivered their commencement speeches in Hebrew.
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Odysseus Cyclops Essay
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A Tragic Hero Odysseus
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Why is Odysseus a Bad Leader
DO USE INGENUITY WHEN FIGHTING YOUR ENEMIES: Odysseus showed good leadership when he saved the remaining men from his crew from the cyclops. In order to do this, he hid his men in cattle to escape from the cyclops. In the Odyssey, Odysseus states, I tied them [rams] silently together then slung a man under each middle one to ride there safely, shielded left and right. This shows how Odysseus came up with a brilliant plan to hide in between the Cyclops' rams and escape with the rams when the Cyclops let them out. This genius plan saved himself and his crew from dangerous situation with the cyclops. (Page 19, lines 337-340)
DO INSTILL CONFIDENCE IN YOUR SUBORDINATES: The men became terrified when they saw smoke of white water and heard loud sounds of water. To calm them down, Odysseus told them what to do next. He told them to hug the shoreline of the cliff and to keep rowing so that they do not see the Sirens on the mountain. Odysseus also told them that Zeus would help them survive. This pep talk motivated his crew and prepared them for what was to come in the future. In the end, Odysseus and his crew avoided the Sirens because all of his men listened to him.
DO WHAT IS NECESSARY TO SAVE YOUR CREW: Odysseus showed signs of good leadership when he saved his men from the Lotus Eaters. After three of his men ate the Lotus, they wanted to keep eating more and did not want to leave the island. In order to save his men, Odysseus, drove them, all three wailing, to the ships, tied them down under their rowing benches, and called the rest. Odysseus forcibly tied his men to the ship to save them from Lotus that they became hypnotized by. This shows Odysseus as a good leader because he tied his men down to the ship and left the island because he knew it was the best way to save them from the Lotus. (Page 11)
DON'Ts Of Being a Good Leader
DON'T ALLOW CURIOSITY TO COMPROMISE YOUR MISSION:. Odysseus showed bad leadership when his curiosity resulted in some of his men dying. While the were on an unknown island inhabited by Cyclops, Odysseus wanted to know if they were friends or foes. However, Odysseus told his men, I'll make the crossing in my own ship and find out what the mainland natives are-for they may be wild savages, and lawless. Even though Odysseus knew that the Cyclops could be very dangerous, he still went on to their island in order to explore. This resulted in some of his men being eaten by the Cyclops, due to Odysseus' curiosity. Instead of exploring the land, all Odysseus had to do was avoid it. However, his curiosity got the better of his, which resulted in at least 6 of Odysseus' best men dying. (Page 12)
DON'T GET COCKY WHEN YOU HAVE A VICTORY: Odysseus showed bad leadership when he started to mock the cyclops after they left his island. After defeating the Cyclops, Odysseus taunted him, which made him very angry. This resulted in the Cyclops throwing a hilltop that landed right in front of the ship, almost killing them all. Instead of killing Odysseus and his men, the hilltop made a big wave that brought the ships back to shore. Odysseus barely managed to escape this, but his actions put him and his crew at a huge risk. After barely escaping, the Cyclops he placed a curse on Odysseus out of his fury.(Page 21-22)
DON'T LET YOUR CREW TELL YOU WHAT TO DO: Odysseus showed bad leadership with his men and Helios' cattle. Tiresias warns Odysseus that if his men ate Helios' cattle, then they would be all be punished with death. However, the Odyssey states, Driven by hunger, they ignore Odysseus' warning not to fest on Helios' cattle Zeus sends down a thunderbolt to sink Odysseus' ship. Since Odysseus could not control his men and make them not eat the cattle, his whole crew died and his ship got destroyed. This shows bad leadership because Odysseus could not persuade his men to not land on the island of Thrinacia, which resulted in all of men dying.
DON'T GET DISTRACTED AND LEAVE A MAN BEHIND: On Circe's island one man fell off a rooftop drunk and Odysseus and his crew left him behind, Odysseus had to promise him a funeral only after he was reminded he was gone while in the underworld. This was a bad leadership on the part of Odysseus because he was unable to keep track of his men and possibly save and because he did know he needed to give the crewmember a funeral, something he is morally obliged to do.
DON'T ANGER THE GODS:Odysseus angered Poseidon by blinding and making fun of the Cyclops, who was his son. Also, Odysseus angered Poseidon by destroying Troy.
Idk what to say for this one
DON'T: After Odysseus left Troy, his crew and him went to Ismarus, which was where the Cicones lived. The Cicones were allies with the Trojans, meaning that they were enemies of Odysseus. Odysseus and his crew robbed and killed them on their island. After this victory, they decided to stay on the island a little bit longer to celebrate. However, they Cicones attacked Odysseus' men and killed 72 of them. If Odysseus looted the city and left, then he could have stolen many things without losing any. (Page 11)
DON'T KEEP SECRETS FROM YOUR MEN:Odysseus showed bad leadership by telling his men nothing about Scylla. Scylla was a huge monster that had twelve large legs like tentacles and 6 heads with fangs. Odysseus knew that he would encounter this monster because Circe warned him about her. However, Odysseus did not disclose any information to his crew. He neglected to tell them anything, which resulted in 6 of his men being eaten. If Odysseus told them what they were going to encounter, then they could've been more prepared to fight or avoid this monster.
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Odysseus in the Trojan War
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The Greek Ideal Odysseus
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New Modernism
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Literacy Modernism
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Modernism Asssignment
On my visit to met mesuem I have great experience but too choose anything it was hard for me because there are too many paintings but the modern art that I choosed was The Kearsage at Boulange,1864 . This art was created by Edouad Manet'. He was born in 1832 into a bourgenoisie household in Paris,France. He started painting at very early age but his parents don't like his interest. But his uncle supported him and arranged everything that he need to do art and later he father boarded a naval vessel for Brazil because he hoped that he might have good life but he failed his naval examinations. He repeatedly failing the course and then finally his parents gave up and supported his dream of going to art school.
When I first saw this painting the first thing came into my was fight because when we have a look at the view of painting like how the boats were sinking and also the water waves looks scary. And also it looks like the big ship is destroying everything but when I looked up for this painting I found that this was the during American civil war , the United States was warship Kearsage made heading after the sinking confederate raiders Alabama off the coast of the France. The Alabama group of people were attacking the merchant vessel for blockad the imposed on ports of North Carolina and they were waiting for it but on Sunday the two ships were met and clashed and sink in a half an hour. Eduard Manet did not see the actual batttle but he want to make a imaginary panting and i think he did this because he wants to connect people with their history and wants to show the importance of civil war. If we look at the weather of the painting it was clear because there is no cloud in the sky and we can assume that it as summer time But if we look at water it looks waves are going to rise.
I think he has a great talent because he did not see the battle but with his imagination he create this painting very quickly which grabs people attention and forced them them to think about that time and what will you do to save your life because in the painting on the boat we can there are many people who were going to sink in the water and will lose their life. But the one question that I have about this painting is that why the painter choose to create small boats instead of big one because if we looks at water its look like it will sinks easily?
Source : https://www.manet.org/the-kearsarge-at-boulogne.jsp
https://www.biography.com/people/edouard-manet-9397188
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Karl Marx’s Leadership
Karl Marx's leadership impacted Europe's perspective on political, social, and economic ideology. He was a successful leader who used power, effective communication, and courage to transform his followers. His leadership not only influenced his followers, but the rest of the world. He transcribed his leadership and ideology into what is now considered tangible scholarly articles.
Early in his lifetime, Karl Marx was rarely seen outside of his house because he spent most of his time writing with a small radical group. As Karl Marx grew older, he began to gain more and more power from his followers. Early on, he did not engage with his followers directly. Instead, he gained expert power where he pursued his research in social political theory and received a Doctor of Philosophy. Karl Marx more or less observed and analyzed the working class from afar.
He conveyed his expert power when writing to communicate with his followers over his theories. Later in his life, after gaining public recognition for his writings, Karl Marx gained referent power. He established a relationship with his followers who identified with his beliefs. By 1848, Karl Marx represented one of the main pioneers against class struggle in the French revolution. The radical and proletariat groups saw Karl Marx as an icon who understood their hardships. To his followers, his expert and referent power were so prominent that they nominated him to the General Council of the International Working Men's Association in 1864, where he gained legitimate power (Jones, 2016). His followers saw him as a role model and were placing him on a pedestal of power.
And even despite Karl Marx having poor health at the time, his followers still felt that he would best represent their organization. Karl Marx's power came from both his followers and his own intellect. He used his power to support and lead his followers towards his vision.
Most of his life's work was composed of writing to communicate his vision of emancipation to Europe. Karl Marx was an efficient communicator; not only were his claims and arguments strong, his delivery was daunting. Karl Marx filled his writing with blunt, cold, sarcastic criticism. In one of his articles, Karl Marx states "The aristocracy cannot be given the form of law because they are formations of lawlessnessjust as the bandit son of a robber is not exonerated because banditry is a family idiosyncrasy" (Marx, 1842). In a sarcastic manner, Karl Marx is communicating how lowly he thinks of aristocrats. The dark metaphor defiles aristocrats and piques interest in readers.
In another example, Karl Marx states "This can be determined with almost the same certainty as a chemist determines under which external conditions given substances will form a compound" (Marx, 2010). In this statement, he describes how a complex government should be able to easily work out the problems of power and poverty as though the functions of a government should be as simple as the laws of nature. This statement belittles the common sense of government officials and readers who may have adversity to his argument. The way he used written words to highlight the flaws of the government brought fear to many state officials. In addition, his writing was not only bold but clear and concise. In one of his most persuasive pieces The Communist Manifesto, which he wrote with Friedrich Engels, is only thirty pages long. He clearly communicated to his readers his argument and vision not only to Europe but later worldwide.
His followers were enlightened by the potential in his vision. Karl Marx transformed the minds of his followers on many different levels: religion, social class, capitalism, communism and more. As a philosopher, he could make them question the foundation of their understanding but as a leader he guided them towards species [Human] essence. In addition to his leadership, Europe was already in a tumultuous state full of revolutions.
The written words Karl Marx used to attack the governments added fuel to the fire of his followers. His followers read his articles and books or heard them by word of mouth. He made strong claims and arguments that persuaded his readers to change their lifestyles. In 1848, Paris proletariats rebelled against the monarchy in the French Revolution. Karl Marx's writing transpired hope and courage onto the proletariats. They had faith in their own ability to take action. However, if Karl Marx wanted to impact the proletariats immediately, he should have used oral communication such as rallies, protests, and public speeches as a means to communicate with the working class since most were illiterate during the nineteenth century. Nevertheless, his leadership guided Europe towards the emergence of a revolution.
Not only did Karl Marx write about emancipation, he set an example to his followers by rebelling against those who oppressed him. His defiance empowered his followers to not play sheep and to think for themselves. For example, Karl Marx's writings were seen as spontaneous radical acts where he wrote in opposition to many European governments. Specifically, the Prussian government deemed his writing treasonous in 1843 when he was editor for Rheinische Zeitung (Liebknecht, 1969). The rebellious articles were banned after less than a year of publication.
However, Karl Marx could not live there in silence; he wanted a platform to speak his mind. As a result of his inability to abide by Prussia's laws, he was exiled. Karl Marx moved to Paris and then Brussels only to be exiled in those countries too. Finally, he settled in London where he could freely publish his ideas.
Karl Marx showed courage by continuing to write despite having altercations with the law. In addition, this example displays his dedication to write for his followers and inspired them. Karl Marx even acknowledged the importance of female status in society. He stated, Social progress may be measured precisely by the social position of the fair sex (plain ones included) (Marx, 2001).
Even when Karl Marx was young, he displayed courage by standing up for his beliefs. Karl Marx grew up in a family in which religion was the foundation. Both of his grandfathers were rabbis and despite the strong religious beliefs, they deemed Karl Marx an ardently atheist materialist (Salter, 1921, p. 6). Even early on, Karl Marx always questioned the foundation of his understanding and even went against the grain of his family to pursue his beliefs. The fear of being an outlier did not impede his personal choice of religion or writing. He was an effective leader because he had a vision and acted upon it. His followers looked up to him as a courageous leader.
As a result of his courage and effective communication skills, Karl Marx gained many followers who supported him as a leader. As previously stated, the proletariats of the International Working Men's Association nominated him to the General Council. They sought him out as best suited for the position to make an impact. Karl Marx inspired his followers to the extent that they wanted to carry out his vision. His followers had faith in his words and were eager to hear more about his beliefs. The Communist League even commissioned him and Friedrich Engels to write The Communist Manifesto (Jones, 2016). Before his death, he was able to see his efforts in political change pay off thanks to the help of his dedicated followers.
Although Karl Marx had dedicated followers, his mass influence did not peak until after he died. Less than a century after his death, Karl Marx's brutal, cold, cut reflection of capitalism had turned society on its head. Countries like Russia showed their allegiance to Karl Marx's ideology during the Cold War against the United States. Karl Marx's writing not only embodied his vision but his leadership. His efforts to persuade and encourage the proletariats to be conscious and take action is prominent in his writing.
His vision had even spread to the East and was revered by many state officials, particularly in China, Vietnam, and North Korea. Mao Zedong and Ho Chi Minh are examples of successful leaders who used Karl Marx's approach to advocate for political change. In turn, Mao Zedong and Ho Chi Minh influenced their followers in China and Vietnam to follow Karl Marx's ideology. Til this day, Karl Marx's ideology continues to impact political governments. Specifically, China's communist government embraces Karl Marx's ideology. Citizens of China are impacted by Karl Marx's leadership and scholarly journals from centuries ago. His face is plastered on posters and is still studied in school. Even the universal term Marxism was coined to describe Karl Marx's ideology and has been embedded into modern language.
Now, Karl Marx's ideology continues to evolve as one of the most debated political, social, and economic theories. Karl Marx knew that change would not come immediately from his leadership, but that society would take centuries to develop into its final stage. That is why Karl Marx spent most of his life transcribing his leadership and ideology into tangible scholarly artifacts that now anyone could access.
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Karl Marx's Leadership. (2019, Nov 18).
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Mexican and American Cultures
The chicanos/as subculture is both a mixture of the Mexican and American cultures. A chicano/a is a person born in the United States, but is from a Mexican origin or decent. Even though we grow up in America we maintain our Mexican customs, such as the language and music. Chicanos/as are not just Mexican or just American we are both Mexican-American. People associate chicanos/as with gangs, being poorly educated, and being illegal, but not all stereotypes are true.
Most of the stereotypes about chicanos/as are really negative. I do not associate with most of the stereotypes because I am not a chola or illegal, and I did not drop out of school. A chola is a person from the lower class who is Mexican-American and is a gang member. Many people assume these things when they find out you are part Mexican. I have been asked many times if I am illegal which I'm not. Some of my family and friends are also chicanos/as and they also do not relate to these negative stereotypes. I can see how many are wrong about the chicano/a subculture these stereotypes are not true.
I identify with this subculture because my parents raised me in the United Sates, but showed me both the Mexican and American cultures. I relate to the Mexican culture because my family is really close. We usually get together a lot for family parties such as quince?±eras, birthday parties, and holiday parties. Quince?±eras are Mexican tradition, a party celebrating a girls fifteenth birthday. The usual Mexican way we are taught to greet our family at every party or gathering is always with a hug and a side kiss on the cheek. We eat the typical Mexican dishes
at these parties like tacos, pozole, tamales, and so many others. Pozole is a traditional Mexican soup made with meat or chicken and has little balls of corn you can add many other stuff to it as well.
Tamales are a Mexican dish made of dough, meat, and corn husks or banana leafs. Not only do we like to eat, but also like to dance. At these parties we dance to norte?±as, banda, and cumbias. Norte?±as is a genre of Mexican music from Northern Mexico and band is a style of Mexican music as well. Cumbias is music from Latin America. Also learning to cook from your mother is part of the Mexican tradition. I usually cook with my mother a lot I really enjoy it because we get to spend time together. It's kind of hard though because Mexican mothers do not measure anything when it comes to cooking the just put a little bit of this and a little bit of that in a pot or pan and I don't know how much is a lot or a little when it comes to cooking. My mother shares many of the secrete family recipes that her mother passed down to her and now she is passing them down to me.
The American culture is also a part of being chicano/a. I relate to the American culture because almost everyone in my family is a big sports fan we enjoy watching football, baseball, and basketball. We like to get together to watch the Super Bowl every year. Sometimes my family gets together and we have a barbecue in the backyard we eat typical American food like hamburgers, hotdogs, sausage, and ribs. Not only do I listen to music in Spanish but also in English like rap and pop. Celebrating the American holidays like the Fourth of July, Thanksgiving, and Christmas connects me to the American culture because they are tradition and many other Americans celebrate them as well.
Camping is part of the American tradition I go every often I have been to the Colorado River, Calico Ghost Town, Silver Wood Lake, and many more. I really enjoy when we go camping because we like to take our jet ski and dirt bikes. We go and explore the lakes and campsites. The language really connects me to the Mexican-American culture from a very young age I learned both Spanish and English, which has allowed me to express myself in two different ways.
Spanglish is something that's really common when you speak to a chicano/a. I speak Spanglish a lot when I'm at home or when I speak to my friends. Spanglish is combining both Spanish and English words when speaking.
In conclusion, chicanos/as are both Mexican and American. The negative stereotypes are not all true about us. I can relate to the Mexican and American culture in many ways. Being close to family, sports, holidays, and the languages. I identifying with this group has shaped me into the person I am today because it has made me want to be different and a better person than what they typically stereotype chicanos/as. I'm proud to be part of the chicano/a subculture.
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Mexican And American Cultures. (2019, Nov 18).
Retrieved November 4, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2019/11/page/7/
