Thomas Jefferson by Mia Hotchkiss

Thomas Jefferson is on of Americas Founding Fathers he was born on April 13, 1743 He died on July 4, 1826 at age 83. I predict future happiness for Americans, if they can prevent the government from wasting the labors of the people under the pretense of taking care of them. He was trying to keep Americas hopes up so that they know if they fight as hard as they can then they will get the freedom. Thomas Jefferson was a silent person and when he talked the first time to congress it was long after he joined but he insulted on religion in two sentences for which they gave them reprehension. As a young lawyer they respected him for his knowledge of the law, but he was not known as an outstanding orator.

Thomas Jefferson hade good ethics because he helped America break away from the British. America wanted to break away from the British because after being left alone for about 100 years they went over the colonist government and started to tax them. At age 33, he?was?one of the youngest delegates to the Second Continental Congress beginning in 1775 at the outbreak of the?American Revolutionary War.

Thomas Jefferson was a great president because he was against the Alien and Sedition Acts?granted the President enormous powers showing that the government had become a tyranny which made the government angry and offended. The?acts?were denounced Democratic-Republicans and ultimately helped them to victory in the 1800 election, when?Thomas` Jefferson defeated the incumbent,?President?Adams.

Thomas Jefferson managed his time by taking it one step at a tome when he wrote the declaration of independence he sat down and locked his self in the room to wright it. When he was not sure about the Alien and Sedition Act, he took the time and research it and he is a smart wise person that's why they picked him to wright the declaration.

Thomas Jefferson wasn't a good public speaker, so he would wright then instead of saying them. We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed, by their Creator, with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness . That was a speech he wrote it means treat others how you want to be treated that is how I see it they are human to.

Thomas had some thing that now we shame him for such as he hade slaves but back then a lot of people did. He didn't stay with the British to be with his son. He put in the draft that all men are created equal. They changed that because the slaves were getting exited about it. Which now we think and know is wrong but back then they didn't know it was for them it was just the triangle trade.

The con conclusion is Thomas Jefferson wasn't the worst or best person he used his time wisely he lived a good long meaning full life. If it wasn't for Thomas Jefferson a lot of things including America would be different so thank you Thomas Jefferson.

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Reproductive Cloning a Good Idea

Scientists may soon have the ability to bring a species back from the dead. You don't have to worry we won't have a T-rex roaming the earth, not for lack of trying but because there isn't enough viable DNA to make it happen. The question is not on whether we can resurrect a species, but whether if we should if possible. Reproductive cloning is the idea of creating an animal that is genetically identical to a donor animal through somatic cell nuclear transfer. In reproductive cloning, the newly created embryo is placed back into the uterine environment where it can implant and develop. Using Reproductive cloning to bring animals back would do more harm than good. I say this because it could lead to several huge problems. Some of these problems could consist of bringing a deadly pathogen or retrovirus back to life which caused the animals death in the first place, causing other species to lead to extinction, taking attention elsewhere, and where would we put them. But this also has some great advantages if successful which I will get into later in the paper. So let's get started. The reason why Reproductive cloning is now possible is that of a system called CRISPR CAS-9. According to Beth Shapiro, ""CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) is a gene editing tool that uses proteins (CAS-9) to cut a little bit of DNA and stick a new bit of DNA in there and the DNA heals itself back up and you just replaced a gene1. With this, you can basically edit a current species like the elephant in order to bring back the wooly mammoth. There are still some complications about the procedure itself that scientists are working on. Like they need to make sure that the hybrid cells that they created could be used to make specialized tissues and would be able to grow in an artificial womb or try to implant it into an elephant. And then they would make sure that it would survive when they added more DNA and more DNA until they get a full implantable embryo.

Bringing a species back to life would be a big mistake, especially if a deadly pathogen or retrovirus comes along with it. We really don't know what would happen if one day the science community were to successfully bring a deadly top of the food chain species back to life. It could possibly start an outbreak of a virus or pathogen that we would have never seen before. So many would most likely get affected without a cure in sight. This itself would take a lot of time and money just to find a cure that works and then have to mass produce the cure to stop the outbreak. All of this would have to be done when we haven't even done this with other existing viruses and diseases. It took almost two centuries for the world to eradicate smallpox. How much time do you think it would take to eradicate a virus or pathogen that we know nothing about? A further argument for against reproductive cloning would be that it could cause other species to go extinct. After a mass extinction event, new species evolve and fill ecological niches. This is called Adaptive radiation under Natural Selection. If you were to reintroduce another species with the same niche as another it could cause that species to go instinct. This is due to the competitive exclusion principle. This tells us that two species can't have the same niche in a habitat and stably coexist. That's because species with identical niches also have identical needs, which means they would compete for precisely the same resources and lead to one to go extinct. So, would it be right to bring a deadly species back if it will make an already existing species go extinct or even make itself go extinct in the long run? Spending the already limited resources on reproductive cloning could lead to net biodiversity loss by taking attention elsewhere.

The relative cost as opposed to benefit for biodiversity is essential to the debate surrounding reproductive cloning. Assuming species are resurrected to be released into former habitats, the cost of reproductive cloning includes the process of producing initial founder populations, translocating individuals, then monitoring and managing new wild populations2. If maintenance funds are re-directed from living to resurrected species, there is a risk of perverse outcomes whereby net biodiversity might decrease because of reproductive cloning. Why would we take money away from endangered species on the verge of going extinct to species that were already dead and brought back? If we were going to bring back a dead species where would we put them? Would we keep them in a zoo? That doesn't sound like a very exciting existence for that animal since we are doing it for the animal and not for us. There is a great risk for reproductive cloning, we would bring back a species from the dead but if we fail to resurrect their ecology there going to be extinct once more. But there is a way around this. According to Douglas McCauley, there are three ways that to restore the functioning of once-extinct species. These ways are ""(i)select target species from guilds with low functional redundancy; (ii) concentrate on species that went extinct recently rather than older extinctions; and (iii) only work with species that can be restored to levels of abundance that meaningfully restore ecological function.

On the other side reproductive cloning is not only about animals it can be used on humans as well. Religious and other opponents of this technology are saying that this process disrupts nature because procreation is something that shouldn't be tampered with. They feel that interfering with how nature work would have a domino effect on the human race. Reproductive cloning can be considered unethical and against ""god's"" wishes. Many people believe that because clones were created by man, they will be unable to feel and empathize. The creation of life by God is described in the Book of Genesis. The natural law ensures the continuity of life. Cloning is the transfer of genetic material by unnatural and artificial means. In other words, man would be playing god, but we don't have the power to predict all the consequences of assuming that role. Aside from being morally wrong, this interference can lead to a host of problems that society isn't prepared to handle. There are many more arguments against reproductive cloning, but this is a brief report of the main arguments. When thinking about cloning children designed and replicated to the parents' wishes, consider the book My Sister's Keeper in which one of the children is the product of preimplantation genetic diagnosis and is born for the sole purpose of being a bone marrow plant for her older sister.

Know try to imagine being the child only being born to save the existing child and not for the reason of wanting a child in general but bluntly speaking basically she was born for spare parts for the first child. I couldn't imagine how that would feel. Even though there are many negatives to reproductive cloning there are also many positives such as, reproductive cloning could offer insights into evolution and other natural resources that may be currently unavailable to us. Reproductive cloning could be a big step forward for genetic engineering. It could help restore threatened or damaged ecosystems with help of now-extinct species. Extinct species could be brought back from the dead and carry no deadly pathogens or retroviruses at all. Or maybe even one they could even use reproductive cloning to bring back species such as a dog that may have passed away. But there are always negatives to that as well. Many people love their pets too much that they get devastated when theirs passes away. Reproductive cloning gives them the chance to have another pet that's genetically identical to their deceased pet. However, this doesn't guarantee that the cloned animal will look like the donor or even will survive birth with the death rate of cloning mammals 95%. And also, it is very expensive up to 100,000$. Most likely most adults don't have this kind of extra cash laying around except for the wealthy so all this could be is just an idea. The two biggest positives that can come from reproductive cloning is that continuing this research could lead to reproducing more viable organs and this could help infertile parents that now have a chance of being able to have kids of their own. Those who want to have twins will also be able to make that wish come true. It can also be useful to lesbian and gay couples, who won't need donor sperm and donor eggs, respectively, to have their own kids as well. The people that can benefit most from these organs are people who are on the organ donor list waiting for their chance to receive their desired organ. This could be a huge breakthrough, but this could be very expensive.

In conclusion, Cloning is a type of asexual reproduction. A child created by cloning would be an exact replica of an existing or deceased person. If you cloned yourself the clone would not be like your sister, or brother, it would be an exact copy of you. A majority of people do not believe that reproductive cloning is ethical. Most advocates of human cloning also advocate for genetic modification of the human species. The technologies needed for reproductive cloning are not up to safety standards. Many countries have banned research on reproductive cloning. This means that the technologies for reproductive cloning are not going to be improved quickly. There is still a lot of research that needs to be done on reproductive cloning not only for humans but species as well and we need to discuss all of the pros and cons before we do something that we might not be able to turn back from.

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The Boon and Bane of Cloning: Biology Research Paper

Introduction

Cloning, a controversial topic that has many people on opposing sides of the spectrum, however, a subject that is undeniably intriguing and worth exploring further. The definition of cloning in the Encyclopedia Britannica is the process of generating a genetically identical copy of a cell or an organism (Rugnetta, n.d.). The question for many of us, especially those armed with limited information, is what does this mean? Is this the beginning of the end of human worth? Is man portraying GOD-like entitlements? Are the medical innovations our salvation or our annihilation? To answer this, it is necessary to understand the process behind the study, the importance of exhorting the boundaries to improve and ensure humanity and the medical and religious ethics it entails. Creating genetically identical clones can become conflicting but also seems to alleviate concerns of extinction. Making the perfect human, a thought that seemed impossible from a technical perspective has broken through barriers highlighting the probability of a forever.

Scientists have been engaging in cloning experiments for decades, however it was not the focus of the people until the cloning of Dolly the sheep. As stated by Learn Genetics in The History of Cloning. Dolly was the first mammal created by Professor Wilmut and Campbell in 1996 at The Roslin Institute by using somatic cell nuclear transfer. These experiments were carried out with a group of scientists, embryologists, surgeons, vets and farm staff (Genetics, n.d.). In addition, Learn Genetics included a list of prior attempts recorded as far back as 1885, demonstrating artificial embryo twinning by Driesch through Mitalipov’s 2013 human embryonic stem cells engendered by somatic cell nuclear transfer. Furthermore, the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) augmented subjects to include other mammals that have been cloned from somatic cells such as cats, deer’s, dogs, horses, mules, ox’s, rabbits and rats (NHGRI, 2017). This information is important because it shows the timeline and numerous techniques, attempts and failures scientist have made to create something bigger than themselves.

The boon and bane of cloning isn’t as black and white as many would like. With the bad also comes the good and sometimes differentiating one’s ethics with potential growth in any aspects can cloud one’s judgement. There are plenty of thing to consider with this obsession of creating clones (aka) artificial twins. Medical benefits like growing and transplanting organs and tissues, producing drugs through animal testing, cell research, infertility, diseases and death may all be improved or eliminated altogether. Reviving endangered species, producing better crops and better animals for consumption also is affected by this process (Wiladsen, n.d.). Other things to consider are cost, physical dangers, legal concerns including human trade, as well as, conflicting medical and moral ethics.

There are three different types of artificial cloning: gene cloning, reproductive cloning and therapeutic cloning. Gene cloning aka DNA cloning produces copies of genes or segments of DNA. Reproductive cloning produces copies of whole animals. Therapeutic cloning produces embryonic stem cells for experiments aimed at creating tissues to replace injured or diseased tissues (NHGRI, 2017). The main use of clones, according to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is to produce breeding stock, not food. Animal copies of the best in the herd are used to breed, and the sexually reproduced offspring then becomes the food-producing animals (2018). This falls into the category of creating a better product such as using sheep to genetically modify its milk to contain a human protein essential for blood clotting (NHGRI, 2017). It has been said by the FDA that meat and milk from cloned animals show no differences from the conventionally bred animals. Let’s keep in mind the process, as it is still being tested and experimented with. Referring to Dolly, the only clone to be born live out of a of 277 embryos (2017). The safety of human donors becomes concerning, raising major drawbacks. Medical ethics comes into play when hundreds of pregnancies must be created before a successful clone is developed. Diseases, changes in life expectancy and diversity, medical malpractice, human trading (the selling of humans as spare body parts), moral ethics and death all extend from the fixation of making a better human.

Some might think that cloning (and perhaps other new genetic technologies, such as those derived by replicating embryonic stem cells) offers a way to escape death--a way to make themselves ""immortal""(Cohen, 1999).

According to Kumar, these advances in molecular biology can, and should, be used to revive lost species from their stored genetic material or to add genetic diversity to remnant populations. Kumar states we must collect as many DNA samples from endangered, threatened and extinct species as we can, so that if the human population ever reduces its footprint on Earth, these species can be reintroduced (Kumar, 2012). Many might conclude that humans are “playing God” by creating artificial life, tweaking genetics to benefit mankind and reproducing the dead. Questions arise, does the clone have the same rights? the same memories and experiences per the original? Does the clone look identical or different? How high is the risk of humans losing their uniqueness and simply becoming a tool? Others interpret it as having a second chance per say. Skin for the burn victims, brain cells for the brain damaged, spinal cord cells for the quadriplegics and vital human organs could be produced. In the future, it may be possible to produce needed tissues for suffering people without the worry that the tissues might be rejected by their immune systems. Also, conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, diabetes, heart failure, degenerative joint disease and other problems may be made curable if human cloning and its technology are not banned (Wiladsen, n.d.).

Scientists up till now have not cloned a human-being and doing so has the potential of diminishing human value especially when one can be brought back or replaced with our own genetic double. Ultimately the thought of living forever or at least a more comfortable life shows our humanity and curiosity for the improbability of competing with GODs preeminence. In beginning this research paper mixed feelings about cloning embodied my way of thinking, but as the positive outcomes began to outweigh the negative aspects of the topic, I have come to understand the importance of continuing the study behind cloning for our future generations.

Knowing that our children will have better medical treatments, healthier food and the chance to live a longer, healthier life seems to be a goal we would all agree on. Is it scary to imagine humans being herded like cattle, yes but not everything accomplished in this world has been without getting our hands dirty and struggling with right or wrong.

References

Brenner, L. (2018, July 20). Pros & Cons of Cloning. Retrieved from: https://sciencing.com/pros-cons-cloning-5453902.html

COHEN, J. R. (1999). In God's Garden. The Hastings Center Report, 29(4), 7. Retrieved from: https://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A55738977/PPNU?u=edirect_gvrl&sid=PPNU&xid=f38fcf31

Kumar, S. (2012). Extinction need not be forever. Nature, 492(7427), 9. Retrieved from: https://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A359853600/PPNU?u=edirect_gvrl&sid=PPNU&xid=a2b6911d

Learn Genetics, (n.d.). The History of Cloning. Retrieved from: https://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/cloning/clonezone/

Michael Rugnetta, (n.d.). Encyclopedia Britannica. Cloning Genetics. Retrieved from: https://www.britannica.com/science/cloning

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI). (2017, March 21). Cloning. Retrieved from: https://www.genome.gov/25020028/

U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). (2018, August 10). Animal Cloning and Food Safety. Retrieved from: https://www.fda.gov/ForConsumers/ConsumerUpdates/ucm148768.htm

Wiladsen, S. (n.d.). The role of the scientist is to break the laws of nature. Retrieved from:https://www.as.wvu.edu/~kgarbutt/EvolutionPage/Studentsites/cloningpage/PROS2.html

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Why Cloning is Bad for Society?

Cloning is a very tough topic. People are confused of it, maybe a little afraid. Cloning has many reasons why it's bad. Here are a few.

Cloning isn't natural. This day and age most of our everyday things aren't natural like cell phones, the gasoline for our cars. They ruin our planet and our lives. I think if we add human cloning to that long list of unnatural things it would just be a mess. We are becoming zombies and just adding more would be of no use. The government can't use them for projects they are still humans and that would just be unfair. I believe everything happens for a reason and natural human life is one of the most beautiful things why ruin it.

Cloning is so expensive, and why waste money on it when you can use that money to build schools and make the next generation in a good space. According to North Carolina State it would cost at least $50,000! At least! That is just crazy. You could buy a car with that. I know a human life isn't worth any money but why pay so much when there are so many more options like adoption. I could never really understand how orphans feel but I would imagine they feel forgotten and lonely. They are worth it, we should think of them before we start forgetting them.

I know cloning has some pros like curing disorders but is it really worth it? According to Crystal Lombardo from the Green Garage Blog, cloning could divide us as people. She says clones who are not treated as human beings can lead to social unrest and divide. I completely agree with her we have so many issues like the political parties always bickering, racism, sexism,etc. We need to figure out the problems we already have before making new ones.

It would just be cruel to make clones to us and to them they would feel as an object and that is not okay. Cloning could be a great thing but I highly doubt it. It would be too much of a risk.

Work cited

Editor, Crystal Lombardo - Chief. 16 Important Pros and Cons of Cloning Humans. Green Garage, N/A, 15 Oct. 2015, greengarageblog.org/16-important-pros-and-cons-of-cloning-humans.

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Benefits and Risks of Becoming a Living Organ Donor

Not many people think about the privileges they are given in daily life, while some unfortunate people are sitting on a hospital bed waiting for someone to save their life. There are currently about 100 thousand people waiting for a replacement organ. By giving an organ, you are allowing a person to receive a part of you. This may sound disturbing, but in the end you will feel very accomplished with life. Next time you are asked to be an organ donor, think about the life you will be giving a person. The process of receiving an organ may take a while, along with the expenses and risks being scary, but nothing compares to the chance of living happily again.

Doctors say there are 4 steps for a successful transplant. Patients will receive their own transplant team that consists of social workers, coordinator, psychiatrist, and so much more to evaluate the physical conditions along with important tests to determine if the transplant is necessary. Recipient will be given an action plan and, if accepted, be put on organ recipient waiting list. United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) manages organ transplants across the nation and were created to maximize the limited supply of organs and give all candidates a fair chance to receive the organ they need (Center for Advanced Lung Disease and Transplantation). Waiting for an organ can take up to ten to 14 months before a replacement organ is available. The patient should keep up with good nutrition and stay in rehab during the long wait. During the waiting time, the patients coordinator and social worker are there to support and answer any questions, and along with that, the coordinator will give the patient a transportation plan. Attending surgeons and full time cardiac anesthesiologist, followed by the rest of their team, will meet the patient in the operating room, preparing for the surgery. Patients will be watched over for any infections or organ rejections after operation, if no signs they can begin the process of returning to normal health. Weekly check-ups are mandatory the first few months. As the time goes on, the visits will decrease to monthly check-ups. Doctors will give medications to keep the new organ healthy, along with instructions and the purpose for the medicine.

The best way to receive information or concerns about complications of the surgery will come from the patients transplant team. The most common risks factors for recipients and donors are pain, infections, blood clots, and loss of blood, along with many other risks. The organ can take a while to function properly or may reject from the patient. Death is also a risk of an organ transplant or any surgeries. Negative psychological symptoms are also possible during the healing process and even years after the donation (Medical and Psychological Risks). The recipient will receive an anti rejection medication to prevent any rejections that may happen. The medications can have powerful side effects, such as nausea and vomiting, headaches, weight gain, trouble sleeping, weakened bones, etc. Not all side effects from the medicine can happen, all recipient respond differently to the medications.

Even though a person's health is much more important than the cost of the surgery, money still has a major factor in organ transplantation. The costs varies depending on location, hospital, organ type, insurance coverage, and other factors (Transplant costs). Patients medical costs will include insurance deductibles and copays, pre-transplant evaluation and testing, fees for medical team, fees for the recovery, the surgery, and many more (Transplant costs). There will also be non-medical costs included. Single organ transplants can range from 30 thousand to one million, depending on which organ. Multiple organ transplants is much more expensive due to the complexity of the surgery. Those can range from 600 thousand to two million. That may seem like a lot, but when given the chance to possibly extend one's life, it will come at any cost.

Waiting for an organ can seem like forever and leave you with a hole in your wallet, but in the end it is worth it to see your loved one happy again. Going through the four steps of a successful transplant can take some time, but the bond you receive with the transplant team will last a lifetime. With any surgeries, there can be multiple risks. Some risks to look out for after transplants are infections, rejections, or not functioning properly. If you had the chance to live a normal life again, cost would not be a decision making factor. About 20 people die from not receiving an organ, but if we all say yes to donating, that can change.

References

Center for Advanced Lung Disease and Transplantation. The Pancreas and Its Functions |

Columbia University Department of Surgery,

columbiasurgery.org/lung-transplant/four-steps-your-successful-transplantation.

Medical and Psychological Risks. Living Donation California,

livingdonationcalifornia.org/how-living-donation-works/medical-and-psychological-risks/.

Transplant Costs. Transplant Living,

transplantliving.org/financing-a-transplant/transplant-costs/.

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A Beautiful Mind and Schizophrenia

Paranoid schizophrenia, also known as schizophrenia with paranoia, is a type of psychosis that severely impacts how people behave. Those diagnosed with schizophrenia can have a variety of symptoms that usually begin to appear during teenage years. Paranoid schizophrenia causes people to be unreasonably suspicious of others, which can severely impact their day to day lives. Paranoid delusions can cause patients to have difficulty living their daily routines, but this can be managed through medication and counseling (WebMD, n.d.).

In the movie A Beautiful Mind, the main character, John Nash, suffers from paranoid schizophrenia. The movie opens with John, an accomplished mathematician, arriving at Princeton University for graduate school, where he immediately becomes close friends with his roommate Charles. He is very successful and has already won the Carnegie Prize for mathematics. After being rejected by a woman at the bar, John is able to come up with his theory of governing dynamics, which is very important in mathematical economics. Nash then becomes a professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He later falls in love with one of his students, Alicia, after she goes to his office hours to discuss a challenging problem he put on the board in class.

Nash returns to Princeton and meets up with Charles and his young niece, Marcie. He also meets Mr. William Parcher, an agent for the Department of Defense, who invites him to a secret government facility to crack a code from the Russians. After solving the code easily, Nash is given another assignmentto look for codes regarding United States security against the Soviets in magazines and then place the decoded messages in a special mailbox. While dropping off the magazines, he is chased by Russians with gunfire. John begins to behave more strangely and acts more paranoid and hostile towards his family, which prompts Alicia to contact a psychiatric facility. When he is guest lecturing at Harvard University, Nash believes he is being watched people. He is sedated and taken to a psychiatric hospital, but he believes that his doctors are working for the Soviets and are trying and get information out of him.

John is informed that he had been hallucinating the entire time but he does not believe it. Alicia goes to the mailbox where John had been dropping off his letters and she retrieves all of his unopened codes. John then realizes that his Charles and Macie were also delusions. He is treated with insulin shock therapy and given anti-psychotic medicines which dull his ability to do his work. Because of this, he secretly stops taking his medication which leads to a relapse. The hallucinations come back and John begins trying to break codes again, but then he realizes that Macie never gets older and that she was never real. He says goodbye to all of his hallucinations and thanks Charles for being his best friend over the years. He agrees to stop speaking to them and to continue taking his medications. When he is older, he returns to Princeton University to audit classes and eventually gets to teach again. John earned the Nobel Prize in Economics for his work on Game Theory. He learns to manage his disease and is able to live a relatively normal life (Grazer & Howard, 2001).

John Nash suffered from schizophrenia, which caused many unhealthy behaviors in the film. He exhibited many of the common symptoms of paranoid schizophrenia, which include: delusions of persecution, reference, exalted birth, special mission, bodily change, or jealousy; hallucinatory voices that threaten the patient or give commands, or auditory hallucinations without verbal form, such as whistling, humming, or laughing; hallucinations of smell or taste, or of sexual or other bodily sensations; visual hallucinations may occur but are rarely predominant (World Health Organization, n.d.).

John suffered from delusions of persecution by the Soviets, the special code-breaking missions and many hallucinations in the form of Charles, Macie and Parcher. The cause of schizophrenia is unknown, but it is believed to be a combination of genetics, brain chemistry and environment. Different brain chemicals, such as dopamine and glutamate, may contribute to whether or not someone has schizophrenia. There are some factors that can increase the risk of developing schizophrenia. These factors include: family history of schizophrenia, increased immune system activation, older father, pregnancy or birth complications and mind-altering drugs during young adulthood. Without treatment, schizophrenia can lead to suicide, anxiety, OCD, depression, substance abuse, isolation, medial problems or aggressive behavior. This disorder requires a lifetime of treatment, even though the patient may feel better. Schizophrenia can be treated with anti-psychotic medications, hospitalization and electroconvulsive therapy. Additionally, patients require work with a psychologist, social worker and psychiatric nurse (Mayo Clinic, 2018).

Approximately 1.2% of Americans have been diagnosed with schizophrenia. People who suffer from schizophrenia, such as John Nash, are able to live and function with their condition if given the right treatment. Although schizophrenia is a very serious condition, it can be managed and patients can try to live a relatively normal life. A Beautiful Mind is able to tell the story of John Nash's life and chronicles his mental health and personal life.

Works Cited

Grazer, B. (Producer), Howard, R. (Director) & Goldsman, A. (Writer). (2001).A Beautiful Mind[Video file]. Retrieved November 17, 2018.

Mayo Clinic. (2018, April 10). Schizophrenia. Retrieved November 25, 2018, from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/schizophrenia/symptoms-causes/syc-20354443

WebMD. (n.d.). What Is Paranoid Schizophrenia? Retrieved November 17, 2018, from https://www.webmd.com/schizophrenia/guide/schizophrenia-paranoia#1

World Health Organization. (n.d.). Schizophrenia. Retrieved November 25, 2018, from https://www.schizophrenia.com/szparanoid.html

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“Tuesday’s with Morrie” by Mitch Albom

Tuesday's with Morrie book has changed my perspective of looking, thinking, and understand the concept of life. This book has inspired many people, and now it has educated me with the lessons of life. In the book, the author Mitch talks about how he would keep in touch with the professor Morrie, and how he lost contact (Albom, 2007, p.14). Sometimes, I do wonder that I have different professor for my classes in college. I get attached to the professor, and suddenly another semester I have a new professor. I wish I could keep in touch with all, life goes on and everyone gets busy. When I moved to United States two and half years ago, I have lost contact now of my high school teachers, friends, and also some of my family members. This event made me realize that how busy I have become in my daily routine that I do not contact my family members often. I am raised by my parents, I only meet my grandparents during festivals. My cousins share a good bond with my grandparents. I remember when my grandfather was in his last stage, he was in hospital for about twenty days and I use to go see him every day during his time there.

As Morrie said, There are some mornings when I cry and cry and mourn for myself (Albom, 2007, p.21). However, in a similar way I remember how I use to cry when my grandfather was in hospital and just praying god to let him live more. It was a tough situation for the family. I may be dying, but I am surrounded by loving, caring souls. How many people can say that? (Albom, 2007, p.36). I have learned from this book and I am unhappy in many ways. I have realized from Morrie, that how patience is important, and living each day as if it was your last. When Morrie was diagnosed with ALS, doctor showed him to count numbers when inhaled air (Albom, 2007, p.37). When Morrie knew he was dying, he focused more on people around him instead of the fact dying (Albom, 2007). Because of Morrie, it reminded me how living every day and waking up in the morning with a new opportunity is a blessing for us. We as humans tend to forget about the little things that are important. When my grandfather was in the hospital, he was diagnosed with kidney disease. He was happy being surrounded by whole family, and everyone taking care of him. Morrie was meeting Mitch every Tuesday, and all the lessons they shared were deeply connected to life (Albom, 2007, p.45). I feel like keeping this book forever and find solutions when I am in a tough situation. I believe that Morrie had knowledge of every event that occurs in one's life. Morrie's health was getting worse every day, the point came where he could only speak. But all he wanted was to educate people about life. Morrie talked about the death during fourth Tuesday with Mitch (Albom, 2007, p.81). He talked a lot about death, and how we look at death from that place.

My grandfather death was shocking for us because he has been healthy all his life, he was walking, talking, and he was 70yrs when he died. After reading this book, I contact my grandmother very often, she is sick, and I am hoping to see her in summer 2019. According to Morrie, once you learn how to die, you learn how to live. (Albom, 2007, p.82). For eleventh Tuesday Morrie talked about our culture, (Albom, 2007, p.152). He said that people get threatened when they are mean, and this is what our culture does to people. Even though you have a job, or money you still think about losing it and you become selfish. Morrie explained Mitch that you can build your own subculture by not breaking rules of community but changing the way of thinking. We have to appreciate things around us. I am from a culture where there are so many rules and values we have to follow. I learned from this book, that I can choose myself what we value (Albom, 2007, p.155).

Moreover, I believe most of them does not think about dying and death until they have experienced an event that is close to death. I am one of them, but this book has changed my vision. Growing up, I knew that death is sudden, you never know if you will wake up tomorrow or not. I am going to suggest all the people whom I know is close to death, to read this book. It motivates a person that every stage is a lesson to learn from life. To conclude, Tuesday's with Morrie has changed my view about the life. It showed me how to value little things and love each other. I am planning to contact my friends, family, and teachers to ask them about their health and try to be in touch. This book has given me so much information, that I am happy to share with others. I will look at my shoulder and as if there is a little bird sitting, I will ask myself if I am satisfied with what I am doing or not. I believe Morrie's wish came true, when he wanted people to listen his lessons on life.

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Prostitution in Nevada

Prostitution is widely known as the oldest profession in the world. Today, a negative sentiment surrounds the profession. Nevada, a state many know as the accepting state for prostitution, has only legalized the profession in 10 percent of the state. Prostitution ought to be legalized throughout the entire state of Nevada because it creates a safer environment for prostitutes, reduces human sex trafficking, and because it helps the state economy.

The legalization of prostitution in Nevada will create a safe environment for the workers as well as for those going to a brothel. According to John Haltiwanger, journalist for the Elite Daily, over 60,000 people were arrested from illegal practice of prostitution in 2010. Haltiwanger goes on to explain, by keeping (prostitution) illegal, America perpetuates an unsafe and unequal system that stigmatizes and exploits sex workers.... sex workers are subjected to violence, disease, ridicule and inequality (Elite Daily). For example, Erin Fuch, writing for Business Insider states that legal prostitutes are routinely checked for STDs and STIs by government order. (Business Insider). Other regulations in legal brothels include age restrictions, regular HIV testing, contraceptive mandatory usage, location laws such as bans on principle, church, and school streets, and advertising restrictions (Nevada). Currently, the state of Nevada only allows prostitution in counties with less than 400,000 residents. Even if, the local governments have the power to make it illegal (Nevada). Nevada is nationally considered to be an under the influence state because of its heavy tourism in the counties of Clark and Washoe. Nevada is known for its lenient laws involving gambling, drugs, and prostitution, even. However, the tourism counties of Clark and Washoe do not allow legal prostitution because the population surpasses the allowed 400,000 residents. Also, violence against women that normally occurs illegally on the streets significantly decreases when brought inside where security is available. The practice of prostitution will not end. It is a natural practice that every generation in history has been involved in. With 60,000 people getting caught and arrested from the practice, it is an unnecessary law that does not deter people away. Prostitution is an honest living that has been proven safer when legal. The legalization of prostitution statewide would create a safer environment for the prostitutes and for those who attend the brothels.

Human sex trafficking in Nevada will reduce if prostitution is legalized throughout the entire state. According to Cathy Reisenwitz of the Daily Beast, Criminalization (of prostitution) discourages sex workers from reporting suspected sex trafficking to police. In fact, in 2001, Germany legalized sex work and in the matter of ten years, sex-based human trafficking decreased a massive ten percent (Daily Beast). According to a report by Robert Sorrell of Bristol Herald Courier, the state of Nevada accounted for 124 cases of human sex trafficking in 2016. Currently, Nevada is ranked one of the worst states regarding laws preventing trafficking with only 3-4 (Bristol Herald Courier). The heavy tourism throughout the state emphasizes that number. Legalizing prostitution on a state level will help Nevada fight human trafficking and decrease the numbers of people sex-trafficked because the negative sentiment that surrounds it decreases, and women are not ashamed or discouraged to report incidents. Legalizing prostitution will also discourage sex-traffickers from acting and turn them into the safe brothels where security is strong. Nevada will be a model state for the rest of the U.S. to fight human sex trafficking. The dangers of human trafficking are too serious to shove under the rug. America needs to take action to protect its people, and Nevada legalizing prostitution is one of the first steps to take.

The Nevada state economy will prosper at the legalization of prostitution on the state level. Haltiwanger points out how exactly prostitution would help state economies through this statistic: In 2007 alone, Atlanta's sex trade was worth a staggering $290 million. The Elite Daily mentions, In Nevada, legal brothels collectively make around $50 million a year, and pay significant amounts of tax to the rural counties in which they are located and operate (Haliwanger). Nevada's economy, many argue, is suffering. According to Samuel Stebbins and Thomas C. Frohlich from the USA Today, Nevada is ranked the last state (50th) in education overall in the United States (USA Today). Nevada is in serious need for more state funding, and the legalization of prostitution is the bright blinking light to answer that need. If Nevada takes the smart move by making prostitution legal throughout the entire state, the counties of Washoe and Clark, especially, would bring serious taxes to fund the suffering economy and education. The heavy tourism in Nevada brings in an abundant amount of money from illegal prostitution in the two most populated Nevada counties. Currently, the majority of money made from illegal prostitution goes to pimps or other affiliated bosses. If made legal, the majority of money would fund the state and go towards terribly needed areas. The prostitution laws set in place now do not deter people from prostitution, so making it legal will not significantly increase the amount it occurs. The reason Nevada is so heavy with tourism is because the state is known for lenient laws where people go to party, and when tourists find out that prostitution is illegal, that does not stop them. Why not make significant money for something that already occurs? Nevada is in need for significant help, and prostitution is the simple answer to it.

Residents of Nevada would benefit immensely from the state-wide legalization of prostitution. It is time for Nevadans to wake up and realize that prostitution is an honest living that comes with state benefits. For the reasons of creating a safer environment for prostitutes, decreasing human sex trafficking, and to bring in the badly needed taxes to fund the state, Nevada ought to legalize prostitution throughout the entire state. The oldest profession in the world will not end anytime soon, and recognizing that will be in the benefit of the Silver State.

Works Cited

Fuchs, Erin. 7 Reasons Why America Should Legalize Prostitution. Business Insider, Business

Insider, 13 Nov. 2013,

www.businessinsider.com/why-america-should-legalize-prostitution-2013-11.

Haltiwanger, John. Why Legalizing Prostitution Would Make America Healthier, Wealthier And Safer. Elite Daily, Elite Daily, 13 Nov. 2018,

www.elitedaily.com/news/politics/why-america-should-legalize-prostitution/853340.

Nevada Prostitution and Solicitation Laws - FindLaw.com. Findlaw,

statelaws.findlaw.com/nevada-law/nevada-prostitution-and-solicitation-laws.html.

Sorrell, Robert, et al. Report Card Rates States on Human Trafficking Issues; Tenn. among Best. HeraldCourier.com, 29 Jan. 2017,

www.heraldcourier.com/news/report-card-rates-states-on-human-trafficking-issues-tenn-among/article_d410d666-bf72-5f0b-a4d9-a92a51f4cdfa.html.

Stebbins, Samuel, and Frohlich, Thomas. Geographic Disparity: States with the Best (and

Worst) Schools. USA Today, Gannett Satellite Information Network, 12 Feb. 2018,

www.usatoday.com/story/money/economy/2018/02/08/geographic-disparity-states-best-and-worst-schools/1079181001/.

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Prostitution and Sex Trafficking

Prostitution or sex trafficking occurs when someone uses force, fraud or coercion to cause a commercial sex act with an adult or even a minor. A commercial sex act includes prostitution or any sexual performance done in exchange for any item of value, such as money, drugs, shelter, food, or clothes. This industry thrives in the state of Texas due to the number of individuals being trafficked across the border and into U.S territory. Individuals seeking love, adventure, opportunity, protection, or even a home lean towards this type of activity. There are an estimated of 313,000 victims of human trafficking in Texas and around 79,000 minors who are victims of sex trafficking in the state of Texas. Human trafficking is now the 3rd largest criminal industry in the world as it leads up to several different social and economic issues. Sex trafficking in particular has direct correlation with increased drug use, rape, assaults and sexually transmitted diseases. An estimate of $6.5 billion is spent on the lifetime cost of providing care to victims and survivors of minor and youth sex trafficking in Texas. That number almost doubles when individuals are victimized as adults.

Sex trafficking takes place in urban communities every single day, disrupting businesses, neighborhoods and even schools. With prostitution, comes traffickers commonly known as pimps. These individuals use tactics such as violence, fear, threats, and intimidation to control the streets which generate a huge impact on the surrounding community negatively. There is not a lot of funding that goes into local law enforcement's special trafficking unit considering the 3rd largest criminal industry in the U.S generates around $150 billion in revenue annually just from commercial sexual exploitation. This problem allows the practice of restorative justice to come into play and address these issues. Increased communication among businesses, members of the community and local law enforcement is one critical step in reducing prostitution. The idea of providing more supervision at night especially in less populated areas at night whether it be in the streets, commercial businesses, or peoples neighborhoods would play a great factor in reduction of crime. Increasing education on the psychological effects prostitution has on an individual and also providing sexual education to victims' part of the industry. One of the major policy changes we want to enforce directed specifically for sex trafficking would be the 3-Strike-Law.

Human trafficking is one of the top criminal industries in the world. The fact that the state of Texas is neighbor to our U.S border means high volume of illegal trafficking. San Antonio in particular has been labeled as a hub or gateway experiencing more than 300,000 victims dating back since 2016. Roughly around 80% of these victims are women. In 2016 and 2017 Sex trafficking domestically reported the most amount of cases in the state compared to any other form of trafficking. Foreign or US citizenship did not matter statistically as much as gender or age. Traffickers are able to find potential victims through social network, in neighborhoods, clubs/bars, internet, and even schools. This currently creates a huge disadvantage for local law enforcement as they don't have the necessary resources to reach out and realize who is really being effected. Out of the 300,000 victims it is estimated that about 50% of the total victim population are minors. It is also important to understand that where there is illegal activity there are also increased drug use. Studies have shown direct correlation between the two. Not necessarily does drugs make people engage in deviant behavior, but there simply cannot be one without the other. The fact victims of trafficking are spread out among local communities such as homes, schools and businesses also means those areas are most likely effected with some sort of drug dilemma. Sex trafficking and prostitution has a major underlying factor that is not emphasized enough and that has to do with the physical well-being of these victims. In a survey of female sex workers 35-55% engaged in unprotected sex while engaging in commercial sex. 47% of the female prostitutes were aware of their HIV/STD status. Lastly, each female worker on average slept with about 17 men per week. This creates an extremely unsafe environment for both victim and client engaging in this kind of activity daily. The last underlying factor that is underrepresented are the criminal penalties for prostitution. For how serious some of the consequences are for engaging in prostitution, the penalty for solicitation or prostitution usually results in a class B misdemeanor ($2,000 fine, up to 180 days in jail). Class A misdemeanor ($4,000 fine up to 1 year in jail) if perpetrator has 1 or 2 convictions. Becomes state felony (6 months-2 years and up to $10,000 fine) if perpetrator has over 3 convictions of prostitution. It costs around $2,000 for a prostitute to be jailed and convicted. San Antonio in 2016 was ranked #2 within the top 10 in number of arrests for prostitution coming in with a total of 4,506 for the year. The estimated cost turned out to be a little over 9 million dollars which comes out of tax payer's money. There has to be a cheaper more effective way to prevent prostitutes from re-offending and roaming our streets and businesses.

Aside from arresting due to the fact of it being so costly, we also take into consideration that these perpetrators are also sometimes victims. We generated a policy alternative called the 3-Strike-Rule which results to jail/detention as the last resort. For an individual who engages in prostitution for the first time will be given a fine of $1,500 for a special form of soliciting. If the individual is caught a second time they are required to attend a 1 year rehab program focusing on either sexual education, drug use or combination of both depending on each individual's situation. This program would include the dangers of the prostitution, drug use, and unprotected sex. Following the completion of this program requires a 6 month follow up. If the probation officer clears the individual and approves the 6-month follow-up then the individual has the opportunity for related prior charges to be expunged. We hope to see the 2nd strike be the most effective form of rehabilitation. If an individual commits the same offense the 3rd time, this is when it permanently becomes a class A misdemeanor which results in a $4,000 fine and up to one year in jail. We would also provide a safe house locally where these individuals have the ability to receive medical attention, condoms, psychological health, and even STD checks. This safe house would be more focused on services in order to help these individuals live and maintain a healthy lifestyle while searching for real job employment.

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The Theme and Message of “Tuesday’s with Morrie”

This passage in the memoir Tuesdays with Morrie displays Morries thoughts on a subject he is passionate on. The subject that later develops into a theme is that everyone should believe in their own values rather than popular morals. Morrie has a dislike for social networking due to it being an absence of reassurance. Morrie states And you have to be strong enough to say if the culture doesn't work, don't buy it. Create Your own. Most people can't do it.'(Albom 42). This is shown through Morrie because before he was sick , he had his own values such as dancing, and reading. Morrie also feels that if we live off of our own values we can live better lives.Another important belief that Morrie posses is the importance of giving and receiving appreciation. The theme and or message this passage is giving is that it's better to be arranged to die because it helps you to take full advantage of every moment. In the memoir it states that way you can actually be more involved in your life while you're living'(Albom 81). If we are prepared to die, we live our lives with no regret. Knowing that at a certain point in your life you are going to die, helps us to seize every moment we can.

This is supported by the passage by showing what Buddhist do everyday. They ask themselves Am I ready? Am I doing all I need to do? Am I being the person I want to be?'(Albom 82). This shows it is important to live every day like it is your last because you don't know when death is approaching. This is learned through Morrie and seeing what happened to him can happen to anyone.Morrie believes that certain people believe love makes them too affectionate. Love is the only rational act"(Albom 52) is what Morrie recites in saying. Following in the memoir we see that Morrie believes this because of the absence of affection that was in his life as he grew up. His mother passed away when he was very young and his father usually busy with work not being able to appreciate him more. Eva showed Morrie the necessity in love when she appeared in the memoir. Due to this Morrie realized how important giving and receiving love truly is and emphasized as a theme throughout the novel.

The theme and or message this passage is giving is that it's better to be arranged to die because it helps you to take full advantage of every moment. In the memoir it states that way you can actually be more involved in your life while you're living'(Albom 81). If we are prepared to die , we live our lives with no regret. Knowing that at a certain point in your life you are going to die, helps us to seize every moment we can. This is supported by the passage by showing what Buddhist do everyday. They ask themselves Am I ready? Am I doing all I need to do? Am I being the person I want to be?'(Albom 82). This shows it is important to live every day like it is your last because you don't know when death is approaching. This is learned through Morrie and seeing what happened to him can happen to anyone.

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Hinduism in America

When you think about Hinduism, what comes to mind? To begin with, hinduism is one of the oldest religions on the planet. They make up 15 percent of the world's population, with 93 percent of Hindus in India. There are roughly 24 thousand Hindus in present day Brooklyn and about 2.23 million in the United States. Despite this, there are still signs of Indian culture and values in Hindu Americans. These Hindu Americans have strong values of family, religion, money, education, karma and are very content with life. They worship many Gods, which is also called polytheistic. Hindu Americans care about their relatives and support them. They also push their children to do well in school, which leads to more money being earned. Hindus also care a lot about how they treat others and how it will affect them later in their own lives.

Indian culture has something called the caste system, in which, if you do something good, you'll be reincarnated in a higher caste or even as a God or if you do something bad, you get reincarnated in a lower caste or as an animal. Speaking of animals, Indians worship many animals, such as cows, as God's used them to travel, elephants, in respect of Lord Ganesha, and even a snake, the King Cobra, as Lord Shiva has a cobra around his neck. Indian values also are a little confusing in the women's area as the highest goddesses are seen as an obedient daughter, mother or wife. Despite this, in hinduism, females are to be respected and protected, no female should be harmed or mistreated in India. A goddess who is seen as fierce and powerful is Kali Ma, who does not require a man. Additionally, according to hinduism, the shakti, or the energy in the universe, is female.

In Hinduism, there is the Ramayana and the Mahabharata, which are two of the epics included in Hinduism. The Mahabharata is about a war between two princes, the Pandavas and Kauravas, for the leadership of Hastinapura. Ramayana is about how Rama was banished and his wife, Sita, was kidnapped by Ravana, the king of demons, who fell in love with her. Hindus value the importance of morality and they have a strong belief in religion. This can be shown in the poojas and weddings in Hindu culture. Weddings are very different from Christian marriage where an exchange of rings and vows take place. Weddings entail a ceremony which involves dancing, lots of food being served, and where the wife and husband oscillate around an auspicious fire while the priest reads their vows.

In current-day Hinduism, many people still view the past cultures with great respect, while others choose to ignore it. For example, although my parents are somewhat religious, I am agnostic, which implies that God's presence is unknown. My parents raised me to be a Hindu but my grandmother was actually a Christian and she took me to church a few times. Past cultures were much stricter than present day culture but there are still some similarities'. This attribute is shown in the entertainment category, music and movies were linked and still are, so if you are a movie star, you are seen as a singer since Indian songs intertwine with their movies. Family also holds a very strong impression in Hinduism. A father goes to work to provide for his entire family, be he live with only his wife and kids or his extended family, which would be his wife, kids, parents, sisters, brothers, and etc. Meanwhile, a mother raises her son or daughter to become strong, independent and resourceful. Hindu-Americans bring up their children to work hard in school to have good grades which will lead to a job and then a career. This is the idea that Hindu-Americans follow in the United States, their own American Dream per se.

Hinduism's value of education and money is very plausible in today's culture, as Hindus have been known for being the ethnicity with the highest income over other races (Hillburn para 9). According to Hillburn, more than 80% of Hindu-Americans are college graduates and more than 50% of them have post graduate education, which is quintuple that of the national average. Not only do Hindu-Americans excel in education but their education leads them to acquire a career in which they rise up in. These people grow to become CEOs in a multitude of companies, even in Google and Microsoft, which are run by Indian-origin CEOs. Another way Hindu-American's value of money is shown is by how they normally save their money and are known as very cheap people.

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An Investigation into the Nature of Prostitution’s Potential Legality in America

Prostitution, or the act of buying and selling sex, is currently illegal in the United States of America with the exception of the state of Nevada. In countries like Sweden, Denmark, and Germany: prostitution is legalized or the law is altered to decriminalize the act of selling prostitution while continuing to persecute those who buy sex. This poses the following question: should America as a whole follow in readdressing our own laws on prostitution just as these countries have in the past? In order to address this, the implications of legalizing prostitution must be explored. Throughout this essay the reasons behind potentially legalizing the buying and selling of sex, the dangers in doing so, and the findings of countries around the world that have either legalized or loosened regulation of prostitution will be addressed.

It is believed that legalizing prostitution will benefit the people who sell sex and enable local or national government to regulate and ensure the safety of prostitutes. Additionally, those in favor of legalizing prostitution claim it's a human right to dictate the happenings of one's own body”thus, the selling of sex should be warranted and undeniable. (Bowen, Devin). For example, in Sweden (where the selling of sex is legal while the buying of it is illegal), there was an encouragement for citizens to make a living and balance their lives safely and in accordance with their own principals. Those in support of the Swedish model note that legalizing the selling of sex makes the lives of prostitutes safer and healthier as they don't fear asking health care providers and police force for help when abuse occurs which enables them to control their bodies and make a living in accordance with the ways of which they see fit (M??nsson, Sven-Axel).

Another instance where prostitution might be supported is in the protection of minors and sex trafficking. Due to the nature of its illegality, it is difficult to accurately calculate how many children are involved in involuntary prostitution, or sex trade (Stransky, Michelle, and David Finkelhor). However, proponents of legalizing prostitution and encouraging government involvement in regulating said acts might suggest instances of minors involved in the sex trade would be reduced. It's important to note that this is merely a theory as statistics to back this up are inconsistent.

In the state of Nevada, prostitution is not entirely legalized but rather each county is granted permission to control prostitution in the ways of which they see fit. For example, in most counties of Nevada”prostitution is not legalized entirely but rather legalized in the case that it occurs at a recognized facility that oversees the acts and the transactions, i.e., brothels (NRS‚201.354). This law code encourages prostitutes to continue to feed the interest of sex as a commodity while doing so in a way that may be safer to the prostitute. If done correctly and with the aid of regular government intervention, not only abuse may decrease, but the prevention of children involvement in prostitution may decrease as well. However, as stated prior”statistically speaking it is difficult to back this theory up.

Prostitution is historically engrained in not only American culture but as an aspect of humanity. Thus, it might be difficult to eradicate prostitution entirely, so efforts to potentially make the act of buying and selling sex safer could be beneficial to society. In terms of its history, prostitution has been seen as early in as 2400 BCE and has continued in prevalence to this day. However, it has been seen as immoral or stigmatized albeit an important role of society. In terms of American history, prostitution was never illegalized until the 20th century with the exception of Nevada. This was due to stigma and concerns with general immorality in relation to the selling of sex (Bowen, Devin). However, with radicalized notions expanding and unfolding in American society, it could be beneficial to readdress these notions and what they suggest of prostitutes. In cases where acts of prostitution are consensual and nonviolent, more sex workers and citizens alike might demand for prostitution to be destigmatized and normalized so prostitution can exist just as any other career.

All of this aside, the dangers of prostitution remain. Firstly, it is argued that prostitution expresses or heightens the inequalities between men and women in cases where women are prostitutes selling sex to men, which is notoriously the most common circumstance of prostitution. Prostitution has been seen in many instances throughout history as a woman's task that has been both necessary yet shamed. Women involved in prostitution were seen as of a lower status yet the same standards lacked applicability to men. Due to this, it is suggested that enabling prostitution to exist legally would reinforce or heighten those notions, which could be harmful to women. Women might also be viewed as more of a commodity which could create negative side effects to the ways in which women view themselves and could inflict more dangerous opinions of women as a whole. However, this is only applicable in the case of heteronormative sexual engagements where the woman is the prostitute and does not reflect that of homosexual engagements or engagements where men are the prostitutes (Bowen, Devin).

Additionally, there is evidence to suggest that not only is violence prevalent in instances of prostitution regardless of its legality, but human trafficking might be easier to exist under laws that protect prostitutes”especially in wealthier nations. For example, in countries like Cambodia; prostitution is seen as a last resort. Public opinion regarding prostitution is also poor, so it is normal for prostitutes to receive regular harassment and abuse. Additionally, among countries and areas where prostitution was legalized, female prostitutes commonly claimed their safety was at risk more so in brothels that intended to oversee and protect transactions and engagements of sex. Anecdotal accounts from prostitutes in areas such as the Netherlands, Colombia, Germany, Mexico, South Africa, Washington D.C, and Zambia claimed female prostitutes experienced neglect and from those who oversaw or ran brothels they worked in. Even though the intent of modern brothels is to protect women and give them the option to safely engage in paid sexual relationships, their consent was sometimes compromised (Post, Dianne).

However, it is shown in cases of poverty stricken countries that where prostitution is legal, crime is less likely to occur to prostitutes. There is a link between crime rates and areas of poverty, so crime rates are already high in poorer countries. When prostitution is legalized in such areas there are statistical reports of less occurrences of violence happening towards prostitutes. This could be due to a lack of a need for rape to occur when sex is being sold as a legal and accessible commodity, and additionally police force is more likely to help prostitutes and prevent occurrences of abuse rather than ignoring it”especially in instances where corrupt police forces exist and actively engage in the buying of sex. On the contrary, studies report that in countries such as Sweden where the selling of sex is legal and the nation as a whole is wealthier, crime or abuse has been shown to exist more often in the area of prostitution. This could be due to the commodification of sex making poorer targets subject to abuse and wealthier prostitutes less likely to be abused, which ties back into the objectification of prostitutes; namely women (Bowen, Devon).

Although at first glance it may seem beneficial to destroy the stigma attached to prostitution to enable prostitutes the freedom to perform and make a living safely while protecting children from trafficking, there is evidence to support prostitution's current legal standing in America. Instances of differences between societies prove that there is no real way to solve the epidemic of abuse towards prostitutes and to enable them to make a living with their bodies safely. Therefore, prostitution's legality should depend upon a country's financial standpoint. Models of the likes that exist in Sweden”which make buying sex a criminal offence but protects the rights of those who sell sex”might serve as a baseline for countries world-wide as to protect the safety and well-being of prostitutes. However, whether a state or a respective province or county legalizes the buying of sex should depend upon the area's financial standing”thus, America as a whole shouldn't necessarily legalize prostitution nation-wide. It should remain as an issue each state or county should have the freedom to address. Areas rampant with poverty or police corruption should move for the legalization of prostitution as to aid in the prevention of further damage to prostitutes, while more wealthy areas should keep the buying of sex illegal. Prostitution's legality is not only a method of protecting prostitutes, but aiding in the regulation of crime prevention or crime relocation and its legalization could be a tool to help prostitutes feel safer, especially in instances of poverty-stricken areas where prostitutes engage in such as a last resort.

Works Cited

Bowen, Devin. The Impact of Legalizing Prostitution On Violent Crime. Mercatus Center at

George Mason University, May 2013, asp.mercatus.org/system/files/Bowen_MGPE.pdf.

M??nsson, Sven-Axel. The History and Rationale of Swedish Prostitution Policies. Univeristy

of Rhode Island Digital Commons, Sept. 2017, digitalcommons.uri.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1061&context=dignity.

Nevada Revised Statutes, CHAPTER 201 - CRIMES AGAINST PUBLIC DECENCY

AND GOOD MORALS, https://www.leg.state.nv.us/NRS/NRS201.html#NRS201Sec354

Post, Dianne. LEGALIZATION OF PROSTITUTION IS A VIOLATION OF HUMAN

RIGHTS. National Lawyers Guild Review , eds.a.ebscohost.com.fresno.idm.oclc.org/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=1&sid=0591fda7-223b-4ae2-907a-d273c6046a2b%40sdc-v-sessmgr05.

Stransky, Michelle, and David Finkelhor. How Many Juveniles Are Involved in Prostitution in

the U.S.? University of New Hampshire, 2008, www.unh.edu/ccrc/prostitution/Juvenile_Prostitution_factsheet.pdf.

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Government Procurement Audit in Thailand

The main audit objective is to ensure that the procurement of goods and services including public works achieves its goals and is in compliance with relevant law and regulations. In addition, it needs to be transparent, freely competitive and worthwhile.

The auditing public procurement (purchase, hire, rent, etc.) consists of three main phases as following:

Audit of the procurement plan
Audit of tendering and awarding processes
Audit of contract management

In the first phase (Procurement Plan), the auditor will review procurement plan which auditees have to make up under the Notification of State Audit Commission about preparation of the procurement plan of audited entities. The objective of this notification is to enhance the good governance in the procurement system of audited entities. The notification determines that all audited entities have to prepare the procurement plan and submit to SAI. The main content of the procurement plan consist of procuring items, value of good & services and public works (more than 100,000 Bath for goods & services and 2 million Bath for land purchasing & public works), selecting procurement method, expected month of bidding announcement, expected month of signing contract, and expected payment plan.

Under this notification, the auditor will receive the procurement plan during the first month of fiscal year which in Thailand commenced on October. Therefore, the auditor can review the procurement needs from procurement plan of audited entities. In particular, the important projects like Mega Project must be appeared in the procurement plan. With this information, the auditor can prepare the audit plan for the next phase.

In the second phase (Tendering and Awarding Processes), SAI will examine the accuracy of the tendering and awarding processes. In this phase, SAI plays the key role obviously especially enhancing transparency and accountability. According to Government Procurement and Supplies Management Act B.E. 2560 and related regulations, it determines that procuring agency has to advertise its procurement in the website: www.gprocurement.go.th, and notify to SAI. Additionally, it stated that all government agencies have to submit copy of contract which valued more than 1 million Baht to SAI within 30 days after signed contract. Therefore, the audit mandate of SAI is existed in the public procurement regulation which allows SAI to carry out a procurement audit under transparency and accountability of tendering and awarding processes.

Generally, the auditor will examine all documents in procurement procedures. Initially, the auditor will check main processes as followings:

The identification of needs should be clarified in the request of procurement report of procuring agency. In particular, obvious specification of procuring items should be broad and open for competition.
The bidding documents should clearly define the bid evaluation criteria. Also adequate publicity and period of time allow for the prospective bidders to respond.
The bidding documents should obviously describe in form in accordance with the standard bidding documents.
The bidding documents have to be accurately and clearly about the scope of work, location, procuring items, date, time, working plan and schedule of delivery and installation.
Bidding process must be disclosure to the public under the concept of transparency, fairness, non-discrimination, and competitive procurement market.
The estimated cost should be accuracy fairness and reasonable.
The evaluation committee must be qualified and does not include anyone with a personal interest in the contract. In other words, the auditor will examine the con?ict of interest behavior in public procurement.
The criteria and methodology for selection of awarding bidder should be accordance with the bidding documents.
The decisions and reasons of all evaluation committees have to be recorded and could notify to the third persons clearly.
Terms and conditions of contract have to be the same in the invitation bidding stage.

For the third phase (contract management), it is the audit of contract management which the main objective is to examine the execution of public procurement contract. Further, the auditor could review the delivery time of supply of goods, equipment, and public works construction which should be completed within the time of contract and also the extension of contract period. Likewise, in case of price adjustment contract the auditor should also review the audit of the payment of the escalation sum.

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Political Ideologies in America

The major political ideologies through which we as Americans adhere to are conservatism, liberalism, libertarianism, and social democracy and the one I personally abide by is that of conservatism. Conservatism is founded on Christian religious beliefs and fundamental moral and ethical values, as well as traditional family values as attempts to maintain social order, support individual freedoms and keep our government's role as unobtrusive as possible. While I am not a hard-core Conservative, many of my beliefs, life decisions, view of the world, in addition to my political party affiliation are based on conservative values because conservatism reflects my personal religious beliefs, core, and family values.

A person's choice of a political ideology is influenced by many personal factors such as religion, family, tradition, core values, and personal experiences. These factors can play a major role in the political ideology one will most likely follow and adhere to when making decisions as to a choice as to a choice of political party or deciding what political issues to support and defend or go up against. Conservatism is not a political ideology of censure, disapproval, or rejection, but rather one of moral and ethical discernment and protection of individual rights, liberties, defense, and moral/ethical core-values.

Conservatism reflects my religious and family view on life, society, and a sense of what is right and wrong. In my eyes to be a conservative means to be against abortion, believe in a limited government, be non-supportive of gay rights, stand for the death penalty, be in favor of free-marketing, and an assurance that my individual rights will always be protected. Conservatism holds true to my religious and traditional beliefs and views. My religious beliefs are based on solid Bible doctrine which has been passed on to me by parents, their parents, and the many generations that came before them. The social norms and values I adhere to are based on my religious beliefs. Together these values build my character and help guide me in my day-to-day decisions I make as well as all major decisions. Belonging to a political ideology that mirrors my beliefs, principles, and core values serve to help have a voice and take a stand in our society.

Yes, they may be pro free marketing but I believe the economy would be negatively affected if all businesses were like this. If all businesses were free markets, the government wouldn't be able to tax the companies. Without taxes how else would we get out of debt? Or pay for public education, health insurance programs, or public safety? The answer to that is no one would pay for it. That would greatly quickly deteriorate what funding we have in those areas. Plus since many of the businesses make a ton of money, we'd be losing all the taxes that come from crazy rich people who have so much money that they probably don't even know what to do with it. Which brings us back to how I somewhat differ from the conservative view of wanting to have a free market and wanting to cut taxes.

In my opinion taxes are fine right now, I mean they aren't completely horrible. Yes, they might not be at the price that many Americans would fancy them to be but taxes are there for a reason. We need them to ensure the well being of our country's citizens. Conservatives don't believe that. Another view that I do not agree with is not wanting new ideas and change in our government. I'm referring to supporting and wanting more diversity in congress, the judicial branch, the supreme court and maybe even in the position of our president. Even though today those groups are more diverse than ever before, conservatives aren't very happy about it. Since they value traditional views so greatly they aren't very used to change. When it does happen they have to accept it and tolerate it. But that does not mean that they are comfortable with it.

With this being said most of the people in these groups are very old in age. Which means they grew up in a very different generation where people shared extreme conservative views and beliefs. Thinking about what their parents used to tell them when they were younger, what kind of environment they lived in, what religion they had or still have. Their whole ideology was based off of what the government was like during their youth. What kinds of rules their parents had them follow. Or what kinds of rules their friend and friend's parents had. This reminds me of myself since growing up in a hispanic/catholic household there were many rules and beliefs that were put into place that really influenced my political ideology now. As a little girl I was taught to do good in school, make good grades, believe in God, respect your elders, and many more things.

Growing up I was educated in what abortion was and being hardcore catholics they always told me it was wrong in every way and of course I agreed and I still do. My aunts would hear stories on the news about how people wanted to make abortion illegal and they would always mention how it would be a good idea to do so. Or when it came to the death penalty despite my mother and father being catholic, they do support it. And when they saw that someone was being given the death penalty my younger self would always hear them say they deserved it. Which is what I believe to this day as well. All the people that were convicted of homicide got what was coming to them in my eyes since that is what was taught to me by my parents due to their views. Since they have been around for all of my life, they're the ones who greatly influenced the political ideology I lean closer to.

Although they had conservative views, they weren't 100 percent conservative either. If anything I'd consider them to be moderate conservatives. I say this because they had liberal views too such as believing that gays were entitled to rights and the right to love eachother but not had the right to get married. They thought this way since in the bible it says marriage should be between a man and a woman. This is what almost all my family saw as right. Believing that though kind of leans both ways The conservative side of that would be that they do not believe that they're entitled to joining together in marriage due to the fact that that goes against what the bible says but the nonconservative side to that would be that in their opinion they do see it as okay to have some rights such as the right to love the same sex.

And all their lives they were told by my grandparents to not condone anything that goes against the word of the Lord. I mean of course they knew that a person could never be perfect but they could get close. In general they just were strong believers of the bible and their religion. With those ideas and traditional views they passed it on to my parents and my parents passed it onto to me. Honestly though my grandparents' values were a lot more conservative than mine are. If you ask me I'd consider them to be 100 percent conservative but I'm pretty sure it was because they lived through an era where most people were 100 percent conservative. In that time they were either for one side or another, hardly ever in between.

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Government and the Role of Media

Contents

Government and the Media
Responsibilities of Media in a Democracy
Challenges Facing American Media
Role of the Government
Government's Regulation of the Different Kinds of Media
Telecommunications Act of 1996

Government and the Media

The media has played a very important role in providing people with information. It has been one of the most important bodies in democracies. Currently, the media has become a phenomenal part of the society as it plays a very important part in providing people with information concerning many different things. Societies today depend on media to gain understanding of the economy, politics, security, social functions and other happenings around the world. The media is a complex field and the inception of social media in the recent past has further complicated things. Understanding the roles of media and the freedoms provided to the media by the government.

Responsibilities of Media in a Democracy

Media plays a very big role in a democracy. Some of the major responsibilities played by the media include informing the society on what is happening in the democracy and all over the world. The media helps people to understand the democratic events as well as informing people on the democratic choices, as stated by Okigbo and Goran (38). Provoking public debates, is another very important role of the media. Today, the media is a big player in clarifying complex issues. Information is the force propelling economic advancements as well as all events in the global field. The media provides people with a lot of information concerning different happenings in a democracy including uncovering abuses, and pressures the governments and the concerned stakeholders to take steps towards rectifying the issues (NATO 1998). Also, alerting and mobilizing the public opinion to humanitarian causes and injustices, allowing political pluralism to express itself through advertisement of different views and ideologies to various issues, and keeping politicians aware about the public opinion are some other responsibilities of the media. It also ensures that the politicians are offered a platform to explain their policies and decisions, in order to create the necessary support.

Media ensures that facts are separated from opinions and individual viewpoints. Before reporting on anything, checking sources of information is very important and that is a role which the media should accomplish. Media also works towards setting the political agenda, in a way that does not trivialize or sensationalize the issues. The media is responsible for publishing corrections about any erroneously published report, and it also works towards preserving state secrets, protecting information which may be used to harm a nation's security.

Challenges Facing American Media

The American media faces numerous challenges in its bid to fulfill its democratic responsibilities. Some of the challenges include poor quality of coverage. Coverage of news has remained to be a big issue facing the media. Currently, the profits of many media houses have started to reduce at a high rate. The reduction has led to an increase in the economic pressure imposed on the media (Sunstein 2018). Media houses do not operate for charity and therefore, making profits is very important. With the economic difficulties which have affected many markets in the recent past, the media has also suffered. The media has the role of informing the public as well as making money for the investors. Balancing these two roles is a great challenge.

Additionally, political pressure, lack of goodwill by the politicians and poor political environment for the media to operate freely have always been affecting the operations of the media. Other major issues affecting the media include credibility or public trust, the media environment, as well as ethics and standards. When public trust is affected negatively, the media cannot operate well. The media environment has not fully embraced free reporting. This provides major issues for the media during the process of trying to work on their responsibilities.

Role of the Government

The government has been phenomenal in helping the media to play its democratic role and fulfill its responsibilities. Through protecting the right of the media through advocating for free press and improving the environment in which the media works, the American government has been phenomenal in improving the operations of the media. In the recent decades, many things have happened in a way to show that democracy is two-way traffic. Implementations of the required institutions is not the only requirement in the media field. The accountability of the government is essential in the process of providing a good environment for the media (Voltmer n.d.). While there remains to be various major challenges, the government has made huge strides in making sure that the media operates in the best manner.

Government's Regulation of the Different Kinds of Media

With the insurgence of social media, the federal government is required to ensure that operations go smoothly. It is important for the government to ensure that the news the public is fed with, is factual and that no unverified information is transmitted to the people. Additionally, people should not be provided with negative information. The government has to ensure that it protects the country and its people's safety. Therefore, it is important to make sure that the media does not disclose information which may be harmful to the safety of the people. In case media houses violate any public decency standards, the FCC will act on them. The government also regulates the ownership of media outlets in order to ensure that the information people are provided with is accurate and it is consistent with the regulations and standards set by the FCC.

Telecommunications Act of 1996

The 1996 Telecommunications Act has had a major impact on the communication. FCC rules changed a lot in the process of improving accountability. It is true that through the Act, the freedoms of broadcasters have increased significantly. It has continued to provide new possibilities to the broadcasters. It helps in minimizing unnecessary oversight rules. The Act provides that the FCC has to create a rating system, to control the broadcasting of sexual or any indecent content. Television sets should also incorporate a blocking device ( Messere n.d.). The other important regulation is to ensure that minors are not exposed to objectionable material.

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History of War on Drugs

Contents

Introduction
History of Drug Use and Abuse
Contributing Factors
Conclusion

Introduction

War on drugs was started in 1971 by President Nixon of United States of America who realized existence of far reaching impacts that hurt both the population as well as economy at large. It was a futile fight as much of his efforts failed to bear desired results. Analysts have judged the outcome and likened it to being militaristic and unilateral. The strategy applied was identified to have hindered success of anticipated outcomes and so further probe into how best this fete could have been successfully achieved remains valid.

It has resulted in increased debate on causal factors that led to increased influx of drugs as well as number of people involved. Policies including those motivated by laws and legislations have been a key factor considered as a reason for this increase. Further, political regimes existing thought US history, have had varying approaches which can be blamed for increased incoherence of policies and approach strategies. It is thus important to decipher reasons behind decline in success to arresting drug use and abuse in America at large.

History of Drug Use and Abuse

In the USA, drugs have been identifies as a single most likely killer of people with reasons ranging from overdosing to direct causal of death from long term effect of usage. They also contribute to fatalities such as road carnage and industrial accidents such as eventualities emanating from operating machinery while on drugs. According to the Belle & Doucet (2003), fatalities resulting from drug and substance use, attract attention of law enforcing agencies who take action such as making arrests, tightening bounder entry points, security measures as well as increased establishment of watchdog departments notably Antinarcotics crime department (Wagley, 2006).

According to King County Bar Association Drug Policy Project (2005), there are numerous legal legislations that have been set up which have had mixed set of outcomes. The document was developed by experts avid in disciplines such as health, law enforcement, law as well as past and current elected political officials who helped in pooling ideas and providing legal counsel (King County Bar Association, 2005, 1). It identified various law legislations and applets to support drug use and abuse quashing. It is likely that resulted gather here stand to be better understood if historical dissection of activities are chronologically eluded.

Contributing Factors

Social economic inequalities have been identified to co-relate with drug use and abuse. This is according to Shaw, Egan & Gillespie (2007, 44) who realized an increased number of individuals who were either unemployed and /or are poor, engaged more in drug use and abuse in Canada. Similar findings by King County Bar Association (2005, 5) too documents a higher number of drug users to be those like unemployed and lived in informal settlement around USA. President Nixon envisioned a total and immediate halt of drug proliferation in USA which was viewed as militant as it did not provide harmony. In addition, his approach of impounding and locking up individuals found to engage in drug use is too viewed as militant an ineffective.

With reference to USA's history on drug use and abuse fight, there has had been numerous developments which are attributed to various social reasons for these efforts failing. One important conflict is the retrogression towards believe that war on drugs was a racially inclined duel. Minority black Americans living in low income establishments have been greatly targeted and identified as both users and dealers of drugs by numerous government law enforcement arms and government at large. Counter reaction from this deduction points towards increased conflict between White majority and minority Blacks.

In a juxtapose between minority Black individuals and majority white Americans, there has been a double sided approach in addressing this social issue. White drug users have faced less force and harsh measures which ignites questions on most applicable approach. Minority black citizens deduce this as a bias which largely implicates them as individuals of a lesser strata as compared to majority whites. This influences the desire to rebel and view law enforcement as their enemies and so would rather do anything possible to thwart efforts made in fighting drug use.

There exists a harmonious way that best applies in all social problems which affect individuals economically, political and socially. This takes a form of community participation which entrusts solutions to masses' contribution. The approach develops solutions from view collected from experiences of different people with varying economic, political and social backgrounds. It has been proved by Pittman, Irby, Tolman, Yohalem & Ferber (2011, December), community participation towards addressing of social problems, offers best results which promote acceptance of laws and their enforcement. Success is experienced here because every individual feels included and consequently considered.

In many USA settlement areas, there are income disparities which greatly alienates different stratus of people hence making it difficult to use a single approach to solve given problems. Drug abuse and substance use have been categorized as a major reason for increased crime and rebellion amongst citizenly. Women, children and unemployed middle aged individuals experience increased crime rate as they are considered less contributors to general economic decisions. These include the inaccessibility of social amenities, lack of security and likely a surge in desperation to engage in misconducts that attract forceful interventions from existing government.

Notably, crime increase has been attributed to drug use and abuse amongst many minority groups living in USA. This has contributed to hardening of particular members within these groups leading to societal stereotyping. It has been noted that many young black Americans male individuals have a higher likelihood of being impounded before the age of 30 years which is according to Western & Pettit (2010, 14). Their propensity to involve in drugs has been attributed to desire to belong, feel appreciated likely by their peers as well as gaining sense of dominance. Amongst social groupings, individuals who engage in drugs appeal to their peers more than they who remain non-intoxicated. Such pressure it a reason enough for surge of drug usage in the face of increased law enforcement. Again the appeal to seem insurmountable by law overwhelms many young minority blacks leading to stereotyping that blacks are more likely to engage in this vice.

Conclusion

Possible solutions lay with societal involvement in formulation of laws and legislations as this would develop a sense of appreciation for set up laws hence increasing their general success rate. Individuals develop the sense of law abiding which further facilitates a population's general approval. This was a possible approach that both President Nixon and Reagan would have adopted instead of discriminating against inferior groups. Taxes that were levied on opiates and cocaine capture in The Harrison Act of 1914 can be referenced as products of legislations which were flexible and accommodative. They helped regulate extremes of drug proliferation but failed to address their impact in the long term. With disruptions in economic activities, people resorted to taking up drug trade as the emerging income source hence lack of restrictions and ultimately development of drugs as commodities traded in the block market. It is the source of much problems when there is lack of unrestricting in any economic venture, there is a likelihood of social ills such as cartels and money laundering.

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The Definition for Drug War

Over the years, the drug war has become a controversial topic that provokes quarreling debates. Drugs are undeniably popular; millions of Americans use and abuse. According to Alfred Blumstein and Joel Wallman, half or more of all serious crimes are drug-related. One-third of state prison inmates have committed drug-related offenses. The drug war has been an endless battle against impossible odds, there needs to be effective methods so there can be a chance to better communities nationwide. The drug war is a huge problem and it's been ongoing for the past ten years. The drug of choice has changed and it has resulted in consequences such as violence and crimes that have impacted communities and families. The definition for drug war is conflict between law enforcement and those who deal in illegal drugs.

On March 22, 2018 President Donald Trump stated on a panel discussion in Washington, These people [drug dealers] kill thousands of people over the course of their lives through drugs. So we're going to have to get much, much tougher in terms of penalty. And if you want to stop it ” if you look at certain countries where they have, as an example, the death penalty, and say, How's your drug problem?' And they will tell you, ?We don't have much of a drug problem.' Giving the death penalty to drug dealers/drug lords sounds a bit extreme, Trump argues that dealers who are not part of a violent crime should still be put to death because they are providing drugs for users and that could potentially kill them. Nothing is set in stone within the White House's administrations Capital punishment sounds extreme and drug dealers, drug lord, king pins, abusers, and etcetera will not care until they have been held responsible for their actions. Which that is the main purpose to prevent people from getting to that point.

Drugs relation to crime are the potential effects they have on the user and what kind of behavior the drug causes, such as acts of violence or deviant lifestyles. The Bureau of Justice Statistics did a survey of inmates in state correctional facilities in 1991, all the offenses committed were under the influence of drugs or drugs and alcohol which has resulted in their incarceration. Offenders will commit their crime because of the deviant lifestyle they are trying to support. It's often hard to depict if the offense committed was to either profit off the drugs or support the use of drugs. About seventeen percent of the BJS survey in 1991 were offenses to get money or buy drugs. Consequently, this drug war has created a lot of violent crimes in the process of drugs being trafficked. Reasons for the relationship between drugs and violence include: competing for customers and markets, locations could also be a factor that leads to violence, and those who drug traffic are susceptible to violence.

Unfortunately, over the years lethal weapons have been used and drug violence has become more deadly. In today's American society it is unfortunate to say that drugs use and abuse has become a sad reality for some. American's do wish for a drug-free society, it is just a matter of retaining significant knowledge that could prevent society from committing the same absurdity that has lead to drug policies. In addition, being well-informed about drug use and abuse is a necessity to fully understand what methods to help prevent this drug war from continuing. For example, understanding biological, environmental, behavioral and social causes, could potentially generate strategies on how to prevent drug use.

Developing treatments for those who abuse drugs could help maintain those people who once used drugs stay away from those deviant lifestyles. As a result of popular drug trends in America there have been an abundance of families affected by those decide to use or abuse on substances. Research has shown that adolescents from single-parent households are more prone to delinquent behaviors, including drug and alcohol use (Amato and Keith, 1991; Amey and Albrecht, 1998; Barrett and Turner, 2006; Bjarnason et al., 2003a; Eitle, 2006; Hoffman, 2002; Selnow, 1987). Typically family is often viewed as the strength, providing for members individuals needs and nurturance, and they ensure stability within the household and communities. Families can have an influence on attitudes, behaviors, and values of member in the family. Fast changes such as social, economic, and technological can influence families. It could weaken or strengthen families and that could potentially lead to drug use or abuse among family members. Disrupted family life appears to be a major risk factor for drug abuse among some young person, and that as many as 10 percent of the young people between 15 and 20 years of age in the northern part of Dublin were addicted to heroin("Drug abuse in).

As the times are changing, there has been advances in technology, more opportunities for learning, and new creations. The ways of life are not always positive and when one enters into a negative state of life they tend to do bad things that provokes deviant lifestyles. Every generation grows up with different outlooks on life, with that being said, values and beliefs differentiate. Deviant lifestyles have resulted in consequences such as violence and crimes that have impacted communities and families. It is just a matter of understanding the fact that things change overtime.

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Religions of India

There are many different religions that India has to offer but the one that we are going to talk about is Hinduism. Hinduism is considered to be a polytheistic religion, but people of the religion believe in one god that can appear in many different forms. They believe that their religion is a way of life rather than beliefs. Hinduism originated and developed the Indus Valley civilization years before the Common Era. They believe in karma and the law of cause and effect. This religion has several more beliefs, sacred text, sacred symbols. and just the way they believe to live your day to day life.

We will start off talking about the history of Hinduism. The Persian word Hindu means Indian. That's why today 80 percent of the Indian population consider themselves to be Hindu. This religion has no founder. Most historians believe that Hinduism started around 2300 B.C. and 1500 B.C. in the Indus Valley. The Indo-Aryan People migrated to the Indus Valley and merged their language and culture with the indigenous people of this region. After this happens the Vedic period begins. During the early Vedic period time, the Hindus developed their main tenets. Later on, in the Vedic period, which also during the Brahminical religion, which emphasized ritual worship and social obligations. Then the Puranic and Classic periods started in 500 B.C. to 1000 C.E. Historians believe during this time Hindus began the worship of deities such as Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva, and their female forms or Devis. The concept of dharma was introduced in the new text.

Next, let's talk about their beliefs and rituals that they practice in this religion. Hinduism is considered a polytheistic religion, but they believe in one supreme god. This god is known as Brahman. According to the Vedas, he creates all worlds and beings for his enjoyment, for order he shares his duties to the beings of different worlds according to their nature and responsibilities. The Vedas also said that Brahman could take many forms and become different gods. Another main belief is Dharma, which is a code of living that highlights good conduct and morality. Puja is the most common form of worship in Hindus, and it usually happens at their homes, family shrines, or at a temple. It happens every day sometimes multiple times in a day, and the worship is tied to a family group or a singular person. They also believe that what you do and think can affect your current life and your future life. For example, if you think about good things and perform good actions you have great things to look forward to in your life. Hindus believe in reincarnation. This is basically that life is a continuous cycle and never ends. Lastly, Hindus believe that truth is eternal.

Now, let's get into Hinduisms sacred text. The Vedas or as it is known by Hindus as The Book of Knowledge , is their primary text. There are four Vedas, Rig Veda, Sama Veda, Yajur Veda, and Atharva Veda. The Rig Veda was written in the early 1500 B.C. and is the oldest of the four Vedic collections of sacred text. It has 10,552 verses of hymns and mantras which is collected in 10 different books. The Sama Veda is a liturgical work that contains primarily of selections from the Rig Veda. It consists of 2,000 verses and was chanted by adhvaryu priests. The Yajur Veda was used by udgatri priests and consists of brief prose to accompany ritual acts. This Veda contains 2,000 verses as well as the Sama Veda. Lastly, Atharva Veda was added later than the first three. It was added about 500 B.C. and consists of 20 books of hymns and prose. The Atharva Veda focuses on adoring the gods and performing sacrifices. They contain magical prayers for specific purposes.

This Religion is so important our history and the religions today. The main reason that this religion is so significate because it is considered the oldest religion and has various traditions and beliefs form today's religions. This religion has also contributed to humanity with astronomy, mathematics, health and personal growth. Hinduism is a great religion and has many good qualities. All of the other religions after Hinduism share some of the beliefs from that of the Hindus. This religion was fun to learn about and I hope you learned something you didn't know about Hinduism.

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Declaration of Independence and Constitution Issues

The Declaration of Independence established the core principles of our Nation, the United States of America. Our Constitution with the Amendments provides a rule of laws for an actual government to accomplish those principles. TheBill of Rightsprotects the individual rights of American citizens and was adopted as a single unit on December 15, 1791.

Our basic rights include
Freedom of speech
Freedom of religion
The right to bear arms

In US, the right to freedom of speech and expression is strongly protected by the Constitution. The United States Bill of Rights plays a central role in American law and government and remains a fundamental symbol of the freedoms and culture of the nation. One of the original fourteen copies of the U.S. Bill of Rights is on public display at the National Archives in Washington, D.C. Though the law in letter and word does guarantee the right of an individual, there are restrictions placed by the amendments to the bill of rights.

The First Amendment provides for freedom of Speech- it is the right of individual Americans to communicate their thoughts of their choosing. Some people quote the freedom to express their views and speech and can end up intentionally or unintentionally hurting a section of society. This poses grave danger to the social balance of our culture and peace. The constitutional amendments do cover a list of categories of speech that are given lesser or no protection at all. Communications with a person in prison, untruths to harm others, use of obscene language to hurt other's sentiment...etc. are examples of the said categories. These should be punishable by law. The benefits of the freedom of speech would be:

Expressing the right of opinion: - People can express their thoughts without the fear of getting punished
Sharing the responsibility: Freedom of speech comes with responsibility. The one expressing the views should take the responsibility of the views expressed.
Developing new ideas: - the environment created in voicing out thought and opinions would help the government know what the people wants are. They could gather the data required for new ideas that could help the growth of the country.

The disadvantages would be:

Hurting others: - Not everyone would have the same opinion. Some people often misuse their freedom to hurt others intentionally or unintentionally. E.g.: - Political Differences
It is a seed to violence: - Angry words and disagreement often leads to violence in the heat of the moment. People get hurt and scarred for life.
A source of wrong influence: - People misuse their freedom of speech by manipulating their words to make them look good.

Unfortunately, law does not take unintentional hurt into account so if the law had to rewritten or amended in the bills to right about the freedom of speech, provided that human emotion and context of the speech is taken into consideration. Anger is a strong human emotion and it does cause people to say a lot of things that they do not intend to in the heat of the moment. Thus, the law should consider that a person can err and later regret that fact. It would be up to the courts to decide whether that person does regret using such derogatory words or if he is putting up an act to escape punishment.

The first and the fourteenth Amendment protects the freedom of religion. It gives the citizens the rights to worship freely and publicly. The government cannot make any laws regarding an establishment of religion or prohibiting it to exercise the religion. The benefits of this amendment would be that:

Ability to find one's own meaning of life without any hindrance or inabilities thereof.
Equal opportunity to follow one's spiritual journey if there is an unbiased atmosphere without any religious coloring from the Government.
Ensures the survival and flourishing of different and varied religious practices.
The disadvantages would be that

Overbear others with one's freedom of religion that can tantamount to intruding into other's private space. For e.g., Post religious symbols, like the Ten Commandments, in buildings and on lands owned by the government or to promote religious instruction and prayer in public schools.

Can lead to discrimination towards other religions. For e.g., Allow businesspeople to refuse service to LGBT groups.

Can be used to justify wrong-doing. For e.g., if an individual wants to perform an immoral act, they can simply change their religion to one that might condone their actions. The law could be amended as the freedom of religion if this freedom does not encroach on a third person's personal space or stops where human or animal suffering begins. Americans are not always free to act on their beliefs if its costing the lives of the other. An example being a court ordered medical-care for the gravely ill children whose parents have denied them treatment based on religion.

The second amendment to the constitution is the right to bear arms. Originally this amendment was to prevent the federal government from abolishing state militias such as National Guard units, but there is a disagreement whether the amendment give individual the rights to use their weapons outside their military use. The benefits of this amendment are as follows:

Maintaining Law and Order
Self-Protection
Creating a sense of security and safety knowing that there is a weapon that could be used if under attack from criminals.

The disadvantages of this amendment would be as follows:

Misuse of Firearms by the Anti-social elements
Possibility of Arms coming in possession of children, or ones who are ignorant.

The Courts did not list all the allowable restrictions, leaving the issue to be decided in the future cases or the government could rewrite the Amendment stating that A well-regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms shall not be infringed as long as the custody of the same is contingent to mature use and suitable certification thereof. In a time earlier when there was scarcity of humans available to police and join in the sheriff's department, then there might have been the case for allowing common people to keep and use arms. However, with growth in population and enough policing forces, the need for common man to keep and use arms has come down significantly.

References:

https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/.../United_States_Bill_of_Rights.html
https://www.constitutionfacts.com/us-constitution-amendments/bill-of-rights/
We the People: - An Introduction to American Government 12 th Edition

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Ancient Egyptian Culture

Contents

Introduction
Daily Life

Introduction

It was once the home of the very famous King Tutankhamen, also known as King Tut. Ancient Egypt was an amazing place With many great customs and routines. For example, imagine you are in ancient Egypt. You walk around in light, white, simple clothes. You trudge on to your clay pots that hold the remnants of your food and water. But when you get there you realize that the food still needs to be made and cooked. You carry the heavy pottery up your steep stairs to the platform roof of your mud brick shelter. You are in the wonderful world of ancient Egypt.

Daily Life

Shelter

Ancient Egyptians had elaborate and interesting home designs. The homes started as lumpy mud walls over a hole in the sand but evolved into square shapes on the hard flat ground. The Ancient Egyptians houses ended up made from mud bricks. Mud bricks are made when mostly slaves pour mud and some debris into a wood mold. Then left it to dry into rectangular bricks. they used mud because the stone was too hard to cut or work with. They also used mud bricks and not wood because the wood was too scarce of a source.

Sometimes people even used the trunks of palm trees to support their homes. They did use wood for some things such as door frames and window frames

Food and drink

Ancient Egyptian people did most eating and cooking on the or in the yard. They ate mainly bread. The bread was made of wheat and like many other foods, it was made in hot clay ovens. The ancient Egyptians enjoyed fruits, vegetables and sometimes honey. also. Not just fruits and vegetables but also meat. Meat such as duck and goose. More rich people or people with higher social status ate meat from Antelope and deer. Those people also liked to eat baked goods. People always ate with their fingers.

They did all of their cooking, storing, and eating of food in clay pots and other pottery. They drank beer made from barley and wine made from grapes and sometimes even beets.

Clothing

People who lived in ancient Egypt wore very simple clothes. THeir clothes were made by weavers. The weaves made linen out of weaved flax, Which they grew themselves. People with more money or better social status could afford colored dyes and better fabric, so they wore gold or yellow wrapped cloth for men, and either a long shirt or sleeveless dress for women. They also made sure to dress for hot weather so they stayed cool. But all that was for adults, the children wouldn't wear clothes at most times. The women's dresses often went down to their ankles, and they would all go barefoot except for occasionally when a higher social status person wears sandals.

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The Concept of Samsara

Samsara is an endless cycle in a human's life. Karma, spiritual results of actions, moksha, the liberation, salvation, and goal, reincarnation, the rebirth, and atman, a person's soul, all connect to explain the cycle of life. Reincarnation is when each soul (atman) passes through the cycle of birth, death, and rebirth repetitively, respectively called transmigration. Hindus believe that transmigration is a bad thing, as it traps the soul and keeps it in the samsara cycle. Karma is similar to 'what goes around comes around,' but judges you by your whole life's actions. It determines where you come back and what you come back as. Moksha has three parts to it. First comes liberation, which is from getting out of samsara. Second comes salvation of the soul to the spiritual world. Third, is the goal of the Moksha, which Hindus hope to achieve Moksha. Moksha is the reason why Hindus try to produce as much positive karma as they can.

These basic concepts all work together for Hindus to believe in achieving Moksha. The caste system works with 4 main groups. Each group has certain jobs, to which Hindus prefer in their social classes. In society, social class is given to separate responsibilities to each class, known as egalitarianism.

Hinduism has almost 33 million gods and goddesses. The most important gods of Hinduism include Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva, Ganapati, Vishnu Avatars (including Rama and Krishna), Saraswati, Lakshmi, Durga Devi, Indra, Surya, Agni, and Hanuman. Brahma, the creator, is the first member of the Hindu Trinity. In Hinduism, he creates many objects throughout the whole universe. Vishnu, the preserver, is the second member of the Hindu Trinity. He retains order in the universe that Brahma creates. He is also worshipped in many incarnations and is less visible than nature gods. Shiva is the third member of the Trinity and is named the destroyer. He destroys objects in the universe for a new cycle of objects created by Brahma. Shiva is normally praised the most, as it says that he is the start of new things. These three gods are the top of all 33 million gods.

The rest of the gods fall in behind the members of Hindu Trinity. Ganapati is known as the removal of obstacles, and is Shiva's first son. He has a very special place in Hinduism, as Hindus place him on the walls of their homes for no obstacles in their life. The Avatars of Vishnu are considered savior forms of gods on Earth from the heavens. Saraswati is the Goddess of Learning. She is the wife of Brahma, who is worshipped for learning, wisdom, speech, and music. These are the second group of gods that are the most important.

Next, Lakshmi, the god of good fortune, is the wife of Vishnu and plays a role in incarnation. Durga Devi is the most powerful and frightening goddess that fights for order (dharma). Indra is the King of Heaven and is the lord of the gods. Surya is named as the sun, who is a golden warrior on a chariot pulled by seven white horses. Agni is the god of fire, and holds a fire ritual as the sacrificer in sacrifice ceremonies to this day. Lastly, Hanuman, the monkey king/servant, is the performer of strength, devotion, and courage.

Around two thousand B.C., during the time of the Aryan invasion, the caste system dates back to this time period. The societies to this date still have this name. It has a total of four main groups, with a fifth outside of the system. The first group are called the Brahmin, similar to Brahma, known as the reflective ones, or the priests. They are considered the teachers and spiritual leaders. The second group are called the Kshatriyas, or the protectors of their society. These are considered the people of the police or military. The third group is called the Vaisyas, or the merchants. These people are skilled producers of materials. The last group, the fourth group, is called the Shudras. The Shudras are similar to maintenance workers. They are the hard workers of all the groups. Outside of the caste system, are what they call the untouchables.

The caste system has imposed rules on these castes to make more order in the groups. Usually, the people of a caste have had rules to only help their caste, and not other castes. They are not allowed to interact with the other castes. Like many other small countries, they do have laws regarding marriage. The caste determines who a caste member can marry. It also determines where they can live and what job they will work. Those of higher class may not have similar rules to other castes. Brahmans are of higher class and are nonviolent, spiritual priests. Another law that was created, almost two thousand years ago, are the Laws of Manu. These laws put rules on food, marriage, money making, avoidance of certain things, and these rules maintain peace.

Caste rules are very strict, such as marriage time lengths, jewelry/ornaments a women can wear, even when water can be taken from a well. The only thing that can be taken out at any time is farming or trading. Usually, these people include the priests, barbers, weavers, or any other mechant that can create an item.

There are four main types of yoga. Karma, Jnana, Astanga/Raja, and Bhakti yoga. Karma yoga are self centered activities that, later on, link to a greater objective. It usually requires some amount of sacrifice for use in the next life. This form usually enjoys worldly pleasures. Jnana yoga promotes philosophical wisdom and knowledge. This type is usually in a secluded space to study, with minimal activity. Astanga or Raja yoga are divided into eight essential stages. Most modern day yoga is based off of this. This yoga requires some difficult standards to people to participate in. It is said to have mystic power to become smaller than the smallest. Lastly, Bhakti yoga is a path to devotional service. This is a combination of all types of yoga. This is a recommended practice to those emotional people as a symbolic worship method.

These types of yoga bring spiritual guidance to the Hindus. These four types bring liberation for a person to achieve moksha. Each one builds up to obtaining a new sense to a different meaning. All four seem to have some mystic power to discipline the practitioner.

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How Ancient Greece Emulated the Egyptians and Left an Everlasting Legacy of Science, Art, and Trade

Contents

Art
Trade
Illustrations

Truth beauty wrote John Keats, one of the most influential poets of the 19th century, as he admired the dark figures on an ancient vase in his poem On a Grecian Urn. To this day, the Ancient Greeks are known for their in-depth analyses of proportion, dedication to rationalism, and meditations on the definition of beauty. These ideas, now commonly classified under Classicism, actually have roots in Ancient Egyptian culture. It is no surprise that two of history's most advanced cultures, the Ancient Greeks and the Ancient Egyptians, are closely intertwined; a desire for truth and beauty bind the two. The Ancient Greeks found inspiration in their predecessors, the Ancient Egyptians, and improved upon many of their scientific and artistic advancements. The Greek emphasis on science, rationalism, truth, and beauty continues to shape today's world. Because of their contact with and admiration for the Ancient Egyptians and their culture, the Greeks pioneered the study of geometry and the natural sciences, created beautiful and lifelike sculptures, and established a trade network in Egypt that allowed them to expand their empire.Maths and SciencesMany people erroneously attribute the origins of geometry and mathematics to the Greek mathematician Pythagoras, however, another scientist, Thales of Miletus, predates him and his work.

Thales of Miletus was the son of a wealthy merchant, and he visited Egypt at the young age of 22 during the 6th century BCE. Here, he studied natural phenomena such as earthquakes and the rise and fall of the Nile River in order to understand and explain their environment . At the time of his studies, local Egyptians worshipped Hapi, a fertility god associated with the flooding of the Nile River, to whom they offered prayers and gifts in hopes of ensuring a fruitful harvest. Rather than blame a supernatural entity for everyday occurences, Thales identified patterns, such as what time of the year the Nile River rose and fell, and most historians credit him for the switch between believing the gods were responsible for day-to-day events and [the belief] that if we understood natural phenomena we could actually explain and predict events. This concept of using experience and observation to understand the natural world is called 'rationalism', and it has directly impacted contemporary scientific thought. Empiricism, the belief that all knowledge comes from human experience and can be quantified numerically, and the scientific method both stem directly from Thales research, and it is for this reason that the Ancient Greeks are considered pioneers in the natural sciences.After years of observing and recording natural patterns and phenomena in Egypt, Thales of Miletus established the Milesian School of Science and Mathematics in the sixth century B.C., which produced some of ancient society's most influential scientists, including Pythagoras of Samos.

Pythagoras of Samos, a Greek mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher, began his studies at the Milesian school, and although he is known for his geometric proofs and the Pythagorean theorem, he also questioned the concept of number, the concept of a triangle or other mathematical figure and the abstract idea of a proof, and introduced a degree of abstraction to the study of numbers, which had never been seen before. In fact, Pythagoras and his followers were likely the first to toy with the concept of rational and irrational numbers.In addition to his musings about numbers, Pythagoras made substantial contributions to the science of astronomy. While in Egypt, Pythagoras had the privilege of visiting temples and talking with Egyptian priests. He studied the Pyramids of Giza and and how they were located in relation to the stars, and he recognized that the orbit of the moon was inclined to the equator of the Earth. Only an intense desire for truth could motivate one to truly appreciate the night sky and painstakingly study and record the movements of the stars and other celestial bodies like the Ancient Greek astronomers. Their love for measurement, experience, and proportion also manifests itself in the Ancient Greek's quest for perfection and beauty in the visual arts.

Art

Although the Ancient Egyptians were one of the first cultures to attempt to objectively define and depict physical beauty by using their canon of proportion, the Greeks adopted that calculated approach to depicting the human form and elevated it to a place it had never before been. Ancient Egyptian art used a universal system of depicting the human form in painting, hieroglyphics, and sculpture called the 'canon of proportions'. In order to create this system, the Egyptians divided the human body, using a grid comprised of 18 equal squares ...this strict system of measurement divided the body into 18 equal parts from the hairline to the soles of the feet[and] the result was a standard set of proportions for all human beings depicted in wall paintings and stone sculptures. This systematic approach to art shows the Ancient Egyptians' preference for idealized depictions of humans. For the most part, Egyptian statues depicted royal figures, and Egyptian pharaohs and their families held the same status as gods in their religious culture. The Ancient Egyptians believed in an afterlife, and many of these statues were funerary statues. Perhaps this explains the lack of individualized features, because any detail that could possibly suggest a royal's mortality would be considered profane. By eliminating characteristics such as wrinkles, moles, and baldness, the Egyptian sculptors ensured that their subjects appeared looked young, beautiful, and powerful forever.Evidence of this heavy artistic idealization can be found on Figure 1, an Egyptian statue of King Menkaure (Mycerinus) (c.2530 BC ) and his queen. Here, the shoulders are wider than the hips, indicating a person who is in good physical shape and health. The arms are equal in length, and everything follows the 'canon of proportions'.

The faces are blank and stern, and there are no otherwise differentiating features. The basalt is polished and shiny, the subjects face forward (characteristic of Egyptian canonical sculpture) and each subject has one leg that is foreshortened and extended towards the viewer, suggesting a more relaxed pose. The Ancient Greeks desired perfection in their artwork, but not at the expense of individualism and naturalism in their depiction of the human form. The Greeks appreciated the canon because it established] a standard and impose[d] an aesthetic order it was an order of ratios and numbers.[and] it forced the artist to think ahead. Rationalism dominated the Greek approach to the arts as they too used ratio and equations to search for the perfect proportions in their sculpture.Figure 2 depicts a Kouros (Greek for young boy) statue; these Archaic Greek sculptures express an faithfulness to the Egyptian canon of proportions, and they could be found all over the Greek-speaking world. Like Figure 1, Figure 2 shows an individual facing forward, with one leg in front of the other. However, unlike Figure 1, Figure 2 shows an attempt to include features that add an element of individualism and naturalism to the piece.

For example, the Kouros appears to have lines in the hair that delineate braids and texture, unlike the smooth, black surface of the subjects' hair in Figure 1. The kneecaps are clearly defined and his genitals are visible. Rather than smooth everything out and show an idealized and polished version of this young boy, artist clearly intended to portray him as naturally as possible.The Archaic period and the Kouros statues express a dedication to the canon, but it would be a few hundred more years before the enormous, intensely detailed and lifelike statues for which the Ancient Greeks are known, would become commonplace in their society. In Figure 3, it is clear that the Greek sculptor Polykleitos not only paid extreme detail to using accurate proportions, but he also elevated the piece by including elements of naturalism and individualism. This piece is widely known as one of the best examples of Ancient Greek sculpture from fifth-century BCE because it portrays the masculine ideal. By this time in history, the Ancient Greeks had long strayed from the stern and idealized statues of their Egyptian predecessors. Similar to Figures 1 and 2, Figure 3 retains the forward-facing, one-leg-extended stance that was required by the canon of proportions. The shoulders are wide, still wider than his hips, and the attention to detail is extraordinary.

The facial features and haircut are specific to the subject, and the figure is perfectly proportionate. By the fifth-century BCE, the Greek concept of beauty had evolved to include not only perfect proportions, but also lifelike details such as fingers, genitals, and specific hairstyles and textures. To clarify, the sculpture in Figure 3 is still highly idealized. Doryphoros' physique appears perfect -- there isn't a wrinkle, mole, or bald spot that could potentially suggest that he is sick, or aging, or not in the prime of his life. His chest looks muscular and strong, his nose has a prominent bridge, and he is honestly drop-dead gorgeous. Doryphoros does not just suggest perfection, as the Ancient Egyptian sculptures attempted to do; he is perfection. Every line and curve and ab and rib looks like it is supposed to be there. When the Greeks adopted the Egyptian proportional system [their] sculpture acquired finish, elegance, and precision. The Greeks had access to marble, a stone that was not prevalent in Greece, which led to a smooth finish that closely resembles human skin, unlike the limestone and sandstone pieces commonly created by the Egyptians.This particular piece originated from a bronze cast, which has long since been lost, and it shows that the Greeks intended to replicate this piece over and over again, and try to preserve the perfect balance of the natural and the ideal that they struck.Clearly, the Greeks made substantial contributions to the visual arts, and remnants of their sculpture and pottery can be found at archaeological sites all around the world. That their items are so widespread and respected is evidence of Greece's history and success with of international trade, which allowed them to spread their politics, culture, and art worldwide.

Trade

In addition to their contributions to the sciences and the visual arts, the Ancient Greeks helped globalize the Ancient world after establishing trading colonies in other countries, particularly in Egypt. Both countries have a long and rich history of trading goods and ideas by way of the Mediterranean Sea and the Silk Road. The fertile Nile River served as a breadbasket and Egypt ...was a major source of grain for Greek cities, [which was] essential for securing sufficient supplies of grain particularly in times of crisis. Without access to these Egyptian grain supplies, it is possible that a lack of food security would have caused internal conflict within the country. By establishing solid trade relations with Egypt, the Greeks set themselves up for success and paved the way to becoming world leaders. The majority of contemporary knowledge of how the Egyptian and Greek economies functioned comes from the Greek historian Herodotus accounts of history and trade. The Egyptians had a strong economy that was controlled by the Pharaohs and the state.

According to Herodotus, Psammetichus I [an Egyptian pharaoh], initially had to contend for control of Egypt, and he secured his rule with the help of Greek mercenaries; [therefore] permanent Greek mercenary camps were established in the [Nile River] Delta. The Greeks helped secure the Egyptian empire, and many decided that they wanted to stay in Egypt and live as merchants in a port city near the mouth of the delta called Naukratis. The Egyptians, however, were extremely protective of their economy, and one needed permission from the Pharoah to reside in Naukratis. It was an extremely diverse city, full of people of many other cultures who wanted to trade with Egypt. Naukratis . [was]functioning as a strictly controlled marketplace for long-distance exchange that protected the local [Egyptian] system from external influence. The Greeks found themselves in a trade hub in one of the most fertile and technologically advanced regions in the world, and they took full advantage of it, which allowed them to expand their empire and become leaders in the ancient world.Naukratis was not only a popular destination for trading goods, but also for trading cultural norms and ideas.

For this reason, this ancient city is widely known as one of the earliest hubs of globalization. Economists suggest that the phenomenon of merchant colonies greatly increased during this period, following the expansion of the trade network...the establishment of the large empires...created more favourable conditions for merchants to move across wider areas and settle far from their homelands. Residing in a country outside of their own borders allowed Greek merchants and their families to learn new languages, spread the Greek language throughout North Africa and the Ancient Near East, and establish solid trade networks throughout the world. Evidence suggests that these routes of trade tended to outlast the political empires through which they crossed, and this is how the Greeks solidified themselves as leaders in trade.In conclusion, the Ancient Greeks were heavily dependent on the Ancient Egyptians for many, if not all, of their scientific, cultural, and artistic advancements. By closely studying the Ancient Egyptians and then improving on their advancements, the Greeks pioneered rational scientific thought, created amazing sculptures and monuments that still stand today, and helped globalize the ancient world by utilizing the Nile River delta and fostering positive international trade connections with North Africa and the Near East.

Illustrations

Figure 1. Basalt Statue of Egyptian Royals. King Menkaure (Mycerinus) and queen, 2490“2472 B.C.E., greywacke\Figure 2. Marble statue of a kouros (youth). Taken from https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/32.11.1/Figure 3. Doryphoros. Taken from Museum of Classical Archaeology, Cambridge. https://museum.classics.cam.ac.uk/collections/casts/doryphoros-0BibliographyAltaweel, Mark. Revolutionizing a World. UCL Press, 2018.Bergeron, Marianne. "Naukratis: Greeks in Egypt." British Museum. Accessed May 03, 2018. https://www.britishmuseum.org/naukratis.Cagalgno, Claire. "Reviewed Work(s): Naukratis: Trade in Archaic Greece by Astrid Meller Review By: Claire Calcagno." Reviewed Work(s): Naukratis: Trade in Archaic Greece by Astrid Meller Review By: Claire Calcagno. Accessed May 03, 2018. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3116549.Davis, Whitney M. "Egypt, Samos, and the Archaic Style in Greek Sculpture." The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 67 (1981): 61. doi:10.2307/3856603."Doryphoros." Museum of Classical Archaeology. Accessed May 03, 2018. https://museum.classics.cam.ac.uk/collections/casts/doryphoros-0.Drijvers, Jan Willem. "Strabo 17.1.18 (801C): Inaros, the Milesians and Naucratis, Mnemosyne 52.1 (1999), Pp. 16-22." Academia.edu. Accessed May 03, 2018. https://www.academia.edu/330427/Strabo_17.1.18_801C_Inaros_the_Milesians_and_Naucratis_Mnemosyne_52.1_1999_pp._16-22."Egyptian Proportions." https://www.artic.edu/aic/collections/citi/resources/Rsrc_001848.pdf."Thales." Famous Scientists. Accessed May 03, 2018. https://www.famousscientists.org/thales/."King Menkaure (Mycerinus) and Queen." Khan Academy. Accessed May 03, 2018. https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ancient-art-civilizations/egypt-art/predynastic-old-kingdom/a/king-menkaure-mycerinus-and-queen.O'Connor, J.J. "Pythagoras of Samos." School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St Andrews, Scotland. January 1999. Accessed May 02, 2018. https://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/history/Biographies/Pythagoras.html."Pythagoras - Greek Mathematics - The Story of Mathematics." The Story of Mathematics. Accessed May 03, 2018. https://www.storyofmathematics.com/greek_pythagoras.html.

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Ancient Egypt: Prior to Colonization, Colonization and Post Colonization

Contents

Prior to Colonization
Colonization
Post Colonization

Prior to Colonization

The foundation that was established within Egypt amid precolonial times was essential to the nation that followed. As early as 3032 BC, prior to the colonization of the kingdom, Egypt was ruled by kings and pharaohs. Referred to as the 'Lord of the Two Lands, the pharaohs were responsible for both the Upper and Lower regions of Egypt. One who held this position was greatly valued as they were both the political and religious leader of Egypt. The individual in this position owned all of the land; Thus, it was his duty to properly tax the people, make laws, and protect the nation from foreign threats. As for their role religiously, the pharaohs, or ??High Priest of Every Temple??, embodied the Gods on Earth. Taking part in rituals and the construction of temples in honor of the Gods. This style of reign was brought to an end in 30 BC when Augustus Caesar declared Egypt a province of Rome. Even prior to imperialism, foreign disputes were common throughout Egypt as many nations envied their accessibility to natural resources. Egypt struggled to maintain ancient practices and government structures amidst attack from nonnative rulers.

With an influx of immigrants came the pressure of alternate beliefs and practices. Astonishingly, the Egypt of yesteryear does not differ greatly in a religious sense from that of their current society. Similar to today, Egypt was predominantly Muslim. Throughout the course of the Kdeviate period, beginning in 1867 and lasting until 1914, the nation was defined as an Islamic state. Thus, women were required to veil their face before going out and children were commonly seen studying Qurans, the sacred Islamic book. Religion centered many of the Egyptians interaction, pertaining to each other and the deities they believed resembled, and were in control of the natural elements. Religious beliefs studied in the pre-colonial period largely shaped the Egyptian nation we are familiar with today

Colonization

Colonization in Egypt began as the British gained control over the nation during the year of 1882 in correspondence with the Anglo-Egyptian War. The first period of British rule (1882“1914) was referred to as the ""veiled protectorate"" during which the British had no legal control but rather established a de facto protectorate within the country. This state concluded in November of 1914 as the Ottoman Empire sided with the Central Powers, entering the First World War. This prompted the implementation of a protectorate by the British over Egypt. British occupation continued even through Sultan Fuad I's declaration as King of Egypt, establishing control over the Egyptian Army's and their society as a whole. The Second World War brought an attack upon Egypt due to the British presence, although Egypt did not become involved until late in the war.

European involvement deepened with the construction of the Suez Canal. Hefty finances landed Egypt in a state of debt, leaving a door open for European influence. Anglo-french leaders viewed this as an opportunity to act as financial advisors and oversee the payments of the Egyptians. Consequently, the Europeans became heavily involved in the Egyptian monarch. In accordance with Egypts past, the Europeans also viewed Egypt as a prosperous nation, this standpoint primarily rooted from their access to natural resources and water channels. Egypt's weakened state coupled with their desirable resources made them vulnerable to British dominance.

Nineteen-twenty two marks the formal independence of Egypt, although many Egyptians perceive their freedom in a different manner. In the midst of 1951, as the British intended to modify the treaty, it was completely abolished by an anti-British government. Not long after, the Suez Canal prompted a war between Britain and Egypt, but the British forces backed down as they received little support internationally. The withdrawal of troops followed and was completed by June of 1956. Thus, many Egyptians view the year of 1956 as their official state of liberty. Although not viewed as admirable by natives, the colonization of Egypt brought on by the Europeans was deemed progressive.

Post Colonization

The current state of Egypt is a breeding ground for revolution. Twenty-fourteen introduced the usage of a semi-presidential system in accordance with their newly adopted constitution. An organization in which the president acts as head of state and the prime minister as head of government. Twenty-sixteen brough the restoration of Egypt's legislature after nearly three-years without a formal parliamentary frame. The government within the nation continues to feel the strong effect from the military as they removed the President Mohamed Morsi in 2013. Additionally, the constitution established abolished parties based upon religion. This suppression put an end to the Muslim brotherhood and resulted in the arrest of many members. Consequently, the Salafist Noor Party and the liberal New Wafd Party have now obtained positions of power. Based upon their lack of unity, Egyptian political parties are described as weak and divided.

The people of Egypt are very unhappy with the current state of government as they feel it does not address major concerns across their society. One of the largest complaints being the minimal amount of focus placed on the unemployed youth, who account for an astounding 33% of the population. The unstable agricultural roots of Egypts economy leave a large percentage of its inhabitants impoverished. The lack of assembly and association between the people and leadership only furthers their fury. Arguments have risen over the protection of rights, especially in keeping with the Coptic Christians; women believe they are being oppressed by Egypts legal code. Since their educational system is a reflection of the failing government, the future does not look hopeful. Unrest is rampant among both the people and government.

Egypt has a multitude of hurdles to overcome. Economic hardships seem to be more the rule in this era versus the exception. Social unrest seems to be the bigger hurdle, gender inequities in particular. This is a systemic problem and religiously based. The history of Egypt prior to imperialism and amid colonization presented themselves.

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What Can Make War on Drugs Worse?

A growing problem facing America today is the rise in drug overdoses. In 2017, over 72,000 Americans died due to drug overdose (National Institute on Drug Abuse). Due to heroin, methamphetamine, cocaine, opioids, etc., thousands are losing their lives every year. Though the Justice Department is cracking down on drug dealers, some cities and states across the nation are looking to provide a safe haven for drug addicts, where they can shoot up without fear of being arrested. According to Deputy Attorney General of the United States Rod J. Rosenstein's New York Times op-ed, Fight Drug Abuse, Don't Subsidize It, cities such as New York, San Francisco, and Seattle, and states such as Colorado, Massachusetts, Vermont, and Maine are all either considering, or moving forward with, the idea of providing centers where these drug addicts can get high, and abuse harmful drugs, without any legal recourse. This is an all-around awful idea. Why should these states condone and support the use of illegal drugs? These injection sites will push cities further into becoming drug and crime riddled neighborhoods, while offering those who do not use these illegal drugs a safe place to experiment with them. Injection sites will also offer spots for teenagers to use and abuse these harmful drugs, where they may not have had these centers not been opened. As a nation, we should be more worried about stopping drug addiction, not facilitating it.

The city of San Francisco has an estimated homelessness population of just under 7,500 (Norman). The city is already filled with homeless people, and adding injection sites for drug abusers might make this problem even worse. Hardcore drugs will bring drug dealers bringing with them violence and despair, posting a danger to neighbors and law-abiding visitors, (Rosenstein). Allowing these injection sites would bring many more drug dealers to the cities condoning it, which will substantially hurt the city in the long-run. Poverty will rise, as more and more flock to these areas, knowing they can safely fuel their addiction. Along with poverty, the crime rate will also rise, as new drug turfs are established, as drug dealers attempt to sell harmful drugs to people who know they can legally abuse them. The death rate may stay consistent, due to staffers at the injection sites being able to help those who overdose, but those who are addicted to heroin, opioids, methamphetamines, etc., will rise significantly. Cities such as New York, San Francisco, and Seattle, who all have homelessness problems, need to stop and think if this is the right direction to take when dealing with drug addiction. Should these cities use taxpayer dollars to establish drug zones, or should they use that money to invest in rehabilitation clinics, that can help addicts get off drugs? It sounds like an easy decision to make, yet these cities, along with Colorado, Massachusetts, Vermont, and Maine, are all contemplating the idea of the literal drug zones.

Along with turning cities into areas of higher poverty and crime than there are presently, the drug injection sites could allow a whole new wave of people to become hooked on harmful drugs. When something is offered for people, they might take the chance to use/abuse this opportunity. Maybe a man is down on his luck; he has just gotten divorced, and lost his job. If he lives in a city or state that is offering these drug-use facilities, he might go and use an illegal drug to blow off some steam, and might become addicted. These injection facilities will open the floodgates to a whole new population of drug abusers who would not have been there before. Cities and states will be taking the risk of creating more drug addicts, which, in the long term, be more harmful than beneficial to the cities and states themselves. They will have to deal with the consequences of adding drug addicts, which will bring on homelessness, poverty, crime, and eventually/hopefully rehabilitation.

Along with the general population having access to illegal drugs, it will also open the floodgates to teenagers being able to abuse drugs. Teenagers are rebellious by nature, and allowing them to do an illegal activity without consequence is like the Purge movies brought to life. Teenagers across the country are already experimenting with deadly drugs, and allowing them a safe haven to do them is like the high school parents who allow their kids to drink and smoke at the house to a whole new level. Not only do they risk the chance of becoming addicted to drugs, but it will also set in place bad morals and ethics for the rest of their lives. They will now think that they can get away with anything if they know that they will not be punished, which can lead to bad morality over legality. All in all, the most important thing is that we should not be allowing this nation's youth to be doing harmful drugs that can ail their future in the first place. We should not condone anyone's substance and drug abuse.

Hard-core drugs are known to be harmful to people and the communities around them, as we see drug riddled communities throughout the United States. Allowing cities to become hubs for the illegal use of drug to be done legally is asinine, as they will hurt the cities and states themselves, bring in a new wave of drug addicts, and open the floodgates for teens to experiment with these harmful drugs. No injection sites should be considered, let alone opened, if we want to stop the drug addiction and overdose problem in this country, as this will just make matters worse.

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A Problem of Drugs in Society

Contents

Abstract
THE WAR ON DRUGS
In conclusion
References

Abstract

The war on drugs hasn't just started, but the time is now to get it under control. The jails are becoming overcrowded, the crime rate is rising, families being divided, more rehabs are needed and smuggling needs to come to stop. Our plan is to use tax dollars, but it's not a good strategy so far. We need to clean up our streets first before we try to deal with anything else. Let's start with ourselves! Get the drug dealers off the street, get the drug users cleaned up and then there will be no money to buy the drugs from the other countries so it will slow down the smuggling. How can we come together to fight this war on drugs besides wasting tax dollars? Will building the wall on Mexico border help us out? Can we fix the broken homes by getting their family member(s) the help they need?

THE WAR ON DRUGS

In 1980s drugs were released into the streets and took over one addict at a time. Drugs have damaged so many people lives and has yet to discriminate whether you're rich or poor. Drugs have divided homes, destroyed marriages, filled up rehab centers and jail cells. While drug dealers are out here raising the crime rate creating gangs to go against each other as far as killing for territory reasons. War on drugs has taken over and it's time to fight back!

The cost of money spent to prevent

To prevent the war on drugs will cost the taxpayers a lot of money. The drug war is responsible for trillions of wasted tax dollars and misallocated government spending, as well as devastating human costs that far outweigh the damage caused by drugs alone.Over the past four decades, federal and state governments have poured over $1 trillion the drug war and relied on taxpayers to foot the bill. Unfortunately, these tax dollars haven't solved the problems they were intended to solve.(Reference 8)

Import of drugs

Drugs are imported through the coastlines of America whether it's driven, flown or shipped in. It's getting in the streets of America and being sold day by day. We the people of America have witnessed drugs being seized. The latest big drug bust over a two month spans was $729 Million worth of cocaine from boats moving drugs from Central America to the US. (Giaritelli, 2008) Just imagine how many people would of been affected by these drugs let alone overdosed.

Coast guards have been put to work 2018. Seizing boat loads after boat loads of not only cocaine, but also marijuana. There's also the drugs they didn't stop that made it on to the streets where drug dealers will sell to whomever is ready to buy. I always wondered, do they realize that they are destroying people lives? Why sell drugs to kill and harm the body?

After doing research I came across the top 17 drug bust since the 1980s. Most of the top big drug busts come from the west coast. Here's the top 5 out of the 17 drug bust:

$6.9 billion, Sylmar, California in 1989. Authorities seized more than 21 tons of cocaine worth roughly $6.9 billion on the street sitting in a nondescript warehouse. When the main players had their cases go to trial, the warehouse owner received a life sentence, according to the Los Angeles Times.
$3 billion, Hayward, California in 1991. A month of surveillance and a coordinated law enforcement effort produced one of the biggest drug busts we've ever seen. A warehouse raid in Hayward in the east bay seized 1,200 pounds of heroin worth roughly $3 billion.
$1.2 billion, Colombia in 1984. Forget talking about just drug dealers, Pablo Escobar is one of the richest criminals who ever lived. He and his Medellin cartel cohorts made an estimated $420 million each week supplying 80% of the cocaine in the United States in the 1980s.
$1 billion, Harlingen, Texas in 1989. Authorities searched a house and discovered nearly 18,000 pounds of wrapped cocaine estimated to be worth $1 billion.
$350 million, Panama in 2007. A Coast Guard ship stopped and searched a container ship, and discovered more than 42,000 pounds of cocaine worth $350 million.(Rossi, 2018)

Ways to prevent drug trafficking

The flow of drugs coming into the United States is an ongoing ordeal that will take a lot of brainstorming and time to figure out how to stop the drugs from coming in. One of the top options is building a wall for Mexico. It will slow do the trafficking down on heroin, methamphetamine, cocaine, and fentanyl. I think it will be a good investment if they build a wall to crack down on drugs.

Drugs coming in from Central America would take time to come up with a strategy, that's not something that can just be stopped. We receive fruit and goods from Central America and along with the fruits and goods there's the drugs packaged inside. There's really not much America can do about the drugs coming from Central America. They only advice at this point is the work harder and smarter.

Gangs

Once the drugs hit the streets the selling begins. You have gangs in competition based on who have the best drugs and who make more money. All they care about is territory and getting the drugs to buyers with no problems. Once the gangs bump heads the start sending threats and go far as to killing each other for respect.

Gang members take selling drugs with pride. They get their team members and they are ready for the battle. In bigger cities there's so many drug gangs and they are hard to track down and control. Gangs in fast based cities have the most problems because the become greedy. The faster the drugs sell, the more problems created. Jealousy and envy comes about and that tend to cause gang wars. It's bad enough we are fighting to keep it out the United States and their fighting to sell it. All they see is the money not the affect their causing to the families their selling the drugs to.

Drugs causing crime

Dealing with drugs is a crime whether you're smuggling, selling or buying it. Why risk your freedom for something that is out to destroy people? Well the money and high is good for the moment until you're hauled off to jail. Then it's should of, would of, could of or all the why questions.

The drug crime rate is rising year by year, but it seems like the more drugs they send the more people go to jail. There were 1,572,579 drug arrests in the U.S. in 2016. The total number is up roughly 5.6% from the 1,488,707 arrests for drug crimes in the country in 2015.(Angell, 2017) You would think the numbers will decrease when they see others go to jail, but they still chance it.

The increasing drug bust rate stands in contrast to the public-health-focused rhetoric from Obama administration drug officials who consistently tried to move away from war on drugs terminology.Locking people up for minor drug offenses, and especially people with substance-use disorders, is not the answer, Michael Botticelli, then Obama's White House Office of National Drug Control Policy director, said in a 2015 interview. It's cruel. It's costly. And it doesn't make the public any safer.

In a PBS appearance last year, Botticelli, commonly referred to as the drug czar, called treating substance misuse as a crime inhumane and said, we can't arrest our way out of the problem.Similarly, he told 60 Minutes: We can't arrest and incarcerate addiction out of people. Not only do I think it's really inhumane, but it's ineffective and it cost us billions upon billions of dollars to keep doing this. (Angell, 2017)

Filling jail cells

With the population of other crimes mixed in with the drug criminals there's really not enough room for everyone. Not to mention also enough tax dollars to tend to all the inmates. Now these days it has become very common to just through them in a drug program, give them probation or house arrest to free up space. The jails have become over populated and there's only so much the tax dollars can do to make sure the inmates are in good standards.

Back in 2010 The Fair Act Sentencing (FSA) was passed by Congress to release inmates who was incarcerated before 2010 on crack/powder cocaine charges. The FSA reduced the sentencing disparity between offenses for crack and powder cocaine from 100:1 to 18:1. The scientifically unjustifiable 100:1 ratio meant that people faced longer sentences for offenses involving crack cocaine than for offenses involving the same amount of powder cocaine.(The American Civil Liberties Union, 2018)

The drug addicts

Drugs has becoming an addiction to the users over the years. They get high until they pass out and that's what they usually aim for. They become so numb to the world and they have no worries until the drugs wear off. Some go for more and some only use it when needed. They go through life needing it and if they don't get it they start to hallucinate. They lash out and tend to hurt people they love the most before the target a complete stranger.

Drugs has ruined people mentally, physically and emotionally. Sometimes it's just too late for them to find help after they have overdosed. Just imagine getting home after a long day of work or school and find your family member lifeless because their drug addiction. This happens everyday and some people don't survive an overdose.

They use drugs to cope with their everyday life issues and fall short to drugs. Some drug addicts lose everything even their mind until the point they don't know if the coming or going. Some just give up on life and all they know is to run to drugs it'll solve it all. Drugs really have damaged our streets, our people and most of all families!

Dividing homes

Most drug addicts cherish drugs over their family and this has caused so many issues. Homes have become divided, children are left behind, the perfect love stories has ended, stealing money or valuable items to get money for drugs and the list goes on. Drugs has turn family members to enemies, hate built up into innocent kids growing up knowing their parents let drugs get in between and a silent death leaving family members broken.

Drugs have separated innocent children for their parent(s), some since birth. Do these innocent kids deserves this? No. Do their parent(s) care? Some. 25% of American kids grow up in households where substance abuse is present. (American Addiction Centers, 2018) Some of the kids struggle in school dealing with substance abuse problems in their home.

Children who have been left behind tend to struggle in life. They go through an emotional roller coaster feeling unwanted or blame themselves for their parents drug addiction. They beat themselves up trying to figure out why me?!. When it's actually not their fault and it's out of their control because their parents turned to drugs.

Then you have the perfect love stories that turn into divorces and sometimes abuse. You have people who've been dating for years and never had an idea their partner were on drugs until the couldn't hide it anymore. Their addiction for drugs have become so strong they can't hide it anymore and sometimes their partner join in with them. You also have, the couples who fight for their love and battle drugs at the same time causing their relationship to become abusive. Some couples end up killing their spouse if they get to the point where their tired and they've had enough of the abuse. TheThe best thing to do before you reach the abusive stage is to either get a divorce or seek help. best thing to do before you reach the abusive stage is to either get a divorce or seek help.

Rehab centers

Finding help isn't the issue, wanting help is the issue. Most addicts think they can help themselves until they find themselves running into the same problems that led them to drugs. In the United States, more than 14,500 specialized drug treatment facilities provide counseling, behavioral therapy, medication, case management, and other types of services to persons with substance use disorders. Along with specialized drug treatment facilities, drug abuse and addiction are treated in physicians' offices and mental health clinics by a variety of providers, including counselors, physicians, psychiatrists, psychologists, nurses, and social workers. Treatment is delivered in outpatient, inpatient, and residential settings. (National Institute on Drug Abuse,2018)

The drug addicts who enter rehab programs is court ordered by a judge or a family member is tired of dealing with the issues they have to deal with in their home. Some people quit and some don't. There is no standard definition of rehab, so there is no standardized way to measure the success of addiction centers. Many base their success rates on unreliable metrics, such as:

Completion of the program
Sobriety rates immediately after treatment
Client interviews
Internal studies(National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2018)

In conclusion

As of now it look like America will continue fight the war on drugs because the plan we have has yet to work. The plan we've been using has but taxpayers dollars to waste, the crime rate continues to grow and the smugglers are still smuggling. I think if we clean up our streets first and give higher sentencing to teach others a lesson it'll probably help. We need to open up more rehab programs to help the drug addicts get off the drugs to stop buying then eventually the wouldn't be able to buy supply to restock because nobody is buying. No money coming in, no drugs coming in!

References

Giaritelli, A.. (July 2018). Coast Guard seizes $729M worth of cocaine from boats moving drugs from Central America to the US. Retrieved from https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/coast-guard-seizes-729m-worth-of-cocaine-from-boats-moving-drugs-from-central-america-to-the-us%3f_amp=true
Rossi, J..(September 2018) 17 of the Biggest Drug Busts in U.S. History Are Worth Billions. Retrieved from https://www.cheatsheet.com/money-career/biggest-drug-busts-in-u-s-history.html/
Angell, T..(September 2017). Drug Arrests On The Rise In US: New FBI Data. Retrieved from https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.forbes.com/sites/tomangell/2017/09/25/drug-arrests-on-the-rise-in-us-new-fbi-data/amp/
The American Civil Liberties Union. (2018). FAIR SENTENCING ACT. Retrieved from https://www.aclu.org/issues/criminal-law-reform/drug-law-reform/fair-sentencing-act
American Addiction Centers. (October 2018).Guide for Children of Addicted Parents. Retrieved from https://americanaddictioncenters.org/guide-for-children
National Institute on Drug Abuse. (January 2018). Drug Addiction Treatment in the United States. Retrieved from https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/principles-drug-addiction-treatment-research-based-guide-third-edition/drug-addiction-treatment-in-united-states
Drug Policy Alliance. (2018). Making Economic Sense. Retrieved from https://www.drugpolicy.org/issues/making-economic-sense

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Police and the War on Drugs

Many currently illegal drugs, such as marijuana, cocaine, meth, and heroin have been used for many years. Some are mainly used for self-interest purposes. Then why are certain drugs legal to use in the community today while others are illegal? The harms of drugs on the user's health, as well as the health of the community are greatly impacted by the use of drugs. Family members are also affected even if they are not the ones who are using. Their loved one, as well as the person who is liked by the community as a whole, could be seriously injured and sick, or possibly even dead due to an overdose due to illegal drugs in the community.

However, the harms and after-effects of these drugs are not the reason that they are illegal, but because of who those drugs are associated with. Chinese immigrants were targeted by anti-opium laws in the 1870s. The anti-marijuana laws, that targeted Mexican immigrants, came around in the early 1900s. Cocaine laws started in the early 1900s and targeted African Americans in the south. Even as of today, Mexican and African Americans are primarily targeted by police as the primary users and traffickers of drugs in the United States. The War on Drugs was started in 1971 when President Nixon declared war on drugs. Doing so, Nixon increased the amount of drug control groups and agencies across the United States. Nixon had to fight a battle against a commission to keep drugs illegal. However, In 1972, the commission unanimously recommended decriminalizing the possession and distribution of marijuana for personal use. Nixon ignored the report and rejected its recommendations.

Between 1973 and 1977, however, eleven states decriminalized marijuana possession (A Brief History of the Drug War). Next, Jimmy Carter was elected president due to his promises to completely decriminalize marijuana use. Which, in turn led to the senate declaring that it was legal for a person to have up to one ounce of marijuana in their possession for personal use. However, after only a few years, this would soon be changing. Nobody wanted the decriminalization of marijuana. In fact, people actually wanted it to become a crime again because of the toll that the drug was taking on the youth. Parents were afraid that their kids were high all the time, and that their long-term health was diminishing. Because of the people now wanting the drugs to become more illegal again, presidential candidate Ronald Reagan was very appealing. As he was president, this started the increase of people that are incarcerated for drug use. Thanks to his unprecedented expansion of the drug war. The number of people behind bars for nonviolent drug law offenses increased from 50,000 in 1980 to over 400,000 by 1997 (A Brief History of the Drug War).

Even today, overcrowding is a serious problem in America. More than seven hundred thousand civilians are arrested each year for marijuana offenses. Almost five hundred thousand remain behind bars for stuff such as minor drug violations. The reason for hysteria to begin over the drugs was due to the media and news showing videos of people who were using and addicted to crack cocaine. Crack is the solid, smokable form of cocaine. Crack offers a shorter, but far more intense high than drugs such as marijuana. Cocaine comes from coca leaves. Cocaine started booming in the United States in the mid 1970s. Because it was so popular, everyone was trying to ship their supply in and sell it. Thus, creating a major price drop due to the surplus of cocaine available. In order for the dealers to turn more of a profit, the dealers started turning their cocaine into chunks that could be smoked. This allowed them to sell the cocaine in smaller amounts, to more people, which created more of a profit for them. The high demand of the new form of cocaine led to the spread of it all across large American cities. This caused the crack epidemic. In 1985, the number of people who admitted using cocaine on a routine basis increased from 4.2 million to 5.8 million (The Crack Epidemic).

By 1987, crack was available in every state except for four in the United States (The Crack Epidemic). Another major drug that the police are constantly fighting, especially in our part of the United States, is crystal methamphetamine. First, amphetamine was made in 1887 in Germany, but crystal methamphetamine came around in around 1919. Crystal methamphetamine is a white crystalline drug that people take by snorting, smoking, or straight injection with the use of a needle. The drug creates a sense of happiness and gives the user energy, which is what attracts them to it. Also, because this drug's effects can last a long time, it attracts users. Many names officers and people on the street use for this drug is meth, crank, chalk, or speed. This drug is typically used in more populated areas as a party drug. Meth is one of the most dangerous drugs, because of its chemical composition and effects it leaves on the user's body. The drug is highly addictive (What is Methamphetamine).

Another highly dangerous drug police are still fighting in the drug war today is heroin. Heroin is an opioid drug made from morphine. Heroin mainly comes from Asia, Mexico, and Colombia. It can either be white or brown powder, or a black, sticky substance called black tar heroin. The way heroin is mainly used is by injection, but people can also take it by snorting or smoking. Heroin has many dangerous effects. It can cause insomnia, collapsed veins, heart infections, liver and kidney disease, and mental disorders (National Institute on Drug Abuse). When Geroge Bush came in office, he was very much for the taking away of drugs in America. He launched a major campaign about getting students required to take more drug tests. He also increased the number of raids. By the end of Bush's term, there were about 40,000 paramilitary-style SWAT raids on Americans every year, mostly for nonviolent drug law offenses, often misdemeanors (A Brief History of the Drug War). Today, use of marijuana is taking a turn to gaining legalization. It has been legalized in several states for the use of medicinal purposes and also completely legal in others. Legalization of marijuana in many states has taken a negative effect on how well street police officers can do their jobs. The police officers have been trained to fight the drug war. Legalizing marijuana goes against all the training they received, plus it goes against all the experience they have learned working the streets.

In certain situations, on the street, if a police officer finds someone with marijuana, it complexifies the situation because now the officer has to figure out how much marijuana the offender has, and if they have enough time to make an arrest for it when they first initiated the stop. If officers have specialized in certain areas such as marijuana busts, this essentially removes that officer from performing his job well until he learns about how to make arrests again. Although legalizing marijuana may help with overpopulation in jails and prisons, it increases the amount of crime that is taking place and also increases the number of overdoses on drugs. Overdoses have become a common thing in America. Hospitals are wasting valuable money and resources on the treatment of overdose cases and antidotes that they could be spending on more important matters such as emergency care of medical studies to find cures for diseases such as cancer.

Today, police, along with president Trump, are in a massive battle for trying to get the United States drug free. President Trump's method for keeping them out is building a wall on the southern border of the United States in order to keep illegal immigration, along with the trafficking of drugs, away from the United States. The war on drugs, along with president Trump's methods of keeping drugs out, has subsequently taken a negative toll on the importation of illegal drugs. Even though it is keeping some drugs out, it has made the drug traffickers more ruthless. They are finding new ways every day to smuggle the illegal drugs into the United States. It has also made them more highly dangerous. Increasing the penalty for being caught with drugs has made the traffickers more of a threat. Now, they are willing to do whatever it takes to avoid getting caught. If that means killing Americans, or even sacrificing some of their own to get the drugs in, they are willing to do it. As of today, officers fight the war on drugs every day. The numbers of drug cases a day are immaculate.

Valuable police work is being spent on drug crimes while it could be spent on murder crimes or robberies. Peoples' decisions to ruin their lives on drugs plays a major role in the community rather than just on themselves. Police work in communities are being wasted when trying to find the drugs and find the dealers. But the worst thing that is being wasted is police officers' lives. The number of police officers that are being murdered today is unspeakable. Police officers are here to protect and serve the community, and many lose their lives due to drug violence. Drugs are making people go crazy. They are also taking a huge toll on the communities as a whole. People who are drug users are typically of no use to a society because most cannot function properly on the job or as a member of society. Because they are on drugs, they are already committing an illegal act, and drug use typically leads to more crime being committed. Drug users are typically the offenders who commit most robberies because they are trying to get more money to buy even more drugs with. They are not in their right minds when they are high. This means they will do whatever it takes to stay high or to get high when it wears off.

The war on drugs has gone up and down throughout its history. Police officers risk their lives on a daily basis trying to fight the war and keep the community clean from drugs, and people just take that for granted. Arrests are being made, but police officers are also losing their lives when there is no good reasoning behind it other than people wasting their lives on a temporary high while they destroy themselves.

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Biological Effects of Hirosima Atomic Bombing

Introduction

The atomic bombing which happened on August 1945 during World War II in Hiroshima resulted in a dreadful loss to the people of Hiroshima and even to the entire world. For past seventy years after the Hiroshima atomic bomb explosion, there have been numerous research studies carried out on the biological effect of the atomic bomb to human beings, animals and even plants.1 These research studies have been mainly conducted by scientist and researchers mainly from Radiation Effects Research Foundation, biology and nuclear department of the Hiroshima University, and Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission. The atomic bomb of Hiroshima was made up of a unique gun-type device which consisted of uranium. The Hiroshima atomic bomb was nicknamed Little Boy.

The atomic bomb caused numerous biological effects on both human beings, animals and plants. Some of these atomic biological bombing effects had a long-term effect while others were characterized by short terms effects. An atomic bomb can be described as a bomb which acquires its powerful destructive energy from expeditious nuclear energy release through massive nuclei atomic fission resulting destruction due to released radioactivity, blast and heat. Biological effects can be described as a particular occurrence of various health effects due to ionizing radiation exposure. The biological effects are determined by various factors such as the radiation type exposed, dose size received, body parts exposed, individual age and biological differences. The ionization radiation effects are classified into two major groups namely non-stochastic and stochastic.

The Hiroshima atomic bombing was characterized by numerous biological effects whereby some were short-term while others were long-term. Depending on the critical factors of biological effects determination, the more the amount of radiation exposure, the more the rate of biological health effects and vice versa were felt. Also depending on the age, young people were more prone to biological health effects as compared to other age stages. In addition, depending on the biological differences, certain individuals were more sensitive to radiation hence increasing the rate of biological effects to them as compared to other people who were less sensitive. This paper discusses the resulting biological long-term effects of atomic bomb together with short terms effects in Hiroshima atomic bombing.The short-term biological effects of Hiroshima atomic bombing

There are numerous short-term biological effects of atomic bombing in Hiroshima. According to the biology and nuclear medicine department of the University of Hiroshima, the atomic bombing resulted in various biological acute effects. The enumerated acute effects have been grouped into mechanical injuries, radiation injuries and finally thermal injuries. Radiation played a critical role in causing various short-term biological impacts on the atomic bomb survivors. For examples, some of the survivors from the atomic bomb died five weeks after the explosion due to radiation. The survivor's body tissues experienced numerous sensitivity variations as a result of apparent ionization in the body tissues. The survivor's bone marrows were induced to radiations effects which led to depletion of the bone marrow resulting in loss of lives. The damage of bone marrow due to radiations exposure led to an increase in the rate of blood-related problems such as thrombocytopenia, hemorrhagic tendencies and leukopenia among other infections. Besides, the ionizing radiations of the Hiroshima atomic bombing affected spermatogenesis of the atomic bomb survivors as they are discussed below in this paper.

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School Seems Almost Impossibly Expensive

School seems almost impossibly expensive, and yet every year it tends to go up. Getting a degree is important for your future career, and applying for financial aid is always helpful, but it's hard to understand how universities can set these sky-high prices. College tuition is indefinitely increasing every year while the yearly salary of a parent stays the same. One of the hardest decision a high school graduate faces is the decision between attending a community college or university. Over half the students attending a university show concern about paying for college. Students should be able to attend a 4-year college without the worry of being in thousands of dollars in debt. There are scholarships, grants and financial aid available, but not everyone has those options. Even though some students have the options of student loans and financial aid, with higher unemployment rates and tuition still rising paying off debt is getting harder each year.

In the United States alone an average student loan is about $38,000. Countless amount of college graduates are paying back student loans from years ago, with no future of when the bills will stop coming. As many students high school chapter is coming to a close, many will be making a decision that will affect the future. For many students that decision will be to enroll in a college and attain a higher education. However, as tuition costs rise, students have to step back taking a second look at their options. For most community college is that second look for many because of the lower costs.

Community colleges used to have the reputation of being less academically serious, but over the years community colleges has changed the platform of higher education, adding more options for students to pursue a degree. Across the board community college is the most affordable. The tuition is half the price of university partly because they strip the cost of extracurricular sports and the living of on campus lifestyle. From personal experience attending Macomb has saved me over thousands of dollars towards my classes and books. I would like to attend Grand Valley university next year, but Macomb has allowed me to take my GED classes at a more affordable price. Although a community college doesn't provide the luxuries of living the campus lifestyle that a university comes with, you are getting tuition and classes for a lesser value.

Turning 18 is exciting time for most teens, but with turning 18 comes major responsibility. Straight out of high school we are suppose to know the path of our lives, the career choice and where we will be headed in life. As estimated 20 to 50 percent of students enter college as undecided, and estimated of 75 percentage change their major at least once before graduation. The general career decision-making process, are based off of general interest, family, and peer influences. As a millenium in this generation we are told we are able to do anything we put our minds too, and if we wanted a high paying job a good education was required. Although a good education may be required overtime good interpreted into being expensive.

We are told throughout our lives universities are how you achieve the good education for the high paying job, but in reality we waste our money on classes we could be taking for half the prices at a community college. A university will give you the college experience but it won't necessarily get you the job. Most employers don't care where you got your degree, so attending a university might just leave you in debt. Classes sizes at a community college are a huge advantage, most class sizes range from 20-30 students making it easy to attain instructions and extra help from your professor. Unlike a Community at a university you are referred to as a number pilling into lecture halls having up to 100 students in each. Being an undecided major at a university you may be paying hundreds of dollars more for a GED class that may be half the price at a local college. From my experience I have friends attending a university paying for classes that add up to my full tuition of attending a community college. Although community colleges and university serve as the same purpose the differences in tuition are indefinitely the biggest difference.

Choosing a college means going to, an unfamiliar world of vast opportunities. Choosing between a university and community college can be the hardest decision for any student, but tuition is what makes the decision. College tuition is a hot topic today many use to not pay attention to the tuition to attend a college, but with rise of tuition prices going up everyone is noticing. Though some families are able to send their child to college without the help of financial aid or loans, but the amount of families is low compared to the families who need financial aid to attend college. Students who want to attend the 4- year university should be able to without the concern of how they are going to pay for the tuition.

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The Cost of College Tuition

The Cost of College Tuition is a topic that will never go away and will always be discussed. There are many ways to help current and future students pay for college such as work study, grants, scholarships and of course student loans along with many other options. There are also many things that hold students back from going to college. The constant change in interest rates, family influences, economic issues in the home and many other reasons. The reason some students may not attend college in other countries may not be the same reason that some students in the United States do not attend.

Over the course of time, college tuition has increased by an extreme amount. According to CNBC, Students at public four-year institutions paid an average of $3,190 in tuition for the 1987-1988 school year, with prices adjusted to reflect 2017 dollars. Thirty years later, that average has risen to $9,970 for the 2017-2018 school year. That's a 213 percent increase. The difference is stark at private schools as well. In 1988, the average tuition for a private nonprofit four-year institution was $15,160, in 2017 dollars. For the 2017-2018 school year, it's $34,740, a 129 percent increase.

Throughout the years, the college enrollment numbers have increased from back in the day. The first set of student loans that were given by the Federal Government were offered in the 1950's under National Defense Education Act. Back in 1940, the number of graduates ranged from about 180,000-190,000. These numbers mean that approximately less than 5% of the adults ages 25 and older had college degrees. The number of college degrees just about tripled in the 1950's thanks to the Servicemen's Readjustment Act in 1944, more commonly known as the GI Bill.

This allowed veterans from World War II to get an education using federal benefits. The GI Bill in today's generation is used for any Department for Veterans Affairs education benefit earned by members of Active Duty, Selected Reserve and National Guard Armed Forces and their families (GI Bill Overview, 2018). By the 1970's students obtaining a bachelor's degree had increased to almost 900,000. By this time, the number of women involved in getting a college education was still low, but still tripled over the 20 years prior.

More women have become active in the education world overtime. Many corporations and organizations have opened up allowing more women living in third world countries to attend school and get a higher education. In an article titled, Why men are the new college minority, It goes into describe why men are enrolling in college in smaller and smaller number over the years. An observation was done at Carlow University and it showed that women at that university outnumbered men by more than six to one. As to back in the day, that number would've been drastically different.

According to this website, by 2026, 57% of college students will be women (Marcus, 2017). Carlow University started out much like Alvernia, it was an all women's college by an order of nuns and to this day, the school is still overrun by women. School's around the world are looking to recruit more men to pursue a college education by adding athletics or more male-based activities to draw their attention to their universities. Athletics such as men's track-and-field, football, and wrestling are the sport's that are used to appeal to men. Degrees such as business and sports related majors are used to bring more men into pursuing higher education. Most men are going into vo-tech or straight into the workforce after high school.

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Determining Effectiveness

Contents

Introduction:
Determining effectiveness:
Origins of the Moro conflict in the Philippines:
United States involvement in the Philippines:
Active counterterrorism strategies in the Philippines:
Passive counterterrorism strategies in the Philippines:

Introduction:

After the September 11 attacks, the United States sought to eliminate terrorism around the world. Has the United States been effective in reducing terrorism? The answer is not straightforward. For every effective counterterrorism effort, there is another ineffective effort. This essay will explore the United States' use of active and passive counterterrorism strategies and under which circumstances, they are effective. Whereas active policies, such as preemptive strikes, military raids, and covert operations are often viewed favorably in the United States, passive policies of deterrence, conciliation, and instituting laws are often more successful in quelling terrorism because they do not radicalize moderates. That is not to say that active counterterrorism strategies are not useful.

While effective passive strategies prevent groups from growing, effective active strategies protect the United States from immediate threats and can eliminate an isolated group. Neither strategy is superior per se. Both active and passive strategies are useful in certain circumstances, but the circumstances in which each will be useful must be known. Without detailed knowledge of the political, cultural, and social situation of the area where the United States is fighting, any strategy will fail.

Determining effectiveness:

To determine the effective of counterterrorism strategies, criteria for effectiveness must be laid out. There are currently a wide number of measures of effectiveness in counterterrorism strategies; however, these measures are often problematic. They often leave out important factors necessary in determining if strategies are working. Measures of effective counterterrorism strategy should include the number of terrorist attacks, victims, and number of arrests.

These are all reasonable measures of effectiveness that use hard data to determine effective counterterrorism strategies. However, data alone does not provide a complete picture. While it answers the question of effectiveness firmly yes or no, the numbers themselves do not provide the full picture. Some important counterterrorism issues are not quantifiable. A more detailed measure of effectiveness must be put in place that considers both national security and the inner-workings of the terrorist organizations themselves.

Proponents of using the number of terrorist attacks as a measure for effectiveness argue that a decrease in attacks signals counterterrorism strategies are effective and an increase in attacks signals ineffective strategy. This is one of the easier measures of effectiveness to assess given the availability of data of terrorist attacks. However, an increase in attacks does not necessarily mean that counterterrorism strategies are ineffective, and vice-versa. A struggling terrorist group or a group with new leadership can launch terrorist attacks to show credibility and attempt to attract support. Simply counting the number of terrorist attacks from year to year does not consider how terrorist organizations are organized or where they are targeting.

A terrorist organization killing political leaders or heads of states is more damaging than groups of civilians, which is why number of victims is also a lacking measure of effectiveness. The death of Yitzhak Rabin is a good example of this. Assassinating Rabin in 1995 was much more damaging than if the assassin had chosen another target to protest the Oslo Accords. If a government's securities policies become too effective in which the terrorist group cannot target places they would typically such as embassies, they may target areas they deem easier like

schools or populated areas. Targeting the vulnerable can decrease support for terrorist groups and can drive away moderates who may have eventually sided with the group.

A frequent measure of effectiveness used by the Bush administration is the number of terrorist arrests. This measurement is only positive, however, when terrorist organizations are declining and have no outside support. In this case, arresting more and more will deplete the group's resources. Otherwise, terrorists are easily replaceable. In addition, arrests can have negative consequences and can draw moderates into the terrorist organization. Arrests can also create a power vacuum where new leaders seek to prove their credibility by attempting attacks.

These quantifiable statistics are certainly helpful in determining if counterterrorism strategies are effective and they should be used to some extent. However, they are most useful when terrorist groups are in decline and lack the resources to recruit new members. Therefore, effective strategies must seek to arrive at this point where terrorist organizations are isolated from the general population and unable to radicalize moderates to join their cause. Effective strategies must also dismantle terrorist networks so that terrorists cannot find sanctuary or assistance. These make up an improved measure of effectiveness. Once terrorist groups are at this point where they are unable to recruit new members and links between other terrorist organizations are broken, the measures above that use data are more relevant in determining to what extent terrorism poses a problem to the United States. Otherwise, effective counterterrorism strategies aim to maintain strong national security, separate the radicals unwilling to concede from the general population, and dismantle terrorist networks.
Both active and passive strategies have weaknesses; however, they can be used complementarily to overcome these flaws. As Peter Sederberg argues, the negative effects of immediate concessions may be offset by increased defensive or repressive measures. The negative effects of immediate repression may be offset by a long-term strategy of concessions. This points to the idea that effective strategies are not passive or aggressive. While they may lean a certain way, the type of strategy doesn't determine its effectiveness. Effectiveness depends on the situation in which a strategy is implemented.

Origins of the Moro conflict in the Philippines:

The foundation of violent separatist conflict in the southern Philippines began in 1971 when Nur Misuari founded the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) with the goal of obtaining an autonomous region for Muslims in the Mindanao region of the Philippines. Throughout the early and mid-1970's, the MNLF conducted guerrilla attacks against the Philippine government. Internal conflicts existed within the group. A leader of the MNLF, Hashim Salamat, disagreed with Misuari's dictatorial leadership and divergence from what he considered truly Islamic goals.

When Salamat challenged Misuari for leadership of the MNLF in 1977 and lost, Salamat abandoned the group along with several thousand others loyal to him and renamed the new group the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF).

Throughout the 1980's and 1990's, these two groups diverged in their strategies. While the MNLF negotiated with the Philippine government as the representative of the Moro people, the MILF focused on developing grassroots support and attracting new members. The Philippine government has accused the MILF of engaging in terrorist activities such as bus and airport bombings and hostage takings. These claims may be exaggerated as the government has incentive to blame attacks on the terrorist organization and undermine their legitimacy. There is a legitimate known history of the Moro Islamic Liberation Front conducting bombings and attacking the government. In 2000, President Joseph Estrada ordered military attacks against the terrorist organization and within four months, government forces had taken control of the MILF's main base. The MILF is currently the largest of the Philippine separatist groups.

The Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG), the final group in the Moro conflict, split from the MNLF in 1991. They are widely considered to be the most radical of the Islamic separatist groups in the southern Philippines and both the MNLF and the MILF have condemned their actions. The Abu Sayyaf Group has carried out bombings and kidnappings within the Philippines. They primarily target Christians and foreigners. In the late 1990's up to 9/11, the group had financial troubles and strayed away from terrorist activities toward kidnappings for ransom to raise funds.

United States involvement in the Philippines:

Why did the United States get involved in the Philippines when the groups in the Philippines were focused only on an independent state in the Philippines? All three groups were interconnected with Islamic extremist groups of the Middle East. Moro Islamic Liberation Front members fought in Afghanistan against the Soviets during the 1980's. At Osama bin Laden's request, the MILF opened its base camp to al-Qaeda jihadists. The Southeast-Asian and al-Qaeda affiliated terrorist organization Jemaah Islamiah has also trained members of the Moro Islamic Liberation Front on fighting tactics and has provided financial support to the group. The United States sought to intervene in the Philippines to cut off the terrorists' network to other groups.

Abu Sayyaf members also fought in Afghanistan in the 1980's and have ties to al-Qaeda and bin Laden. Notable al-Qaeda members Ramzi Yousef and Khalid Shaikh Mohammed traveled to the Philippines and collaborated with the ASG in a failed plot to bomb twelve airplanes in the Bojinka Plot. Due to its interactions with prominent members of al-Qaeda, the Abu Sayyaf Group was well on the radar of the United States after the September 11 attacks. It was not, however, until two Americans, along with dozens of others, were kidnapped by the Abu Sayyaf Group in mid-2001, that the United States decided to work with the Philippine government to rescue the hostages.

Active counterterrorism strategies in the Philippines:

The Abu Sayyaf Group used the hostage situation as Kydd and Walter's strategy of provocation to involve the United States in its conflict. This method is effective for the ASG because they seek territorial change. The heavy response of the government to their actions will convince moderate citizens that their government needs to be replaced or that independence from the central government is the only acceptable outcome. In the case of the Abu Sayyaf Group, the latter is the primary goal. They want the United States to cooperate with the Philippines to inflict indiscriminate violence among the Filipino Muslims so as to radicalize moderates into the group and force the government to install an independent state.

In early 2002, the United States and the Philippines coordinated in Operation Balikatan to send 1300 U.S. troops and 3000 Philippine soldiers to neutralize the Abu Sayyaf Group and free the two American hostages and one Filipino hostage. The mission failed. One American hostage was rescued; the other two killed. Several hundred members of the Abu Sayyaf Group were killed but its leaders were unharmed. Not only did the mission itself fail, but the Abu Sayyaf Group afterward directed its efforts towards the United States military with a series of bombings, killing a U.S. Green Beret. While the U.S. itself was not the initial enemy of the Abu Sayyaf Group, their cooperation with the Philippine government gave the Abu Sayyaf Group the reaction they desired.

The United States using aggressive tactics caused resentment among both members of Abu Sayyaf and moderate Muslims who believed the U.S. may occupy their homeland permanently as had been the case prior to 1992. This aggressive action may have also had negative consequences in the United States' counterterrorism efforts past the Abu Sayyaf Group targeting the U.S. military. By killing several hundred members of the group, moderate members were likely radicalized and pushed to join the Abu Sayyaf Group. As Ethan Bueno de Mesquita and Eric Dickson have found in their research, terrorist groups can increase political support by provoking governments to cause significant losses on a group of moderates or people who do not support the current regime, who then turn towards the terrorist group with support. This occurred after the United States' intervention. In 2003, the ASG retaliated with two simultaneous bombings killing 48 and wounding 204 in total and in 2004 killed 116 in a bombing of the ferry SuperFerry 14.

The United States' use of force against the Abu Sayyaf Group not only did not accomplish its mission of rescuing American hostages but worsened the terrorism situation in the Philippines as well. While the use of force is understandable against a group unwilling to negotiate with the Philippine government as the ASG is, the use of force must be within reason and must be followed by security measures to prevent attacks if leaders are not eliminated in military raids.

Another problem of using active policies like the military raids is that they fuel terrorist networks and lead to organizations cooperating with one another where groups can interact, obtain resources, and get training. Effective counterterrorism efforts seek to isolate terrorist organizations from the general population and dismantle networks between other terrorist groups. Neither of these were successfully done against the Abu Sayyaf Group. Instead of separating the group from the general population, the United States engaged in military efforts that radicalized moderates and brought more members into the group. Given that the ASG is the smallest of the three separatist groups, it should not have been difficult for the United States to develop a strategy that would allow for others not to be brought into the group. Using force was not the solution.

Passive counterterrorism strategies in the Philippines:

The Moro Islamic Liberation Front is not as radical in their beliefs as the Abu Sayyaf Group, and has even engaged with the Philippine government over the last twenty years. This opens the door for the United States to use more passive strategies in dealing with the MILF. The military action ordered by Estrada in 2000 caused major suffering and displacement of civilian populations. These events radicalized moderate members and established the group as the largest separatist group in the southern Philippines. When Gloria Arroyo assumed the presidency, she shifted counterterrorism policy from the active policies of Estrada to more passive policies seeking to negotiate with the group.

Also, three weeks after 9/11, the Philippine Congress passed the Anti-Money Laundering Act to locate and freeze terrorists financial assets. These actions demonstrate the Philippines' pursuit of fighting terrorism through passive strategies.
The United States also decided to pursue a more passive strategy toward the Moro Islamic Liberation Front in an effort to discontinue the group's links with Jemaah Islamiah. Instead of using military action, the United States threatened to take away funding and aid to the Moro communities unless the group cut its ties to Jemaah Islamiah.

This was not the first time threats had been made to the group, as the U.S. and EU had made similar threats for years. The Moro Islamic Liberation Front caved to the demands and cut its ties to Jemaah Islamiah and denounced the actions of the Abu Sayyaf Group, although there were supposedly still links between members of the group and the other terrorist organization after Salamat agreed to the United States' terms.

All three terrorist groups in the southern Philippines are simultaneously engaging in outbidding strategies. Since the three groups all have almost identical goals of an independent state, each group uses violence to convince the public that the terrorists have greater resolve to fight the enemy than rival groups, and therefore are worthy of support. The MILF has the greatest advantage given they are the largest of the three separatist groups. They also have a history of a willingness to negotiate with the Philippine government. Together, these facilitate a passive counterterrorism strategy of deterrence.

Whereas the ASG has stated they are unwilling to negotiate with government and will only create their independent state through violence, the MILF is open to discussion. This also provides an opportunity for the Moro Islamic Liberation Front to cooperate with the Philippine government. Since 2002, the group and the Philippine government have coordinated in working to bring down the Abu Sayyaf Group. Since the MILF is more moderate than the ASG, the government's goal is to bring the group into the political sphere while promoting the isolation and disintegration of the remaining extremist faction, in this case the Abu Sayyaf Group. This reduces the number of enemies the regime has and brings in an ally in the Moro Islamic Liberation Front who, for their own interests, wants to eliminate the ASG.

The deterrence strategies used by the United States and the Philippines proved effective. In 2002, the MILF promised to help local authorities arrest about 100 suspected [operatives] of al-Qaeda and Jemaah Islamiah. The counterterrorism strategies also brought the group back into the political sphere, reducing tensions and allowing for deliberation. Since 2010, the Moro Islamic Liberation Front's leaders have frequently engaged in talks with the Philippine government. Legislation has been proposed to establish a Moro state with regional autonomy after the MILF discarded its demands for an independent state.

While minor conflicts have still arisen between the group and the government, they are infrequent and a formal agreement is likely to be passed in the near future which gives Muslims control over the Mindanao region. While the ASG and MNLF reject these agreements for different reasons, the nearing agreements show the progress being made by the Philippine government and the MILF in their efforts to reconcile differences.

The use of passive strategies of deterrence and conciliation demonstrate the pinnacle of an effective counterterrorism strategy. The United States and the Philippines dismantled the network between the Moro Islamic Liberation Front and other terrorist organizations without having to resort to forceful measures that would radicalize moderates. While passive strategies do not always work as will be explained further below, when they are a viable option, the strategies can be more effective than active strategies. Active strategies tend to be short-sighted, especially when the group has the ability to expand or if strong security measures are not in place but can be useful as complementary parts to passive strategies.

Active counterterrorism strategies in Afghanistan:

Given that the Moro Islamic Liberation Front was willing to negotiate with the Phillipine government shows that there is a difference in methods between the MILF and other terrorist groups, particularly radical Islamic groups. The passive counterterrorism strategies may have only been effective against the MILF because they were willing to be accepted back into the political system. Their demands were reasonable, and the government was willing to sit down and concede various issues so long as the group cut its ties to other terrorist groups and moved away from violent acts. This is not the norm, however. As seen by U.S. efforts in Afghanistan, passive strategies do not work in all situations.

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