Bipolar Disorder: Mind and Mental Health

Contents

Introduction
References

Introduction

Bipolar disorder relates to the mental illness which makes the patient undergo moody experiences. Notably, the disorder symptoms may lead to extreme mood commonly termed as the mania. Hence, individuals living with bipolar disorder may have difficult times on managing daily activities or maintain effective relations either at home or workplace. Medical research depicts that nearly 2.8% of US youths have lethal brain disorder (Legg, 2018). There are various causal-effects linked with the manic depression affecting multiple groups in the community. Therefore, the paper will explore on the risk factors and symptoms, diagnosis and treatment mechanism for the disastrous bipolar disorder. On a broader view, bipolar disorders trace its route from a variety of risk factors. However, health practitioners have not established a definite cause of lethal brain disease. Some of the factors linked as the source of bipolar disorder include genetics, a structure of one's brain and environmental factors (Smith, 2018). Genetically, there is a higher chance of acquiring the disorder from family members who live with the condition. Health research depicts four to six times that a parent with the disorder can pass to the child.

Abnormalities in the structure of the brain may expose an individual to the risks of bipolar disorder. Environmental factors such as extreme stress and traumatic experiences can trigger manic depression. Some of the main symptoms and effects of the disorder include hypomania, depression, and mania. Patients will mainly experience and express high emotional rates including a feeling of excitement and euphoric. Consequently, the patient may indulge in drug abuse and or unprotected sex to relieve the excitement. Depressed patients may undergo suicidal thoughts and develop a long sleeping period. Health study reveals that both women and men have a similar diagnosis for bipolar disorder. However, women diagnosis comes more like the depression rather than the manic disorder. More importantly, women diagnosis appear during the early 20s or 30s but for men may result earlier in life (Legg, 2018). Notably, men are susceptible to undergo manic diagnosis, unlike their counterparts. Thus, men diagnosed with the condition encounter severe manic episodes and tend to abuse substances such as alcohol. Additionally, men will get a diagnosis with bipolar type I, which closely relates to manic episodes while women will experience bipolar type II, a depression linked condition (National Institute of Mental Health, 2018). Of greater importance, children also diagnosis either manic or depression bipolar.

Manic conditions in kids will make them behave in a silly manner and an expression of happiness. On the contrary, depressive symptoms will cause children to sleep and or eat little or too much than usual scenario. Thus, both manic and depressive symptoms seem common to children just like in the adults. In deriving a bipolar disorder, a doctor must carry out several tests to ensure the correct diagnosis from the patient. For example, the doctor will perform a physical exam which may at times comprise urine or blood test to derive a definite conclusion. Similarly, the doctor may opt to conduct mental health evaluation upon the patient to examine signs of the bipolar disorder. Another common way to diagnose bipolar is using the mood journal. It is an approach which seeks to investigate one's behavioral change including sleeping and eating habits. Once, diagnosed with bipolar disorder, the doctor administers a treatment plan which may constitute either medication, shift in lifestyle or counseling (Legg, 2018). In summary, bipolar disorder is a lethal condition which not only disrupts one's behavior but can lead to demise if not early diagnosed and treated.

References

Legg, T. (2018, November 12). Everything You Need to Know About Bipolar Disorder. Retrieved from Healthline: https://www.healthline.com/health/bipolar-disorder#bipolar-in-men

National Institute of Mental Health. (2018, November 12). Bipolar Disorder. Retrieved from National Institute of Mental Health: https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/bipolar-disorder/index.shtml

Smith, K. (2018, November 12). Bipolar Disorder Causes. Retrieved from Psycom: https://www.psycom.net/bipolar-disorder-causes

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Emotions in Bipolar

Contents

DSM-V Numbers
Treatments
Conclusion

People with bipolar disorder experience periods of abnormal intense emotion. They also go through changes in sleep patterns, activity levels, and unusual behaviors. These distinct periods are referred to as mood episodes. Mood episodes are drastically different moods and behaviors that are typical for a person. Extreme changes in sleep, energy, and activity, go along with mood episodes.

Sometimes a mood episode includes a combination of both manic and depressive symptoms. This is called an episode with mixed features. People experiencing an episode with mixed features may feel terrified, hopeless, or just empty inside while at the same time feeling excessively energized.

Bipolar disorder can exist even when mood swings are less than extreme. Instead of mania, some people with bipolar disorder experience hypomania. During a hypomanic episode an individual may be highly productive and function well, while feeling elated in the mood department. The person may not feel that anything is wrong, but family and friends may recognize the mood swings and changes in activity levels as possible signs of bipolar disorder. Without proper treatment, people with hypomania may develop severe symptoms of mania or depression.

DSM-V Numbers

Bipolar I disorder has several classifications of numbers in the most current DSM-V manual based off of the severity of behavioral changes and the last time and episode has occurred. If your current or most recent episode was mild with mania, it's defined under number 296.41. Mild with depressive: 296.51. Moderate and manic: 296.42. Moderate and depressed: 296.52. Severe with mania: 296.43. Severe with depression: 296.53. If the last episode had shown signs of psychotic features with mania or depression, those are defined under 296.44 and 296.54 respectively. Sections 296.45 and 296.55 cover the stages that are in partial remission but with mania, hypomania, or depression. If the symptoms are in full remission, details can be looked up in 296.46 and 296.56. If the current episode, or the most recent, had shown signs of mania, hypomania, or depression, but all other symptoms and conclusions are unspecified, they are found in the DSM-V manual under numbers 296.40 and 296.50.

Bipolar II disorder has only one number: 296.89. The number is usually followed with a status of the current severity, presence of psychotic features, course, and other specifies that cannot be coded. These non-coded inclusions should be indicated in writing after the DSM-V number. For example: 296.89 Bipolar II Disorder, current episode depression, severe with mixed features. Heritability Family studies have shown that bipolar I and II are somewhat genetically distinct. Relatives of bipolar II have a higher risk of also being diagnosed with bipolar II than those patients related to someone with bipolar I. Although these are not etiologically distinct, genetic influences are the stronger predictors of bipolar disorders. An individual who has an identical twin with bipolar disorder has a 70% chance of also having the disorder. A patient with a fraternal twin has more than a 10% probability. Relativity common polymorphisms of genes coding for the serotonin transporter protein and brain derived neurotrophic growth factor may have a small contribution to the development of bipolar disorder. Because of variable findings in these chromosomal regions, it is likely that bipolar disorder is caused by the presence of multiple genes conferring susceptibility through heretics. General acceptance is that bipolar disorder is a disorder with a strong genetic influence, so no specific gene has been identified as the one bipolar gene.

Treatments

Some bipolar disorder symptoms are similar to other illnesses, which can make it hard for a doctor to diagnose. Many people have bipolar disorder along with another illness such as an eating disorder, anxiety disorder, or substance abuse. People with bipolar disorder are also at a higher risk for thyroid disease, migraines, obesity, heart disease, diabetes, and other physical illnesses. Bipolar disorder is treated using mainly three types of medications: mood stabilizers, antipsychotics, and antidepressants. Treatment typically involves a combination of at least one mood stabilizing drug or antipsychotic, plus psychotherapy. Commonly used drugs for bipolar disorder are lithium carbonate and valproic acid. Although doctors still don't know precisely how it works, lithium carbonate has been remarkably effective in reducing mania. Lithium may also prevent the recurrence of depression but it's more successful against mania.

Some drugs can level out emotions over the long term, and valproic acid is a mood stabilizer that is helpful in treating the manic or mixed phases of bipolar disorder, along with carbamazepine, another antiepileptic drug. These medications may be used alone or in combination with lithium to control any symptoms. Some drugs that are diagnosed can potentially become toxic if the doses are too high. Once prescribed, patients need to be monitored periodically with blood tests and clinical assessments by the prescriber.

While medications are usually the foundation of treating bipolar disorder, psychotherapy is also important to help patients understand and accept the personal and social disruptions of past episodes and better cope with future ones. Different forms of psychotherapy have been shown to help speed recovering and improve functioning in bipolar disorder, including cognitive-behavioral therapy, interpersonal therapy, family therapy, and group therapy. Because denial is usually an ongoing problem with bipolar disorder, routinely attending psychotherapy can help patients stay on their medications.

Conclusion

Even though many Americans have been diagnosed with bipolar disorder, and others who are living through life without knowing they have any kind of disorder, bipolar disorder has been shown that with proper techniques, coping mechanisms, therapy, and medications, it can be a manageable disorder to live with. If someone you live with has bipolar disorder, try to maintain a calm environment, and keep to a regular routine for daily activities. More and more drugs are being developed to also help combat any manic or depressive episodes. Even though this disorder can cripple certain people for periods of time, forms of psychotherapy can show patients how to cope with bipolar disorder in order to have a functioning lifestyle and maintain basic everyday activities.

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Social and Economic Impact of Bipolar Disorder

Bipolar disorder is recognized as a possibly treatable psychiatric illness that has substantial humanity and high social and economic impact (Swann, A. C. (2006).Bipolar disorder is a common, complex, and consistent severe mental health condition with progressive social and cognitive function disturbances and comorbid medical problems. Bipolar disorder is a regular chronic disorder characterised by fluctuations in mood state and energy. It touches more than 1% of the world's population regardless of nationality, ethnic origin, or socioeconomic status. Bipolar disorder is one of the key causes of disability between young people( J Alonso, M Petukhova, G Vilagut, et al.(2011), leading to cognitive and functional impairment and raised mortality, particularly death by suicide. A high prevalence of psychiatric and medical comorbidities is typical in affected individuals. Accurate finding of bipolar disorder is hard in medical practice since onset is most commonly a depressive episode and looks similar to unipolar depression.

The trademark characteristic of bipolar disorder is the propensity to move between the two contrasting 'poles' of elevated mood and depression, with a reoccurrence to largely usual working in between these episodes. The periods of preeminent mood are termed mania or hypomania, these portion common characteristic symptoms. patients who have experienced an episode of mania are diagnosed as having bipolar I disorder, however those with only hypomanic episodes are said to have bipolar II disorder. Most patients with bipolar disorder, extra of their lives are spent in depressed mood than in periods of elevation, even for those with bipolar I disorder. furthermore, the illness regularly first presents with a depressive episode, meaning that some young people with depressive episodes could go on to have hypo/manic episodes in the future. It is serious that the depressive episodes of bipolar disorder are recognised early and treated vigorously, as most suicides occur during depressive episodes.one aspect of refining credit of bipolar depressive episodes has been instructive if there are symptoms more commonly observed in bipolar than unipolar depression. It appeared that the diagnosis was being made in many people with transient mood instability. the formal interviews demonstrated that many of these patients had other conditions such as borderline personality disorder, unipolar depression and impulse control disorders.

Bipolar I disorder is considered to be approximately equally common in men and women, whereas bipolar II disorder may be more common in women than in men (American Psychiatric Association, 1994). Three main explanations may account for this difference. The first clarification is linked to the fact that we included only patients who were hospitalised. It has been previously stated that women may experience a significantly superior number of hospitalisations for mania equated with men (Hendrick et al., 2000). This finding was believed to replicate a superior propensity for women to seek and obtain treatment (Mechanic, 1986). family members may be more expected to bring ill female relatives rather than ill male relatives to mental health facilities. This difference may be due to the different outlooks of normative behaviours conferring to gender and/or, as it was the case in the current study, to the higher likelihood for women to live with their families. The second reason is that the high comorbidity rate of alcohol and drug use in men may have led to a psychiatric admission diagnosis of constituent misuse rather than mania (Hendrick et al., 2000). Finally, as the prevalence of mixed mania is higher in women than in men, women are more likely to be hospitalised to prevent the risk of suicide associated with mixed pictures (Hantouche et al., 2006).

Dealing of bipolar disorder predictably emphases on serious stabilisation, which the purpose stands to carry patients with mania or depression to a suggestive repossession with euthymic (stable) mood; and on maintenance, in which the goals are weakening prevention, decrease of subthreshold symptoms, and better-quality social and work-related functioning. Treatment of both phases of the disease can be complicated, since the same treatments that recover depression can cause mania, hypomania, or rapid cycling (defined as four or more episodes in 12 months), and the treatments that reduce mania might reason rebound depressive episodes.

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Maya Angelou – a Phenomenal Women

Maya Angelou's Phenomenal Women proves that women should love, celebrate, and respect themselves. This poem is one that every woman can relate to, and it is written in a tone that is completely understandable. Throughout each stanza Angelou promotes self-confidence. She talks about how a woman should feel and treat herself. Sometimes women often do not love and respect themselves as they should and make themselves feel less than they really are. Women are known for always putting others first and forgetting about themselves. However, in the poem, Angelou knows she is not perfect, but she is extremely confident and shows it in each stanza. Angelou uses wonderful symbolism, good tone, and great imagery while writing her poem.

Phenomenal Women by Maya Angelou was written from life experiences that I am sure a lot of women experience growing up. Angelou faced a repetitive discrimination growing up because she was a woman and an African American. He looks were never considered beautiful. Growing up she taught herself to appreciate what she was blessed with and built her self-love and confidence from that. She wrote this poem to allow other ladies who may have been through the same thing know how to overcome that feeling and know that you are a phenomenal woman no matter who you are or what others try to claim you to be.

Maya Angelou's Phenomenal Women proves that women should love themselves no matter what. In this poem, she strongly expresses that it does not matter what society says you should always have that inner love for yourself. To Angelou to be a phenomenal woman that consist of not allowing others to conform you into what they feel you should be or look like. Angelou confronts that in the first two lines of the poem by saying, Pretty women wonder where my secret lies. I'm not cute or built to suit a fashion model's size. Just from those two lines she is defining a phenomenal woman as a woman who is aware of her looks but loves them anyways. Women got to always have that inner love for yourself and not allow the pressure of the world to turn you into somebody you are not. You do not have to fit into the fashionable trends like others to be considered phenomenal, and you do not have to be the cute others define cute to be either. In the first stanza, she proves and expresses her self-love by charging at those stereotypes. In this stanza, she is pretty much saying that she does not have what is considered feminine traits, neither does she have the body, and/ or the cute face. However, her inner-confidence and love she has for herself makes her phenomenally beautiful.

In this poem, Angelou also proves that women should celebrate themselves. Even though Angelou does not fit the stereotypical body and/ or face society tries to make it, she still celebrates who she is as well as her looks. Throughout the poem, she describes her own beautiful looks and how she is not what people feel she should be but she celebrates who she is anyways. For example, in lines six through thirteen she says, It's in the reach of my arms, The span of my hips, The stride of my step, The curl of my lips. I'm a woman Phenomenally. Phenomenal woman, That's me. In the poem, you can tell that while writing this she was so full of positive accepting energy of her person. She is so open and honest when she is talking about her looks and comparing them to different things. In this poem to be able to celebrate yourself, you must be able to love who you are and what you have.

Lastly, Angelou proves that women should respect themselves. In the poem, Angelou reveals how much she loves who she is and she celebrates that. As a woman, it is extremely easy to not respect yourself when you do not love who you are. Angelou allows the reader to understand that she has flaws, but she is who she is and she respects that. By describing her outer beauty as well as inner beauty in different ways shows how much she loves and respects herself and she celebrates it. Respecting yourself is extremely important and if you do not respect you nobody will.

As a woman, it is extremely hard to fight through what society tries to define you as. For me growing up and being exposed to different types of women made accepting who I was easier. Realizing that every single person is different and unique in their own way made it extremely easy to become comfortable with myself inside and out. This poem is so powerful because Angelou uses what someone would consider ugly or not cute as her power tool. She allows the reader to know exactly what she has that is not considered the ideal feminine women, and celebrates those things about herself.

In conclusion, Angelou uses this poem as a guide along with great examples of how to be a phenomenal woman. You do not have to be what the world considers perfect to be phenomenal. Angelou pushes that a lot in the poem. Her message is to be a phenomenal woman you got to have that love for yourself. To be able to celebrate and have respect, you have to start with love and accepting who you are. Society should never change your mind to believe you are not beautiful or good enough. You should always love who you are, celebrate it, and respect it. Once you begin to do that you will feel complete and happy. Learning to love who you are, celebrating that person, and respecting it makes you a phenomenal woman.

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The Life of Maya Angelou

Contents

The Life of Maya Angelou
Works Cited

The Life of Maya Angelou

Regardless of Maya Angelou life, she was subjected to racial discrimination throughout her life, but she still became one the best African American poet. Maya Angelou was not a very imaginative woman, but she had a practical, steady mind -- a quality need that was necessary to give stability to our new nation. Maya Angelou's real name is Marguerite Annie Johnson Angelou. Maya was known for her amazing poetry, actress, screenwriter, dancer, and civil rights activist. One of her famous quotations were When someone shows you who he or she is, believe them the first time. The quote means that you need to believe what people say because some people may look trustworthy, but may be able to do bad things to us multiple times before we actually believe who they truly are. Meanwhile seeing the amazing work she has done she had published seven autobiographies, three books, several books of poetry without mentioning the other movies and television shows.

Marguerite Annie Johnson Angelou was born on April 4.1928, in St.Louis, Missouri and raised in Stamps, Arkansas throughout her childhood. Marguerite Annie Johnson was put to rest on May 28, 2014. April is the fourth month and has thirty days in the month. The month of April is full of enjoyable holidays. They have eleven holidays and the birthstone of the month is a diamond. The flower of the month is the Daisy and The Sweet Pea and the Zodiac sign is Aries and Taurus. April is the month were Professional baseball is started in the United States. One of April's famous holidays are April Fools Day and it is the funniest day in the universe. One Famous name for the month of April is that it is called Aphrodite. Something you probably didn't know is that another famous English poet named William Wordsworth and he was born on April 7, 1770. Also on her birthday Martin Luther King died and she never celebrated it since then.

Maya was blessed with an amazing family. Her father's name is Bailey Johnson and her mother's name is Vivian Baxter Johnson. Vivian is mentioned in a lot of Maya's books, but as I noticed she was a terrible mother. She abandoned Maya and her brother when they were really little. When Maya becomes pregnant Vivian owns up to being a mother to Maya and with the child being born, it brings the two closer. Bailey and Vivian blessed Maya with an older brother named Bailey Johnson Jr. These two hold a lot of enjoyable moments. Jr is the only one to ever be this close to Maya and to make sure she always fine. Some of the family issues that I discovered was that Vivian boyfriend Vusumzi Make was an amazing man, but he had a crush on Maya and she was raped and impregnated at the age of seven. When her uncles found out about the situation her uncles beat the man to death. Once the news gets back to Maya she stayed quiet for five years. Another family issue is that she and her siblings were not able to stay in a house with both parents they were always on the move to different places. Her parents split up when she was in high school and it brought a lot of confusion between the brother and sisters. They were seeing the parent in California but their grandmother lives in Arkansas. While living in Arkansas they found out that her grandmother owned a general store.

Maya Angelou attended some school in Arkansas ( were not labeled in websites). While attending Missions High she earned a scholarship to study dance and drama at the California Labor School. During World War II Angelou moved back to California to study dance and acting at the California Labor School and she also attended George Washington High School. California Labor School is located in San Francisco, California and the George Washington High School is also in San Francisco along the coast. When Maya was in high school she was the first African American female streetcar educator in California. She returned back to school and became pregnant during her senior year and graduated a few weeks before giving birth. At the age of 16 Maya took on the single mother lifestyle. While in stages of being a single mother Maya earned her money by being a waitress and a cook, but she didn't give up on her music, dance, and poetry.

Maya's love life was full of enjoyable moments but somehow they just didn't work out for her. Maya had a couple of young men who liked her and wanted to talk to her but she wasn't the type to cheat on another man. Her first husband was named Paul De Fue and they got married 3 times back to back. Paul was 7 years younger than her and ungifted. Paul was a Welsh-born workingman and a comic strip writer who won notoriety as Mr. Germaine Greer. He second husband was named Tosh Angelos. Tosh Angelos was a Greek sailor she met while working in a record shop. Tosh was an atheist and Maya was very spiritual and that's why the marriage didn't last long. Tosh and Maya came to the conclusion that they were having a baby. Maya had a baby boy named Guy Johnson and this was her only child. Guy grew up to become an amazing man. He's also an amazing husband to his wife and a wonderful dad to his kids. Guy followed in his mother's footsteps and he is writing astonishing poetry.

Marguerite had a lot of amazing jobs but some of the these that stand out that she was a Dancer, Streetcar Conductor, table dancer in a nightclub, paint stripper in a mechanical shop, cook, prostitute, and madam for hookers, calypso singer, magazine editor and lastly an administrative assistant in Ghana. Maya's careers took place in multiple locations within the U.S and Africa. Some of these jobs had an impact on her life, some turned her into a woman but the others just helped her make some money to help support her family. Maya gained her wealth and fame through her books and the crucial moments that happened in her life. Some of the accomplishments she received were Coretta Scott King Award, Matrix, North Carolina Award in Literature, Crystal, Grammy, NAACP, Literary Award. These were just some of them but not all. She was one of the first African American females to become famous and win a lot of awards. Also with her facing with the racial language being thrown at her. Racial language back in the day was very bad and I thought that it could tear a person down, but through this, I see that she's a strong woman. While studying and mastering these career's Maya showed that she had courage and faith throughout her life.

Overall Maya Angelou seemed like she lived an amazing life shown by her astonishing poetry,books, and movies. Once she moved to California to study dance and drama she dropped it to start her writing career. Her writing career shows the way hard work pays off because she continued to write and then she was blessed with plenty of awards. With her parents being separated Maya and her brother handled the pressure lightly and conquered everything. Throughout her lifetime she shows how she is an imaginative woman with a steady mind. Maya was a humble woman to fight for what she needed to do to succeed in life.

Works Cited

List of Honors Received by Maya Angelou. Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 1 Oct. 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_honors_received_by_Maya_Angelou#Awards.
Maya Angelou Biography. Encyclopedia of World Biography, www.notablebiographies.com/

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Maya Angelou’s Imagery in Poetry

Maya Angelou, author of the poems Still I Rise and Phenomenal Woman, was not only a well-known poet, but was also an autobiographer, songwriter, playwright, dancer, singer, director, and a civil rights activist among other professions. Born in 1928 as Marguerite Johnson in St. Louis, Missouri, Angelou had a tough childhood growing up, dealing with many difficulties that would later impact her works of literature. Angelou had a broad career but was famously known for her work I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings (1970) which depicts her early life (Wedin). However, that childhood trauma didn't stop her from finding strength and confidence to speak up about things that were important to her. Angelou was known to have written poems that depicted black beauty, the strength of women, and the human spirit; criticizing the Vietnam War; demanding social justice for all (Maya Angelou) among other things. In her later years, Angelou became a civil rights activist, fighting against social injustice and issues that affected many people.

She performed an original poem for the presidential inauguration of Bill Clinton in 1993, On The Pulse of Morning (Wedin) that called for better future and greater things that can be accomplished together by everyone. In this clear social statement, Angelou showed her feeling towards social injustice of race, and gender. Phenomenal Woman and Still I Rise are prime examples of this. The poem Phenomenal Woman seeks to empower women, although they may not be the ideal woman in society's standards, they can still have confidence and strength in being themselves. On the other hand, the theme for Still I Rise is that no matter what anyone may do to the narrator, she will not be defeated but will rise against any oppression with confidence and self-respect. In both poems, Phenomenal Woman and Still I Rise, Angelou has inspirational themes to encourage others in their struggles. The quality of Maya Angelou's poetry comes from imagery she uses to express confidence, self-empowerment, and strength to overcome any obstacle.

In Phenomenal Woman, Angelou uses imagery to empower women and explains that despite her not being society's image of beauty, she is not any less of a woman and keeps her head held high with confidence and power. Angelou starts the poem with Pretty women wonder where my secret lies./I'm not cute or built to suit a fashion model's size (Angelou 1-2), explaining that she is not society's standard of beauty. Many women can relate to this poem as society's standards of beauty increase and become more absurd. In each stanza Angelou uses imagery first to show her confidence and then to state what parts of her body shows her confidence and inner strength. In the second stanza as the narrator walks into a room just as cool as you please (Angelou 15) men start to stand and gather around her. Angelou uses imagery to describe the narrator, It's the fire in my eyes,/And the flash of my teeth,/ The swing in my waist,/And the joy in my feet. (Angelou 22-25). In this quote the image of a confident woman appears walking into a room proud and feeling good about who she is. The reader can then picture Angelou's confidence and strength based on the images she uses. In this poem to woman's beauty, the self-confident narrator reveals her attributes as a phenomenal woman (Bloom) playing on the dual meaning of phenomenal; physical and attitude-wise.

The most memorable image in her poem occurs in the fourth stanza, I don't shout or jump about/ Or have to talk real loud./ when you see me passing,/ it ought to make you proud(Angelou 48-51). In this quote Angelou explains why she does not have her head bowed down; instead she is calm and confident in herself and does not need to attract the attention of others for people to look and wonder about her. Despites Angelou's hard background, she does not lose her confidence and strength, knowing she has an inner beauty that cannot be seen or understood by other but herself. Angelou still hold her head high with self-respect and beauty despite all the obstacles society and men have put her way.

In Still I Rise, Angelou uses imagery to depict the theme that no matter what happens nothing can bring her down and that she will rise against anything with confidence and self-respect. Angelou starts the poem with this quote, You may write me down in history/ with your bitter, twisted lies,/ you may trod me in the very dirt (Angelou 1-3), showing her confidence in rising despite what is done to her. As she continues, she asks the readers rhetorical questions that further her confidence and show just how she will not be defeated. The literary critic Jacqueline Thursby, in her article " Critical Companion to Maya Angelou," states that " the 'I' of Black poetry is not a singular or individualistic referent but a symbol for the idea of a Black collective". Using this collective voice and imagery, Angelou reaches her readers and brings confidence even in an event of verbal or physical abuse and to continue even if this seems hopeless or not possible (Thursby).

The most memorable image in her poem occurs in the fourth stanza, Did you want to see me broken?/ Bowed head and lowered eyes? Shoulders falling down like teardrops,/ Weakened by my soulful cries?(Angelou 48-51). In this quote Angelou creates an image of someone defeated and asks her oppressors if this is image of her would be to their liking. Angelou paints the picture and adds the soulful cries that deepen this picture by adding an auditory layer so the audience can invoke an image and sound to this defeated scene. This powerful image is part of Angelou's theme in not being defeated and that she will rise against her oppressors. Throughout the poem she is also mocking her oppressors into seeing how she cannot be defeat; this contributes to the theme of the poem, that nothing will break or bring her down and that continue with confidence and strength. This poem like Phenomenal Woman provides an inspirational emotion that can be appreciated by many though Still I Rise can relate to a broader audience both poems carry the important social messages that were important to Angelou.

Angelou was not only a poet, but also an author, director, and a civil rights activist among other professions. She lived a harsh childhood and adulthood but despite this she became a beloved author finding strength and confidence to speak up about things that were important to her. She fought against social injustices affecting many people because of race or gender and called for a better future and for greater things that can be accomplished by everyone. Her poems Phenomenal Woman and Still I Rise are great examples of these social injustices and her stand on them. In Phenomenal Woman the poem's theme is to empower women although they may not be the ideal woman in society's standards, they can still have confidence and strength in being themselves. On the other hand, the theme for Still I Rise is that no matter what anyone may do to the narrator, she will not be broken or brought down but will rise against all these obstacles with confidence and self-respect. In both poems Phenomenal Woman and Still I Rise, Angelou writes inspirational poems to encourage others in their struggles to find the strength and confidence to not be defeated.

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History of Genetic Engineering

Contents

HISTORY OF GENETIC ENGINEERING
WORKS CITED

HISTORY OF GENETIC ENGINEERING

Curiosity is one of the natures of mankind, it is to surprise that we ventured down the road of genetic engineering to find ways to make living easier for us. Genetic engineering has been occurring even far back to the Bible days without knowledge of it. Most people that are against genetic mutation, says it is trying to play God, same reason why those people are against plastic surgery. Genetic engineering is useful in many areas of ours, especially in Agriculture. Let's go back to his it all started, Farmers and scientists alike used to conduct selective breeding to create animal offspring's with the desired trait. Genetic engineering is similar, except, a fragment of the DNA with the desired trait is placed in a living organism to produce an entirely new organism. The standard used in genetic technology today was discovered more than a century ago. In 1859, Charles Darwin published the source of species which was one of the first articles hat gave extensive information on the topic of breeding in that generation (A brief history of genetic modification). In 1865 Gregor Mendel published his discovery of the breeding of peas, which became a base for the study of modern genetics, which furthered the advancement of the field.

A major discovery in recombinant DNA technology occurred in 1941 once George Beadle and E. L. Tatum managed to pin a factor defect to one purpose of origin within the organic chemistry pathway which might are applied by associate degree accelerator that was missing (A brief history of genetic modification). They managed to reinstate the normal growth of a mutant micro-organism by adding in the missing enzyme, proving that humans can correct gene defects by adding in the missing ingredient. Furthering the study of DNA in 1953 James Watson and Francis Crick discovered the double helix structure of DNA which finally allowed the gene map to make sense to scientists (A brief history of genetic modification).

Then furthering the understanding of the genetic code in 1966 Marshall Nirenberg & Har Gobind Khorana finished the unraveling of the genetic code. Then furthering the information of enzymes within the late Sixties Stewart Linn & Werner Arber created the invention of restriction enzymes in E. coli. In 1973 Stanley Cohen and musician Boyer did the impossible (A temporary history of genetic modification). They fictional deoxyribonucleic acid biological research, which allowed genes to be transferred from one organism to another. Then in 1974 for the first time in human history Stanley Cohen, Annie Chang and Herbert Boyer created the first genetically modified organism. In response to the current event a conference was control within the us in 1975 wherever scientists met on the QT to deliberate however they must proceed with this discovery of new deoxyribonucleic acid technology, also to find a way to self-regulate the technology (A brief history of genetic modification).

To then further assist scientists in 1976 The National Institute of Health in the United States created guidelines on how genetic modification research was to be conducted. In 1977 Frederick Sanger developed chain termination deoxyribonucleic acid that enabled scientists to browse the ester sequence in an exceedingly deoxyribonucleic acid molecule (A temporary history of genetic modification). In 1980 the primary genetically changed mouse was created, and then in 1982 a giant mouse was produced by transferring growth hormones from a rat to the mouse. In 1983 Kary Mullis, who is a biochemist, created the polymerase chain reaction which is a technique which allowed scientist to recreate fractions of DNA at greater speeds than scientists may antecedently do (A temporary history of genetic modification). Kary Mullis was given the Nobel Prize for this invention in 1993. From the 1980's to the early 1990's China placed the first genetically modified crops on the market, which were a virus-resistant tobacco plant and a virus-resistant tomato plant. In 1982 Ralph Brinster and Richard Palmiter inserted the gene for the human growth hormone in the embryo of a mouse, which the resulting mouse was twice the size of the average adult mouse (A brief history of genetic modification). Richard Palmiter and Ralph Brinster's experiment with the mouse resulted in the fact that scientists can use mice to test genes and that fact has led to many scientist using mice to test genes for causes, and treatment options for numerous diseases, such as cancer, diabetes, and sickle cell (The Transgenic Mouse).

In the assistance of criminal apprehension genetic fingerprinting was developed in 1984 which allowed police to find and identify criminals by DNA they left at a crime scene or on a body. In 1985 the first genetically engineered domestic animal was produced, a pig (A brief history of genetic modification). In 1988 the first pharmaceutical producing genetically engineered plant was created. In 1989 data about the Beltsville pig was publicized. The Beltsville pig was a named after the agricultural research station in Maryland, USA. The genetically modified pig had a gene from human growth hormone and as a result of the gene suffered from a number of pathological conditions (A brief history of genetic modification). This example shows the danger of blending genes from totally different species because the result won't forever finish the means it's desired to finish. In 1990 genetic modification created rennin, another name for rennin which is used to curdle milk, an enzyme used in making hard cheese (A brief history of genetic modification). In a substantial sure in human progress, in 1991 the primary factor medical care trials occurred on mortals. In 1993 the United States Food and Drug Administration approved Bovine somatotropin, a metabolic protein hormone which is used to increase milk production in dairy cows. Scientists were able to accomplish this by determining which gene in cattle controls the production of Bovine somatotropin, and they isolated this gene from cattle and injected it in a bacterium called Escherichia coli. Escherichia coli produce large amounts of bovine somatotropin which scientists purified and then injected into cattle allowing them to produce more milk (A brief history of genetic modification).

At a business standpoint in 1994 the first genetically modified crop plant to be wide spread sold in the United States was the FlavrSavr transgenic tomato. In 1995 the BT potato plant, BT stands for Bactillus thuringiesis, was approved safe by the Environmental Protection Agency, which made the Bactillus thuringiensis potato the first pesticide producing crop to be sold on the market in the United States. In 1997 an announcement of the cloning of a transgenic lamb named Polly occurred. It was cloned with the cells engineered with a human gene and a marker gene. With this the cloning of a lamb was combined with genetic modification technology, which creates animals that produce a new protein (A brief history of genetic modification). Unfortunately in September of 1999 the first publicized patient death involved in gene therapy, where the death was caused by the gene therapy itself, was announced. In 2003 the human genome was sequenced (A brief history of genetic modification).

Major Benefits of genetic engineering include the creation of healthier food options, creating a cheaper and more abundant source of medicine, it also helps in the creation of new and helpful medication to the growing list of ailments in our world. The agricultural is one of the major benefactors of genetic engineering. Due to the growing population, the demand for food crop has also increased, traditional plant breeding is no longer effective as it used to be. This is where genetic engineering helps out. Researches on plant DNA mutation has yielded in larger crop produce than before and also a variety of new species are formed. Genetic engineering of food has made it possible for the world to produce more food per inhabitant than ever before (Altieri). Genetically engineered bacteria and fungi also have great value in agriculture. Rhizobium, for example, are being applied to soil all over the world in place of expensive nitrogenous fertilizers to produce a large yield of legume crops. Several approaches are being considered to increase legume yields with genetically engineered Rhizobium. (Brill).

In summary, Genetic engineering ha quite a history and it is safe to say that quite a number of research has been done concerning genetic engineering. There should still me legal boundaries as to what can be experimented on, and the government should regulate studies done.Genetics mutation has the potential to change our world for good.

WORKS CITED

Altieri, Miguel A. Genetic engineering in agriculture: the myths, environmental risks, and alternatives. No. 1. Food First Books, 2004.
"A brief history of genetic modification." n.d. gmeducation.org. Web. 4 November 2013. .
Brill, Winston J. "Safety concerns and genetic engineering in agriculture." Science 227 (1985): 381-385.
Butcher, Mavis. "Genetically Modified Food- GM Food List and Information." 22 September 2009. Disabled World. Web. 19 November 2013.
Engdahl, Sylvia. Genetic Engineering. Detroit: GreenHaven Press, 2006. Print.
Genetic Engineering. Inbreeding. Hybridization 10/23/2013. Selective Breeding vs. Genetic Engineering. Selective Breeding Recombinant DNA. PDF, DocPlayer, docplayer.net/27807986-Genetic-engineering-inbreeding-hybridization-10-23-2013-selective-breeding-vs-genetic-engineering-selective-breeding-recombinant-dna.html.

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Important Role of Genome Editing

ABE production globally has experienced different challenges and successes in the past years. Many production plants and industries were established to produce butanol, acetone and ethanol. However, due to the increasing price trend of crude oil, these companies have been shut down in the past four years due to the rapid drop of crude oil price.

Novel and new expertise for cell and process engineering will fast-track the industrial growth of biobutanol production in the future. Solventogenic clostridia are well-studied strains due to their specific ability in alcohols (butanol and ethanol) and acetone biosynthesis. Clostridium acetobutylicum used in ABE fermentation triggered lots of research interests in recent years. Despite the fact that immense efforts have been made to increase butanol yield in the during ABE fermentation, this process still suffers from low butanol yield.

In order to improve biobutanol production, the butanol-producing abilities of the strains and the corresponding downstream process engineering are key factors (Wang et al., 2014). Though several researchers have worked extensively on this work, there are still limited number of genes that enhance carbon metabolism and sporulation in microbes. Several methods including single cross-over recombination and group II intron retargeting methods have been used. (Sillers et al., 2008; Tummala et al., 2003; Heap et al., 2007). Furthermore, the efficiency of metabolic engineered strains is not acceptable, even not as good as that achieved by the famous mutants Clostridium acetobutylicum JB200 from long-term adjustment and Clostridium beijerinckii BA101 from chemical mutagenesis (Annous and Blaschek, 1991; Xue et al., 2012).

These proofs, presenting less efficiency of rational metabolic engineering compared to traditional random mutagenesis and screening, suggested disadvantaged strain development due to inadequate genetic tools and comprehension of molecular mechanism. With the improvement of genome editing technology and system biology, strain development for ABE fermentation is expected to make a significant breakthrough in coming years. In addition, in situ product recovery techniques lowers the effect of butanol toxicity and efficiently reduce the production cost via continuous removal butanol during fermentation, which will also promote the development of biobutanol production. Recent synthetic biology efforts have successfully introduced butanol toxicity tolerant and butanol- producing genes into various non-native producing microorganisms including E. coli, cyanobacteria, S. cerevisiae, C. tyrobutyricum etc. (Lan and Liao, 2012a, 2012b; Krivoruchko et al., 2013; Yu et al., 2011)

Although these studies have demonstrated the potential and feasibility of applying these not-native hosts for butanol production, the butanol titers and productivities achieved are very low, some of which are disappointingly at least one order of magnitude lower than that achieved by the native butanol-producing strains Clostridium acetobutylicum JB200 or Clostridium beijerinckii BA101. Furthermore, C. acetobutylicum is a typical strain for butanol production, and thus, the genetic manipulation and process engineering strategies developed based on C. acetobutylicum can also be implemented in other species of Clostridium and non-native producing strains. Here, we review the problems and advances in butanol production by C. acetobutylicum, including mechanism and regulation of sugar uptake, metabolic engineering and genome editing for strain improvement, and integrated recovery technologies including conventional single integrated techniques and advanced hybrid recovery strategies.

Based on the summarized work of the past decades, this review highlighted the important role of genome editing and impercipient metabolic regulation in C. acetobutylicum, which could contribute a lot for strain development. In addition, integration of fermentation and recovery aiming to improve the efficiency of biobutanol production was discussed.Wehope this reviewcould facilitate the development and expansion of strain and process engineering formicrobial butanol production, and the final revival of biobutanol production in the future.

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What is Genetic Engineering?

What is genetic engineering? It's the ability to recreate or alternate and organism in a duplicative form in a lab. Where is genetic engineering headed? Are we hoping to one day be able to engineer body parts as they slowly start to break down or people getting overly obsessive about having the possibility to change themselves completely to look like a specific person or better yet their favorite celebrity? I think that genetic engineering comes in handy when utilized appropriately such as creating new cells or tissue when trying to cure a specific disease. It's when people take advantage of the engineering mechanisms to create a clone of themselves. I mean look how far cosmetic surgery has come along and how some get carried away with wanting to change themselves. One of the most widespread but also most controversial uses of genetic engineering is in the creation of genetically modified crops and food. The goal of genetic modification can vary from crop to crop.

One example is the Soybeans that have been modified with a DNA segment bringing resistance to herbicides sprayed over fields to kill weeds growing. When you read and hear about how animals are being modified and injected with all sorts of hormones in order to increase the production of milk. Or how farmers fatten up their cattle. The artificial process that they put the cows through is to boost the amount of meat they can sell, which means more money for the farmers and their business. Another good thing that genetic engineering has allowed is the ability to develop faster, cheaper, diagnostic tests for certain diseases to be used both in the laboratory and in the body. These tests are used to identify infectious diseases, hormonal changes, pregnancies, cancer, and other diseases and conditions. Also, the use of genetically modified organisms to produce human hormones, enzymes, vaccines, and medications has revolutionized the pharmaceutical industry.

One thing I can relate to this is the fact that I'm lactose intolerant and now I'm able to buy pills that will allow me to enjoy products that I wasn't able to before. Another great thing about genetic engineering is how it's made it possible to develop gene therapy. Genetic diseases are inherited conditions that occur because of one or more genetic changes or mutations that prevent the correct functioning of a particular gene. Most genetic diseases do not have a treatment or cure. But this is where you can look at the bright side of genetic engineering techniques is that scientists hope that they will be able to transform an affected individual's mutated gene into a working gene by replacing it with a functional copy of the gene. Gene therapy has shown some success in helping individuals with severe combined immunodeficiency, hemophilia type B, and several other genetic diseases, and even has been put to use on cancer.

It's crazy to even think that birth defects could potentially be eliminated if doctors were able to change that child's genes even before they are born. Maybe even be able to cure dis The process could also be adapted to cure hereditary diseases and prevent them from passing to future generations. Genetic engineering has definitely come a long ways and I'm curious to see how much more we could achieve with it.

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Role of Genetic Modifications

Genetic Engineering is the process of manipulation of an organism's genes. The process involves Recombinant DNA, which is bringing genetic material from multiple organisms and creating a sequence that would not be otherwise found in the genome. Recombinant DNA has many positive effects and it has produced medications such as vaccines, antibiotics, and allergens. Genetic Engineering is not only limited to DNA because Genetically Modified foods can also be produced from these methods. Genetic Engineering is used in fields such as medicine, industrial biotechnology and agriculture. In the Genetic Engineering of crops there are many risks factors involved. From these risks, objections have been raised that foods derived from the Genetically Engineered crops are unsafe to eat and the cultivation of these crops will harm the environment. Genetic Engineering possesses the possibility to carry certain risks to human health, however it also introduces a higher probability of benefits to nutrition values.

Genetic Engineering is a step into the future because of all the possibilities that are brought up by recombinant DNA. With the estimates indicating that the world population will climb above 7.5 billion by the year 2020 and 9 billion by 2050, the benefits of GM crops seem critical to producing the quantities of crops necessary for worldwide nourishment (Metcalfe). Recombinant DNA technology offers a powerful new tool to assist plant breeders to produce crops with improved characteristics, such as insect resistance, disease resistance, herbicide tolerance, and climatic tolerance, as well as with enhanced consumer benefits, such as improved flavor and texture, longer shelf life, and added nutritional values. When crop yields become predictable, then the food supply would become predictable as well. This gives the ability to provide well rounded nutrition abilities. These improved characteristics are essential for the future because the population of the world is highly likely to increase.

There are many objections that have brought up on Genetically Modified crops because people believe Genetically Modified Crops have several risk factors that are unaccounted for. The potential health hazard of each genetically transformed food includes the risk of allergenicity, which has led to strategies to monitor transformed crops for allergenic potential before release. In 2012, the American Association for the Advancement of Science summarized the consensus, writing that, The World Health Organization, the American Medical Association, the U.S. National Academy of sciences, the British Royal Society, and every other respected organization that has examined the evidence has come to the same conclusion: consuming foods containing ingredients derived from GM crops is no riskier than consuming the same foods containing ingredients from crop plants modified by conventional plant improvement techniques. (Sunstein). This demonstrates that, although there are risk factors that negatively effect genetic engineering, the risks are highly speculative and GM food consumption has not caused any known health problems.

Genetic Engineering is beneficial to the nutrition because GM food is manipulated to add more nutritional values and greater resistance to herbicide. This modification also contributes to longer shelf life. For example, the Innate potato has been engineered to prevent bruising and browning, as well as to reduce the amount of the possible-carcinogen acrylamide released when the potato is fried (Sunstein). Carcinogen Acrylamide is a chemical produced when vegetables that contain the amino acid asparagine, such as potatoes, are heated to high temperatures in presence of certain sugars. Acrylamide exposures also increase the risk for several types of cancers, however Genetic Engineering of vegetables reduces the amount of Acrylamide released. This shows that Genetic Engineering reduces the risk for possible health problems that can be caused by vegetables.

Genetic engineering techniques allow for the introduction of new traits as well as greater control over traits when compared to previous methods, such as selective breeding and mutation breeding. In the United States, the large portion of food produced is from Genetic Engineering. In 2001, over 65% of the soybeans and over 25% of the corn grown in this country were genetically modified (Lessick). Biotechnicians have created fruits and vegetables that have disease, insect and herbicide resistance. For example, Papayas were genetically modified to resist the ringspot virus, which primarily affects the papaya trees. Unlike conventional breeding, in which new assortments of genes are created at random, Genetic Engineering allows specific genes to be identified, isolated, copied and introduced into other organisms in much more direct and controlled ways (Jones). Genetic Modification makes it possible to introduce foreign genes into crop plants and express these in specific tissues such as roots or leaves and not in others. This would highly likely improve crop protection against pests that attack only roots or leaves (Jones). GM technology can help to breed food crops with higher contents of micronutrients; a case in point is Golden Rice with provitamin A in the grain (Qaim).

Genetically Modified crops can improve nutrition content. Genetic Modifications add pest resistance and weather resistance to GMO crops. Through a process called pharming, it is possible to produce certain proteins and vaccines, along with other pharmaceutical goods, because of the use of genetic modifications. This practice offers cheaper methods of improving personal health and could change how certain medications are provided to patients in the future (Jones). The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations states that one of the positives of GMOs is that farmers can produce more nutritious food. Many foods are in the works for bio-fortification for this reason. Rice, for example, feeds 50 percent of the world's population, so genetically modifying rice to have more vitamin A would reduce vitamin A deficiency in developing countries. In 2015, 94% of soybean acreage in the U.S. was genetically modified to be glyphosate-tolerant (Jones). Glyphosate is a herbicide that is widely used to kill weed, broadleaf plants, and grasses. The World Health Organization identified to glyphosate to be one of the causes of cancer in human. The Soybean produced through genetic modification is designed to be tolerant to this herbicide, therefore, it would reduce the risk of cancer. These bacterial antibiotic resistant genes that were introduced to into GM Plants as a selection marker for their primary transformation. US Food and Drug Administration has accepted arguments that these antibiotic resistant do not compromise safety.

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Complicate Government System of U.S.

The United States of America's government system is a truly complex and intricate work. Beginning so long ago, the American government system that is implicated today took years and years to advance and become stronger, becoming one of the powerhouses of the world as we know it today. Then again it wasn't always like this. In American history, a key element to the foundation of America is government and the changes the system has gone through the years. This essay will discuss some of the changes that occurred from 1900 to 1945 in the country. With important topics such as progressivism, The Square Deal, The New Deal, Suffrage movement, WWI and WWII, and also the New Era this essay will specifically address the actions taken by the government or not taken by the government and their effects on the American people. With the country constantly going through difficult times and attempting to control its citizens from 1900-1945, certain actions the government took were, the assistance of the Courts to make decisions, the ability to pass laws with Congress, and the implications of orders and deals by the President.

With rapid industrialization hitting America and times beginning to change and advance the government looked for federal and state level courts to assist in the creation of new order and a better way of life. This occurred during the Progressive Era when the industrialization of America was accelerating. The decisions that surrounded this political movement were founded to improve the quality of life, change the before corrupt and inefficient government and allow more government voice and involvement in businesses. The impacts during the time of the Progressive Era were seen as both positive and negative by different sides of the American community. In the progressive community many believed that the rich should be superior. However, not just any rich people, white wealthy men should remain wealthy and superior. This meant that whites would dominate business and main outlets in industry. In the black community this was seen and taken negatively. One of the era's most celebrated black leaders, Booker T. Washington, proposed another idea for racial accommodation to what he thought was a path towards progress. Washington was an educated black man, that was born into slavery but found his way out and became loved by many including whites. He proposed that in the time of the Progressive Era people need to stay segregated and support their communities but push for each and everyone's individual rights and equality.

Blacks should also start and create businesses for themselves and their community's well being and prosperity. After the Progressive Era came the War but after that came the New Era. The New Ear, similar to the Progressive Era, was America's continued economic growth but this time with a boom in consumer culture. After the first World Wars' end in 1918, the American government started to encourage business but with less involvement physically in businesses. At this time there were a large number of positive outcomes and reactions from citizens. There became a higher importance for consumer goods, with people spending to feel good and to increase social status, as well as the introduction to credit spending. African Americans during this time also decided to make their mark on society. Commonly referred to as the New Negro blacks, attempted to change their position in society with the introduction of businesses and more societal contribution.

As the American society advanced and people gained more power and economic security within themselves the government needed to establish better laws, and regulations through Congress. During the New Era, the 1920s with cities and businesses booming alcohol became an issue to the government. To battle alcoholism, reduce violence and crime rates, and lessen the tax burden created by the prison system, Congress put forth the 18th Amendment. The 18th Amendment called for the prohibition of alcohol. This rule put forth by the government had a very opposite result and impact on the society, instead more people pushed against the amendment and fought for alcohol to be easily consumed and available. At the end of this Era there became a huge gap in wealth with distribution at one percent, as well as decline in wages also leading to an increase in personal debt. Another decision the government made in the past was the establishment of the 19th Amendment. At the time suffrage for women was not a universally accepted dilemma. It wasn't until the National Women Party in 1913, that women's voices were heard about the issue. Women became more public to push for change participating in picketing and then hunger strikes in jail. With all the attention the issue brought the 19th Amendment was finally passed. While the government continued establish better laws, they also had a responsibility to take care of their states in times of need. One of these actions taken was the creation of the New Deal.

With the Great Depression tearing apart American citizens creating unemployment at 23.6% and a 40% bank failure, the New Deal projects and programs, by Franklin D. Roosevelt, were to stabilize society and aid those who were suffering. The New Deal didn't necessarily help all races however. For African Americans it offered some certain programs but segregation still existed alongside racism and blacks were still excluded from social security. As for the Mexican community, they were asked to come and leave based on the availability of work active, and even if you were a child born in America with Mexican parents you had to leave as well. Asian Americans were also payed to leave the country so that they didn't have to take care of other races. An important time where the New Deal was successful in helping a community was the Dust Bowl. The Dust Bowl was a time in which it had stopped raining from 1932-1939. With mostly all their crops destroyed and hard to find food the government had stepped in to provide aid. Red Cross services provided face masks to prevent people from inhaling dust while the government provided canned food, relief checks and even money for cattle to be slaughtered. With benefits to the New Deal and some drawback it overall didn't create too much economic movement. It didn't end depression or unemployment, it didn't redistribute the wealth, and it didn't solve governmental issues or economical issues but it prevented the country from becoming worse.

Although decisions and actions like the New Deal might have not solved issues like the Great Depression, Presidents' decisions definitely impacted America both positively and negatively. America engaged in war with Germany, Japan, Vietnam each ending with America, or the Allies', victory. In World War 1 the United States fought with the Allied forces, England, France, Italy and more, against the Central Powers, Germany, the Ottoman Empire and more. After the first war they had planned for peace and Woodrow Wilson created the 14 points plan, fourteen points of peace after the war. Soon after Wilson proposed the League of Nations for the resolution of international conflict but the United States never joined. It was at the League of Nations that Treaty of Versailles was made in 1918, blaming Germans for sole responsibility of the war. In America after WWI the economy started booming but an interesting reaction was noticed in the African American community. In the war blacks who had answered the call to service ended up being segregated into jobs of less worth, when initially they had gone to prove their worth and make claims for equality in America.

They came back with everything looking the same. This led to the Great Migration where many African Americans moved through the country, some to Africa to start new communities. This rapid migration led to the development of many black communities in popular cities like New York, Los Angeles and more. Later WWII had a similar global impact, but in the United States specifically it drastically boosted the economy. At the end of WWII wartime production was so high that it ended the Great Depression. A lot of the help that was provided to boost production came from people who stayed at home during WWII, because it was the largest armed conflict in history people wanted to help wherever they were. In many situations women would help in the war efforts, to make and supply troops with different gear or other needs like transportation, food, clothing etc. These women would often be family members of troops who are fighting in hopes to see their loved ones faster or to feel a sense of contribution even for the smallest of tasks. Jobs provided during the war time also made more more money and a better salary than others. Women were able to find a meaning to life and a sense of purpose during the war.

Even with the country constantly going through difficult times and attempting to control its citizens, certain actions the government took were, the assistance of the Courts to make decisions, the ability to pass laws with Congress, and the implications of orders and deals by the President. It is interesting to learn about the government's actions and their impacts on the society because a lot of times you may not be aware of the direct effect on your life. In today's society the United States government arguably makes a lot of irrational decisions and takes actions many would avoid completely. As the government progresses and advances in the modern day it is important to look at the impacts the government's decisions have on your life.

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Analysis of Trust Management Framework

This research proposal aims to investigate the analysis of trust management framework on cloud computing system in the Rwandan government institutions with a case study of cloud watermarking data Coloring at the Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning. Many management systems have been developed under the assumption that each Rwandan government entity has to use a variant of scoring function. Much of these framework are focusing on providing robustness and improving performance for a given community standing scheme. In a large-scale these infrastructure hosts many different functional services that are directly connected with the lives of Rwandans.

Specifically, services within these infrastructures should be able to deny requests from clients initiating bad transactions at one or more other services. Thus cloud computing is a one of the newest computing paradigm that provides infrastructures, platforms and software as a service in a flexible and on-demand. Nowadays the number of people that outsource their data to the cloud increases dramatically (J. Feigenbaum and J. Lacy 2016). It is estimated that cloud computing offer cost-effective dynamic, scalable and shared services for enterprises from remote data centre where these unified evaluation framework help in measuring the trustworthiness of cloud service providers. However, the problem of trusting cloud computing is a paramount concern for most enterprises in such a way that bringing security, transparency and reliability trust is widely regarded as one of the top obstacles for the adoption and growth of cloud computing specifically in the Rwandan government entities. In Rwandan computing industry there are no methods proposed either by researchers or government entities to help the consumers identify the cloud service provider who seems to be more reliable.

This proposal will then provide a generic analytical of trust management framework on cloud computing system in the Rwandan government institutions, propose security solution and therefore how to reduce the impact of any type of intrusion based on a set of assessment criteria to help cloud consumers find the trust model that best satisfies their trust concerns in cloud computing. This study will adopt a descriptive survey design. The target population of this study will be drawn from 150 staffs of the Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning. The sample size of 110 respondents will be determined using Yamane's formula. The study will use both primary and secondary data, where questionnaires, interview and annual cloud watermarking data coloring reports of MINECOFIN will be used. Primary data for the study will be collected using structured questionnaires that will be administered to the respondents. Quantitative data obtained from close ended questions will be analyzed by using descriptive statistics. Narrative data obtained from interviews and open-ended questions in the questionnaire will be analyzed using qualitative approaches. Data collected will be analyzed through SPSS version 21.

Data analysis involved statistical computations for averages, percentages, and correlation and regression analysis. Descriptive and inferential statistics and content analysis will be used for specific data. The type of validity to be used by the researcher for this study will be the content validity. For the reliability of the data collection instrument, Test- retest reliability will be used. The findings will guide the researcher after analyzing data, to observe the analysis of trust management framework on cloud computing system in the Rwandan government institutions.

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A Personality of Maya Angelo

You are Maya Angelo multi-talented. She was a writer, actress, screenwriter, dancer and poet. Margaret Ann Johnson. She lived a cruel childhood, separated her parents when she was a little girl and sent with her older brother Billy Bailey to live with their grandmother or their mother Anne Henderson Anne Henderson in Arkansas Maya Angelo connected her life to . In her poem I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings written in 1969.

As an African-American, Maya Angelo suffered from racial intolerance during her life in Arkansas. When she was seven years old, after a visit to her mother, she was raped by a friend of her mother. In response, her uncle killed her rapist. I could not speak with her shock and she returned to Arkansas after years of silence.

During the Second World War, Maya moved to San Francisco, California after receiving a scholarship to learn to dance and perform at the California Labor School and got a temporary job as a driver in San Francisco. In 1944, when she reached the age of 16, Maya gave birth to a child after a short-term relationship with a young man in school, and then worked in several jobs to support herself and her young child.

In the mid-1950s she began her career as an actress in the play Porgy and Bess, and in 1957 she took a role in the play "Calypso Heat Wave" and released her first album Miss Calypso. As a civil rights activist and a member of Harlem Writers Guild, Maya starred and helped organize the satirical musical Cabaret for Freedom. In 1961, Maya appeared in The Blacks and the play was very successful. She spent most of the 1960s abroad, in Egypt and then in Ghana, where she worked as an independent editor and writer, and at the University of Ghana for a while.

In 1998, Maya performed her first directing experience in Down In The Delta. She has also written several important articles such as The Letter To My Daughter (1994) and Letter To My Daughter (2008), in which she directed several tips for young women. She has also published several books on cooking such as Hallelujah! The Welcome Table: A Lifetime of Memories With Recipes 2005 and Great Food All Day LONG 2010.

The main point that Maya wants to send to people and let people know is that if you have something you have to try hard to get it , also she want to send message that if believe in something you have to change your attitude if you want to get it the change from inside you become first then you will change things around you .

Maya Angelou's life reflect on her writings . live a hard life as kid trying to change reality and then getting reaped by someone then working and In the mid-1950s she began her career as an actress in the play Porgy and Bess, that was her life till she died in She died on May 28, 2014.

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Governance Without Government: Blockchain Technology

It is said that every generation experiences one revolution in their lifetime, but often are not even aware of it. My generation is standing face to face with technology that has the potential to change the world order as we know it. The blockchain is the running force behind the next Internet revolution that transforms the power structures in place, altering everything, from the way we communicate, do business to the way we deal with politics. In this essay, I will attempt to discuss the implications of such technology on an individual and societal level, exploring the possibilities of the next political system which overcomes the constraints of the current one - nation-state.

The Internet has 3 generations so far (Jain, 2006), the first wave - the internet of information (Google), the second - the internet of service (Facebook, Amazon), and the final, third one, that is now supposed to introduce technology never seen before - Internet of value. Internet of value is significant on so many levels, but essentially it is supposed to give users the option to make transactions via Internet only. You must be wondering if your PayPal account is a part of this extremely valuable concept, and the answer is - no. What makes this type of technology as revolutionary, is that it would completely cross out any existing middleman in any sort of exchange, and in this case - your bank.

This brings out a very important question - what makes us need and use banks in the first place? What makes us give out personal information to random social media platforms? What makes us get in a vehicle with a stranger when using public transport? The answer to this is, in a way, painfully simple and intuitive - we do it because we trust these institutions. We trust the bank to give us money when we ask for it, we trust the media platforms to make our communication easier and we trust the public transportation companies not to hire sociopaths, but drivers who are going to get us from point A to point B. Based on this trust that we have established, we create certain perceptions of these institutions. Our perceptions give them validity and purpose. The same is with countries we live in. We trust the government to keep us safe, to collect and redistribute tax money, to educate our children and do so much more. Trusting the institution of a nation-state, embodied in our government, we enable them to exercise the power of highest authority in the state, thus structuring people's reality based on how they perceive the institution of a state. This means that any change in our perception would radically change the reality we live in. The Internet has so far changed the way we perceive find and use information and the way we communicate. Now, it's about to

This inevitably points to the raison d'etre [reason for being] of the nation-state and Anderson's work (1983) on them in his book Imagined communities. He describes nation states to be a product of so-called print capitalism- the theory he used to describe how people form these imaginary communities based on commonly understood medium of communication (language).

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Human Reproductive Cloning and Biotechnology

Cloning, one of nature's and science's greatest mystery, is becoming unraveled through our society's technological advances. What was widely known as just science fiction decades ago, such as Jurassic Park in bringing back fossils of Dinosaurs or replicating an army of clones in the movie Star Wars is now becoming a reality more than ever before. Cloning is making an identical copy of, replicate, and or propagate (an organism or cell) as a clone. (Webster &Webster) It is from one parent resulting in identical cells. Scientifically speaking, one cell could be replicated, as well as organs, organisms, animals and possibly humans.

English embryologist Ian Wilmut made the idea possible, with the world's first cloned mammal; Dolly the sheep. To create Dolly researchers needed: 1 somatic diploid donor cell, 1 unfertilized recipient egg with the nucleus removed, 1 electric shock (nuclear transfer) to fuse the them together, and 1 surrogate mother. However, it was very a difficult process it took about 277 cell fusions, 29 early embryos and thirteen surrogate mothers. It only took with the success of mammal cloning, that has a made a significant impact on cloning and science today. Since Dolly's significance there were many advances made through cloning mice, dogs, cats, frogs, and livestock.

Since Dolly's implication, scientists had many predictions of what can occur next since cloning mammals was possible. Dolly was the first example of taking an adult cell and getting an adult, that meant you could re-program an adult cell nucleus back to an embryonic stage. Robin Lovell Badge, head of Division of Stem Cell Biology and Developmental Genetics at the Francis Crick Institute of London (2016) The success led to amazing predictions: human cloning, disease preventions, and rebirth of the deceased. Dolly's impact imprinted on many scientists, stem cell biologist Shinya Yamanaka said that Dolly's cloning had motivated him to begin developing stem cells derived from adult cells which he accomplished, he also proved that nuclear programming is possible in mammals. The imprint didn't end there, many scientist were inspired of what could be discovered next.

The possibilities of cloning range from medical uses, personal uses, and agricultural, livestock improvement to restore and save endangered species. The most controversial debate on cloning would be replicating humans. Wilmut believes that cloning humans is possible, however he does not approve of the idea. Just because it may now work in the sense of producing offspring doesn't mean to say we should do it, he says. The likelihood is you would get pregnancy losses and abnormal births. He also states that some of the clones he created after Dolly faced major health problems and was appalled by this experience. Wilmut wouldn't want to have the same experience with humans, he ultimately believes that it would be far more cruel if done with humans and that there is less of a need to because of recent advances in gene-editing technology. In the United States, human cloning laws are a very ambiguous and grey area due to political and scientific controversies. Although there are no federal law explicitly illegalizing human cloning, there are there are no federal laws regarding human cloning.

Since there is the possibility of human cloning many wonder about the possibility of bringing back extinct creatures. In 2013, there was a discovery of well- preserved wooly mammoths which sparked an interest to researchers who want to understand how mammoths lived, died, and bring them back to life. The idea of bringing back a wooly mammoth back to life includes: DNA, egg cell, and birthing mother. Researchers can still get DNA from tissue and fossils from organisms from 10,000 years ago to 100,000, this is how the Wooly Mammoth is still an active process. However, although researchers have the DNA of a wooly mammoth it is not perfect. DNA degrades over time and has a half-life of 521 years, meaning scientists would have to fix the DNA before they can start cloning the mammal. With that being said, researchers turned to Precise Genome Editing in which they use CRISPR Cas 9 which is an editing tool for DNA which is able to go through millions of strands of DNA, locate a specific genome and remove or add to it. In de-extincting the mammoth scientists are using the DNA of an Asian elephant and replacing parts with a mammoth's DNA to make a mammophant Today we have, cloning technology, elephant and mammoth DNA. Scientists can edit together and the plan is to try to artificially inseminate an Asian Elephant mom to carry out the baby. The entire idea of de-extinction which by definition is bringing back a whole species is still an active ongoing process today.

De-extinction may be an active ongoing process today, however cloning deceased pets is possible today at a bio-tech lab called in South Korea called Sooam. Sooam was founded by veterinarian and researcher Woo Suk Hwang. Hwang was convicted of stealing research funds and illegally purchasing human eggs for his research, he was also expelled from his academic institution and still faces criminal charges. Sooam Bio-Tech Lab are still active today, dog lovers can technically revive and clone their dogs for $100,000. According to Sooam Biotech's website the cloning technology today is possible at Sooam for any dog no matter its, age, size, and breed. They have claimed that they not only clone animals, but they also heal broken hearts. Sooam has cloned over 1,000 dogs and has step by step instructions in how to preserve you deceased dog's cells. Soonam promises a speedy replacement, if the cells from the dead dog are not compromised. Celebrities such as Barbara Streisand, Diane Furstenburg, and Simon Cowell have cloned their pets.

The process used to clone these dogs are the same used to close Dolly, somatic cell nuclear transfer. The dog must be either be alive or has been dead for over 5 days, the cells are taken from the dog and the nucleus is removed. Next, an egg cell from a donor pet is obtained and the egg cell is given an electric shock to stimulate division. Finally, after a few days the developing embryo is placed back in the surrogate mother. Cloning deceased pets are possible today, however many are opposed to the idea, mainly due to the recognition how environmental factors affect behavior. The genetic material of the clone may be the same, but the personality traits and habits may vary. A clone may replicate its genome however it won't be the same dog because it won't have the same life therefore will have different characteristics and customs.

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The Anti-Immigrant Movement in the U.S.

With the recent upheave and potential changes to the United States immigration policies, it is important to remember the historic relationship that America has with immigrants. After her completion in 1886, the Statue of Liberty became a symbolic figure to America, as well as a celebration of democracy. The actual figure is not what initially welcomed the huddled masses that it deems itself to be today. It was the New Colossus poem transcribed at the Statue of Liberty's base that welcomed the new migrates from across the globe. Written by Emma Lazarus, a prominent defender of immigration, the New Colossus was constructed around the idea of pro-immigration. When analyzing the poem, the line Give me your tired, your poor, your huddled masses yearning to breathe free, the wretched refuse of your teeming shore. Send these, the homeless, tempest-tost to me, I lift my lamp beside the golden door!, strictly focuses on the idea that regardless the background, all immigrants are welcome.

Given the historical timeline, European immigrants settled on the East Coast around 1600. Although it varies from group to group, the common theme among the European immigrants who settled was either religious freedom, or material prosperity. Through the diverse intentions and motivations, the rise of a new civilization would begin on the Northern part of the continent. Eventually, over a course of nearly four centuries, the movement of Europeans to the so called New World grew from a few hundred, to a few million. For years to come, America would begin to establish its setting in the world, and individuals from around the globe would advance forth into the country for residency. The famously known Ellis Island is one of the most prominent disparities within our American culture. For 60 years, Ellis Island operated as a haven for immigrants who were either escaping the harsh reality of their home country or attempting to obtain a more virtuous lifestyle in the United States. Today, it said that nearly 40% of all U.S. citizens can trace at least one of their ancestors back to Ellis Island.

The immigration surrounding the United States began with a positive connotation. Eventually, the country would be seen to the outer world as the melting pot. To be broad, the melting pot metaphor implies a merging of cultures, and intermarriage of different ethnicities. Recently, the United States has had a great deal with the so called second wave of migration. To one's surprise, most of these immigrants are not from European backgrounds, but from the still developing Latin America and Asian countries. Once a movement of people by which society pays homage to, the issue today is a deeply matted racial division. Most immigrants that individuals know of today are either seen in the headlines labeled as a controversy, or a white woman in an ancestral DNA test advertisement. Starting with the controversy, this term seems to only apply to immigrants from Latin America, to be more specific: Mexico. In the U.S. public opinion and legal system, immigration from Mexico holds a complex position. Throughout the 20th century, the laws on immigration have practically swung back and forth. At times these laws have seemed to welcome them, and others have seemingly shut the door on their faces.

Over the years, Congress attempted to come to some type of compromise, which of course failed. The more prevalent one is the DREAM Act, which is generally a path to U.S. citizenship upon meeting certain requirements. The DREAM Act was tossed and turned around Congress for nearly a decade before reaching the attention of former President Obama, who then brought the failure to attention. In response to this, Obama passed the Deferred Action of Childhood Arrivals (DACA), which according to the National Immigration Law center is for people who received temporary permission to stay in the U.S., as well as employment authorization, for two-year periods, and they could apply to renew that permission and work authorization for additional two-year periods (National Immigration Law Center???). On the contrary, the GOP accused former President Obama of abusing his executive powers (keep in mind that the GOP is the Republican Party), even though his course of action was of that like Ronald Reagan and George H.W. Bush's plan, who both happened to affiliate themselves with the Republican Party. Hypocrisy much?

Practically since the birth of The United States, white America has fueled every motive to stir up fear about immigrants. Whether it is through violent acts of terrorism, lawfully, or white supremacy, these horrific acts have been used as a tactic to literally scare the white people of America. For example, in 1798, the Alien and Sedation Acts were passed and signed into law by President Adams (The Alien and Sedation Acts). These laws included new powers to deport foreigners as well as making it harder for new immigrants to vote (The Alien and Sedation Acts), which ultimately became the beginning of immigration reform. Over time, more acts such as the Page Act of 1875, and The Chinese Exclusion Act were passed as way to ban the undesirable immigrants. More recently, President Trump ordered an end to the Obama-era implemented DACA program, which protects undocumented immigrants from deportation. Absurdity at its finest. Acts and orders as such only prove the true insecurities matted deep within the roots of the United States.

Realistically, white people seem to be the reason so many individuals are in an uproar about illegal immigration. Given a historical perspective, who was it that marched onto the shores of inhabited Northern American land? Who was it that slaughtered residents of a country and labeled them as savages? Through good genocide, who was it that relocated an entire population to so called reservations? Or, who was it that fought their way to aid the Jewish in concentration camps, but turned around and made a modern day, obviously less violent, Japanese concentration camps? The answer is: white people. Most can either refer it to colonization, or manifest destiny, but America's treachery has always been their methodology. Immigration is not feared because of the crime rate, or plummeting economy; it has to do with the fear that the United States will transform into a nonwhite country.

From an outside perspective, the so called anti-immigrant movement has to do more with fear and insecurity, not hate. The modern-day Donald Trump genocide seemingly reverses the concept that made this country a global force in the first place. Sure, one could say that the white people were the ones that founded the country, but can one say they did it alone?

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Would Cloning Make Us Lose our Identities as Humans?

Cloning is something that has been a controversial topic throughout the course of time. Many think that cloning would be a great human advancement that would allow us to recreate beloved ones. You would never have to live in fear of being heart broken or lonely. While others believe that cloning would make us lose our identities and our ways of recombination. Some even say it could lead to dangerous makings such as humans with stronger abilities than others, bringing back individuals who were no help to the world, or just wiping out certain individuals. If cloning where to become a reality, what makes a person special would no longer be there. Everyone's genes would be the same, would that lead to everyone looking the same one day? I believe that cloning would not be a help to the world. It would just bring consequences that can be prevented without cloning.

A lot of individuals also believe that cloning goes against religion. In the bible it states that everything and everyone was and I made by God, but cloning would take away that point meaning going against what the bible states. This issue has been a controversial issue going back all the way to 1997, to when the first cloned sheep Dolly was made by researchers in Scotland. Although many did not think about the possibility of cloning a human being, many soon began to debate and question the idea. Many began to start thinking how human cloning would begin. Researchers started saying how they would start by cloning human embryos. This research idea begin, increasing controversy. According to John H. Evans, he states that the Roman Catholic Church stated that Embryos are to be treated the same as born persons and therefore cannot be used as a means toward an end. Therefore also going with the laws that many are in favor, which are ending abortion. Evans states how embryos cannot be destroyed an even if they were to be used, it would sever human reproduction from sexuality. These ideas challenge the idea of earlier researchers who tend to assume that cloning is just another part of science that does not take into consideration the idea of dealing with actual possible humans beings. In one article Cole-Turner brings up the idea of man being co-creators with God.

In continuation with why cloning would just bring wrong outcomes, is that it would carry over into the rights of women. In order to start experimenting with cloning, researchers would have to extract eggs from women in order to continue on their research with the embryos. The question would arise to how they would get the proper acceptance of women to do this. Would women just donate their eggs, would they be payed, or just be obligated. Women would be taken for granted and would not be given their value that they deserve. There is a bill called Hatch/Feinstein, that is not opposed to cloning. The law states that cloning can not be done in the same facility where assisted reproduction occurs. It also states how embryos are not to be planted into the wombs of women, but how would they have permission. While some still argue that cloning is in the wrong, some still believe human cloning is a means for creating life, not destroying. The whole idea brings back the holy side of the argument. Richard M. Doerflinger states human beings are treated like objects and not as individuals with their own identities and rights. I agree with the statement that Doerflinger presents. Each human being should not be used as an experiment for the better of other. Sure some might say that cloning could replace deceased loved ones, or even produce a clone copy of oneself, for the use of organs, spare tissues, or just for their own benefits. If this is the case anyone could bring back illustrious people from the past, who do not need to be brought back. Using a clone for your own benefit would seem like a convenience if you ever got sickly ill, but then again you have to think. That's a actual person who was created and has their own life. Professor Leon Kass of the University of Chicago states human cloning would...represent a giant step toward turning procreation into manufacture, he's stating that that the creation of person would just turn into another man-made item. People would no longer be creating children out of a loving union, but just be seen as an experiment. Along, with the idea that cloning would stop forming children from a love union, it would also impact the bounds of families. Growing up children would be confused as to how they came to be, or why they were created the way they are. Issues would arise between the bonds of parents and children.

Cloning also has risen different questions on how and to what extent would people use cloning for. Some even state that cloning could help produce disease-free offspring. Sure it's a great idea to have, but what would happen to the rest of the population that would not arise from cloning. Would they be treated the same, looked at different because they have perfect genes from from diseases, disabilities, or looks. The idea of a new form of discrimination would begin. Generations would soon start to change with possibly new enhancements, traits, and capacities. Over the years many forms of discrimination have taken place, but with cloning that would be a whole nother dilemma. In March of 2001-Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life by the Pew Research Center for the People and the Press conducted as survey that went around and asked fellow individuals on their intakes of cloning. The question they they surveyed asked if they strongly in favor of allowing unrestricted scientific research related to human cloning? According to their outcomes, more than 51% strongly opposed, 35% opposed, 12% were in favor, and the remaining percentage strongly favored. This date goes to show that even if researchers did push for human cloning , a big percentage of the public would not be in favor. Many like myself including believe that cloning would only have few benefits, but the cons would outweigh the pros.

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Joy Luck Club by Amy Tan

Joy Luck Club by Amy Tan, takes the viewer on a visual history lesson about the lives of four Chinese women and their relationships with their American daughters. It starts off with Lindo and Waverly. We begin with Lindo's past. At the age of fifteen, Lindo is to marry the grandson of a woman named, Mrs. Huang.

They were married for four years, those were four loveless years due to the fact that Tyan Hu is pre-pubescent. Eventually, Lindo devised a plan to escape the marriage whilst still maintaining her family's honor. Fast forward a few years later, Lindo now has a daughter named Waverly who, is a chess prodigy. Lindo eventually ends up pushing young Waverly to the point that she quits chess and never plays again after losing her first game after a long hiatus. When Waverly ages. She marries and divorces a Chinese man then, she starts dating a guy named Rich. Rich is a white guy who's pretty new to the Chinese culture. His actions around the family are deemed disrespectful and he embarrasses Waverly. Eventually, he learns and earns the respect of Lindo.

The next pair we are introduced to are Ying-Ying and Lena St. Claire. In China, Ying-Ying meets this guys named Lin-Xiao and the hit it off. Eventually, they marry and have a baby boy. One night Lin-Xiao comes home with a opera singer and completely dismisses and abandons her. Overcome with stress and depression, she drowns her baby.

Years later she moves to America and bares a girl named Lena. Lena ends up marrying her boss. Her boss is so mundane and they choose to split the cost of all of the property in the house fairly. One night Ying-Ying, knocks a table over to draw Lena's attention. She tells Lena she should leave and not come back until Harold pleases her and gives her what she wants. Lena leaves and eventually finds a guy that does the job right.

The next pair we meet are, An-Mei and Rose Hsu. An-Mei was separated from her mother at the age of nine because of an affair with a wealthy older man. She is reunited with her when she comes to see her mother on her deathbed. Before her mother leaves again, An-Mei goes with her. An-Mei learns that her mother is the fourth wife of Wu-Tsing. She also learns that her mother was tricked into being raped by Wu-Tsing by his second wife but, when An-Mei's mother told her family no one believed her. Having no where else to go, she continued living with him.

When An-Mei's mother gave birth to a baby boy, Wu-Tsing's second wife took the baby and claimed it to be her's. An-Mei's mother commits suicide by eating sticky rice laced with opium. She planned out her death so that it would scare Wu-Tsing into believing she would come back to haunt him. He then raises An-Mei and her half brother with honor. Years later, An-Mei has a kid named Rose. When Rose grows up, she meets a guy named Ted Jordan in college. They stick together and face adversity from Ted's family and work. They marry but, their marriage becomes stale when Rose becomes too submissive plus, Ted cheats on her. An-Mei pays a visit and tells Rose about her mother. She then tells Rose to stand up for herself. This results in Ted taking her seriously and their marriage is saved.

The last mother daughter pair is Suyuan And June Woo. Suyuan's story starts during WWII when Japan invaded China. Whilst she is on the run, she becomes ill and leaves her twin daughter along with a picture of herself and other belongings. Suyuan later remarries and has a daughter named June. Throughout most of June's life she constantly misses her mother's expectations in life.

June bombed a piano recital and Suyuan kept on pushing her causing June to wish she was dead like her twin sisters. June and Waverly have been rivals all of their lives. June believes that Suyuan has been disappointed in June because she dropped out of college and has an unsuccessful career. Suyuan assures her that while Waverly has style but, June has heart and she will always be proud of her for that.

My favorite story/relationship was An-Mei and Rose's. An-Mei's mother experienced some of the same things as Rose. Not being assertive and being too submissive. Their relationship didn't seem as strained a the other relationships. It seems as though they were quite close. An-Mei passes the attitude that a woman should have onto Rose. Rose's marriage became strained because of her overly submissive attitude. It seems as though, An-Mei passed love onto Rose through her advice and care. She only wanted for Rose to not make the same mistakes her mother made. An-Mei treats her daughter like the average parent.

I don't sense the same tension shown by the other daughters and their mothers. This was special to me because my mother expresses love by giving me life advice. Sometimes all a person needs in life is good advice and, that's what An-Mei gives to Rose, the, know your worth., advice. This correlates with the self-esteem portion of Amy Chua's article. She believes that way your child perceives themselves shape their entire lives so, it is important to keep their self-esteem up. The film also demonstrates the true strictness and determination of a Chinese mother. An example is Lindo constantly pushing and supporting her daughters chess aspirations.

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Desmond Doss Similarities with Atlas

Contents

Desmond Doss Similarities with Atlas
Works cited

Desmond Doss Similarities with Atlas

A hero is someone who is admired or idolized for their courage and bravery. Atlas, a titan of Greek mythology, is an undiscovered hero. What if Atlas is compared to a real life war hero? Desmond Doss was considered a World War II hero. Atlas the Greek Titian is similar to Desmond Doss.

On April 1, Desmond Doss joined the United States army of sixteen million men in uniform during World War II. (DesmonDoss.com) Desmond was a believer in God. He felt it was his duty to obey his God and serve his country at the same time. Desmond Doss was a Seventh-day Adventist Christian who refused to carry a gun, who also refused to take another man's life. Desmond had an unshakeable desire to follow the Ten Commandments. In Desmond's mind, God said, "If you love me, you won't kill." With that picture firmly embedded in his mind, he determined that he would never take life. (The Official Site of the Seventh-Day Adventist World Church)

All soldiers were thought to carry weapons of some kind, but Desmond refused to do so. This of course made the other soldiers unhappy and they felt threated by walking side by side into a battle with another man would not have a weapon to defend himself or others. . His commanding officers and other soldiers saw him as a liability to their safety and welfare. This stirred up a lot of controversy with his unit. His fellow soldiers tried to intimidate him, scorn him, and threaten him. Desmond never wavered in his beliefs that God was first and his country was second. They thought a man who would go into battle without a weapon was not to be considered a worthy soldier. They tried everything they could go get to quit, to no avail.

The first major battle Desmond served in was in Guam. Across a period of several months, he repeatedly braved enemy gunfire and torrential rain and mud to rescue his companions (Hawkes, Rebecca) Desmond Doss received two Bronze Star Medals for valor, from this battle. Another battle of significance was in Okinawa. The American target was capturing the Maeda Escarpment, an imposing rock face the soldiers called, Hacksaw Ridge. (The Official Site of the Seventh-Day Adventist World Church) Desmond ran repeatedly to rescue his fellow soldiers as mortar shells and bullets came into his direction. Even disobeying orders for an immediate retreat, he pressed on to save lives. Desmond vowed that he would save as many lives as he could and the very least he was willing to die trying. With his determination and courage he was able to save over seventy-five lives at Hacksaw Ridge.

Sixteen million men served in World War II. Desmond's fellow soldiers and commanders found a new admiration for a man they persecuted for refusing to follow men and standing for what he so dearly believed in. There were 461 recipients of the Congressional Medal of Honor and Desmond Doss was one of those recipients. Desmond was honored by President Harry S. Truman, and a war hero, at the White house several years after his action to save his fellow soldiers. In addition to his Medal of Honor, Desmond Doss received a Bronze Star for valor with one Oak Leaf cluster (signifying he received 2 Bronze Stars); a Purple Heart with two Oak Leaf clusters (signifying he received 3 Purple Hearts); the Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal with three Bronze Stars, and beachhead arrowhead (signifying he served in 4 combat campaigns including an amphibious landing under combat conditions); the Good Conduct Medal; the American Defense Campaign; and the not so common, Presidential Unit Citation given to the 1st Battalion, 307Inf, 77th Infantry Division for securing the Maeda Escarpment. (DesmonDoss.com)

Atlas was one of the most famous Titans, (GreekMythology.com) He had three brothers named Prometheus, Menoetius, and Epimetheus. Atlas and his brother, Menoetius, sided with the Titans in a war called the Titanomachy, which lasted for ten years. The other two brothers Prometheus and Epimetheus found themselves on opposing sides against the Olympians and the Greek Gods. The Titans were eventually defeated many of them were confined to a deep abyss used as a dungeon. (Britannica, the Editors of Encyclopedia).

The war was eventually lost by the Titians and won by the Olympians. Olympian Gods saw Atlas as a liability if he were free. Zeus punished Atlas by making him bear the weight of the heavens on his shoulders. Atlas was given this task in retribution for him leading the Titans into battle, or Titanomachy, against the Olympian Gods for control of the heavens. (www.greekmythology.com/Titans/Atlas/atlas.html)
Twelve Labours of Hercules is the most famous myth involving Atlas. Hercules was commanded by King Eurystheus to steal the golden apples from the fabled gardens of the Hesperides. (greekgodsandgoddesses.net/gods/atlas/) Hercules offered to take Atlas over his duties if he would steal the apples for him.

This was an offer would give Atlas a rest period and the opportunity to steal the apples for him.
When Atlas returned with the apples, Atlas didn't want to return to his duties and tried to leave Hercules with the duties of holding the weight of the heavens on his shoulders. Hercules tricked Atlas into swapping places so he could go get cushions to put on his shoulders, this would help him bear the weight. As soon as Atlas switched Hercules took the apples and left Atlas, never to return. Atlas was condemned to hold up the heavens for all eternity.

An oracle told Atlas that a son of Zeus would one day steal the golden apples guarded by his daughters. (Britannica, the Editors of Encyclopedia) When Perseus stopped to visit Atlas, he refused to let him in his home. Atlas feared to be tricked like he was when Hercules left him to hold up the heavens. The rejection made Perseus angry. Perseus showed him the head of Medusa and Atlas was turned into stone.
But Atlas rebelling against the gods of Olympus showed his strength and intelligence. Just as Desmond Doss refused to carry a weapon or kill anyone, also showed his strength and intelligence. Once could say that Desmond Doss and Atlas both showed courage and bravery. It could be said that Atlas holding up the heavens is a responsibility, not a punishment. Just as Desmond Doss took on the responsibility of saving his fellow man. Atlas showed the Titians to follow your beliefs just as Desmond did. Both of these heroes did not waiver in what they believed in. They both fought for what they thought was right.

Atlas was also known as a wise man and the founder of astronomy. (Cartwright) Atlas did not win any awards, but it all depends on what story one tells. Sometimes awards aren't the end game of a hero who stands up for what they believe. Both of these characters have carried the weight of the world on their shoulders. That is what a true hero does, regardless of the consequences or recognition.

Works cited

Hawkes, Rebecca. Hacksaw Ridge: the Extraordinary True Story of Desmond Doss, the War Hero Who Refused to Kill. The Telegraph, Telegraph Media Group, 4 Nov. 2016. Retrieved from: www.telegraph.co.uk/films/0/mel-gibsons-hacksaw-ridge-the-extraordinary-true-story-of-desmon/
Desmond Doss. The Official Site of the Seventh-Day Adventist World Church. Retrieved from: www.adventist.org/en/service/religious-liberty/desmonddoss/
Desmond Doss: The Real Story. Retrieved from: https://desmonddoss.com/bio/bio-real.php
Britannica, the Editors of Encyclopedia. Atlas. Encyclopedia Britannica, Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc., 1 Nov. 2018. Retrieved from: www.britannica.com/topic/Atlas-Greek-mythology
Atlas. Greek Mythology, GreekMythology.com Retrieved from: www.greekmythology.com/Titans/Atlas/atlas.html
Atlas - Facts and Information on The Greek Titan Who Held Up The Sky. Greek Gods & Goddesses, https://greekgodsandgoddesses.net/gods/atlas/
Cartwright, Mark. Atlas. Ancient History Encyclopedia, Ancient History Encyclopedia, 1 Dec. 2018. Retrieved From: www.ancient.eu/Atlas/.

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Atomic Bomb: a Tremendous Tragedy

Contents

About Nuclear Weapons
About the Atomic Bomb
About Nuclear Radiation Works
Triumph for Science
Triumph for the Allies
Tragedy for Humanity
Survivor Stories
After the Bomb

The world was forced into a nuclear age after the first detonation of nuclear bomb, named “Trinity.” Nuclear weapons have immense power that could wipe out humanity if ever taken into play. The Manhattan Project was the making of the first nuclear bombs during World War II, led by J. Robert Oppenheimer and were crazily expensive. The atomic bomb has a destructive power created by the fission of either uranium or plutonium. On August 6, 1945, an atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima, a military base where the death toll rises to 90,000-166,000. Three days later, on August 9th, a second bomb was dropped on Nagasaki, with a death toll of 60,000–80,000. In total, between 50 to 80 million people lost their lives during the duration of the World War II. From the atomic bombs alone, roughly 150,000-246,000 people died. These blasts marked the end of the largest armed conflict in all of history. The effects of the atomic bombs still live on to this day, shown in newborns with birth defects and increased amount of diseases and radioactive material on Earth. The making of the atomic bomb pushed the world into a nuclear age. Discovering how powerful it was was an enormous scientific triumph. However, it was a tremendous human tragedy when the bomb was dropped on two cities in Japan, killing hundreds of thousands.

About Nuclear Weapons

A nuclear weapon is a device using nuclear fission, fusion or both to release energy in an explosive manner. Fission weapons are commonly known as atomic bombs and fusion weapons are referred to as hydrogen bombs. Nuclear weapons triggers giant amounts of explosive energy. The estimated cost for the current U.S nuclear arsenal is about 1 trillion. Due to the fact that nuclear weapons are dangerously powerful, 189 parties subscribed to the treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons.

About the Atomic Bomb

The atomic bomb, also known as atom bomb, is a nuclear weapon with great explosive power that results from the rapid release of energy caused from splitting the nuclei into two smaller fragments by a neutron. Nuclear weapons (atomic bombs) work by releasing large amounts of energy by splitting apart the nucleus of an atom. A single free neutron must strike the nucleus of an atom so it knocks two or three more neutrons free. This process is called fission. This causes a chain reaction that proliferates almost instantly. During World War II, the United States dropped two atomic bombs on two different cities in Japan nearing the end of the war

About Nuclear Radiation Works

A blast, a fireball, visible light and radioactive ionizing rays are how energy is emitted from a nuclear bomb. When an atom loses a neutron, it escapes through the form of radiation. 15% of the energy from an a nuclear bomb comes in the form of radiation. Nuclear radiation has detrimental effects on living things such as humans and plants. Cells can be impaired or destroyed by ionizing radiation directly or indirectly, depending on the type of atoms affected. A person exposed to an excessive amount of radiation may suffer from painful symptoms such as nausea, fatigue, diarrhea, skin burns, hair loss, hemorrhage, inflammation all over the body and cataracts. Massive cell damage can lead to death because of organ failures.

Triumph for Science

The atomic bomb was a massive science triumph. It had immense power that could destroy almost anything. When a uranium atom splits apart, it releases a burst of energy 10 million times more intense. Such output made the scientists alert the how powerful the bomb actually is. The bombs were very expensive. Even designing the bomb required inventing whole new technologies. The first bomb exploded on a tower in a New Mexican desert on July 16, 1945. It was then in which the scientists had realized what they have made, and they were extremely proud.

Triumph for the Allies

World War II involved virtually every part of the world during the years 1939-45. The Axis powers consisting of the countries Germany, Italy, Japan and The Allies were France, Great Britain, The United States, The Soviet Union, China and other counties were the main superpowers fighting in the war. The United States dropped two atomic bombs in Japan, causing Japan to surrender, making the Allies win the war. This was a mighty triumph, considering that WW2 was the bloodiest conflict in all of history, and it was all ended the detonation of the atomic bombs in Japan.

Tragedy for Humanity

Hiroshima was the first city to be attacked by an atomic bomb. The city had a population of 350,000. The bomb was called “Little Boy.” They were targeted by the U.S. because it was a large military center. They were hit on August 6, 1945 at 8:16 A.M. The bomb exploded 2,000 feet above Hiroshima and was equal to 12-15,000 tons of TNT. Immediately, 80,000 people were killed and a significant number of others had died that day or later on due to radiation poisoning. 90% of the city was demolished. Hiroshima underwent reconstruction beginning in 1950.

Nagasaki was a major shipbuilding center, which led to it being chosen as a second target for an atomic bomb. The bomb was called “Fat Man.” It was dropped at 11:02 A.M. on August 9, 1945. The bomb was more powerful than the one dropped on Hiroshima. It weighed nearly 10,000 pounds and was built to produce a 22-kiloton blast. Between 40,000 people were killed as a result of the direct blast. Over the next 2-4 months, between 39,000-80,000 people died due to injuries. Due to the terrain and smaller size of Nagasaki’s, it reduced the demolition of life and property compared to the explosion in Hiroshima. Initially, there were five Japanese cities the U.S wanted to hit and Nagasaki was not one of them. 6 days after the bomb was dropped on Nagasaki, Emperor Hirohito announced his country’s surrender.

Survivor Stories

Takato Michishita is a survivor of the atomic bomb dropped on Nagasaki. His testimony states that his mother had told him and his sister that she didn’t want them attending school because she had a ‘bad feeling.’ They went grocery shopping that day when all of a sudden, an old man yelled “Plane!” Everyone ran to their homemade bomb shelters. Him and his mother ran to a nearby shop and went under the floorboards. Everything’s turned white. They were too stunned to move for around ten minutes. When they got out from the floorboards, there was glass everywhere, tiny bits of dust and debris floating in the air, and the sky’s had turned a shade of purple and grey. His sister was fine, just shell-shocked. Later, they discovered the bomb was dropped a few meters away from their school. Every person at their school died. His mother had saved him and his sister life that day.

Fujio Torikoshi is a survivor of the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima. His testimony states that he heard engines rumbling overhead. He knew it was a B-29 immediately, but when he looked outside, he saw no planes. As he glanced at the sky, he saw a black dot. Suddenly, it burst into a ball of blinding light that filled his surroundings. A strong blow of hot wind hit his face and he closed his eyes. He passed out. When he woke up, he felt an intense burning sensation on his arms. His mother began crying his name in the distance and he clung to her telling her how much it burns. He was in and out of consciousness for the next few days. He could not open his eyes because his face swelled so badly. He was treated at an air raid shelter and later at a hospital in Hatsukaichi. When he was brought home, he was wrapped in bandages all over his body. He was unconscious for the next few days trying to fight a high fever. He was told that he would live to age 20, yet he seven decades later he is here at age 86.

Ryouga Suwa entered the affected area after the bombing and was exposed to radiation. His parents remain missing to this day and his sister was pronounced dead. He was evacuated in Miyoshi-shi, 50 kilometers away from the hypocenter. He is what you call a genbaku-koji, which translates to atomic boy orphan. Since the bombing, he became a generation chief priest and practices anti-war and anti-nuclear weapons philosophy at Johoji Temple, the temple he serves at.

After the Bomb

The making of nuclear weapons and the detonation of the atomic bombs were truly a turning point in history. It will forever change people’s views on wars and the way we conduct war. There hasn’t been a nuclear weapon used on a human population for 73 years. With many lives being lost in Japan in 1945, we can now be protected due to the fact that nuclear weapons are extremely deadly. The bombs being dropped in Japan is an unforgettable moment in history, known by many people around the world. This resulted in more people participating in nuclear development. The world has made clean energy and advancement in technology. Nuclear weapons started a revolution. Since the war, many countries have unified and found peace for years. The mistakes war has caused in the past create for a better future, and we should never forget the millions of lives lost in WW2.

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Why Bombs should have been Used on Japan?

Should the United States have used the Atomic Bomb on Japan? Well there are many ways to argue the case for and against the USA's deployment of atomic bomb in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. In my opinion Yes the United States should have dropped the Atomic Bomb but for one thing Hiroshima was chosen because it had not been targeted during the US Air Force's conventional bombing raids on Japan, and was, therefore, regarded as a suitable place to test the effects of an atomic bomb. It was also an important military base.

There are many reasons why America would have chosen to drop the bomb and the majority can be seen as fair. At the point Japan was in a terrified position and at the same time America had completed creating the Atomic Bomb; however, Japan refused to accept the offer. Yes we should have dropped it because they had plenty of opportunities to surrender, and they didn't. We told them if they didn't surrender, there would be up against mass destruction put upon them. They chose to ignore it and brush it off. If we had invaded, then probably one fourth of Japan's population would have been killed.

Yes, it was terrible that so many people died, but in the end it was what the U.S. thought was necessary. One thing I don't accept that the atomic bomb did is a kill a lot of children who did not deserve to die. The simple reason for using the nuclear weapon was to keep American Soldiers lives from invading Japan on earth. Japan had a very strong force and some were terrified there could be some U.S. caulsilities. But there were some people who thought that this nuclear weapons should not have been applied.

Another reason why I believe that the atomic bomb should have been dropped was because America thought that Japan wanted world domination to save American lives. On August 6, 1945 the U.S. dropped the first bomb over Hiroshima, over 80,000 died instantly, 35,000 injured and 90,000 building were destroyed to pieces. The US claimed that they did it to save lives, a claim which found out that as well as this there also was money, technology, politics, science, communism, power, experimentation, military reasons and most importantly in my opinion, their burning desire for revenge.

Yes the atomic should have been used on Japan. Truman wanted to prevent any spreading of communism from Stalin and stop him from expanding into Asia. However, I think that the main reason was to save the lives of Americans. If I had the say so of the atomic bomb I would have made sure it didn't kill people that were innocent.

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The Atomic Bomb: Scientific Triumph or Human Tragedy

The scientific triumph of the United States creating the first atomic bomb induced a human tragedy when in August of 1945, President Harry Truman, who was seeking a quick end to the war, used the bomb on the Japanese cities, Hiroshima and Nagasaki, ending the world war and initiating the age of atomic weapons . The concept of the atomic structure of matter first emerged in the fifth century B.C with Greek theory of minute particles. Following the Renaissance in Europe, scientists like Galileo and Newton supported the early concept, and in the nineteenth century, chemists transformed this atomic theory into a material reality. The scientific discoveries to explain the phenomenon of radioactivity opened the way for the modern development of atomic energy. The work of Rutherford, Chadwick, and others led to the concept of the atom as a miniature solar system, with a heavy positive nucleus orbited by much lighter electrons.

German scientists, Otto Hann and Fritz Strassmann's discovery of the nuclear fission in 1938 made it a world changing discovery. When the results released, many physics like Leo Szilard realized that if a chain reaction of neutron collisions split enough uranium nuclei, then it would result in an immense power and an atomic bomb could be built. The fear from the thought that if the Nazis grasped the potential to built the bomb alerted some physics like Leo Szilard and Albert Einstein. They decided to warn President Roosevelt by writing a letter urging the president to take action, explaining the potential power of nuclear bombs and the possibility of Nazi Germany developing it.

Roosevelt responded to the letter quickly. He formed the Uranium Committee which was a group of military leaders and scientists whom had concluded that enriched samples of Uranium-235 were necessary for further research. Finding the most effective method of isotope separation was a high priority. The President approved the National Defense Research Committee in June, 1940 under the directions of the scientist Vannevar Bush to coordinate, supervise, and conduct scientific research on the problems underlying the production of the atomic bomb. Although Americans were in contact with the British uranium committee, it was the July 1941 MAUD report that accelerated the United States atomic program.

With the United States entering the war in December 1941 as a result of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, the U.S decided that building an atomic weapon would be its top priority. This operation was code named The Manhattan Project, and was assigned to the U.S CORPS of engineering with an initial budget of $10,000,000. Colonel Leslie Grooves was chosen to head it.

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What is the Bill of Right?

What used to be a law to protect the nation's security has now become a law to protect the nation's right to kill. The Second Amendment, which states that “A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed" has sparked much debate in modern American government and society. Some argue that the Amendment has been distorted, which is the reason for the multiple mass shootings that have occurred in recent years. Others claim that the Second Amendment has not been changed and gives all citizens the right to own guns. However the Amendment is interpreted, its meaning at the time of its creation is significantly different from its meaning today.

On September 3, 1783, America won a war for independence from Britain. While the victory was a cause for celebration, America was still facing a plethora of internal and external threats. Internally, the rise of Federalist and Anti-Federalist parties threatened to divide the nation, and the Haitian revolution had caused many Southern planters to fear that their slaves would follow suit. Additionally, as American expansion moved forward, conflict with Native Americans was proving troublesome. Externally, many European powers watched America struggle to form a stable, centralized government and predicted that the newly formed democracy would not last long. This prediction only increased the nation's sense of vulnerability and fear of Imperialist takeover. All these factors led to the need for a standing army, with civilians ready to fight at any moment. As a result, the Second Amendment was drafted and approved in Kamerine wang CA December, 1791, the intention being that states could legally supply their militias with arms in times of crisis.

Today, however, state militias are no longer needed, as America has a stable government and military, and each state has ample law enforcement to keep communities safe. Because of this change, many believe that organizations like the National Rifle Association are misinterpreting the Second Amendment to promote gun lobby interests. But the 2008 District of Columbia v. Heller case proves otherwise. This case was the first to deliberate the scope of the Ves Second Amendment. A previous case had placed a ban on handguns and required that rifles and shotguns lawfully owned in the District of Columbia be kept "unloaded and disassembled or bound by a trigger lock.” The Supreme Court, however, in the Heller case claimed that the ban on handguns violated the Second Amendment and concluded that U. S. citizens can possess firearms for lawful purposes even if those gun owners are unconnected to the militia. This ruling ends the dispute about owning firearms if an individual does not belong to a militia. Still, the Supreme Court has also made clear that the right is limited and requires regulation. The question now is how guns should be regulated and how the limits of the Second Amendment should be defined.

Deciding upon the terms of American gun control, unfortunately, is a complex undertaking. How many gun laws can the government create that will not create an infringement of the people's rights? John Paul Stevens, former Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, was one of the dissenters in the ruling for the Heller Case. In 2014, he wrote an article for The Washington Post entitled “The five extra words that can fix the Second Amendment." Stevens suggested that the Second Amendment be phrased as “A well regulated Malerme wang CA Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms when serving in the Militia shall not be infringed." In March 2018, Stevens went a step further to suggest that the Second Amendment be repealed in the New York Times article " John Paul Stevens: Repeal the Second Amendment." Whether the government rephrases or repeals the Amendment, the government will need to add regulations such as bans on military-like guns or stricter background checks in order to stop the vicious cycle of mass shootings and citizens' defending their right to guns for self-defense.

It is misleading to say that the Amendment is currently being misinterpreted. It is not; the constitutionality of private gun ownership is a matter already decided by the Supreme Court. Rather, the government and the public should focus more on how we can improve the Second Amendment and specify the limitations on the right to bear arms. Energy put into that pursuit would create a safer nation for us all.

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Animals and Bill of Rights

Is there a line between giving animals rights and giving them straight on citizenship? Is there a such a thing as too much of a good thing? Why is it now that we just decide to consider animal thoughts, what's changed? Take this into consideration, why would we even think of creating a bill of rights for animals, taking time to make something we won't even get to see the fruits of our labor for? Animals don't hold the capacity to feel or they won't be there to appreciate or even understand what this would mean. To take such drastic measures for such a non-impactful idea would not only be silly, but downright ridiculous.

According to Julia Fronkosky's article on animal welfare, posted on the MSU's website she states, she claims that it has become a status quo now and that people just see them as food and entertainment. Although this may be true to some extent, most people love animals. That's just as bad as saying all men are abusive because the ones I have seen are abusive. There needs to be some substance there, most people want to help out, most people want to make a difference. Although, there is a point to be made, we've commercialized animals so much that to some extent, it's not fair to them and there does need to be some change, but to create a plain out bill of rights? That's a little excessive.

To create an animal bill of rights would create so many issues. We need to worry about fixing our government, our judicial system, about so many other things before we can even think about creating something like that. If we were to have the passion we have about animal rights that we had about human rights, then this wouldn't even be an issue. A lot of cases that come from animal abuse aren't just from labs, but from homes as well. If we can get the idea in our heads that hey, maybe this goes deeper, than we could find another way to solve this.

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Prohibition of Torture: Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment

Prohibition of torture, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. The right to fair trail, their importance, features and to what extent they are incorporated in national legislation of Azerbaijan Republic under respective clauses of ECHR.

Throughout the history there were so many people that faced with the torture which is done by another person or by group of people. The most of individuals who faced with that kind of unlawful act are the ones that are captured by enemy during the war time. Now lets find out the meaning of the torture and identify the acts that are considered as the torture. The term “torture” means any act that causes real damage or suffering to any person that is intentionally done by another person whether mentally or phscically for the aim of obtaining the significant information from him or her, of punishment, of intimidation of him or her. The torture not only causes the damage or suffering on human body physcally or mentally but also decrease the human dignity as the worst treatment form. It is also considered as the crime under International Law. However abovementioned people are considered as the victims of this unlawful act according to all relevant legislations or laws, the torture is absolutely prohibited and can not be justified under any circumstances. Fortunately, this prohibitation is considered as obligation for all states in the world because it is binding on every member of international community which menas that whterher the any state ratified the treaties in which torture is absolutely prohibited.

Article 3 of European Convention on Human Rights is about the prohibitation of torture and it is written that “ No one shall be subjected to torture or to inhuman or degrading treatment or punshment”. Freedom from torture and inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment is considered as one the fundamental human rights and freedoms. This right protects from: 1. Torture (mental or physical) which is mentioned above. 2. Inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. 3. Deportation or extradition means to be sent from on state to another where individual has the real risk of being tortured. It is one of the main responsibilities of any state to not inflict any kind of treatment and public authorities must protect every citizen who is threatened by someone else to be tortured. The state must also investigate the allegations of such unlawful act.

The concept of degrading treatment is extremely humiliating act and causes to decrease of human dignity. To be considered as the degrading, it depends on different factors such as the duration of treatment, its mental or physical effects, and sex, age, vulnerability and health of individual who faced with the torture. This concept is based on the values of all human beings which are given them from the birth. The one important question arrives here: Are there any restrictions to this right? The right of people about not to be tortured or treated in an inhuman or degrading way is absolute and it means there are no any restrictions to this right. All the states have to obey this right whether they ratify any relevant treaties or not.

In conclusion, the right to not being tortured is very useful and having the binding power is the most significant side of this right and it should keep that power for the future generation.

The right to fair trail

When people strated to live any state and became one of the citizens, they give their some of rights to the government such as all types of punishments. The states have a right to arrest any person who commited a crime or to make investigations on individual that is considered as suspicious. In those cases we have the right to appeal the court and it have to be fair. All the human beings ahve the right ti fair trial or hearing if: 1. They are charged with criminal offence and have to go to court. 2. A public authority is making a decision that has an impact upon your civil rights or obligations . As we see from those 2 cases, the right to fair trial is provide for more with the criminal proceedings than the civil ones. In the case of criminal accusation which means granting data to an individual if he or she is considered as guilty on the commitment of an unlawful act, all people have a right to appeal the court. Those cases are: 1.When the individual is considered as suspicious. 2. When there is a court order about detention of an individual. 3. When the relevant government organ investigating the customs crime and requires an individual to present an evidence or stopping his or her bank account etc.

When people are charged with criminal accusation they have to be provided by minimum rights which are as following. 1. They have to get familiar with the accusation in an understandable language even they are in another country of which mother tongue is different.2. Individuals have a right to get enough time for preparing the court defence.3. People may defense them on their own or through the representative. If it is not affordable to hold a lawyer, then government has to provide it.4. The person who is not able to speak due to healthy problems, he or she can obtain free interpreter to figure out the speeches.5. If suspicious person is arrested after decision of court, he or she has right to examine the case once more in appellate court. By saying the fair and public hearing, we consider the issues that are listed below: 1.It should be held within the reasonable time. 2. It should be heard by independent and impartial decision-maker.3. We should be provided with all relevant information.4. The court process should be open to public.5. It should be followed by public decision.

There are some cases that the right to fair trial or public hearing is restricted. For example, the issues about extradition, tax, immigration law and voting rights do not always apply fair and public hearing. Additionally, the right to access to the courts can be limited if we bring the cases without merit and when we miss the time-limit for bringing the case. The concept of equality of parties and equality of arms is implemented in all tribunal proceedings. It means that both sides during the court should be provided with the same opportunity to defense themselves.

Both abovementioned rights are also applicable in the legislation of Azerbaijan Republic. Because of having absolute and binding power over the state, in my opinion, the right to free from torture is extremely applicable in our legislation. On the other hand, the right to fair trial has some limitations in certain cases, but for me it also should be absolute and binding power.

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The Problems of the Prohibition Era: Organized Crime

When Prohibition took effect on January 17, 1920, and banned the manufacture, transport, and sale of alcoholic beverages thousands of formerly legal saloons and bars across the country closed down. This angered many people; the supply and the demand for the illegal alcohol was going up, so people known as bootleggers have decided to go private and do it clandestinely. Bootleggers are now smuggling alcohol from the surrounding countries, some are buying prescription alcohol, and others have decided to produce their own moonshine at home. We have tried going after the bootleggers, however it is a very tough job since they are very crafty about where they hide their liquor. The smuggling of alcohol makes them be criminals says Sheriff George S. Matthews. Prohibition opened a gateway to earn huge amounts of money to bootlegs such as Al Capone. Al Capone was born in 1899 in New York and later went on to becoming the most infamous gangster in American history.

Today in 1920 during the height of prohibition, Capone's multi-million dollar Chicago operation in bootlegging, prostitution and gambling is dominating the organized crime scene. Capone is responsible for many brutal acts of violence, mainly against other gangsters (A&E Television Networks). He is controlling the Chicago liquor business by killing other competitors and is currently being wanted by the federal police. Unfortunately he isn't the only one. There are many other people just like him, who we simply just do not know about. Prohibition has created a black market in which criminals are violently fighting over the liquor markets. These activities are so real and substantial that they require action from the federal government. Simple policeman like me who are paid poorly, are easily bought by the bootleggers complains Sheriff Matthews. Many more people are now mass-producing moonshine privately on their own; making themselves be criminals. Most of the time the moonshine turns out to be intoxicated which causes many complications such as death. We are very frustrated that people are still consuming so much alcohol even after it was banned, so we have decided to try a different kind of enforcement and manipulation says federal sheriff.

'The Federal Government ordered the poisoning of industrial alcohols that are regularly stolen by bootleggers and resold as drinkable spirits. The idea was to scare people into giving up illicit drinking. Instead the federal poisoning program, by some estimates has already killed at least 10,000 people' (Sociology Department, New York). The New York City police commissioner estimated it was home to thirty-two thousand drinking saloons. That is double the number of saloons and illegal bars before the prohibition. This is a very serious issue. The first and the most important thing we must do is to get rid of the prohibition experiment. And then it would be much easier to lower down and control organized crime. Our country is in pretty big trouble, even though we might not be able to notice it at once says Sheriff George S. Matthews.

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The Impact of Prohibition on Society in the 1920’s

Contents

The Noble Experiment
Economic Changes
Impact on Crime
Public Health

The Noble Experiment

America began a 13-year dry spell by enacting the 18th amendment on January 17th, 1920. This amendment prohibited the sale, manufacture, and transportation of alcoholic beverages.

President Herbert Hoover's described Prohibition as a great social and economic experiment, noble in motive and far-reaching in purpose. (1) Prohibition became known as the Noble Experiment of Prohibition.

There were many reasons that brought about the prohibition of alcohol. One of the most recognized was the idea that alcohol was bringing about a breaking down of the social structure both in the community and in the home. It has been noted that the founding of the United States began with booze. For example, the ship Arbella, which arrived in the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1630, had more than 10,000 gallons of wine in its hold for 700 settlers. It also carried three times as much beer as water. (2) This was just the beginning of Americas drinking problems that lead to the founding of many organization, mostly religiously motivated, that started the crusade to eliminate alcohol. Some of these organizations include, the founding of the Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU), the rise of the Anti-Saloon League (ASL) and various other anti-liquor forces.

The most influential of these organization was credited to the (ASL), led by Protestant ministers and influenced by Eliza Thompson. This organization used religious rhetoric in order to fuel the fire of intolerance that was already a part of the Baptist and Methodist teachings. This religiously motivated push by the anti-liquor organizations provided the most effective political pressure. This pressure was one of the catalysts that sparked The Noble Experiment.

Economic Changes

The impact on the American economy also saw a few changes and most of them were largely negative. Keeping this in mind there were also many positive changes. One of these changes was that the average wage earner in America was not spending their hard-earned pay in the saloon and had more disposable income to spend on other less harmful devices. As a result, banks showed an increase in their total deposits. Building and loan association members increased during this period from 3,103,935 to 11,336,261, and industrial insurance policies in force from 31,134,303 to 81,777,84 Building and loan association members increased during this period from 3,103,935 to 11,336,261, and industrial insurance policies in force from 31,134,303 to 81,777,843.3. (3)

Another positive impact on the work force brought about an interesting and mostly positive impact on industry itself. Herman Feldman, assistant professor of industrial relations at Dartmouth in the 1920's did an investigation of research done at Yale University by questioner that points out some impacts. Feldman concluded that there were less discipline problems, fewer people were absent from work following pay day, and the work force as a group were stronger and more focused. Although alcohol didn't disappear and drinking still occurred after the implementation of the 18th amendment, the work force was improved because the sale of alcohol was much less prevalent and saloon life declined dramatically.

Impact on Crime

Crime in America was an issue before the 18th amendment was put into place. There were many organizations that fought for this prohibition to take place and crime was a platform that many used when lobbying. Unfortunately, society didn't see the results that they had originally hoped to see. Violent crime, public intoxication and gambling were some of the issues America had to deal with when the saloon lifestyle was at its height. The largely Protestant movement against these saloons wanted to clean up the streets and saw the saloon as their battlefield of choice. Once the amendment was enacted the legal saloon died and brought a rise to a different type of crime.

Americans didn't give up their alcohol as easily as one may think. The saloon was dead, but a new watering hole developed. Illegal bars sprung up quickly and flourished in big cities. The new establishments referred to as speakeasys were places that were a form of underground saloon and were filled with thirsty Americans trying to hold on to the saloon lifestyle.

The crime that was spawned from the newly implemented law didn't take long to rear its ugly head, it was only an hour when the police recorded the first attempt to break it, with six armed men stealing some $100,000-worth of ""medicinal"" whisky from a train in Chicago. Crime changed, and organized crime transformed with it. Gangs in some of the big cities saw the opportunity that prohibition brought them, and they began to stockpile alcohol before it was illegal. These gangs brought fame to some people like Al Capone and Arnold Rothstein. Both gangsters opened speakeasys, casinos and other illegally operated facilities that got alcohol into the hands of the American people.

Public Health

It should be no surprise that the health of the American people suffered from imbibing excessive amounts of alcohol. Shortly after the implementation of prohibition the rate of consumption was dropped by approximately 30% but this trend didn't stick around for long and it is estimated that it shot up another 60-70 percent of its pre-prohibition numbers. Although there was only a small widow when alcohol consumption declines, the overall benefits to the public health was not overwhelming.

Unfortunately, the studies regarding public health that have been done are based on information that is not 100% accurate there is enough to see the significance in a couple areas. When it comes to cirrhosis of the liver do to alcohol consumption the data is insignificant, but for deaths due to alcohol and admittance for alcohol related psychosis the data was measurable. After his research of the statistics from 1920-1927 Dr. Dublin states:

The condition we have found to exist in the mortality of adult men in the United States is entirely consistent with the observations universally confirmed of a continued widespread indulgence in alcoholic beverages by men. Prohibition has not been particularly effective in that sex. If the saloon has gone and the great body of men no longer spend a large part of their wages on liquor, it is only too clear that what they drink now, even if in smaller quantities and at a lesser total cost, is of such a deleterious character as to result in no advantage to their health. The quality of liquor used throughout the country is sufficiently bad to make up for the smaller quantity consumed. The economic gains help us to understand the condition among women and children; the character of the present supply of liquor helps us to understand the lack of improvement which appears in the mortality of men. (4)

Unintended Consequences

Prohibition has some consequences that were not intended and may have been unforeseen. A lot of these anomalies occurred because of exception and oversights of the 18th amendment. The amendment didn't outlaw the consumption of alcohol and it allowed for private production in certain occupation such as farming, medicine and industrial use. An couple examples would be with the catholic church being able to produce wine for communion and farmers making fruit juice concentrate that was fermented.

The loss of tax revenue was also another impact that was unintended. Alcohol production was the fifth largest industry in the United States at the time of prohibition. Although a national income tax was implemented in 1914 there was a large decline in tax money to fund the government after prohibition went into effect. Prohibition cost the federal government $11 billion in lost tax revenue. And it cost over $300 million to enforce. (5)

The enactment of the 18th amendment lead to so some unintended consequences

LAST CALL

The Rise and Fall of Prohibition

By Daniel Okrent

1. Herbert Hoover, The Memoirs of Herbert Hoover: The Cabinet and the Presidency 1920-1933. (New York: MacMillan,1952), 95.

2. Daniel Okrent, American Spirits: The Rise and Fall of Prohibition

1.Boeckel, R. (1928). Social and economic effects of prohibition. Editorial research reports 1928 (Vol. IV). Washington, DC: CQ Press. Retrieved from https://library.cqpress.com/cqresearcher/cqresrre1928103100

2.Dublin, Health and Wealth, A Survey of the Economics of World Health, p. 305

3.Lerner, M. Prohibition. PBS website.

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Prohibition: Modern-Day Influence

The ultimate failure of the prohibition and eighteenth amendment provided a lot of repercussions, mostly negative. With the ban of liquor sales and distribution came a lot of room for new crime and ways to break the law; this left law enforcement to become stretched very thin while simultaneously paving a path for the future of America. Without the experiment that was the prohibition one could argue that the United States would not be the same is it is today. Though some might say that the prohibition was just an unsuccessful effort at making America sober, actually the amendment and the public's response is closely related to modern day legislature and the public. From how people identify politically, to the widespread popularity of organized crime; the prohibition directly influenced modern day society.

Although the Volstead Act was ultimately a failure, it left America with a lot of everlasting consequences. For instance, the prohibition increased the popularity of organized crime throughout the nation. Speakeasies and bootleggers became a prominent among the states that adopted the amendment. One of the most notorious members of the organized crime family was Al Capone. Al Capone was one of the first criminals to master organized crime. Capone was a brilliant criminal, as he focused on organizing an international bootlegging system. He coordinated the importation of alcohol from different locations, including other states and even Canada, as well as the operation of hundreds of breweries and distilleries, many of which resided in Chicago. Capone also developed a system to dispense his alcohol, which involved distribution truck drivers, salespeople, speakeasies, and even body guards to protect his supplies. Capone did not get caught because he would bribe the majority of the police departments in the Chicago area. This type of organized crime was popularized and the same tactics used by Capone are still used today. The use of bribery in Capones operation was crucial in regards to his overwhelming success in bootlegging. The brief article by Sonia Benson entitled Organized Crime says, With bribery, or buying favors, gangs manage to protect their activities from law enforcement. Illegal businesses operated by organized crime gangs involve drugs, gambling, prostitution, and, during Prohibition (1920“33), alcohol (Benson). The article goes on to reference Al Capone as one of the most notorious gang members of the era. One can not argue that bribery itself was solely brought into popularity because of the Prohibition and Al Capone, but the entire concept of organized crime as in modern society can be attributed to Capone along with other mobsters from the prohibition. This was the first instance of major crime organizations coming to be, and if not for the prohibition there may never have been such large crime rampant through American streets.

When the eighteenth amendment came into law, there was an increase in alcohol consumption and sales. This can be attributed to people becoming concerned their civil liberties were being compromised. One could find that the increase in individuals who consume alcohol and the increase of alcoholism also brought about an increase in criminal organizations to regulate bootleg liquor and speakeasies. These criminals had almost no resistance from law enforcement because they were either bribing the police departments or the police were to busy cracking down on simply liquor transactions. With the widespread availability of bootlegged liquor there was no reason why someone could continue growing their unhealthy drinking habits. In an article by Bob Batchelor, simply entitled Bootlegging, the author says, the prohibition instigated a national drinking spree. This quote shows that 18th amendment brought about a sense of urgency within the American people to consume alcohol. The principle of if something is taken away from you then you just want it more can be tied to modern day issues like gun control. Studies have shown that after major public shootings in America occur there is a spike in gun sales throughout the country. This can be credited to the threat of taking or banning all guns. Some of the American people are afraid that the government might implement a ban on guns so the urgency to purchase a firearm is increased. Jerome R. Stockfisch of the Tampa Bay Times reported that, Gunmakers' shares surged on Friday. Smith & Wesson Holdings Co. shares climbed 2.8 percent to $29.07, while shares in Sturm Ruger & Co. closed up 4.9 percent at $67.65 (Stockfisch). This quote shows that after major shooting in America the stock in major gun companies sky rockets as more and more people purchase guns. The eighteenth amendment and how society reacted to it closely relates to modern-day issues, in terms of societal division and trying to find a suitable middle ground.

Throughout the 1920's and prohibition era, there was a clear divide between those who were for the prohibition and ban of liquor and those who believed it was bad for American society. These two groups identified themselves as either wet or dry in regards to which group they identified as. The Wets were the citizens who were against the Eighteenth Amendment. This group was all for selling and drinking alcohol, they enjoyed it. The Drys on the other hand, were for this law. The Drys agreed that heavy drinking should be banned. In the article Alcohol and Crime: The Prohibition Experiment by Joseph R. Gusfield, the author discusses the parallels between how the eighteenth amendment divided people: Such an explanation ignores the fact that issues of drinking and its controls were very much in the foreground of American political, social, and legislative life from the 1820s through the 1920s. 'Dry' and 'wet' have been almost as essential in American politics as 'left' and 'right'(Gusfield). This quote demonstrates the parallels that American society has had throughout history. The prohibition can be looked at as simply just another piece of legislature. The eighteenth amendment went through all the same processes to become law as any other piece of legislature and because of this was scrutinized the same. There were people for the amendment as well as against it. This shows the similarities of modern day political topics to the prohibition.

With widespread alcoholism throughout the United States during the years leading into the 1920's, came the passage of the Eighteenth amendment in 1919, causing a nation-wide ban on liquor. The Eighteenth amendment caused the American public to start finding other ways to acquire once was such a pivotal part of American society, alcohol. This produced a new type of crime throughout the United States. In many ways the prohibition and consequences that followed can be related to modern day issues and politics. Although some might say that the prohibition was just a failed attempt at making America sober, actually the amendment and the publics reaction is closely related to modern day legislature and the public.

Bibliography

Batchelor, Bob. ""Bootlegging."" Dictionary of American History, edited by Stanley I. Kutler, 3rd ed., vol. 1, Charles Scribner's Sons, 2003, pp. 503-504. U.S. History In Context, https://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CX3401800513/UHIC?u=viva2_nvcc&sid=UHIC&xid=26065993. Accessed 11 Apr. 2018.

Benson, Sonia, et al. ""Organized Crime."" UXL Encyclopedia of U.S. History, vol. 6, UXL, 2009, pp. 1189-1190. U.S. History In Context, https://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CX3048900465/UHIC?u=viva2_nvcc&sid=UHIC&xid=5b10adb6. Accessed 22 Apr. 2018.

Stockfisch, Jerome R. ""GUN SALES SPIKE IN WAKE OF VIOLENCE."" Tampa Bay Times [St. Petersburg, FL], 9 July 2016, p. 4. U.S. History In Context, https://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A457620722/UHIC?u=viva2_nvcc&sid=UHIC&xid=e15bae14. Accessed 22 Apr. 2018.

GUSFIELD, JOSEPH R. ""Alcohol and Crime: The Prohibition Experiment."" Encyclopedia of Crime and Justice, edited by Joshua Dressler, 2nd ed., vol. 1, Macmillan Reference USA, 2002, pp. 44-50. U.S. History In Context, https://link.galegroup.com.eznvcc.vccs.edu:2048/apps/doc/CX3403000018/UHIC?u=viva2_nvcc&sid=UHIC&xid=08a2d8f2. Accessed 11 Apr. 2018.

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The Prohibition Party

Started in 1869, the Prohibition party is a minor political party in the United States. It was founded by Jack Russell and has lasted for more than 145 years. The prohibition party was created to campaign for legislation to prohibit the manufacture and sale of alcohol. It soon grew as political party as they began to run for more elections and got involved with different platforms. The prohibition party has many different facets that created the oldest, prevailing minor political party.

The Prohibition party was founded in 1869 by Reverend Jack Russell. It's original cause was to prohibit the sale and use of alcoholic beverages in the United States of America. It came into existence at a convention in Chicago and around 20 delegates from different states were present. It's creation was spurred by several factors, including failure of public officials to enforce existing prohibition laws, and lack of support of prohibition from existing parties. Candidates were immediately put into service at local and state elections. Their best showing occurred in 1892 where John Bidwell, the prohibition candidate for the president, received 271,000 votes. As great as that accomplishment was, the party's great success victory occurred by grassroots pressure on national lawmakers. Congress passed the 18th amendment which prohibited the manufacture and sale of alcohol. It was ratified in 1919 which was cause for great celebration within the party. Eventually, prohibition failed and the party witnessed the redaction of the amendments appeal in 1933. Although it failed the party has persevered and it still exists today as the oldest minor political party. It's conservative platforms also continue on, despite the growth of the 21st century.

The Prohibition party's main platform is just that, prohibition, but they expanded their ideas to include more concerns. Some of these added concerns included prohibition of gambling, women's suffrage, currency, prison reform and free public education. They even allied with organizations whose platforms were similar, some of these are the Women's Christian Temperance Union, the Anti-Saloon League and different churches. They were very strict in their beliefs and believed strongly in religion but was forced to change to conform to the modernization of the United States.

The Prohibition party's platform has changed throughout the one hundred and forty nine years they have been in existence. In 1872 the Prohibition party believed that fixed and moderate salaries should take the place of official fees and that all unnecessary purchases should be annulled. They believed every possible action should be taken to prevent corruption in office and a strict system of accountability should be practiced in every department of the government. One distinct belief was that frequency of railroad, water transportation and travel is used only sparingly. They believed that all, despite race, gender, or nationality all are equal and they even wanted more immigrants coming to America, allowing them equal rights, privileges, and protection under the constitution. Despite their firm beliefs, they swiftly change their platform, to conform to the modernization of the country.

In current years their platform has stayed relatively the same with a few changes. They updated and modernized their ideas to fit the twenty first century. They maintain their outlook on foreign trade, stating that it causes lost jobs and poverty in America. They view same sex marriage as an abomination to god and they are strictly pro-life. One of the biggest changes to their platform is their perspective on immigration. They believe the United States should deploy resources to prevent illegal immigration and they strongly disagree with granting citizenship to babies born in America to illegal mothers. Many of their outlooks are dependent on their religious affiliations. Their platform although very important to them did not directly impact the United States save for a few specific events.

Prohibition, an era well known because of the complete outrage the majority of America felt was a major impact that the The Prohibition party had on America. The major platform that the prohibition party supported was prohibition. When the United States passed Amendment eighteen, the prohibition party completed the one goal they built their party on. They had officially banned alcohol in the United States of America, something the prohibition party had strived for since 1872. This was the party's greatest achievement because the main idea of the party was to prohibit alcohol along with many other things.

A second impact the party had on the United States was its continued perseverance and its continued efforts for a place in the government. They were an important force in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries but declined after the repeal of prohibition. They have continued to fight though and received five hundred and eighteen votes in 2012 and an astounding five thousand six hundred and seventeen votes in the 2016 presidential election. The party is an important part of the American government and with out their perseverance they would not exist.

The Prohibition party is a unique part of the United States government. The party was specifically a vital part considering the fact that it its the oldest third party in America. It was founded by Jack Russell in 1869 and has since flourished, fallen and through it all has prevailed creating just another facet to the government. Will they flourish next or continue to fall?

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Drug Epidemic in United States

Contents

The Harrison Narcotic Act
The Volstead Act
The Narcotic Drugs Import and Export Act

In the history of the United Stated the drug epidemic has been increasing at an alarming rate. The United States imported opium legally for hundreds of years. During the Civil War the most common used drug was Morphine. In the nineteenth century Heroin was manufactured. Cocaine was very popular and was marketed as a cure for drug addiction. The United States main focus was on alcohol addiction, while there was very little concern for narcotic usage. In the early years, people could purchase drugs without a prescription from drugstores or grocery stores. Mail orders allowed for a widespread of narcotic distributions. The United States created different laws that were directed to narcotics. The Harrison Narcotic Act, Volstead Act, The Narcotic Drugs Import and Export Act, The Narcotic Farm Act, The Marihuana Act, The Opium Poppy Control Act, The Boggs Act, Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, Narcotic Addict Rehabilitation Act, Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act, Controlled Substance Act, and Drug abuse Office and Treatment Act were all laws created to combat and control narcotics and focused on treatment for drug users.

The Harrison Narcotic Act

On December 17, 1914 The Harrison Narcotic Act became a law and was signed by President Woodrow Wilson. This was a tax law that was left for the Treasury Department to enforce. It was up to the U.S. Coast Guard and the Bureau of Internal Revenue were the first two agencies in charge of smuggling at the United States Border. Most of the items which were smuggled included: oleomargarine, flour, cheese, cotton, playing cars, and narcotics. This act created the first federal narcotic agent on March 1, 1915. There quickly became 162 agents within this specialized unit. This specialized unit designed their own uniforms and badges. Some uniforms and badges looked like the wild west while others designed off the current military uniform. (XXX)

In the early stages of the unit, the unit began to arrest physicians and those who were supplying narcotics to addicts. World War I (WWI)was approaching and opium was the new big thing. With the WWI new products, Morphine and Heroin, were used by many soldiers. These drugs were used to aid in pain relief and allowed the men fighting to stay awake for days without sleep. (XXX)

The Volstead Act

In October 1919 the Volstead Act was passed by President Woodrow Wilson's veto, which meant the legislation set forth by the 18th Amendment would be enforced. The 18th Amendment states, Section 1: After one year from the ratification of this article the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors within, the importation thereof into, ot the exportation thereof from the United states and all territory subject to the jurisdiction thereof for beverage purposes is hereby prohibited. Section 2: The Congress and the several States shall have concurrent power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. (XXX) There were still more debates about alcohol which meant there was little talk about narcotics. The only conversations in relation to narcotics was the thought of usage being a vice or an illness.

After the passing of the Volstead Act there was more of a push to pursue liquor violations. This left the Bureau of Revenue no choice but to create a specific unit to combat liquor violations. The Prohibition Unit was created to find those violating the 18th Amendment. During the roaring twenties, the Prohibition Unit was called the Dry Agents. The Dry Agents was mostly made up from ranks of disenchanted war veterans who part of the political patronage. From the beginning they were faced with the task set by the 18th Amendment, which they received no thanks for doing. While the Prohibition Unit was enforcing the law, a 170-man Narcotic Division was created by a former Pharmacist. This Narcotic unit was great at what they with their convictions. In 1921 this division had 1,583 convictions, with 119 acquittals. The Narcotic Division seized 1,417 pounds of Opium, 373 pounds of morphine, 32 pounds of heroin, and 286 pounds of cocaine. Though there were great results in locating the narcotics trade they was still a problem. They were unsure on what to do with addicts. (XXX)

The Narcotic Drugs Import and Export Act

By May 1922 The Narcotic Drugs Import and Export Act was passed by Congress. The Narcotic Drugs Import and Export Act is also known as the Jones-Miller Act, which was the start of the monitoring of international commerce of opiates. The Narcotic Drugs Import and Export Act created the Federal Narcotics Control Board which was made up of Secretaries of State, Treasury, and Commerce who all monitored opiate imports for uses other than medical. They also were to limit the exports to nations with adequate licensing systems, and to outlaw the manufacture of heroin.

On February 19, 1925 the Second Geneva Convention was signed, but it was three years later that it adopted an international licensing system, record keeping, export regulations, statistical reporting, and a supervision department who was maned by a Permanent Central Board designed by the League of Nations.

The Narcotic Farm Act of 1929
The Marihuana Act of 1937
The Opium Poppy Control Act of 1942
The Boggs Act 1951
Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act 1965
Narcotic Addict Rehabilitation Act 1966
Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act October 27, 1970
Controlled Substance Act 1970

President Richard Nixon realized the number of drug users were increasing rapidly. President Nixon needed to find a solution to combat drug sales and usage. President Nixon realized there needed to be increased penalties, stronger enforcement, and incarceration for drug offenders. Some considerations were made classify each drug offender. President Richard Nixon declared a ?War on Drug' in June 1971. President Nixon declared drug offenders to be public enemy number one. Nixon also granted an increase in funding for drug-control agencies and drug-treatment efforts. There were several different agencies which were created to combat the war on drugs. The Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) was created in 1973. The DEA is a federal law enforcement agency who specializes in drug manufacturing, drug trafficking, and drug growing. The DEA's main mission has been to enforce the controlled substance laws and regulations of the United States. The DEA also wants to bring the people who violate these controlled substance laws to the criminal and civil justice system of the United States.

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Bipolar Disorder: Mind and Mental Health

Introduction

References

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Emotions in Bipolar

DSM-V Numbers

Treatments

Conclusion

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Social and Economic Impact of Bipolar Disorder

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Maya Angelou – a Phenomenal Women

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The Life of Maya Angelou

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Maya Angelou’s Imagery in Poetry

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HISTORY OF GENETIC ENGINEERING

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Important Role of Genome Editing

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What is Genetic Engineering?

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Role of Genetic Modifications

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Complicate Government System of U.S.

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Analysis of Trust Management Framework

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A Personality of Maya Angelo

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Governance Without Government: Blockchain Technology

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Human Reproductive Cloning and Biotechnology

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The Anti-Immigrant Movement in the U.S.

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Would Cloning Make Us Lose our Identities as Humans?

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Joy Luck Club by Amy Tan

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Atomic Bomb: a Tremendous Tragedy

About Nuclear Weapons

About the Atomic Bomb

About Nuclear Radiation Works

Triumph for Science

Triumph for the Allies

Tragedy for Humanity

Survivor Stories

After the Bomb

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Why Bombs should have been Used on Japan?

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The Atomic Bomb: Scientific Triumph or Human Tragedy

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What is the Bill of Right?

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Animals and Bill of Rights

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Prohibition of Torture: Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment

The right to fair trail

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The Problems of the Prohibition Era: Organized Crime

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The Impact of Prohibition on Society in the 1920’s

The Noble Experiment

Economic Changes

Impact on Crime

Public Health

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Prohibition: Modern-Day Influence

Bibliography