Month: November 2019
Distracting Clothing
Through extended research and personal beliefs, I believe the application of dress code serves as a beneficial position towards the school environment and student body. As a few advantages, dress code promotes a more sophisticated learning atmosphere, reduces social pressure, and can reduce the prevalence of such violent or promiscuous behaviours. For decades across the nation, dress code has and continues to present itself as a purposeful utilization, and I, for one, believe we should continue to employ its standards. One of the prime advantages to implementing dress code is the proficient learning environment that follows.
When distracting clothing is removed from the picture, concentration is directed towards the professor and material being taught-- not the peers. Mindless of revealing material, some clothings contain vulgar expressions or violence, something not only highly distraction, but offensive. By allowing the exposure of such wear, a classroom is stripped from its ability to effectively learn and teach. In addition to adopting appropriate dress at a younger age, it serves as practice for the real world as we prepare for professional occupations in the near future.
Another use of dress code lies in its ability to foster greater focus on education while diminishing social pressures and indifference. Dress code, specifically uniforms, eliminate social conformities as every student is compelled to dress accordingly to the handbook. Less time is spent focused on what other individuals are wearing, and more on the classroom. Though some may argue dress code restricts students from being able to express themselves, it is important to understand there are other ways in which creativity can be expressed; writing and art included.
Dressing as a means to express oneself may reflect danger or misleading signs, giving way to greater conflict than what was initially intended. Essentially, dress code is significant in preparing students for the real world in showing what's appropriate and under which setting. After some in-depth research on the topic at hand, it is rather obvious the positive impact dress code has on the school environment. Since the turn of the century, the number of public schools that have employed dress codes has increased 21%. The reasoning behind this recent spike could be connected to the Columbine High School shooting. On April 20, 1999, Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold opened fire on their own school, killing 12 of their fellow students.
After this tragedy, people have found these two to have been wearing suspicious clothing-- trench coats large enough to hold weaponry. After the revealing of this information, schools have started to adjust their policies to address the issue. This horrific incident has led 54% of schools nationwide to regulate stricter dress codes, with only 2% of schools regulating none. This includes the fingertip rule, where shorts and skirts cannot be shorter than one's fingertips when they are down.
As the statistics and the benefits indicate, the continuation of dress code on campus holds a purposeful need on both a social and educational stance. Essentially, social norms become regulated, focus is directed on the course material, and the early practice of dressing accordingly to setting all contribute to vital necessities for adulthood. By regularly exercising dress code, it is with great belief that the academic atmosphere as a whole will continue to thrive and give way to its highest potential.
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Flowers for Algernon Allegory of the Cave
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Hiroshima: Father Wilhelm Kleinsorge
Many character in Hiroshima has perseverance but, Father Kleinsorge was the one that was different from the rest. The character's full name is Father Wilhelm Kleinsorge, or also known as Father Kleinsorge. Father Kleinsorge is from Hiroshima, a historical non fiction novel written by John Hersey. Father Kleinsorge is a german priest living in Hiroshima. Father Kleinsorge has perseverance which includes motivation, interest, and confidence.
Starting of, Father Kleinsorge definitely have motivation. Father Kleinsorge was terribly sick, had diarrhea and fever, but still had a motive to continue to do mass even after he fainted. Father K had a motivation to continue to serve the church. But a couple of days later, while attempting to say mass, he had an onset of faintness and even after three attempts was unable to go through with the service (67-68). Next, Father Kleinsorge has interest in Japanese culture. He was devoted to Japanese culture that he even changed his name. Father Kleinsorge has interest in Japanese and their ways Father Kleinsorge was married to Japan. (111) Lastly, Father Kleinsorge has confidence. Since Father Kleinsorge was terribly sick, he went to go to the hospital. They didn't tell Father Kleinsorge, but he heard the doctor proclaimed that he was going to die, since no one actually survived the sickness. But Father Kleinsorge believe that he will survive and he did. He'll die Father Kleinsorge was discharged from the hospital in Tokyo (74,79).
In conclusion, Father Kleinsorge has perseverance which contains motivation, interest, and confidence. Even though he was terribly sick with diarrhea and a fever, he had motivation to continue to keep doing mass. Father Kleinsorge after recovery, traveled to Japan and fell in love and was so interest about the Japanese and their cultures. And to finish of, no doctors or nurse believe that he would survive, since every of their other patients died. But Father Kleinsorge had confidence that he would survive his conditions, even if the conditions was very bad.
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Forensic Science Technicians (CSI)
Forensics is a public discussion or debate which applies to courts and the judicial system and the science is the meaning of the scientific methods and process of solving crime(crimesceneinvestgatoredu.org). Forensic science Technician also known as Crime scene investigator are used around the world to resolve civil disputes, to justly enforce criminal laws and government regulations, and to protect public health.ifwedonthave forensic scientist in the world the world would be grieving for their love ones without any answers to their questions. When comes to being a crime scene investigator it comes with braveness, patience, and intelligence.
Forensic scientists may be involved anytime an objective, scientific analysis is needed to find the truth and to seek justice in a legal proceeding. There are many different kinds of forensic science fields that can be a profession pathology, anthropology ,accountant , Odontology, and Toxicology, CSI(crime scene investigator) etc. Crime scene investigator is an person that analyzes, compare, identify, and interprets physical evidence, then reports results for use in the justice system. The main role of a CSI is to observe the crime scene for any useful physical evidence to determined suspects and victims. Physical evidence may be anything, a whiff of a flammable gas at an arson scene or as obvious as a pool of blood at a homicide scene or fingerprints on a bottle of a crime scene. Good CSIs know that the past is not a space that anyone can completely understand. No matter how many resources we bring to bear on studying it, our comprehension of the past--even of very recent events--will always be imperfect (Brass 2011).
CSIs part of our modern world because human beings are relentlessly interested in the world around them (Brass 2011).CSIs is the head of the case or crime mainly the person responsible for the evidence, they make reports and package evidence to be tested for results and testifies in court of the findings and observation and speaks apon what they found with their description of methods of finding the evidence. CSI specialize in detecting with many different kinds of crimes it could be homicide, armed robberies, sexual assaults and so on.when it comes to collecting evidence there are different types of evidence. Mike byrd started with the Crime Scene Investigations Bureau in 1987, he played an active part in the forensic science of CSI community by establishing new techniques of gathering and distributing evidence on a crime scene. He states that the first type of evidence is testimonial evidence, which is the answers CSIs questioning suspects and witnesses are given. Physical evidence, which is the other type of evidence, is any type of three-dimensional evidence collected at a crime scene (Byrd).
Forensic science have been around for 900 years but the During the 16th century in europe, medical practitioners for the army began to gather information based on the cause and manner of death and two italian surgeons laid the foundation of a pathology in the late 18 century(crimesceneinvestgtoredu.org). James March was the first apply the new art of forensics, He was called to examine evidence during a case of a defendant who killed their grandfather with arsenic-laced coffee(crimemuseum.org). According to Colin Evans, a veteran writer specializing in forensics who published many books under the field of forensic scientist states that Before there was CSI, there was one man who saw beyond the crimes name Bernard Spilsbury, he single-handedly brought criminal investigations into the modern age. He uncovered evidence others missed, stood above his peers in the field of crime reconstruction, relentlessly exposed discrepancies between witness testimony and factual evidence, and most importantly, convicted dozens of murderers with hard-nosed, scientific proof (Evan 2006).
When approaching to an crime scene as a CSI, there are basic steps that everyone in the criminal justice and forensic science field must follow. They are approaching the scene, secure and protect the scene, initiate preliminary survey,evaluate physical evidence possibilities, taking a picture of the scene, sketching the scene, then the CSI would come into play of collecting and recording the evidence then release the scene. Don Penven whom work in the law enforcement for 35 years and now is currently serves as a technical support representative and technical writer for Sirchie Finger Print Labs, states a fact on collecting evidence in a crime scene. Crime scene evidence is useless unless it is properly marked and packaged and a Chain of Evidence is begun from the time it is picked up. Use the proper type of containers for all evidence collected. Never package objects wet with blood or other physiological fluids in plastic bags, as this will accelerate decomposition. Label and identify all evidence collected, including the notes taken by the investigator (Penven).The first thing that CSIs do is to define the physical space in which they are interested and then cordon this area off. This is no trivial exercise (Charles Brass).
When it comes to being an CSI agent, one have to have a bit of braveness. There can be crime scenes that can be quite disturbing and unmanageable. CSI agent work in many different condition and settings.for instance, some scenes may be indoor or outdoor or even at the police station. If one live in michigan one have witness the bad weather of snow storms, blizzards,thunderstorming, and tornados, no matter the weather condition an CSI agent are to arrive at the scene. When visiting these crime scenes there can be homicides, where CSI's witness dead bodies. Witnessing the aftermath of brutal crimes is an occupational hazard unavoidable in forensic science. Forensic scientists sometimes visit the crime scene, where they might examine a victim's body or study blood spatter(Eille Williams 2017). These bodies may be covered in blood, deformed,or decomposed causing a horrifying smell. When a CSI agent views these dead bodies it can cause distraught and can be glued in their mind for a while. One may see homicides of children which one of the main causes of CSI's going to therapy and can cause them to have depression.
If one looking forward to being an CSI, one has to face education, training, and experience requirements before officially being a CSI. most of the forensic science fields require a bachelor's degree in either biology, criminal justice, microbiology, forensic or natural science. It also requires a lot of english classes because a CSI need very honed written and oral communication capabilities to write detailed reports and testify physical evidence in court. Although education is an important component for achieving a career as a crime scene investigator, on-the-job training is, perhaps, just as important, as it provides individuals with real scenarios and settings. When it comes to training many who are newly hire would follow along an senior CSI for a long period of time.
CSI can expect to earn around $40,000 after graduating. It has nothing to do with your and skills, and everything to do with where you work and who you work for. The highest paying employer was the federal government, with averages at $108,240 per year, or $45.79 per hour. The local government average salary $62,710, or $30.15 per hour, and insurance carriers, showing averages of $60,830 per year, or $29.25 per hour(crimesceneinvestgatoredu.org). Experienced, full-time CSI who work for places such as law enforcement organizations can also be compensated in the form of benefits packages, which include holidays and vacations, overtime pay, health insurance and retirement packages. There are different salaries in different states, for example, in Alabama I can make approximately 56,500 per year, but in Kansas I can make approximately 79,000 per year (crimesceneinvestgatoredu.org). what it takes to become a CSI from education to training and breaking down how much one can possibly make per year, it shows on what have to take on to became this career work.
Every profession has there downs to it, there's no profession that is perfect. An CSI has a minimum of downs they are mostly positive. The things that are negative of being an CSI are bearable and can be solved. The negatives of an CSI is that it can be stressful, hazardous material, and the testimonies. Being CSI may become stressful because they are on call 24 hours of the day and repeatedly witnessing horrifying crime scenes. CSI involves a lot of patience. It can take months to find possible suspects in the crime and also it might take months to years to solve the crime. depending on how much evidence is found. While being on call for 24 hours of the day, it can take time away from an CSI family time because they have to report ot the scene and collect evidence as soon as possible. As a CSI repeatedly witness horrifying crime scenes, they have to be able to handle their emotions. Without the lack of this skilled one may suffer from mental effects or require counseling to handle the stress associated with the job (Ellie williams 2017).
CSI are responsible for collecting important evidence. When it comes to collecting the evidence it can be hazardous and harmful if not handle properly. For instance, if an CSI is not careful with an human tissue and blood it can contact an disease. The testimonies can be nerve racking if an CSI didn't gather or interpreted the right evidence. These experts can face the risk of retaliatory action from individuals related to the defendants against whom they are testifying. They also face danger if people against whom they have testified are released from jail or convictions are not secured( Brandon Garrett 2009).
Michael Howard, a forensic scientist that's specialized in (CSI) who been in this field for 29 years was giving an interview about being in a CSI and what to expect when being in this field. He stated when ask about how he begin his career, he announced that I got into the forensic field by accident. I was working in the toxicology lab at the medical school in Portland.When they got a grant to expand the lab, I decided I'd just as soon not be a medical tech the rest of my life.After that it was on-the-job training. I went to the FBI academy for training in hairs and fibers, instrumental analysis for paint chips”all that trace evidence(Michael Howard 2002). The most satisfying about forensic science to Michael was problem solving. You look at the evidence to see what it's telling you. How can you use the experts, scientific tests, and your own knowledge to answer questions and solve problem (Michael Howard 2002). The most challenging of an CSI to him is that to go back and look at the photos, look at the write-ups, the lab notes, and decide if they actually collected all the evidence they needed. Michael was lastly asked how he deals with the stress. He states that A lot of it is talking with the people you deal with every day. In forensics we often develop a warped sense of humor; we find humor in grotesque things. Forensic folks together will laugh about stuff that would horrify people outside the field. You build your own defenses, and vent it at work(Michael Howard 2002). Even though this a job that involves a lot it can be quite interesting and exciting to learn about and enjoy.
Now that professional as giving their opinion about the forensic science field, it's helpful to know how individuals that's not studying forensic feel about the field also. When surveying 5 individuals on how do they feel about forensic scientist, the first question ask do you trust that forensic scientists know what they are doing? 3 out of 5 said Yes while 2 out of 5 said No because they can wrongly convicted individuals. Do you believe that forensic science is a valid way to find criminals guilty? 5 out of 5 agreed that its a valid way to find criminal guilty. Do you believe that forensic evidence is reliable enough to send a person to an death penalty 4 out of 5 said sometimes because it could possibly be inaccurate. This analysis proves that many trust and believe in the work of forensic scientist.
Many people have watch the popular tv shows on television like law & order, CSI, Forensic Files and so on. When in reality that's not how things work in the field of forensic science. The media portrays a much simplest way to view an CSI than what it is in reality. The major difference between fiction vs. reality of being an CSI is that it can be tedious and very time consuming. CSI work is much slower and there's less availability of technology because of the budgets.
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Mitochondrial DNA Sequencing and its Application in Forensic Sciences
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) has significantly impacted the scientific world since it was fully decoded by the Human Genome Project in 2003. The Human Genome Project was a 13 year project to fully sequence the human genome, and find the similarities and differences throughout the human race. The value of the project [ ] appears beyond doubt. Genome research is revolutionizing biology and biotechnology, and providing a vital thrust to the increasingly broad scope of the biological sciences (US Department of Energy, 1996). Through full decoding of the human genome, scientists were able to discover that less than 1 percent of human DNA is unique to the individual (Pollard, 2009). Despite the microscopic margin, this difference creates millions of variations specific to an individual. The ability to determine, or disregard a suspect due to a slight difference in DNA has become a significant help to science, but especially in forensic applications. Originally, sequencing DNA was extremely difficult.
First generation sequencing was mostly done using the Chemical Cleavage Sequencing method, introduced by Maxim and Gilbert or the Chain Terminating or Sanger Sequencing method introduced by Sanger and Associates. Both approaches rely on the separation of the mixture of DNA fragments of various sizes on polyacrylamide (PAA) slab gels (Guzvic, 2013). This would separate the DNA into a single strand to make multiplication of the bases easier to complete, before introducing an alkali treatment that breaks the strand. The breaking of the strand was recorded on the gels by how light or dark the slab became. Unfortunately these two methods created excessive redundant information that could easily cause confusion on which strands had broken, and both needed copious amounts of DNA to begin synthesizing. Towards the end of first generation sequencing, Polymerase I was used to complete the human genome. The easier to synthesize Polymerase I reaction was more effective, yet it had shortcomings. Short mono - nucleotide repeats were hard to interpret, as the bands were often not separated and correct reading of the sequence mostly depended on the experience of the operator (Guzvic, 2013). In 2005, 454 sequencing ushered in the second generation of DNA sequencing.
Developed by 454 Life Sciences, 454 sequencing relies on pyrosequencing. Pyrosequencing [ ] is based on the detection of light signal upon incorporation of nucleotide by polymerase. [the] amount of light is proportional to the number of ATP molecules, which is proportional to the number of released pyrophosphates, or, in other words, incorporated nucleotides (Guzvic, 2013). First, the DNA is nebulized and double strand adjusters are added to the ends of the DNA sequence. The adjusters bind any fragments before the mixture is added to a Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) solution. This mixture is then put into a Thermal Cycler which clones the DNA sequence. These sequence fragments are then put onto a PicoTiter Plate, which then run through an instrument's chamber to produce specific light patterns that show the DNA sequence. Unfortunately, this method is costly and has a high margin of error in repeat sets. Though it is a more costly method, 454 sequencing can do the work of first generation synthesis in a fraction of the time. Third generation sequencing is just beginning to come forward. It's main purpose is to reduce the time and cost of DNA sequencing. Scientists believe that if the amplification and preparation of DNA could be cut from the process, the subsequent sequencing would be faster, more effective, and less costly.
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Isaac Newton Biography
Isaac Newton was born in Woolsthorpe, Lincolnshire, England on January 4, 1643. He was a very small and fragile. Newton was not expected to survive his first couple days of life. Newton lacked a father figure. When newton was a child, he spent most of his years living with his grandmother after the remarriage of his mother. She married minister Barnabas Smith and left newton for him. Isaac was separated from his mother for 9 years until his step father died. As said, his psychotic tendencies were due to this traumatic occurrence. After his mother was widowed for the second time, she was adamant that her son should manage her property. It became obvious that this would turn into a disaster. He wasn't able to concentrate on rural affairs and to watch the cattle. Soon after he was sent back to grammar school. He attended the King's school in Grantham before enrolling at the University of Cambridge's Trinity College in 1661. During his college years, he studied a classical curriculum. He became intrigued by the works of contemporary philosophers including Rene Descartes. When the Great Plague began to take over Cambridge, Newton returned and began devising his theories on calculus.
Newton's inspiration was Pierre de Fermat, when he started to create calculus. He showed examples on how calculus methods could be interpreted. Newton's used to Fermat's work to start and made it universal. Newton always spoke of himself as self taught. He made contributions to all types of mathematics. He became famous for his solutions to the modern problems in analytical geometry of drawing tangents to curves and defining areas bounded by curves. He discovered that these issues were inverse to each other, but he uncovered general methods of resolving problems of curvaculture. In 1704, he published, with Opticks, a tract on the quadrature of curves and another on the classification of cubes. Newton's revolutionary mathematics were not published straight away. He was worried about being judged for his genius ideas. Instead he would share his thoughts and ideas with his friends. He was one of the first people to use fractional exponents and relating geometry to acquire solutions. Newton developed the Newton's Method to discovering superior approximations to the zeros or roots of a function. He also was the first to use finite power series.
Not only was he a mathematician but he was very well-educated in the laws of motion. Newton created a masterpiece called the Principia. It was divided into three books. The first book consists of eight definitions and three axioms. In book two, newton handles the motion of bodies through enduring mediums as well as the motion of fluids itself. In book three, called the System of the World, newton expanded his three laws of motion to the frame of the world. The principia was the most powerful scientific treatise ever published. It appeared in two editions during his lifetime. Across Newton's career, he managed research in theology and history. Even though some historians abandoned Newton's non scientific writings, there is doubt of his loyalty to these subjects. At a specific time in his life, newton was a professor. During those years he was required to serve as a tutor but he got a privilege to deliver a year round course of lectures on optics. He constantly worked on studying optics over the years. In 1672, published his first book on lights, optics, and color. Unfortunately his work didn't please everyone at the royal society. Newton suffered from a nervous breakdown when he was getting criticized for his work, and sadly rocketed after his mother's passing. Newton went on a six year break which he removed all intellectual correspondence. During this low-profile time newton expanded his theory of gravitation and the effects it has.
In Newton's life time he discovered and achieved several things. He generalized the binomial theorem and reveals sunlight is made up of all the colors of the rainbow. He used a prism made of glass to split up the beam of sunlight into its own separate colors. Newton created one of the first reflecting telescopes that work. Discovered and invented calculus, which we would not be able understand the behavior of objects as small as electrons or as big as the galaxy.Newton proved that all objects that move through space by gravity must follow a path that forms one of the conic sections, like a circle. He displayed that tides are caused by gravitational interactions between the sun, earth, and the moon. Newton predicted that the earth is not a perfect circle, and is larger around the equator than the poles. He used math to show the movement of fluids which comes from the Newtonian fluid concept. Newton in universal gravitation when he saw an apple fall from a tree in the garden of his family home. He told several people, that seeing this apple fall made him wonder why it fell in a straight line, rather than going up or sideways. Eventually, he discovered and proved force that was behind the apples fall, causes the moon to orbit the earth. This force can be felt throughout the entire earth, so he called it universal gravitation. Newton also discovered the equation that gives us the ability to calculate the force of gravity between two objects.
After years of success, unfortunately Newton died March 31, 1727 in Kensington, London, United Kingdom. Newton's health began to worsen as he got older. He had bladder stones that grew worse and a day before his passing he blacked out and was never able to regain consciousness. Newton had created several amazing achievements that contribute to our society today.
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The Astronomical Achievements of Sir Isaac Newton
Isaac Newton was born in the United Kingdom in 1643. His mother, a widow, soon remarried and Isaac did not like his new step father. He attended school where he did well and then attended to Trinity College, Cambridge. Here he thrived, but his most fascinating work was done away from school. Trinity College closed during The Great Plague and it was then, when Newton returned home, that he did his best work. Isaac Newton was one of the most important people that every worked in the field of natural sciences. His contributions not only gave way to many phenomenal discoveries of his time, but also many discoveries in the future. The man was simply a genius. He worked in the disciplines of mathematics, physics, astronomy, and philosophy.
Two of Newton's most important contributions were done in the fields of physics and astronomy. These contributions deal with natural forces and motion. In 1687, Newton published his most famous work. The title of the book was Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica, which means Mathematic Principles of Natural Philosophy. In this book, Newton lays out his three basic laws of motion which are still used today. The first of these laws is thus, in the absence of net uncancelled forces acting on an object, that object coasts (continues in its state of previous motion). The second law is, when the net forces on an object don't cancel, then the state of motion does change. This means the object accelerates and the amount of acceleration relates to the amount of net uncancelled force acting on the object. This law follows the formula force = mass x acceleration (F = ma). The third and final law of motion in Newton's Mechanics is when any object A exerts a force on any object B, the object B exerts a force back on object A of the same strength but in the opposite direction. These three laws explain all of the motion on earth and throughout the entire universe.
The next thing that Newton contributed to astronomy is his theory of gravity. The story behind his first thoughts of gravity came from an apple falling from a tree. One day, Newton was sitting under a tree and an apple fell from the tree. This was the action that lead Newton to think on what causes the apple to fall. But not only why did the apple fall, but why it fell downward instead of sideways or upward? And then it occurred to him that the same force that caused the apple to fall from the tree is the same force that held the Earth and Moon in orbit. It was at this moment that our understanding of how the world and universe worked was changed forever.
So why was this gravity thing such a big deal at the time? To answer this, let's look into the time period of this grand discovery. During this time in history, the world was not in total agreeance on some of the aspects of nature. Aristotle was still a very prominent and influential figure when it came to the natural sciences. He believed that the earth was the center of the universe and claimed that the laws of Earth were different than that of the heavens (outer space). However, the Copernican revolution, which removed the Earth from its original, universally centered position, and Galileo, who disproved many of Aristotle's views on the physical laws of Earth, started to shift the tide. But even still, some people still thought the Aristotle way to be truth. Even Newton still thought some of Aristotle's views of the physical world to be true. However, after his revelation with apples and gravity, he ditched the Aristotelian world view. Newton's theory of Gravity disproved Aristotle's view that our universe contained two completely different realms with two different sets of physical laws. Newton's theory accomplished this since it proved that the attractive force of gravity that causes an apple to fall downward from a tree on Earth, is the same attractive force that keeps the moon in orbit around the Earth in outer space (Bennett et al. 115).
Shortly after, Newton discovered the mathematical law that explains how gravity works. He arrived at the fact that the force of gravitational attractiveness between two different masses is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them, multiplied by the gravitational constant (which Newton came up with). This formula, is what Newton called the Universal Law of Gravitation and is the is written like this: is the gravitational attractiveness, and represents the two masses being compared, d represents the distance between the two masses, and is the gravitational constant, which is . Gravity is the most important force in the universe because it acts on all masses (Bennett et al. 123).
These three contributions to natural science led to many discoveries about the universe and ourselves. A lot of these discoveries were made by Newton himself. But Newton did not make these discoveries from scratch. One of his most famous quotes is, If I have seen further than others, if is by standing on the shoulder of giants (Meah). Here, Newton is saying that he was able to make the discoveries he did only because of the work that others did before him. Newton made many discoveries from his three laws of motion and the Universal law of Gravitation. For example, Johannes Kepler was a German astronomer who is known for the discovery of the three basic laws of planetary motion. had already made and published his three laws of planetary motion. These laws are (1) planets orbit the Sun in an ellipse, with the Sun as one of the foci, (2) planets most faster when they are closer to the sun and slower when they are further away from the sun, and sweep out equal areas in equal time, and (3) more distance planets orbit the Sun at slower speeds than planets further away from the Sun and they obey the formula where p is a planet's orbital period in years and a is the planet's average distance from the sun using astronomical units (1 AU equals the average radius of Earth's orbit (Bennett et al. 66). At the time Newton published his book Principia, Kepler had already made and published his three laws of planetary motion. They were also verified by using them to calculate certain observations in the sky. The main question people had was why? Why do Kepler's laws work? Newton showed that all three of Kepler's laws can be explain using his laws of motion, the universal law of gravitation, and basic calculus.
Additionally, not only did Newton prove Kepler's formulas, he also added on to them. Newton proved Kepler's first law of motion by using the Universal law of gravitation and calculus. Newton also showed that this law is not only for planets, but it actually works for all objects in the universe. Planets, satellites, comets, humans, etc. all orbit in the shape of an ellipse. He also used his work to show that not all orbiting objects are ellipses. He showed that the orbit can be any type of conic section. That is, the orbit can be in the shape of an ellipse, circle, parabola, or hyperbola. You can obtain these shapes in the way a plane intersects with a cone. Newton also discovered that two objects attracted by gravity actually orbit around a common center of mass. This was odd to think about during that time. From the looks of it, it appears that a planet orbits the Sun while the Sun remains stationary, this is a totally understandable misconception. From our point of view, it does appear that that is the case, however this is wrong. Using his laws and understanding of motion and forces, Newton showed that both objects rotate around a common center of mass. The last discovery Newton made with Kepler's laws, is a change he made to Kepler's third law of planetary motion. Recall that Kepler's third law of planetary motion follows the formula, . For this law, p can only be a measurement of time using years and a can only be a measurement of distance using astronomical units. Newton made additions to the formula to make it more usable in that you can use in ways that it was not previously designed to be used for. Here is an explanation, in Kepler's original law, there are only two parameters, p and a. Because of this, we can only use that original law to find planets orbital period or average distance from the sun. What Newton did is simply add some more parameters that ultimately relates the orbital period, distance, and masses of two orbiting bodies. The benefit of the additional parameters by Newton is twofold. It allows us to calculate the mass, period, and distance of any pair of orbiting objects and it allows us to do it for objects that are more distant than our solar system (Bennett et al. 124-126). This discovery was so big that Newton's version of Kepler's third law, is the primary means by which we determine masses throughout the universe (Bennett et al. 125).
The amount of natural processes that can be explain because of Newton's three laws of motion and gravity are endless. From this information, we gained insight on how tidal forces work which explains the waves in the oceans. We also learned about the Earth's equatorial bulge through Newton's laws. Every type of motion can be explained through Newton's laws of motion. Whether that's people walking on the face of the earth, a space shuttle flying through space, or a satellite orbiting the earth, all follow the same laws of motion that are universal throughout the whole cosmos.
Newton was not right in everything that he did. One may think this, but this is not the case. One of these things was his work with light and optics. Newton's work on light and optics starts with his invention of the reflection telescope in 1668. This telescope consisted of two mirrors, the first is called an objective mirror, which gathered the desired viewing picture, and the other was a flat, diagonally mounted mirror that reflected the picture given by the objective mirror in a 90-degree angle. This reflection allowed for the image to be viewed through an eyepiece (King 68-71). It was through this telescope and his work with prisms that Newton tried to prove his theory of light and color.
So, what was Newton's theory of light and color? Newton believed that light was made of small particles, that he called corpuscles, that had properties such as shape, size and color. He also thought white light to be the combination of all the colors. He argued that, the geometric nature of the laws of reflection and refraction could only be explained if light was made of particles (Klus). He argued this because he knew that waves do not typically travel in straight lines. This was not very popular among Newton's peers. Many of his peers still believed that light was made up of only waves. To disprove this common thought theory, Newton composed a series of experiments that involved prims and light. In one experiment, Newton took a prism and shined white light through it, this revealed the spectrum of colors and is what caused newton to believe that white light is a combination of all colors. The common theory of this prism color thing was that the prism corrupted the white light. And color is the result of this corrupted white light. He then used the second prism and held it at a certain angle and Newton showed that if held at the right angle (not 90 degrees but the proper angle), the spectrum of colors is recomposed back into white light. Since this was the case, Newton concluded that white light is the combination of colored particles (Klus). This theory was soon disproved by Christiaan Huygens who showed, reflection and refraction can be derived from his wave theory of light (Klus). Now, we know that light is both particle and wave. From this, we know that Newton was right in his belief that white light is a combination of all the colors in the spectrum. This also shows us that even though Newton's theory has been disproven, he was so much further ahead in his thinking than anyone of his time.
Another thing that Newton has credit for inventing is the mathematical discipline of Calculus. There is extreme controversy for if he actually came up with the idea of calculus first or if another person did, whose name was Gottfried Leibniz. The general conscious is that Leibniz and Newton both invented calculus independently. But this again shows the wondrous academic achievement and contribution of Isaac Newton.
Sources
Bennett, Jeffrey, et al.The Cosmic Perspective: Stars, Galaxies and Cosmology. 8th ed., Pearson, 2017. Print.
King, Henry C.The History of the Telescope. Dover Publications, 2003.Found via Google.
Klus, Helen. Newton's Theory of Light.The Star Garden, 18 Dec. 2017, ww.thestargarden.co.uk/Newton-s-theory-of-light.html.
Meah, Asad. 35 Inspirational Isaac Newton Quotes On Success.AwakenTheGreatnessWithin, Asad Meah, 28 Dec. 2017, awakenthegreatnesswithin.com/35-inspirational-isaac-newton-quotes-on-success/.
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The Effect of Claustrophobia on Reaction Time
Experiencing claustrophobia has changed the norm of socializing for numbers of individuals around the world who undergo the irrational fear. Claustrophobia is an anxiety disorder that is the fear of closed environments or having no escape, such as elevators or crowded rooms with no windows. Placing an individual in a triggering situation may lead them towards severe levels of anxiety, hence, it is common that people who suffer from this phobia tend to avoid the situation that may put them through anxiety. Previous research has suggested individuals who experience claustrophobia have mentioned that they clearly avoid situations that could provoke their phobia. Claustrophobics, according to researchers, showed significant increases in physiological measures of heart beat and respiration than those who did not suffer from claustrophobia when put in events that aroused their fear (Miller & Bernstein, 1972). In Miller and Bernstein's study, 28 participants were individually observed in a dark chamber with the door closed for a total of three minutes and then another time for ten minutes. Their heart beat and respiration was recorded; participants who were completely petrified of dark, enclosed spaces indicated that the test was too intense for them. Besides two participants, the rest claimed that their phobia of enclosed spaces was triggered on an everyday basis. Moreover, all participants claimed that they avoided everyday-life situations due to their claustrophobia.
Till this day, there has not been a found cause, genetic or conditioned, for claustrophobia. It is possible that due to a traumatic experience, claustrophobia can become conditioned and the individual will avoid small spaces. As for genetic mutations, a recent study conducted by Voikar et al. (2013) indicates that a leucine-rich repeat transmembrane protein (LRRTM) deficiency in mice seemed to stimulate claustrophobic behavior in mice. This defect showed implications to autism and schizophrenia and this specific protein associated with these deficiencies was shown to have been found in humans as well. The procedure for this study included multiple activities where they were put into situations to test how their deficiencies affected their progress. Voikar et al. (2013) had the mice placed in an arena, half-lit and half-dark, where the mice did not prefer to enter the dark compartment. For mice, it is genetic in the species of rodents to go through closed spaces or tunnels, it was typical of all the cohorts of this study who lacked LRRTM to avoid entering the smaller areas and tubes during these tests. The researchers noticed similar behavior like anxiety and fear when put into the appropriate situations that generally trigger claustrophobia (Voikar et al., 2013). This provided a great scientific aspect of how the lack of a protein was associated in avoidance of small or narrow areas.
In enclosed spaces, the claustrophobic individual's physiological factors are initially affected. It is the claustrophobic event that the individual is in that induces high levels of anxiety and heart rates that make the person want to avoid the situations in everyday life. McIsaac, Thordarson, Shafran, Rachman, and Poole (1998) attempted at viewing how psychological reactions were affected in terms of claustrophobia and brought out procedures involving MRI scans that tested 80 patients between the ages of 17-82. Patients who suffered from claustrophobia displayed feelings of distress and panic during their MRI sessions. The process began with a Claustrophobia Questionnaire that asked several questions testing their level of anxiety; it involved many potential situations and asked how the participant would feel in each one. This study had a non-equivalent control group pre- and post-test design where they measured the anxiety levels of the participants five minutes before and five minutes after the MRI scan. They also followed up with a similar Claustrophobia Questionnaire one month later. The pre-scan test displayed measures of anxiety that were equal to those of the non-claustrophobic patients. Those who were taken in the scan feet-first had less anxiety than those who were taken head first. It was concluded that the anxiety brought in during MRI scans was due to claustrophobia. After the MRI scan, patients claimed that they had in increase in their fear of enclosed spaces. A similar study revolved around the same concept that the individuals who suffered from the irrational fear of enclosed spaces showed increasing rates of claustrophobia especially after they were put through an event that prompted it (Enders et al., 2011). While conducting their study, Enders et al. noticed that their participants had the most problematic period before the MRI began, during positioning, and even when reaching the final position. 98 participants, out of a total of 174, required sedation to complete their MRI as their claustrophobia prevented them from completing their MRI session. Both studies provided tests that measured anxiety levels after their treatments and it was determined that claustrophobics, after their sessions, did have significant increases in physiological factors, namely restriction and anxiety (Enders et al., 2011; McIsaac et al., 1998).
In comparison to other phobias very similar to claustrophobia, it is the one that brings the most drastic reactions to the people. Different phobias begin at various ages, although it is not defined as to which phobia kicks in at which specific age. ?–st (1987) had the intention of comparing ages for various phobias and their onsets and how the different ways of getting those fears had some association with age. The patients of this examinations were provided pretest assessment which measured their heart rate and anxiety levels. To prove that each participant was cleared for being a subject in the study, they underwent a screening process where multiple factors sorted them out into groups relative to their phobia such as claustrophobia and agoraphobia which are quite similar in itself. They were then given questionnaires that measured the severity of their fear. Next came a behavioral avoidance test where the claustrophobic patient had to enter a locked windowless space and stay in the confined area for a total of ten minutes. The participant's heartbeat was observed throughout the entire test. Amongst the other phobias, claustrophobia ended up being the one that brought on the most anxiety to the participants. Agoraphobia, a similar phobia to claustrophobia, is when one is afraid of places that causes the individual to panic (?–st, 1987). Due to the panic, the subjects had the highest heart rate during the test and even before the test was initiated. Thus, physiological factors play a great part of social life as individuals with this fear often lean on avoidance behaviors in an everyday setting.
Although the intensity of the phobia may fluctuate over time, it is certain that if a claustrophobic was put into a closed space to test their reaction, their heart rate and anxiety levels will have increased greatly in comparison to before the treatment (Wood & McGlynn, 2000; ?–st, 1987; Enders et al., 2011). Research (Wood & McGlynn, 2000) suggests that placing a claustrophobic person in the same situation that triggered their claustrophobia causes their reaction to intensify and avoid those situations more than before. In Wood and McGlynn's study, college students were measured through a questionnaire that tested fear while their heart rate was measured. They were then escorted to a room where they were present before an MRI simulator while they were still attached to a heartbeat recorder. The questionnaire and heartbeat observations showed that there was a clear increase in fear from their initial assessment to their first behavioral avoidance test. As this was a follow-up, 25% of the participants indicated that their fear had returned, and even increased, from doing the procedure again. Using the heart-rates recorded, the studies analyzed that the return of claustrophobia had an accurate percentage of 91.67% when put in the same situation again. Hence, it is the avoidance behaviors of individuals with claustrophobia that allows them to survive on a day-to-day basis without triggering increasing heart rates and anxiety levels.
Furthermore, the anxiety-inducing fear causes many physiological factors to react, and definitely not in a healthy way. As previous studies show, the reaction to claustrophobia in physiological terms ends with a significant increase in heart rate and anxiety levels. Van Diest, Smits, Decremer, Maes, and Claes (2010) explain these reactions by associating two components of bodily functions with the phobia: restriction and suffocation. When a claustrophobic individual is put in a situation where they feel restricted, it triggers the fear as they believe they cannot escape the potentially dangerous situation. Additionally, being in closed spaces allows them to believe there is insufficient air supply, thus bringing in the fear of suffocating (Van Diest, Smits, Decremer, Maes, & Claes, 2010). These studies show that claustrophobia has an effect of physiological bodily functions. The relationship of whether claustrophobia has an effect on reaction time measuring in minutes to escape a closed environment has not been investigated yet. A non-manipulated control group experiment will be used to test how claustrophobia impacts the reaction time, measured in seconds, to escape closed environments and its influence on physiological factors, specifically heart rate and anxiety levels, as well. Based on previous research, I hypothesize that if a person who experiences the anxiety-inducing fear caused by confined areas, namely claustrophobia, is placed in a specific situation triggering their fear, then their reaction time to closed environments will be faster than one who does not suffer from claustrophobia.
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What is Coasterphobia?
A coasterphobia is a type of phobia of people having the fear of roller coasters. LaMarcus Adna Thompson invented roller coasters in 1885, and throughout the years roller coasters has been upgraded to it being bigger and faster than it ever was before. Roller Coasters are much more advanced now since people have become more creative with their inventions. This research paper will be talking about how people start suffering from coasterphobia as well as their experiences with roller coasters, how scientists studied our brains in terms of how it works during the ride, and how people can get rid of their coasterphobia.
Coasterphobia usually occurs on people based on their awful experiences with roller coasters as a child. Childhood experiences will create barriers that will leave memories for people in adulthood because, it is a way of remembering what gave them the horrific experiences in the first place. Experiences such as being stuck really high up during the ride or breaking down. Roller Coasters can be too thrilling, scary, overwhelming, and uncomfortable for people. Not only that, but people begin to suffer roller coasters when their family and friends are forcing them to ride them. Forcing people to ride instead of motivating them will cause a huge impact on how they take on roller coasters. As well as when their family and friends laugh at them for being scared and when they don't take them seriously. Coasterphobia can also occur when they felt dizzy during the ride because of the sharp turns, drops, and loops, which also can cause them to throw up. This type of phobia can make people feel dizziness, sweat [their] hands, armpits, hair, and back - also imagining their outcome which is death (Says et al., 2014). They may also gain this phobia while watching videos of roller coasters crashing and people getting stuck on rides for hours. According to Lisa Fritscher who wrote an article called Roller Coaster Phobia, there are other phobias that can lead to having coasterphobias such as: acrophobia which is fear of heights, illyngophobia which is when people are afraid of looking down, claustrophobia when people are uncomfortable with tight spaces so while waiting in line with a lot of people, social phobia which is when people are afraid to be judged from screaming too loud or cringing, mysophobia which is fear of germs, and lastly emetophobia which is fear of vomiting (2018). Roller Coasters can be fun and exciting, but it is not for everyone.
During every roller coaster ride that people experience throughout their lifetime, our brains are working to help us cope with the sensation of the ride. The brain is processing the action so that it knows how to react and activate during the ride. Philip Palumbo who is a psychologist researched that each of our central core structures of the brain are activated while riding a rollercoaster such as the medulla controls the breathing, maintaining heartbeat, and a steady blood pressure (2012). As well as the cerebellum by regulating body motion, basal ganglia by sending cues for people to grip the handlebars, hypothalamus by preventing people from vomiting or fainting, broca's area by allowing people to scream, or visual cortex where its help is to measure the speed, factors of the environment, and height. As for suffering coasterphobia people, the most brain function that is occuring while thinking about roller coasters is happening in the amygdala. Amygdala controls and creates emotions, so when it comes to having coasterphobia - the feeling of extreme fear, anxieties, and terror are taking over people's thoughts and feelings. It will be hard for them to calm down as they only focus on being scared, and the only way they can calm down will probably be leaving the amusement park.
Memories during childhood can benefit us for our future in terms of happiness, regret, or fear. Having bad experiences with roller coasters as a child, will taunt people as they grow older. As human beings, people learn what they want to avoid and what they are most feared of and once they find what it might be, they will try and shunned that memory as long as it might take. An experiment study about a woman named Katrina Clarke who wanted to try out exposure therapy. As a young girl, she had moments in her life when she went to the amusement park and would be on rides and it would leave her unsatisfied and scared. She was eleven years old when she experienced her first bad memory with rollercoasters, she didn't like sensations that she was feeling during the ride. When she was thirteen years old, she went with her friends to Canada's Wonderland, and she was just holding her friend's bags and she still got shaky legs from watching how the roller coaster went. When she was 28 years old, doing the experiment - she went on Leviathan at Canada to see how her phobia is, and she was glad she got through with it saying I faced my fear. That doesn't mean I liked it (Clarke, 2016).
Overcoming a fear or phobia that people are struggling with can be hard to get rid. People have to have a strong motivation and determination to be able to conquer their most feared situations. Being able to overcome coasterphobia might take time to getting used to, as all phobias are gone through time. Being motivated and not forced to ride roller coasters is the first best step. Families and friends who are going to keep you pumped up, who will reassure you that you will survive and it will be fun, and overall motivating you until you are done riding the rollercoaster and feel completely satisfied. It's just the matter of time, effort, and building confidence will help people succeed through roller coasters. Based on wikiHow, ways to defeat coasterphobia is by building confidence, learn what to expect, talk to other people about their experience, understand that roller coasters are supposed to be scary, start small, breathe deeply, and go with [motivational] friends (How to Overcome Your Fear of Roller Coasters, n.d). Facing people's fears are extremely hard to overcome, starting somewhere small instead of rushing to conquer them will not help. Through time, people will learn how to take in roller coasters and be able to control their emotions for the future amusement park visit.
Having a fear of roller coasters is not a joke. Coasterphobia needs to be taken seriously as people can get negative symptoms, life experiences, and dreams about it. Roller coasters are built for thrill, fun, and exciting. Years has passed, and a lot of new roller coasters have been built all over the world. People designed it to be better, faster, taller, and bigger. There are a lot of opinion out there in the world about people fearing roller coasters and managing people's time to get rid of that phobia. And it can be a challenge. Overall of this research paper, the information that were discussed was about how people began to suffer from roller coasters, how the brain is activated while riding roller coasters, and lastly how to be able to conquer having fear of rollercoasters. It is not always easy, but with time and patience - people will be able to defeat their most feared phobia that they have been suffering from.
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The Role of Diet in Glaucoma Hawaii Los Angeles – Hiroshima Study
In this cross-sectional study, we showed that cholesterol has a significant positive association with glaucoma. The data showed participants with cholesterol intake ?‰? 252 have risk 3 times higher than low intake cholesterol to have glaucoma (OR: 3.117; p=0.007).
Glaucoma is an insidious eye disease and about half of open angle glaucoma cases are undetected at a certain moment. (19) Oxidative stress has been proposed as an etiologic factor in the pathophysiology of glaucomatous retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) death, alongside elevated IOP, retinal ischemia and nutritional status.(5)(6) Neuro-degeneration due to oxidative stress may have role in deterioration in open angle glaucoma, its have been suggested to damage the trabecular meshwork, resulting in increase intraocular pressure.(5,20,21) It is also showed that in glaucoma, oxidative stress occurs mostly in mitochondria of the retinal ganglion cells and their axons.(4)
There are few common anti-oxidants such as carotenoids (present in fruits and vegetable), Vitamin B, C, E and polyphenolic flavanoids (present in tea, mostly in green tea, and coffee). Tanito et al. showed a low systemic antioxidant capacity is associated with more severe visual field damage in open angle glaucoma. (22) The Rotterdam study(8)showed a protective effect of vitamin B1 on open angle glaucoma (OAG patient has lower thiamine level than controls).
The other presumed mechanism was impaired blood flow. It has been showed that vascular dysregulation (regulation of the blood flow that is not adapted to the needs of the respective tissue) increased the risk of normotension glaucoma, optic nerve compartment syndrome, central serous choroidopathy, retinal artery and vein occlusion and anterior ischemic neuropathy without atherosclerosis.(4) Magnesium (Mg) involved in many metabolic processes in normal cell, its also acts as a natural physiologic calcium channel blocker, thus improve ocular blood flow, reduction of oxidative stress and neuro-protection. It was reviewed that Mg has potential and beneficial role in additional treatment of glaucoma.(23)
Rotterdam study (8) showed high intake of retinol equivalents and vitamin B1 were associated with decreased risk of OAG, whereas a high intake of magnesium was associated with an increase risk, they also found that vitamin A has no significant effect on open angle glaucoma. Nurses 'health study and Health Professionals Follow up study (10) were also could not find any relationship between vitamin A and glaucoma, despite vitamin A is one of the anti-oxidant. In this study we also cannot show any significant difference.
A few studies found a relationship between increase body mass index and elevated intra ocular pressure (24)(25,26), but in contrary to the Barbados study(27), they found low BMI is associated with POAG. In this study we found no association between BMI and glaucoma.
We found high cholesterol intake was positively significant related to glaucoma. There is a study by Pavljalsevic et al. found that higher cholesterol levels are related to POAG (28), a feasible explanation is that excess intraorbital fat and increase blood viscosity in obesity, usually related with lipid abnormality, may disturb the aqueous outflow capacity which cause increased intraocular pressure. Another study explained that prolonged disturbance of plasma lipids may cause to degenerative changes in the retinal and choroidal vessels, which may result in premature ischemic retino-neural angiopathy. This will create hypo perfusion causing microcirculations disorders related to ganglion cells, which may induce permanent visual disturbance. (29) In a case control study by Davari et al. found serum level of cholesterol and triglyceride significantly higher in POAG patient than control(30). Braakhuis et al. found that higher cholesterol intake may increase the risk of oxidative stress-related ocular disease such as cataract and age macular degeneration (AMD), but not for glaucoma (31). A meta analysis studies (32) found that hyperlipidemia did not increase the risk of glaucoma. There was a study about Statin (drug lowered cholesterol) and glaucoma, the result showed statin use was associated with a significant reduction in the risk of open angle glaucoma in-patient with hyperlipidemia.(33) There are few mechanisms to describe this event. Statins have been shown to increase cellular response of endothelial nitric oxide synthase.(34) This acts cause vasodilation and increase of retinal and choroidal blood flow; thus maintain the health of optic nerve and retinal fiber layer. Other mechanism is statins affect molecular intermediaries in the aqueous outflow pathway, including Rho Kinase activity and myosin II ATPase activity, which increase aqueous outflow facility thorough trabecular meshwork and produce a reduction of intraocular pressure(35).
In 2017, Williams et al. found that oral administration of vitamin B3 and/or gene therapy protects the retinal ganglion cell (RGCs) and axon from degeneration in aged mouse models. (36). They use DBA/2J(D2) mice that develop a form of chronic glaucoma with iris abnormalities, high intra ocular pressure, and retinal ganglion cell loss(37). The decrease of NAD+ (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) induced mitochondrial dysfunctions and disturb redox metabolism. They found that a decline of NAD+, which have potential role in protecting mitochondrial metabolism and to protect against oxidative stress can be corrected by giving high dose oral NAM (Nicotinamide/ vitamin B3) as a biosynthetic precursor of NAD+. This study showed vitamin B3/ NAM could protects against both IOP elevation and neuronal susceptibility that has potential role for glaucoma treatment. Regarding to this evidence, human studies are needed in the future (36). In our study, we cannot found any significant relationship between vitamin B and glaucoma.
A possible limitation of our study is the limited number participants who diagnosed with glaucoma, and there were no other glaucoma examination except fundus photographs. This study uses a questioner with reference portion size color photograph; there might be possible errors in measurement of intake by participants. Another possible limitation this study is a cross sectional study, so we could not determine cause and effect between dietary nutrition's and glaucoma.
In conclusion, the current findings showed that high cholesterol intake have positive association to glaucoma in Japanese descent living in Hawaii and Los Angeles population. However, regarding the contradictory result a prospective study with large and general population and also measurement of nutrients serum in the future study is needed to determine weather there is a causal link between nutrition (Vitamin A, B, C, Magnesium, and cholesterol) and glaucoma.
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Roman Empire – One of the Greatest Ever Civilizations in History
One of the greatest ever civilizations in history is often recognized to be the Roman empire. They where highly skilled society that included a range of categories from war, art, architecture, and philosophy. A civilization that lasted for 1,500 years they had a very huge influence that will shape future civilizations to come. My paper will illustrate the influential impact that ancient Rome had on the world and a legacy that was marked in history of humanity.
The rise of the Roman empire began after the dominion of the Etruscans. After the Etruscan society fell, the Romans were quick to take over and build their new vast society around the Etruscan legacy left behind. When Rome finally had control of Italy, they soon turned to their neighboring countries and began to conquer them one by one. When Rome finally conquered all of the ancient Hellenistic world they began their dominion of the world, thus bringing a new era. By this time period the Roman democratic government would fall and brought an era of dictatorship. During the reign of Augustus he brought a new age of artistic influence to ancient Rome.
Many of Roman art and architecture was influenced by other cultures. The Hellenistic style was a huge influence for Roman art. The sculptures were in the Hellenistic Greek style which would resemble the ones created for Alexander the Great. Many Roman sculptures and monuments were created to symbolize legacy that a leader would leave or they would also use them as propaganda. While Roman architecture was being influenced by Etruscan style architecture. Roman architects had the desire to learn and improve the architectural style. Eventually mastering the arch which would later become a major architectural influence for other civilizations and religion. Other spectacles in the arts was Roman theater. Roman citizens believed that public entertainment was a birthright. Much of the Roman plays consisted of comedy and drama although the number on preference was drama. Whithought surprise Roman theater was also highly influenced by Greek culture. Roman playwrights also added personal touches to their plays.
The everyday life of a normal Roman citizen was modest and would revolve around the their family. Being tied to a family was the way you would be identified in social class. Males were the ones who would be the head of the family they were referred as paterfamilias and would be the ones who had control of everything in household. Women who were married had some freedom but where still bound to social roles. The lives of newborn children were uncertain as they had to be accepted by there paterfamilias. If they were not accepted by their paterfamilias they would be given away or put at orphanages. Life in Rome was very enjoyable by Roman males as they had more freedom.
Rome was a beautiful thriving civilization that was vast and powerful. Although it’s thriving culture was influenced by the Greeks. They had a magnificent culture with its architectural advancements and Roman spectacles. Overall Rome had a prosperous period in art, architecture, and philosophy as their society was fascinated by all of it.
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Gladiator Life in Ancient Rome
In ancient Rome, gladiators were not only skillful but also substandard fighters who were known as expensive investments and fought to the death for the entertainment of their spectators. Gladiators, throughout the entire empire, fought their matches in arenas against their opponents either man or some type of animal in combat. For the Romans in society, the underpinning of the arena was an important feature of their civilization. Going through society, no current voice was against what the gladiators did. Not many thought what they were doing was wrong or disgusting. in actuality, the gladiators pompously discussed their profession excluding regret, resentment, and humiliation. The notion of gladiators fighting until one dies, and staged battles watched by a fanatical audience, illuminates the magnitude to which the Roman Empire was adept of falling.
The nature of gladiatorial combat first came from the Etruscan customs in which they surrendered humans to please the dead. Some of the first gladiators were slaves who had no choice but to fight until death. Slowly the gladiatorial exhibitions were divided from normal or slave people fighting to the matches being staged by the affluent people as a way to show their power and impact throughout society. The mass of gladiators to be put in the arenas on show was the focus of the time, the more people, the more substantial the sponsor was said to be, and the more exhilarating the display.
Many of the gladiators at the time were taken from criminals, slaves, and prisoners of war and didn't have an option if selected for the job. Since these people had their rights striped from them and some didn't have citizenship they had no other choice but to fulfil to their new life as a braved gladiator in the large arena. However, a portion of gladiators were not slaves or prisoners but volunteers. These people had not lost their rights, but wanted to explore this profession on their own. They didn't just say they wanted to be a gladiator and get the job, but pledged their allegiance to the leader of the gladiatorial troupe to endure branding, flogging or die by the sword In other words, the owner of the troupe had complete power over the gladiator's life, even demoting his status to that of a slave. The main motivation was the down payment the volunteer got after pledging the oath as a gladiator.
Gladiators were exceptionally trained in specialized schools called ludi throughout the Roman Empire. These schools had the gladiators training extensively, eating a high-energy diet, and were opened to proficient medical attention. One of the most famous training grounds for gladiators was the school of Capua where Spartacus started the salve and gladiator rebellion. Usually, many of the gladiators didn't battle more than two or three times during the whole year, but with the popularity and money of the arena they would soon get and then buy their freedom. On the other hand, a few of the gladiators that already committed the crimes were said to die within a year's span or have their freedom after three years, only if they survived in the arena.
During the battles if a gladiator died the trainer received a payment for compensation by the sponsor of the brutal spectacle about a hundred times the original cost of a gladiator who lived through the battle.
Despite the death rules, long training, and hard life gladiators had a wide-ranging following. Many of them often profited from social status. For example, even if they were young Roman boys training at a gladiatorial school or hanging out there, social standing was admired. Gladiators were wanted by Roman matrons and sometimes known to have had affairs with the matrons because of their celebrity status. Overall even though the gladiators had the chance to die in the arena they were also admired and wanted which in some cases made up for it.
Fighting in the arenas there may have seemed like it was anything goes; however, there were guiding rules precise t the different fighting styles of combat. Gladiators were armed personally in different combinations, each one containing its individual fighting technique and bravura. An uncommon thing to find was gladiators being paired against someone else with the same fighting style and level as them. Such as a horseman entering the arena on chariot fighting against another horsemen. One of the most fascinating pairs included opposite advantages and disadvantages against each opponent. For example, a fight between the fish fighter and the thraex. The fish fighter had a bulky shield that covered almost his entire body giving him the top most protection. The traex had a small shield which only protected his torso; however, all of the opponents wore leg protection that went above the knee.
Subsequently, as fighting styles were recognized and sanctioned gladiators were trained lengthily in a completely different style which is different from where he originated from.
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Titanic the Movie
Titanic the movie, was a film produced in 1997, based on the true story of the British liner that sank in the Atlantic Ocean on April 12th, 1912 after colliding with an iceberg during its voyage to come across to America and the great city of New York. Titanic in Greek mythology means gigantic and that is exactly what this ship represented, being 882 feet length and 104 feet tall. The ship was built by Harland and Wolff shipyard in Belfast, United Kingdom that started there creation on March 31, 1909, this ship took about 26 months to build.
The Titanic did extremely well to the international audiences because of the history of the Titanic tragedy the great love story, the filmmaker and the audience demographic. The story of the Titanic and of the events surrounding her fateful maiden voyage has become a well-known and circulated legend of the sea (Scholar). Some names of the ship include; Ship of Dreams, Queen of the Ocean, The Ship That God Could Not Sink.
On April 12th, 1912 all of these names were all proved wrong as the ship sank in the Atlantic Ocean. This ship sinking was a worldwide disaster that was worldwide news and a terrible tragedy that many people lost their lives in. This movie was a visual representation of the sink age that many people wondered how this was possible and this was the first media production about it. So therefore, attracting many viewers just based on the mystery helped them become successfully worldwide. The second factor that made this movie do well globally is the love story attached to the movie.
If this movie was just a documentary, this wouldn't have brought so many viewers to see it. This young love story used characters of Jack Dawson and Rose Bukater who were both 17 years old falling in love with each other. Rose came from an upper class and was not supposed to associate with lower class passengers however, she breaks the rules and spends time with Jack. At first, the couple argues and doesn't agree. As time goes on, Jack goes through extensive lengths to impress Rose and even saves her life throughout this drama filled movie. This movie is a built up romance inside of a traumatic event. As the young couple starts to fall in love, disaster strikes and the ship begins to sink. Jack fall into panic as he cannot find Rose as he tries to save her before the ship goes down, so they can both survive and extend their relationship.
This romance is very suspenseful and intriguing which keeps viewers watching and contributes to the success of the movie worldwide. The studio made sure to do research about what genre to represent and what characters to use. According to a study by the University of Cambridge, actors that have earned previous awards or recognition bring your reviews and stars up, which influences consumer's choice on viewing the movie (Online Study). Another statistic found by IMDb, Titanic is the most watched movie of all time and second in popularity across the world (IMDb). The movie incorporated a Romeo and Juliet love story. Love stories are some of the most popular and most viewed genre of movies worldwide James Cameron is a big reason the movie did so well with global audiences and making sure the studio did as well. James Cameron is a well credited filmmaker and deep sea-explorer which gave him ideas to create this movie. The release of James Cameron's film version of Titanic in 1997 is a good illustration of this kind of renewal (Proquest).
James was born in Canada and then moved to the United States in 1971. His first film that he wrote and directed was The Terminator, then he wrote Aliens, Terminator 2 and then finally Titanic. James had much approval from his ratings and world support. James filmed this movie off the coast of Mexico, where he added real footage of the Titanic wreckage to add real context to the movie. The Titanic was a world setting record in worldwide gross of $2,186,772,302, which makes him today's second highest worldwide grossing movie, behind his own Avatar movie which acquired $2,787,965,087 (IMDb). The studio made sure to include this real footage to help the viewers see what the wreckage looked like and to add a sense of empathy to it.
James won an extensive amount of awards for Titanic including; Academy Award for Best picture, Academy Award for Best Director, Academy Award for Best Film Editing, Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture Drama and many more (IMDb). The demographic of the movie also contributed much to the popularity and approval of it. James Cameron and the studio made sure to make this movie very unique and he included all demographics in creation of his movie. First off, the movie is a worldwide tragedy that is well known to many. Secondly, he targeted the majority of viewers with an easy storyline that was easy to follow to the typical viewer. He made sure not to try too hard to attract viewers, he had a simple plot and attracted many people's hearts through a love story.
The general public was not only mesmerized by the film but also began to seek as much information as possible to satisfy both and intellectual and popular curiosity (proquest). With this being said, the public is very intrigued by the movies, and does research more about the sinking of the Titanic. This movie even to today, brings people back and has them continue to watch it over and over for the good quality and to remember the traumatic event and make sure this never happens again in the future. Given these points, the Titanic was an eventful and dramatically filled movie that was easy to follow and was very successful worldwide through statistics and the information presented. With that being said, that helped gain and international audience and having a set led by a great producer helped them appeal to all. Some reasons that the movie was so successful was through the actual footage and real life experience it gave the viewer. Another reason would be the love story it gave with it, adding a sense of emotion to the movie.
Identically, the writer and producer James Cameron was a huge factor in promoting the movie and delivering quality content to the viewers while having a studio under his leadership. Moreover, the demographic of the movie helped contribute to the popularity and success of the movie. All together, the Titanic was a worldwide successful movie that continues to thrive from the studio production and leadership as well as obtaining the international audience.
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The Terrible Tragedy
Titanic, was a film produced in 1997, based on the true story of the British luxury steamship that sank in the Atlantic Ocean on Apri15th, 1912 after colliding with an iceberg during its voyage from Southampton, England to New York. Titanic is the most watched movie of all time and second in popularity across the world with over 900,000 votes (Most Watched Movies n.p.). Despites the lack of international funding during production, the Titanic was extremely popular with international audiences. The history of the tragedy, its emotional effect on viewers and its romantic nature made the movie wildly appealing to movie goers.
The terrible tragedy, resulting in the loss of more than 1,500 lives, was at the time, a traumatic event, felt worldwide. Of these that lost their lives, the majority was the third- and second-class passengers, as well as over 1300 of them being men (How Many People n.p.). The story of the Titanic and of the events surrounding her fateful maiden voyage has become a well-known and circulated legend of the sea (Edgette n.p.). Many people wondered how the ship sinking was possible, and this was the first media production about it. So therefore, attracting many viewers just based on the mystery helped them become successful worldwide. The state-of-the-art technology, in the movie's production of the dramatic events, impressed audiences and contributed the film's success.
Love stories are some of the most popular and most viewed genre of movies worldwide. Titanic incorporated a Romeo and Juliet love story which had international appeal. The love story featured the characters Jack Dawson and Rose Bukater, both 17 years old. Rose an English, upper class passenger broke from the social norms spending time with Jack, a lower class, American stow away. As time goes on, Jack goes to extensive lengths to impress Rose and even saves her life at the conclusion of this drama filled movie. This movie is a buildup of romance inside of a traumatic event. As the young couple starts to fall in love, disaster strikes, and the ship begins to sink. This romance is very suspenseful and intriguing which keeps viewers watching contributing to the success of the movie worldwide. If this movie was a documentary, it would not have attracted the large amount of people. The combination of the love story and the dramatic, true story, events captured the audience's attention. The research, which resulted in the blend of the true dramatic events and young love story, was a perfect combination.
The sinking of the RMS Titanic was a tragic event that had viewers rethinking their own lives in a positive way. Tragic movies, create an emotional factor, bringing viewers into the theatre. After viewing tragic movies, people tend to appreciate their current life situation. Tragic movies bring out emotion, boost pain tolerance and even make us happier. In a study that surveyed 361 students, Ohio State's professor Silvia Knobloch-Westerwick found that people felt happier after watching a movie with tragic events. Watching tragic movies makes some people happier because they bring attention to positive aspects in their own lives. And this leads viewers to think about their loved ones and count their blessings (Villarica n.p.). When viewers are happy about how they feel after a movie and how it motivated them to live a better life. This creates a lasting, positive effect. It becomes a solid recipe that appeals to a diverse and wide audience.
James Cameron and his studio are both big reasons why the movie did so well with global audiences. Cameron is a well credited filmmaker and deep sea-explorer, so this production came very naturally. The quality of this movie created great interest in the historic event. As mentioned by Joseph Edgette, The release of James Cameron's film version of Titanic in 1997 is a good illustration of this kind of renewal (n.p). Previous to producing Titanic, James Cameron wrote and directed Terminator and II, as well as, Alien. His early success enabled Cameron to gain the approval to write and direct Titanic. Contributing to the reality of the movie, Cameron added historic footage of the wreck, which added to the movie's validity. The studio made sure to include this real footage to increase viewer empathy for the tragic events. The Titanic set a world record by grossing $2,186,772,302, which makes it today's second highest worldwide grossing movie, behind Cameron's own Avatar movie, which acquired $2,787,965,087 (Highest Grossing Movies n.p.). Cameron also won an extensive number of awards for Titanic. Including the following; best director, best film editing, best original screenplay, best foreign language film, outstanding directional achievement in motion pictures (James Cameron n.p.).
According to a study by the University of Cambridge, actors that have earned previous awards or recognition, which positively impact reviews, which influences consumer's choice on viewing the movie (Sydney n.p.). Leonardo DiCaprio who played Jack Dawson, was a previously well know actor with 18 years' experience before he filmed the Titanic. He appeared in several successful television shows and movies. Kate Winslet, who played Rose Bukater, 6 years of film experience. She is a British actress, who attracted her European fan base to the new film (Kate Winslet n.p.). The concept and characters of Titanic were well chosen by James Cameron. Winslet being a famous British actress and DiCaprio being a famous American actor, they both contributed to the attraction of international audiences. Given the citizenship of both actors. It parallels the nations involved in the real events, adding to the movies appeal.
The target audience of the movie also contributed to its appeal and approval. James Cameron and the studio made sure to promote the film to all demographics. Because the movie is based off a worldwide tragedy, many were already aware of its historical context. Cameron implemented an easy storyline to appeal to the typical viewer. He also used a simple plot that captured many people's hearts through a love story. According to Joseph J. Edgette, The general public was not only mesmerized by the film, but also began to seek as much information as possible to satisfy both an intellectual and popular curiosity (NP). As a result, the public did more research about the sinking of the RMS Titanic. This is a generation movie, with the idea that this movie will pass down family generation lines to learn about history and will continue attracts new audiences due to its good quality
The success of Titanic was a result of a mix of several, well blended story lines that appealed to a large demographic. The Titanic was an eventful and dramatically filled movie that was easy to follow and very successful worldwide. The financial and critical success are evidence to Cameron's solid work. Some reasons that the movie was so successful was the insertion of actual footage. Giving the viewer a real-life experience. The love story contained within the tragic events also added to the movie's emotion. Identically, the writer and producer James Cameron were a huge factor in promoting and delivering a quality movie to the viewers while having a studio under his leadership. Moreover, the demographic of the movie helped contribute to the popularity and success of the movie. Altogether, the Titanic was a worldwide successful movie for a variety of well-made choices by James Cameron, which continues to appeal several years after its production.
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Role of Women in Gender Identified Sports Now Versus Ancient Rome
Has the worldview of the role of women in gender identified sports changed very much from that of the ancient Romans? Look at the role of women in Boxing, Wrestling and Bodybuilding. These women athletes are still treated as second-class citizens. The worldview of women sports figures has not come very far compared to the Roman view of women 2000 years ago. Roman women Gladiators were not only a fad but also treated as not real sports figures. The Roman women Gladiators were taught to keep their femininity, as shown by their hair and the way they were dressed in the arena. So are the women sports figures today. Look at current women athletes versus Ancient Roman athletes. Women's Boxing versus Women's Boxing in the Coliseum, Women's wrestling versus. Women wrestling in the Colosseum, and Women bodybuilders versus Women fighting in the Colosseum.
For example, current women's boxing versus boxing in the Colosseum. A marble slab was found in Halicarnassus in Turkey dating back to the first and second centuries.
The marble relief from Halicarnassus, now in the British Museum, showcased two women, Amazon and Achillea. These are undoubtedly female names and were called Amazons after the Greek isle of Themyscira (Pontus), which was said to have a population of only women warriors, the Amazons. Their names are inscribed at the bottom of the relief with two objects; which are most likely their helmets. These women were so unusual that some archaeologists today did not even believe that the figures were women and that objects at the bottom of the relief were helmets. This just shows how we still think that women can't be as warriors (Mark).
Women's wrestling versus coliseum wrestling. Some female gladiators were slaves but most of them were free women who for different reasons liked the fight, the excitement, and fame. It was considered titillating when women and especially higher class women participated in the games. Some of them killed wild animals, rode horses and fought other female gladiators. (Crowther) During the reign of Emperor Domitian, they sometimes let dwarfs and women fight against each other in the arena. ( Dione Casillas) Women's wrestling was still a sideshow in Gray's, a woman Olympic wrestler, the path to the Olympics. She hit a roadblock when she encountered an obstacle all-too-common for female wrestlers: One young wrestler, she says, was forced to cut her hair short by a high school coach trying to discourage her from trying out for the team. Thank God this girl had the cutest face and could rock a pixie cut,"" Gray said. ""But it really broke my heart to know there are people still fighting to keep women out of combat sports."" It's a lot bigger than just wrestling on the boy's team,"" Gray said. ""It's about women living out an athletic dream and getting to do something amazing with their lives.""
Women bodybuilders vs Coliseum physical poweress. In 2001 in Southwark England a skeleton of a Roman woman was found and later it was determined to be a female gladiator. She was buried in a potter's grave. She had several items that had a gladiator theme, although some researchers believe she may have been a gladiator's wife. Then in 2010, another archeological find was made in England of remains of other women who were identified as gladiators by the bones of their legs and arms which had large and strongly developed muscles (McCullough) at Women bodybuilders are still being treated as second-class citizens in the area of sports. Women Bodybuilders the main opposition to modern bodybuilding for women is that people simply don't want to accept the idea of really big muscles on women. So there is a trend toward categories like fitness, figure and fit bikini. An emphasis on attractive women with athletic bodies but not nearly as developed as bodybuilders. However, these competitions are clearly high specialized beauty contests rather than sports. A lot of people, including some who are officials in the organizations in charge of these competitions, want to replace the sport of female bodybuilding with various kinds of beauty pageants. we still see women's bodybuilding as a type of beauty pageantThis is just another sport that women does not let women compete as equals to men, but is treated as a fashion show. (Bill Dobbins Photo, May 2018)
Women's Boxing versus Coliseum Boxing. Most of the women who fought in the Coliseum fought for different reasons. Some liked the fight, the excitement, and fame. It was considered titillating when women and especially higher class women participated in the games. Some of them killed wild animals, rode horses and fought other female gladiators. (Crowther)
While boxing is often thought of as a being a male-dominated sport, not many realize that women have also played a prominent role in boxing history. Among those who have built the sport into what it is today are amazing women who have dedicated their lives to boxing and have given fans just as much excitement as the men have. (evolve Mixed Martial Arts, Amelia Schonbek, 2018)
But in competition, it's a different story. Like all women boxers, Ashley's professional fights are restricted to 10 two-minute-long rounds. That's a total of 20 minutes. Men are allowed to fight as many as 12 three-minute rounds or 36 total minutes. Shorter flight times have long been a thorn in the side of professional female fighters, who see no reason that they shouldn't be allowed to box longer rounds in pro fights when they do so in training. Pro female fighters also say that boxing authorities use their shorter fight times as one of many justifications for paying them less than men. A few months ago, Ashley informally surveyed other pro women boxers, asking them whether women's fights should be longer. One of the major things that stood out, because all these women were pros, was that they weren't getting paid, Ashley says. The promoters were saying, 'We're not paying you because you're not doing the same work [as men].'A WOMAN COULD ONLY COMPETE IF SHE CERTIFIED, BEFORE HER BOUT, THAT SHE DID NOT HAVE HER PERIOD. When I asked Paul Wallace, a cosmetic surgeon, dermatologist, and the chairman of the WBC's medical advisory board, about the organization's statement about menstruation, he tried to walk it back. The issue with regards to hormonal changes has nothing to do with the ability of a female boxer to be able to go three minutes rather than two minutes, he says. But, he continues, when considered on top of the other reasons the WBC gave for restricting women's fight times, menstruation must be taken into account. (This doesn't make much sense. Doctors say that it's safe to box while menstruating; there is no caveat that having your period could make a medical condition”say, a concussion”more dangerous.) Wallace also says that there is no link between hits to the chest and breast cancer.,
Women sports figures should be feminine This article is one of many that have studied the role of femininity and sports and have found it to be an issue between the male and female gender roles in sports. Stereotypical gender roles created a boundary that delineated which sports were socially acceptable for male and female participation according to perceived degrees of masculinity, Different sports are considered more feminine. Women boxers, wrestlers and bodybuilders are not considered feminine sports. individuals who participate in highly differentiated sports that aregender-inappropriate will most likely experience negative consequences, such as being labeled deviant: one who departs from or violates traditional social norms (Blinde & Taub, 1992; Halbert, 1997; Kolnes, 1995). Women who threaten these standards, such as those who participate in highly differentiated masculine sports (e.g., boxing or football) are sometimes considered a challenge to the boundaries of femininity (as cited by Halbert, 1997, p. 11). Since boxing is often considered the most masculine of any other sport and is characterized by aggression, brutality, violence, and bloodshed, female boxers are thought to exceptionally gender deviant (Halbert, 1997). Joyce Carol Oates describes the mainstream view of female boxers and writes, Raw aggression is thought to be the peculiar province of men, as nurturing is the peculiar province of women. The female boxer violates this stereotype and cannot be taken seriouslyshe is a parody, she is a cartoon, she is monstrous (p. 73). Female boxers' engagement in a sport representing pure masculinity in Western culture causes their femininity to be distorted until it is unrecognizable. Since people are often less familiar with observing women display such stereotypical masculine qualities, including strength, destruction, and vehemence, these athletes are more likely to be labeled as deviant, unnatural, and/or manly (Dworkin, 2001; Krane, 2001; Krane et al., 2004). citizens. (Andrea Paloian, Department of Applied Psychology, 2018) Unfortunately, we have not come very far in the area of women's sports, we still view them as somewhat less than male sports as they did in ancient Rome.
Women athletes are still experiencing discrimination and thought to be a fad that causes women to be seen as a fun show to watch because the girls are playing like boys. This was the thinking in Ancient Rome a shown by the treatment of Women Gladiators. After looking at the current worldview of females in male-dominated sports like boxing, wrestling, and bodybuilding, women have been shown to be regarded as less than their male counterparts. Hopefully, this discrimination, which has been shown to still exist from 2000 years ago can somehow finally be put behind us and we can give the women sports figures the respect and encouragement they deserve. They have been treated as girls playing in boys sports for too long.
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The Fall of Ancient Rome
The Roman empire was at one point the largest empire in the entire world, covering up to 1.7 million square miles of land. During the years 27 B.C. to 476 A.D. the roman empire ruled. During this time, Rome thrived in almost every way of life, they proved themselves to not be messed with, and were not afraid to take what was not there's. Rome was amazing, however all good things must come to an end, and so did Rome on 476 A.D due to several reasons.
The Roman Empire was extremely wealthy, the high-class people had servants, chefs, resident philosophers, a wide variety of food and wine, home libraries, all sorts of jewelry, entertainers, and bathing pools. The Roman people payed for all sorts of different types of architecture. They payed extra for the reason that there dining rooms would have amazing views. The people had fountains and, marble sculptures and all sorts of art scattered across there extravagant homes. If you are wondering how these people got this wealth, they got it from taxes and trade. The Romans would trade all sorts of types of jewels, and wools, they would also trade silver and gold.
At its peak the Roman Empire stretched all the way from Scotland to the Persian Gulf. The Romans had a total land mass of 1.7 million square miles. They achieved most of this land by conquering countries, these countries were, Wales, Spain, England, Greece, Middle East, France, and some parts of Africa. Where this all started was when Rome wanted to trade in a route which the Carthaginians held. So, the Romans and Carthaginians got in 100-year war and the Romans came out on top. Rome became the powerhouse of the Mediterranean after winning the war. This gave the Romans all the chance and confidence to expand their land. After taking control of all the land near them this was not enough to satisfy them. They soon realized that land further away held wealth which would only make them even more wealthy then they already were. This victory gave Rome the go-ahead force to go and extend further then they already were. Many of the nations they took over benefited from Rome. Rome would have public bath, stone roads, and housing. However, all this land they had would end up being one of the many reasons of their tragic downfall.
Ancient Rome had all sorts and different kinds of resources. Whether it came from trade, what they harvested from there land, or what they took from other nations, Rome had a lot of resources. These resources heavily affected Rome's economy. Rome had resources such as salt, gold, silver, wine, olive oil and various types of precious metals. With these resources the Romans would use them for trade purposes. These trades were extremely important to the Roman economy as they would bring in a lot of wealth and were the reason the way most of the Roman people achieved their wealth. Rome's main trading partners were in Spain, France, the Middle East, different parts in North Africa, and all types of people all across the Mediterranean Sea.
The Roman Army is one of the most powerful, and effective fighting forces in history. The Romans almost all the time were involved in war with many different nations. In almost all of these wars no matter who they fought or how long they fought, the Romans would usually come out on top. The Roman Empire itself had about 45 million to 120 million people. It is estimated that the Roman military had about 3.75 million people fighting for them. The soldiers in the Roman Army were just regular Roman citizens who have signed up for 20 years of military. The army was divided up into Legions of 5,400 soldiers and the soldiers in that legion were normally led by a senator or governor. The Legions were made up of ten groups of soldiers called cohorts. Cohorts were made up of 80 men called centuries. The Roman soldier's armor was usually made up of iron. Some weapons the Roman soldiers used were daggers, swords, spears, javelins, and bow and arrows. The Romans would use catapults to catapult huge rocks and use very large crossbows to fire, fire arrows the size of spears at there enemy.
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Political Parties in the United States
If you were taking a stroll down the street and asked any average American to describe our government, it's quite likely that they would hatefully bring up the rising debt, political deadlocks and hate-filled campaign seasons. They would also probably mention the splitting of voters and our country between the two political parties-- Republican and Democratic.
Can we really blame the average American for thinking that way? Many people, whether citizens or not, especially millennials, put the blame on our political parties. They think If only the Democrats and Republicans could get along and hear each other out, we wouldn't have these problems. They think If we eliminated political parties from the system completely, we would be better off and be more close to a real democracy. Kinda like ancient Greece. We do copy them Greeks on many things... When discussing his friends frustration on the parties, David Cole writer for the Odyssey says, I have many friends and acquaintances who are completely unaffiliated with politics, simply because they hate the parties and believe their existence is the sole reason our government can't seem to agree on anything. When it comes to citizens, In fact, many people cite this famous George Washington quote:
However [political parties] may now and then answer popular ends, they are likely in the course of time and things...by which cunning, ambitious, and unprincipled men will be enabled to subvert the power of the people and to usurp for themselves the reins of government, destroying afterwards the very engines which have lifted them to unjust dominion (Goodreads.com).
Pretty deep... Washington wanted our new nation to avoid parties altogether. Clearly, the man most Americans credit for the birth of our country and the man they worship for his leadership would know what he's talking about.
If only we had listened to Washington... we probably wouldn't be in this mess today, where nobody agrees on anything and the government can never get its act together! but is this accurate? Are political parties really to blame for our mess in the government? No.
Most definitely the founders of our amazing nation wouldn't have wanted such a broken, divided system. What if I could prove to you that political parties are actually good for America? And not only that but the removing of political parties to clean the system would actually be harmful and it would be better for America if we strengthened their influence.
First let's take a look at U.S. history from the beginning, specifically that George Washington quote mentioned earlier on. The modern political parties appear nothing like the parties that existed during Washington's time. In the late 1700's, Political parties were not built into the government system, like ours is today. Parties only arose as radical movements in European systems, like the British Parliament. Typically, they consisted of people who wanted to overthrow the current system of government, and replace it with a completely new one where they themselves were in charge. This dictative, rebellious type of political party was the type of political party Washington was warning against, not the modern kind that we have today, which had not yet been invented.
The constitution is pretty much America's owners manual-- it explains the procedures that elected officials in all three branches must go through to exercise their powers. It tells congress how to make laws, it tells the president what they cannot and can do, and it explains how the courts are to function. On the flip side, it says little about how we are to elect these officials. Political Parties are the "unofficial" institutions (kind of like your Mom telling you how to raise a kid properly because we all know theres not one manual that explains it all) intended to fill that gap, and connect the voters with the big league fellows in our nation's capital.
If parties were nonexistent, there would be no way to connect the voter with Washington, especially in a country of 325.7million. Even the founding fathers agreed that direct democracy would never work in an area larger than a small village, as too many conflicting opinions would prevent anything from getting done. Which is beyond true. It's also extremely hard for our representatives, some representing over one million voters per district, to be our voice accurately in congress. Political parties help to give us as voters the voice that would otherwise be lost in a sea of similar but diverse opinions. As people, if we want to see something changed on the federal level, it is natural to assume that we get connected to people who want to see the same change. Parties provide that direct line, and that network of voters who want to see similar change. These parties were so effective throughout U.S. history that they were given a special place in the electoral process: At their own conventions, party members were to decide and nominate candidates to run for president. This gave the average American person actual power that they could carry as identified party members. Throughout the 1800s and up to the turn of the Century, parties flourished.
During the progressive era of the early 1900s, many forward-looking Americans viewed parties as a breeding ground of corruption. Progressives decided to neuter them by introducing the primary system. Instead of deciding candidates at the respective conventions, parties were now to hold primary elections, in where anybody could decide to run for president, and in turn any identified party member could vote for that candidate to run in the general election against the other party. This took the power away from party leadership, and placed it in the hands of the average American: it was direct democracy at its finest. But as some things seem too good to be true, it did come with consequences.
Rather then decide at the conventions, the primary elections required prospective candidates to announce their campaigns far in advance. They also allowed anybody with enough wealth and influence to run for president, regardless of how the party leadership felt about them. This soon led to demagoguery and only those with enough money and power could run for president. Previously unknown candidates, also known as a dark horse for president are now next to impossible.
Without the monster sized power they once had, at the turn of the century, the existence of both the Democrats and the Republicans was threatened. The parties soon realized that the only way they could continue to bring people to their respective parties was to focus on ideology, and lay out a moral and personal cause for people to vote for their candidates. throughout the next few decades the conservative beliefs fell close to the republicans, and the liberals fell close with the Democrats. Due to the emphasis on ideology over direct policy is the issue, not the existence of the parties themselves. Another thing to consider is that it may be appropriate to blame the primary system for the demagogue political elites and loudmouthed billionaires (cough cough Donald Trump) who are currently running for president or elected presidents.
In conclusion, giving the parties the power to actually nominate candidates at their own conventions, rather than to automatically approve candidates without proper consideration as primary winners, would most definitely be a good start. Many Americans don't realize that the parties were not necessarily built on conservative and liberal ideology, and were once just a vehicle for policy change and voter choice. Eliminating parties would do nothing but mute American citizen voice to express their concerns on a local, state and national scale yet conservative and liberal viewpoints would remain the same regardless. It's the ideology and emotions that has us trapped. Not the Democrats and the Republicans.
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Political Science
Topics Studied
The course had a number of topics which I found interesting, therefore the whole course of Political Science seemed appealing to me. However, there were certain topics which sparked my interest more than other topics, and are discussed as below.
Voting and Elections
Voting and elections are an important part of political science studies since these studies are related with the electoral institutions. As a science, Political Science serves to develop, test and implement political theories to the consequences of election regulations and rules for general interests. Political Scientists work as consultants for national, international and regional organizations, to plan development and reforms of institutions in the best interests of democracy (Htun and Powell 1).
Voting and elections are vital pieces which shape the government of a country. It gives the general public the power to vote for candidates which seem the best. Therefore, the value of election and voting cannot be ignored, which is exactly why I found this topic interesting.
Political Parties
Political parties are those political organization which do not form the part of a government. Hauge and Harrop define political parties as a political group, in a country, which is identifiable officially by their labels that presents the group in electoral activities, and is able to elect a candidate to represent them for public office (185). These parties have important functions which include steering the government, if the party is ruling and political recruitment, to elect candidates for the executive as well as legislature (186).
American Federalism
Federalism provides a way of sharing power and sovereignty, between governments within a specified state of the country. It can be considered as a political device which provides a formal political agreement between several levels of government as well as among their spheres of authorities (Hauge and Harrop 228).
According to Hague and Harrop, the United States developed the world's first and most influential federation. It allows the U.S. to share the legal sovereignty between the federal government and provinces (or states). The most important thing to consider is that neither of the two can abolish the other (229).
The Problem
The American Federalism and Political Parties gave rise to a government shutdown, which was experienced in the early 2018. A shutdown happens when the constituent parts of a government close until the spending plans are sorted out by the government (US government shutdown: How did we get here?).
In the U.S. Government shutdown of 2018, many federal agencies closed down which caused hundreds of thousands of employees to take leaves. These leaves were, of course, without any pay as the country did not have any spending plan. Other major issues included the closing of essential services such as national security, air traffic control and electricity generation. Apart from these services, other non-essential services, such as visa and passport processing, were also delayed. Many departments whose proper function is necessary for the running of country also closed down, which include educational institutions, environmental protection agency, health and human services, NASA and national institute of health. This shutdown began on 21 January, 2018, and ended on the next evening.
According to Jim Mattis, the US Defense Secretary, more than 50% of his department was absent, and many critical tasks such as military's maintenance and intelligence operations, came to a halt (US government shutdown: How did we get here?).
According to BBC News, this problem happened because the federal government failed to pass a spending bill. This bill is called an appropriations bill, and was to be passed by the Congress and countersigned by the US President Trump. The failure to do so caused a temporary shutdown of the government, due to which many other problems were raised.
The Democratic Party of the US wanted to have the bill passed so that the immigrants can be protected, which are eligible for the Childhood Arrivals act. Some Republicans were against the bill, and showed this opposition by voting against the bill. The problem was not solved and remained a hot issue until there was another shutdown on February 9th. The shutdown that occurred in February continued for a shorter period of five and half hours (Amadeo).
The Republican Party blamed Senate minority leader Chuck Schumer, whose actions caused the bill to be blocked. On the other hand, the Democratic Party says that they had a deal on immigration (US government shutdown: How did we get here?).
More interestingly, this is not the first time that a government shutdown has happened in the U.S. as a shutdown in 2013 was experienced which lasted nearly 16 days. It happened when the Republican Party demanded to have President Obama's affordable care act to be impeded through a spending bill (Amadeo).
The Solution
As evident from report by BBC, government shutdowns are bad (US government shutdown: How did we get here). Amadeo also supports the BBC report by implying that they cause the financial systems to run into turmoil and the debts to rise up (Amadeo). More importantly, they cause the workers to sit at homes without any pay, when they do not want to do it. It is especially harmful for middle-class or lower-class government employees, who are not financially strong enough to sit back without income (Amadeo). Therefore, a solution is necessary to avoid any further government shutdowns.
One of the simplest solutions to the problem is that the cooperation between federal house and constituent states should be increased. Secondly, the political parties should show some level of tolerance instead of attempting to destroy each other's reparation, as happened in both 2013 and 2018 (Amadeo). Specifically addressing the current problem of bill, the full senate needs to pass it (Kilgore). Another important thing that could help in avoiding further such problems, according to Kilmer, a representative in the US congress, is fixing the party leaders' attitude. Once in power, they have an increasing temptation to replace the public debate with private negotiation. This causes the transparency of the legislative procedures to suffer; therefore, political parties should do what they are supposed to do (Kilmer).
Bibliography
Amadeo, Kimberly. Government Shutdown 2018 and 2013 Explained. The Balance, 19 Sept. 2018, www.thebalance.com/government-shutdown-3305683. Accessed 23 Sept. 2018.
Kilmer, Derek. How to Stop Government Shutdowns. Time, 24 Jan. 2018, time.com/5115300/congress-government-shutdown-prevention-reform/. Accessed 23 Sept. 2018.
Hague, Rog and Harrop, Martin. Comparative Government and Politics. 6th ed., New York, PALGRAVE MACMILLAN, 2004. Accessed 23 Sept. 2018.
Htun, Mala and Powell, Bingham G. Political Science, Electoral Rules, and Democratic Governance. Report of the Task Force on Electoral Rules and Democratic Governance, Sept. 2013, Washington, DC, www.apsanet.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=X6zjNH66alQ%3D&portalid=54. Accessed 23 Sept. 2018.
Kilgore, Ed. What Needs to Happen in Congress Today to Avoid Another Government Shutdown. New York Magazine, 8 Feb. 2018, nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2018/02/what-must-happen-today-to-avoid-another-government-shutdown.html. Accessed 23 Sept. 2018.
Pramuk, Jacob. Trump says he doesn't want a shutdown before midterms as Congress scrambles to fund the government. CNBC News. 5 Sept. 2018, www.cnbc.com/2018/09/05/trump-does-not-want-government-shutdown-over-immigration-before-midterms.html. Accessed 23 Sept. 2018.
Schram, Sanford F. and Caterino, Brian, editors. Making Political Science Matter: Debating Knowledge, Research and Method. New York, New York University Press, 2006. Accessed 23 Sept. 2018.
US government shutdown: How did we get here? BBC News, 22 Jan. 2018, www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-39698546. Accessed 23 Sept. 2018.
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A Midsummer Night’s Dream – Sparkling Romantic Farce
A Midsummer Night's Dream, one of Shakespeare's most beloved comedies, is generally thought of as a sparkling romantic farce. However, while the play is lovely and comic, it also has a strong trace of darkness and cruelty, a sinister underside that is inextricable from its amorous themes. Midsummer may end with a series of happy weddings, but along the way it clearly depicts how male-female relationships can involve a great amount of cruelty, with the potential to spread discord throughout society.
The course of true love never did run smooth. . . . In strictest sense, there is no real climax, as the conflicts of the play are all resolved swiftly by magical means in Act 1V the moment of greatest tension is probably the quarrel between the lovers in Act 111, scene 11. Because there is no single protagonist in the play however, puck is generally considered the most important character. The play's tension are mostly the result of circumstances, accidents, and mistakes. Combines element of Ancient Greece with elements of Renaissance England. Athens and the forest outside its walls. Act V, scene 1, which centers on the crafts men's play. Thesus and hippolyta represent order, stability, and wake and make funess; Thesus's hounds represent the coming of morning oberon's love potion represents the power and instability of love. The difficulties of love; magic the nature of dreams; the relationships between fantasy and reality and between environmental experience. Love out of balance; contrast juxtaposed opposites, such as beautiful and ugly. Short and tall, clumsy and graceful, ethereal and earthy. Act 11 serves two main functions; it introduces the fairytale and their realm, and it initiates the romantic confession that will eventually help restore the balance of love.
The fairytale, whom Shakespeare's bases heavily on characters familiar from English folklore, are among the most memorable and delightful characters in the play. They speak in lilting rhymes infused with gorgeous poetic imagery. Whereas the lovers are earnest and serious. The conflict between Oberon and Titania imports into the fairy realm the motif of love being out of balance.
As with the Athenian lovers, the eventual resolution of the tension between the two occurs only by means of magic bottom becomes involved in an accidental romance with Titiana in act 111, and in act v two craftsmen portray the lovers Pyramus and Thisbe, who commit suicide after misinterpreting events. The story of Pyramus and Thisbe, which comes from an accidental Babylonian legend often reworked in European mythology, would have been familiar to educated members of Shakespeare's audiences.
I think that the movie was way better than the story because you have a visual understanding of what's going on instead of trying to imagine a visual with a book. When watching the actual movie of a story you will always get a better understanding because you are actually seeing what's going on. The tone of the story is romantic and reassuring Tone.
Resources - https://www.sparknotes.com/shakespeare/msnd/section1/
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Politics of Merger of Political Parties in India
India, a constitutional democracy having a parliamentary form of government and it holds a commitment at the heart of the system to conduct regular, free and fair elections. Due to these elections one may find the composition of the government, the membership of the two houses of parliament, the presidency and vice- presidency, the state and union territory legislative assemblies. According to the constitutional provisions and many supplemented laws made by the parliament, elections are conducted. The major laws are Representation of People Act, 1950. This act mainly deals with electoral rolls preparation and revision. Representation of People Act, 1951 deals with conduct of elections and election disputes. When the enacted laws are silent or insufficient provision to deal with a given situation in election matters then the residuary power under the constitution to act in an appropriate manner falls upon The Election Commission, held by Supreme Court.
In this modern mass democracy, India, the conduct of elections is largely dependent on the behaviour of the established political parties. Even though Indian election contains many independent candidates, the Lok Sabha and Vidhan Sabha members are usually the winning candidates of political parties. It is noted that people tend to vote for a party rather than a particular candidate. These parties provide organizational support to the candidates and also offer a broader election campaign and thus put forward alternative proposals for government, which help voters to make choice about how the government will run.
MERGER OF POLITICAL PARTY
Political party refers to any association of persons or organization. The political party must first be registered in accordance with the provisions of Political Parties Act, 2011. This Act does not define a merger but states that A political party may merge with another political party. In general, a merger refers to, where two or more political parties strengthen their operations and mingles all officers, structures, and other functions of the political parties. When a new political party is formed after merging a political party then that political party shall stand dissolved upon registration of the new political party.
Mergers may occur by
- Integration: In this category one party dissolves completely and joins another party that has not been dissolved.
- Combination: A political party that has been dissolved is merging and form a new political party when they join.
REASONS FOR MERGER
Political parties may merge for various reasons, which as follows:
- Vote maximization: This is one of the reasonable reasons that are mostly used. Office maximization: By merging one can achieve more cabinet posts.
- Similarity in policy or ideology: If some parties have similar ideologies, then merging with other similar party will work best by combining forces to push for agenda collectively.
- Rebranding a political party's image: Sometimes political parties may seek a merger in order to rebrand its tarnished image.
- Representation and participation of members: Sometimes parties merge to gain a proper grip in representing its people and also to provide wider platform for its members to participate.
Any Political parties which are intending to merger, firstly have to submit the application along with agreement for merger. Secondly when two or more political parties merge into a new party, then the new party is not required to be provisionally registered. But after receiving the letter of confirmation of merging then the new party should comply with all the requirements for full registration, later the Registrar will issue certificate of full registration. After issuing certificate the Registrar will amend the register and replace the names of the merging parties with the name of the political parties.
Consequences of merging two or more registered parties into one new party:
- The former parties no longer appears as party in the register of political parties and ceases to exist from the date of the merger. The new party will then become the successor of all/both merging parties.
- The new party becomes a registered party
- The assets of all merging party belong to the new party.
- The responsibilities of each merging parties is upon the new party formed.
- The new party is responsible to provide report on financial transactions and election expenses of each merging party for any period before merger took effect.
- For any legal proceedings, whether civil, penal or administrative, by or against a merging party, the new party formed is replaced.
- The enforcement of any decision of a judicial or quasi- judicial involving a merging party is thus enforced by or against the new party.
- All the registered associations will become deregistered after merger.
A new party is permitted to the combined total of the allowances to which the merging parties would be entitled if they had not merged. When political parties merge into a new party, their names, symbols, logos and colours shall not be registered by any political party for a period of 5 years and their particulars will be removed from the register of political parties.
Paragraph 4 (2) of the tenth schedule makes it clear that no merger of a political party in another can be deemed to have taken place, unless at least two thirds of the members of the legislature party concerned have already agreed. Thus, the merger of a political party outside the house becomes dependent on the agreement of two/third majority in its legislative wing, for the purposes of the Tenth schedule.
The Socialists through their socialist policy had put up a spirited advocacy and influenced the congress position to some extent. During 30s these socialists groups formed almost in all parts of the country and continued till 1948, aiming to bring change in the policies of the party to liberate people from foreign rule as well as native exploitation. Thereafter, the socialist party underwent several splits and reunions. In 1951 Kripalani formed the KMPP, but came into existence after 1952 elections, in which the Socialists received about 16% votes, Later the KMPP and the SP merged to form the PSP, so that an anti-Congress non-communist leftist opposition could be forged. In 1955 Lohia left the PSP and revived the old Socialist party. Again in 1964 SSP was formed after merging the Socialists party with the PSP.
SOME OF THE EXAMPLES OF MERGER OF POLITICAL PARTIES:
SHIV SENA: On 30 January 1992, Ashokrao Deshmukh and Vilasrao Gundewar, belonging to Shiv Sena Party wrote a letter addressing to Speaker and mentioned that they wanted to depart from Shiv Sena (B) in Lok Sabha and allocate separate seats to them. The strength of the party is 4 members at the time of constitution of the Tenth Lok Sabha. Then the Speaker sent the copy of the letter to the leader of Shiv Sena in Lok Sabha, Moreshwar Save for his comments. Personal hearing was given to both the said members and Save by the speaker on 25 February, 1992. After considering written and oral submissions made by both, a separate seats was allocated to them on 28 February, 1992 in Lok Sabha. Subsequently on receipt of request on 4 march, 1992 Shiv Sena (B) recognized by the speaker as a separate party and members were informed in writing about it on 5 march, 1992. By a Letter on 6 march, 1992 they announced the merger of their group with the Congress. HMPA also vide his letter dated 6 march, 1992 told the speaker about two Shiv Sena (B) members joining the congress and requested him that these two members be allotted seats in LS along with members of the Congress. The Speaker on 11 march, 1992 recognized the merger and allotted seats to these two leaders along with other Congress members.
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The Love Triangle in “A Midsummer Night’s Dream”
A midsummer's night dream is a play that was written by William Shakespeare in 1595/96 as a comedy; with 2 love triangles between 4 people, a play with horrendously funny actors, a fight between The King and Queen of the fairies, and a LOT of innuendos. First i will summarize the play we read in class, Next I will compare the play to the movie, and finally, i will say which I like of the two. It's makes you, at first, have a Romeo and Juliet feeling when you read it at first, and here's why. It starts with Theseus and Hippolyta getting ready to celebrate their wedding, when Egeus comes in with his daughter, Hermia, and her two suitors, Lysander and Demetrius. Hermia is only in love with Lysander and despise Demetrius, while her father is not veryfond of Lysander, saying thathe put a hex on her with his poems, and wants Hermia to Marry Demetrius. This leads to Theseus to say to Hermia that she has three options. She either had to 1. Marry Demetrius. 2. Marry Lysander only to be killed before hand. Or 3. Become a Nun, and said thatshe had till the wedding to decide. Naturally to the whole rebellious nature of those who are in love, Hermia and Lysander run away to get married outside of the Athenian borders to escape Athenian law, and asks for help from Helena, who is in love with Demetrius and was supposed to be wedded to him, until he got attracted to Hermia.
Naturally to the jealous ex girlfriend trope, Helena decides to instead inform Demetrius of the twos plans to try toget him to love her again. Then we get to the story that is supposed to be the comedic part of the play, which is about...People who really not supposed to act (Mostly because the had never acted before), but still are acting anyway. The main two who are more prominent are Bottom, who is the typical Your not doing this right or the I could/should play all the parts person, even though, in all actuality, he doesn't know what he's doing, and we have Quince, who thinks thatBottom should just stay with the part he has. In the next act, it brings in the more mystical parts of the play by having a fairy and Puck (aka Robin Goodfellow) are informing one another about King Oberon and Queen Titania are having a dispute about a little boy. King Oberon is Furious because Titania took a child from an Indian King, which made him jealous, because he was a darling child, and he wants to have the child as a companion for when he travels.
Titania, however, wants to keep the child, due to how the child allows her to put flowers in his hair, and that she can make a fuss about how he is the child of her friend, who died giving birth to him. After Titania leaves, Oberon has Puck go andget a flower that was shot by Cupid's arrow so thatshe can focus on something other than the kid. After Puck leaves to get the flower, Demetrius and Helena come in. Demetrius is furious because Lysander and Hermia aren't there as Helena said they would be, and asks Helena to leave in a very impolite way, and long story short, it ends with Puck mixing up Hermia and Lysander for Helena and Demetrius, making Lysander fall for Helena, which enraged Oberon, making Puck try to fix that by making Demetrius fall for Hermia (in this time, Titania has fallen for Nick Bottom, who has the head of a literal Ass), and Oberon wanting Puck to reverse the spell on everyone. Oh and the play that the townspeople put on ended horribly. Okay know I'm going to say the difference between the play and the movie, let's go. First off, in the play, it seems as if Theseus and Hippolyta are actually in a happy relationship and actuallywant to be wedded. However, in the movie, it seems as if Theseus had found Hippolyta one day in the forest one day and decided to kidnap, and Hippolyta is Definitely representing herself in the movie. Next, we have Demetrius instantly fall in love with Helena in the play, but in the movie, Demetrius first falls head over heels for Lysander. Then, in the play ending, it makes us think thateveryone made it out alive in the endafter the play the townspeoplepreformedwasfinished, when in the movie's Theseus had ordered almost everyone to die.
Finally, in the play, it ends with a prettytame, with all the characters living, in the movie, however, it ends with Theseus having a heart attack from the Fairies (which caused him to die), Hippolyta becoming a fairy, and puck saying what he said in the play. As for which I liked better... well, I'd have to say thatI liked both. The main reason whyis because, while it's always good to read something before you watch the movie it's based off of, and it's quite in joy able to see what happens in the movie, it's even more fun to compare and contrast the differences between the two. For example, in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, the book has it start with Harry back at house of his Aunt and Uncle, going on a diet, due to Dudley (who is his cousin) being dreadfully overweight, then being saved by the Weasley family coming to take him to a Quidditch game. In the Movie, however, it completely skips this event. My final example of why I like both is... well, I can't really explain it. It's like something you do without meaning to. Anyway, thank you for taking the time to meramble on about A Midsummer's Night Dream.
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Gender-Segregation in Sports
Sports in America is one main source of entertainment but when some sports try to add women and men in combined play fans may not be so supportive. Those fans are not used to such a modern although it would be interesting to see the results of some traditional sports switch and add both genders. Society, for a variety of real and perception reasons, is apparently not ready to end gender-segregation in professional sports. However, let's embrace mixed-gender sports for a variety and enjoyment.
Sports such as badminton and cricket, were invented by the British while their soldiers were stationed in India during the 18th century. Eventually, the soldiers took badminton back to England, where its rules were standardised for the first time (Telegraph.uk). They have been the start of many sports, of course with other names. The picture of these times show both women and men playing badminton together. The British appear to have accepted all genders to play together instead of separately. They did not care about the gender differences of physicality, strength, speed, weight, height, etc during those colonial days, so why should the fans of today? There are so many people who think men can do everything better than women, especially sports, usually the first thing they think of until they consider it more deeply. What's more, women are already good, yet underrated, at endurance and stamina in events that last longer than two hours, the one area where there is evidence that they actually are able to outperform men (Sanders). People have said men have better endurance and stamina than women, but once they see women defeat even men's records or times, their opinions can be changed by these amazing feats. Women can feel that men always have to have that winning ulta- competitive spirit as a demonstration of power. Just one experience of a WBNA game; women pro soccer match, women's Olympic Judo competition, or even the hard-hitting Gridiron Owls Football will convince many people that women can be just as competitive, if not more.
Although there may be some fans that do not want to see women compete with or against men, in this day and age people should be open to this concept. People are so used to traditional sports and seeing separate genders play, changing this may cause some of them to stop watching sports. At least this outcome might be a concern of the sports leagues and TV networks. It has been claimed that if new weight and length classes are introduced in many sports [and] if the rules are changed, women will be able to compete against men and win in several sports (Piccioto). It may also cause businesses and marketers to lose the value of their brand, and thus make less money and business for themselves. Even team coaches or their players may become disgruntled under such circumstances and may even want to quit or protest against those who support having combined teams. On the positive side, combined gender sports might in fact lead to better relations between men and women. Husbands and wives might be able to relate better to teams and even share favorite players.
Sports are split up into mixed sports and true mixed sports that provide options for athletes. Some wonder when more traditional sports will be tested in any of those categories. There are actually a few sports men and women compete in together such as Table-Tennis, Squash, Tennis, Badminton, Luge, and Ice skating. In these sports competitions when men and women form teams and go against another mixed teams. This way, men and women compete together and against each other in a fair way as both teams feature the same number of male and female players (rulesofsport.com). True mixed sex sports is when men and women compete directly against each other regardless of the sex and this mixture does not seem to matter for the outcomes. Two sports that are true mixed sex sports are Equestrian and Sailing. They bring in the contrasting physicality of athletes in sports, a main reason against doing joint sports. They split the sports up into mixed sports and true mixed sex sports to have options to choose from. Some wonder when more traditional sports will be put into any of those categories.
Combining traditional sports with both genders is inconclusive until the businesses are comfortable with all sides to go forward with this idea. They have to make sure it will be okay for their fans, sponsors, media, and even their teams so that business does not go downhill. If so, sports entertainment will never consider the idea again. With all the embracing movements in society today, we should be so bold and courageous to take this next step and truly welcome mixed gender sports.
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The Energy Industry
The energy industry is arguably one of, if not the, most powerful and influential industries in the world. It encompasses all the industries that have to do with production and sales of energy (oil, gas, and coal being the major sources), and is often critical in the growth of countries and the force behind modern living. These fuels are inelastic goods in today's market, this not only allows corporations like OPEC to virtually charge whatever they please, but it also has considerable effects on many other industries when it struggles.
As time has passed the tolls of burning these fuels have begun to show in our environment, and our society is becoming increasingly dependant on finite resources. In the future, if nothing changes, Global Warming could wreak havoc on our ecosystems and climates, and our dependence on fossil fuels may just have devastating consequences when the proverbial well runs dry. This has resulted in many pushes in recent years to research and develop more environmentally friendly sources of energy that will be less damaging. There are many factors that are in play regarding the decisions surrounding the future of environmental energy, and the effects it may have on the macroeconomic picture.
One aspect of macroeconomics that applies to the environmental energy push would be unemployment and the four different types of unemployment. The effect on employment has been one of the biggest areas of concern when it comes to changing our sources of energy. To divide up our energy sources among more than just the main sources we have now would result in more competition which divides up the potential profit of a company. It's reasonable to think that these companies would have to cut some of its workforce for budgetary reasons once it loses some of its revenue flow, so it is a genuine concern that if a efficient renewable source were to enter a market we could see some layoffs. Other measures to reduce fossil fuel emissions, like a tax on emissions, would likely see similar results.
Generally this would fall under the category of cyclical unemployment, meaning that the job has been lost due to a downturn in the business cycle. Hopefully this kind of unemployment is not severe ( an example of cyclical unemployment at its worst would be the Great Depression), as the job still has the potential to be created again if business picks up again. This falls under cyclical unemployment because theoretically these new renewable sources would take business away from these companies, resulting in less profit, and less room in the budget to pay more employees.
None of this sounds very good for environmental energy, however an article on RFF.org called How Do Environmental Policies Affect Employment? by Marc Hafstead and Roberton C. Williams III suggests that the blowback may not be as bad as this initially suggests. They admitted that efforts to make environment-friendly choices regarding energy is unlikely to reduce the number of jobs in the US economy. Instead, jobs will shift away from polluting industries toward cleaner ones (Hafstead & Williams 2017). They also mention how while many models do admit small decreases in overall employment, many of them assume the economy would be at full employment, that everyone who wants a job has one. In their own model, which accounts for more factors than the traditional models, they claim that net job loss is actually quite low, as the lost jobs are balanced out by the new jobs created by clean energy.
Another macroeconomic concept that concerns environmental energy would be inflation. As previously mentioned, America is one of many countries that greatly relies on the steady flow of energy to sustain the modern lives people have become accustomed to. This energy can be used to make the economy richer and these successes as well as the reliance we have causes demand for fuel to remain constant or rise. As demand rises, the companies charge more, knowing that these countries need their product, which drives up the value. Inflation is defined as occurring when prices rise higher than salaries, and as the value of these fuels is driven up it outpaces the salaries of the people. This isn't a new concept, this is reality as shown by the article Energy Is An Environmental And Macroeconomic Problem by Adam Ozimek states that Energy price shocks are historically a contributor to modern recessions (Ozimek 2018) and how all but one of the eleven post WW2 recessions have involved problems with oil prices.
Another article from Economist.com called Inflation and Renewable Energy reinforces this idea, claiming If you build an economy that's entirely dependant on a non-renewable resource, you are guaranteeing yourself a nasty encounter with stagflation (The Economist 2011). These articles show us that this problem is not going away, it's been a problem in the past and is likely to get worse in the future if not properly addressed. If energy prices were to be decreased with the addition of environmental fuel alternatives to the market than energy would take up less room in the GDP calculation. The less room it takes up in GDP the smaller effect it would have if something were to go wrong.
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Aztecs Ritual Dia De Los Muertos Ritual Performance
While the Day of the Dead is a celebration from November 1st to the 2nd throughout Latin America, celebrations vary from culture to culture. During the course of the celebration Indigenous people honor their late ancestors through dance performances. Dia de los Muertos is a celebration where families welcome back their deceased relatives for a brief reunion that includes foods, drinks and celebration. In an article Day of the Dead (Dia de los Muertos) by the Enrique Castro states, The Aztecs and other Nahua people living in what is now central Mexico held a cyclical view of the universe, and saw death as an integral, ever-present part of life. The day of the dead is said to be the border between the spirit world and the real world. The border that divides the real world from the spirit world disappears and lets through all of the ancestors pass through. During the brief period, souls are able to return to the real world with their loved ones. In return, the living family members treat their beloved ones with treats they once loved and a celebration.
When the aztecs began the tradition of day of the dead, they were not remembering loved ones who passed. Instead they were worshiping the queen of the underworld. In the article The aztec Origins of Dia De Los Muertos by Kacey Diaz states, According to Aztec legend, Mictecacihuatl was sacrificed as an infant and placed in the underworld to become the wife of Mictlantecuhtli, the king of the underworld. Originally, the aztecs celebrated Mictecacihuatl return with death festivals and traditional dances, to honor her for her protection for the bones that created lives and to seek protection for those who died. Today, the Aztecs celebrate Dia de los Muertos much differently due to the Spanish conquistador and Catholicism. The spanish changed the lives of the indigenous peoples wherever they went, from taking land for the Spanish throne to converting people to catholicism (Castro). The tradition of this holiday have changed from honoring the queen of the underworld to honoring loved ones who have passed. It is a time of colorful festivals and parades, with beautifully painted skulls, marigold flowers, decorated ofrendas and grave visits.
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