Month: November 2019
Was Brown V. Board of Education Case Sucessful?
Brown v. Board of Education
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka was a landmark 1954 supreme court case in which the justice ruled unanimously that racial segregation of children in public schools was unconstitutional. Brown v. Board of Education was one of cornerstone of civil rights movements, and helped establish the precedent that ''separate- but-equal'' education and other services were not equal at all.
The way that the Brown v. Board of Education case began was a plaintiff named Oliver Brown filed a class-action suit against the Board of Education of Topeka Kansas in 1951. After his daughter, Linda Brown was denied entrance to Topeka's all-white elementary school. And in his lawsuit, Brown claimed that schools for black children were not equal to the white schools and that segregation violated the so called ''equal protection clause'' of the 14 Amendment which holds that no state can deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.
What the separate but equalmeant was in 1896 the Supreme Court ruled in Plessy v. Ferguson that racially segregated public facilities were legal, so long as facilities for blacks and whites were equal. The ruling constitutionally sanctioned laws barring African Americans from the same buses, schools,and other public facilities as whites. Which were known as Jim Crow laws and established the separate but equal doctrine that stood for six decades.
The case went before the U.S. District Court in Kansas, which agreed that public schools segregation had a detrimental effect upon the colored children an contributed to a sense of inferiority but still upheld the separate but equal''doctrine. Thurgood Marshall the head,of NAACP which stands for ( National Association for the Advancement of colored people) legal defense and educational fund served as chief attorney for the plaintiffs. Lyndon B. Johnson appointed Thurgood Marshall the first black Supreme Court justice.
The Justices were divided on how to rule on school segregation with Chief Justice Fred M. Vinson holding the Plessy verdict should stand. In September 1952 Vinson died before the Brown v. Board of Education was to be heard and President Dwight D. Eisenhower replaced him with Earl Warren the governor of California. Warren displayed a considerable political skill, determination and he succeeded engineering a unanimous verdict against the school segregation the following year. In the decision issued on May 17, 1954 Warren wrote that in the field of public education the doctrine of the separate but equal'' has no place, as segregated schools are inherently unequal. As a result the court ruled that the plaintiff were being deprived of the equal protection of the guaranteed by the 14 Amendment.''
Though the Supreme Court's decision in this case didn't achieve schools desegregation on its own the ruling( and the steadfast resistance to it across the South fueled the nascent civil rights movement in the United States. Today, more than 60 years after this case the debate continues over how to combat racial inequalities in the nations school system largely based on residential patterns and differences in the resources between schools in the wealthier and economically disadvantaged across the country.
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Was Brown v. Board of Education Case Sucessful?. (2019, Nov 18).
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https://studydriver.com/2019/11/page/10/
Use of Cell Phones in School
Who doesn't have a wireless nowadays? The stunning thing about PDAs is that they are never again simply utilized for calling or messaging. They have turned into a fundamental multi-apparatus ponder. The present wireless is forefront innovation readily available. In light of this, should understudies be allowed to utilize PDAs in school? I trust they ought not simply be allowed to utilize PDAs, they ought to be required to utilize them. Phones don't simply enable understudies to remain associated with family and companions, they are likewise a superb learning asset, and they support the capable utilization of innovation.
In the first place, PDAs make it feasible for understudies to keep in contact with family and companions. An understudy can call home and request that a relative present to them an overlooked task or lunch cash or to come lift them up on the off chance that they are wiped out. Likewise, phones enable guardians to monitor their youngsters' the place they are previously, amid, and after school. What's more, obviously, there's dependably the likelihood of an understudy expecting to contact a parent due to a perilous circumstance. Consequently, having a mobile phone resembles having a watchman holy messenger. Understudies can likewise interface with companions, yet not on the grounds that it's a fun activity; my instructor asks us to content or email our companions when they are missing to tell them what's happening in class and to educate them of any homework. At the point when utilized mindfully, a mobile phone can be an incredible specialized device.
Likewise, mobile phones particularly advanced cells are a remarkable learning asset. Understudies can utilize instruments, for example, the adding machine, the guide discoverer, and the schedule. I've utilized my phone in Math and Geography and to monitor my homework. My science instructor gives us a chance to utilize our advanced mobile phones to do inquire about when we are doing bunch work or chipping away at a venture. For instance, when we were examining biology we researched on nearby employments having to do with ensuring the earth. Also there are bunches of incredible learning sites – including article composing sites – we can use to enhance the learning in class. Mobile phones are a snappy and simple approach to join innovation in the classroom
At last, phones energize the mindful utilization of innovation. Understudies can realize when and how to utilize their phones to improve their learning. They will turn out to be progressively free in their work and increasingly roused to learn. Understudies like being permitted to settle on decisions, and they comprehend outcomes. On the off chance that an understudy is messaging when the individual in question ought to focus on the educator, the instructor should take the PDA briefly away. No major ordeal. Prior to a test, all PDAs ought to be set on the educator's work area. Once more, no major ordeal. By permitting the utilization of mobile phones, understudies will feel like they are being dealt with like dependable youthful grown-ups, and they will value that. On the off chance that educators are patient, understanding, and reliable, understudies will unquestionably wind up dependable clients of innovation.
Taking everything into account, individuals who restrict the utilization of mobile phones in school do it in light of the disturbances and diversions PDAs can cause. However, we should acknowledge that we live in a universe of innovation and that PDAs are an essential and exceptionally valuable piece of that world. We pass up a great opportunity on the off chance that we neglect to exploit the instructive intensity of the PDA. All things considered, mobile phones enhance correspondence, give learning assets, and empower fitting utilization of innovation. Instructors and directors must discover approaches to consolidate this phenomenal multi-apparatus in our schools. As you've gained from this paper, it's truly not so troublesome. How about we benefit as much as possible from the day and age we are living in
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Use Of Cell Phones In School. (2019, Nov 18).
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HIPAA Policies and the Use of Cell Phones
Healthcare is constantly introducing new technology, in order to increase efficiency, lower costs and improve patient care services. In doing so, one must consider the consequences that may come with enhanced technology, such as the violation of patient privacy and care. These new technologies, like smartphones and social media platforms, have significantly influenced healthcare rules and regulations. Smartphones and other new technologies are being utilized in healthcare for scanning medications, communications between nurses and physicians, verifying lab work and so much more. Patients are also able to use these new technologies to do things such as, send a clinical message, book appointments and communicate progress and declines in their treatments, with ease.
Social media, and more specifically video chatting platforms like Skype, have created a source for patients to be able to get healthcare attention conveniently, and at a cheaper rate, than visiting a doctor's office. By using Skype, a patient can virtually visit the doctor and be treated. This increases efficiency and saves both parties time and money. Technology has revolutionized the modern-day practice of medicine, improving it beyond measure. But with these improvements, come consequences. There have been negative impacts in regard to professional ethics, legal requirements related to data security, confidentiality, and patient's right to privacy.
HIPAA Policies and the Use of Cell Phones
There is a specific section of the HIPAA that deals with use of mobile phones, in relation to the practice of healthcare and medical services. This section of HIPAA focuses on cell phones and any other device that receives, transmits or stores patient health information. HIPAA states that mobile devices, that have been adopted for use in the medical field, should be secure and have little to no risk of compromise (Sneiderman & Ackerman, 2014). A secure network is vital when it comes to the use of these devices, so that private patient information is not compromised, and confidentiality stays intact. Additionally, any transmission system that may put confidential information at risk, should be terminated.
It is also important to note that some applications, when installed to a device for healthcare use, require the assistance of a secondary party. In doing so, the secondary party may become privy to confidential patient information. Lyles et al, 2014, states that Installing such an application by the health service provider is solely their responsibility. The physician or healthcare personnel uses these applications at their own risk. Therefore, if confidential patient information is ever leaked, a lawsuit can be filed against the healthcare personnel. That is why it is of utmost importance to verify any and all applications or platforms used to handle confidential healthcare information.
Scenario
When you are a nurse, you treat a plethora of patients. Chances are, you will know some, and you may even have a famous patient. Just because a nurse may personally know their patient or know of them, does not mean that, that patient has any less right to privacy, than the next. Medical personnel are not allowed to share any patient information outside of their treatment. Even is a patient is famous. Every person has their full right to confidentiality. In the scenario, a nurse has a famous musician as her patient, she takes pictures of the musician, in his unconscious state and sends them to her friend along with his home address and phone number. When the nurse's friend receives the pictures, she proceeds to post the pictures on Facebook. The pictures go viral, and after a little while, various hashtags are developed to send well wishes to the musician. This may seem like a kind gesture but, it is very illegal and completely violates the policies of HIPAA. The nurse who is caring for the musician undergoes serious scrutiny and investigation.
Since the pictures were taken at the hospital, the HIPAA regulatory body will conduct an impromptu investigation alongside the hospital's management team (Davenport, 2015). The investigation takes place in order to uncover the person, or persons, responsible for the breach of confidential patient information. The medical personnel responsible will be terminated, lose their license to practice medicine and will most-likely be incarcerated.
Mitigation of the Scenario
To mitigate the scenario and prevent it from ever happening again, the HIPAA regulatory body imposed new rules that called for minimal, personal phone usage during the length of their hospital shift. If a healthcare personnel needed to use a phone for medical purposes or patient care, they were able to use the hospital's landline (Davenport, 2015). Imposing this measure would reduce the chance that any confidential patient information could be leaked through personal cellphone usage. Additionally, the regulatory authority requested an increase in funding from the ministry of health, in order to allow hospitals to purchase the latest technology for effective and secure communication, both in and outside of the hospital. Such sophisticated technologies would exponentially decrease any threats to patient information.
Finally, according to the scenario for active mitigation, the nurse who leaked the patient information should be made to face the law. Prosecuting the nurse, for breach of patient confidentiality, will influence other medical personnel to follow HIPAA guidelines when treating patients, in order to avoid incarceration. This will hopefully prevent this scenario from being repeated in the future (Sneiderman & Ackerman, 2014). Through such mitigation, patients will be comforted in knowing that their medical information is secure and will remain confidential.
Pros and Cons of Smartphone Usage in Healthcare
The integration of Smartphones into healthcare has pushed for a lot of advancement in the healthcare sector. Today, emergency personnel are able to integrate their smartphones together with the Intensive Care Unit. This integration has provided improved efficiency for monitoring patient progress remotely. Smartphones are also used inside of the hospital for patients vital monitoring. They have the ability to connect to a patient's in-room monitors and notify caregivers, in the instance of an emergency. Smartphones are fast, convenient and portable. They make communication in healthcare easy. Communication plays a vital role in the healthcare field, it can mean the difference between life and death for some patients. With the use of Smartphones in healthcare, the speed of patient care can be improved, and lives can be saved.
The use of smartphones in the healthcare field also has its downfalls. In the current generation, the use of smartphones has brought about an addiction, (Karasz et al, 2013). Social media platforms and the need to stay connected, are the leading source for this addiction. Many individuals do not even realize how often they are on social media platforms. A person will pick up their phone to check the time and end up on Instagram for an hour. Healthcare is not immune to this addiction. Healthcare personnel can easily lose their concentration while providing patient care due to the overuse and abuse of new technology.
All information found in a healthcare facility falls under the regulations of HIPAA and therefore, is confidential. The confidentiality of private patient information has been compromised by the use of smartphones in the healthcare field. Medical personnel can easily leak confidential information, via social media platforms or even text messaging (Davenport, 2015).
Conclusion
Overall, the use of smartphones and new technology in the healthcare field have both positives and negatives. Smartphones and new technology have revolutionized the healthcare field. When used correctly, they have made a vast array of improvements in continuity, efficiency and urgency of patient care. But, it is of utmost importance to heed caution when using smartphones for use in healthcare. Healthcare providers must adhere to the rules and regulations of patient confidentiality in order to prevent a breach in patient privacy. I believe that all medical personnel should be properly educated about HIPAA, confidentiality policies and what exactly is expected of them, in regard to patient privacy and care. In order to fully ensure that all medical professionals adhere to and observe guidelines, there needs to be consistent training and assessments, on the topic of patient confidentiality and any updates that may occur.
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HIPAA Policies and the Use of Cell Phones. (2019, Nov 18).
Retrieved November 4, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2019/11/page/10/
The Impact of Cell Phones on College Success
Are you addicted to your cell phone? You will be surprised how many people; students included have become addicted to their phones. Based on recent studies fifty percent of today's youth admit to being addicted to their cellular devices. The average student looks at their phone around eighty times per day. When added up this brings the total to about five hours a day on their phones on average. Cell phone addiction is a very serious thing and can take a toll on students learning abilities and their sleep. Many teachers claim that they see a significant difference between the students that are on their phones during class and the ones that are taking notes. In this article, we will discuss the detriment of cell phone use and how it affects college students in today's society.
This article is talking about students and their cell phone addiction and how it is a disruption in class. Students will be using their phones in class and making excuses even if it isn't true. Many students claim to be able to multitask, but studies show that nobody can multi-task proficiently. They won't pay attention in class and their grade is reflected by it. Throughout the day student's average 115 hours a day in free time that they could use their phone between class changes and at lunch. Addiction is a strong word but it is very true when talking about students and their technology usage in class. Teachers believe that students are physically there but their minds are hooked inside of their cell phones. A chemical dependency controls an addict's life, the way a student's cell phone takes control of theirs. Students become addicted to their phones, and there is no help for them, whereas, people with addictions to drugs, sex and alcohol can seek help and guidance.
In an article by Dian Schaffhauser she cites research showing that cell phone use by college students during class has a negative impact on their results or outcomes. For instance notes are not as complete and grades that students score on tests are not as high as if they were distracted by cell phones during class or during the learning process. Schaffhauser suggest that since college students are adults the best policy for cell phone use in her opinion is to provide the research which shows the detrimental effects and then let the students decide for themselves whether they'll use their devices during class or not. Professor Maryellen Weimer, who has a PhD from the University of Penn State agrees with Schaffhauser. Professor Weimer suggests that most students do not multi task very well. She also believes that students who use their mobile phones take fewer notes in class and retain less information. Cell phones bring distractions to both teachers and students and hinder the students from interacting with society. The Huffington Post claims that schools in London who ban phone use have way better test scores. Children that use their phone have 62% less information in their notes. The digital age also brought along cyberbullying which increases the longer that they are on their devices. Black children are on their phone an average of 4 hours and 11 minutes to the white kids that average 3 hours and 12 minutes; the black children have a lower grade.
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The Impact of Cell Phones on College Success. (2019, Nov 18).
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https://studydriver.com/2019/11/page/10/
What is Substance Abuse?
What is substance abuse? Substance abuse is overindulgence in or reliance on an addictive substance, particularly liquor or medications. Emotional wellness is as critical as physical wellbeing. It incorporates your enthusiastic, mental, and social prosperity. Psychological instabilities are not kidding disarranges that can influence your reasoning, inclination, and conduct. There are numerous variables in these clutters, for example, qualities, family history, and educational encounters. The taxpayer supported organizations can enable you to discover somebody to converse with, treatment alternatives, and data on an extensive variety of emotional well-being issues. Substance abuse is the abuse of liquor (counting underage drinking), utilization of unlawful medications, and the ill-advised utilization of solution or over the counter drugs. It can harm your wellbeing and prosperity at any age.
Inside the all-inclusive community there are numerous people who have attempted cigarettes, liquor, or pot which is weed eventually in their lives. There is a considerable extent of people who utilize substances in a predictable manner for example, people who sporadically have a glass of wine with dinners or who drink on social events. The quantity of people who use high-power substance utilizes is a smaller extent of the populace. For instance, if the general measure of liquor use in the populace is separated, it is apparent that an extensive piece of aggregate utilization is inferable from a little piece of the populace. These are the people who might be portrayed as overwhelming clients. From the gathering of substantial clients, a few people who meet the vital characterizing conditions would be portrayed as influenced by diagnosable liquor misuse or liquor reliance. The predominance of people who have attempted a substance, and the relative extents of incidental clients, overwhelming clients, and abusers, vary significantly crosswise over medications of maltreatment. For instance, the extent of the populace who have attempted cocaine is moderately small amounts, however cocaine (especially smokable or "rocks" cocaine) is adequately addictive that an expansive extent of triers move quickly to manhandle reliance status.
A few topics about substance misuse develop in this section. First is the idea of various hazard factors. One approach to approach substance misuse is to consider finding the specific factor that is capable, for instance, having a "heavy drinker quality," or being the offspring of a substance-manhandling guardian, or living in a poor internal city territory. Although every one of these variables has some pertinence for anticipating substance misuse, explore does not bolster the thought that there is one single reason for substance misuse. For instance, in spite of the fact that having a heavy drinker as a parent builds a dislike for kids to abuse liquor. The larger part of grown dup when you don't have a family history of liquor addiction. Rather than demonstrating a solitary reason, explore shows that it is a blend of natural, individual, and social factors that puts a few people on a direction of life encounters that at last includes a degree and sort of utilization that are characteristic of substance misuse issue. To comprehend and anticipate substance misuse, it is fundamental to think about data about the aggregate number of natural, individual, and social hazard factors and defensive factors that encroach on a person.
It is conceivable to discover people who demonstrate just an abnormal state of cigarette smoking, or just an abnormal state of liquor utilization, or just the utilization of an illegal medication with nothing else. In any case, such people are factually uncommon in the populace.
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Issues Connected with Substance Abuse
Rather, it is more typical to find that a person with an abnormal state of one sort of substance utilize additionally indicates large amounts of different kinds of substance utilize. In spite of the fact that individuals have a reasonable stereotypic picture for the sort of individual marked "heavy drinker," they regularly miss the way that people determined to have liquor misuse additionally tend to be cigarette smokers; correspondingly, the sorts of people named as "sedate abusers," since they infuse heroin, likewise tend to have high rates of liquor, cocaine, and other medication utilize.
The wonder of different utilize has been distinguished reliably in both juvenile examples and grown-up tests. In any case, the causal reason for the co-event of tobacco, liquor, and unlawful medication utilize has not been conclusively settled as of now. Late research with overall public examples has discovered that people with a substance misuse issue have hoisted rates for other emotional well-being issue, including tension or depressive issue. Showing of generous comorbidity of substance maltreatment with emotional well-being issue is a moderately ongoing advancement. The explanations behind the comorbidities are not totally seen, but rather the marvel is accepted to have huge ramifications for treatment of substance abusers.
With regards to these topics, this passage outlines flow information about substance maltreatment from the point of view of epidemiologic research, with epidemiologic information on the pervasiveness of substance misuse and the comorbidity of substance maltreatment with different disarranges. Hazard factors and defensive variables, conditions that improve or reduction the probability that an individual will be influenced by substance misuse, are investigated in light of the fact that ongoing work has demonstrated that it is the harmony among hazard and defensive factors that might be significant for guiding a person toward or far from substance misuse. Hazard and defensive elements have been contemplated in both juvenile and grown-up populaces, so discoveries from the two sorts of research are considered.
What part of the populace can be portrayed as influenced by substance misuse? This inquiry has been tended to by a few ongoing examinations directed in the United States. Scientists directed meetings in homes with a substantial example of people who were chosen arbitrarily so they are illustrative of the U.S. populace. The respondents were given a long meeting that made point by point inquiries about whether they as of late experienced signs and side effects applicable for finding of different mental clutters. A person's reactions were joined to decide if he or she met the analytic criteria for a given issue, either sooner or later in his or her life or in the previous 6 to a year current pervasiveness.
Overall public research shows that substance misuse influences a huge extent of the grown-up populace. The latest U.S. examine, the National Comorbidity Survey (NCS), demonstrated that one of every four people in the populace will encounter a substance misuse issue sooner or later in his or her life. Information from the ECA and NCS contemplates, which utilized to some degree diverse meetings, show that 17 to 27% of the populace met the criteria for having a substance misuse issue eventually in their life, and 6 to 11% confirm a substance misuse issue inside the previous a half year to 1 year. Along these lines, even with stringent symptomatic criteria, substance misuse is anything but an uncommon issue.
In relative terms, substance misuse has a predominance practically identical to different scatters. For instance, NCS information demonstrated that 19% of the populace have had a full of feeling issue eventually in their life, and 25 % have had a nervousness issue sooner or la
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Issues Connected With Substance Abuse. (2019, Nov 18).
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Moral Values Included in the Association of Computing Machinery Code of Ethics
In every profession there is a series of ethical codes that one must follow and abide by to remain morally just and maintain a solid level of professionalism. The computing field follows the Association of Computing Machinery Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct. The moral values stated in the Case Resolution Model are seen in this list of ethical codes. The moral values emphasized in the Association of Computing Machinery are honesty, commitment, non-maleficence, fairness & justice, responsibility, and beneficence. These moral values are needed in order to create a safe, productive, and well-functioning work environment.
The first moral value that is addressed in the ACM code of ethics is honesty. Honesty is important in the computer field because it reflects one's professionalism. Computing professionals should be honest about their qualifications, and about any limitations in their competence to complete a task. Computing professionals should be forthright about any circumstances that might lead to either real or perceived conflicts of interest or otherwise tend to undermine the independence of their judgment. Furthermore, commitments should be honored. Computing professionals should not misrepresent an organization's policies or procedures and should not speak on behalf of an organization unless authorized to do so (ACM Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct, 2018). This statement directly from the ACM states the various ways being honest is imperative in the computing profession. It is important to disclose any information about systems, how they work, or potential problems to any people who may be involved. These people would include coworkers, bosses or managers, and customers. When working, one should be honest about their qualifications and knowledge of the technology they are working with. Lastly, one should be honest about the policies their company has because out on the field, they are representing that organization so their ability to implement policies and procedures correctly is a reflection of the company as a whole.
Also under the same section as honesty in the ACM, commitment is a moral value upheld in the code of ethics. The code simply states that commitments should be honored. This is important in this profession because it is critical in remaining professional and creating a productive work environment. In other words, if one is expected to work on a scheduled date and specific time, that commitment should be honored.
The next moral value that is reflected in the ACM is non-maleficence and compassion. These values are necessary in creating a safer work environment. The ACM states this as to avoid harm, which is the idea of non-maleficence; it is the intention to prevent harm. Non-maleficence is the prevention of harm which is a crucial moral value in the computing professional world. The ACM code of ethics says, Avoiding harm begins with careful consideration of potential impacts on all those affected by decisions (ACM Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct, 2018). In the computing profession, one's decision can potentially cause harm either intentionally or unintentionally. When working in this profession, one should think about how doing a certain action could affect other people and what harm could be caused, as stated in the quote from the code of ethics. It is crucial to try and take the necessary steps to ensure little to no harm is done. A sub-section under non-maleficence is compassion. Compassion is grouped with non-maleficence because there can be non-maleficence with or without compassion. Compassion is the emotional attachment to non-maleficence, and it has more to do with relieving any harm rather than preventing it. The ACM code of ethics states, When that harm is unintended, those responsible are obliged to undo or mitigate the harm as much as possible (ACM Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct, 2018). If there is some harm caused, the ACM states that it must be rectified immediately. In this quote, the person who caused any harm must do whatever they can to relieve the harm that is being done.
The third and fourth moral values needed to remain professional in a computing career are fairness and justice. The ACM has a section titled, Be fair and take action not to discriminate. In this section of the code of ethics, one must make sure that technology is accessible to all people regardless of age, race, gender, or financial status. The ACM explains, Technologies and practices should be as inclusive and accessible as possible and computing professionals should take action to avoid creating systems or technologies that disenfranchise or oppress people (ACM Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct, 2018). Fairness is important to remaining professional because it is up to the employee to make sure that technologies are not kept at bay from a certain group of people due to any sort of prejudices. Any sort of discrimination goes against the ACM's code of ethics and therefore does not display any fairness or justice.
Responsibility is the next moral value found in the ACM's code of ethics. Responsibility is important in the computing profession for several reasons. High quality computing depends on individuals and teams who take personal and group responsibility for acquiring and maintaining professional competence. Professional competence starts with technical knowledge and with awareness of the social context in which their work may be deployed (ACM Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct, 2018). This statement from the code of ethics shows how responsibility is needed in this field of work because one must be responsible for having a thorough understanding of the technology they are working with. They should also be responsible for knowing how it is applied in the real world. Second, the ACM states, Upgrading skills should be an ongoing process and might include independent study, attending conferences or seminars, and other informal or formal education (ACM Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct, 2018). It is well known that technology is ever changing and evolving, and it is happening incredibly fast. In the professional world, it is important that one continues to keep up with new technology and infrastructures that are being utilized today. The code of ethics believes it is one's personal responsibility to continue to educate themselves on any new information and practices that arise.
Finally, Beneficence is the last moral value emphasized in the ACM's code of ethics. Beneficence is similar to non-maleficence; however, the difference is the intentions behind the action. While non-maleficence is the intent to prevent harm, beneficence is the intent to benefit someone. This is an idea brought up several times in the ACM code of ethics. One particular quote that describes this from the ACM says, Peopleincluding users, customers, colleagues, and others affected directly or indirectlyshould always be the central concern in computing. The public good should always be an explicit consideration when evaluating tasks associated with research, requirements analysis, design, implementation, testing, validation, deployment, maintenance, retirement, and disposal (ACM Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct, 2018). Here, it is said that people are the most important part of computing professions. The happiness of the public is crucial in the code of ethics. It should be at the forefront of all decision making. Beneficence is important in creating a safer and productive work environment because all computer work should be done to benefit someone or multiple people. The ACM states that any and all people should be the main focus of any work being done. The computing work is being done to benefit someone, which is why it falls under this category.
While all these moral values are stressed in the ACM, there is one value that is not. Loyalty is one moral value that is not emphasized in the ACM. This value is not stressed because it can be difficult to maintain a sense of loyalty to someone or something if it goes against the code of ethics. For example, if one employee sees a coworker that they are friends with violating a policy, they are obligated to report it to a supervisor. This employee may feel conflicted because while they know it goes against the code's policy of honesty, they want to remain loyal to their friend. The right thing to do is to report their coworker and put the company above their loyalty to their friend. Under section 1.2, titled Avoid Harm, the code states, A computing professional has an additional obligation to report any signs of system risks that might result in harm. If leaders do not act to curtail or mitigate such risks, it may be necessary to 'blow the whistle' to reduce potential harm (ACM Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct, 2018). Like the code states as well as the hypothetical scenario described, it is sometimes necessary to speak up or against something or someone in order to prevent a bigger problem, which is why loyalty is not one of the moral values emphasized in the code of ethics.
When the right moral values are introduced and upheld by each and every employee, they maintain a state of professionalism These values include; honesty, commitment, non-maleficence, fairness & justice, responsibility, and beneficence. When these moral values are working in harmony, it ensures a better work experience for both employees and clients. The values that are listed in the Association of Computing Machinery Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct are the moral values necessary to remain professional and create a safe, productive, and well-functioning work environment.
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Moral Values included in the Association of Computing Machinery Code of Ethics. (2019, Nov 18).
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Code of Ethics for Organizations
This paper is about what is Code of Ethics. Information from the textbook and two other scholarly sources are used. The two medical facilities that I researched were HCA and Baptist Health of South Florida. I chose Baptist health of South Florida code of ethics as is very concise. Why it was chosen is further discussed and what is missing or should be improved. A plan of action is also implemented.
Introduction to Code of Ethics
In order for us to know what code of ethics is we need to understand what ethics is. Ethics in general is what differs right from wrong action. Code of ethics are protocols for behavior to follow which help carry out the organization's mission, vision, and values. In addition, the purpose of code of ethics is to build trust, increase awareness of ethical issues and dilemmas, guide decision making, and encourage staff to seek advice report misconduct when appropriate. It helps employees to have a reference guide when they are in doubt. It's a way for the staff to know what is expected of them.
Moreover, some value statements that should be included in an organization's code of ethics will be discussed next. Staff members will comply with the organization's code of ethics, these include; compassionate care, accepting the organization's mission, vision, and values. Ethics training will be included for all staff members. Ethics competencies will be reviewed at the beginning of employment or hiring process and at the scheduled evaluation. The organization will be honest and fair with their employees. It will establish and provide an environment that promotes the highest ethical and legal standards. Corporate officers, managers and employees will be impartial when personal interests conflict with the organization. Employees will be free to speak up without fear of punishment. A compliance officer will be available to protect staff members who speak up about unprofessional or unethical practices that are observed in the organization. Patients and employees will be provided with an environment free from sexual harassment. The drive to increase revenues will not be tied to unethical activities, such as workforce cutbacks as a means to discharge employees when they are encouraged to speak up and then blacklisted for being honest. Employees will avoid conflict of interest situations by not favoring their own interests over others or the organization's. Patients will receive the highest quality care regardless of the setting. All patients will be treated with honesty, dignity, respect, and courtesy. Patients will be educated in regards to the risks, benefits, and alternatives of care. Patients will be treated in a way that will keep their rights, dignity, autonomy, self-esteem, privacy, and involvement in their care. The patient's religion, heritage, and culture will be addressed and respected as appropriate. A patient advocacy program will be provided. Those with physical disabilities will receive support services. Upon admission patient's will receive a Patient's Bill of Rights and Responsibilities. The patient's right to execute advance directives will be honored.
Best Example of Code of Ethics
After researching employee code of ethics from medical facilities, the number came down to two organizations HCA and Baptist of Health South Florida. I chose Baptist of Health South Florida as the best one since it is better developed. The organization's code of ethics is more concise and very complete. The code of ethics includes the organization's ethical standards, their values, purpose, scope and responsibilities. Also, it includes reporting violations, the available resources and contact list for easier access. It also includes an anonymous compliance hotline for reporting concerns. Disciplinary action for violation of the code of ethics is also included. By the same token, it includes application of their ethical standards, compliance with laws and regulations, compliance with policies and procedures, quality of care and patient safety, community benefit and charity care, fair and equitable treatment of employees. Furthermore, it talks about harassment, workplace safety, credentials and excluded parties, charitable contributions and philanthropic solicitations, conflicts of interest, improper payments, gifts, vendor-sponsored travel, entertainment, and honorariums. Additionally, it includes incentives for patient referrals or business transactions, contracts or arrangements with physicians, physician referral prohibitions, and accurate and timely charge entry. Next, it continues with medical record coding, billing of third parties, false claims act, record keeping, business record retention, and confidentiality of patient information and records. Lastly, it includes confidentiality of business information and records, confidentiality of electronic records, social media, marketing and public relations, competitive practices, political contributions, safeguarding and proper use of assets, international transactions, requests for information regulatory/government agencies, and news media requests of information.
All of these topics are important because they serve the employees as a point of reference. In addition, these are presented at the beginning of employment that way the staff knows what the company is like and what their expectations are. I found very helpful that they include a contact list to report any violations. They also include an anonymous reporting line which it makes it easier for the staff members to access. Lastly, it talks about confidentiality which is one of the most important topics to cover in code of ethics. This code of ethics is very much complete; I would say there is nothing else I would add to it.
Finally, the plan of action to educate my staff on a new employee code of ethics is a very hard task as nowadays the attention span is so short. I would present the information including videos, these videos would be funny yet contain the information that way it would catch the staff members attention and keep them interested in learning. I would also include personal examples that they could relate to that way to make them share their stories and make it interactive. I would keep information short and concise. To make sure they understand I would make a contest with prizes and if questions about topics are answered right then prizes would be given to winners. I would include as much visuals as possible since it's been proven that we recall the best of what we see and not what we hear.
Conclusion
To conclude, Code of Ethics is what keeps employees from breaking rules and from doing the right thing. It presents what the organization mission, values, and vision are and what it expects from their employees. Also, it gives the employees easy access to hotlines for help or resourceful information. It helps employees when in doubt since it's a concise booklet of information of any questions or concerns they might have. If it's not included in the booklet, it includes a contact list where one can call to get answers to questions.
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Code of Ethics for Organizations. (2019, Nov 18).
Retrieved November 4, 2025 , from
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Nursing Educational System
Citation 1:
Richardson, Karlene. ""The Impact of Retiring Baby Boomers on Nursing Shortage.""
The Journal of Global Health Care Systems, vo. 1, no. 1, 2018, Users/crystaldiva/Downloads/547-Article%20Text-2732-1-10-20181011.pdf. Accessed 1 Nov. 2018.
Annotation 1:
This scholarly journal is about the effects that aging baby boomers, born 1946-1964, will have on the health care system in the United States. Not only do the daily numbers of 65 years olds increase the need for patient care of the elderly, the nursing workforce is also included in the number of aging baby boomers. Baby boomers are the largest demographic in the United States. This article goes on to say that the depleting workforce, because of aging baby boomers, will need to be revitalized. Senators have implemented legislature to address the dwindling nursing workforce with incentives and regulations to induce continuing education and financial incentives to increase nursing numbers.
Richardson has written descriptively about is an approach in seeking to illuminate a subject currently being experienced across the United States. This article is aimed at answering interrogative types of questions, for example: who, what, where, how and why. This is a good article to use in my paper and shows what the contributing factors are to the ever-increasing nursing shortage across the United States.
Citation 2:
Snavely, Timothy M. Data Watch. A Brief Economic Analysis of the Looming Nursing Shortage In the United States. Nursing Economic$, vol. 34, no. 2, Mar. 2016, pp. 98–100. EBSCOhost,search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=hch&AN=114616391&site=ehost-live. Accessed 1 Nov. 2018.
Annotation 2:
This article talks about nursing shortages throughout the years as being cyclical. Additionally, the authors state that the sufficient number of nurses in known as being in a state of ""equilibrium"". In the early 2000's there was an equal ratio of jobs and nurses. In the recession years of 2007-2008 many nurses had to come out of retirement to go back into the workforce for financial reasons; the only wave of employment to increase in these two recession years. Today the two-pronged economic stressor is the approach of aging nurses that are eligible for retirement and the economic security allowing nurses to go into early retirement. Additionally, the aging community requires additional nurses in the workforce to meet the rising demands of the increasing medical requirements.
Another critical contribution factor is that schools are not properly equipped to handle an influx of nursing students. Schools are turning away thousands of students. Stressful and physical job demands also cause early burnout and the attrition rate is high for new nurses.
This is an excellent article to use in my term paper with good statistical information on economic impact and the impact on human resources.
Citation 3:
Pelayo, Lula W. ""Responding to the nursing shortage: collaborations in an innovative paradigm for nursing education."" Nursing Education Perspectives, vol. 34, no. 5, 2013, p. 351+. Academic OneFile, https://link.galegroup.com.ezproxy.saddleback.edu/apps/doc/A345456897/AONE?u=saddleback_col&sid=AONE&xid=de4d849a. Accessed 2 Nov. 2018.
Annotation 3:
Pelayo's article addresses the nursing shortage from the perspective of limited teaching and training facilities. Based in Texas, she discusses the states approach to solving the nursing education issues. Coupled with limited facilities, a large number of nurses are in the baby boomer age group and are ready to retire. Adding to the problem is the decline of nurses under the age of 40. The approaches to training future nurses include adding more simulations and a multi level degree for nurses. Furthermore, Pelayo discusses what the state of Texas has already implemented to increase enrollment for students and how they are creating future educators while simultaneously providing advanced degrees in the nursing programs.
Pelayo's perspective is a shift in thinking about a growing issue. This is an informative paper outlining the details of how one state has addressed the issue of limited medical facilities that are required for proper training and limited teaching faculty. This article has some useful information in providing solutions.
Citation 4
National Advisory Council on Nurse Education and Practice. The Impact of the Nursing Faculty Shortage on Nurse Education and Practice.""
www.hrsa.gov/advisorycommittees/bhpradvisory/nacnep/Reports/ninthreport.pdf
Accessed 14 Nov. 2018.
Annotation 4
This report is written by the National Advisory Council on Nurse Education and Practice. It serves to advise the Secretary of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and the U.S. Congress. This council provides information to the Secretary and Congress regarding nursing issues and practices. This report also addresses the impact that the nurse faculty shortage has on the education of future nurses and their practice. Many experts give their time and recommendations to this council regarding the nursing shortage. The focus of this report is the lack of educators available to a growing number of nurses that will be required to care for the aging population of the United States as well as the amount of the nurse workforce that will also be retiring. An outline of the observed problems within the educational community is provided. Additionally, recruitment problems are numerated and discussed.
I think this is an excellent resource for my paper because of the amount of statistical and analytical information included in the report. There is a large collective of education and experience that has filtered through and processed relevant information regarding this nursing shortage situation.
Citation 5
Gorski, Mary Sue PhD, RN; Gerardi, Tina MS, RN; Giddens, Jean PhD, RN, FAAN; Meyer, Donna MSN, RN; Peters-Lewis, Angelleen PhD, RN. ""Nursing Education Transformation."" ?‚merican Journal of Nursing, vol. 115, no. 4, 2015, journals.lww.com/ajnonline/Fulltext/2015/04000/Nursing_Education_Transformation.26.aspx#. Accessed 14 Nov. 2018.
This article has information on how to address the educational shortfall, which impacts the number of nurses that can be trained. Also, included is how nurses have been typically educated and the structure of the different types of nursing degrees. The authors agree that a new infrastructure should be designed and implemented to meet the increasing demands of qualified nursing. Additionally, included with the discussion of qualifications of the future nurse workforce, this article also raises the subject of how to attract a diversified nurse workforce to meet the demands of ever changing public demographic.
Within this article are practical changes that could be implemented in the current nursing educational system including online and simulation labs.
I think this is an excellent article, which informs and suggests practical changes. The nurses that authored this article are suggesting that a transformed education system for nursing would better produce quality professionals as well as the amount of professionals required. "
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Nursing Educational System. (2019, Nov 18).
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Nurses – Backbone of Future Public Health System
Nurses take on the roles of empowering patients to actually look at their lifestyle and identify how they can care for their own health. It doesn't have to be high tech, or even hugely costly, but getting people involved in active lives in our communities will assist the health promotions and well-being agenda for the future generations to come. Although a nursing shortage has been a chronic disaster for numerous years without the problem being fixed, non-eligible nurses, shortage of educators, and baby boomers have all factored into this shortage immensely increasing the shortage.
People often underrate nurses and the complex education credentials they have to uphold to. According to the statistics of the National Council on State Boards of Nursing (NCSBN) only 84.5% of the 157,882 whole took it passed on the first attempt in 2015. With that said, the other 15.5% failed the National Council Licensure Exam (NCLEX) RN. The test is graded as pass or fail, and although you get a Nursing License and are qualified enough to start working in the hospital, no plague will prepare you for the high stress and critical thinking you have to endure on your own. As they say, it takes a special type of person to become a nurse.
A big problem that is attributing to this shortage is the intense competition getting into nursing programs. The general response to this would be, How would there be a competition getting into nursing schools if there's a high need for nurses? Cable News Network (CNN) Money wrote a story on how in the middle of a nursing shortage, nursing schools are actually rejecting thousands of applicants. While there is a worldwide nursing crisis, applicants that have graduated at the top of their class, some with a 3.5 GPA or better, are getting turned down from nursing schools. As I'm sure you have to pass and score above a certain percent, its shocking to see how lucrative and hard it is to be accepted to further your education to contribute to this disaster. (Kavilanz, 2018)
The struggle to find qualified teachers is also a problem with not only properly training nurses but it limits the nursing school staff which limits potential applicants. According to CNN, The annual national faculty vacancy rate in the nursing program is over 7%. That's about two teachers per nursing school or shortage of 1,565 teachers. This is a very high percentage of nursing schools without enough teachers. It puts enormous stress on the health care system in general. Clearly, there's a supply and demand gap in nursing and nursing teachers and it is likely it will only continue to grow. Not to mention the NCSBS raised the passing standard on the NCLEX further complicating the matter.
Taking a closer look at the reasons behind the faculty shortage there are a complex amount of factors which all have a interconnected role as why such a shortage currently exists. Low salaries is one of the primary drivers why many clinical practices do not pursue to academia. Older age of faculty and their pending time of retirement also play a role. The workload of faculty is a problem when its constantly changing, many faculty feel they are not meeting the role expectations.
According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), demand for registered nurses is expected to increase by 16 percent from 2014 to 2024. This rise will add an additional 439,300 job opportunities for nurses. (Bradley, 2016) So, why is this prediction so precise? This prediction of the fall of our healthcare comes from the aging baby boomer population. Approximately 75 million people, who fall into the category of having a birth rate following the World War II are considered to be baby boomers. The baby boomers are heavily influencing the health care system and the nursing profession. Hypertension, high cholesterol, obesity and diabetes all challenge nurses to provide more critical and invasive care to ensure this generation to live longer. (Bradley, 2016)
On the same hand, the older the generation is getting, the lower the jobs are becoming. While we already have this relevant problem of nursing, the demand of nursing is intensified by the aging baby boomers. Nurses considering retirement are two-thirds of baby boomers. This seems to be an unending cycle. As there are not enough spots for nurses to fill, some employed nurses are soon to be resigning from their nursing position which causes even more of a shortage.
The harm to the healthcare industry goes beyond the numbers. The loss of this intellectual asset may be acutely felt in terms of quality of care and patient satisfaction. To withstand this loss, healthcare administrators need help in preparing for the nursing workforce of the future. The survey found that nursing education roles will be hit hard by the retirement surge, which could impact the ability to educate incoming nurses who will replace those who retire. Numerous factors play into this problem because without experienced nurses to educate and gain knowledge from prevents potential new nurses from gaining experience and becoming an effective nurse. You can't become a successful, life saving nurse a priori, and just expect to know what to do in every instance in real life, you have to observe other nurses and doctors. You gain knowledge watching other people work to know how to treat patients and how to communicate effectively.
What are things our healthcare can do to prepare for this shortage? Healthcare is constantly evolving, and nursing advancements must continue to include changes in the technology used to support it. Currently at the forefront of healthcare is the need to be ready for the aging population of baby boomers (a generation of people born 1946-1964). Because health deterioration affects more people over the age of 65, the healthcare infrastructure must adapt to this diverse groups needs. Mannheim's Sociology of Generations, a book written by Jane Pilcher, analysis the problem of generations and the rhythm to it. She states, He maintains that attempts to discover the 'rhythm of history' can be achieved only through research into the 'nearer and more transparent fabric of social processes' and their influence on the phenomenon of generations, since 'any biological rhythm must work itself out through the medium of social events. I think this is a very relevant concept because this shortage has been a long going with no or very little effort to fix this problem. People should start analysing our society as a whole in relation to chronic disasters to potentially fix these problems.
Even though there are challenges adjusting to any new advances in healthcare, the world's current fast paced current technological advancements mold well with the successfully and timely inclusion of necessary requirements for managing this boomer generation. According to Shiftwizard, nursing officer Shane Parker offers his own solutions to overcoming this shortage. One of them being accommodating schedules to professional nurses. He states, Achieving and maintaining a personal and professional life balance is often difficult for nurses, and nurse leaders can improve nurse recruitment by offering altered schedules for nurses that better accommodate both their personal and professional needs. This could be an effective solution because some potential nurses who are interested in the health field simply can't because of their background and schedule. For instance, a single mother of 3 children can't simply work 12 hour shifts as she has to transport and take care of her kids. The ability of offering flexible shifts can easily draw in more nurses and gain satisfaction.
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Nurses - Backbone of Future Public Health System. (2019, Nov 18).
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Nursing Shortage and Turnover
Modern healthcare is rife with challenges. Nursing leaders and managers are tasked with the smooth operation and maintain safe nurse to patient ratios. In the healthcare field, nursing leaders and managers face constant fluctuations that force them to alter their thinking and the way in which they work. Nursing leaders and managers are responsible for ensuring staff satisfaction, patient satisfaction, budgetary concerns, and patient safety. Nursing leaders are tasked with more than ever before and are required to do more and be responsible for more with less. Nursing leaders are challenged to work with fewer employees, fewer resources while being held to higher standards. It is no wonder in today's healthcare climate nursing shortage and staff turnover remain a huge problem that looks to be an issue for years to come.
Today's healthcare environment, the issues of nurse shortage and nurse turnover has the ability to alter the healthcare delivery system if not dealt with properly by healthcare administrators, leaders, and department managers. In viewing the issue at hand and in discovering how nursing leaders and managers are expected to act, and do act, in order to approach this issues, along with pinpointing the best approach possible to aid this issue, one can better understand which leadership styles are necessary for leaders to function. Dealing with Nurse Shortage and Nurse Turnover with Approach and Theory In viewing the issue at hand, it must be noted that the nurse shortage in the United States is not expected to stop any time soon. While the phrase "nurse shortage" has been mentioned for years in the U.S., with the nurse shortage expected to peak in 2020, the median age of nurses standing at 46 with 50% of them close to retirement, and a vast increase in Americans over the age of 65, healthcare managers and nursing leaders are finding it tougher than ever to administer assistance to the hundreds of thousands of individuals in the country in need of medical assistance (ANA, 2012, pp.1).
Such a shortage and the high rate of turnover that exists in this country has the ability to drastically reduce the standard of care in the country, as there are more and more patients that need to be treated by a dwindling workforce. However, while this is a possibility, nursing leaders and management exist to ensure that this type of drop in standards does not occur, as such a lapse cannot occur without the country's healthcare system falling even further into the challenge. Alternately, it is the task of leaders and management to deal with this problem by instituting new approaches to ensure that the standard of care within the country does not drop and nurses are utilized to the best standards without overworking them in an effort to increase care standards and employment standards simultaneously.
While leadership and management are often viewed as synonymous in the eyes of many individuals, the truth remains that the two are indeed different and bring with them different sets of qualities and responsibilities. Leadership is a process whereby individual influences a group of individuals to achieve a common goal while management takes on a more distinct set of responsibilities in that managers are generally much more task-oriented rather than goal oriented (Ricketts, 2009, pp.3).
References
American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author. Daresh, J. C. (2004). Beginning the assistant principalship: A practical guide for new school administrators. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin. Herbst-Damm, K. L., & Kulik, J. A. (2005). Volunteer support, marital status, and survival times of terminally ill patients. Health Psychology, 24, 225-229. doi:10.1037/0278-6133.24.2.225 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. (2003). Managing asthma: A guide for schools (NIH Publication No. 02-2650). Retrieved from https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/ health/prof/asthma/asth_sch.pdf
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Symbolism and Motifs in the Awakening
Kate Chopin uses symbolism and motifs in The Awakening as a way for Edna Pontellier to recognize her individuality and identity. In Chopin's novel, the sea is the most important and relevant motif, it represents freedom and uses personal traits that it is given to guide Edna to her transformation, as she forms relationships and tries new hobbies. Edna's connection with the sea allows the reader to have a better understanding of her awakening and how she breaks through her societal role, as a mother and wife.
Edna and the sea didn't have an instant connection, she would ride boats casually and admire the oceans beauty constantly but only from a distance. The sea would try and entice Edna to explore the ocean and it's unknown importance to her, by using one of its personal traits. Choppin gave the ocean personal qualities, a voice and a specific smell, in hopes make it easier for Edna to trust it and what it holds. The voice of the sea is seductive, never ceasing, whispering, clamoring, murmuring, inviting the soul to wander in abysses of solitude to lose itself in mazes of inward contemplation (12). Choppin gives the sea a voice which Edna responds back to The voice of the sea speaks to the soul (12), she understands the ocean is trying to tell her something but is not sure what, making it more intriguing. When she does experience the sea, she admits to feeling a certain ungovernable dread...when in the water, unless there was a hand nearby that might reach out and reassure her (Choppin, 24). She grew insecure, not only about the water but about her life in general. She was relying on someone to help push her when it comes to facing her fears, she needed to learn how to be on her own in the ocean. The start of her awakening begins on the beach with Robert Lebrun, their relationship is exciting and new, especially compared to the way she feels about her husband and their relationship. These thoughts about her current life lead her to analyze her whole life and who she is, this starts to worry her and makes her recognize the possibilities she has.
As summer went on Edna found herself spending most of her time with Robert, they would chat all day about anything, they learned a lot about each other and enjoyed one another's presence. Robert was aware of how badly Edna wanted to learn how to swim, so he arranged swimming lessons for her and she would go. Thanks to Robert these lessons encouraged Edna to learn how to swim and introduced her to her awakening, A feeling of exulation overtook her, as if some power of significant import had been given to her to control the working of her body and her soul. She grew daring and reckless, overestimating her strength... (24). Once Edna recognized how freedom felt, she didn't want to turn back, this was the feeling she had been waiting for and she knew there were more if she was willing to set herself free. As she continues to swim she notices she has to turn around because she physically can't go any further, this makes her think about the restrictions that she has in her life as a woman. But to her unaccustomed vision the stretch of water behind her assumed the aspect of a barrier which her unaided strength would never be able to overcome (24), Society expected her to play different two roles and preform them well, she knew she was not the model creole wife, who dedicated their entire beings to taking care of their children and devotion to their husbands. Madame Ratignolle was the ideal creole woman, she centered her life around her family, her lifestyle and opinions clashed with Edna's desire for independency. Instead she is inspired by Mademoiselle Reisz,, who was unmarried, had no children, and spends her waking moment playing the piano. Edna is one of the only people who appreciates the music she preforms at the Grand Isle, they form a great relationship, Edna's desire for independency continues to grow as she watches Mademoiselle Reisz take pride in being an artist and own her own.
Edna began to feel like one who awakens gradually out of a dream, a delicious, grotesque, impossible dream, to feel again the realities pressing into her soul. The physical need for sleep began to overtake her... Edna arose, cramped from lying so long and still in the hammock. She tottered up the steps, clutching feebly at the post before passing into the house (27). Edna had been relaxing in that hammock for some time, only for Leonce to interrupt and ask that she come inside multiple times only to be shut down. Normally she would've gotten up without even thinking twice about it, she was so used to be on his leash and granting his wishes but her ocean experience changed her. She questioned how she let herself obey him for so long, she was aware that her stubbornness irritated him but didn't let it bother her. When she got up from the hammock she felt as if she were on another planet, dismissing her husbands commands and sticking up for herself when she recognizes the way he talks to her. Edna is forming her new identity that is true to who she is and what she believes, the next day Edna declared that She was blindly following whatever impulse moved her, as if she had placed herself in alien hands for direction, and freed her soul from responsibility (28) this meant she was going to start doing whatever her heart desired and doing that she started spending more time with Robert.
When Robert decides to leave for Mexico with little explanation or any emotion, Edna is destroyed inside, she knew what she felt for him and she thought he felt the same way. His departure gives Edna time to herself and allows her to think, little did he know she was thinking about him a lot of the time he was gone. She was confused, hurt, and felt alone. She isolated all of her feelings to everyone except Madameoiselle Reisz who communicates with Robert by letters while he is away which Edna takes part in and reads whenever Robert writes to her. To keep herself busy she spent time with Madameoiselle Reisz and Madame Ratignolle, she became interested in art and taught herself how to sketch and paint, and her new hangout spot was the race tracks. While she is there a man by the name of Alc©e Arobin joins her, he keeps her company while her husband is away, Edna doesn't think anything of it at first. She is invested in Robert and is still married. But Alc©e is not worried, he makes a habit out of going after married woman, they spend time together and have sexual intercourse but Edna doesn't let him have control of her. Robert returns from Mexico to confess his love for Edna only to announce he is leaving forever. Edna is destroyed, thus looking into the sea for the same feeling she received the first time. The touch of the sea is sensuous (100) the ocean is talked about as if it were a person throughout the whole novel, Edna goes to the sea to feel free and the way it feels makes her feel good about herself but this time she didn't stop swimming. She could not get the same feeling as she did before, she was sad and alone, during all of this she thought of her family and how they would feel, Mademoiselle Reisz and how she would laugh about this, and Robert of course, and how he didn't understand. She remembered the night she swam far out and recalled and the terror that seized her at the fear of being unable to regain the shore, she did not look back now, but went on and on, thinking of the blue grass meadow that she had traversed when a little child, believing that it had no beginning and no end (100).
The sea helped Edna realize her individuality by almost being used as a person to represent the freedom Edna was desperate for. It had personal traits, such as a voice, specific smell, and the way it could seduce Edna. Once Robert leaves, Edna acts just as society wants her to, she feels unwanted and depressed because the man she is in love with left her convincing herself she has nothing and then commits suicide. The ocean helped guide Edna into her awakening by using personal traits and showing Edna a new world, by introducing her to the feeling of being free.
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Main Character in Kate Chopin’s the Awakening
Kate Chopin's The Awakening is about Edna Pontellier, a younger married woman who begins a journey of self discovery. The novella is coated with the theme of freedom and the consequences it brings. Set in the 1800s, The Awakening takes place in both New Orleans and Grand Isle, where the Pontellier family lives and vacations respectively. While vacationing one summer, Edna Pontellier falls for Robert Lebrun. Robert is a young man who picks a woman every summer to devote himself to. The Awakening by Kate Chopin uses vivid characterization of Edna, foreshadowing, and a metaphor to explore her theme of freedom and its consequences Thru Chopin's use of very vivid character details, you are able to understand Edna's want for freedom, though initially suppressed. As an article called The Awakening put it, Edna does not fit in with the Grand Isle crowd. She is the only person at the hotel who is not a Creole, and she is embarrassed by the Creole society's openness on subjects such as sex and childbirth (The Awakening).
The article speaks of early in the book, when Edna is still reluctant to reveal her true wants and desires. This detail in her character is the main one throughout The Awakening that is explored, that of her expanding openness to new or suppressed ideas, leading to her discovery of freedom and the strings attached to said freedom. The same article also explained that The more L©once chastises Edna for her shortcomings, the more resentful she becomes until she finally dismisses his complaints altogether (The Awakening).
Edna only develops this trait later on in the book, after Grand Isle. Essentially, she becomes so unsuppressed in how she acts, that she comes off as blunt and will outright ignore the things that she does not like to hear because she is free to do so. Edna starts off as the previously mentioned shy type, but over time develops into the open and blunt person of later in the book. In her metamorphosis however, Edna falls victim to the allure of infinite freedom, but fails to see the consequences of that. Critic Suzanne Green said that Edna, while initially drawn to the ocean, but physically unable to go, is finally pulled in by the tragically same allure of the same ocean on Grand Isle and ultimately dies as a result (Green).
Edna sees only the ocean and the freedom from mortal toil that it brings, and sees not the pain and consequences that such freedom would bring her. In a quote by John Glendining, he states, Pontellier does not yet understand that she has awakened to a radically new sense of herself, albeit an incomplete one, and thus has jettisoned many of the respectable ideas and behaviors, no longer compatible, she once uncritically accepted (Glendining).
Glendining hopes to show that Edna is fully intent on this new persona that she has created out of the husk of her old self. A new person that is intent on freedom at any cost, even costs that may hurt her family or loved ones, the beginning of which is seen at the first Grand Isle trip with Robert but does not fully take form until later. In addition to her use of vivid details about characters, and her use of subtle foreshadowing, Chopin also uses metaphors, specifically one, to help convey her theme. The specific metaphor is one spoken by Mademoiselle Reisz about a bird. The metaphor is, The bird that would soar above the level plain of tradition and prejudice must have strong wings. It is a sad spectacle to see the weakling bruised, exhausted, fluttering back to earth (Chopin 138).
This metaphor is particularly important, as a sequel to this metaphor is said by Chopin at the end of the book when Edna kills herself, it shows that if one wishes to overcome the societal standards then one must have tenacity and desire to break said standards. As previously stated, an epilogue is provided to this metaphor in the quote, A bird with a broken wing was beating the 3 air above, reeling, fluttering, circling disabled down, down to the water (Chopin 188).
This callback to the previous incarnation of this metaphor shows what the original was referencing, Edna as the bird that failed at struggling. Finally, the overarching theme of The Awakening is that of freedom and its subsequent consequences, the consequences that ultimately were Edna cutting ties and committing suicide at the place that she so loved and first awakened at. Freedom is something that is longed for, Edna did her best to suppress this sensation but ends up allowing it to run rampant. Peter Ramos stated in a criticism that he wrote, Edna's refusal finally to dedicate herself to an identity or creatively transform one for herself is a particular failure, one that ends in suicide. (Ramos).
Because of Edna's new, destructive attitude, she inadvertently hurts herself while she believes she is helping herself gain freedom and independence. Telgen and Hile, once again, stated in their article that, Edna wants to be liberated, but she also needs love and appreciation. She desires the freedom to make her own choices and to determine her own direction. Unfortunately, she finds that society not just her marriage is too restrictive to allow her to do these things. Her new-found freedom is short lived. (The Awakening). Edna is shown not only as being self-destructive, but also shown as being self-destructive for only a short time before the freedom that she so desired consumed her and caused her to take her life.
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Main Character In Kate Chopin's The Awakening. (2019, Nov 15).
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An Overview of the Awakening Novel
Major Events/summary
- Leonce comes home to his wife and kids. He checks on his kids who are asleep, and he finds that one of them has a fever. He returns to his wife to tell her, but Edna insists that he was fine before he went to bed. Leonce then tells her that she is neglecting her children and he says, “If it was not a mothers place to look after children, who’s on earth was it?” later on she cries because she feels “An indescribable oppression…”
- After Leonce left for business Robert asks Edna if she would go swimming with him. At first, she says no but after his persistence she agrees, and they go swimming together. She later feels that “A certain light was beginning to dawn dimly within her...” which showed her what had made her cry earlier
- Edna and her friend Adele go to the beach and Edna remembers when she used to have crushes on multiple men. She tells Adele that there is no passion in her relationship with her husband Leonce.
- When Adele leaves the beach with Robert, she tells him not to pursue Edna anymore because she thinks that Edna will take it seriously. Robert is hurt by Adele’s comment that he shouldn’t be taken seriously.
- Edna goes to a party where Mademoiselle Reisz plays piano. Edna is moved to tears and Reisz tells her that she is the only one that really enjoyed her music.
- Everyone at the party goes out to swim. Edna who doesn’t know how to swim, swims out into the sea and swims back for the first time. (foreshadowing)
- Robert leaves for Mexico leaving Edna who finds that she has feelings for Robert.
- Edna goes to Mademoiselle Reisz’s house and learns that Robert has written her letters about Edna.
- Edna’s father visits and they go to the horse races where they meet Alcee Arobin
- Edna decides that she wants to move into a smaller house by herself. She tells her husband and he disapprove of her idea, yet she still moves.
- Edna and Alcee become very close but to Edna the relationship is only physical. Edna feels like she has cheated Robert
- Edna goes to meet Reisz, but she isn’t there. Robert shows up at Reisz house and tells her that he has been home for a couple of days. They spend some time together but its awkward. Arobin shows up at Edna’s house and Robert leaves.
- Robert and Edna meet up once again by accident at a restaurant. They go home together and kiss, but Edna is forced to leave because her friend Adele is about to give birth. Robert says the he will wait for her, but when she comes back, he is gone.
- Edna goes to the beach to swim although it is much too cold. She swims far out into the sea and drowns. Setting The Awakening takes place in the late nineteenth century in New Orleans. The society she lives among has a certain standard for women. Women are expected to put the needs of their children and husband before their own. The atmosphere of the story feels melancholy and pitiful because of how things consistently seem to not go Edna’s way.
Characters
Edna Pontellier-The main character and protagonist in The Awakening. Edna is a middle-aged woman who seems to be unhappy with her relationship with her husband Leonce, whom she has two kids with.
Leonce Pontellier- Antagonist in The Awakening. Leonce is a business man, and Edna Pontellier’s husband. He realizes that his wife is distant and isn’t like the average “mother-woman”. Leonce seems to constantly be away on business trips.
Adele Ratignolle- Edna’s best friend. Adele is seen as the perfect “mother-woman”. Adele is Edna’s opposite.
Robert Lebrun- Edna’s love interest. Robert is known for fawning over a different woman each summer. Robert fawns over Edna but his feeling seem to be more sincere. Robert helps inspire Edna’s “awakening”.
Mademoiselle Reisz- Musician that Edna looks up to. Edna is inspired by Reisz and is moved to tears when she plays piano. Robert writes letters to Reisz about his feelings for Edna which is Enda’s only way of hearing from Robert. Reisz is my favorite character because she portrays an artistic, independent women.
Alcee Arobin- Another love interest of Edna’s. Edna met Alcee at the horse races. Alcee has a bad reputation with married women. Alcee and Edna create a relationship together but for Edna its purely physical and she has no feelings for him.
Doctor Mandelet- The doctor Leonce goes to when he begins to worry about his wife’s strange actions.
Conflict
The Conflict in The Awakening is partly internal and partly external. The major conflict that the main character, Edna Pontellier, faces is the conflict of societies standards of a women vs. what Edna wishes to do with her life. Through the story, Edna isn’t portrayed as a normal woman. During this time in the story, women were to care for their children and worship their husbands, but Edna starts to feel as though she doesn’t want to live as the ideal women. Her husband sees this and tries to put a stop to it through medical help, but it is no use. Edna also must battle herself and chose between her urges and what she knows is supposed to be done.
At the end of the book, when Edna drowns herself in the sea, it is apparent that she could find no other way to solve her conflict, and the conflict is left unresolved. Reaction I overall didn’t really enjoy the book because of it’s depressing atmosphere. Although I didn’t like the book I did like the portrayal of Edna as a woman that doesn’t fit into societies standards and the morals the book shows of how forcing someone to be something that don’t want to be could be harmful. I probably would not recommend this author to anyone just based off of the experience I’ve had from this book. I don’t really think this book was meant for someone of my age group or grade level, and that may have played into my lack of enjoyment.
Overall, I thought that the book was confusing sometimes with the amount of detail, and some of the events that played out. I also think some of the themes were confusing because they were meant for a more mature audience.
Questions
- In the story Edna is offered help by a doctor to come and talk to him. Edna never takes him up on his offer and instead kills herself. I’m not sure of the reasoning behind that.
- Edna confesses that her marriage to Leonce was an accident. Why would she rush into marriage after being interested in multiple men?
- Why doesn’t Edna come clean to her husband about how she feels in their relationship?
- Why does Edna continue to have and affair with Alcee even though she has feelings for Robert and feels as though she is cheating on him?
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An Overview Of The Awakening Novel. (2019, Nov 15).
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Sea as a Major Symbol in the Awakening
Throughout the novel, The Awakening, the protagonist, Edna Pontellier, has a revival in which she desires for her freedom and individuality. Kate Chopin uses the sea to symbolize this in Edna within the victorian society, where it's viewed as wrong for a woman to express herself outside of the traditional gender role. Unfortunately, Edna had to come to a realization for the limitations in her life. The sea abled Edna for the discovery of her desires and freedom within her female role as a mother and wife. She was able to emerge through a state of spiritual awareness within the sea in which the body of water represented freedom, self discovery, and escape.
Prior to the story, through the literature's perspective, a body of water was commonly used in order to express hardships and life. Edna struggled to fit into the patriarchal society in which she rebelled to the social norms. Danger and beauty was the first outlook of the ocean. Early in the story's development, it was stated that The voice of the sea speaks to her soul, which stimulated her senses. Edna Pontellier was able to become more self aware of herself as well as more aware of her desires. Her dreadful fear of the ocean later became a more senseful outlook for her. Edna constructed a new divergent perspective of the sea and the compelling force in her life. As Edna's relationship with the ocean becomes more intimate, Edna later becomes more hungry for discovering her inner feelings within the sea. The sea was a big benefactor to Edna's transformation from a girl who obeyed all social norms, to a rebelling girl who followed what she thought was right which ultimately broke all the gender norms.
The sea was also used to show the fine line between the sea and Edna's independence. While it was physically difficult for Edna to go out into the ocean, her mental state held her back even more. When she was finally able to swim out and come to a realization of how deep she went, she was able to take full control of her body. Her sudden terror of how far out she was, showed that without the sea's help, she may have not been able to venture out and go out as far. From the text, "...A feeling of exultation overtook her, as if some power of significant import had been given her to control the working of her body and her soul. She grew daring and reckless, overestimating her strength, her body was able to experience the full capability of moving freely (Chopin 36). It was very clear that when she was able to learn how to swim and venture out, she also took her first step out to independence.
The sea also represented solitude and escape in the end for Edna. When she was no longer able to survive through her duty of mother and wife in the victorian society, death was brought upon as the only aspect of her life that she was able to take complete control over. The ocean in the end was her final escape from society. She was able to escape her reality within the ocean in where she looked beyond pain and suffering. In the beginning of the story, the readers were told that Edna was struggling to reconcile her relationship with Robert, herself, and Mr.Pontellier. Edna's infatuation implicated much pain onto her. She ended with, She did not look back now, but went on and on, thinking of the bluegrass meadow that she had traversed when a little child, believing that it had no beginning and no end (Chopin 351). Her suicide through the sea was more than just to show her breaking point, but it was indeed her stepping stone to which she held onto her values till the day she died.
To conclude, Edna emerged through a state of spiritual awareness through the sea. Kate Chopin used the sea in order to convey the deeper meaning on the effect of Edna in the victorian society. While Edna struggled to fit into the patriarchal society, through the rebellion of social norms, as mother and wife, the sea helped uncover the power of upbringing. It allowed her to uncover her independence and self desires through self discovery as well as her escape through suicide. By breaking traditional roles, Edna was able to take control of her future. She is an inspiration and by breaking social and gender norms, it had an effect on the whole story line. Edna was never able to find the happy side of being mother and wife and staying in the social norms but through the sea, she was able to pursue her infatuation with Robert and staying true to herself.
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Students Loans are Like Stalkers
Students loans are like stalkers because they follow everywhere you go. Students drop out of college because of costs and have no way to support a living and going to school. Students should to get loan relief during bankruptcy processes because some did not understand the consequences at young a young age, they could become economically productive being able to buy any necessities they need, and they could drop out of school because they cannot afford to stay.
Education is America's number one path for a brighter future and if our students cannot afford it, then why are surprised about so many people having no careers. Students should go to school because it is very important for their future however to prevent them from dropping out or not going at all the government should make tuition cheaper or help students pay it off. Many students come go to college and drop within a few semesters because they can afford to support themselves and go to college. For example, Jasmine Johnson was in college and her loans grew up to $65,000. She was really close to getting her degree but because she could not afford to pay all her debts she had to drop out and work. Later, she enrolled again but not too long after she dropped out again because she could not keep up with college and a full-time job (Swidey 1).
Student debts are one of the biggest reason for drop outs in college. Most of the college students' graduate college owing $25,000 in student's debts and majority of them fail paying it off and in 2015 the student loans rose up to $35,000 (Price). Students fall behind on their payment which gives them fees and then they have to pay even more. They need to support themselves somehow but with all the debts they have it is impossible. Students could be more economically productive by buying other things and adding to the economy through consumer purchasing.
When they have loans, there is no way for them to spend any extra money. Studies show that in 2015 more than half college graduates postpone buying homes, cars and put off getting married (Humphreys 2). They should not have to delay getting married or buying things that are necessary for living. Shap Smith says "I'm a lawyer and my wife's a doctor We have been saving for college since our kids were three months old, and we can't make it, so how can others who are less fortunate," and that is true, how can a student that is working part time, maybe even a full-time job getting paid minimum wage able to afford to pay off tuition. "Student debt and college affordability have emerged as top campaign issues," and yet we do little or nothing at all to try to fix it.
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Student Loan Levels
Student Loan Levels in the United States Student loans have risen significantly in recent years. In this paper, we explore some of the reasons for this occurrence, the issues associated with the occurrence, and potential solutions to the problem. Rising Costs of College From what has been researched, the key reason why college tuition cost has been increasing over the past years lies within the explanation of supply and increasing demand. In other words, more students requires or leads to more money. Bestvalueschools states: Contrary to narratives featuring price gouging higher education institutions, much of the high price of higher education is a simple matter of supply and artificially inflated demand. The availability of student loans, and the expectation ever more prevalent over the last half century that most kids have a chance of attending college have provided colleges with a glut of applications.
In earlier years, government aid after WWII helped colleges to adjust to increasing demand, building new buildings, creating programs, recruiting talent. In recent decades, however, demand has continued to rise without as much government aid to help with college growth. It appears that after WWII demand has continued to rise, and the government has decreased its assistance to college growth, which has has increased costs and loans. In addition, Bestvalueschools adds in 1970 As the economy and double-digit inflation took hold, college tuition and fees climbed rapidly to match or exceed inflation. Government programs weren't prepared for the rise in education costs, and the federal grant programs began to shift to subsidized loan programs ( para 8). The increasing demand leads to rising costs. We will see how significantly student loans have risen in response to these rising costs. STUDENT LOAN LEVELS IN THE US 3 Increasing Debt Levels Student loan debt has risen significantly in recent years.
The federal government is by far the largest lender of student loans, responsible for 89 percent of outstanding student debt for 2017 to 2018, so we will focus our analysis on federal loan statistics (Total Federal and Nonfederal Loans Over Time, 2018). According to the Federal Student Aid Office of the U.S. Department of Education, total student loans??”both federal and private??”outstanding in 2007 stood at $516 billion. By the third quarter of 2018, there was $1,412 billion in total outstanding student loans. Assuming outstanding student loans stay at that same level for the rest of the year, that difference represents a 174 percent increase over the past twelve years and an average yearly increase of 8.57 percent (Federal student loans portfolio summary, 2018).
In comparison, the national debt has increased by an average yearly rate of roughly 7.5 percent since 2007, assuming the national debt does not grow any more this year (Historical debt outstanding, 2018). The number of federal student loan borrowers has also increased from 28.3 million in 2007 to 42.2 million at the end of the third quarter of 2018, an increase of 49.12 percent (Federal student loans portfolio summary, 2018). The fact that outstanding debt has risen faster than the number of borrowers implies that borrowers have increased their borrowings over time; that is the case. The amount of funds owed by borrowers who owe forty thousand dollars or less has actually decreased by $5.7 billion, or 1.18 percent, since the second quarter of 2017, compared to a two percent drop in the number of those who owed forty thousand dollars or less.
However, student loan debt has risen by $12.5 billion, or 3.57 percent, among those who owe between forty and eighty thousand dollars since the second quarter of 2017 (along with a 3.23 percent increase in the number of borrowers), and STUDENT LOAN LEVELS IN THE US 4 student debt has risen by $69.3 billion, or 13.69 percent, among those who owe more than eighty thousand dollars (along with a 11.43 percent increase in the number of borrowers). Debt has risen at the highest rate among borrowers who owe more than two hundred thousand dollars. That group has experienced a 21.08 percent increase in debt levels since the second quarter of 2017, and the number of borrowers in that category has increased by over 16 percent (Federal students loans portfolio by debt size, 2018). As time has passed, more people are taking out larger student loans or increasing their previous student loan balances.
How do these changes affect delinquency rates? For the following statistics, we will study a certain federal student loan portfolio, the Direct Loan Portfolio, between 2013 and the third quarter of 2018. Since 2013, this portfolio has seen a 96.06 percent increase in outstanding loans (Federal student loans portfolio summary, 2018). Outstanding loans attributed to those who are keeping up with payments has increased by 179.33 percent over the same period. Outstanding loans that are 31-90 days delinquent and 91-180 days delinquent have increased 131.55 percent and 147.62 percent, respectively. Outstanding loans that are further behind in payments have also seen significant balance increases, although the balances are increasing at a lower rate than the rate at which the portfolio as a whole is growing.
Those loans which are 181-270 days delinquent have increased 83.82 percent since 2013 and loans which are 271-360 days delinquent have increased 78.95 percent over the same period (Federal student loans by delinquency status, 2018). These are some troubling developments, although it does not appear a disaster is imminent in this portfolio. Although it is better for the 31-180 day delinquent category to grow faster than categories of loans that have been delinquent for longer, it is never good for any STUDENT LOAN LEVELS IN THE US 5 delinquency rates to rise considerably faster than the portfolio as a whole, let alone rise at any significant rate.
Also, although delinquency rates for loans that are 181-360 days delinquent are lower than the rate of growth in the portfolio, the rates are still high. It is possible that the high delinquency rates in the more recent delinquencies may indicate future transfers of loans to the 181-360 day delinquent categories, which would indicate that borrowers are becoming increasingly unable to pay back their debts. However, there are positive indicators as well. The amount of loans that are being paid back on schedule still comprise almost 86 percent of the portfolio. Loans which are over a year delinquent are transferred to a debt management and collection system, and the amount of outstanding funds is the system is currently $1 billion, or a mere .16 percent of the total portfolio (Federal student loans by delinquency status, 2018). In addition, the economy would be able to handle a worst case scenario of widespread default in student debt better than it handled the mortgage crisis because most of the loans are owed to the federal government, not private banks. Nevertheless, student loan debt is a major problem, especially given the fact that lenders are finding that many people they lend to struggle to pay back the debt. Risky Lending Why did it become so risky for lenders in the student loans markets? Studies have shown an increase in the number of students who dropout of school and never repay their loans.
It should be noted, however, that the figure of students who do not find work after graduating also include those trying to pursue higher education. Student loans are being issued at unprecedented rates as more American students are trying to obtain higher education. However, the cost of tuition at both private and public STUDENT LOAN LEVELS IN THE US 6 institutions is touching all-time highs, and interest rates on student loans are rising. Students are spending more time working instead of studying. Experts and analysts worry that the next generation of graduates could default on their loans at even higher rates than now. Federal student loan debt currently has the highest 90+ day delinquency rate of all household debt.
More than 1 in 10 borrowers is at least 90 days delinquent, while mortgages and auto-loans have a 1.1 percent and 4 percent delinquency rate, respectively. The cost of borrowing has also risen over the last two years. Undergraduates saw interest on direct subsidized and unsubsidized loans jump to 5 percent this year??”the highest rate since 2009??”while students seeking graduate and professional degrees now face a 6.6 percent interest rate, according to the U.S. Department of Education. Because loans and interest rates are rising, finding solutions to this problem is more important than ever. Potential Solutions It is easy to assume that because of the enormity of student loan debt in the US that there must be an equally enormous solution to solve the problem. Many believe that governments or employers must be responsible for bailouts or employment benefits to cover debt or payments. There are arguments to be made for those, but there is a simpler solution and it is at the individual level. Simply put, the main reason that college tuitions and debt keep rising, beyond the systemic reasons already discussed, is that students and their parents keep paying them no matter how high they go.
Therefore, making better financial decisions individually and teaching others to do the same will do more in the long term then waiting for someone else. After all, it is individuals who make decisions. While the following tips will not solve the problems as quickly as some may prefer, they can help the whole nation in the long term. STUDENT LOAN LEVELS IN THE US 7 The first and most obvious option for some is to follow scholarships. If one school offers a student a full ride and another only offers a partial scholarship the first school is the better choice all other things being equal. Scholarships are not readily available to all students, however, so other considerations must be made. One consideration for many could be to choose an instate public university rather than going out of state or to a private school. A similar and even less expensive option is a community college for two years and then transfer to a larger university, as long as the credits transfer. Another option for those who are not sure what they want to do is to take a gap year. A gap year is simply taking a year off after high school or between college years to work and gain perspective about where one wants to go in life. This can sometimes be discouraged by many in our world today who believe that college is a ticket to success in life and career.
This sentiment is well intended, but how wise is it to recommend someone undertake a six-figure investment when they don't have a clear goal for themselves? Further, some may realize that college is not right for them. Between fiscal year 2015 and 2016 approximately 3.9 million borrowers dropped out of college (The Hechinger Report 2017).
Taking that gap year can help those that decide trade schools are a better fit avoid taking that loan only to drop out and help those who do enroll in a college save up to reduce their debt and have a clear picture of their goal. The most significant factor in making a wise educational investment, in the opinion of your authors, is choosing the right degree field. Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields top the list for starting salary earnings. Liberal arts and social sciences such as philosophy, literature, and education rank near the bottom by comparison (Strauss 2017).
Young students are frequently told from the outset to follow their passions but STUDENT LOAN LEVELS IN THE US 8 are unfortunately not told to do so in a financially responsible way. Along with the cost saving alternatives of choosing less expensive schools, choosing degree fields with better employment opportunities at graduation will help students be able to make the payments they have. There are factors beyond the financial that affect the educational choices students make. We still believe that students should pursue the careers they are passionate about, attend a school they like, and enjoy their college experience. It is our hope that along the way more students will make better financial decisions in their education and stop sacrificing long-term financial freedom and earnings for the sake of a short-term college experience. There is much more to life than finances to be sure, but a greater degree financial freedom is more beneficial to chasing one's goals than a lesser one.
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Student Loan Levels. (2019, Nov 15).
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The Average Student
Do you want to spend 20 years of your life paying off your student loans? If you could have a chance to pay for college with cash, would you take it? If you save up the money throughout your life, you can be debt free and making profit after you graduate from college. It's the perfect alternative due to the fact that you won't be in debt, and you'll have money to use for important events and even the small things that you want in life.
The average student loan debt for the class of 2017 is $39,000. There are endless reasons as to why student loans can hinder your life goals. For example, are you thinking about going to graduate school? The average undergraduate accumulates over $30,000 in student loans, therefore not being able to take out another large loan for the next step in their education. This debt will be following you around like a cloud above your head if you don't pay it off. It doesn't just disappear from your life, it'll stay there until you've paid every single dollar off.
One of the most important reasons to think about not taking out student loans is the fact that interest rates may be extremely high. Interest rates on student loans are much higher than most other types of loans.
Most of the interest rates vary between 5 and 6%, with private loans ranging from 2.5%-12%. That's three times the rate of the average mortgage, and close to the average credit card. According to Nikelle Murphy, Federal student loans are now capped with fixed rates, which takes some of the guesswork out of how much you'll actually be paying. However, the annual percentage can still change from year to year. What this means is that the loans you take out during your senior year of college could still have a higher interest rate than the money you borrowed freshman year. (Murphy). As a college student, it's hard to find a well paying job while trying to study and get an education, so it is very unlikely that you'll be able to pay off the loan before the interest rates start rising.
Although, it can be threatening to your financial situation, many believe that student loan debt is a good type of debt. Because of the fact that you are using the money wisely to acquire an education, most people who side with this aspect find the money worth it. You also learn how to pay off loans, which should be a good skill to have, just in case you ever have a situation in life when you need to. Being able to pay off your student loans on time can actually raise your credit score as well, therefore making you look like a responsible borrower according to the lenders.
In conclusion, debt is never a way to have money disappear. It'll stay with you until you pay it off. College loans are one of the biggest loans that you'll have to pay off throughout your lifetime if you choose to go down that path. By saving up for college with cash, you'll have more freedom in your financial situations because there won't be any debt hanging over your shoulder.
Work Cited
- Debt.com Contributors. 2 Good Reasons Why Student Loans Are Good Debt. Debt.com,
- Debt.com, LLC, 4 June 2018, www.debt.com/edu/why-student-loans-are-good/.
- Murphy, Nikelle. 5 Reasons Why You Should Not Take Out Student Loans. The Cheat Sheet,
- The Cheat Sheet, 22 May 2017,
- www.cheatsheet.com/money-career/5-reasons-why-student-loans-are-the-worst.html/.
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It has Become Evident
It has become evident to students in America that in order to attain a profitable job they must pursue higher educations after graduating from high school. College tuition is drastically rising, and many students have difficulties paying for their tuitions. According to CNBC.com, the student loan rate more that doubled between 2003 and 2011, and forty percent of borrowers are expected to fall behind on their loans by 2023. To pay their tuitions, students have to take out loans and at the end of college these students end up in debt.
Many speculations and myths revolve around the crisis of student loans. Some say that the crisis is not as bad as it seems, and others say it is worse than it seems. The student loan crisis is real and it is getting worse ever year. There are 3 specific problems that occur with student loans: how long and difficult it takes students pay them, how people lose their jobs or have trouble finding jobs, and the penalties of not being able to repay the loans.
There is a common belief that most students can pay back their loans within ten years (the standard repayment period for student loans). But now, according to the Department of Education, it appears that the average student loan takes longer than 10 years to pay his or her loans. Student loan borrowers make big sacrifices to pay off their debts. In a survey done by writer Elysian Kirkham, 43 percent of survey respondents delayed buying a home and 15 percent put off parenthood. Respondents also sacrificed non-necessities such as taking vacation (46 percent) and eating out (36 percent).
The burden of student debt also holds people back from working towards other important goals such as: saving for a house down payment, emergency funds, retirement savings, and paying for health insurance. These are just some of the problems student loans can cause. Due to student loans, many people might be fired from their jobs or have difficulties even getting a job.
For most people, student loan debt can be the scariest right after graduation. Finding jobs to pay the debt off can be even scarier. However, the most frightening might be that people can actually get fired from theirs jobs because of student loan debt. The reason for this is that most companies assume if students are struggling to pay their loans, then they are not as focused on their jobs. Other reasons one can lose his or her job is because of the country laws. According to studentloanshurpa.com , about half of the country have laws that can seize professional licenses if a person has missed too many loan payments. Getting fired or not being able to find a job because of student loans can create even bigger problems.
People are penalized for not paying the debts they owe, and sometimes are put into even more debt.
According to cnbc.com , more than three thousand people default on their federal student loans everyday. Missing a student loan payment hurts peoples credit scores, and makes it more difficult to borrow money in the future. When a loan payment is ninety days overdue, it is considered delinquent.
Employers, cell service providers, utility companies and even landlords may deny any applications or contracts requested if they do not consider the customer creditworthy. When a payment is over due two hundred and seventy days it is considered to be in default. The federal government can get involved when this happens. As stated by investopedia.com, the government can garnish people's paychecks, meaning the government can contact the person's employer and arrange for a portion of that person's salary to be sent directly to the government.
The student loan crisis is very real and is only worsening by the day. Thousands of students are drowning in their debt. People that have been out of college for years are still being affected by student loans. People are being penalized for not being able to pay their loans and their jobs are being taken away. Some spend their whole lives paying the debt, robbed of time for anything else. As Mark Pocan stated , By making colleges unaffordable and student loans unbearable, we risk deterring our best and brightest from pursuing higher education and securing a good paying job. The increase of student loans is leading America away from a successful future.
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Online Identity Theft
Online Identity Theft: What It Is and How It Happens written by Alison Grace Johansen is an article that provides a definition of identity theft and how it occurs. According to Johansen, identity theft occurs when a fraudster steals your identity through access to your personally identifiable information (PII) with the intent to commit fraud. Identity theft can be implemented in various ways online. Online ID theft occurs when someone steals your digital PII using scams by planting malicious software on your computer.(Johansen, p. 4) There are numerous examples of online identity theft being implemented through phishing, pharming, malicious software, unsecured websites, weak passwords, discarded computers, mobile devices, and targeting children online (Johansen, p.8-14)
Each year 9 million Americans experience some sort of identity theft (Odysseas Papadimitriou, 2018, p.5). Therefore it is well documented that identity theft is common. The most common types of identity theft are government fraud, documents/benefits fraud, credit card fraud, phone/utilities fraud, bank fraud, employee-related, fraud and loan fraud (Odysseas Papadimitriou, 2018, p.8). In an article titled New Ways To Prevent Identity Theft During The Holiday Shopping Season written by Christopher Elliott on Forbes explores the magnitude of fraud during the holiday season. Elliott concludes that during the holiday season there are more opportunities for identity theft. The National Retail Federation predicts online and non store sales would increase by 10% to 12% in 2018, which means more consumers are shopping online, and they are conducting more individual transactions.
The increase in transactions provide more opportunities for bad guys to trick users, hijack sessions, and steal personal information,' says Chris Duvall, senior director at The Chertoff Group, a global security identity theft advisory firm. The risk factors for identity theft are not only because of increased purchases, but also increased usage of phones and computers to complete those transactions. In effort to decrease the incidents of identity theft, these issues should be included in the equation when devising solutions. The reliance on technology has caused our digital footprints to grow at an exponential rate,' says Sean McGrath, a privacy expert and cybersecurity advocate at BestVPN.com. As long as this trend continues, our personal information will always be more at risk now than it has at any other point in history. It's simple math.'. (Elliott, 2018, p. 15-19)
Article Story
In New Ways To Prevent Identity Theft During The Holiday Shopping Season the author provides a story and examples of unfortunate events pertaining to people being scammed out of their money through online transactions. The article also gives many tips on how to prevent identity theft online especially as the holiday season approaches when there is an increase in the number of people actively shopping online.
Elliott began the article by detailing several stories of people who have experienced theft through online interactions. One of the stories is from a travel agency owner, Amie O'Shaughnessy, she says Someone posed as me in an email to my finance manager and persuaded her to wire $50,000 out of our business account. I was powerless to influence or control what happened with the funds once they left the account, yet I'm 100% liable for the loss. This doesn't seem right." (Elliott, 2018, p. 5) Elliott proceeds to give advice to Amie O'Shaughnessy and the reader giving advice on how to follow new strategies when interacting with people and money online.
The strategies include: using a credit card rather than bank account because the funds are not immediately withdrawn from your account. The use of credit cards usually has more robust fraud protections. It is important to beware of phishing emails from a business. It is helpful to use a password vault because it allows you to properly create, store, and manage your passwords. The use of safety measures when utilizing a browser as well as to keep your browser, operating system and the antivirus solution updated because one of the most common causes of malware is unpatched software. The other safety measures are to avoid easy checkout, and to practice safe computing (Elliot, 2018, p.25-30).
Ethical Concerns
In the Association of Computing Machinery's, also known as the ACM's, code of ethics they include respect privacy. The AMC states The responsibility of respecting privacy applies to computing professionals in a particularly profound way. Technology enables the collection, monitoring, and exchange of personal information quickly, inexpensively, and often without the knowledge of the people affected. Therefore, a computing professional should become conversant in the various definitions and forms of privacy and should understand the rights and responsibilities associated with the collection and use of personal information. (the ACM Code 2018 Task Force: Executive Committee, 2018, p. 20) This code of ethics pertains to identity theft because stealing and misuse of someone's personal information is unethical.
In the Hampton University Technology and Information Technology policies, there are many policies enforced to prevent identity theft. The following policies pertaining to identity theft include: 1. Members of an academic community are entitled to the privacy of their work. It is a violation of University policy for an individual faculty, staff or student to obtain a password that belongs to someone else or to access another user's files or e-mail account on the network. These violations are forms of theft and will not be tolerated. 2. Any faculty, staff or student may not access any file that is not their own unless that file has been made publicly accessible.
This access prohibits the reading, writing, and editing of directories and passwords belonging to others. This prohibition includes, but is not limited to, files left on a floppy or hard disk, misplaced or discarded listings on storage media, etc. 3. Posting a message under someone else's name is prohibited. 4. Taking advantage of another person who inadvertently leaves a computer without logging out is no different than entering an unlocked room and stealing, reading a personal letter, or destroying property. 11. The Virginia Code 18.2-152.5, states, a person is guilty of the crime of computer invasion when he uses a computer network and intentionally examines without authority any employment, salary, credit or any other financial or personal information relating to any other person. 'Examination' under this section requires that offenders review the information relating to any other person after the time at which the offender knows or should know that he is without authority to view the information displayed.
Hampton University must comply with these laws and will enforce them among all students, faculty, staff and visitors. 12. Attempting to circumvent the action of system software written to implement protection mechanisms is prohibited. Protection mechanisms include but are not limited to the establishment of accounts, passwords, disk quotas, and time and space limitations. Any attempt to get around the protection mechanisms established by the University is a violation of the disciplinary code. If you find that some action on your part has placed you in violation of the mechanisms, you must report the incident to the Director of the ATM and/or the Dean of Men or Dean of Women. (Hampton University, 2018, p.2-12) Each policy pertains to identity theft. Each policy is set in place to avoid identity theft to happen on the Hampton University campus. Each policy ensures that each person who attends or works at Hampton University identity and privacy is protected.
Final Thoughts
Identity Theft is an unfortunate event and as a result, can have major negative consequences for the victim. Unfortunately, identity theft is very common and it is important to make sure that your identity and privacy is being fully respected. Through my research, I have learned many strategies for prevention and plan to share with my peers. The AMC explanation of the importance of respect for a person's privacy pertaining to online usage is very useful and essential in reducing and preventing identity theft. Hampton University has prioritized the implementation of policies to ensure that students and faculty privacy is respected. These policies assists in ensuring that students and faculty feel safe and secure.
Conclusion
In conclusion, Identity theft is a major problem. Identity theft is very common, however, can be prevented with simple tips on how you operate online. The article, New Ways To Prevent Identity Theft During The Holiday Shopping Season gives several examples of identity theft. The article provides strategies for prevention and explains how detrimental identity theft can be in someone's life. The AMC gives a great definition of the importance of respecting one's privacy and Hampton University places strong policies to help prevent identity theft on campus. I appreciate all the information provided and plan to share tips with my peers and using the information to my advantage in the future.
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Online Identity Theft. (2019, Nov 15).
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The Term Identity Theft
The term identity theft isn't new anymore as its traces go back to more than a decade now. Users are on brink of identity theft as it is increasing leaps & bounds all around the world. While there are certain preventive measures you can follow to keep your identity safe, using advanced identity protection software tools is one of the best ways that deliver effective results. Let's discuss some of these tools here.
Advanced Identity Protector: Advanced Identity Protector is one of the best identity theft monitoring software that not only helps you track your identity traces but even helps you secure them. You can use this tool to protect all your sensitive and personal information including email accounts, social security numbers, passwords, credit card credentials and more. During the process, its powerful scan engines help you find and protect all your identity traces even from the remotest corners of your system. Here, it scans your web browsers, Windows Registry, files & documents and email clients. Once it finds identity traces on your system it moves them to secure encrypted vault. Here, no one can access your information but you. You can use this powerful solution to protect sensitive information and organize personal data securely.
BullGuard Identity Protection: Use this simple yet effective tool to secure yourself from identity theft. This smart tool offers an advanced solution to keep your personal and financial information secure no matter what device you are using. It offers 24/7 web monitoring and preventive alerts with easy access from your system. Its smart scan engines scan your system regularly to find and eliminate a possible threat to your identity traces. During the process, it will monitor social networks and the entire web to deliver accurate results. It offers cloud-based services so that you can access its features anytime from anywhere without worrying about installing this tool on your system. It delivers fast and accurate security to your system working on smart algorithms.
Iris Identity Protection: Iris Identity Protection works on an advanced online monitoring system to help you protect your identity in an effective manner. It monitors your credit profile and updates you about changes in it so that you should know about possible threats. It offers 24/7 security assistance to help you keep your identity safe. Its identity theft protection kit helps you understand how identity theft happens and the best solution you can imply. It even offers online resources to keep you updated about prevention techniques. Its opt-out service helps you secure your privacy by reducing the pre-approved credit limit offers on email and other promotional calls. It further offers DataScrambler anti-keylogging and PhishBlock anti-phishing software to keep your digital privacy intact. It also sends you monthly risk alerts and newsletter emails for better information.
Experian Identity Theft Protection: Experian Identity Theft Protection offers effective identity theft tracking and sends you regular alerts for better safety. It even performs dark web surveillance to keep you safe from dark web activities. It offers 3-Bureau scores and performs regular credit monitoring. Here, it sends you regular updates when your credit score changes or it finds something suspicious. It offers $1 million ID theft insurance to cover your monetary losses. In addition to that, it sends you court records & bookings, sex offender alerts, change of address alerts, payday & non-credit loan alerts, SSN monitoring, bank & credit takeovers and more. You can use this tool to lock your Experian credit file to avoid cyber threats, avoid unauthorized access to your credit reports, get real-time alerts and easily lock and unlock the Experian credit file.
Equifax ID Patrol: Equifax ID Patrol works on smart & secure algorithms to better protect your identity. It monitors your credit reports and alerts you about changes to prevent frauds. It offers 3-Bureau credit file monitoring and allows you to customize alerts to stay updated about all unusual activities. Here, you can easily lock and unlock your Equifax credit report effortlessly. It sends you alerts when it finds key changes in 3-Bureau credit file reports including Equifax, Experian and TransUnion. This powerful tool tracks all suspicious online activities on different sites for better security. It helps you protect all your personal data including social security numbers, credit card details, passport details, insurance policy numbers and more. Here, it sends you real-time alerts and updates via email or text messages. In other features, it offers lost wallet assistance and up to $1 million identity theft insurance.
Conclusion:
As we discussed best identity theft protection tools offer you effective security when it comes to identity theft. Here, we have discussed some of these tools in detail. If you know more such tools, then feel free to comment below.
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With Increasing Threat
With increasing threat to your identity online it becomes important to place certain preventive measures to keep your identity traces safe. Here, advanced identity theft protection tools can help you monitor your identity traces online and protects you from all possible cyber threats & attacks. Let's discuss some of these effective tools here. Advanced Identity Protector: Use this smart identity protection software to keep intruders away from your sensitive and important data.
It works on smart algorithms to help you find and protect all identity traces effectively. Here, it scans for all identity traces including passwords, credit card details, email account information, social security number and more. During the process, it will extract information from web browsers, Windows Registry, documents & files, email clients and more. Once it finds all identity traces, it will move that information to a secured encrypted vault. Here, no one can access this information but you. You can use this one of the best identity theft protection tools for instant and effective results. Visit Here IDShield: IDShield protects your sensitive data using smart techniques. It works on comprehensive security monitoring mechanism to monitor and protect your financial account details & landing services. It is useful to avoid a situation where this information may be used for fraudulent purpose. It further monitors your personal information on online platforms to avoid its misuse by cybercriminals using privacy monitoring feature. Its smart features keep you safe while being online on different social media accounts.
Its Vault Password feature helps you keep all your passwords secured from any threat. It even helps you restore your important information in case it is compromised by any means. Visit Here LifeLock: LifeLock is advanced identity theft monitoring software keeps your identity safe form all cyber threats. Here, it scans all identity traces on your system and sends you alerts about possible security threats. To do this, it sends you alert messages through email, phone or text. This comprehensive identity theft prevention program provides complete security against various cyber threats to keep your identity traces safe. Furthermore, it also helps you resolve situations where you have been under attack. In case you are under attack, it will refund you for your Norton subscription and provides you up to million-dollar protection against numerous cyber threats. Here, it provides you with monetary coverage up to the limit of your plan. It also covers coverage for lawyers & experts, personal expense compensation and more.
Visit Here Identity Guard: This smart tool provides you complete credit reports & scores from 3-Bureaus including Equifax, Experian and TransUnion. It scans all current credit applications submitted using your personal information and keeps track of it so that no one else could misuse it. It sends regular alerts about any changes in your credit files that are recorded by various credit bureaus. Its proprietary Internet scanning technology helps you get regular alerts about your personal information found at non-secured locations online. It regularly monitors suspicious online black markets and keeps you safe from online theft. It also tracks changes in your publicly available information so that it can't be used by cybercriminals. Here, it offers you a comprehensive report for better monitoring. In other features, it offers lost wallet protection, safety from keyloggers while connecting to Wi-Fi hotspots, personal customer assistance, $1 million reimbursement insurance and more.
Visit Here IdentityForce: Use IdentityForce to keep your family, employees and everyone around you safe from identity theft. This powerful identity, privacy and credit security tool are equipped with smart detection technology to keep you safe 24/7. IdentityForce is trusted by millions of users around the world based on its advanced security features. Using its proactive & innovative identity theft protection technology, you can continuously monitor threats to your identity and thwart it efficiently. During the monitoring process, it will send you quick alerts whenever it founds something suspicious online that may cause damage to you. This comprehensive tool offers you 24/7 protection and recovery against all possible threats & damages.
It also offers million-dollar insurance to avoid monetary losses to you. Visit Here So, these are some of the best identity theft monitoring software for your system that helps you monitor and secure your identity traces online. If you know more such tools, then feel free to comment below. Summary: The best-advanced identity theft protection tools work on smart algorithms to keep your identity traces safe online. Let's discuss some of these effective tools here.
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Countless Illegal Activities
There are countless illegal activities that affect our lives. Most of them we can protect ourselves against more because it is easier for us to become aware that something is missing. I believe it is easier to protect ourselves against Illegal activities such as robbery, burglary than against scams and identity theft. I believe that scams and identity theft are in a way more dangerous than regular acts of thievery, robbery and burglary. They are harder to uncover, sometimes people go years without ever knowing that somebody else is using their identity, or some stranger is digitally stealing their funds. There are many different categories of identity theft that affects us. The most common ones according to LifeLock, an American identity theft protection company, are employment-or tax-related fraud, credit card fraud, phone or utilities fraud, bank fraud, loan or lease fraud and government documents or benefits fraud. Also in my opinion scams and identity theft are harder to uncover.
They are growing exponentially and getting to a point where we have to force our government to do better to protect us.
I think that identity theft and scams are more dangerous because they are harder to uncover. If someone breaks into my house, I will know that something is missing as soon as I get home. The same applies to any of my physical possessions, if somebody robs me it wont take long for me to realize that something is missing. Meanwhile the majority of cases of identity theft happen in ways that makes it harder for the person being affected to find out. For instance in the case of employment or tax related fraud, credit card fraud, bank fraud, bank documents or benefits fraud, they all happen in subtle ways. The person being affected often doesn't know that he or she is being defrauded. A friend of mine is currently the victim of identity theft. More specifically someone else is using his social security number to gain employment, and possibly engaging in other illegal and dangerous behaviors.
My friend lives here in New York and works in Manhattan. His identity had been stolen for months and he didn't find that out until recently when he ordered a copy of his credit report. As a result he had to file a report with the Federal Trade Commission, as well as filing a police report. To this day he is not in the clear and now have to monitor his credit report to make sure the same thing doesn't happen again. I have personally been a victim of a scam over the Internet. I looked up apple's customer service number because I had some issues with my phone and needed a replacement. The number I ended up calling was in fact not apple customer service. I requested that they call me back using the apple customer service number listed on the company's website. I wanted to make sure that I was in fact in contact with apple. The scamers with the help of some software, were in fact able to generate the number as listed on the website to called me back. As a result I trusted them and provided my credit card information. They charged me; I had to deactivate my credit card, and ended up filing a claim with my bank to get my money back.
Thus showing how problematic identity theft and scams have become over years.
Now there are many different categories of Identity theft and scams, which we have to protect ourselves against. The first and most common case of identity theft in the USA according to the Federal trade Commission is Employment or tax-related fraud. This particular type of fraud, which is when a criminal uses someone else's Social Security number and other personal information to gain employment or to file an income tax return, accounts for 34% of all identity theft according to the FTC. This is particularly something that every single citizen has to worry about because our social security number is supposed to be unique to us and is extremely important to our financials.
According to the FTC, credit card fraud accounts for 33% of identity theft. Credit card frauds happen when a thief uses another person's credit card or credit card number to commit fraudulent transactions. Nowadays there are many ways for a thief to steal credit card information. They do it by looking over people's shoulders while they are using their card at a store or anywhere else. Thieves gets a lot of our credit cards numbers at gas stations by using what is called a skimmer. They steal our cards info online when we have to input our credit card information when making a purchase or subscribing to a service. Due to the Googlization of everything, the expansion of the Internet, as well as how all media provides a way to subscribe to their services online, it has made it more common for thieves to steal peoples credit card information.
Phone or utilities fraud, bank fraud, loan or lease fraud and government documents or benefits fraud accounts for 13%, 12%, 7% and 7% respectively. We should all be aware and cautious against all those various types of frauds. In the case of loan or lease fraud, a thief obtain a loan or lease under somebody else personal information. In this case the person who is being robbed is responsible to pay off that loan or lease when in fact he/she isn't benefiting from what the lease or loan was taken. The victim may not even be able to pay off that loan or lease, which could put him/her in difficult financial position and even negatively affect the person's credit. There are countless ways that people's personal information is being robbed; we just have to be as careful as we can when handling our personal information.
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Advancement of Technology
While the advancement of technology has??”for the most part??”changed modern society for the better, it has also changed several aspects of it for the worse. How? Crime. Of particular note is identity theft, which has become significantly more rampant than it has ever been due to the advent of the Internet in the modern age. Identity thieves, who once could only rely on tracing physical things such as paper trails and written legal documents, can now access the sensitive information of other individuals via the worldwide web. What is most unfortunate is that the Internet has made this issue even worse by virtue of making it easier to do and harder to track. Identity theft comes in many forms, and is a major global problem in today's modern society.
The act of identity theft can occur very easily over the Internet, even if the user believes he or she is being cautious enough to avoid any possibility of it. As Justin Hyde notes in his article about preventing identity theft, this can happen so easily, in fact, that most victims of identity theft remain unaware of the crime for some time, sometimes upwards of six months, if not more (7). Sharing personal information online over social media or some other digital format always puts one at risk of having his or her identity stolen (Kunick 25). A fraudster can gain access to a person's PII??”personally identifiable information??”to commit fraud using various scams and invasive procedures, such as planting malware into someone's computer or posing as a trusted organization and requesting an unaware consumer's personal information over email (Moody 57).
There are several different methods of identity theft that may be employed by cybercriminals to obtain the sensitive information of an unsuspecting individual, such as phishing. Phishing is a cybercrime that occurs when identity thieves send emails under the guise of legitimate financial institutions in an attempt to trick users into giving away their PII (Kunick 25). Kunick also goes on to mention another method known as malware. This is malicious software that can attack one's computer and reveal their sensitive information (26). Additionally, criminals may try to trick people into giving them their personal information by telling them they have won a contest, and that to claim the prize, they need to provide credit card information.
Using the previously mentioned methods of obtaining sensitive information, identity theft may occur while shopping online. Mesch explains how this works in his article featured in a prominent science journal. He says that this can happen when a criminal leverages stolen payment information or fraudulently acquired bank or credit card accounts, to attempt retail transactions without the account owner's knowledge (11). Another particularly prevalent form of identity theft is tax identity theft. This happens when fraudsters acquire one's name and social security number and file a tax return in his or her name before the victim does so (Kunick 27). With electronic tax filings becoming more wildly used, this has been a relatively easy crime to commit.
As a result, this particular type of identity theft has grown substantially in recent years. Furthermore, another criminally attractive method of identity theft is child identity theft, because there is usually no credit history established for the children who become victims, allowing scammers to use children's social security numbers and other information to open new accounts, apply for government benefits, take out loans, and more (Kunick 27). One more type of identity theft??”and one that is growing fast??”is synthetic identity theft. This method comprises 80-to-85% of all current identity fraud (Mesch 13). Synthetic ID theft merges real and fake personal consumer data to create a new identity using information such as social security numbers, names, addresses, and birthdays (Mesch 14). All of the aforementioned methods and more may be employed by identity thieves to create or acquire a phony identity. For the consumer, remaining vigilant while online can reduce the risk of becoming a victim.
In the unfortunate event that one's identity has been stolen, there are certain steps that a person should take to resolve the issue as soon as possible, to avoid detrimental effects. If a bank account has been affected, it should be shut down first and foremost (Mesch 17). Doing this as soon as possible has the potential to save the victim a great deal of money. A fraud alert should also be requested from a credit reporting agency, as should a credit freeze. As Mesch explains in his article, a credit freeze will prevent the credit reporting agency from releasing the credit report to new [unauthorized] creditors (17). Finally, the police should be alerted so that the crime may be reported. However, it should be noted not all states have legislated that local law enforcement must take a police report on identity theft from consumers (Mesch 15), so the police may not respond to a report such as this.
Identity theft has many negative effects on both the individuals that were victims of it and on the economy. For individuals, the financial toll of identity theft can be incredibly devastating. Restoring good credit, closing affected bank accounts, and working with the Social Security Administration if a social security number was stolen could all be hurdles in the potentially lengthy recovery process (Moody 59). For the economy, it can be just as bad. In 2003, more than 9.9 million Americans learned they had been victims of identity theft, at a total cost of nearly $50 billion to the economy (Mesch 22).
Identity theft continues to be a major global problem today. Not only is it incredibly damaging to both the individuals it affects and the economy, but it has become even more common due to the ways people can take advantage of technology, particularly the Internet. While the Internet??”and technology in general??”has mostly changed society for the better, this is one of many issues that has become worse as a result of it.
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Laborious Letters of Jack the Ripper
Infamous slasher of the Whitechapel district In London's East End, Jack the Ripper mutilated five female prostitutes in 1888 and left next to no evidence of his identity. His reign of bloodshed started on the chilling evening of August 7th where four other victims followed until September 10, 1888. Jack the Ripper is London's most notorious killer, along with one of the most famous unsolved mysteries to date. Since the killings of five female prostitutes were mutilated and reportedly disemboweled, authorities, detectives, and forensics suggest that Jack the Ripper had a clear knowledge of human anatomy and had exceptional skills with a knife. This can reveal that he was a doctor by day and a surgeon by night. Even just as possible is that Jack the Ripper might have been a meat butcher. Nevertheless, although he was never caught or captured of these heinous killings, potential witnesses around the vicinity saw a running man where the killings materialized. Descriptions of Jack the Ripper were mentioned to be frightfully average looking and easy to blend in with a crowd. Many suggest that the culprit involved wore a tall black hat, an astrakhan jacket, and had a dark mustache. Despite the known aesthetics of the brutal killer, countless investigations went on. To this day, more evidence has been found as forensics evolved and more was learned of the killings. However, as time went on, it seemed with more knowledge of the crime, less was understood. The only thing to gain from this unsolved mystery is the moniker Jack the Ripper and a trail of letters that led to more questions rather than answers.
In the 1988 novel Libra by Don Delillo, his book follows the life of Lee Harvey Oswald in a historical fiction lens. The significance of the story is centered around a speculative narrative of the convoluted and the unforeseen assassination of President Kennedy. An interesting point to mention about Delillo's narrative is that the book is considered to be a historical fiction that revolves around real characters. In the last page of Libra, Delillo writes, This is a work of imagination. While drawing from the historical record, I've made no attempt to furnish factual answers to any questions raised by the assassination. Any novel about a major unresolved event would aspire to fill some of the blank spaces in the known record. To do this, I've altered and embellished reality, extended real people into imagined space and time, invented incidents, dialogues, and characters, (458). To correlate the Dellilo's fictional novel with the Jack the Ripper case, Delillo's use of narrative is implied to use real people and events to create a fictional story. Since over seven hundred letters were written to the London Metropolitan Police Service, the letters were evident that the killer knew he was at large and only wanted to convey anarchy rather than reason. Moreover, various theorists and Ripperologists report that most of the letters were written as fan fair.
The first letter in the unsolved Jack the Ripper case may be the most important out of the three that was titled Dear Boss. The letter was reported by the Central News Agency of London on September 27, 1888, nineteen days after the first murder. Essentially, the letter's text conveyed responsibility of the first murder on September 8, 2018, and later mentioned that there will be more murders that will soon follow. The note even conveyed that ripped off ears would be sent to the police, which can be implied that the killer is posing a mockery of the situation as if he is saying, You won't hear me coming. According to Andrea Nini, a researcher and scholar of the Digital Scholarship in the Humanities writes, Because of this fact and its style and content, the letter was considered to be genuine and it became famous for introducing the persona of Jack the Ripper and for providing a name that the press could use to refer to the killer (Nini, Volume 33, Issue 3). As Nini suggests, this can be the recorded testimony of Jack the Ripper's confirmation of his crimes. Many also perceived this letter as a thwart to draw the investigation off course. Nevertheless, only two days later after this letter was sent to the Central News Agency of London, the public was now aware of the gruesome killer.
The first letter was signed as Jack the Ripper to most likely possess a name, but also to possess credit for the actions of the murder. According to a researcher named Judith Walkowitz, she informs that the crimes committed were only done within the public, but also in reflection to various forms of literature such as Poe and Stevenson novels (Walkowitz, 550). This implies that the killer was not trying to hide the bodies but to cause a public outcry on that matter for pure enjoyment or chaos. Walkowitz informs, Another compelling aspect of the Whitechapel murders was their mystery, the secrecy, and impunity with which the murders were committed in public spaces, and the mystery' as to motives, clues, and methods.' Unable to find historical precedents for the Whitechapel horrors,' commentators resorted to horrifying fictional analogs (Walkowitz, 550). As Walkotiz reports, the killings of five prostitutes were relatively close to each other which indicated that the killer may have somewhere close by. She also points out that the scenic areas of the deaths were similar to fictional literature. This highlights a key theory of Jack the Ripper being an educated citizen since literature in the Victorian era was hard to obtain because of the price tags, but also because of the illiteracy in the general public. Highlighting the public outcry of this first letter led to fictional testimonies as investigators searched for the killer. This second notable letter was actually a postcard titled Saucy Jack that was received on October 1st, 1888.
Again, this postcard was signed by the moniker Jack the Ripper to add responsibility for the previous and future murders to come. The postcard not only confirmed the responsibility of killing two additional prostitutes on September 30th, 1888, but it also was an apology letter written to the police. This apology was in regards to not sending the police station ripped off ears as previously stated within the first letter. With the Dear Boss and Saucy Jack letter in the hands of investigators, this letter was taken seriously compared to the previous one. This is because of the prompt timing of the two additional prostitutes that were mutilated. One popular reason for why this postcard was taken seriously is because in 1888 London, drastic crime rates were at an all-time high. Crimes and killings, for the most part, was common in the public. Prostitution was also drastically common in the norms of Europe, but the ways the killings occurred and how they were horrifically executed made the awareness of the Victorian era scared and also curious. Since curiosity was a prominent factor in the case, fictional letters and testimonies within the public made more mysteries around the killer's motive and identity.
Finally, this third letter sent from the notorious ripper was titled From Hell and was, without a doubt, the most gruesome and sinister out of any of the letters sent to the Central News Agency of London. One of the reasons why this letter was considered to be the most gruesome is because of how the letter was companied in a small box, with another one of Jack the Ripper's tricks. Upon opening the small packaged box, brown packaged paper surrounded the outside. Additionally, a bizarre aroma came from the box. Inside of the box possessed another letter, but also a ripped out human kidney. This is why the letter is significant: the kidney inside of the box was actually from one of the mutilated prostitutes (Nini, Volume 33, Issue 3). The kidney was also reported to be missing part of its flesh, indicating a part of it was consumed. Now, the context of the From Hell letter addressed was one of the kidneys from one of the prostitutes, but it was also confirmed by doctors and forensics of the legitimacy of the letter's claim. Reflecting these letters and the presumed fictional narrative they imply exemplifies how written forms can either lead or mislead to a discovery or create another mystery altogether. The From Hell letter, however, can be believed that this can be the one and true letter that Jack the Ripper sent. Correlating how London perceived the Jack the Ripper case, many citizens involved themselves in the mystery by writing fictional letters to the media and police.
Basically, the Jack the Ripper case was a convenient cash grab for the general public as police and investigators questioned citizens about if they witnessed anything about the identity of the killer and if they had any other information that was integral to the case. According to Jose Liste Noya, a researcher, and writer of Naming the Secret: Don Delillo's Libra' suggests that the use of facts through fiction may possess interference from discovering additional information. Noya writes, the self-evident denial of the possibility of factual answers' coming forth from a work of fiction may offer refuge in another sense from the threat of the secret (Noya, 240). As Noya points out in the general concept of Libra, the use of fiction for non-fictional matters can still have an impact on an unresolved event. Thusly, if a witness had any evidence or at least some form of story to relate Jack the Ripper, the witnesses were paid. Obviously, many theorists and Ripperologist deem this tactic as constructed fanfare, but it also created more confusion when it seemed like there was enough evidence to start somewhere at naming the killer. In terms of fiction impacting a mystery, it can provide a prominent lens while investigating all angles of a crime.
Two key factors about the From Hell letter was that it had a more unique sense of writing style and with the inclusion of unlettered writing. However, considering that the box contained a kidney from one of the prostitutes involved, it was never signed by Jack the Ripper, but it may be vivid that it was because the kidney sent was from one of the recent victims. Nevertheless, many theorists and Ripperologists agree that this was the most plausible letter out of the countless others sent by the killer himself. Even though the speculation of the killer being a man of literary value and had an extensive educational background, the kidney from the mutilated prostitute inside of the box was too abnormal to think it was anyone else within the general public as well as anyone trying to stir a hoax. With a hand full of letters, however, it was deemed that the ripper himself wrote the letters previously mentioned. Something worth noting is that more than seven hundred letters were distributed out to the media. Straying away from trying to validate every single letter written (or allegedly written) by Jack the Ripper, the earliest letters previously mentioned held enough evidence to confirm that they were written by a psychopath. However, to this day, the letters are either favored or debunked, thusly adding more to the mystery at determining fact from fiction.
The letters mounted on these crimes seemed to create substantial evidence to not identify the killer, but to provide many questions about what is real and what is fake. According to Joe Nickell, a scholar, and writer of Adventures in Paranormal Investigations, he refers to the earliest letter Dear Boss as being an exaggeration to the case that the media was responsible for. Nickell writes, The earliest one, which was only recently rediscovered, was received on September 17. Most Ripperologists' today accept the mounting evidence that these were the work of one or more journalists. Nevertheless, the sobriquet Jack the Ripper' stuck (Nickell, 132). From what Nickell informs, the Dear Boss letter that was spread to the media worked in a way to thwart or cause fear of the investigation. What is prominent about the letters in the Jack the Ripper case is that nobody knew what to believe. The use of these real or fictional letters created controversy chained with questions that led to no answers, but only assumptions. Citizens in Europe, however, were keen on understanding and reading Jack the Ripper. Needless to say, it was around the late 1800s where the Victorian era was first introduced to Sherlock Holmes by Arthur Conan Doyle. Even members of the media were accused of creating fake letters or tampering with the original letters written by the killer himself to create chaos because the case brought in a substantial amount of money for the media.
Considering the differences between the Dear Boss and From Hell letter, many believe two different people wrote them because of how different the literacy was. One person may have possibly been a fan of detective fiction since Sherlock Holmes was a massive phenomenon, while the other could have been the killer himself. People in Europe, especially London, were engulfed in the unsolved case of Jack the Ripper which would inspire personal investigations as well as many hoax letters sent to those investigating the mystery. The questions and theories surrounding the legitimacy of the letters were because of the literacy of the letters. Moreover, the mystery is also in parallel to trying to discover which Jack the Ripper letter is real and which one is fake. As mentioned earlier, there were over 700 hundred letters sent to the press and police force. Most of these letters were not taken seriously, but these first three letters are the most prominent of the bunch. Nonetheless, the letters being a form of a fictional exploit shows how an event and death can be handwritten by the killer or by anyone wanting to create a mystery.
By providing a sense of fiction to a real case has its pros and cons. In this case, it became a phenomenon that a serial killer with a unique way at slashing his victims managed to disappear into the night, only to leave nothing more than a moniker along with the community involving themselves in an investigation. But just like many chilling mysteries, the Jack the Ripper case was never solved and may never be solved. He murdered, mutilated and disappeared into the night untraceable, leading little to no evidence to identify a face or a name. Considering the countless letters that were sent to the Central News Agency of London, it is hard to point out which letter was actually sent by the killer. Although evidence rediscovered and new evidence was brought forth to potentially finalize this case, too many questions were still raised leaving more confusion and no clarity. To this day, various forms creative fiction (and non-fiction) of the Jack the Ripper case such as Alan More's From Hell graphic novel and Naming Jack the Ripper by Russell Edwards along with countless others. Nevertheless, this case may always be another unsolved mystery left to be told and conspired from the public, fictional, and non-fiction work. Whoever Jack the Ripper was, he may be considered to be the world's most dangerous and mysterious serial killer in history.
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Laborious Letters of Jack the Ripper. (2019, Nov 15).
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