Oppressed Women in Handmaid’s Tale

Handmaid's Tale written by Margaret Atwood shows us unique aspects about the women who live in Gilead, the two different types of women in which Atwood mentions are unique, which are the Handmaids and the Martha's. These two different groups of women are not allowed to read because Gilead imposes a illiteracy on the female population. Both removal of language and prescription of phrases are similar to newspeak in 1984 and the hypnopedia teachings in Brave New World. The women of Gilead have unique aspects about themselves especially the Handmaid's.They are not allowed to read books, and by doing so this gives them a benefit of not rebelling against the commander and even the government, another way this gives the Handmaids a benefit of not being able to read is that they can be told what to do and they will do it. less talking and learning and more working.A quote from this would be : Blessed be the fruit...May the lord open. ( Atwood, 19) this quote right here is from the bible and it is saying that the handmaids are there just to make babies, whatever condition the handmaids are in the commander and his wife would not care but all they want is a healthy baby, and in the quote the fruit is symbolising the fetus and they want god to bless them. The novel also mentions prescription of phrases, they are allowed to mention and listen to certain phrases such as May the lord open (Atwood,19).

Once in awhile they have meetings; and during these meetings they read certain passages from the bible about Rachel and Leah and they just tell them that reproduction is very important. The people of Gilead are oppressed from reading and writing, but they have also been limited to where and what they could talk about: Washroom, I said. Watch the clock. End stall, two-thirty. ( Atwood, 71) this shows us the reader that they are always being watched and only talk about certain things, this may be because they are being brainwashed into thinking this is what they are made for and nothing else, and in this quote we know that Offred and Moira have to sneak into the bathroom and talk about whatever they want.

In the dystopian society in the Handmaid's Tale they suffer from many types of suppression and one of them is the freedom of reading and writing, the lock and key is something that only the commander can touch because the the books are always locked in his office and you have to have a key to open this, and in this society the handmaids are oppressed and can not have nice things: On the fourth evening he gave me the hand lotion, in an unlabeled plastic bottle. (Atwood, 157) this shows the reader that she is not used to having basic nice things such as hand lotion. the Handmaid's are just essentially just a womb with legs, the women of Gilead are oppressed because the men of the society think they are submissive and they need to be put into their place and this is why there are caste systems for the women population, since each woman is separated they can not do much and this gives the men in the society some type of peace, another reason why there is illiteracy on the female population is because the men want to be on top and show dominance.

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Why shouldn’t Children Receive Vaccines?

Don't vaccinate your children

My research report is on how I believe that children should not receive vaccines. If doctors really told people what they were putting in your children, then maybe parents would think twice about vaccinations. There are numerous reasons why vaccines are not a good choice for your kids. First off There are thousands of cases where children have adverse reactions to the vaccines they are scheduled to get and nothing is being changed in the vaccines, A lot of these cases go unreported and are hidden from the public as I will explain in my essay. Another reason to not trust these vaccines is that Vaccine manufactures have been caught not doing proper safety procedures before the vaccines go to the market, there are reports, letter and interviews done that show this is true, also the federal law protects pharmaceutical companies and the manufactures from lawsuits so parents can't sue them if their children have adverse effects because according to pharmaceutical companies vaccines are unavoidably unsafe. Not even most doctors giving the vaccines to your children know the truth about them, they say the vaccines are safe just because that's their job. Vaccines are dangerous, and people need to realize their children are being injected with a number of bad and questionable ingredients that have been proven to give children side effects short term and long term and even death, this is no secret.

Vaccines are dangerous and that's a fact. Parents are not aware of a lot of the dangerous chemicals, metals and other crazy ingredients in these vaccines that are pushed on to their children from the moment they are born. All Vaccines contain chemicals, heavy metals, preservatives, human cells, animal cells, GMOs and many other harmful and dangerous ingredients. No matter what pharmaceutical companies claim none of those ingredients should be injected into a child's body. in order to legally prove and assure people that the vaccines their children are receiving are safe and efficient, a study would have to be done that is big enough and with a significant number of children, comparing the health of vaccinated and unvaccinated children undergoing many test throughout the comparison, a study like that has yet to be done according to (Julian Whitaker, MD the truth about vaccines, national vaccine information center).

There are however way more studies and research that is scientifically proven that backs up how harmful the ingredients used in vaccines and show the truth and all the dangers they propose and have many facts about them you cand find on (MDSS, material data safety sheet). The vaccine manufactures are careless when it comes to proper testing and safety procedures. A response was written by (CoMeD Science Advisor, Paul G. King, PhD, Thimerosal in Vaccines Questions and Answers'), and in it he states how the FDA and the vaccine manufacturer failed to perform a no-observed-adverse-effect-level (NOAEL) assessment for multiple vaccines and failed to undergo a lot of other safety procedures with the formulas. Yet these products are still being sold and injected into kids and they don't even have proper safety test done to them.

Another thing to consider before giving your children vaccines is that big Pharmaceutical companies have federal charges of fraud. Merck pharmaceutical companies fraud cases were explained in an article, one reason they were sued for fraud was because they withheld a lot of information on the safety and effectiveness of the MMR vaccine, in other words vaccine manufactures manipulate their data in their favor, and they do it for the money (Lawrence Solomon, 2014 Huffington post) which is a shot scheduled for infants still today. Vaccines today have some ingredients that have been removed or been required by law to carry smaller amounts of ingredients because of the major health issues they were causing. But instead of getting rid of the vaccines the FDA just changes the laws and standards for certain vaccines so they don't go off the market or they make new versions of vaccines but in reality it was the same vaccjne with thw same ingredients just a different name.

In 1999 One vaccine called rotashield was taken off the market because it caused life threatening bowel obstruction, then in 2007 there was another rotavirus vaccine that came onto the market and this new version causes the same problems as the last rotavirus vaccine, this one was never taken off the market unfortunately (NCB news, Warning on diarrhea vaccine for infants, 2007). Every year, the flu shot gets less and less effective in 2015 the protective efficacy was at 23%. This is because humans have been receiving vaccinations for years and now viruses are growing immune to the vaccines, influenza being the primary example. This forces pharmaceutical scientists to create new vaccine designs and implementation that will supposedly have a better effect, but it really just contains more unnatural chemicals the body doesn't need. Even with the alleged better formula, people with illnesses like HIV and AIDS can compromise vaccines causing errors and therefor making them less effective. Vaccinations will be pointless in the future due to the fact that more and more people are becoming anti-vax meaning they will not give their children or themselves vaccinations.

According to CDC, in order for a vaccination to be most effective, everyone or the majority of the general population need to have the vaccine. If a child is the only one with vaccinations in a class of 30 students then the vaccination will most likely be ineffective. mercury which is a metal and a neurotoxin is an ingredient in childhood vaccines, Small amounts of this metal can cause serious issues and development problems in children and is also considered one of the top ten chemicals of public health concern these are both stated and on the facts sheet created by (the world health organization), this metal It is not safe and shouldn't be in vaccines. in 1999 there was a joint statement between the (AAP), us public health service and even the vaccine manufactures to remove any mercury substance (thimerosal) from childhood vaccines but the statement was basically a fake statement and it was not taken as serious as they needed too, today vaccines given to children still contain this dangerous metal (CDC.gov, February 16, 2001. Why would something like that be ignored, especially since this is an ingredient in a vaccine that are given to infants as soon as they are born. children who are vaccinated with every vaccine there scheduled to get, will receive multiple doses of vaccines that contain mercury and other metals if their parents chose to do so.

According to the national vaccine information center in 1983, one in 10,000 children were diagnosed with autism. Today in the US, 1 child in 150 develops autism and our infant mortality rate is about 71 percent higher than the comparable counties according to (Kaiser family foundation, health system tracker .org). US children receive up to 49 doses of vaccines from birth to age 6, the CDC recommends by age 18 your child receives up to 69 doses of 16 vaccines. costing about $2500 which is just with providing the vaccines parents will have to pay many other additional costs with choosing to vaccinate there child.

Vaccine numbers are going to continue to raise, meaning children will be exposed to more amounts of the dangerous ingredients, unless more people become more aware and stop allowing their kids to be vaccinated. with the rise of vaccines, the autism rates are higher than ever as well as other chronical illnesses, SIDS, and other complications in the US. The best advice is doing research because doctors do not know everything and it is better if you know what bad chemicals will be going into you or your child's body. If everyone did their research, there would be a significant difference in the amount of people giving themselves and their children vaccines.

Also, the fact that there are already a lot of people against vaccinating their kids, the future generations of people are going to be at risk since vaccinations are only effective if everyone in the population has had it. Diseases like polio, smallpox and influenza can be deadly, but getting these vaccines can cause other diseases or physical disabilities that are just as bad. This includes autism, speech imparities, sleeping problems, failure to thrive, and more. Doctors make it out to be that vaccines are miracle workers, but that is because most of them are financially motivated and just want your money. Paying thousands of dollars for vaccines is unrealistic if you are in a low income family or have a lot of children. People think they will not suffer from these adverse effects until it actually happens and most of the time doctors will blame it on everything but the vaccine. Vaccines are toxic chemicals made out to be a life saver, but use them at your own risk.

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Communism in China

China is one of today’s communist societies. The society is classless and there is no private property. The Chinese Communist Party has placed many limitations on the rights of their citizens.

The Communist Party of China began in 1921 under the rule of Mao Zedong. In 1947, Mao Zedong lead a revolution which allowed communism to gain power in China. At first, they followed the ideas of the Soviet Union as they developed their industry at the cost of peasants. Eventually, China developed their own form of communism called Maoism. There were limited rights which eventually lead to an improved constitution. The constitution included more rights for citizens, such as freedom of press and speech. However, the Chinese government failed to follow these laws and continued to place strict limitations on individuals (Chu et al).

In China, women have limited rights. Various forms of sexual harassment are “normal” and are rarely questioned. In 2013 in public transport, a woman faced an elderly man exposing himself to her and when she contacted authorities, they condoned his indecent behavior because he was senile (Hilton). In 2015, on the eve of International Women’s Day, a group of five feminists were detained by government officials as they protested against sexual harassment. Their protest was viewed as “picking quarrels and provoking trouble” but were later released on bail and are still considered suspects (Zeng).

From 1979 to 2015, couples in China were limited to only having one child. This rule was introduced to slow the growth of the population. The government began enforcing birth control and even forced some women to have abortions (Fincher). As a result of the policy, there were increased gender biases. There is a cultural preference toward males therefore, many Chinese couples decided to abort female fetuses (Connett). This ban has been lifted due to a falling birth rate. The government is not encouraging the birth of more children and some provinces are making it more difficult to get an abortion or get divorced (Myers and Mitchell Ryan).

China also places many limitations on religious freedom. The state only recognizes five religions which include Buddhism, Catholicism, Daoism, Islam, and Protestantism. Other religions are banned (Albert). Any other religious group is considered an “evil cult” and can even receive criminal punishments (World Report 2015: China). The Zhejiang province is considered the center of religion in China and in 2013, many churches were demolished. Crosses and buildings were torn down in a government attempt to remove “illegal structures.” Members of the Sanjiang church refused to allow their crosses to be removed. A group of church leaders were then arrested and detained for 20 hours (Pedroletti).

The disabled were discriminated against and faced many restrictions under China’s government. A person with a disability was called canfei, which translates to “the handicapped and useless.” Even though the handicapped now have laws protecting them, the majority of them live in poverty. In addition to living in poverty, students with disabilities are usually denied an education. Most universities in China require a physical exam and are allowed to reject students simply because they have a disability. Some colleges even expect higher score on entrance exams from a disabled individual than what is normally required for admission (Wang).

The internet is heavily monitored and censored by the Chinese government. Foreign websites such as Google and Facebook are banned. Other websites are edited by government approved officials. In order to gain access to websites from overseas, individuals are required to use VPNs. As a result, officials have targeted VPNs to gain control of online media (Ming and Choudhury). China’s president, Xi Jinping wants the online world to reflect the real world. They must have the same principles and practices. Xi also wants foreign content banned because the western influences are against their principles (Economy).

China’s Communist Party has placed many limitations on individuals. The limitations affect different aspects of a person’s life, such as religion and family planning. Failing to follow these restrictions can lead to serious consequences.

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Propaganda is Everywhere

By 1500s, Christianity had immensely been developing in Europe. Therefore, Baroque religious arts played a key role in spreading the power of the Catholic Church for propagandistic purposes. Besides, the Catholic Church embraced the religious power of art to appeal piety and devotion. As a result, the role of the Pope was reinforced as the head of the Catholic Church by using religious art as well. Stepping to today contemporary art, the term of propaganda is still used to influence the society. Propaganda is everywhere in modern day culture. People can easily see propaganda on TV, posters, and commercials in daily life. By examining the art works in Baroque period until today modern culture, one can understand the important of propaganda in Catholic Church as well as in modern day.

In Baroque period, the religious arts played an important role in inspiring the faithful. The religious arts were definitely significant because they were approachable to both the illiterate and literate people. Aware that most Christians were illiterate, the Church fathers emphasized the visual arts”rather than printed texts”to speak to the masses1. Catholic Church also wanted to reinforce the role of the Pope through religious arts. The role of the Pope as an absolute ecclesiastical authority was firmly legitimized2. In order to inspire the spirit of Catholic Church, the religious arts had to be realistic, clear and powerful that people can easily understand the power and the faith of Catholicism. Moreover, the Catholic Churches wanted to express the religious arts to the viewers that convey the moral lessons as well as the faith of Christ. The purpose of religious art was to teach and inspire the faithful and to serve as propaganda for the Roman Catholic church3. In addition to this, compositions in religious arts are often more open space. The artists depict the scenes of motion to create emotion in religious arts. As a result, they make the viewers feel the art works more realistic and emotional. Story-telling was also portrayed in religious arts since the viewers can easily get the message from the art works. Furthermore, the religious arts in Baroque period emphasized the intelligible and naturalistic details.

One of the most popular artist who influenced his emotional passion of religious arts at the time was Michelangelo Merisi as known as Caravaggio. His influence on the religious arst of Catholicism were very significant. The Deposition from the Cross painting best describes the Catholicism spirit. Jesus, Mary Magdalen, Nicodemus and Mary of Cleophas was portrayed by Caravaggio in a dramatic scene. In this panting, Caravaggio represented the composition that the body of Christ was being lowered into the viewer's eyes. The Deposition shows how Caravaggio's use of a below-center vanishing point produced a dramatic encounter between the viewer and Christ4. As a result, it makes a dramatic scene that the viewers feel they were standing in a tomb and watching the burial of Christ. Caravaggio succeed to make the viewers involve in the painting. In addition to this, Caravaggio depicted the figures that they were ordinary looking. Caravaggio's use of ordinary people in ordinary dress also decreased the psychological distance between the sacred space of the painting and the private space of the individual believer5. By using realism in the painting, the artist gave us a real sense of the moment. Therefore, the painting portrayed the dead of Christ very real. This painting convinced the viewers that they can understand the scarified of Christ and the spiritual meaning of Catholicism. Besides, Caravaggio influence played an important role to propagate the messages of Catholicism to people in this Baroque period. He successfully inspired the Catholic faith through this painting by making it more real and close to the ordinary people.

Stepping forward to contemporary art, the term of propaganda is not really strange to modern society. Propaganda is originally used to spread the Catholic faith in the past. In other words, Propagandais information that is notobjectiveand is used primarily toinfluencean audience and further anagenda, often by presenting facts selectively to encourage a particular synthesis or perception, or usingloaded languageto produce an emotional rather than a rational response to the information that is presented6. People probably see propaganda everywhere in society. Nowadays, a lot of materials and media are used to spread propaganda messages to society. People can easily see the posters that convince them to buy new product on the street or commercials on TV which are full of propaganda messages being showed in front of them. In fact, propaganda is used in many ways in modern life such as military, religious, politics and advertising. Military used propaganda to involve violent acts in war. Similarly, propaganda is used to influence the faith and beliefs in religious. Moreover, advertising also uses propaganda to promote commercial products and approach to the market.

In World war 2, Adolf Hitler is an example of successful propaganda. Adolf Hitler was a dictator and he dreamed that he could make a race of beautiful people with blonde hair and blue eyes only. He assumed that people with blonde hair and blue eyes are better than others. Hence, he annihilated more than six million people who did not fit the requirements. He did this by making powerful speeches that made people completely listened to him. To gain a following, Hitler gave loud and powerful speeches to intend people to his side. Although his intentions were harmful, his propaganda was effective at that time.

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Vietnam Welcomes Communism

Contents

Endnotes
Bibliography

Vietnam in the early to mid 1900s was in a state of constant danger. The poor people were mistreated and many of them even starved to death. The living conditions the people had to endure were terrible. Communism came in as a hero for the people. The ideals and goals of communists, to share wealth and treat everyone equally appealed to the people who were struggling to survive.

In particular one man was heavily influenced by communism. Ho Chi Minh, as a young man started to become involved in politics. Ho was an intellectual who came from a wee-to-do, anti-french family, who wished for liberation of his people. Lenin is someone who Ho looked up to as well, he states I loved and respect Lenin because he was a great patriot who had liberated his fellow countrymen1 Inspired by the way Lenin liberated his people through communism, Ho continued to support and rally people for Communism. Ho Chi Minh believed that he found the answer to liberate his people. He was in complete awe, Dear martyr compatriots. This is what we need, this is our path to liberation.2 As mentioned before Vietnam was going through many tough times. All the people wanted was to be liberated from the French and to be treated better.

Looking at some writings of the peasants of Vietnam at the time you can see why communism sounded so appealing. All three of these citizens of Vietnam shared stories about how terrible it was to live there. One girl, Nguyen Thi Dinh, writes of her experience during this time. She explains how the rich mistreat the poor and get away with it. Dinh's brother got involved in communism and was eventually locked away, but her and her brother remained close. When Dinh's brother finally got out they would come to talk to her brother, all seemed like good honest people. She dedicated her life to the communist movement in hopes of making life better Dinh often tells her brother I only want to work for the revolution, I don't want to get married yet.3 Another peasant, Pham Van Ha, also speaks of the harsh conditions poor Vietnamese citizens faced. Pham's father had passed away when she was eleven due to an illness, in an interview she states, My mother died of starvation during the great famine of 1945. I was fourteen at the time.4 Pham continues on about how they work hard and eat just a bowl of rice a day. Throughout her life she lost another sister to starvation, a brother to a bombardment, and another brother who died in the army. All the while she struggled to get by herself. Pham explains how the rich would also frame peasants from crimes in order to force the to sell what little bit of land they owned. As we can see the conditions of living in Vietnam in the early 1900s is terrible. Communism promises to share resources and treat all people equally. They are supposed to be a community of people who all work together to be greater whole. In a land where the poor people are the ,ass and are being treated so poorly communism comes in shining like bright knight, All the ideals and promises stick in the minds of the people, encouraging them to support the revolution. Tuan Doanh, another peasant of Vietnam who is also a member of a communist committee writes of the communist revolution. He explains how they began to gather people. Slowly they started gaining more and more people's support and eventually building up a military. They built networks all around Vietnam and the people supported them. Doanh told a story about how the Japanese coup came and toppled the administration and they were pretty much set free, The peasants took all the rice stocks the rich people stored and distributed it evenly to the people. This is a huge win for communism because all the people were able to experience and see communism in person, and it helped. It gave communism the mage it already claims, it confirmed it for people. Doanh says In August 1945, we took over every district land Suddenly we found ourselves enjoying independence and freedom.5 As you can see none of these people had anything good to say about their way of life. Vietnam was in a state of chaos and their people were tired of it.

In 1945 Ho Chi Minh declares Vietnamese independence from the Japanese and French. Ho addresses a huge crowd in Hanoi about the injustices they face from the Japanese and French colonialists. At this point Ho had power over the Vietnamese as the leading revolution against them. His words were important because he brought about change. Ho boasts about ideals and how he believes they should be true for all citizens of Vietnam. Most of the people are in support of the revolution but in order to gain support of outsiders Ho mentions the Allied powers.6 Referring to the way they have faced French slavery for years and fight to overcome it, he says such a people must be free, such as people must be independent.7 Ho was a communist in power who had brought change for his people. Looking back, it's not wonder the citizens decided to follow communism. The system they were living had completely failed them and forced them to find new answers. They lost their people day in and day out and didn't even have rights that people should be allowed to have. They struggled through all of this and the one thing that helped was communism. Ho Chi Minh being an intellectual leader also gained the support of the people. Ho was also a communist. The reason the people decided to follow through with communism is because it was the only system helping them.

Endnotes

1. Minh, Ho Chi, Ho Chi Minh Recalls Discovering Communist anti-colonialism in The World Transformed: A

2. Ibid., 108.

3. Dinh, Nguyen Thi Nguyen Thi Dinh, Recalling Her Road to Revolutionary Politics in the 1930s, 1965 in The

4. Ha, Pham Van Pham Van Ha (Local Party Secretary in Hung Yen, Interview, 1967 in The World Transformed:

5. Doanh, Tuan, Tuan Doanh( Member of the Communist Party Provincial Committee for Hung

6. Allied Powers- Britain, France, Russia, U.S. and some other countries ally together during WW2 to fight the

Germans, and the Italians (Axis powers)

7. Minh, Ho Chi, Ho statement read in Hanoi declaring independence, September 2, 1945 in The

Bibliography

Dinh, Nguyen Thi Nguyen Thi Dinh, Recalling Her Road to Revolutionary Politics in the

1930s, 1965 in The World Transformed: A Documentary Reader, 2nd Edition, ed. Michael H. Hunt (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015), 110-112.

Doanh, Tuan, Tuan Doanh( Member of the Communist Party Provincial Committee for Hung

Yen), Interview 1967 in The World Transformed: A Documentary Reader, 2nd Edition, ed. Michael H. Hunt (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015), 112-113.

Ha, Pham Van Pham Van Ha (Local Party Secretary in Hung Yen, Interview, 1967 in The

World Transformed: A Documentary Reader, 2nd Edition, ed. Michael H. Hunt (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015), 113-114.

Minh, Ho Chi, Ho Chi Minh Recalls Discovering Communist anti-colonialism in The World

Transformed: A Documentary Reader, 2nd Edition, ed. Michael H. Hunt (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015), 106-108.

Minh, Ho Chi, Ho statement read in Hanoi declaring independence, September 2, 1945 in The

World Transformed: A Documentary Reader, 2nd Edition, ed. Michael H. Hunt (Oxford:

Oxford University Press, 2015), 108-109.

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The Russian Revolution and Communism Unite

The Bolsheviks rise to power was not a long drawn out process, yet, it was not a well planned one either. Social mobility had remained the same under Tsar Nicholas II as it was 200 years before under Peter the Great. Tsar Nicholas II merely changed the name of serfs to lessen the diversity between social classes, which only gave the illusion of equality. This change lead to abysmal povertybetween the lower and middle classes. The failed attempt to trick the lower class lead to mistrust of the Tsar influencing small anarchist groups and revolutionaries to revolt. Eventually the lower class in Russia realized Nicholas II was not going to give up his control, so they began to plot for a revolt. In October of 1917, the Bolsheviks moved in while the country was falling apart and took over the government. Multiple decrees and numerous suppression tactics were issued by the new regime and forced upon the people. This also led to the Decree on Suppression of Hostile Newspapers The new regime shut down any article the Bolsheviks deemed to be propaganda and turned people against the press and towards the government. With no set blueprint for the government the Bolsheviks', changes led to extreme communism in Russia, later influencing Joseph Stalin's rise to power.

Russia prior to the Revolution of 1917, was a place of little to no social mobility and great differences between the classes. The lowest class known as the Serfs paid for most of or all of the tax income the state brought it. They also lacked a strong economy. They had a large ground army but a poorly trained one. In the early 1700's Peter the Great issued 3,000 Decrees over the course of 25 years. The Decree on Western Dress states From now on no one of the above-mentioned is to wear Russian dress, sheepskin coats, or Russian peasants coats You can see the attempt to cover up anything Russian and try to push Westernization. There was also the class struggle between the classes. The Gentry and Serfs clashed often as the Gentry made the serfs into property. They were considered the un educated class. By the beginning of March 2017, Vladimir Lenin was sent to Russia and the first communist revolution began. Tsar Nicholas and his family were under house arrest and was abdicated. By November of 1917, the Bolsheviks took over. Lenin promised Peace, Bread & Land

After the take over by the Bolsheviks and the revolutionaries, new Decrees and legislations were imposed. Lenin is quoted saying We shall now proceed to construct the socialist order This was said out of no idea of what was next. Many different revolutionary advisers had different options of what to do with Russia, yet there was no set plan. ...they had no blueprint for how to govern the country or how to reconstruct russian society This lead to the ultimate take over by a communist regime. The Bolsheviks began to dart ahead. Like Peter the Great but on a smaller scale they issued hundreds of decrees. The Decree on Land was one of the first Decrees made by the Bolsheviks. It abolished private ownership of any property. It gave the Right of use to the Russian state. They also imposed the Decree on Suppression of Hostile newspapers. This was in October of 1917, barely after they took to their rise of power. They moved quickly and swiftly in cutting off any negative or Hostile media attention. This was used to keep the public eye of the revolution in good condition to stray away from any more anarchist that would form. ... cutting off the stream of mire and calumny in which press would be glad to drown the young victory of the people They are alienating the press from representing the people. They are making them to be the enemy in saying that they are trying to manimpitar the success of the revolution of the people.

When you look at the past Russian government you see a group of people who overtook something and put in place their own ideology. This was similar to Benito Mussolini and his doctrine on Fascism. Mussolini requested the king of Italy, Victor Emmanuel III to name him Premier. The King did not want to, this then led to the overtake of that regime as well. When the king hesitated, Mussolini organized a march resignation of the cabinet and causing the King to name Mussolini premier He then used him and his supporters to erode the italian parliament. By 1924, Italy was under a fascist Dictatorship. The slow but quick overtake of any regime and the replacement of the next can cause a drastic change in the people's views. Mussolini used his supporters to Undermine the Italian parmilinet Similar to how Lenin used his revolutionaries to overtake the Tsar regime. The more supporters that are brainwashed to specific beliefs with nothing to sway them can be a dramatic consequence for any opposition in the way.

The lack of planning due to the extreme quick overhaul by the Bolsheviks caused a huge uproar. There was no new plan that had been set in place which caused the new political party to take control of everything. Crush the opposition immediately and take no prisoners. This arrangement made it easier to swiftly just control everyone. The idea was if we block newspapers and opposition to the public view then we can always maintain control. So that is what they did. It led to extreme forms of communism and millions of deaths later on. It also created a society that had a halt on any form of economic growth until the early 1930's. A quote from Joseph Stalin, the new leader of the Bolshevik regime starting in 1928. The directors and managers of our industries now promise to increase the industrial output in 1931 by 45% Stalin delivered this speech in 1931, at a conference for industrial managers or anyone in higher business positions. This was for the beginning of the 5 year plan to bring economic success in 4 years.

Stalin also later in his speech goes to make the point how capitalism is is a 'incurable disease of unemployment and waste among the masses Our system does not suffer from these diseases because the power is in our hands He says this to gain the attention to alienate a whole group of government that differs from theirs. This tactic is used to brainwash now business owners and managers to thinking that this is what is best. More governmental control and less privatization. This is so, if the thinking of the government then stems from the Business execs then it must trickle down to the employees and so on. This strategy was used over and over again in multiple speeches given by Stalin over his reign.

Joseph Stalin is known worldwide for some of his extreme humanistic approaches and how he made people believe that they were a good thing. Along with many of the community ideas and strategies came along multiple consequences. A quote from Nikita Khrushchev, a secretary and former soldier in the Red Army, which took place at a reception dinner for Military graduated from the academy is The future is with us, with socialism, with communism ! We have created all conditions we need to advance with giant strides along the road shown by Marx and Lenin - the road to communism. The hammering in of how everything Stalin and lenin did and does is for the best. The road to communism is the way to go. It showed that even while supporting peaceful coexistence, he harbored deep hostility toward the Soviet Union's cold war rivals

The rise of the Bolsheviks was a great one. They overtook a massive regime with the power of the people. They continually used multiple strategies without any set plan in place or a Blueprint They used Decrees just like Peter the Great did and suppressed any uprising from the people by cutting of the press and anyone who took an opposed stance. They took away private ownership and neutralized governmental control across all aspects of the country. This was all apart of extreme communism techniques that eventually lead to death and human rights violations. The rise to power was quick and swift but the lack of planning and the strategy followed lead to more problems and the same government as before; just under a different regime.

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Society Tells People

Society tells people, as a generation, how to act, talk, and dress in a way that is socially acceptable. In a racialized society, society tells people that they need to look a certain way in order to fit in with the crowd. In today's society, being a person having blonde hair and blue eyes is what is considered as beautiful. It is like living in a world where whiteness is used as a standard of beauty and anything other, African Americans for example, diminishes its value and affects people's perspective and judgement.

Their beauty and value seems not as important because they are constantly told they are ugly and are not socially acceptable. In the novel entitled The Bluest Eye, written by Toni Morrison, the protagonist, Pecola, struggles with her own identity because of her community's definition of beauty. Through the life of Pecola, it is established that African American suffer through the construction of femininity in a racialized society.

Pecola lives in a community where she is constantly put down thus affecting her state of mind and well being. Being told she was ugly from the moment she was born, it affects Pecola and how she acts now. In Pecola's community, it is established that there are few options that women can do with their lives. They can either get married, work for rich white families, or become prostitutes. Having been treated badly be her family and those around her, Pecola seeks out other ways where she can feel loved. She is not given a lot of options as that is how society views the worth of African Americans.

She seems to think the only way people will love her is by having blue eyes. Femininity tells women how they should be to be socially acceptable. Society is telling Pecola that the way that she is, is not fit for society. Morrison states, You looked at them and wondered why they were so ugly; you looked closely and could not find the source. Then you realized that it came from conviction, their conviction. It was as though some mysterious all-knowing master had given each one a cloak of ugliness to wear, and they had each accepted it without question, (Morrison 39). A community is very influential on a person because others teach you different things and implement their own opinions onto the person. In this instance, it affects Pecola as her community's opinions are expressed to her. Their opinions start becoming her opinion thus leading her to drive herself mad.

Furthermore, Pecola suffers throughout the novel because of what and how society defines beauty in a person. Pecola became a different person because of her community and their impact on her. In Toni Morrison's other books, they share a common theme of community, roots and identity. In The Bluest Eye, Pecola struggles to deal with her identity. In most of Morrison's works, it explores the theme of identity and calls upon the treatment of self-image. Believing that she having blue eyes would give her an ideal life, Pecola drives herself to the point of insanity. African Americans are treated as inferior, thus, the superior being white Americans. The impact of feminism and race in her society affected Pecola and the way she perceives beauty.

Morrison states, Adult, older girls, shops, magazine, newspapers, window signs - all the world had agreed that a blue-eyed, yellow-haired, pink-skinned doll was what every girl child treasured, ?Here,' they said, ?this is beautiful, and if you are on this day ?worthy' you may have it, (Morrison 20-21). Growing up, it was implemented into Pecola's mind that she was not beautiful as she was given a perfect example of what beauty was. The belief that she wasn't beautiful diminishes who she is as a woman. Based on the society and community she lives in, the concept of beauty is portrayed as a person with blue eyes and blonde hair. The constant comments from her family and her community affects her as she starts to believe the things they are saying.

Through different forms of media, it is shown to Pecola what the standard of beauty is and represents. For example, for children, the toys that young girls receive is barbie dolls. The barbie dolls represent what is socially acceptable in society. They promote dolls that are mostly caucasian who have blonde hair. Mostly, they do not represent a variety of different people of color but focus more on people having white skin. Society tells Pecola that she is not socially acceptable because of her dark skin and brown eyes

Pecola is a good example of how in society, the minority is not equally represented.She lives in a society where a person having blonde hair and blue eyes is the ideal when it comes to beauty. In today's society, it is harder for African American women because people seem to believe they do not meet the social norms. Women have to change themselves in order to be deemed as normal. According to the QZ, it states, The experience of a black woman differs from the experiences of Jewish and Irish women. In order to conform to the ideal of white femininity, black women characters despise their blackness which in turn leads to self hatred. Pecola hates the color of her eyes and begs for the bluest eyes thinking that it will offer her something better than the life she lived.

In The Bluest Eye, the protagonist, Pecola, suffers due to the construction of how society perceives women to be in a racialized society. Pecola suffers due to the repetition of hurtful words from those closest to her, thus, affecting her state of mind. Morrison challenges standards of beauty and demonstrates that the concept of beauty is socially constructed. In her novel, Beloved, it shares a common theme of loss of oneself and the loss of identity. Pecola is only one example of how African American women are perceived in today's society.

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Communism: Existing Economic System of Capitalism

The Industrial Revolution in western Europe provided the context for economists and political writers of the 19th century to promote three different economic plans designed to meet the needs of workers and entrepreneurs. Communism was first proposed by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels as a reform plan for the existing economic system of capitalism. The major tenets of communism include economic determinism, proletariat revolution, and a classless society with no need for government. Although there were many advantages including benefits and economic prosperity, there were also disadvantages including the lack of motivation and slow development.. The economic system of communism was first implemented in Russia in 1917. It was unsuccessful because there was never a withering away of the state. The economic system of communism did not address the needs of both entrepreneurs and workers because while it promised equality under the state, it disregarded human nature.

The Industrial Revolution provided the historical context for a new economic plan, communism, which was promoted by Karl Marx. The Industrial Revolution started in England around 1750. This completely changed the method of production with the domestic system. The domestic system was the widespread method of production during the 17th century. They created goods by hand as they travelled from home to home, slowly coming together along the way. After that they had the factory system. The factory system was when the use of machinery relieved the amount of time for the production of a product. The use of these two systems took place in Britain in the 18th century (“Industrial Revolution” par. 1). Britain had a head start on the whole industries and tried to keep there monopoly, they forbade the export of skilled workers, machinery, and manufacturing techniques. But the spread of ideas eventually going to happen and there ideas would appear around the world. (“Industrial Revolution” par. 4). During this time period there were many technology advancements. They started using iron and steel, which was used in many of the new inventions. These became good resources and they relied on them a lot. They used new energy sources like coal, steam, electricity and petroleum made things better. The steam engine was one of these inventions that helped dramatically. The steam engine was a vehicle in the creation of the steam locomotive and steamboat; two very influential means of transportation. The creations of power loom and spinning jenny both helped production of weaving. These few intentions helped a lot and also increased the production rate of the goods and were cheaper because there was more of it (“Industrial Revolution” par. 2). Without these creations it’s clear that productions rates and everything else would have been slowed down during this era.

With all the development of all these inventions it has decreased the amount of people in the rural community, and brought them to the city to work. With this now there has been more people in the cities and now women and children have been implemented in the factories for poor wages (“Industrial Revolution” par. 2). With the urbanization of all of these people to the rural to the cities became overpopulated. The cities turned into the slums. It had poor living conditions, it was over crowded, and they didn't have a sewage system. This brought disease to city. They had all the factories in the city so they also polluted the air. Then the crime rate wet up in the cities (“Industrial Revolution” par. 2). The workers were being abused in the factories and it has changed their lives. “At the time when you were beaten for not keeping up with your work, were you anxious to have done it if you possibly could? — Yes; the dread of being beaten if we could not keep up with our work was a sufficient impulse to keep us to it if we could” (The Sadler Committee, Mr. Matthew Crabtree). This is what one of the workers said, it was like he was scared to go to work because he was beaten if he couldn’t keep up and that should never happen. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels were working on reforming previous economy of capitalism. The key characteristics of communism included the ideas of economic determinism, a proletariat revolution, and a classless society with no need for government. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels were viewed as the founders of this economic system. They developed ideas on society in response to the abuse of workers under capitalism. Karl was a German revolutionary philosopher and theorist who developed his ideas through influential writings. Friedrich was a friend of Marxs and helped him a lot during his life, and is most known for helping Marx in the creation of The Communist Manifesto in 1848 (“Friedrich Engels” par. 11). In this they talked about their views on society, and how to get the best outcome. Starting with socioeconomic theory of economic determinism, they talked about the idea that societies are divided into competing economic classes whose influence in politics is determined by their ranking. Marx was concerned because he believed it locked the proletariat in an endless class struggle. This would lead to the capitalist system being overthrown to break free of the abuse. “We have seen above, that the first step in the revolution by the working class, is to raise the proletariat to the position of ruling as to win the battle of democracy” (Marx 622). Violence will always happen and you can’t stop it once the government is gone, communism will replace it. Marx’s also had another major idea for communism to establish a classless society with no need for government. The class structure leaving was was going to get rid of the abuse and the revolts that occur under capitalism. If all of the people were equal they wouldn’t need to be a government because the power is the people that work. This would make people that don’t work to work because the workers would want the best for the everyone. While Engels and Marx believed this would have ended up good, they ended up being bad. The advantages of communism did not outweigh the disadvantages because communism fails to address human nature.

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Hiroshima: the Survival of a Community

In the final stages of World War II, the Japanese were living in anxiety, wondering if they were to survive the next few days or if they were going to be thrown into tragedy by American missiles and atomic bombs. This case was especially prominent for individuals living, in the city of Hiroshima, who knew that their last days were upon them. On August 6, 1945, the American B-29 bomb dropped onto their city, leaving eighty thousand casualties along with the loss of about ninety percent of the city. "Hiroshima" written by John Hersey, is a non-fiction that addresses the combined effort of the citizens to piece together the remnants of their beloved city. Through Hersey's writing, readers are able to feel a sense of warmth and sadness for the journey of survival and unity of different cultural backgrounds. Hersey jumps into the book by introducing its long list of characters. This includes two women, Hatsuyo Nakamura, and Toshiko Sasaki, two doctors, Dr. Masakazu Fujii, and Dr. Terufumi, and two church prospects, Father Wilhelm Kleinsorge and Reverend Kiyoshi Tanimoto.

The story starts by explaining the character's situations minutes before the bomb attack. After moving safe place to safe place, Nakamura allowed her three children to rest as she debated whether to evacuate the area. She decided to give her worn-out children some more rest until they receive another warning. The other characters are carrying out their everyday lives by helping their neighbors move, reading the newspaper, or catching the train. The bomb suddenly hit with only a blinding flash of light as a signal, no noise, and no warning. The citizens are thrown into mayhem as they get stuck under building pieces and furniture or frantically finding shelter to protect themselves. Tanimoto was sent to take cover in a rock garden, Fujii was blasted into a nearby river, Kleinsorge was safe due to precautious procedures, Terufumi survived and tended to other civilians' wounds, Nakamura's three kids and Sasaki are toppled by pieces of furniture. Through Hersey's description of strife after the attack, readers get a sense that technological advances are not the only harmful weapons in society. In fact, traditional objects and humans may be the worst weapons of all. This can be seen through the anxiety that the Americans bring to Japanese society due to their superior firepower. The constant atomic attacks on Japan causes its people to remain on edge, constantly worrying about which city would be attacked next. Not only this but after the attack, people fell victim to the furniture and infrastructure that collapsed and killed many. Back to the story, in Chapter 2, the characters rushed to find their families in the midst of chaos. Tanimoto, completely uninjured, ran through the city in hope of finding his wife and kids; it is revealed that they were also unscathed. Nakamura continued to find her children in the depths of the ruins of her home, in which she, much like Tanimoto, was successful in getting them out unharmed. On the other hand, Father Kleinsorge suffered from his minor injuries as he tried his best to evacuate his fellow religious followers out of the burning building. Due to his own injuries, he was unable to stop one follower from jumping back into the fire.

At this point in the book, the reader can truly see the citizens of Hiroshima band together in order to get back on their feet right after a calamity. The citizens took haven at Asano Park and used its river water to put out fires and quench their thirst. Those who were unharmed began to help move those who were disabled due to the attack. In continuation of their efforts, Tanimoto, Terufumi, and Fujii do their best to rescue more people and tend to their wounds. Here, a doctor tells Tanimoto, "The first duty is to take care of the slightly wounded" (Hersey 71). He said this because those who have minor injuries are more likely to live than those who are heavily injured. In this context, you can see the mindset of the citizens of Hiroshima. Although it seems cold, it was the best plan of action in order to save more of their people. This line written by Hersey shows insight into the thought process of the Japanese citizens. In many countries, the severely injured would be put in utmost importance, however healing the lightly injured allowed them to save more people than, in a sense, waste time on those who could not be helped. After three days, another bomb dropped on Nagasaki, during this time citizens were finally able to make it to hospitals and novitiates in order to recuperate from the damages they received during and after the bombing. The Nakamuras, although alive, were weak and suffering from PTSD in a novitiate. Their mother found out that her family has been presumed dead due to the attack. Meanwhile, Tanimoto encounters, his enemy, an anti-Christian man named Tanaka, who was introduced at the beginning of the book.

Although Tanaka was against the teachings of God, he listened to Tanimoto and read a psalm as he laid on his deathbed. During this time, other families, such as the Kataoka kids, were reunited with their families. As the deaths and reunions continued, the Emperor finally made a long-awaited announcement that the war was over. In this chapter, the readers were able to see that the B-29 did not only affect people physically but also mentally. Witnessing that many deaths caused people to sustain emotional trauma that inhibits them from moving on from the bombing. It left a tie to the event and a stain on their hearts. Now that citizens were settled in medical shelters, the characters gradually got into the swing of their new lives and some felt the first signs of sickness due to the nuclear effects of the B-29 bomber. They began to have symptoms of fatigue, hair loss, small hemorrhages, and low white-blood-cell counts. Out of all the characters, Father Kleinsorge was predicted to pass away two weeks from his diagnoses, however, he ended up surviving the fatal symptoms. Due to his constant fluctuation in health, he became a huge medical miracle. As radiation symptoms began to hit all over Tokyo, physicians began to observe the disease and areas that were destroyed. Moving to Sasaki's story, she is still severely injured and constantly moves around to different hospitals.

The constant hospitalization and no work from her fiance causes her to be out of character. This causes her friend to send for Father Kleinsorge in a fit of worry. Sasaki's talks with Father Kleinsorge slowly converted her to Catholicism and she lost her constant yearning for her lost fiance. Meanwhile, Tanimoto returns to Hiroshima, the Nakamuras found a home but struggles to make ends meet, Father Kleinsorge rebuild his mission, and Terufumi slowly gets back into society by getting married. Finally, the book moves onto its last chapter. Here, Hersey enables the reader to peek into the lives of the main characters forty years after the rebuilding of Hiroshima. Nakamura was living with her children and her run of financial problems continued. However, she was able to get a better job and house. Terufumi opened his own practice and continued to help the victims of the attack by helping to remove their scars. Sasaki got surgery for her leg in order to walk correctly and she decided to live her life devoted to God as a sister or nun. Fujii continued the way he lived previously by enjoying everyday activities, running his practice, however, he lost consciousness one too many times and became mindless due to a tumor in his liver. Next was Tanimoto, who went on a speaking tour around America and set up a peace center dedicated to the bombing. Overall, while reading the book I was able to identify a few lingering features. One, the way that Hersey wrote the book to describe how the attack affected those from different backgrounds. Hersey wrote the story from a third-person point of view, cycling through his six main characters.

Although all six characters went on different paths to recovery, he finds a way to bring them together and show that it takes a community to recuperate from a devastation. After the attack, Father Kleinsorge describes the city as "the grove by the river, where hundreds of gruesomely wounded suffered together, [this] was one of the most dreadful and awesome phenomena of his whole experience" (Hersey 55). This line allows the readers to envision the situation at hand. While there were people who were heavily injured and on the edge of their death, there were also people who were willing to help although they were in pain. Bringing me to point two, Hersey makes sure that his writing ties back into the initial theme of the book: in order to get through tough times, more is better than one. Relating this to my first point, he was able to allow each character to depend on each other and aid each other to recovery. For example, Father Kleinsorge was able to help Sasaki find a new purpose in her life through the word of God. Thirdly, Hersey highlights the theme of luck as a main motivator for the six survivors. In the book, a "feeling they did seem to share, however, was a curious kind of elated community spirit" (Hersey 115).

This spirit and luck that they felt for being survivors allowed the citizens of Hiroshima to band together in order to rebuild their city from the ground up. In my additional research, I also found that Hiroshima has left a part of their city unfixed to remember the effects of the war. Lastly, I want to point out Hersey's overwhelming effect on my heart as he described that "the lives of these six people, who were among the luckiest in Hiroshima, would never be the same" (Hersey 115). Throughout the novel, I was unable to not reread the stories of suffering citizens. I sympathized with the characters who went on tremendous journeys to, in the end, find out they are the only ones left in their family. This was especially true when Mrs. Nakamura only had her children to lean on during this time of hardship. These stories made me reflect on my own life and ask myself, How would I feel if I woke up one morning with a bookcase on my leg, my family was screaming for help under a pile of furniture, and lose my loved one in a blink of an eye due to American war efforts? Unlike the survivors, I would not be able to withstand the pain that comes along with these effects, however, this might simply be a cultural difference. While reading the book, I also thought it was similar to the stories of Native Americans. Like the citizens of Hiroshima, Native Americans were too, forced out of their land with aggressive manners by the American government.

Many of their tribe members were killed in order to threaten them into a forfeit for their land. Although they went through numerous tragedies, they were able to get back onto their feet by creating confederations that allowed different tribes to stand together. In the book, people from different backgrounds banded together in an effort to restore their lifestyle after it was destroyed by an American attack. In conclusion, John Hersey creates a cycling storyline that allows readers to see the effort of a community during a catastrophe. Throughout the story, Hersey builds up the message by allowing characters from different lifestyles to come together as one of the only survivors of the B-29 bomber attack on Hiroshima. Together, they assist each other to heal mental and physical wounds and find peace in a new life. All in all, the non-fiction endorses the message of community togetherness to its readers in a series of heartbreaking stories. It is a definite re-read.

Work Cited

Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Edited by History.com, History, A&E Television Networks, 18 Nov. 2009, www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/bombing-of-hiroshima-and-nagasaki. Hersey, Jonh. Hiroshima. Penguin Books , 1946, ia801408.us.archive.org/35/items/hiroshima035082mbp/hiroshima035082mbp.pdf.

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Communism in Albania

The Communist Party had been created in 1941, by leader Enver Hoxha and a committee of men. Communism in Albania never had existed up until 1941. Communism in Albania was a triumph because no one was attacking Albania and Albania had alliances which benefited the economy.Communism in Albania was a tragedy because Enver Hoxha took away people's rights and lots of people were killed from being in prisons and camps.

Albania was in an alliance with Yugoslavia, but Enver Hoxha decided to break away from Yugoslavia since he wanted to remain loyal to the Soviet Union.Albania would then gain help from China and the Soviet Union.

In 1948, Albania formed an alliance with the Soviet Union.Albania's alliance with the Soviet Union had a few advantages. Enver Hoxha established a Stallinist style economy which included: collective farming, the redistribution of land,no owning of any property that was private, nationalizing industry and placing, and all trade was under domestic control.Trading with the Soviet Union was important and was a great economic boost for Albania. However,due to the increasing anti Marxist-Leminist ideas held by the leader of the Soviet Union,Nikita Khrushchev, Enver Hoxha,cut off ties with the Soviet Union in 1961.

Then, Albania formed an alliance with China which lasted from 1961 until 1978. China was interested in Albania since it was looking to gain a foothold in Europe. The relationship between the two nations were ideal and likewise trade between the two countries helped Albania's economy and industry.New power plants and new industrial enterprises were underway. In 1978, relations with China came to an end and a new policy of closing the borders of the country preventing visitors from neighboring countries to come into the country was implemented.

Enver Hoxha took over Albania and he took most of the rights that people had.Intelligent people helped to create the Communist Party.Since they now had power, they made the Albanian population obey them,they restricted their freedoms,and overwhelming them with all sorts of propaganda.

The Communist Party took almost all of people's rights way. Albania ruled through tyranny for decades. When Enver Hoxha ruled for 50 years, Enver Hoxha didn't allow people to travel, he prohibited religion, and he forbidded people to own any land.

In 1944, schools were being controlled and watched by the government. The communist party organized the education system and they also re-opened schools. The Communists wanted the school system to inform students about Communism, and the ideas and principles that the Communist Party had.

Klentiana Mahmutaj, a woman who grew up during communism, talks about how students were taught to worship Enver Hoxha. She says '' I excelled academically and was awarded the Communist red star in my first year and later on became a '' pioneer of Enver.'' Life for her in school wasn't too difficult, but life for her parents was hard.'' They both worked hard hard to provide a good living and education for me and my younger sister'', she said. Her father hated communism, due to the lack of liberty and the harsh treatments that people received due to believing in free speech and disagreeing with the government. Her father had wanted to go west but he feared what would happen to his family, such as isolation and execution.So later in 1990, her parents were the first among thousands of Albanians to protest in the streets of the capital Tirana.

Klentiana also talks about how women were treated in terms of jobs. Women became farmers, mechanics,engineers,doctors, scientists, doctors and university professors.Women also joined the army and acquired high ranks.The Communists promised that women should be as equal as men when joining the workforce.The government encouraged women to embark on all professions, including '' manly jobs ''. Women in their role at home were seen in the same way, and they weren't expected to take care of children or clean the house and cook.'' I remember my father,a good-looking alpha male, regularly cleaning the house, cooking,doing school runs and helping with homework,'' Klentiana says.Women faced no barriers of gender discrimination.'' I remember my parents and their friends frequently praising excellent female doctors and teachers,''Klentiana states.

Media and communications in Albania were managed and limited by the government.At this time, there was only one radio station that people could listen to and that was '' Radio Tirana. '' There was also only one television channel and that was TVSH.People could only watch the TVSH and not any other channels. People were forbidden from getting information from other countries. People who were caught not following the rules, were arrested.

Anyone who disobeyed his rules had cruel punishments such as execution and being in prison for a long time. Hundreds of people were executed just because they express their opinions, or because they asked for their rights. Enver Hoxha was remembered for building 23 prisons and 48 concentration camps.In an article from the Daily Sabah, one of the executed men, Skender Daja, who asked for forgiveness said, Even if I had 10 lives, all times I would have done the same thing.I would fight to be free. Bilal Kola, head of the Institute for the Integration of the Former Politically Persecuted said A total of 18,000 people were imprisoned for political reasons and some 30,000 were sent to internment camps within the country. Simon Miraka,a survivor of these camps talks about the tragedies of these camps. He had spent 45 years in a concentration camp, in the city of Tepelena between 1949 and 1954. These years were the harshest for his family, and about 400 children at this camp died, and the remains still are missing today. Miraka stated '' Even today I think how i could survive [ that camp ] since so many children died there. Lots of people had died in this camp from diseases,hard work, inhuman conditions,ill-treatment and starvation.

In 1978, after Albania broke away from China, Albania entered into a state of isolationism. Enver Hoxha built thousands of bunkers because he was afraid of any invaders attacking. The building of these bunkers was bad for the economy since it took away lots of money for more important things, like housing and building of roads. There was propaganda going around at this time about how citizens needed to be defended and watch out for their enemy, and the construction of these bunkers served this purpose. At this time citizens were being trained in defense drills at least twice a month which potentially lasted up to 3 days. These drills were intended to protect citizens. These bunkers were made of iron, steel and concrete. There were nuclear bomb shelters underground and that was for the Communist Party.

During the time of isolationism, there was a lack of food. During those years people got their food in portions. For a short period of time, the capital Tirana had no milk.In an article from the Christian Science Monitor it states,I waited five hours,"" says Eqerem Mete, who got out of bed at 1 a.m. to buy milk. ""And milk arrived - but only for families with children and old, sick folk - a liter per family."" There had also been a shortage of eggs and meat. The biggest markets in Tirana only had a few cans of fish and dried up goods. The markets had lacked vegetables and fruit. There was also a shortage of bread. Since Albania wasn't an alliance with a foreign nation due breaking away from China, they were going through an economic crisis. There needed to be democratic government and a market economy. The economy needed to be improved and the government needed to be changed so that the country won't suffer and the same mistakes won't happen again.

On April 11,1985, communist leader Enver Hoxha died and Ramiz Alia took over for 6 years. He was the second and last leader of Communist Albania from 1985-1991. The first protests started in the city of Shkodra in 1990.In the summer of 1990, thousands of Albanians fought for their lives to seek for freedom in the German,Italian, and French embassies in Tirana. In early March 1991, an election was coming and thousands of Albanians left the country and they went to different cities by ship and they wanted to live a better life.The elections in March 1992 ended communism rule which lasted for 47 years. Parliament then elected Salil Berisha as president.

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A High-yellow Dream

Motif of Color 1. Quote: A high-yellow dream child with long brown hair braided into two lynch ropes that hung down her backThere was a hint of spring in her sloe green eyes (Morrison 62) Analysis: The ideal image in this book is of a fair-skinned girl who has blue or green eyes. Claudia describes Maureen Peal, a half-African and half-white classmate, in this quote. Maureen is seen as a much more beautiful character based on the standards in this book because although she is part African, she is still lighter skinned than many of the other characters, and she has green eyes.

These characteristics are closer on the spectrum of traits resembling those of white people. In contrast, Maureen's hair resembles brown lynch ropes which is a reference to lynching that occurred among many African Americans in the South. This comparison connects to the oppression of being dark-skinned because it shows the superiority and power among light-skinned people which was the underlying reason that lynching occurred in the first place.

Overall, despite being of African American descent herself, Maureen is the poster-child of beauty in Claudia's school because she is not as dark and therefore, not as ugly as her African American peers. 2. Quote: it pulled a tooth right out of my mouth. I could have cried. I had good teeth, not a rotten one in my head (Morrison 123) Analysis: Ms. Breedlove's persistent attitude towards conforming to white beauty standards is quite apparent throughout the novel. This scene is symbolic of that because she loses her white tooth. She says that she styled her hair to resemble that of Jean Harlow, a white actress.

When she sat down at movies to eat her candy, her front tooth fell out. Her positive mood while mimicking the stylistic choices of white celebrities was completely ruined because her white tooth came out. After this unfortunate event, Ms. Breedlove returned to being ugly and stopped following her beauty routine because she felt worthless and unworthy. Furthermore, the loss of her tooth symbolizes the idea that despite her efforts to act or follow white beauty standards, she will never fully attain them because of her race which essentially leads to the self-destruction and hatefulness that she forces on her family. 3. Quote: You don't even go to school/ You don't either/ I know. But I used to. / What did you stop for?/ I don't know. After that first day at school when I had my blue eyes. Well, the next day they had Mrs. Breedlove come out.

Now I don't go anymore (Morrison 197) Analysis: Beforehand, Pecola went to Soaphead Church, a misanthropic advisor, to request that he give her blue eyes. Although Soaphead couldn't physically do so, he basically brainwashes Pecola to believe that she now has blue eyes. Later, as shown in the quote, Pecola speaks to an unidentified, imaginary figure regarding her no longer going to school. Pecola is pregnant with her father's child which is the real reason for why she is ostracized and no longer in school. Oblivious, Pecola tells the figure that she is probably no longer in school because she now has blue eyes that people may be envious of. Pecola is clearly using her blue eyes as an escape from all her childhood trauma and to her, rather than comprehending the severity and oppressiveness that she had endured, she is still stuck on regarding blue eyes and white superiority as the main center of her livelihood.

Because of this, the yearning for blue eyes is associated with being both desirable and paralyzing to Pecola; thus, it is a blue, or sad, perception that Pecola believes to be true. Child/Mother Relationships 4. Quote: As long as his needs were physical, she could meet themGeraldine did not talk to him, coo to him, or indulge him in kissing bouts (Morrison 86) Analysis: Geraldine and Junior's relationship is not loving and is toxic as it has instilled corrupt ideals into Junior's mind. This relationship is atypical in comparison to how mothers usually try to nurture their children. Geraldine said that she provides Junior with physical necessities, but she also takes pride in being a colored person because she believes she is more distinguished and entitled compared to the average nigger, so she seems to provide Junior with a sense of confidence as well.

Junior's confidence turns into an ego as he starts to view certain black people as being inferior to him. The lack of emotion between Geraldine and Junior has reared him emotionless and unempathetic, which is the reason that Junior believes it is justified to form a boundary and single out certain black people, as exhibited when he terrorized Pecola. 5. Quote: ?Hush, baby, hush. Come here. Oh, Lord, look at your dress. Don't cry no more. Polly will change it' Over her shoulder she spit out words to us like rotten pieces of apple. ?Pick up that wash and get on out of here, so I can get this mess cleaned up' (Morrison 109) Analysis: Ms. Breedlove is known for being unaffectionate to Pecola throughout the novel. She made a pie for the white daughter of the family she works for, which Pecola accidently knocks onto the ground. The steaming pie splatters on Pecola's legs and Ms. Breedlove responds by beating her daughter. She proceeds to say nasty slurs to Pecola, Claudia, and Frieda, but comforts the young, white girl.

These actions are atypical of a mother as readers would expect for a mother to comfort her daughter in such a situation. In addition, Ms. Breedlove allows the white girl to refer to her as Polly whereas her own daughter is restricted to calling her Ms. Breedlove. This portion of the novel distinguishes the way in which Ms. Breedlove disassociates herself from black community as exhibited through her attempts to tend to the white people and based on her desire to be a mirror image of them. 6. Quote: She put on some water to boil and then swept the porch; then she hauled out the curtain stretcher, but instead of putting the damp curtains on it, she swept the porch again (Morrison 98) Analysis: Ms. MacTeer was compulsively cleaning proceeding the conflict regarding Frieda being assaulted by Mr. Henry. In a sense, this portrays the mother's love and concern as well as guilt for Frieda.

She was unable to prevent the assault, but if it wasn't for her approval, Mr. Henry would not be comfortable with coming to Frieda's house frequently. Ms. MacTeer cleans her house and sweeps the porch twice to show how she is trying to get rid of the dirty feeling following the assault. This is her way of trying to remove the negative and pervasive feelings accompanied by Mr. Henry's presence. In a sense, although she doesn't directly comfort Frieda, she does stand up for her and exhibit many forms of guilt which is her way of showing that she cares for her daughter. Childlike Understanding 7. Quote: ?How come you got so many boyfriends, Miss Marie?' (Morrison 52) Analysis: Pecola's na??ve perception of prostitution is apparent in this excerpt. She asked Miss Marie about her many boyfriends which are in fact, Miss Marie's clients. Although Pecola knew that China, Poland, and Miss Marie were shunned and not accepted in society for their work, she didn't understand the exact reason why that is so or what it is that they do. This explains why Pecola is not repulsed by the prostitutes like the rest of the community.

Pecola's innocence is a symbol of having an open mind and being accepting of people despite any preconceived biases. 8. Quote: ?Like the Maginot Line. She's ruined' An image of Frieda, big and fat came to mind (Morrison 101). Analysis: Claudia and Frieda use the term ruined incorrectly. Their mother told them that Miss Marie, also known as the Maginot Line, is ruined. The implication of this is because she is prostitute, her emotions are dulled, and she is worthless because of the oppressive lifestyle of partaking in sexual activities. To Claudia and Frieda, being ruined means the same as being fat. They proceed to try to find whiskey for Frieda so that she can burn off the fat that they believe she will gain because she is ruined. In the correct use of the term, Frieda is thought to be ruined because Mr. Henry assaulted her which detracts from her childlike innocence. Because of their childish understanding and limited views of the cold world, the girls have been shielded from such unbearable and explicit topics. 9. Quote: We did not think of the fact that Pecola was not married; lots of girls had babies who were not married. And we did not dwell on the fact that the baby's father was Pecola's father too We thought only of this overwhelming hatred for the unborn baby (Morrison 190-191)

Analysis: Because of their childlike understanding of Pecola's situation, Claudia and Frieda were much more accepting of Pecola being pregnant with her father's baby. Their na??vete is the reason for their open mindedness. They didn't quite understand the concepts of rape, incest, and sex in general, so they did not regard the situation as others in the community did. Instead of shaming and laughing at Pecola for a situation that was completely out of her hands, they were more concerned about trying to use Pecola's baby to defy white beauty standards so that the baby could combat the oppression that was common among black people. Therefore, although na??ve, Claudia and Frieda certainly had a mature understanding and nonjudgmental view of the matters that Pecola went through. Ugliness and Beauty 10. Quote: She thinks, ?[Dandelions] are ugly.

They are weeds.' (Morrison 50) Analysis: Previously, Pecola admired dandelions and didn't understand why people overlooked their beauty and purpose which alludes to her positive acceptance of being black. When she went to the store, Mr. Yacobowski, a white, blue-eyed man, was hesitant when taking Pecola's money for the candy that she was buying because he was disgusted at the idea of touching a black person's hand. Afterward, her optimism regarding the underrated dandelions and the African American race plummeted. This scene is impactful because the audience can detect a distinct comparison between the underappreciated dandelions and the oppressed African American race due to the despotism ingrained by the white people and even the acceptance of white beauty among black people. When Pecola decided that she was ugly, readers learned about Pecola's acceptance of society's horrific view of race defining beauty and status. 11. Quote: Maureen appeared at my elbow, and the boys seemed reluctant to continue under her springtime eyes so wide with interest. They buckled in confusion, not willing to beat up three girls under her watchful gaze (Morrison 67) Analysis: The boys were taunting Pecola for her skin color despite being black themselves.

Claudia and Frieda stepped in for Pecola and the boys were ready to fight back until they noticed fair, green-eyed Maureen nearby. Although Maureen didn't step in to help Pecola, the fight coincidently stopped because of her presence. The harsh reality of this is the idea of beauty equating to power. The boys didn't respect Pecola, Claudia, or Frieda because they were black and therefore not worthy of being respected. However, Maureen shared many of the common attributes associated with white people, so she had a higher status. To the boys, it seemed inappropriate and disrespectful to quarrel in front of a respectable girl which was defined to them based on beauty. 12. Quote: They wash themselves with orange-colored Lifebuoy soap, dust themselves with Cashmere Bouquet talc, clean their teeth with salt on a piece of rag, soften their skin with Jergens Lotion They straighten their hair with Dixie Peach, and part it on the side (Morrison 82) Analysis: This excerpt is in regard to black people who follow a routine that emphasizes traits that white people have.

Cleaning excessively while using soap, talc, and salt is symbolic of trying to clean away the African American culture and attributes that they have in them. They aspire to be clean and pure like white people since this is what is believed to be true by the majority of society. The use of Jergens Lotion as mentioned later in the chapter by Geraldine is to avoid looking ashen.

Ashen skin is common among dark-skinned people, so this is representative of trying to stray away from being associated with being an ugly, black person. Lastly, these people would straighten their hair which is another way in which they are changing cultural aspects to fit in with the admired white people. It is apparent that the beauty standards set by white people are being accepted as the defining point of appearance and these people do not want to be singled out as their fellow African Americans are, so they are trying to mimic these cosmetic procedures to feel like they are in a place of superiority.

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Addressing the Challenges to Accessing Vaccines

Contents

The Importance of Pediatric Vaccinations
Clinical Manifestations
Prevention of Mild Problems with Antipyretic/Analgesic Medications
Educating the Parents
Do Nurses' Beliefs Impact Patient Safety?
Nurses Are Trusted
Conclusion

Vaccinations are a part of every child's life. Ultimately it is up to the parent's decision if their child will receive any vaccines once they are born. With acceptable pain control along with controlling other side effects; long-term negative psychological effects can be avoided. In order for this to happen, so that children can receive their vaccinations parents need to be educated. The best person to educate these parents are the nurses they come across from the beginning of conception to their child's yearly checkups. A nurse can have a great influence on parents with their own beliefs. It is crucial that the nurses stay neutral and well educated about vaccines, so they can provide accurate information. If children don't get vaccinated; communicable diseases can spread, causing the vulnerable populations to become sick. In turn this increases the number of vaccinations children are now required to get. By being proactive we could help save the future generations and inhibit the increase of more injections.

The Importance of Pediatric Vaccinations

From birth to six years of age; children are expected to receive a total of thirty-two injections from ten different vaccinations. A vaccine introduces an antigen (a foreign substance that triggers an immune system response) into the body, and the vaccinated person produces antibodies that provide active immunity to a disease without having the clinical disease (London 2017). Vaccines are meant to improve a child's health, which in turn removes that stress from the parents of having to care for them should they encounter a communicable disease. When children are born, they are unable to develop antibodies fast enough compared to how quickly they can be exposed to diseases. This is when passive immunity; like vaccines, is needed. Vaccines help reduce the severity of the disease if they are exposed or it can even help prevent the disease from developing in the body.

Clinical Manifestations

There are a variety of reactions that a child could have to vaccines. This is due to the child's immunity and how it responds to the antigen once it enters the body. The most common reactions are localized redness and swelling, pain, arthralgia, elevated temperature, fussiness, rash, disturbed sleep, malaise, poor appetite and irritability. When focusing on the common mild problems there is something that parents can do to help prevent or reduce these reactions.

Prevention of Mild Problems with Antipyretic/Analgesic Medications

Medications such as acetaminophen/Tylenol can help reduce the mild clinical manifestations related to vaccines if the parent administers the medication before or at the time the vaccination is administered. One study suggests this practice may negatively affect the child's ability to reproduce an effective immune response to the vaccine; however, other studies say they do not negatively affect the immune response (Eden 2017). The study that did show a decreased antibody response didn't have enough evidence to support that is was actually harmful to receive acetaminophen beforehand. Parents can also use ibuprofen as long as the child is six months. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends prophylactic treatment with an antipyretic/analgesic medication only for the diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis vaccination when there is a personal or family history seizures. It is important to educate parents about how to effectively treat common vaccine-related mild common problems (Eden 2017).

Educating the Parents

Parents can be concerned with the side effects of these vaccinations, especially febrile seizures. Parents may be disinclined to have their child receive the vaccination due to this. Getting a fever post-vaccination is common, although some parents fear the potential for seizure secondary to fever, rather than the fever itself (Eden 2017). Parents need to understand that these types of seizures only last approximately one to two minutes or less and on average they do not cause perpetual harm. Most parents don't know that these seizures are uncommon after vaccinations. However, giving the child an analgesic/antipyretic medication prior to the vaccination doesn't decrease the chance of them having a febrile seizure. If it does happen the parents need to take their child to their pediatrician. The way parents respond to the pain or anxiety of their child can directly affect the stress level of the child (Duda 2018). The child will be able to relax more if the parents are calm. Nurses can contribute, by making sure the parents are well educated about each vaccine and what to expect with each one.

Do Nurses' Beliefs Impact Patient Safety?

Parents have the right to say what their child may or may not receive for vaccinations. Nurses can also agree or disagree with vaccinations. However, nurses can't let their biased opinions influence a parent's decision. If a nurse is against vaccinations and voices that to a parent, it could impact that child's future of attending a public school. In July 2016 a law was passed that require all children enrolled in public and private schools or daycares to be vaccinated against certain vaccine-preventable diseases (Oh 2016). Nurses and parents have several reasons for refusing to get vaccinated. The most common reasons are fear of needles, fear of getting sick from the vaccine, and belief that the vaccine is ineffective or unnecessary (Oh 2016). They may also feel that they are in great health; therefore, they don't need a vaccine.

Nurses Are Trusted

Nurses are the most trusted profession, which means that they have the greatest impact on the people they come across. They have many opportunities to influence the decisions of clients on whether or not to receive a vaccination (Oh 2016). When vaccinations aren't administered outbreaks can happen. For example, there was a recent outbreak of mumps and the number of cases has increased in the last decade. The ACIP reviews these issues and has now decided that a third dose of the MMR vaccine is warranted (Zimlich 2017). It is important for nurses to understand that education can start as early as birth. If the client trusts their nurse, they will be more inclined to listen about vaccinations from the beginning. Vaccinations should be encouraged from health care professionals, because they may the key to harnessing the power of the infant's own immune system (Zimlich 2017).

Conclusion

In the end more children will be protected from communicable diseases if the parents choose to get them vaccinated. Proper education about vaccinations will help decrease the risk of illness and hospitalization in children. When working with children knowledge of their level of cognitive development, ability to adjust to their environment, and their stress response is important (Duda 2018).

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Controversial Issues of Vaccination of Children

What a time to be alive! We live in an era full of the most high tech medical instruments,new operations, and innovative medicines. We complete life saving surgeries in ways that our ancestors could only dream of. For instance, the people of the 19th/20th century would never have thought of a life without polio. Thankfully, we have doctors that spent their time inventing vaccines for illnesses such as polio, smallpox, and HIV. But not everyone understands how vaccines work. Some people have such a poor understanding that they don't want to vaccinate their children for fear of harming their children with the horrible side effects that come with it.

For those that don't know how a vaccine works: a vaccine is a form of dead or weakened strain of a certain virus. When we are given this vaccine, our bodys will start to make antibodies to fight off this unfamiliarity. These antibodies will fight off and kill the vaccine. The more doses of the vaccine we are given the stronger our antibodies become until our bodies are able to fight off the illness itself. Vaccines were made to help our bodies fight off viruses and diseases our body couldn't do naturally. (2 www.niaid.nih.gov) A vaccine is simply a catalyst to help boost not only our immunity but also the immunity of our children and the future generations. In fact, the CDC has prevented more than 21 million hospitalizations and 750,000 deaths within the last 20 years! But in order to keep such statistics we must vaccinate our children. Everyone must work together to create a safe, disease free environment for the community, this is called "herd immunity."

Simply put, herd immunity works so that the more people that are vaccinated, the less people are able to be open to the virus or bacteria. The measles for example, was a highly contagious, airborne virus that was found in nearly all children in the 20th century. Within the first decade of reported cases, there was an average of 6,000 measle related deaths, 48,000 were hospitalized, 1,000 suffered encephalitis. But in 1971, a cocktail of vaccines called MMR was made to fight against measles, mumps, and rubella. This introduction lead to the rapid decline of all three diseases. Just two doses of the MMR vaccine is estimated to be 97-99% effective. Vaccinating infants and children lead to a 75% drop in measles cases worldwide from 2000-2013 and the complete abolishment of the virus in America in 2000. (27 Mauskopf) However due to the lack of available health care globally, the measles still causes 145,700 deaths a year annually. (1 Understanding Community Immunity.)

What is the first thing one does when they figure out they are sick? Usually tell mama, right? She will make it all better, just by staying by the side of her sick child. But is this really necessary; it is completely preventable afterall! By vaccinating their children, parents do not need to stay home, when they could be out working at their job. The more widespread of the vaccine the less money and less time to come by. However, a sick child requires time off work which in turn will require money or the lack of making money. For example, a child with influenza can be contagious for up to eight days or more. According to the Center of Diseases Control (CDC), this alone can cost parents an average of 11 to 73 hours worth of a wages (approximately $222-$1,456) and anywhere from $300 to $4,000 in medical expenses. In a measles outbreak in 2008, of just eleven unvaccinated children cost a net public-sector $123,512 total ($10,376, per case), all due to emergency vaccinations and outbreak response. However, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA/Obamacare) makes many vaccines obtainable to both children and adults.

The number one reason many parents will not vaccinate their children for the fear of detrimental reactions and such as autism or any side effect. Taking it straight from the horse's mouth, vaccines do not cause autism and is a "no effect risk." (2 autismspeaks.org) Unfortunately, it is uneducated parents that believe such things that are putting their children at risk without doing their research. Little reactions such as a small fever, soreness, and swelling at the injection site are perfectly normal when introducing new things to the body and small side effects are expected. However, it should be brought to the attention of concerned parents that their child is 100 times more likely to be struck by lightning than to have an serious reaction such as blood in the stool/urine or pneumonia. That one person to have those type of reactions would be one-in-a-million; Quite literally too! The statistic for having a severe allergic reaction is 1/1,000,000.

Children are exposed to bacteria, viruses, and toxins everyday. In fact children are exposed to more bacteria in their normal activistes than when they receive their vaccinations.

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Different Ideas about Vaccination

In "The Case Against Libertarian Arguments for Compulsory Vaccination," Justin Bernstein argues that justifying compulsory vaccination through a policy that promotes welfare is illogical. Bernstein states that welfare argument is invalid because the state is only vindicated in protecting negative rights. Since welfare is not a primary objective, libertarians cannot rightfully justify compulsory vaccination policy. To support this claim Bernstein analyzes separate attempts made by libertarians Robert Nozick and Jessica Flannigan to justify compulsory vaccination. The examples Bernstein includes are intended to represent unsuccessful arguments made in defense of compulsory vaccination policy. "The Welfare Arguments" are unsuccessful because they are overgeneralized and fail to reasonably justify the implementation of policy based on libertarian principles. It is noted that "The Welfare Argument" that substantiates the state's ability to enforce compulsory vaccination policy is as followed: compulsory vaccination promotes public health and a non-excludable good by protecting citizens against avoidable diseases, promoting community health through the prevention of avoidable diseases increases the individual welfare, and the state is legitimate in implementing coercive measures that uphold the welfare of each citizen and cannot be overridden by the individual rights.

Bernstein argues that resorting to compulsory vaccination measures contradicts libertarian claims that individuals possess sound negative rights over their body and property. As moral constraints, it would be unlawful to violate them through state coercion. Objections towards the impermissibility of compulsory vaccines interferes with credibility of libertarianism, and Bernstein's focus is the conflict between policy and libertarianism. Nozick addresses risk imposition as it applies to the states' permissibility in prohibiting citizens from acting in a way that violates the rights of others and should include compensation. Applied to compulsory vaccinations, this means individuals can be coerced into receiving vaccines and to vaccinate their children but in part should receive monetary compensation. Other libertarians such as Eric Mack believe compensating individuals who have been denied their ability to exercise their rights contradicts the libertarian principle of against paternalism. Associating rights with compensations treats them like commodities that can be purchased with individual consent. Bernstein recognizes how the state neither interferes with nor offers compensation for other rights, for example freedom of religion. Additionally, he expresses that treating the right to "bodily integrity" (793) through the refusal of vaccines differently than other liberties is objectionable. Bernstein states that Nozick's approach of risk imposition does not present adequate rationale as to why individuals are not permitted to not receive vaccination based on individual liberty. If remaining unvaccinated infringed the rights of others, or was not supported by a right the libertarians would easily be able to validate the state's permissibility of compulsory vaccination.

Bernstein recognizes Flannigan's argument that individuals do not have the right to not be vaccinated or impose risk on others which justifies compulsory vaccination. She believes that remaining unvaccinated is as great of a risk as waiving a deadly weapon in the air. Bernstein argues that her approach falls short in justifying the institution of compulsory vaccines for two reasons. First, the imposition of deadly risk is not applicable unless many individuals remain unvaccinated - small groups of unvaccinated individuals pose miniscule risk and does not constitute a rights violation. Secondly, if the absence of a right to impose risk was sufficient justification for the state to coercively prevent individuals from participating in activates, then other activities that the libertarians considered to be protected from state interference should also be eligible to state coercion. Along these lines, the core beliefs of libertarians are individuals "have natural, strong negative rights to property" (Bernstein, 795) which includes governing their own bodies.

In his paper "A Libertarian Case for Mandatory Vaccination," Jason Brennan argues that compulsory "government-enforced vaccination can be justified even within a libertarian political framework" (Brennan, 37). Brennan believes the case for mandatory vaccination is strong and justified within the libertarian framework. To support his claim the author references the clean hands principle which is utilized as a moral basis that prevents citizens from engaging "in the collective imposition of unjust harm or risk of harm" (Brennan, 37). It is noted that Brennan does not accept the imposition of vaccination based on the recommended cost-benefit analysis. He believes that coercing individuals to receive vaccines is an enforceable obligation that serves the common good, that being unvaccinated imposes unnecessary risk to others and justified based on libertarian framework. Along these lines, Brennan's argument is not whether libertarianism is true, but that mandatory vaccination can be justified among

Brennan acknowledges that the common political views believed to be held by libertarians is individuals are self-owned and possess strong and "absolute rights against interference" (Brennan 38). He argues that group of libertarians that believe negative rights are absolute account for only a minority and that most libertarians believe that rights can be violated to prevent disaster. Assuming libertarians do not take absolutist position then justifying compulsory vaccination on the following arguments is feasible: Individuals possess strong non-absolute rights to refuse medication that "can be overridden to prevent disaster" (Brennan 38), if the vast majority of citizens do not receive vaccines against preventable diseases then there would be a disaster and therefore, coercive vaccination policy is permissible. The author compares the spreading of disease to disaster. He points out that if the growing minority refuses vaccination then the statistically low long-term implications could grow into long-term consequences which constitutes a disaster that trumps individual rights.

Brennan argues that vaccination advocates can also defend compulsory vaccination on grounds of "hard paternalism" which "refers to government policies that coerce citizens into performing certain actions, or avoiding other actions, for their own good" (Brennan 38). Libertarians are reluctant to start with this argument because they feel that adults' rights to make children must be respected. Vaccines are "a largely collective action," (Brennan 39) which involves the whole population and not just children. When the argue of paternalism is applied it complicates the issue because it requires clear parameters of the rights of the guardian in making decisions for the child and the child's rights within the guardianship. However, Brennan feels that if vaccines can be used as a tool to prevent individuals from causing unjust harm or risk for other citizens then they are grounds for libertarians justifying compulsory vaccination.

In "Conscientious Objection to Vaccination" Clarke, Giubilini and Walker examine the conscientious reasons for vaccine refusal. The authors believe that conscientious objections include moral, philosophical and religious reasons. The two questions they focus on are: should individuals be entitled to conscious objections to compulsory vaccination for both their children and themselves and if individuals are entitled to conscious objections (CO), what restrictions or requirements should those objections be based on? Do you need question marks for both questions and should you capilatize Should? The authors argue that in lieu of receiving vaccinations, objectors must make a reasonable contribution to society. The contribution should be dependent on the seriousness of the disease, the harm associated with refusing the vaccine and the morbidity of the disease. Another factor is whether CO threatens the herd immunity within a given population. If the number of CO continue to increase in regard to highly contagious or severe diseases this would pose a serious threat. Therefore, the requirements for individuals to refuse vaccination based on CO could be impermissible.

The authors believe that ethical concerns, philosophical discussions and epistemic questions revolving vaccines have been addressed, but the permissibility and handling of CO is a unknown. To analyze the two questions presented in the journal, Clarke, Giubilini and Walker study the analogy between CO to military service and CO to vaccination. The policies, practices and responses of CO to military service is a similar and well-developed in respect to recognizing individual rights, state objectives and military needs. The first section focuses on the ethical reasoning supporting the treatment of CO to military services. Policies have been instituted in the US, UK, and Australia for individuals who possess CO to military service and war. Objectors are typically given non-combatant or civic roles that do not work directly with military services but that support the welfare of society. The length of these duties can be up to twice the length of military service. Objectors must prove through tribunal assessment that their CO are real. The tribunal focuses on validity rather than sincerity. Since individuals cannot participate in military service, they have a duty to uphold their society and make additional contributions by taking on commensurate roles during periods of crisis. Another reason to justify duties assigned to objectors is to ensure that they are not "free-riding" (Clarke, Giubilini and Walker, 158). The number of free-riders must remain low for society to survive.

Clarke, Giubilini and Walker argue that infectious disease is comparable to threat of an opposing military force and war. It affects national security and societal and political stability. The analogy of war and disease extends beyond duties of contagion prevention and includes sub-duties outlining conduct during outbreaks such as quarantines. Individuals have a duty to follow outbreak protocol. They also have a duty to prevent outbreaks and participate in herd immunity through receiving vaccination. The authors express that the imposition of vaccination is just based on appealing to public safety or national security. This duty includes three costs that the individual assumes: personal risk, liberty cost, and utility cost. Liberty cost refers to the "principle of liberty" and utility cost includes medical appointments and distress associated with being vaccinated. This approach denies the right to object and the costs should correspond with benefits. The last section examines key implications of vaccination policy. The two general policy implications that accompany CO are objectors must be able to provide evidence of sincerity in objecting to vaccination and they have responsibility to contribute to the well-being of their society.

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About the Great Plains

The Great Plains, also known as the Great American Dessert, is located in the United States, Canada, and North America. There are thirteen states in the United States that lie on the Great Plains. Those including; Colorado, Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, New Mexico, North Dakota, South Dakota, Oklahoma, Texas, and Wyoming. It is often thought the Plains contain things such as canyons, a variety of landscapes, forest, isolated mountains. A variety of the Plains is actually primarily made up several types of grasslands. A majority of the grassland was prairie grasses which were used for natural grazing lands for animals like buffalo, sheep, and cattle.

The Great Plains contain a type of soil with an alkaline substance called calcium carbonate. Calcium carbonate is a mineral salt formed by the sun filtering into areas with little rainfall. This results in the plants not being able to take hold due to the lack of rainwater that is unable to reach the earth below. However, when the soil is moist it contains rich minerals that prevent wind from blowing soil and wind away.

In the late nineteenth century, pioneers began settling in the Great Plains. The vast land soon became occupied with small, individual farms. Wherever people settled down, the grasses were plowed down and replaced with plants instead. Approximatly eighty-five percent of the grassland was plowed over. The previous grasslands were rich in nutrients and anchored to the ground, however, as the wheat fields were planted the roots were not as strong and were left exposed to a variety of elements.

In 1919, the wheat farms were making their highest yields and greatest profits ever. That year, 952 , million bushels and 74 milion scres of wheat were produced. Unlike farmers from before little manpower was required now due to mechanization. Gas-powered tractors and plows were invented which resulted in dropping the amount of labor needed by one-third. This new mechanization allowed farmers to exceed greater profits and have more freedom and control. In Harper's Magazine described the transformation of farming as, a clod into an operator; from a dumb brute into a mechanic.

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Terminating a Pregnancy

Abortion is, by definition, terminating a pregnancy by removing the fetus pre-maturely from the womb. It is a procedure that is becoming more and more common and can polarize a room in seconds. If there's so many people against government funds going to abortion clinics, such as Planned Parenthood, why is it still happening? A large portion of Planned Parenthood's funds come from the government, tax payer's money going to something they don't believe in. By simply stopping the flow of government funds going into these clinics, woman can do with their bodies as they please, but out of their own pockets, rather than the pockets of the tax-payers.

Currently, according to "Congressional health-care bill 'defunds' Planned Parenthood, about 43 percent of [Planned Parenthood's] budget -- close to $550 million -- comes from government grants and reimbursements, with Medicaid representing the vast majority of that money (par. 14). While Planned Parenthood provides more services than just abortion procedures, they are responsible for more than 300,000 abortions during the 2014-2015 fiscal year (par. 18). An abortion costs, at most, according to Emily at Planned Parenthood, $950 out of pocket. Theresa Fisher states, the procedure itself costs upwards of $3,000, leaving the other $2,050 to insurance or government assistance. (par. 1) Millions of dollars a year go to these clinics.

Money that comes out of tax-payer's pockets. The government also funds things such as our military, and schools. Things that, no matter who you are, benefit the country. Abortion clinics aren't beneficial to everybody. Some may say they are the exact opposite of beneficial and take away the unborn fetus' unalienable right to life, labeling abortion as unconstitutional. Though, as noted by R. Alta Charo, they do provide fetal tissue research that virtually every person in this country has benefited from, regardless of how this fetal tissue has been harvested. (1)

The main argument for abortion is that it's a factor of Woman's Health and Reproductive Rights, as pointed out by Curtis Mayfield (par. 1), and it falls under Title X protection (Ludlow 4). However, as argued by the National Right to Life News in 2015, abortion procedures easily violate Title V, as well Title XX, which both protect children and their health. (par. 6) In 2017, the National Right to Life News pointed out that there's thousands of unethical abortions preformed where they remove intact, born-alive fetuses “often late-term -- in order to harvest their organs, without the use of proper procedural chemicals instead using a chemical “Digoxin”which is a round-about method to be documented as killing the fetus, without fully killing it, leaving it's cardiac systems fully functional as to make them sellable (par. 1-8). R. Alta Charo explains the scientific benefits fetal tissue provides. He notes that the stem cells provide insight on the vacines for chickenpox, polio, and rubella (par. 5).

How necessary was it to use the stem cells of fetal tissue to reach these conclusions? Was/is there any other way to research these kinds of diseases? Perhaps victims of these diseases who consent their bodies to be donated to science could have done the same thing. Most vaccines are just a dead strain of the virus it's preventing so your body's immune system can recognize it and then learn to fight off the disease. Why was fetal stem cells necessary to do this research in the first place? The fetus cannot consent to this research like a fully developed human can, why should the mother consent to the fetus being removed from the womb prematurely, still alive for it's organs to be harvested for research? It seems very barbaric.

He does note that fetal tissue research has not persuaded woman to get abortions (par. 7), however the pure unethical procedure of how these fetuses were harvested can hardly be stomached. Selling fetal tissue on the underground market or to universities and research facilities, fetuses being removed from the womb prematurely”partially living”to do research and tests on, doesn't seem to be in the best interest of children's health rights. It seems almost selfish to put the life of a child second to Reproductive Rights. There are numerous ways to prevent unintentional pregnancies, which is plenty compliant with Reproductive Rights.

A baby is not a baby until it comes out (Ludlow 3). This is a common phrase among those who object to defunding Planned Parenthood, and it isn't until 24 weeks that even the Pro-Choicers start to feel unconfutable. A fetus has a heartbeat at 6 weeks. By 12 weeks it has limbs, fingers and little toes. At 16 weeks it has teeth, bones, and can make faces, you can even tell the sex of the fetus. Then at 24 weeks a baby can move by kicking, punching, stretching, etc. At what point can we really determine what is and isn't a living baby? In hospitals, if a human has a heartbeat and brain function, they're technically alive, regardless of the rest of their body's functionality. By this definition, a 6-week-old fetus is a living baby. Yet there's people who stretch out the argument up until the baby can move, or even born to finally determine its right to live.

Under current proposed bills to defund Planned Parenthood, according to the National Rights to Life News in 2015, the funds that would have gone to Planned Parenthood would then be directed to community health centers (par. 7), that need more funding to provide lower cost general healthcare. Millions of tax-payers dollars would go back into the community, the way tax was meant to be used. In 2013, according to URGENT- Paul Ryan: GOP will defund Planned Parenthood in 2017, Speaker of the House, Paul Ryan promised that Republicans will try to re-distribute all government funding from Planned Parenthood, and this caused a 16-day shutdown in DC as President Obama and his Democratic following pushed to remove the bill (par. 1). In May 2017, as noted by "Congressional health-care bill 'defunds' Planned Parenthood", There was a temporary bill that blocked funds to Planned Parenthood, but has had no progress to become a law due to The American Civil Liberties Union threatening to take legal action, due to other points the act included (par. 2-3). The solution is to propose a bill that purely focuses on abortion, and the defunding of Planned Parenthood, leaving out all other topics surrounding woman's rights.

Millions of tax-payers dollars not only go directly to Planned Parenthood, but is also used for government-issued insurance. It's taken out of nearly everyone's paychecks, and they cover abortions, according to Planned Parenthood (par. 7). The government shouldn't cover anything with tax-payer's money that, according to Party Affiliation, updated in 2018, 28-67% (Gallup Inc. 1) of the population doesn't agree with, regardless of the issue. Tax money should go towards things that benefit the whole country. The whole county pays taxes, yet their money is going towards things that the whole country doesn't benefit, nor agree with. It doesn't seem moral to borderline force someone pay for something they do not agree with.

In summary, it is unrealistic to outlaw abortion all together, and there are times where the procedure is used for the safety of the fetus and/or the mother, and not just for a rash form of birth control. A more realistic approach to limit the procedure is to limit or eliminate government funding from Planned Parenthood, make it a matter of private funding between the patient and the clinic. Medicare, Medicaid, Obamacare, and other public insurances should not cover the procedure. The funds that would normally cover abortions could be redistributed to general public healthcare.

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How Nazi Propaganda Molded the German Mindset

Is bigotry something that can be taught, or something you are born with? In Germany during the 1930's and early 40's bigotry seemed to be ubiquitous towards many minority groups, predominately the Jewish population. This bigotry and hatred came about because of the work done by the Nazi party since their inception in the early 1920's. One of the most widespread and effective ways the Nazi party spread messages of hate throughout Germany was through multiple outlets of propaganda. These included newspapers/articles, speeches, films and posters/pictures. These forms of propaganda spread the notion that minorities such as the Jews were not welcome in Germany and did not fit the Aryan race beliefs. Through spreading these forms of propaganda Nazi's were able to mold the thinking of the German population to despise Jews, allowing Holocaust acts of relocation to ghettos, concentration camps and extermination to be carried out. This essay will examine various Nazi propaganda films, speeches and posters to show the persuading and convincing ideals they spread, as well as using the propaganda to defend the notion that the Holocaust would never have been carried out without the backing of the German population.

When Hitler took power in 1933 there was noticeable hatred of the Jews within the Nazi party. But they had no clear answer to the Jewish Question and no clear plan what to do with them. At the time there was no intentional plan to exterminate the Jews, but they felt something needed to be done. The Nazi's began to try to make the lives of German Jews as miserable as possible with legal efforts to emigrate them anywhere besides Germany. They succeeded in exiling about 600,000 Jews from Germany, but with the 2,000,000 additional Jews in Poland and millions more in Russia, their success would soon fade. As the problem began to grow Hitler and other Nazi leaders began to consider extermination as one of the only options remaining. Quickly they realized they could not carry mass murder without some sort of probable cause or reason. They knew that propaganda would have to be used to create probable cause for these heinous acts. They concluded that painting a picture of Jews as sub-humans would bias the public opinion against the Jews and make mass murder easier to carry out (Bytwerk, 38).

To create the illusion that the Jews were sub-human, the Nazi's needed to show how terrible the Jews really were. They wanted people to see how the Jews were out to destroy Germany and all that it stood for and that the Nazi's actions were only in defense to thwart the Jew's goal. In Hitler's Mein Kampf, he asserted that, the world would spin through space, empty of humanity, where the Jews would dominate the planet (Hitler, Mein Kampf). In 1939 Hitler gave a speech at the Reichstag building on January 30th proclaiming, If the international Jewish financiers in and outside of Europe should succeed in plunging the nations once more into a world war, then the result will not be the Bolshevization of the earth, and thus the victory of the Jewry, but the annihilation of the Jewish race in Europe! (Hitler, Reichstag). Although actions of the Holocaust had begun years before this speech, this was one of the few moments when Hitler publicly called for the complete annihilation of Jews. All propaganda prior to and after this speech continued to intensify as the war went on (Bytwerk, 39).

One of the most famous pieces of Nazi propaganda was a film called Triumph des Willens (Triumph of The Will). The film was released in 1935 under the direction of Leni Riefenstahl with Hitler serving as an unofficial executive producer. Much of the film takes place at the rally in Nuremburg during 1934. In the film there are many prominent authoritarian speakers from the Nazi party who spoke of the prosperous and wonderful Germany under the ruling of Hitler. The first speaker at the rally proclaims to Hitler, Mein Fuher, when you act, we act. When you judge, we judge. Our gratitude is the promise to stand by you, through thick and thin, whatever comes our way (Riefenstahl, 24:30).

Another excerpt that is rather interesting from Triumph des Willens is from the speech by Joseph Goebbels. Goebbels was the Reich Minister of Propaganda for Nazi Germany from 1933 to 1945. He was known for being the mastermind behind all the Nazi propaganda towards Jews and took direct orders from Hitler himself. In Triumph des Willens Goebbels says, May [your] enthusiasm never be extinguished. It alone gives the [art] of [propaganda] its light and warmth. From the depths of the people it rose [from] and into the depths of the people it must descend to find its strength. It may be good to have power in [arms], but it is better [to win] and keep the hearts of the people (Riefenstahl, 30:00).

The purpose of this film was for the empowerment of Germany and its citizens, not an anti-semitic production as other propaganda films were. It glorified the Nazi party and Hitler by painting them as the savior of all. Showing how they had brought the country back to its eternal glory from the suffering of WWI reparations and punishments. The quote by the first speaker in the film at the rally does not speak of any anti-semitism but it still backs up the fact that the nation was willing to stand by Hitler's side through all his decisions, including the mass annihilation of the Jewish population in Europe. The quote by Goebbels was also interesting because he was directly addressing the people about how their enthusiasm was helping propaganda spread and gain influence, as well as saying that having the public back their cause was far superior to having a strong army. This could again be contributed to the Jews and how through spreading propaganda, the citizens were more willing to back the Nazi's reasoning of Jewish persecution and showing that it would be very likely actions of the Holocaust would not have happened without the nationalism of the people and spreading of propaganda.

The anti-semitism in the film was still widely recognized especially by those in Germany. In an excerpt from Jew Suss: Life, Legend, Fiction, Film by Susan Tegel we learn that the film was often screened to those running concentration camps. This led a few guards at the camps to beat up Jewish prisoners the following day after the screening (Tegel, 245). Acts like this clearly display the effect these films had on German citizens and how they influenced their thinking to despise Jewish minorities. This film also backs up the point that the Holocaust would not have possible without the work of these propaganda outlets. In addition, it also promoted ongoing Holocaustic acts such as the ones mentioned in Jew Suss.

The second film that explicitly pushed the national socialism's idea of anti-semitism was a film called Der Ewige Jude (The Eternal Jew). Der Ewige Jude was released in 1940 shortly after the release of Jud S??»??. This was a documentary style film that portrayed the Jews in their original state without their fasade of being civilized Europeans. The film was released throughout Europe, but had to have certain scenes omitted in some countries because of the blatant lies that were said. Some of the more outlandish facts that were said in the film were the comparison between rats and Jews. [Rats] represent the elements of sneakiness and subterranean destruction among animals, just as the Jews do among mankind (Hippler, 17:30). The film also paints the home life of Jews as, filthy and neglected. It proclaimed that although they have made a living for themselves and live in comfortable homes, they still choose, to live in the same dirty and bug-ridden dwelling (Hippler, 3:40). Many of the scenes in the film were specifically edited and filmed for the sole purpose of highlighting unsanitary living conditions. It also pushed false characteristics of Jews such as sneakiness, disease carriers and prone to committing crimes.

As it was clearly shown the idea behind this film was to distort the thinking of how a Jew lives, acts, works and looks. The idea was to create a real imagine of the European Jew by using scientific, naturalistic and laboratory techniques to reveal what is not visible just by looking at the surface. In reality, the technique that was used was the power of suggestion. By having a narrator explain what was going on in the scenes, the viewer is being deceived to see what is not there. These techniques carried the agenda of the Nazi's to eradicate the Jewish population and mold the thinking of non-Jewish citizens to again despise the Jews. In turn, the techniques allowed the horrific acts of the Holocaust to take place without any outcry from the German public (Hansen, 82).

Not only did the film content of Der Ewige Jude serve as a propaganda tool, the poster itself for the film also served as a very strong propaganda outlet as well. There are two variations of the poster, both portraying an overly dramatized and almost caricature like picture of a Jewish man. Fig. 1 displays the poster of the 1937 exhibition of Der Ewige Jude which would later become one of the propaganda posters for the film Der Ewige Jude. The image displays an elder Jewish man slouched over, holding out a handful of money, while holding a cutout of the Soviet Union branded with the hammer and sickle. All the details that are displayed have some sort of propaganda meaning behind them and were carefully thought out by the creator. The slouching over and awkward pose is to show that Jews are not normal and do not look like the rest of the civilized European population. The hand being held out with money can be attributed to the stereotype that Jews were very greedy and always concerned about money as quoted in Der Ewige Jude (Der Ewige Jude, 14:20). The hammer and sickle on the map of the Soviet Union is used to signify the Jews link to the Soviets, communism and how they were in partnership with the Soviets to destroy Germany. Lastly, the words Der Ewide Jude seemed to have been written specifically in a hieroglyphic looking font to again signify difference and contrast between the rest of the population.

The second variation of the film poster again displays an overly dramatized drawing of an Eastern Jew as shown in Fig. 2. The photo displays a grotesque looking elderly man with demonic/piercing eyes, a very long wrinkly face, a long untamed beard and an abnormally large nose. As was done in the previous poster, all these choices were made for the purpose of painting the picture of a Jew as dirty, cunning and parasitic. The face and beard were purposefully made to show the Jew as dirty, angry, tired and old to make the image as unpleasant as possible. The abnormally large nose was a stereotype created to distinguish Jews from non-Jews. This was often one of many indicators posted throughout cities to warn citizens on how to distinguish a Jew from a German citizen.

These two examples were only a small percentage of massive amounts of propaganda cartoons, posters and caricatures that were spread by the Nazi's. It is also interesting to note that all of these posters are of male Jews and not female Jews. Often in propaganda posters and photos men were humiliated by having otherwise unnoticeable physical features drastically emphasized to show the clear deviation between the Jew and non-Jew. They were also humiliated in photographs by having their beards and sidelocks cut off by amused German citizens and soldiers. Women were often depicted sexually in propaganda posters and photos, sometimes forced to display their breasts and strip naked and perform lewd sexual acts on each other to the prove the immoral habits of the Jews (Struk, 114). This was all for the purpose of differentiating Jews and non-Jews.

Posters and pictures were one of the most used forms of propaganda because they could reach a much larger audience, as opposed to films and speeches that required you to go to a theater or visit the venue of the speech. By being able to get propaganda out to a larger audience more people will talk about it, making it more likely they will be persuaded and stand behind the meaning of the propaganda. Just as the films served a purpose to craft the feelings towards European Jews into a hatred and disgust, so did posters and photos. And by crafting the thinking of the non-Jews to back the Nazi's ideal of eradicating the Jewish race, non-Jews were much more likely to not oppose the eradication and stand with the Nazi's.

Jeffrey Herf an American historian who specializes in WWII era Germany and who famously wrote The Jewish Enemy stated in his book that, wartime anti-semitic propaganda was the most integral piece to Nazi motivation (Herf, 131). Not only did propaganda spread the notion of hatred towards Judaism, it also strengthened the feeling of nationalism throughout all German citizens. Some would argue that using propaganda to persuade the German population towards Nazi anti-semitic ideals was pointless and the Holocaust would have occurred even without the backing on the citizens. If that was the case, why would the Nazi's spend all their time and effort to spread the propaganda in the first place? It wasn't to convince themselves that their cause was just, they already believed in it. As Goebbels stated, It may be good to have power in [arms], but it is better [to win] and keep the hearts of the people (Triumph des Willens, 30:00). By winning over the people and giving them a sense of nationalism through propaganda and solidify that the Nazi's actions towards the Jews were just, citizens were more likely to stand behind anything the Nazi's had proposed.

As time went on and the Holocaustic acts towards the Jews intensified the propaganda approaches needed to change as well. By being able to constantly adapt the propaganda, the Nazi's were able to keep the hearts of the people. By using multiple outlets such as film, speeches, posters, photos and word of mouth, they were able to shower the German public with messages designed to build support and gain acceptance of their vision for the future of Germany, including the eradication and persecution of the Jewish race.

The exact definition of propaganda is information that is intended to persuade an audience to accept a particular idea or cause, often by using biased material or by stirring up emotions, which is exactly what Hitler, Goebbels and the Nazi's were trying to do. Hitler believed that controlling the spread of information was just as important as controlling the military, economy and other aspects of Germany. This can also be said about propaganda today. In the current age of fake news there are always governments, news outlets and organizations that are feeding the public what they want them to hear. It is very uncommon that you truly get the full story with any unbiased opinions attached. This technique was used by Hitler and the Nazi's to feed the public only what they wanted them to hear about the Jews. They needed to alter the true reality of the characteristics of the Jewish people to build support for their cause. Without the use of nationalistic and anti-semitic propaganda the Nazi's would never have been able to build support for their vision of hatred towards Jews and the Holocaust would never have been as much of a success.

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Components of Propaganda

Propaganda has been around for many years.In society now and in decades before when people express opinions,ideas,or interests they make use of propaganda.The term propaganda first appeared in 1612 when Pope Gregory established the Sacred Congregation for propagating the Faith.Propaganda is used for convincing a large amount of people to agree with there specific ways of thinking.Different beliefs on religious and political matters are reasons on why propaganda has risen.Even though propaganda doesn't work,propaganda works because of plain folks and glittering generalities.

Plain folks is a type of form used as a propaganda strategy.Plain folks is mainly used in politics.Plain folks shows the politician and they represent themselves as if they were an ordinary person.They do this to get votes of a typical everyday American citizen.This propaganda is used to persuade people into agreeing with them as if they were normal people instead of a politician with money.This is a smart way to gain trust and interest on a citizen voting for them.

Glittering Generalities are also words that have all different types of meaning that seem positive.This is used in mainly advertising and politics.Glittering Generalities have an emotional appeal without giving some sort of reason or explanation.There really is not some sort of information given to people but it gives the effect of a positive vibe through the meaning it carrys .

Stacking the deck means including positive facts and leaving out all the bad facts.This form of propaganda is effective because it gives information to the people and citizens on what the candidate would do or plan.It also gives people the satisfaction and knowing of what is happening around them.

Even though we know that propaganda such as plain folks,glittering generalities,and stacking the deck are most effective.They persuade people into thinking that they are ordinary people.They give an emotional appeal without giving detail and they also inform what's happening around them.They don't want to form any type of warlike in attack ads .All they want is to inform their citizens on what there ideas are and what they are to them.

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Understanding down Syndrome

Our understanding of inheritance of genes goes all the way back to 1866. Gregor Mendel was the first scientist to study and popularize the concept of recessive and dominant alleles in genetic inheritance. Although the mechanisms have been studied for many years, our understandings of the genetic contributing factors of Down syndrome are incomplete. However, an extra copy of chromosome 21 is thought to be the most common cause of Down syndrome. This results from meiosis incorrectly partitioning chromosome 21 during gamete formation. Meiotic nondisjunction type I and type II both result in abnormal gametes that are either missing a chromosome, or possess an extra onethis is known as aneuploidy. As a result, both the fertilization of an abnormal egg cell by a normal sperm cell or the fertilization of a normal egg cell by an abnormal sperm cell can occur. Unfortunately, a fertilized egg that is missing a chromosome for any of the autosomes will be spontaneously aborted early in embryonic development. However, an aneuploidy that occurs in the X chromosome is viable, and will develop into an individual with Turner's syndrome.

An aneuploidy that results from an extra copy of a chromosome is labeled a trisomy. Trisomy of the X chromosome is commonly experienced in aneuploidy. In women, trisomy of the X chromosome results in what is known as triple X syndrome, while in males this results in Klinefelter syndrome. However, a variety of aneuploidy in sex chromosomes does exist, often affecting cognitive abilities, physical appearance, and fertility. Interestingly these aneuploidies are less detrimental to the health of individuals affected than those with extra autosomal chromosomes. Scientists believe this to be due to the inactivation of all but one X chromosome copy and the relatively few number of genes located on Y chromosomes. Trisomies of the autosomes are rare and only survive to term in a handful of fetuses. Chromosomes 8, 9, 13, 18, 21, and 22 are the only autosomal trisomies that have been known to survive, even so, trisomies of 8, 9, and 22 are only viable in the cases that experience mosaicism. Mosaicism occurs when a mixture of both normal and abnormal cells in the body are found. Again, these aneuploidies are much less likely to survive to term, even then causing a variety of very severe deficits in the individual. For example, Patau syndrome occurs from trisomy in chromosome 13, causing heart defects, neurological deficits, as well as skeletal deformities. This syndrome is one of the rarest occurring in about 1 in every 16,000 infants, with only 20 percent surviving past their first year. Contrastingly, the most common aneuploidy to survive is Trisomy in chromosome 21, having the prevalence of 1 in 700 births. Trisomy 21 is known as Down syndrome. However, production of aneuploidies is not always necessary for the occurrence of Down syndrome. On average, most children either inherit an extra chromosome 21 or are simply born with an extra copy of the chromosome (Eckdahl, 2017). Babies with Down syndrome are usually easily identified soon after birth.

However, for a definitive diagnosis, the chromosomes in the blood cells must be analyzed. Symptoms of Down syndrome include a variety of physical abnormalities, some of the most common including hypotension, flattened facial profile, small head, ears and mouth, upward slanting eyes, Brushfield spots on the iris of the eye, and a deep crease across the palm of the hand. Physical development in these individuals is often slower than that of typical children. However, children with Down syndrome can learn to participate in physical activities similar to other typically developing children. Additionally, children with trisomy 21 are at an increased risk for other certain health problems. For example, nearly half of babies born with Down syndrome will also have Congenital Heart Disease, which can lead to high blood pressure and an inability of the heart to pump and circulate blood efficiently throughout the body. They are also prone to infections due to the disorder causing issues with their immune system. Infants with the disorder have a 62-fold increase in rate of pneumonia, as compared to infants without the disease. They are much more likely to die from untreated infections. Other associations include increase risk of hypothyroidism, blood disorders, sleep disorders, epilepsy, Celiac disease, as well as serious mental and emotional problems. However, not every child will show all the characteristics and signs associated with the disorder, some may exhibit only a few. It is vital to remember that none of the symptoms associated with Trisomy 21 are unique.

The common population also often suffers from these issues. Advances in treatment and access to medical has increased the average life expectancy to 60-65 years for individuals with Down syndrome. However, individuals with Down syndrome also exhibit a greatly increased risk of developing early-onset Alzheimer's Disease (NIH, 2017). Today, intellectual disabilities are the most common developmental disability. This term, intellectually impaired, refers to a condition in which a person has certain limitations on their cognitive functioning. Nearly 6.5 million people in the United States have an intellectual disability. Within this population, Down syndrome is the most commonly identified cause of the impairment. The disorder accounts for nearly 30% of the intellectually impaired population (Rachidi, 2010). However, a child's level of impairment can range from mild, moderate, to severe. Those with mild deficits are likely able to continue in mainstream education, while others with moderate to severe impairment will likely require additional services to learn basic life skills. Intellectual disability in DS is characterized in many ways, including cognitive delays, language difficulty, learning and memory impairments, problems in changing tasks, as well as other cognitive impairments (Rachidi, 2010). In all likelihood, these children will be able to learn many skills, however, they will most often fall behind the normal developmental markers. Some of the most common difficulties children with intellectual disability face include the cognitive functions of recognizing consequences, solving problems, thinking logically, reasoning, planning, abstract thought, and experiential learning (NDSS, 2018).

To measure these abilities, IQ testing is implemented. Individuals with Down syndrome have an IQ of about 50, while typically developing individuals possess an IQ of 90-109 on average (Weiss, 2006). IQ in these individuals begins to decline after the first year of life and continues throughout adolescence and adulthood (Rachidi, 2010). With an IQ significantly lower than average, individuals with DS will likely struggle their entire lives and be unable to partake in many activities of typically developing persons. Several studies have indicated an impairment in working memory in individuals with DS. Meaning, these individuals perform significantly worse on the active manipulation of information (Lanfranchi, 2010). Evidence suggests that they are more susceptible to interference than typically developing persons, struggling to inhibit predominant but inappropriate responses. Borella et. al tested this using a Stroop task in which individuals with DS were less able to prevent automatic responses. Additionally, they found that these individuals were impaired in their ability to suppress irrelevant information in order to maintain their working memory capacity (2013). Due to the existence of a limit of information that can be stored in the working memory of all individuals, this inability to ignore non-pertinent information can possibly explain why a negative fallout exists in the working memory of individuals with DS. These intellectual impairments observed are considered to be caused by the neurological physical alterations that accompany the disorder from birth in the key regions of learning and memory in the DS brain.

Overall, a reduction of brain volume as compared to typically developing individuals is reported. Notably, significant reduction in volume found in the hippocampus, cerebellum, and prefrontal cortex of the brain have been seen in neuroimaging studies (Pinter, 2001). This impairment of the prefrontal cortex could possibly be the cause behind the observed deficits in working memory of these individuals that have been consistently reported. However, deficits in spatial, long-term, and short-term memory are observed in these individuals providing behavioral evidence for hippocampal dysfunction Rachidi, 2010). Down syndrome mice models allow for the investigation of the molecular mechanisms as well as early phenotypic abnormalities found in the disorder. Mouse genes on chromosome 16 are syntenic to those found on human chromosome 21. Trisomy of this mouse chromosome imitates the molecular and clinical phenotypes found in human trisomy 21. These mice exhibit similar neurological alterations and cognitive impairments as associated with Down syndrome. Although several methods have been experimented with creating partial or total chromosome 16 trisomy in mice, perhaps the most viable and similar to human Down syndrome is the mouse line of Tc1. These mice have been manipulated to generate an aneuploidy mouse line that reliably produces an almost complete human chromosome 21. These mice have successfully been able to model phenotypic alterations in behavior, synaptic plasticity, cerebellar neuronal number, and heart abnormalities found in human DS (O'Doherty, 2007). This method of modeling aneuploidies will also likely prove helpful in the future to modeling other human chromosome aneuploidy syndromes. One study used Ts65Dn mouse models to replicate the effects of Down syndrome.

They found significant alterations in the density and morphology of dendritic spines in the mouse models, most notably in the hippocampus. In the fascia dentata of the hippocampus enlarged spines were 10 times as frequent in the Ts65Dn mice as compared to typically developing mice. Mice models for Down syndrome have exhibited changes in induction of long-term potentiation, density and size of dendrites, and structure of synapse in addition to cognitive deficits. Behavioral tests in these mice have showcased these impairments. In tests like the open-field test, novel recognition test, and T-maze test they were shown to perform significantly worse than controls. Previous studies had supported deficits in LTP induced by high-frequency stimulation of the CA1 region of the hippocampus. However, Costa and Gybko (2005) found LTP to be induced in the CA1 in both HFS and theta burst stimulation. Their results showed no difference in HFS induced LTP, but only in TBS induced LTP of the CA1 region. A significant reduction of the amount of TBS-induced LTP in the Ts65Dn mice was observed compared to typically developing mice. However, this specific LTP deficit was rescued by the addition of Picrotoxin, a GABAA antagonist. This lead researchers to uphold the hypothesis of an increase in GABAAmediated inhibition or in the plasticity of the inhibitory circuitry of Ts65Dn mice possibly underlying the synaptic plasticity deficits in DS models (Costa, 2005). GABAA receptors consist of five subunits that surround a central chloride-ion selective channel gated by GABA, GABA standing for gamma-aminobutyric acid. GABAA receptors are the main inhibitory neurotransmitter receptors in the brain of mammals (Sigel, 2012). Presynaptic GABAA receptors occur at hippocampal mossy fiber synapses.

An endogenous neurosteroid selective for high-affinity ??-subunit-containing GABAA was applied and resulted in the depolarization of mossy fiber synaptic terminals. Once depolarization had occurred, action-potential dependent Ca2+ influx was enhanced, thus further facilitating excitatory glutamatergic transmission in pyramidal neurons of the hippocampus. Blocking of the GABAA receptors, however, depolarizes the mossy fiber terminals. This results in an increase in input resistance, a decrease in excitatory postsynaptic potential width, and diminishes action potential-dependent Ca2+ influx. Interestingly, this has led scientists believe this indicates that a subset of presynaptic GABA receptors is tonically active, meaning activity is present even in the absence of stimulation. Enhanced Ca2+ influx that occurs as a result of GABAA receptor stimulation is thought to be the driving force behind GABAA receptor induced LTP in the mossy fibers. Due to postsynaptic depolarization playing little role to no role in mossy fiber LTP induction, experimental results have implied GABAA receptors hold an important role in the synaptic plasticity of glutamatergic synapses, modeling the effects reported for kainate receptors (Ruiz, 2010). Thus presynaptic GABAA receptors actually have an excitatory role in the induction of LTP. Genes present in the critical region of Down syndrome on chromosome 21 often result in their overexpression. Regulator of Calcineurin 1 (RCAN1) which interacts with calcineurin A and inhibits calcineurin-dependent signaling pathways is found on this critical region. RCAN1 overexpression in neurons has been shown to impair synaptic plasticity, neurotransmitter release, and on a larger scale, learning and memory. Cells of trisomy 16 mouse models were observed to express levels of Rcan1 1.8-fold higher than control cells using Western blot assays. Rcan1 overexpression was then knocked down to a similar level to that of controls, thus restoring Ca2+ -dependent exocytosis (V?- squez-Navarrete, 2018).

Brain tissue taken from the autopsy of individuals with Down syndrome indicated significantly reduced levels of noradrenaline, dopamine, serotonin, and choline acetyltransferase in both cortical and subcortical regions of the tissue. This tissue also displayed neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, indicating neuropathological abnormalities similar to that of Alzheimer's Disease (Godridge, 1987). Down syndrome may hold the key to understanding the pathogenesis and progression of Alzheimer's Disease. The studying of young patients with DS may help to expose the pathological alterations and abnormalities that predispose an individual to development of AD. The formation and distribution of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in middle-aged individuals with DS are qualitatively the same as those of the same age with Alzheimer's Disease. By the age of 40 amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles are a common characteristic of the DS brain. Furthermore, approximately two thirds of individuals with DS will develop dementia by the age of 60 (Wiseman, 2015). Interestingly, a transitional period in DS individuals from between 20 and 40 years of age seems to exist, during which there is an observed complete absence of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. However, after the age of 40 the presence of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles is seen in almost all DS individuals, with only 3 patients in over 40 years have been reported to not show these atrophies (Mann, 1987).

This greatly increased risk of early-onset Alzheimer's disease is thought to be brought about by the presence of three copies of the amyloid precursor protein. This additional copy may drive the development of AD in DS individuals by increasing the levels of amyloid-beta protein, a cleavage product of APP that misfolds and accumulates in the brain in the pathology of AD. Duplication of APP, a rare genetically inherited trait, causes the development of small internal chromosome 21 duplications. These duplications also lead to the development to early-onset Alzheimer's Disease. In reciprocal, the partial trisomy of chromosome 21 does not lead to the extra presence of APP and does not lead to AD (Wiseman, 2015). Although, a lot of help is available to individuals with Down syndrome, there remains no viable treatment for its associated intellectual impairments. However, in the Ts65D mouse model for DS, a drug called memantine has been shown to produce significant improvements in learning abilities. However, mematine's biological mechanism is still poorly understood. LTP in the CA1 region of the hippocampus produced by theta-burst stimulation has been shown to be significantly reduced in the Ts65D mouse model for DS. Addition of drug memantine was shown to rescue the learning and memory deficits previously seen in TBS. Scott-McKean et. al (2018), however, observed depression in both E-LTP and L-LTP induced by HFS as compared to controls.

The addition of memantine in this case made no significant effects on the HFS LTP in the Ts65D mouse model. At a therapeutic level, memantine is not seen to have any adverse effects on either induction or maintenance of LTP in the hippocampus. Picrotoxin was once again added to determine its viability as a potential therapeutic for DS. Although the drug did increase the mean levels of L-LTP in Ts65D derived slices to a similar level as controls, it also produced seizure-like oscillations in postsynaptic potentials. This is likely due to over-stimulation of GABAergic synapses. Therefore, picrotoxin is not likely to be of any therapeutic value. Amyloid-beta oligomers and rPrP were also found to have little to no effect on HFS E-LTP (Scott-McKean, 2018). Research into the mechanisms of Down syndrome will continue for many more years. The effort to answer all of the unknown questions of the disorder will be a multidisciplinary effort, synthesizing work from a vast number of fields in the sciences. Making discoveries in this area of research, however, is very useful. As the number one cause of intellectual disability in the United States, there are many who will benefit from any knowledge that is uncovered on the disorder. Additionally, Down syndrome has the potential to serve as extremely useful and viable working model for Alzheimer's disease. Thus, future resource on the disorder will not only benefit those with Down syndrome but also those suffering from the devastating disease of Alzheimer's.

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Understanding Down Syndrome. (2019, Nov 26). Retrieved November 4, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2019/11/page/5/

A Glance at down Syndrome

Contents

Abstract
Introduction
Characteristics
Disability Impact on Family
Prevalence and Causes
Educational/Medical Interventions
Family Role
Conclusion
References

Abstract

This paper is written several different journals about down syndrome. The journals include Journal Biomedical Science, Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, and the New Trends and Issues Proceedings on Humanities and Social Sciences. Information was also pulled from website of the Center of Disease Control and Prevention and also the National Dissemination Center for Children with Disabilities. The information was analyzed and was used to explain the characteristics, impact of the disability, causes, educational interventions, family role of children with downs syndrome.

Introduction

According to the Centers of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), down syndrome is the most chromosomal disorder (CDC, para.1). As reported by the CDC, one out of seven hundred babies are born with downs syndrome (CDC, para.1). Down syndrome can be described as having an unbalanced set of genes. An individual with down syndrome can have both physical and learning deficits from the disability. As stated by Ambreen, Ashok, Sarita, Shalu, and Srinivasan (2015), Down syndrome is one of the most leading causes of intellectual disability and millions of these patients face various health issues including learning and memory, congenital heart diseases (CHD), Alzheimer's diseases (AD), leukemia, cancers and Hirschprung disease (HD), (Ambreen et.al 2015, p.1)). Down syndrome is a disease that occurs from within the body but can most evidently be seen on the outside.

Characteristics

When it comes to the characteristics of this disorder most individuals with down syndrome look alike but each induvial is affected differently, even though most share the same physical characteristics. Individuals with down syndrome are recognizable by physical characteristics. Several of these characteristics were stated by Ambreen, Ashok, Sarita, Shalu, and Srinivasan (2015), the characteristics include: small chin, slanted eyes, poor muscle tone, a flat looking nose, crease running across palm, and a larger tongue and mouth (2015). Characteristics amongst down syndrome children are not just physical they are also known to exhibit behavior problems. As recorded in the Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders by Coe et.al (1999), a study was done and proven to show that one out of three down syndrome children have a behavior problem (Coe et.al 1999).

Disability Impact on Family

The impact it has on families can be devastating and heart breaking to a family and family members. Most parents are scared from the start, but it is just something you know that's going to be a challenge and that you will have ups and downs. I know what it takes and have been around family members who have Down syndrome. I have first-hand experience with someone with this disorder because my friend's sister has Down syndrome. For example, she cannot be left alone at home. They must get a baby sitter or someone in the family to watch over her if the parents are not home. She also cannot attend loud events unless she has something that can block out sound. For example, when the family comes to our football games, they must get a baby sitter or she would come to the game with headphones to block out noises. Normally she just sits down and watches television and someone will just keep checking up on her every thirty minutes or so. Sometimes she will get in a bad mood and will not talk to anyone and will just hang on to her mom and dad. For the most part though she does everything a normal girl her age does like dances, plays sports, and she loves to swim but she just needs some guidance when doing so.

Prevalence and Causes

Educational/Medical Interventions

When it comes to learning and teaching kids with Down syndrome, they tend to need more academic support than most other kids. They are most likely to be put in their own class room that rages from 10-12 kids in class. No matter what it is they always have some type of support or guidance for everything they do. For example, they will all walk together with a teacher to go get their lunch or use the restroom, but they all stick together, mostly for safety reasons. When it comes to school work all the kids will work on their own assignment at their own pace and the teacher will walk around and help them. There is standard treatment for Down syndrome, it all just depends on the individuals. Children with Down syndrome will likely see a number of health professionals like physicians, special educators, speech therapists, occupational therapists, physical therapists, and social workers. People with Down syndrome are at a greater risk for several health problems and conditions. Some conditions may require immediate surgery right after birth, and occasional treatment throughout childhood or even long-term treatments.

Family Role

The most important role of a family member is supporting the child or family member with this disorder. You want your child or family member to feel loved and involved with the family events/activities not like some outsider. You should treat them like they are typical and not special. The best way to do so is to get them involved in regular actives like sports, cheerleading and so on. As a sibling, you must help support your parents by helping watch them. For example, maybe let your parents go out to eat take them outside and play with them for a little bit, so your parents can relax. You also need to be understanding that sometimes the parents may need to pay more attention/focus to them than you at some points. Children who have a sibling with a disability can benefit them in ways they might not even notice. For example, these kids often enhance a level of maturity above their peers and tend to have more highly-developed communication and social skills.

Conclusion

In conclusion, doing this research on the topic of Down Syndrome has significantly enhanced my knowledge. I thought I had a very good understanding about this disability due to my personal experience with this disability. I have worked with lots of kids that have Down syndrome, but I have learned a great deal more. Down syndrome is an important disease and its over looked by many. It is the most common chromosomal condition and more people should know about the disability and the issues families go through.

References

Ambreen, Asim, Ashok, Kumar, Sarita, Agarwal, Shalu, Jain, Srinivasan, Muthuswamy., (2015)

Down syndrome: An Insight of the Disease. Journal of Biomedical Science,(22), 44

Baglio, Christopher., Capone, George., Coe, David., Matson, Johnny., Russell, Deirde.,Slifer,

Keith., Stallings, Sydney.(1999). Behavior Problems of Children with Downs Syndrome and Life Events. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, Vol.29(2), 149-155

Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (N.D).Birth Defects. Retrieved

from:https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/birthdefects/downsyndrome/data.html

Duranovic, M., Klasnic, I.& Opic,V. (2017). A Child With Down Syndrome-Challenge for

Families, Kindergartens, and schools. New Trends and Issues Proceedings on Humanities and Social Sciences. Issue 5(2017), 32-41

National Dissemination Center for Children with Disabilities. Down Syndrome NICHCY

Disability Fact Sheet. ERIC, ED572706

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A glance at Down syndrome. (2019, Nov 26). Retrieved November 4, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2019/11/page/5/

Down Syndrome: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, & Treatment

Contents

Down Syndrome
Types of Down syndrome
Trisomy 21
Mosaic Down syndrome
Robertsonian translocation
Frequency of Down Syndrome
Characteristics of Down Syndrome
Medical Concerns
Medical specialists
Treatment
Screening
Diagnostic Tests
Healthy People 2020
MICH-2
Interventions
Guam CEDDARS

Down Syndrome

Down syndrome is a chromosomal disorder that occurs in 1 in every 700 pregnancies in the U.S. and one in every one thousand live births on Guam. Down Syndrome is characterized by physical, mental and developmental ailments and an increased risk of many general diseases. While no treatment or prevention is available, screening can detect the abnormality. Educational resources and medical check ups can aid in improving the quality and duration of life for parents and individuals with Down syndrome. However, education and resources available to Guam are limited compared to those available in areas with incidence of Down syndrome in the U.S.

Down syndrome is considered the most common genetic form of mental retardation and is also the leading cause of many birth defects and other medical conditions that accompany the disorder. It is a chromosomal disorder caused by an error is cell division of chromosome 21. A non-afflicted person would have 23 genes in a cell grouped in chromosomes. A person should have a total of 46 chromosomes, with 23 coming from the mother and the other 23 coming from the father. Typically there are two copies of every gene, but in an individual with Down syndrome chromosome 21 divides abnormally resulting in an extra third copy and a total of 47 chromosomes. Down syndrome may result from any version of chromosome 21 that is considered extra, full or partial. There are three types of Down syndrome ranging from mild to severe.

Types of Down syndrome

Trisomy 21

Trisomy 21 or non-disjunction is the most common form of Down syndrome and accounts for ninety five percent of Down syndrome cases. It occurs in one out of every seven hundred and fifty live births, which increases in women after the age of 34. Trisomy 21 has a gender ratio of 3 males to 2 females. This specific form of Down syndrome is definitive before or during conception and can be tested and diagnosed during pregnancy.

Mosaic Down syndrome

Mosaic Down syndrome accounts for two percent of all cases. An individual with mosaic Down syndrome will have a mixture of cells with and without an extra full or partial copy of the chromosome 21. This is considered a rare form of Down syndrome and has similar characteristics of those with trisomy 21, however, a person with mosaic down syndrome may have less symptoms than a person with the more common form. It is noted that those with mosaic Down syndrome also have a generally higher IQ than individuals with other forms of Down syndrome.

Robertsonian translocation

The third type of Down syndrome is called Robertsonian translocation. Translocation is considered more as a contributing gene to down Syndrome than the actual affliction with Down syndrome. This happens when part of the chromosome 21 detaches and fuses with another chromosome. While this form of Down syndrome does not have any physical implications, this puts a person at a higher risk of having a child with Down syndrome. Other fertility problems such as infertility, miscarriages, or difficulties getting pregnant may be experienced with a person carrying the translocation.

Frequency of Down Syndrome

Down Syndrome occurs across the world in one in every seven hundred pregnancies on average. One in every one thousand live births on Guam is to babies with Down syndrome. This risk increases for mothers over the age of 35 and jumps to 12 in every 1000 pregnancies for women above 40. Some studies suggest that there may be a variation of prevalence between some racial groups, however this is not measured and recorded for records on Guam.

This table from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention shows the Prevalence of Down Syndrome by Mother's Age. There seems to be very little variance between the age groups of less than twenty years of age to the twenty through forty years of age group and again through the twenty five through twenty nine years of age group. There is a slight but noticeable increase between the group of twenty five through twenty nine and the group of thirty through thirty four years of age. This puts the prevalence from about seven incidences for every ten thousand live births to about twenty in every ten thousand live births between the ages of twenty nine to thirty through thirty four, then the prevalence goes to roughly forty occurrences for every ten thousand live births in the ages group of thirty five through thirty nine. From this point in the chart shows the largest jump in occurrence from forty incidences for every ten thousand live births in the thirty five through thirty nine age group to a whopping one hundred and twenty occurrences for every ten thousand live births on the age group of forty years of age and over. This is a two hundred percent increase between the ages of thirty five through thirty nine and the age group of forty year and over.

Characteristics of Down Syndrome

Down Syndrome is characterized by obvious physical, mental and developmental implications and an increased risk of many general diseases. Physical associations may include an evocative face. This could include any of the following characteristics: microcephaly, short neck, brachycephaly, flat nose bridge, socket nostril, epicanthus, hypertelorism, upward slanting palpebral fissures, malformed teeth, eyes that are close together, frequently open mouth. Physical characteristics of the hands and feet may be short and broad, small stature and short neck, low muscle tone, protruding tongue, a deep crease in the center of the palm, flat feet, abnormalities on the 2nd and 5th fingers, and the first toe may be set apart by a gap from the rest. Skin may be dry with infections frequently around orifices.

Motor delays can be seen in an infant by the time the infant reaches mile stones like holding up the head at 6 months, sitting at a year, and taking first steps at 2 years. Mental retardation may not be seen immediately but will show eventually in other milestones, or lack of reaching milestones with language skills and memory. Older children with Down syndrome may show personality traits that are affectionate and cheerful. The child may even be playful and like to help with cleaning up.

Medical Concerns

Many medical concerns are associated with infants, children and adults with Down syndrome. These conditions can be more prevalent in individuals with Down syndrome compared to a person in the general population. According to the Down syndrome website, DSE, many Down syndrome individuals have:

Congenital heart defects: forty seven percent with ten to fifteen percent of babies that require surgical intervention in the first few months of life. This procedure has a great impact on survival on eighty to ninety percent passed the age of five.
Respiratory issues: most common in the first five years because they have pooper immune systems. Lung disease and pneumonia are commonly reported.
Visual impairments: seventy percent are recorded to have eye concerns. Refractive errors and eye diseases. This increases in older individuals. Glasses are typically used for corrective and preventive measure. Cataracts are also reported in both children and adult groups.
Infections: ear infections and hearing loss were detected using assessment tools, and hearing aids are used.
Epilepsy: Anxiety, hyperventilation and panic attacks caused seizures and fainting although some were non epileptic.
Hyperthyroidism: Screening for individuals with Down syndrome is recommended every 2 years for life. It is found to be more prevalent in the older population than in the youth.
Alzheimer's disease: evident in almost all patients over 30 is dementia. Alzheimer's was observed in ten percent of age group forty through forty-nine and in twenty six percent of those aged fifty and up.
Leukemia: Children with Down syndrome are more likely to develop cancer up to ten and twenty percent more than the general population. Appropriate cancer treatments have been successful in the case of Down syndrome patients.
Oral concerns: oral health of children is less of a concern than those in adulthood with deteriorating periodontal health and dental loss, which may have been caused by fearfulness. This could be treated with anesthetics used for correction.

Medical specialists

It is important for healthy development of a child with Down syndrome to consult specialists to advise proper medical interventions to keep many of the medical conditions under control.

The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia suggests the following specialists for regular follow-ups:

An orthopedic physician for any bone- and muscle-related issues, particularly to diagnose and manage instability of the cervical spine, hip instability and the possibility of hip dislocation.
A cardiologist for any heart-related issues. An echocardiogram may be ordered to create pictures of your baby's heart to help diagnose or rule out heart defects.
A pediatric audiologist, who is trained to identify, diagnose, treat and monitor hearing problems.
A pediatric ophthalmologist (eye doctor), who can assess your child's vision and diagnosis and treat eye or vision problems.
A pediatric endocrinologist for a thyroid function test. Thyroid hormones play an important role in your child's growth, development and metabolism. Thyroid levels are checked with a blood test.
A geneticist for individual or family counseling.
A pulmonologist for any breathing issues.
A neurologist for any nerve and brain-related issues.
Physical therapists and occupational therapists to expand your child's physical dexterity and skill.

Treatment

Screening

While no treatment or prevention is available for Down syndrome specifically, there are diagnostic screening tests to definitively identify a pregnancy of a developing fetus with Down syndrome. At eleven to fourteen weeks, nuchal translucency testing can be done on the tissue on the posterior neck of a developing fetus to measure the clear space in the folds. At fifteen to eighteen weeks, a triple screen or quadruple screen can measure the quantities of different substances in maternal blood. An integrated screen can combine first trimester blood tests and screening tests with the second trimester quadruple screening results, which can be done with or without the nuchal translucency. Cell-free DNA can analyze the DNA of the developing fetus found in the blood of the mother. From eighteen to twenty weeks, a genetic ultra sound can combine blood test results with the detailed ultra sound. This information was all found in the Medical News Today Newsletter.

Screening is both cost-effective and non-invasive. It helps to identify whether further tests are needed for a more accurate diagnostic test. A screening will only show if a mother is at a higher risk for having a child with Down syndrome and will not be able to detect if Down syndrome is present.

Diagnostic Tests

Diagnostic tests on the other hand are more accurate than screening to identify Down syndrome or even other medical conditions that may pose a risk for the developing agnostic test is invasive as the procedures are performed inside the uterus. The diagnostic test may increase the result of a miscarriage and may result in fetal injury ad preterm labor is at a higher risk as well. There are three types of diagnostic tests. The first is chronic villus sampling. This can be performed at eight to twelve weeks. In chorionic villus sampling, a small sample of the uterus is observed. The sample is obtained by inserting a needle into the cervix or the abdomen.

Another kind of diagnostic testing is called amniocentesis, which can be performed at 15 to 20 weeks according to the medical News Today Newsletter. The Moy clinic website describes further that amniocentesis removes fluid from the uterus for testing or treatment. The amniotic fluid contains fetal cells that can be used for genetic testing, fetal lung testing, and diagnosis of fetal infection, treatment, and paternity testing. Genetic amniocentesis for genetic testing involves testing the amniotic fluid from the amniotic sac and this is the method that is used for testing for Down syndrome. It is also used for other reasons already listed like fetal lung testing. This involves taking a sample of the amniotic fluid from the amniotic sac and testing that fluid to determine if a baby's lungs are mature enough for being born into the world. Using the amniotic fluid from the amniotic sac to be evaluated for an infection or illness can use amniocentesis to diagnose fetal infection. The fluid from the amniocentesis can also be used to evaluate how seriously a baby may be afflicted with anemia if the baby has Rh sensitization. Rh sensitization is an uncommon condition characterized by the maternal immune system producing antibodies that attack a specific protein on the outer surface of a developing fetus' blood cells. Amniocentesis can be used for treatment as well. If a mother has too much amniotic fluid in her amniotic sac she may have what is called polyhydramnios. Amniocentesis can be used in this case to drain her amniotic fluid from her amniotic sac and from her uterus. The last thing an amniocentesis can be used for is Paternity testing. An amniocentesis can obtain DNA of a developing fetus and have that DNA be compared to a potential father.

The last diagnostic test to be covered shortly is called the percutaneous umbilical blood sampling- also known as cordocentesis that can be performed at 20 weeks. This percutaneous umbilical blood sampling diagnostic prenatal test or cordocentesis, according to the Mayo Clinic online, is a thirty minute to sixty minute procedure in which a blood sample is extracted from the umbilical cord of the developing fetus. This percutaneous umbilical blood sampling (or cordocentesis) diagnostic test can be used to identify genetic disorder or any infections of the blood that may indicate a certain condition. This percutaneous umbilical blood sampling procedure or cordocentesis of the three procedures listed before is the most risky and as a result of its higher risk of loss of pregnancy is used the least between percutaneous umbilical blood sampling or cordocentesis, amniocentesis, and chronic villus sampling. Despite its higher risk of fetal loss, this percutaneous umbilical blood sampling procedure or cordocentesis may be used as a diagnostic test if the other diagnostic tests (amniocentesis, and chronic villus testing) are shown to be insufficient or inconclusive. This percutaneous umbilical blood sampling procedure or cordocentesis is typically used to identify or detect blood conditions like anemia or other conditions. If a mother uses the percutaneous umbilical blood sampling or cordocentesis procedure, she may be checking for a low amount of healthy red blood cells, or the mother may be using the percutaneous umbilical blood sampling or cordocentesis as a blood karyotyping for the developing fetus. This can be done in forty eight hours and sometimes results may be expected back more quickly than results from an amniocentesis diagnostic test or a chorionic villus sampling diagnostic test.

The Mayo Clinic online also lists some risks that are associated with percutaneous umbilical blood sampling or cordocentesis. The risks include fetal bleeding, cord hematoma, slowing of the fetus' heart rate, infection, loss of the pregnancy, and fetal-maternal bleeding. Fetal bleeding may c=occur wherever the needle was inserted into the umbilical cord. This problem is the most common issue with percutaneous umbilical blood sampling or cordocentesis. The fetal bleeding may even be life threatening. If so, and bleeding does occur in the fetus and threatens its' life a physician or caretaker may advise that the blood products of the fetus be replaced. Cord hematoma is another risk associated with percutaneous umbilical blood sampling or cordocentesis. This cord hematoma is a collection of the fetus' blood inside the cord. This cord hematoma may occur at the time of the cordocentesis or percutaneous umbilical blood sampling procedure or after the procedure is completed. Although this does not happen in all cases, some babies will not even show symptoms that a cord hematoma has happened or is happening. One way to detect a cord hematoma is observe a low heart rate of the fetus for a short period of time. This can ultimately go two ways. If the cord hematoma does not pose a risk and become stable then a care provider or physician may just recommend that the baby be under close surveillance. On the opposite spectrum if the cord hematoma shows a large risk then a caretaker or physician may make the order to perform an emergency cesarean section to spare the life of either the mother or the baby.

After any of these screening tests like nuchal translucency, triple screening, quadruple screening, integrated screening, cell-free DNA screening, and genetic ultrasound or diagnostic tests such as the chorionic villus sampling, amniocentesis, and the percutaneous umbilical blood sampling (or cordocentesis) prove that a fetus is diagnosed with Down syndrome, actions can be taken to prepare a mother and her family emotionally for the care that ill be needed to ensure the child survives passed its first year given the mother decides to continue with the pregnancy.

Healthy People 2020

Healthy people 2020 is a 10 year science based objective list that aims to improve the health status of all Americans.

On the Healthy people 2020 website, included in its overarching goals related to Down syndrome is:

Attain high-quality, longer lives free of preventable disease, disability, injury, and premature death.
Achieve health equity, eliminate disparities, and improve the health of all groups.
Create social and physical environments that promote good health for all.
Promote quality of life, healthy development, and healthy behaviors across all life stages

So what cane be derived from these goals is that ideally Healthy 2020 would like to prevent the incidence of down syndrome (which may be impossible), improve the current health of the population of down syndrome people, create an environment where people with down syndrome can thrive, and promote and encourage healthy growth for all ages of people with Down syndrome.

MICH-2

There are many objectives that strive to improve Down syndrome situations indirectly in Healthy People 2020, but the only objective in Healthy people 2020 that is directly related to individuals with Down syndrome is the Maternal, Infant, and Child Health Data Details number 2. This objective reads to reduce the 1-year mortality rate for infants with Down syndrome for every one thousand live births of infants with Down syndrome. This Healthy People 2020 outcome uses the number of live born infants with a confirmed Down Syndrome diagnosis that died in the first year of life as the numerator and uses the number of love born infants with a confirmed diagnosis of Down Syndrome as the denominator. However, this outcome only measures for those with trisomy 21 down syndrome and excludes those diagnosed with mosaic down syndrome, and of these data only 14 states contributed their statistics.

Interventions

Guam CEDDARS

One of the greatest resources to the island of Guam and those affected by Down syndrome is the University of Guam Center for Excellence in Developmental Disabilities Education, Research & Service. Their mission is to create partnerships and pathways to increase the quality of life of individuals with developmental disabilities and their families.

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Down Syndrome: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, & Treatment. (2019, Nov 26). Retrieved November 4, 2025 , from
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Consequences of Roads and Sprawl: a Look into Segregation and Economic Immobility

Roads have become an essential aspect of America, especially since the late 50s. The development of the interstate highway has connected far-reaching cities to one another, intending to share opportunities and increase accessibility. It has also facilitated the movement outwards and has reshaped the urban environment. These low-density areas on the outskirts of cities characterize urban sprawl, from which there are numerous consequences including the magnification of racial segregation and economic immobility. In class, we discussed how the Beat generation was a more privileged group of individuals who found freedom on the road. Meanwhile, there are people who are not only less privileged to roam America, but are limited in ways in which they remain in economically stagnant position because of road development and sprawl. First taking a look at the economic and racial implications of sprawl throughout history, we will then delve into the consequences of these lasting issues and note several possible solutions within Atlanta, one of the most sprawling cities in America.

The Space and Place Movement's keyword Region describes the nostalgic casting of certain regions as preserves of a racially and culturally homogeneous national heritage. Some roads themselves were developed with race in mind, resulting in racially homogenous and segregated neighborhoods. According to the book Sprawl City: Race, Politics, and Planning in Atlanta, it supports the idea that sprawl exacerbates racial polarization and division. When developing roads, many local governments would reshape the racial landscape by building highways in ways to deliberately isolate predominantly black communities from resources. Hiding their intentions under the promise of getting rid of blight, the local governments would destroy tight-knit neighborhoods by building freeways that directly cut through them, leaving these communities on their own stranded from services. These divisions weren't always made with overt racial intentions, but the local governments had to decide where to plan their highways and in most cases than not, it was no accident that it was within black communities.

Further causing racial and economic divide was the movement towards suburbs. Wealthy, mostly white residents left the metro area with the accessibility of the highway and relocated to the sprawling areas outside of the city in a process known as white flight. In doing so, they also took their away their tax dollars that were used to fund the cities' education and maintenance among other resources. Many businesses also left with them. Unable to freely move, the lower-income residents were left behind in an underfunded and decaying city core. Even if the white residents weren't necessarily moving with racial motivations, the Federal Housing Administration subsidized and promoted home ownership in primarily white and economically similar communities. One can see how this process would create a large economic disparity and racial divide.

At the turn of the century, white flight was no longer a common occurrence as the issue flipped to gentrification. As businesses returned to the city, it has caused rising living costs which has displaced many minorities. It would seem as though the large number of black residents along with white residents now living in the suburbs would mean progress, considering what is known about white-flight. However, these changes don't mean that they are now living in the same communities. As such, these suburban communities remain segregated and the outcome of gentrification is potentially worse than white flight as people need to travel back and forth over long distances to reach job opportunities now within the cities. Despite the changing patterns from white-flight to gentrification, the issues are the same: residential segregation and economic immobility remain a continuing problem as long as there are lingering racial ideologies and institutional divisions.

Turning our attention to one city that has been greatly affected by sprawl, we will take a look at Atlanta. Currently, Atlanta is one of the most diverse cities in the south and is self-described as the city too busy to hate (Urban Sprawl: Causes, Consequences, and Public Responses). It is also one of the states with the highest number of middle and upper class African-Americans. However, this doesn't mean that Atlanta is free of racial issues, as it has also been guilty of white flight and gentrification. Although it no longer implements legal segregation, institutional segregation continues. As a result of these rooted racial policies of the past, economic pressures, and natural migration, black communities are concentrated in the southern and western counties of south Fulton, Dekalb, and Clayton, where some are isolated from the economic opportunities that continuously shift northward. According to the census made in 2000, in block groups that were 81-90% black, 22% of the population was below the poverty line while in block groups that were 81-90% white, only 1.40% of the population was below the poverty line. These places segregated by race and income with long transportation times correlate with a lower economic mobility. Meanwhile, because northern Atlanta is disproportionate with jobs, it is frequently congested with traffic which further makes it difficult to access for those in southern Atlanta.

The question remains on how to bypass sprawl, encourage economic mobility, and reduce the impact of racial residential segregation. It will take not only one, but many solutions in order to reduce these effects.

As highways magnify these effects, what would happen if Atlanta decided to tear them down? Could these issues be resolved, if not reduced? Atlanta hasn't made any efforts to do so, and it's highly unlikely that any city would tear down all of its highways due to expenses and opposition from people who are dependent on their cars. However, in other cities such as San Francisco and Portland that have removed some of their freeways, many have seen a new-found revitalization as they have more space to develop neighborhoods and businesses that are within the means of a walkable distance. Thus, there is more potential for neighborhoods to be reconnected with the cities' core and could reduce the impact of sprawl. Ironically, it is those cities that removed freeways that have seen more connectivity. Cities could be much freer without roads dividing up the land. Atlanta is one city that has no natural boundaries of mountains or large bodies of water that obstruct connection and it's unfortunate that freeways as man-made barriers can diminish connectivity that doesn't have to be the case.

Also, what's surprising is that the creation of more roads doesn't necessarily improve congestion and might actually be a cause. Increased road capacity encourages people to drive more because more people take advantage of an available resource when there is no direct fee that public transportation has. There is also evidence that removing roads in Atlanta may be beneficial: when Atlanta's I-85 highway was shut down after being damaged by a fire last year, the percentage of riders on the MARTA went up by 20% according to MARTA officials. This report indicates that if these highways are shut down, people are always going to find alternative transportation. Thus, the removal of old obstructive freeways should be a considered as a possible solution in Atlanta.

The current alternative public transportation services such as the MARTA rail and bus system are often limited in the counties they reach and are underfunded. In fact, the MARTA doesn't reach Cobb, Clayton, or Gwinnett county where employment is concentrated and isn't funded by the state at all. A large proportion of state funds are invested in roads, mostly those in northern suburbs. The $16.6 million spent fixing the I-85 highway could have instead be used to fund developments of public transportations. Often times, the removal of highways is cheaper than reparations or replacements.

A solution that Atlanta is actively trying to pursue is adopting additional efficient public transportation system and improving the current alternatives to highways. Although Atlanta has made efforts to create a modern transportation system, those who benefited from it were disproportionate from those who were burdened with the costs (Moving Beyond Sprawl). These current attempts mirror the planning of the interstate highway, where a well-intentioned goal has been followed by the plethora of problems. Though it may seem counterintuitive to continue to create a new transportation system as a result, it is now inevitable and necessary to improve transportation in order to rectify these issues. If the transportation system remains as highway-dependent as it currently is, it will not be able to support the rapidly growing population. Congestion and traffic will steadily grow, thus maintaining the inability for people to reach various services and job opportunities.

When public transportation improves, the city will immediately reduce road congestion in the metro area and provide transportation for lower income residents to reach economic opportunities. All in all, it is not the responsibility of one county to decide, but the collective responsibility of local governments who must reach a consensus and collaborate with one another in order to reach an efficient plan. One of the issues in the development of the interstate highway was the fact that although it was federally funded, most of the responsibility was handed to local governments who looked at the small picture and didn't seek what was best for many people and surrounding areas. Thus, in the process of making alternative, effective transportation, they must communicate among themselves and their constituents.

Removing obstructive roads and improving public transportation will alleviate some economic and racial consequences of sprawl, though it will not immediately solve current racial segregation. This is because it's not only maintained by roads and sprawl, but also deeply rooted in discriminatory housing practices and perpetuating prejudiced beliefs. However, these possible solutions are starting points that can improve economic mobility at least and can later be improved upon to________.

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Consequences of Roads and Sprawl: A Look into Segregation and Economic Immobility. (2019, Nov 26). Retrieved November 4, 2025 , from
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Luke Impact on Offred’s Life

It is only when everything one loves is taken away, that a person is able to appreciate what they once had. In the Handmaid's Tale, by Margaret Atwood, the narrator must learn this the hard way. The novel takes place in a futuristic society, known as the Republic of Gilead. This city was created after the United States Government had been overthrown and replaced by a totalitarian government. In this society, people have no choice in their role or power, especially women whose role is society is subjective and seemingly unimportant. When Offred, the narrator, tries to escape the collapsing former world, she is captured, separated from her family, and turned into a handmaid. Handmaid's have the role of sleeping with Commanders in order to provide children to empowered, infertile parents. While Offred made several new influential relationships, non compared to one from her past life. Offred's experience as a handmaid in Gilead was most influenced by Luke, her husband in the former republic. Luke holds a major impact on Offred's choices, emotions, relationships, and outlook on life throughout the book.

Offred's memories of her former life with Luke, often bring back waves of emotions that impact how she feels in her present life as a handmaid. When Offred was captured, she was separated from Luke and her daughter. Offred often worries about if they are alive and if she will ever be able to see them again. Not knowing if either is alive remained a great mystery throughout the novel. At the beginning of the story, Offred is walking through Gilead and witnesses hanging dead bodies on a wall. She wonders if any could be her husband, although she notices they are all marked as doctors. Offred describes the feelings they evoke, What I feel towards them is blankness. What I feel is that I must not feel. What I feel is partly relief, because none of these men is Luke. Luke wasn't a doctor. Isn't, (Atwood 33).

Offred doesn't want to feel anything towards the dead bodies, because she knows it will not help her as she adjusts to her new life. However, she is extremely relieved that none of these men is Luke. This gives her hope that he may still be alive, along with their daughter. While she initially holds out this strong hope, you can see it dwindle as the story progresses. A bit later in the book Offred narates, Luke, I say. He doesn't answer. Maybe he doesn't hear me. It occurs to me that he may not be alive, (Atwood 74). The longer Offered is in Gilead, the harder it is for her to believe that she could ever successfully escape and find her husband again, who may not even be alive. Offred is motivated to stay alive and keep her cover, because there is always a chance of seeing Luke gain. Although, Offred is often discouraged by not knowing if Luke is even alive. The uncertainty of Luke being alive has a major impact on Offred's emotions and actions throughout the novel.

Throughout the story, Offred reminisces several special moments from her life with Luke. These memories bring different emotions to the surface that Offred probably would not be experiencing otherwise. The feeling Offred desires the most is the love she had for Luke. In the present society, families are no longer made out of love, often exemplified by the Commander and Serena Joy who never show affection to one another. During one of Offred's meetings with the Commander, she recalls what it was like to fall in love. Offred describes, Falling in love, I said. Falling into it, we all did then, one way or another. How could he have made such light of it?...It was the central thing; it was the way you understood yourself, (Atwood 225).

Offred remembered why falling in love was so special. Years prior, Luke was still married and they were having an affair. Luke had left his wife, because of his love for Offred. During this passage, the Commander had made light of falling in love. Offred scoffed at him, for making light of something that used to be so important to people's relationships and lives. In another passage, Offred reflects on the comfort and safety she used to feel with Luke. She explains, So the hotels, with Luke, didn't mean only love or even only sex to me. They also meant time off from the cockroaches, the dripping sink, the linoleum that was peeling off the floor in patches, even from my own attempts to brighten things up by sticking posters on the wall and hanging prisms in the windows, (Atwood 172). Offred explains how her relationship was even more than love and sex; it was about safety and comfort. Even in a hotel, a totally foreign setting, she had Luke to make her feel at home. Offred misses how Luke made her feel. She felt much safer with Luke, wherever they were, than she does in her current situation as a handmaid in Gilead. The loving relationship Offred had with Luke, reflects a healthy relationship that their child was born into. When Offred has to take part in a birthing ceremony of a handmaid, she compares what families were like in the old republic, to how they are now. You can understand Offred's emotions as she described the ceremony and the newborn. Aunt Elizabeth, holding the baby, looks up at us and smiles. We smile too, we are one smile, tears run down our cheeks, we are so happy. Our happiness is part memory. What I remember is Luke, with me in the hospital, standing beside my head, holding my hand, in the green gown and white mask they gave him, (Atwood 126). Seeing the birth of a newborn baby brings Offred joy and optimism. She remembers what is was like to have a baby out of love, with Luke right there by her side the whole time. While babies in Gilead are no longer made out of love, Offred is still joyful when she remembers what life used to be like. Old memories of Offred's life with Luke arise both cheerful and dismal emotions. Remembering the love and safety Luke provided causes Offred to resent her current situation, but also cherish what she used to have.

Some memories from Offred's life prior to the overturn of the government, affect Offred's current outlook on her life in Gilead and the society that surrounds her. Luke's impactful role in Offred's old life, often affects her thoughts and perspective. Some memories that Offred looks back on, cause her to recognize the lack of freedom she holds in her current role in society. Women in the former republic had many more rights, than women in Gilead, especially handmaids. Offred looks back on the simple liberties she used to have, like arguing with Luke or imagining their future together. Often describes, I'd like to have Luke here, in this bedroom while I'm getting dressed, so I could have a fight with him. Absurd, but that's what I want. An argument, about who should put the dishes in the dishwasher, whose turn it is to sort the laundry, clean the toilet; something daily and unimportant ... What a luxury it would be, (Atwood 200). Offred yearns for the ability to have unimportant arguments with Luke. She misses these simple freedoms in life that she no longer has. She reflects on what it used to be like to have such privileges throughout the novel. In another passage, she recalls what it was like to take such freedoms for granted. Offred explains, We used to talk about buying a house like one of these, ... We would have children. Although we knew it wasn't too likely we could ever afford it, it was something to talk about, a game for Sundays. Such freedom now seems almost weightless, (Atwood 23-24).

Offred continues to realize how many rights she used to take for granted. She is saddened by these memories that are now impossible for her to even consider. She calls the freedoms weightless; they were simple liberties Offred and Luke never thought they would have to go with out. Luke's presence in Offred's former life shows her what she must now go without. Along with many freedoms and rights, Offred must go without love. Offred longs for Luke and what it felt like to be in love. But this is wrong, nobody dies from lack of sex. It's lack of loved we die from. There's nobody here I can love, all the people I could love are dead or elsewhere, (Atwood 103). Offred recognizes that she is surrounded by foreign people who she do not know or care for. She misses having the people she loved in her life. Now she must live with the fear that those people may be gone forever, and she will die in solitude. Even if they are alive, Offred doesn't think she would ever be able to find them. Her lack of ability to ever see the people she loves again, makes her doubt the chances of her finding happiness, especially in this new, forced society. It is Luke's presence in Offred's memories that causes her to realize the lack of of rights and abilities she is forced to live with as a handmaid.

For the most part, It is Offred's past that makes her question her current life and society she lives in. Although in a more rare scenario in the novel, her present surroundings are what cause her to question parts of her past. As Offred observes many societal changes, she questions her relationship with Luke. Offred wonders, So Luke: what I want to ask you now, what I need to know is, Was I right? Because we never talked about it. By the time I could have done that, I was afraid to. I couldn't afford to lose you, (Atwood 182). While most of the time Offered embraced (good) her loving relationship with Luke, she has a realization that causes her to bitterly question their relationship. Offred is reflecting on the rights she slowly began to lose as a women as the Republic crumbled to pieces. In the moment, Offred was concerned with not losing her husband. Looking back at the case scenario though, Offred wonders if Luke really cared about her rights being taken away or if he did not mind. Offred rarely thinks of her loved one in such a negative manner, but the changes that had been happening in society cause her to change her perspective on not just her present life but also her past.

Luke does not just have an impact on the emotions Offred feels and her outlook on her new life, he also influences the decisions she makes in Gilead. Luke causes Offred to miss the way things used to be and resent her current role in society. She aches for Luke and being a person who is worth something. Offred exemplifies this when she says, I want Luke here so badly. I want to be held and told my name. I want to be valued, in ways that I am not; I want to be more than valuable. I repeat my former name, remind myself of what I once could do, how others saw me. I want to steal something, (Atwood 97). Offred thinks these thoughts after the ceremony. She hates how powerless she is in her current life and misses having a valuable relationship. This loss of power causes her to go find something to steal so she can feel some sort of power and control. Offred continues to find ways throughout the story to feel some sort of the importance that she used to have with Luke in the old republic.

The relationships Offred forms in Gilead is heavily influenced by her former husband Luke and the mystery of if he is dead or alive. The more time she spends in Gilead, the more her faith dwindles. She aches for the love and compassion she used to know so well. When she is presented with the opportunity to feel this type affection again, she does not want to turn it down. Although, Luke's presence in her mind makes her feel regretful for moving on. Offred first encounters this dilemma when Nick kisses her. Offred described, It's so good, to be touched by someone, to be felt so greedily, to feel so greedy. Luke, you'd know, you'd understand. It's you here, in another body...Bullshit, (Atwood 99). Offred does not want to admit to having feelings for anyone but her husband, Luke. After Nick kisses her, she tries to convince herself that Luke would be okay with it. She misses having a valuable relationship, unlike the forced one she has with the commander. Later in the book, Offred starts sleeping with Nick. Initially, the set-up is set up by Serena Joy, in hopes of helping get Offred Pregnant. The result is Offred sneaking off to see Nick regularly for pleasure.Offred narrates, And I thought afterwards: this is betrayal. Not the thing itself but my own response. If I knew for certain he's dead, would that make a difference? I would like to be without shame. I would like to be shameless. I would like to be ignorant. Then I would not know how ignorant I was, (Atwood 263) Offred feels guilty for enjoying the love she feels when she is with Nick, when she doesn't know the state of her husband. Offred feels guilty, but not guilty enough to stop seeing Nick. While she continues to enjoy the love she feels with Nick, Luke always has a presence in her mind, causing her to constantly feel apologetic.

Throughout the Handmaid's Tale Offred's life is impacted by many people. The Commander, Serena Joy, Nick, and her daughter are all great influences on her emotions and daily actions. Although, it is her former husband Luke that is the most influential person in her new life in Gilead. During the novel, Offred's memories and thoughts regarding Luke, influence her emotions, choices, relationships, and outlook on her life. Memories of Offred's former life with her husband bring back waves of different emotions that cause her to resent her current role in society, but appreciate the life she used to have. These memories are also impactful, because they make Offred aware how poorly she is treated in her current society. She loathes the life she has, because she remembers what it was like to have even simple rights and liberties. She is often reminded of how powerless she is in her current position. Offred recalls how appreciated she felt when she was with Luke. She misses being a valued person in her home and in society. Offred makes choices throughout the story, that relefect on her want for the power that she used to have. Luke's presence in Offred's mind has a major impact on how Offred feels, views and pursues life. He is not just impactful when Offred is choosing a way to obtain a feeling of power, but he is influential when Offred is seeking the feeling of love. Offred deeply misses the love, compassion, and comfort she had with Luke. When she is presented with the opportunity to feel any part of this type of relationship again, she does not want to turn it down. Luke's presence in Offred's mind does not stop her from forming a relationship with Nick, but it creates a deep feeling of guilt that Offred must live with. There are many ways in which Luke is able to influence Offred's life as a handmaid without him physically being there with her. Even in his absence, Luke has the greatest effect on many of the emotions, decisions, and perspectives Offered has.

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Luke Impact On Offred's Life. (2019, Nov 26). Retrieved November 4, 2025 , from
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Using the Data

Using the data I collected from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, World Bank, the Bureau of Economic Analysis, and the Trading Economics websites, I created a few graphs based on the information I found. The data indicates that the average unemployment rates were fairly low in 2006. There was actually a decrease in the average of new jobs created each month from the previous year. The numbers fell from 165,000 new jobs created each month in 2005 to 149,000 new jobs created each month in 2006. That's a difference of 16,000 jobs. In addition to job growth being down, wages were reported to be at a record low in respect to the national income. The nation had not seen wages this low since we started keeping track of wage data in 1947.

Not only did wages drop, but compensation for benefits dropped as well. On the other hand, 1947 was the last time the nation had seen profits grow as much as they did in 2006. The average rate of unemployment began to rise between 2007 and 2009. Between 2008 and 2009, the average unemployment rate skyrocketed to 9.28 percent. In December 2008, unemployment reached 11.1 million. The report prior to that had documented 632,000 unemployed people. The yearly average rate of unemployment reached a peak high in 2009, at 9.61 percent. In December 2009, the unemployment rate actually rose to 10 percent. Unemployment hadn't been that low since 1982. There was a gradual unemployment rate decrease in each of the following years. In September 2018, the unemployment rate dropped down to a low of 3.7 percent. It hadn't been that low since 1969.Based on the information from the graphs, it's apparent that the economy took a drastic turn beginning in 2008.

Yet things began to look bleak before 2008. As a result of higher energy costs and increased food prices, the yearly average rate of inflation for consumer prices rose dramatically from 2006 to 2008. Inflation rose from 2.226 percent in 2006 to a whopping 3.839 percent in 2008. Gas prices rose exceedingly high and so did the price of groceries. The cost of food went up by 4.9 percent. The average cost of gasoline went up by a staggering 29.6 percent. This was the largest percentage increase in gasoline prices since 1999. As prices rose, wage earners struggled to maintain their standard of living. Debt accumulated by consumers in 2006 were at record highs. Households with subprime loans couldn't afford the interest payments on their homes and subsequently became delinquent on their mortgages. Credit card defaults and bankruptcy cases also skyrocketed in 2006. On top of everything else, the US government racked up a massive amount of debt with foreign countries during 2006. Foreigners held 45 percent of the shares of US Treasury. Interest payments grew to a staggering 37.3 billion dollars. All of these factors set up 2007 for a rough beginning.

Many subprime lenders filed for bankruptcy. This began to affect many other lending institutions in the US and abroad. In mid-2008, commodity prices fell. In September of that year, the financial crisis was officially in full swing. The average inflation rate then took a dive to an average of -0.356 in 2009. This isn't the lowest it's ever been. However, the last time it dove this low was in 1955. It rose for the next two years in a row to an average of 3.157 percent in 2011. Inflation fluctuated the next few years and bottomed out again in 2015 at 0.119 percent. This was partly as a result of gas prices lowering to the lowest they had been since 2008-2009. Households were able to spend their extra money on other things. 2016 saw a rise in inflation to 1.262 percent.

This was the result of the higher cost of gasoline, housing, and medical costs in the United States. 2017 also experienced an increase in inflation, averaging out to 2.13 percent. The United States has consistently maintained an unbalanced trade deficit. The United States stands as the second leading exporter in the world of goods and services. At first glance, that sounds like great news. The downside is that the United States ranks number one in the world on the number of goods and services it imports. Our dependence on others for oil is mostly to blame for this. Oil accounts for approximately 15 percent of the 80 percent of goods brought into the United States can be attributed to oil. Fortunately, advances have been made in respect to producing oil domestically. Capital goods account for another large portion of imports to the United States.

These imports account for roughly 25 percent of all imports. Another 25 percent of imports can be attributed to consumer goods. These types of items include toys, pharmaceuticals, clothes, and electronics. Food represents approximately 5 percent of import tothe United States and services serve as approximately 20 percent. The deficit grew to an all-time high in 2006 of 5.8 percent. With that said, the United States made some gains in this area. Foreigners are investing more and more in American companies and American assets. Manufactured products, capital goods, and material goods credited to services.

This portion of exports for the United States can be traced to two-thirds of the country's exports. In 2006, the GDP in the United States grew 2.7 percent from the previous year. The absolute value of America's GDP was measured at $13,855.89 million. In 2006, the United States ranked 12th in overall GDP. With that said, it's important to mention that housing prices reached their highest in early 2006 and began a downward turn in late 2006 and early 2007.

In 2007, the top five investment banks reported approximately $4.1 trillion in debt. This happenedto account for almost 30 percent of the United States GPD that year. Homeowners began to borrow against their home loans and the United States home mortgage debt rose to a total of $10.5 trillion and private debt rose to approximately 290 percent of GDP in 2008. In an attempt to boost the economy and GDP, Obama activated bailout packages for banks and the FED enforced near-zero interest rates. The economy slowly began to recover from 2009 to 2012. GPD didn't manage to reach the level it was in 2007 until 2011. In 2011, it was recorded that GDP in the United States rose 1.6 percent to $15,517.93 million. As you can see from the graph, the GDP in the United States steadily rose from that point until now. President trump has voiced that he would like to end 2018 with an overall increase in GDP of 3 percent. The Great Recession was that lengthiest recession since World War II.

It officially started in December of 2007 and ended in June of 2009. The government put a couple notable fiscal stimulus programs to work in an effort to pull the country out of its slump. In 2008, Congress voted in favor of the Economic Stimulus Act of 2008. This stimulus package gave low income and middle-income households tax rebates. Depending on an individual's income and their marital status, they were given between $300 and $1,200. The package aimed to stimulate the economy by invigorating spending. Eligibility limits on mortgages were also adjusted in an effort to encourage more people to buy homes. The Act also allowed businesses to claim a depreciation allowance for eligible properties. Additionally, businesses were able to write off an additional amount of their investments on their taxes. In some ways the Economic Stimulus Act of 2008 was successful.

In some ways, it was not. The tax incentives for businesses and the rebates given to taxpayers helped the economy a little by increasing disposable income for spending. Unfortunately, the tax rebate checks issued to taxpayers didn't come early enough to stop the Great Recession from happening. Also, spending by the government wasn't balanced with the tax cuts. Regrettably, this created a five hundred-billion-dollar budget deficit. A policy the government implemented in response the Great Recession was the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009. A tremendous amount of money was spent on this recovery program. The goal of this policy was to create new jobs in the job market to help individuals to get back into the workforce. The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 included immediate relief for families through tax reductions, tax credits, and additional unemployment benefits. It included a reduction in the taxes withheld from individual tax returns.

Those who were collecting veterans' pensions, Supplemental Security Income benefits, and Social Security received additional payments. Congress extended the Alternative Minimum Tax shelter to the tune of seventy billion dollars. Families with three or more children were granted access to the child tax credit if they qualified as working poor. Between 2009 and April 2010, first-time homebuyers were granted an $8,000 tax credit. A $25,000 tax credit was also granted to students in 2009 and 2010. Sales tax was reduced on new car purchases in 2009. Those collecting unemployment benefits faired pretty well too. In 2009, their benefits were extended for an additional thirty-three weeks and the taxes on the first $2,400 they earned from unemployment was waived. The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 also funded projects to modernize federal infrastructures in an effort to create new jobs I the economy. Health care was expanded through computerized medical records and the implementation of Obama's Affordable Care Act. Approximately one hundred and seventeen billion dollars was spent in an effort to improve the nation's education system. The plan also spent approximately eighteen billion dollars for science research and technology.

A portion of that money helped improve broadband infrastructure in inner city and rural locations to help boost competitiveness for businesses in those areas. Small businesses were given a total of fifty-four billion dollars in tax credits, loans, and tax deductions. Opinions on whether the policy was successful or not are mixed. Many found the policy to be too complicated and had difficulty understanding if they qualified for any of the benefits. Some even felt as though their taxes had gone up as opposed to going down. Small business owners felt that the guaranteed loans promised to them were difficult to achieve. There was a lot of criticism on how much money was spent on education and unemployment. There were critics who thought there should have been more money allocated for other areas of concern. Many suggested that the plan had too many obstacles in the way to make it effective. However, the reported numbers reflected between 1.6 and 1.8 million jobs had been created through the plan.

The number of saved jobs was almost double that amount. Those who support classical economics have the belief that the government should intercede as little as possible in the case of a recession. Those who are supporters of the Keynesian view believe the opposite. They are full supporters of the government stepping in through fiscal policy to get over a recession. The decline of the economy during the Great Recession was primarily due to the financial system's inability to support the financial debacle it created it the first place. The economy had gotten to such a deplorable state that there was no way the government could have exclusively exercised the Classical perspective of economics. There was no choice but for the government to step in with monetary and fiscal policies to spark the economy. Consumer spending came to a halt, and many workers were hopeless in finding employment. The economy had no way to recover without the government's assistance. Creating new jobs, saving the jobs about to be lost, and providing people with money to put back into the economy was the best solution the government could have taken. The economy can't grow unless Americans have money in their pockets to build it back up. There is one policy implemented during the Great Recession that is still affected my family in the worst possible way. The policy I am referring to is the Affordable Health Care for America Act.

When Obama was running for his second term in office, one of his platforms was that he wanted to make healthcare affordable for everyone. At the time, my family had health care. I was well aware that there were many families who weren't as fortunate. I really felt like all American citizens deserve to have health care. My husband and I had many arguments over the issue. Little did I know, I would regret every argument I put up in favor of Obama's idea. To this day, I count my ballot for Obama one of the biggest and most regrettable mistakes of my life. Once the Affordable Health Care for America Act was put into action, our health care premium shot up from three hundred and fifty dollars a month to eight hundred and ninety-five dollars a month.

The coverage wasn't even close to comparable to our old health coverage. After a few months of paying the new premium, we dropped our plan. We found that paying the tax fine at the end of the year and paying for doctor appointments and prescriptions in cash, were far less expensive than paying the outrageous premiums forced upon us by the Affordable Health Care for America Act. I'll admit that I appreciated the extra money the Economic Stimulus Act of 2008 put in my pocket. Unfortunately, I can't say that I assisted a great deal in building the economy with it. Most of it was spent on credit card debt and bills.

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Using The Data. (2019, Nov 26). Retrieved November 4, 2025 , from
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Data Segregation and Recovery

Contents

Introduction:
- Review of literature:
- Define the research problem, discussion, and finding:
Challenges are as per the following
Diverse Levels of Security
- Data Separation:
How might I gain affirmation that data separation has been accomplished?
Cloud Data Recovery
- Research contribution and future work:

Introduction:

Cloud Computing refers to the conveyance of applications as benefits over the web. It likewise incorporates the hardware and the framework programming in the data centers which give those services (Armburst and Fox, 2010). It builds the usage of the assets. So clients simply need to pay to the cloud specialist co-op. It takes after pay-as-you-go worldview. Cloud computing condition gives two essential sorts of capacities: computing and information storage. In the cloud computing condition, buyers of cloud administrations needn't bother with anything and they can gain admittance to their information and complete their computing undertakings directly through the Internet network. Amid the access to the information and computing, the customers don't know where the information are put away and which machines execute the computing assignments.

Cloud computing can spare an association's opportunity and cash, however confiding in the framework is more essential in light of the fact that the genuine resource of any association is the information which they share in the cloud to utilize the required administrations by putting it either specifically in the public database or in the long run in a public database through an application. Cloud computing brings various properties that require exceptional consideration with regards to unburdening in the framework. The trust of the whole cloud framework relies upon the information security and counteractive action procedures utilized in it. Various distinctive instruments and procedures have been tried and presented by the analysts for information security and avoidance to pick up and evacuate the obstacle of trust however there are still holes which require consideration and are required to be arranged by improving these systems much and compelling. Moving the information to the cloud relies upon the security destinations of a firm, cloud computing ought to be drawn nearer painstakingly with unique thought of the affectability of information that the firm wants to move past their firewall. The less control you have for your information on cloud implies more you need to disclose in the suppliers' security approaches. So security of these common assets is the most difficult assignment in cloud systems. For security purposes, it is essential to take note of that as an organization moves to the cloud; it loses operational adaptabilities and direct power over security. IaaS clients have more prominent command over its arrangements, security and activities than as SaaS clients. The cloud system providers are in charge of giving almost everything, making it simple for a firm to change to this new plan of action. To give classification, honesty, accessibility, and trust in the cloud, they have to separate the information. In the event that you need to store the information on the cloud, ensure that you secure the information by scramble it and after that transmit it with advances like SSL.

Review of literature:

In this paper, we talk about on what are the security issues in the cloud computing, why there is a need to separate the data, what are issues looked by cloud service providers after data segregation and how they can segregate the data. Also about the major cloud disaster recovery concerns, i.e. security and data recovery, and whether or not disaster recovery in the cloud is a good choice for any organization. In spite of the fact that the idea - and a portion of the data and administrations - of cloud-based disaster recovery is as yet incipient, a few organizations, particularly SMBs, are finding and beginning to use cloud administrations for data recovery (DR). It tends to be an alluring option for organizations that might be lashed for IT assets in light of the fact that the utilization based expense of cloud administrations is appropriate for DR where the auxiliary foundation is stopped and lingering more often than not. Having DR locales in the cloud decreases the requirement for data focus space, IT foundation and IT assets, which prompts huge cost decreases, empowering littler organizations to deliver disaster recovery alternatives that were beforehand just found in bigger ventures. ""Cloud-based DR moves the discourse from data focus space and equipment to one about cloud scope quantification,"" said Lauren Whitehouse, senior expert at Enterprise Strategy Group (ESG) in Milford, Mass.

Define the research problem, discussion, and finding:

The cloud provider organization is in charge of giving about everything, making it simple for associations to change to this new plan of action. To give trustworthiness, secrecy, accessibility, and trust in the cloud, they have to separate the data. On the off chance that you need to store the data on the cloud, ensure that you secure the information by encrypt it and after that transmit it with innovations like SSL.

Challenges are as per the following

There are various security challenges when it comes to security in cloud computing like secure data transfer, secure software interfaces, secure stored data, secured user access control, data separation, data protection and data recovery.

Following are the points because of which there is a need for segregation of the data in cloud computing.

Loss of Sensitive Information:

In cloud computing every one of the assets are shared. To diminish the cost, information from various clients is put away in one holder. In the event that there is total of information done by benefit supplier then information of various associations can blend or may misfortune. For instance, according to (Velte and Elsenpeter, 2010), in 2007 Microsoft and Yahoo! discharged some hunt information to the US Department of Justice as a feature of a tyke smut case. In 2006, AOL discharged seeks terms of 650,000 clients to specialists on the general population pages. In 2007, the British government even lost 25 million citizen records. In the event that your information was honestly blended with this information then you were wrongly maneuvered into an examination. With the goal that's the reason we have to separate the data.

Blackouts:

As examined above without information partition, there might be loss of information. Customer applications will go disconnected. Customers will not have the capacity to get to their information. So customers may leave the organization which gives the cloud benefit. For instance, in February 2008, Amazon Simple Storage Service (S3) had a gigantic blackout which in turns affected a considerable measure of web administrations. Various customers were not ready to get to their information. Amazon reports that they have settled the issue and execution is coming back to typical levels for all Amazon Web Services that were affected (Carr, 2008).

Data Robbery:

As capacity suppliers place everything in one holder, so organization's information could be put away by competitor's information. The danger of stolen data is genuine. Information could be stolen or seen by those individuals who don't have consents to see the non-accessed information. These individuals might be programmers or workers of the cloud benefit provider's organization. Danger of taking the information is increments as the information go outside your datacenters. So guarantee that cloud service organization must take assurance of your information in the security perspective.

Trustworthy Boundaries are Unclear:

Data security experts in conventional hierarchical IT know their confided in limits exceptionally well. In cloud, security of data is the duty of cloud service co-op however generally it isn't plainly says in the cloud supplier's Service Level Agreement (SLA) what's more, those adjustments in the obligations may fluctuate from supplier to supplier. Because of this, one association may or may not get to the information of another association. It could cause abuse of that information. There ought to be trusted limits made by cloud service organization for the security of your information. Information can be gotten to inside the trusted limits. An association can't get to the information of another association (Mather, 2010).

Uncertainty in Logical Data Separation:

Prior associations utilized their own server farms to store their information and it was physically isolated from the information of another association. This component gives security to the information. Indeed, even in the private cloud, committed servers are given to the association to run their applications and store their information. Yet, openly cloud every one of the assets are shared by different associations and information of numerous associations are put in these mutual assets and furthermore under the control of cloud service co-op. There is sensible disengagement between the information of every single customer yet at the same time danger of stolen your data is genuine.

Less Reliability:

Information from numerous associations is simply legitimately isolated from one another. It very well may be blended. On the off chance that your information isn't anchor or on the other hand might be gotten to by someone else then you never favor to store your information. A disappointed representative could change or devastate the information utilizing his or her own particular access qualifications. In the event that cloud stockpiling framework isn't dependable, nobody needs to spare the information on an untrustworthy framework.

Absence of Availability:

As we realize that without information division, one association can get to the information of another association. It is too conceivable that information may abuse or even misfortune. You can't trade off your information just to decrease the expense. Associations dependably require their information to maintain their organizations so we have to isolate the information for high accessibility.

Concerns after splitting the data:

Cost:

Information can be isolated either physically or intelligently to give security. To give physical detachment of information, cloud service co-op need to buy stockpiling clusters. There is mind-boggling expense in isolating the information in the cloud since specialist co-op needs to do encryption and unscrambling procedures, isolate reinforcements for information of an association to give security.

Cloud Storage:

Cloud stockpiling frameworks use several information servers. Every one of the information ought to be excess, without it cloud stockpiling frameworks couldn't guarantee customers that they could get to their data at some random time. So there is need of more stockpiling clusters only to store Backup information. Secure Technology SSL is the standard security innovation for building up a scrambled connection between a web server and program. It guarantees that information go between the program and the web server remains private. Information of an association must be exchanged utilizing SSL.

Information Mobility:

At the point when information portability is at an abnormal state then the dangers and issues increments particularly when the information is exchanged to another nation. In the wake of isolating the information of one association from the information of another association we can state that it is put away secure however you should guarantee that supplier take care the security of your information notwithstanding when it is exchanging starting with one place then onto the next.

Diverse Levels of Security

In the cloud computing, without satisfactory security controls can put the IT framework in danger. In the wake of isolating the information we can give distinctive levels of security of information for various clients as pay-per-use on-request computing. In any case, checking every one of these things is troublesome errand.

Data Separation:

Accomplishing secure information division in cloud computing is a need for some, organizations wishing to use cloud benefits as a financially savvy strategy for capacity, preparing and memory capacities. Information detachment in cloud computing depicts the need to guarantee that one shopper of a cloud benefit can't intrude, or bargain, the administration or information of another. The same number of cloud administrations depends on virtualization advances to offer figure power or capacity to shoppers, it is feasible for a modern aggressor to trade off one virtual machine on the crate and jump to other people. This is an assault philosophy that is being seen increasingly in cloud computing and displays a genuine hazard to organizations that need some confirmation that their information is safe.

Of course, the hazard to your information is expanded or diminished dependent on which demonstrate choose to devour. Along these lines, for instance, open cloud models offer little confirmation that an assailant can't buy a virtual machine beside yours and jump over, bargaining the protection of information handled or put away on that machine. Assailants may likewise look to perform disavowal of administration assaults against the cloud supplier to cut down the administration for all purchasers. Guaranteeing the cloud supplier is executing powerful controls to isolate purchasers from one another may diminish the hazard in this situation.

How might I gain affirmation that data separation has been accomplished?

Picking up affirmation for data separation in cloud computing is dependent on the kind of administration you are expending. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS) and Software as a Service (SaaS) each have their own inalienable dangers and methods for picking up confirmation that information partition in cloud computing has been accomplished. For instance, an IaaS service that gives computing, system or capacity administrations can be accomplished through a properly anchored or guaranteed hypervisor. A hypervisor controls the virtualized condition on a case and, whenever bargained, enables an assailant to get to every single virtual machine on that case. In the event that an aggressor claims a hypervisor, they possess the container and every one of the data on that case. Guaranteeing the hypervisor is secure is basic for IaaS administrations to accomplish data separation in cloud computing. Also, separation can be accomplished at the system level using suitably designed virtual neighborhood (VLANs). Cloud suppliers can isolate every purchaser into particular VLANs and secure these suitably to avert VLAN hopping Accomplishing data separation in cloud computing turns out to be more troublesome for SaaS based contributions. As SaaS is normally software based services, the separation must be accomplished through fitting application design and setup. The fundamental framework and stage won't keep an assailant trading off an ineffectively coded application so care must be taken by the cloud supplier when programming applications for open utilization. For this situation it is prescribed that buyers wishing to devour SaaS contributions do as such inside a private cloud condition to decrease dangers to their delicate data.

Cloud Data Recovery

Cloud disaster recovery (cloud DR) is a backup and restores procedure that includes putting away and keeping up duplicates of electronic records in a cloud computing condition as a safety effort. The objective of cloud DR is to give an association an approach to recuperate data as well as actualize failover in case of a man-made or normal disaster (Rouse, 2016). There are various advantages that make cloud catastrophe recovery engaging, including the assortment of ways it very well may be executed: in-house, halfway in-house or bought as an administration. This adaptability enables littler ventures to execute strong debacle recovery designs that would somehow have been outlandish. Normally, cloud suppliers charge for capacity on a compensation for every utilization demonstrate, in light of limit, data transfer capacity or seat. Since the supplier is accountable for buying and keeping up its stockpiling foundation, the client doesn't need to burn through cash on extra equipment, arrange assets, data focus space and the work force required to help them (Rouse, 2016).

Research contribution and future work:

Methods for separating the data

Data Segregation:

Data segregation is the partition of information of one client to the information of another client (Figure 1). Customer A, Consumer B, and Consumer C has a similar ware assets however because of isolation they have their own information isolate from one another.

Figure 1: Data segregation across customers

As per the VeriSign iDefense Security Intelligence Team (2009), in the cloud condition, the assets are shared by various clients this implies the information for different clients might be put away or handled on the same physical PCs. It is hard to guarantee information isolation in cloud computing. In the event that information isolation arrangement will fall flat sooner or later then one client can get to the information of another client. You ought to guarantee that the information spill aversion (DLP) measures are happens in the framework of the cloud service providers.

Encryption:

The most ideal way is encoding your information before sending it to service provider. Right off the bat information is scrambled by client with any cryptographic calculation and afterward it is exchanged to the foundation of Service Provider through web. It is a mind boggling calculation which is utilized to encode the data programs like PGP or Truecrypt can scramble the record so just those with a secret key can get to it.

Verification Process:

It is the procedure in which a client needs to enter the client name and secret key into the framework for the client personality approval. With the goal that just validated client can get to approved information. X.509 declarations, one-time passwords, and gadget fingerprinting are the client confirmation techniques.

Approval Practices:

It depicts which client has which benefits and what a client is permitted to do. It is the following stage after validation. Validation can be resolved in view of client personality as well as by client job. Numerous organizations have different levels of approval.

Information Fragmentation:

It is the procedure when bit of information is broken into different pieces. Documents are divided and encoded before leaving the framework. We can give security and secrecy of information utilizing fracture in cloud computing condition. Cloud computing is on-request access to the mutual assets. It decreases costs, diminish administration duties and increment productivity of associations. Points of interest are numerous however there are likewise challenges. These identify with loss of touchy data, value, and unwavering quality, blackouts, and data versatility and so on. This paper centers around and examines the security issues, information partition issues and techniques by which we can isolate the information for security reason, accessibility and cost.

Recovery:

Disaster recovery in the cloud is a moderately new idea, and like numerous innovation slants, there's a ton of publicity and deception out there. Cloud computing, alongside portable and tablet gadgets, represents a significant part of the cutting edge buzz nowadays. Be that as it may, with regards to publicity, the cloud appears to ingest more than a considerable amount, which has had the unintended outcome of some of the time dominating its genuine utility.

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Types of Barter Systems

A. Barter System - The barter system does not make the use of money but is a system that is used to exchange goods or services for the possession of other goods or services. Example - In a country like Venezuela where the country is experiencing hyperinflation and prefers the barter system better, I would pay the shopkeeper a bag full of corn for 5 carrots in this case.
Commodity Money - It is money that consists of objects (assets) that have value in themselves and can be used as a medium of exchange. For example - Items such as gold, silver, precious stones, etc. have value in them that can be used as money in order to buy anything in the market.

Fiat Money - It is paper money whose value is being legalized by the government and has functions like - medium of exchange, unit of account and store of value. For example - A $10 bill used to buy pencils from Staples.
Stocks - Stocks are a part of an investment that represent a share on a company’s assets and earnings. Example -If have invested in a chocolate company along with other investors and I have a share of 7% of the total earnings, this 7% will be a part of my stocks that will be given to me.

Bonds - It is form of borrowing where an investor lends money for a certain amount of time in order to gain from a given interest rate. Example - The Federal Reserve buys bonds in the open market to increase money supply in the economy.

B. Transaction money for demand - It is the amount of money required for an individual’s’ current transaction which can fulfill their needs. Example - If I start earning $60K instead of $50K a year, there will be more money in the bank account and hence my transaction money for demand will increase.

Asset Demand for money - Asset Demand for money is when assets in the form of money are being bought and saved for later use. Example - I buy jewellery in 2000 at a very low price and I continue to use it as the price of gold in 2019 has increased.

C. The reserve requirement - It is the required amount of cash that every bank needs and is acquired from its customers’ deposits. Example - Bank of America in Farmington has about $20B in its reserves that consists of its customers’ deposits.
Money Multiplier - It is the measure of customer deposits to the reserves in a bank. It also measures the effect of required reserves on the money supply. Example - If the reserves has about $30K and the money supply is $90K, then the money multiplier is 90K/30K = 30.

D. Fiscal policy - These are policies enforced by the Congress to control things like its spending and tax rates that will ultimately have an effect on the nation’s economy. Example - The Congress uses fiscal policies like the contractionary policy in an inflationary situation to decrease its spending and increase taxes so that aggregate demand shifts back at LRAS.
Monetary policy - These are policies that are controlled by central banks in order to fluctuate interest rates and the supply of money. Example - The expansionary monetary policy decreases the discount rate so that it increases excess reserves and increases the money supply.

A. During a recessionary situation, a fiscal policy that would help to close the gap would be the expansionary fiscal policy. This policy comprises of decreasing taxes and increasing government spending that both would increase aggregate demand and will combat recession. A monetary policy that would close this gap would also be the expansionary monetary policy that would keep the interest rates low that would result in increased amount of borrowing from the banks and an increase in aggregate demand. Central banks uses three tools to combat recession like the Fed buys bonds, decreasing the discount rate and reducing reserve ratio to attract more loans. These actions would result in an increase in aggregate demand and hence the recessionary gap would be closed and the economy will return to full employment. When open market operations are in use to overcome recession, the Fed buys bonds that push prices higher and this results in a decrease in interest rates and would increase aggregate demand to close recessionary gap.

B. The Fed should sell bonds to decrease money supply, increase interest rates to slow the borrowing rate and an increase reserve ratio . An increase in interest rates makes borrowing more expensive and hence it discourages businesses to make investments. Furthermore, when consumers are spending more money on interest rates as they have increased, they have less money to spend and hence this forces them to save rather than spending it.

This way, it affects consumption. Monetary policies are more effective than fiscal policies because of problems like the crowding out effect. If the Congress decides to use to contractionary policy to increase and decrease government expenditures, it would shift aggregate demand back to LRAS in the short run but in the long run, high taxes would discourage investment and hence it would lead to a recession. On the other hand, if monetary policy were to be used in this scenario to increase interest rates, it would make it difficult for people to borrow money and hence it will lower money supply. It would also cause the US currency to appreciate as it attracts foreign investment. Because of this, the economy would be better off with the use of monetary policy to combat inflation.

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The Aztecs: Civilization & Culture

Contents

Religion
Society

The Aztec culture was one of the most successful civilizations in the world that thrived in present day central Mexico more than 700 years ago during 1300 to 1521. The Aztecs were small tribal people who lived on the edges of Mesoamerica. They referred to themselves as the Tenochca, from their ancestor, Tenoch, and the Mexica. They included different ethnic groups, though mostly those who spoke the Nahuatl language. The Aztecs developed the city/capital of Tenochtitlan as well as one of the most unique and complicated civilizations known to the ancient world.

The Aztecs were talented writers, builders, artists and craftsmen who developed different types of government, religion, culture, technology, economy, geography as well as a calendar and new mathematical techniques. Developing an intricate social, political, religious and commercial structure that brought many of the region's city-states under their control by the 15th century, they quickly became the dominant force in central Mexico. Their name is derived from Aztlan, the homeland of the north. The Aztecs also call themselves Mexica and there language came from the Nahuatl branch of the Uto-Aztecan family. By 1519 the Aztec civilization was destroyed by Spanish conquerors under Hernando Cortes. Though the Aztec civilization has long been conquered, there are still over one million speakers of Nahuatl in rural areas of central Mexico.

Religion

Religion was very important in Aztec life. Aztec religion was polytheistic, therefore consisted of a large number of gods and goddesses, each of whom ruled one or more human activities or aspects of nature. These gods and goddesses were seen more as forces or spirits, each possessing a number of distinctive attributes of clothing and regalia. The most prominent deities included Tezcatlipoca, a powerful creator god who was the patron of kings; Quetzalcoatl, the god of learning and patron of priests; Tlaloc, an ancient central Mexican rain god; and Huitzilopochtli, the patron god of the Mexica people.[Smith:06:06] The Aztecs believed that different worlds existed before ours and that each of them were destroyed by disasters in which mankind had been wiped out. The Aztec rationale for human sacrifice came from cosmic view that surrounded the demands of their god Huitzilopochtli, the sun and god of war, as well as a myth of solar struggle.

They believed that the sun and earth had been destroyed in a cataclysm and recreated four times and that they lived in the age of the fifth sun. Each of these 'suns' is shown on monuments such as the Aztec calendar or the stone of the suns by the date in which shows the nature of the disaster which ended it. To avoid the end of the world for as long as possible, the Aztecs believed that serving Huitzilopochtli would help prevent the end of the fifth sun. It was by religion that the city and the tribe were one, and by religion that variety was unified. [Soustelle:93:94] The ancient Mexicans believed in two ancient beings who were at the origin of all others, even of the gods: they were Ometecuhtli, 'the Lord of the Duality', and Omecihuatl, 'the Lady of the Duality'; and they lived at the summit of the world, in the thirteenth heaven.

Their unending fruitfulness produced all the gods, and from it all mankind is born. The gods were the creators of the earth: the most important act in this creation was the birth of the sun; and this sun was born from sacrifice and blood. This was the beginning of the cosmic drama in which humanity took on the role of the gods. Furthermore, the Aztecs accepted the view of a natural cycle: the sun, along with the rain, nourished the plant life that sustained human life; therefore humans should give sustenance to the sun and rain gods. To keep the sun moving in its course, it was necessary to feed it every day with its food, 'the precious water', human blood.

Sacrifice was a sacred duty towards the sun and a necessity for the welfare of men: without it the very life of the world would stop. The most common form of sacrifice involved cutting open the chests of victims on altars atop tall temple-pyramids. [Smith:06:06] In practice, the ritual offering of the sun god involved the removal of of a palpitating human heart for presentation to Huitzilopochtli. Most victims were enemy soldiers captured in battle. Without such expressions of reverence, Aztecs feared that the sun might not rise to make its way across the sky.

Sacrifice was to the Aztecs a solemn, and necessary, religious ceremony for the purpose of providing the nourishment and renewal that enabled the gods to maintain balance in the cosmos. These rituals followed strictly prescribed procedures in a complex ceremonial system. The most familiar sacrificial ceremony took place atop a high temple, where the victim was spread-eagled over a stone, his back arched. While his limbs were held by four assistants, the priest went under the rib cage with an obsidian knife to remove the heart. Every time that a priest on top of a pyramid held up the bleeding heart of a man and then placed it in the cuauhxicalli the disaster that threatened to fall upon the world was postponed once more.

Human sacrifice was an alchemy by which life was made out of death, and the gods themselves had given the examples on the first day of creation. But this was not the only form of sacrifice. Women were dedicated to the goddesses of the earth, and while they danced, pretending to be unaware of their fate, their heads were struck off; children were drowned as an offering to the rain-god Tlaloc; the fire-god's victims, anaesthetised by yauhtli (hashish), were thrown into the blaze; and those who personified the god Xipe Totec were fastened to a kind of frame, shot with arrows and then flayed - the priests dressed themselves in the skin. [Soustelle:98:94] The Aztecs perceived themselves as living in an insecure world, in a conflict between order and chaos, at the mercy of the elements and at the edge of doom. They thought natural disasters were caused by their gods' displeasure.

Since individuals were at the mercy of the gods, their best safeguard was to take no chances and adhere to carefully prescribed rules and rituals. As for man, his very first duty was to provide nourishment intonan intota tlaltecuhtli tonatiuh, 'for our mother and our father, the earth and the sun'; and to avoid this was to betray the gods and the same time all of mankind, for what was true of the sun was also true of the earth, the rain, growth, and all the forces of nature. Nothing was born, nothing would endure, except by the blood sacrifice. There was a version of afterlife, but it was not the same for all. Mothers who died in childbirth went to a special heaven.

Warriors who fell in battle or were sacrificed by the enemy went to a paradise with perfumed clouds, to accompany the sun in its daily passage; or they could find a new life as a hummingbird, destined to spend eternity among fragrant blossoms, but most went to Mictlan, which required the soul to take a difficult journey through nine downward levels. Intense spirituality pervaded Tenochtitlan, and religious observances occurred daily from birth to death. They had many holy days during which celebrations, both solemn and joyful, took place. Some festivities included singing and dancing, along with children parading in garland of flowers. Ritual activities included feasting, fasting, bloodletting, and human sacrifice-all part of Aztec beliefs that conjoined life and death in a continuous cycle. It is difficult for modern observers to understand how the elaborate ritual complex reconciled the patterns of daily life with the violence of bloodshed implicated in Aztec beliefs.

Society

While Aztecs were nomadic people and relatively few in number, their social structure was simple; the majority were peasants or warriors, and the handful of priests and war leaders enjoyed comparatively few perquisites. The ruling class, the top level of the social stratification, was itself divided into several categories according to function, importance and standing. Noblewomen enjoyed varying degrees of status and respect, related to their importance in forging political alliances and strengthening royal legitimacy. Although they were increasingly denied leadership roles as the empire expanded, Aztec women of all classes should be viewed through the lens of a complementary gender system in which male and female roles were appreciated as different but essential to the functioning of society, and wherein women had property and other legal rights. In addition to royal families, others of noble status (pipiltin) could include high priests, prominent military officers, and influential government leaders such as judges and tax collectors.

Sons of nobles enjoyed an advantageous position to achieve their fathers' rank, but nobility (outside of the royal family) was not an inherited right. Considered variation in wealth and prestige among the nobility could be observed in the range of luxuries they enjoyed, for example, in clothing, jewelry, housing, foodstuffs, and servants. Able-bodied males were expected to bear arms. As Inga Clendinnen made clear: To be born a male in Tenochtitlan was to be designated a warrior. Distinction in battle was one way in which a commoner might rise to high status.

In order to achieve the cherished rank of warrior, a youth had to take a prisoner. If he succeeded in capturing or killing four of the enemy, he was entitled to share in the booty. Perhaps more importantly, he was allowed to dress in the distinctive adornments of the military elite. Conceivably, he could become a member of the prestigious military orders-the Eagle Knights or Jaguar Knights-and thus enjoy the luxuries of noble status. Along with ruling nobility, priests, scholars, artists, and scribes enjoyed high status as part of an educated elite that nurtured literacy traditions with altepetl.

Priests were expected to lead exemplary lives, and they spent long hours in prayer, fasting, and penance. [Deeds:58:18] Each priest had a specialty, such as music, painting, teaching, dancing, or assisting at sacrificial rites. Some priests were also warriors. Priests were the guardians of mortality, and some of their admonitions are not unlike scriptural injunctions, such as a man who looks too curiously on a woman commits adultery with his eyes.

The great majority of the people (about 90 percent) formed the class of commoners (macehualtin). These farmers, laborers, minor craftsmen, servants, vendors, and petty functionaries of an altepetl were organized into ward districts or rural villages called calpollis (barrios to the Spaniards). Each calpolli had lands apportioned to family heads who could use fields but did not own them. The people elected a veteran warrior who served as military commander of the district and was responsible for their welfare and good order.

At the bottom of the socioeconomic scale were the slaves. Aztec slavery differed from the slave system most familiar to us, inasmuch as slaves had certain rights and bondage was not passed from parent to child. Some, in fact, served as slaves only for a specified term, either in payment of debt or as punishment for a crime. In bad times people sometimes sold themselves or their children to avoid starvation. Little stigma was attached to some conditions of slavery.

Aztec society's concern with education was singular for it's time. After a period or regimented homeschooling, instruction was compulsory for children in order to make them productive and worthy members of society. Two main types of schools existed. Children of nobility usually attended the calmecac, run by the scholarly priests, in preparation for the priesthood or some high office in the state. Young boys studied religion, astronomy, philosophy, history, poetry, rhetoric, oratory, singing, and dancing, among other disciplines.

Most children attended one of the commoners' telpochcalli. Fifteen-year-old boys learned the rudiments of warfare. Girls were instructed in the responsibilities of the household and motherhood. Although Aztec society increasingly rewarded military skill, women maintained valued complementary roles, not only domestic but also in agriculture, trade, and religion. The highest political and religious offices were restricted to men, but most deities had androgynous characteristics, in recognition of the vital female contribution to fertility and the sustenance of the universe.

Women played key roles in the performance of routines that upheld society as well as in transmission of values, teaching moderation and frugality. They exercised religious power as healers and midwives. Women could own property, and males and females inherited equally from their fathers and mothers. In the home, parents imposed strict discipline. The birth of a child occasioned celebration and florid speeches.

Babies received gifts according to gender: for females, there were weaving tools, cooking utensils, and brooms, while males were given bows and arrows and farming implements. When children were young some indiscretions were tolerated, but by the age of eight they were considered to be responsible and infractions brought harsh punishment. Although parents were ordinarily tender and loving, wayward children were castigated by whippings, scratching with thorns, or being forced to inhale the smoke of a fire into which chile peppers had been placed. Girls worked in the household until they were sixteen to eighteen, when they married; boys took mates in their early twenties. Marriage was sacred and monogamy was the rule, at least for commoners.

A morally rigorous aspect of Aztec society derives from how they conceptualized the sacred. Because alcohol and drugs provided paths for opening an individual up to the supernatural, ritual control of intoxicants such as pulque was deemed necessary to avoid dangerous displays of sacred power. Drunkenness could be a capital offense, although older people were allowed to become inebriated. Sexual activity and physical prowess also provided other vehicles of the sacred and, like alcohol and drugs, entailed strictly prescribed behaviors.

Aztec society demanded moral conformity, and violators of the code, as well as criminal offenders, were dealt with firmly. For minor offenses punishment was correspondingly light, as in the case of petty theft, which called for restitution of the property. Several offences, including murder, perjury, rape, abortion, incest, fraudulent business practices, grand larceny, and treason, could bring the death penalty. The Aztec legal system was complex, with multiple levels and arenas of jurisdiction that served different constituencies. Judges in the great marketplaces prepare the multitude maintained fairness in business transactions and settled disputes.

Selected for their integrity and virtue, judges had great authority and could arrest even the highest dignitaries, for before the law all were equal. Expected to be absolutely impartial, if a judge accepted a bribe or favoured a noble over a plebian, he could be executed. Aztec medical practices were generally equal to or as good as those in Europe and in some aspects, they were superior. Aztec medical doctors knew how to set broken bones and dislocations as well as treating dental cavities. They even knew how to performed brain operations.

Like their European counterparts, Aztec healers attributed diseases to both supernatural and natural causes. Also like Europeans, they practiced bleeding as a treatment, but their most common, and often effective, cures were plants, and pastes. Because Aztec society was largely agricultural in character, the daily routine of most people directly involved the growing of food. The diet remained much as it had been for centuries, with a base of corn, beans, chile, and squash. It also included, a wide variety, of other vegetables and melons, cactus fruit, and amaranth, in addition to many fruits imported from tropical regions.

Commoners ate some meat, but the nobles, who liked to hunt for sport, consumed more and of a great variety, for example, venison, peccary, pheasant, and turkey. A special treat was the small hairless dog fattened for the table. Cacao from the tropics was made into a chocolate drink, and traders brought avocados and many other exotic delicacies. Fish was a favorite when available.

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Social Turmoil in Iran

This article is about the social turmoil in Iran as a result of inflation, a persistent increase in the average price level, which is pulling up the prices of necessities, in particular food. The current inflation in Iran is due to higher costs of imported feed, a supply shock which is driving up the cost of producing food. Therefore, it is an example of cost-push inflation triggered by import pressures (Diagram 1).

Initially, the equilibrium in the Iranian economy settles at point A. A rise in the price of feed will increase the production costs of firms, and this makes it less profitable for businesses to sell, so the amount of goods and services supplied by firms at any given price level in the short run, known as short-run aggregate supply (SRAS), will decrease. Thus, the SRAS curve shifts to the left from SRAS1 to SRAS2. The equilibrium will move to point B with a higher price level P2 and a lower level of output Y1.

As the inflation rate in Iran rises to 10% due to an increase in the average price level from P1 to P2, economic growth shrinks due to a fall in the level of output from Yf to Y1. Because Iran is experiencing inflation together with stagnation (falling output), this event is called stagflation. Unemployment in Iran also remains high. Stagflation results in firms producing a lower level of output, hence a smaller workforce will be required, and unemployment rises. Therefore, a leftward shift in aggregate supply leads to higher inflation, lower economic growth, and higher unemployment, worsening the trade-off between the macroeconomic objectives.

Firms may respond to inflation by raising nominal wages to avoid discontent among workers, increasing further firm's costs and aggravating inflationary pressure. However, the purchasing power of Iranians will drop with inflation due to higher unemployment, and investment will be discouraged due to economic stagnation, so the low level of employment and output will put downward pressure on wages. As a result of falling wages, SRAS will shift back to its original position at SRAS1, and the economy might return to point A in the long run.
The Iranian government, however, may not let the market operate freely and could attempt to combat cost-push inflation by influencing aggregate demand (AD), the total spending on goods and services in an economy, through fiscal or monetary policies (Diagram 2). A shift of the AD curve to the right from AD1 to AD2 would return output to full employment level Yf. Therefore, demand-management policies aimed to accommodate the increase in feed prices would prevent a reduction of output in the short run, but inflation would worsen as the price level would rise from P1 to P3, resulting in a permanently higher price level P3.

An alternative solution would involve the implementation of supply-side policies. These are a set of measures designed to increase long-run aggregate supply (LRAS), the output when all available resources are being used efficiently, leading to economic growth. An outward shift of the LRAS curve from LRAS1 to LRAS2 results in a fall in the average price level from P2 to P1 and an increase in potential output from Yf1 Yf2, counterbalancing cost-push inflation (Diagram 3). This can be achieved by improvements in the quality of factors of production or an increase in their quantity.

The government could opt for market-based supply-side policies, aiming to increase incentives and productivity, or interventionist supply-side policies, actively encouraging economic growth. In the first case, liberalizing trade through a reduction in import tariffs would decrease the price of feed imports and so import-push inflation. Cutting down tariffs might improve the efficiency of domestic producers, but it would result in a lower revenue gain for the government. Secondly, state investment in education and training would be successful in targeting structural unemployment arising from occupational immobility as the quality of labour would improve. However, the funding of these projects represents substantial public spending which may worsen the national budget. The disadvantage of supply-side policies is the lengthy time-lag between their implementation and the effect on real output; they may not be effective in targeting the short-run effects of cost-push inflation.

In conclusion, inflation in Iran is having major drawbacks on economic growth and unemployment. Although demand-management policies may successfully mitigate the adverse impact on output and employment in the short run, this is done at the cost of inflation, so supply-side policies may be more efficient in bringing back economic stability to Iran in the long run.

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Into Macroeconomics

To introduce anyone into macroeconomics I would start off by telling you about the three schools of thought when it comes to macroeconomics which are, keynesian,classical/neoclassical and marxian.each school of thought has contributed to our way of macroeconomics in multiply ways and thinking. Keynesian economics is an economic theory of total spending in the economy and effects on output and inflation, discovered by John maynard Keynes a british economist in the attempt to understand the great depression of 1930. He voiced that increase in government expenditures and lowering taxes would stimulate demand which would result in pulling the global economy out of the depression.

The reasoning behind this theory was to avoid economical slumps by influencing aggregate demands through the act of stabilization and economic interventions policies by the government but his theories would only prove to work in a short term gain. This provided new ways to look at spending output and inflation instead of looking at the more cynical side of things like the classical economic thinking Classical economy is a doctrine from classical economy founded from adam smith that was developed in the nineteenth century, it uses power from the market system,if left alone will ensure employment to the fullest of economic resources.although classical economist believe that occasional deviations from full employment result from political and economic events automatic adjustments in wages interest rates and markets places will restore economy to full employment.John Locke provided the philosophical foundation for classical economy off his ideas of conception of natural order and the economic bases of adams Smith's theory of self and Jean Baptiste Say's law of the equality of market supply and demand.

Classic economy is based off two maxims first being based on his or her individual preference under few restraints where there preferences and constraints are given considered, second it presupposes the existence of interdependencies between the actions of all the individuals expressed in the market place only under assumption of being pure and perfect competition, two facilities which determines income distribution and resource allowance. That is, they will regulate allocation of production demand and supply and the optimization of social organization. Guided by the hand David Ricardo and Adam Smith fallowing the support of Thomas Robert Malthus and Jean Baptiste Say believe that classical economy was in Smiths hand,self-regulating ,and self-interest along with capital accumulation and development of monetary institutions based on free trade and on surplus production.also believing in the law of diminishing returns and in division of labour also,the self-adjust ability to the economy in a laissez-faire system devoid of government intervention.the classical model from circular flow indicates deviation of wages, but eventually will return their rate of natural subsistence.

Neoclassical economics was also known as the period that followed Ricardo including the 1870's through to the 1900's were full of criticism from classical economic theories and the capitalist system by socialist and humanist.This period could also be characterized questioning the classical assumption being that laissez-faire was the ideal government policy the eventual demise of the classical economic theory being in the transition to neoclassical economics. Transitioning be either spontaneous or automatic, but perative being the professionalization of economics.Neoclassical economics can be attributed to integrating the original classical utility in a bid with cost of production to explain the commodity and factor the allocation of resources using marginal analysis and prices.David ricardo although providing the methodological rudiments of neoclassical through his way of contextual analysis to a more abstract deductive analysis.the rejection of Marxist economics is where neoclassical economics is grounded to.

Marxian economics a school of economic thought based from the work of late philosopher Karl Marx in the 19th-century. The main focus of marxian economics is based from the roles of labour in development of an economy along with its critical classical economic approach to productivity and wages developed by Adam Smith. Marxian argues the specialization of a growing population, coupled with a labour force pushes wages down and the value put on services and goods will not accurately account for the true cost of labour. To break this down one would take a look to its core of marxian economics drawn from Karls Marx's work Das Kapital from where he describes the theory of capitalist system.

Marxian economics although most consider it separated from marxism have the ideology found from marxist economics,but it differs from the fact that it focuses on less of political social matters. Even more broadley, Marxian principles clash with virtues of capitalist pursuits. The contrast of classical approaches to economic theory. Taken favour from Marx's promises of the harmonious socialist future inspired by revolutions from global proportions.

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Myths and Misconceptions of Vaccines

Technology is another factor in the myths and misconceptions of vaccines. Obtaining medical intelligence online has drastically altered the progress of the preventative medicine industry as well as patient to physician interactions. Pharmaceutical information that used to be exclusive to class lectures, books, journals, and experiments and given only to medical professional, has now been easily accessible to the public and has retracted the power from professional doctors as primary caretakers to the people who believe they are doctors because they did a Google search. This resulted in the current inception of what people are calling shared decision making that allows healthcare physicians and patients to have shared decisions.

Though this may be helpful in a variety of ways, the diffusion of flawed and deceptive information established on the web hold its own adverse repercussions. For instance, parents who refuse to give doctors consent to have their kids vaccinated. A study of Youtube videos was done, and in the study researchers found that anti-vaccination videos had 32% higher ratings than the pro-vaccine videos. Online anti-vaccination authors utilize a variety of strategies to push along their agenda. Some common tactics are skewing science, changing people's hypothesis, redacting opposition research, and battering critics. Though these strategies are deceptive, they still prove to be successful in influencing parents. A study had been conducted to evaluate how well individuals assessed the accuracy of medical information about vaccines online, and the study gathered that 18 internet sites out of the 40 given were accurate leaving the rest of the sites to be decieving.

The controversy over whether or not parents should vaccinate their kids leads an ethical dilemma and morals. Medicals ethics requires anyone in the medical field to uphold the bioethics code while also respecting people's autonomy and producing the best outcome without harming anyone. Patients of doctors obtain the right to refuse vaccinations solely based on the foundation of our children, our choice and their autonomy to choose for their children, but health care providers are still morally obligated to treat every patient with non-maleficence while also refraining any harm to society. Religion happens to be the most common basis for the objection to vaccines. In particular, the MMR vaccine stems the initiates the discussion within the Orthodox, Jewish, Hindu, and Jehovah's Witness faction. Though the oppositions are not completely based upon all vaccines but the components in the MMR vaccine. The rubella vaccine integrated with the MMR had been obtained from the cells of aborted fetal tissue.

Generally, these religious communities are against abortions based on religious teachings and these groups cite these religious objections in order to file for a vaccine exemption. Porcine gelatin is found in the MMR vaccine and it acts as a stabilizer that essentially allows for effective storage in the body. Porcine ingredients are not like the gelatins that are used for oral dissipation and are actually purified to small peptides, which is popularly utilized in medicine capsules. In addition, religious individuals view vaccines as escaping death or meddling in the life that God chooses for a person, they believe that people should not alter the destined fate of someone who becomes ill. The fault in this argument is that God should want to heal all persons even when their fate was to become ill. A person's rights are only valid until they begin to infringe on others. A parent choosing not to vaccinate their kid may be their right but it does not only affect their kid. Children who are in school are already at a high risk for contracting a sickness and just by being near a non-vaccinated child puts them at risk for contracting a deadly illness such as measles or smallpox.

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Oppressed Women in Handmaid’s Tale

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Why shouldn’t Children Receive Vaccines?

Don't vaccinate your children

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Communism in China

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Propaganda is Everywhere

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Vietnam Welcomes Communism

Endnotes

Bibliography

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The Russian Revolution and Communism Unite

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Society Tells People

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Communism: Existing Economic System of Capitalism

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Hiroshima: the Survival of a Community

Work Cited

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Communism in Albania

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A High-yellow Dream

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Addressing the Challenges to Accessing Vaccines

The Importance of Pediatric Vaccinations

Clinical Manifestations

Prevention of Mild Problems with Antipyretic/Analgesic Medications

Educating the Parents

Do Nurses' Beliefs Impact Patient Safety?

Nurses Are Trusted

Conclusion

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Controversial Issues of Vaccination of Children

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Different Ideas about Vaccination

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About the Great Plains

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Terminating a Pregnancy

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How Nazi Propaganda Molded the German Mindset

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Components of Propaganda

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Understanding down Syndrome

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A Glance at down Syndrome

Abstract

Introduction

Characteristics

Disability Impact on Family

Prevalence and Causes

Educational/Medical Interventions

Family Role

Conclusion

References

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Down Syndrome: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, & Treatment

Down Syndrome

Types of Down syndrome

Trisomy 21

Mosaic Down syndrome

Robertsonian translocation

Frequency of Down Syndrome

Characteristics of Down Syndrome

Medical Concerns

Medical specialists

Treatment

Screening

Diagnostic Tests

Healthy People 2020

MICH-2

Interventions

Guam CEDDARS

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Consequences of Roads and Sprawl: a Look into Segregation and Economic Immobility

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