Why do People do Plastic Surgery?

The decision to have plastic surgery has recently attracted significant amount of attention. To have a better respond to the question above, let's find out what exactly motivate people to practice plastic surgery? Today, beauty in America is defined by the magazines, the television, the music and social media. All those media portrait the perfect women as thin. People who do not have those looks find themselves inferior to those who have. Those people with different body image than what they social media portrait, most of the time, are victims of self-esteem, teasing, bullying, or body shaming, which can affect their emotional, social or psychological well-being. Therefore, it is not surprising that millions of people elect for cosmetic surgery just to be accepted by the society.

As we all know Doctors are meant to treat patient not only physically, but also emotionally, socially, and psychologically. If the only way for people to find peace with themselves, or to accept themselves is by having cosmetic surgery, Doctors who perform cosmetic surgery contributing to the welfare of people.

Moving forwards, what exactly do we understand by 'do no harm'. Do no harm means participating in the promotion of the health and welfare of the patient even if the patient gets harm. For example: if a 19-year-old gets into a car accident and injures the lower part of his leg and bleed severely. Once he gets to the hospital, amputation is the only way he can survive. The surgery of cutting the leg is harmful since it will hurt, and the patient will end up handicapped. Nevertheless, the surgery is necessary for the welfare or the survival of the patient. Going back to cosmetic surgery, even though the surgery is harmful to the patient, it contributes to his welfare and health. As we use the word health in the text, we mean emotional, or social or phycological health instead of physical health as most people will only think about.

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Impact of Cosmetic Surgery on Society

Cosmetic surgery

What was onced used as a way to fix and restore is now a common step in the beauty routine of many Americans. Most Americans, because of social pressure and insecurities, are falling into the trap of plastic surgery. They are risking their health, trying to make themselves look better so they can feel better. But after all the procedures they are no longer themselves and are they really any happier? Although cosmetic surgery was used more than 4,000 years ago to treat facial injuries it is now considered a common activity among most Americans, and it is negatively impacting our society. (Nordqvist, Christian.)It is a common misconception that best way to achieve a more beautiful self is not through hard work, discipline, and self-control, but through surgery. Cosmetic surgery should be illegal because it negatively impacts our society by causing unrealistic expectations of beauty, major financial problems, and it has detrimental health risks.

By causing unrealistic expectations for beauty cosmetic surgery is having negative effects on our society. Most famous people have had some type of plastic surgery to enhance their looks. These stars are posted and plastered on magazine covers, billboards, and posted on all forms of social media. Teenagers look up to these celebrities.The world views these stars with the expectations of how everyone should look causing the average American to feel bad about themselves. This results in a rise in suicides, depression, and plastic surgeries. There was an investigation done to examine the relationship between self?presentational motives and physical activity in a population of cosmetic surgery participants. Participants were fifty female and five male cosmetic surgery patients who completed a battery of self?report measures following either vein or acne treatment. Analyses revealed significant group differences on self?presentational concern and public self?consciousness between: (a) those who elected the treatment for appearance motives and those who elected treatment for health?based motives, and (b) the more frequent (three or more times per week) and less frequent (two or less times per week) exercisers. Greater self?presentational concerns and greater public self?consciousness were associated with having appearance?related motives for treatment and with being a less frequent exerciser.(Culos-Reed, S. Nicole)

In most medical specialties, patients don’t know what their problem is, and leave it to the specialist to figure out. Not so with cosmetic surgery. Here, it is the patient who knows what’s wrong and the surgeon who often has a hard time seeing it. This leaves him with a dilemma: either he has to send the patient home empty handed or he has to find some medically acceptable reason for an intervention as drastic as surgery. To illustrate this point, the speaker gave a slideshow with— what else?— before and after pictures. To my surprise, the patient was not a middle-aged woman with wrinkles who wanted a face lift, but a fifteen-year old Moroccan girl who wanted her nose done. According to this surgeon, this girl was only one among many similar cases: second-generation immigrant adolescents who were getting harassed at school for having “noses like that.” They became miserable, antisocial, and developed feelings of inferiority, he explained. It became difficult for them to become assimilated into Dutch society. (Davis, Kathy)

Plastic surgeon Michael Salzhauer, or Dr. Miami states “I think the influence of social media is enormous and cannot be overstated.”(Dr.Miami) Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery brings shocking statistics to prove this theory. They found that over 40 percent of surgeons in the survey reported that patients said looking better in a selfie was their reason for getting surgery. This shows social media and the modern connectivity between fan and public figure can be held responsible for both glorifying and normalizing what was once considered an extreme step in self-improvement. Cosmetic surgery is not only hurting Americans self esteem and emotions but their wallets too (American Society of Plastic Surgeons.)

Cosmetic surgery should be illegal because it negatively impacts society by causing many patients to go into major debt. There are two types of plastic Americans rely on- plastic credit cards and plastic surgery. These plastics feed insecurities even as they captivate us with promises. If there's one thing Americans are brilliant at, it is tricking themselves into thinking that they can make their future better than the present. Credit and plastic surgery offer “easy” shortcuts. This causes many to fall into debt, impacting both society and the economy for worse.

(source)Dr. Alan Matarasso, president of the American Society of Plastic Surgeons, who works as a plastic surgeon in New York City says, “Cosmetic surgery is not covered by insurance, it’s what we call self-pay. Traditionally, the model was that you paid (the full amount) two to three weeks in advance”(Materasso). Insurance doesn't cover cosmetic surgery, but that doesn't stop most from going under the knife. It only increases their debt.

An American Society of Plastic Surgeons report found Americans spent more than $16 billion on cosmetic plastic surgeries and minimally invasive procedures in 2016, the most the U.S. has ever spent on such operations (Apr 12, 2017) (Rossman, Sean.). Claire Leeson, who got plastic surgery to look like Kim Kardashian, spent a total of $30,000 she didn't have on the procedure.(“I Spent $30,000 to Look like Kim Kardashian.”,NY post) The Daily Mail reports that Leeson was bullied for her looks as a teenager and attempted suicide several times throughout adolescence. Her transformation was a direct response to that poor treatment, a way to reclaim herself and feel beautiful. Unfortunately, it's also hurting her financially.(Daily Mail)

Despite record unemployment, rising health care costs, and sinking home values - Americans spent out more than $10 billion on cosmetic surgery and other procedures last year. This hurt the economy more than it hurt the individuasl. Almost half of Americans have less than $10,000 saved for retirement, but millions of them are not hesitating a trip to the plastic surgeon. Not only is Cosmetic surgery negatively affecting the economy, but Americans' health and even lives are endangered by the many procedures being done.(American Society of Plastic Surgeons. “Dangers of Plastic Surgery Tourism.”)

Cosmetic surgery, like any type of surgery, is not without risks. Plastic surgery procedures can result in complications ranging from an unattractive or unnatural final result to scarring or even death. All surgeries, including cosmetic procedures, carry risk. People who have a history of cardiovascular disease, lung disease, diabetes or obesity have a higher risk of developing complications such as pneumonia, stroke, heart attack or blood clots in the legs or lungs. Additionally, smoking increases risks and interferes with healing. There are many possible complications for any surgical procedure. Complications related to anesthesia, including pneumonia, blood clots and, even death are all possible. Infection at the incision site, which may worsen scarring and require additional surgery. Fluid build up under the skin. Mild bleeding, may require another surgical procedure, or bleeding significant enough to require a transfusion. Obvious scarring or skin breakdown, which occurs when healing skin separates from healthy skin and must be removed surgically. Numbness and tingling from nerve damage, which may be permanent. Not only are there long term risks but even the recovery from these surgeries can be long and painful. Even with instruction and preparation, the bruising swelling that follow cosmetic surgery and how long they last is alarming. Bruising can take a minimum of three weeks to diminish; swelling can take even longer. Getting up and moving frequently after surgery is very important to minimize risk for blood clots, which can be deadly. Flying or driving long distances makes this hard to do—and blood-thinning medications to reduce risk of blood clots, such as Aspirin, are off-limits after cosmetic surgery. Sitting in a cramped plane for hours or enduring a bumpy car ride also can be uncomfortable on healing incisions. To minimize these risks, a person would need to spend several weeks taking it easy. Recovery time is long and while recovering a person is limited in what they can do. (“How to Stay Safe When Traveling for Cosmetic Surgery.” American Board of Cosmetic Surgery)

Cosmetic surgery negatively impacts our society by causing unrealistic expectations of beauty, major financial problems including debt, and it has detrimental health risks. Society’s unrealistic beauty expectations cause many to feel insecure and ugly resulting in the hope that plastic surgery will make them look better. Plastic Surgery causes many to fall into debt, impacting both society and the economy for worse. It is not without risks. Plastic surgery procedures can result in complications ranging from an unattractive or unnatural final result to scarring or even death. In conclusion cosmetic surgery is not a solution but a problem. Going under the knife will not help a person to feel better and will instead put their health and emotional wellbeing at risk, not to mention break the bank. Americans should look past social expectations and be who they are living real lives full of real happiness.

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Cosmetic Surgeries of Pets

Cosmetic surgeries are performed on people all the time. Animals, like their human companions can also have cosmetic surgeries. Tail docking, ear cropping, devocalization, and declawing are the most common unneeded surgeries performed on pets. Each surgery in special circumstances benefits the pet and always benefits the owner. I would like to know if these surgeries can cause harm, if they do, what kind. Do the benefits outweigh the problems? Is it ethical to put an owner's desires above the pet's?

Tail docking is the amputation of a part or all of a dog's tail. The amputation of the tail is generally done when the puppies are a few days to a week old. There are several ways it can be accomplished---one of the most common being the application of a rubber band around the tail. The band is squeezed tight enough to stop blood from flowing to the tissue underneath of it eventually causing the necrosis and loss of that region. Docking can also be accomplished through a surgical removal of the tail using a blade or scissors. Bleeding can be stopped by a suture or two. Tail docking can be traced back to the Roman empire where dog's tails were cut to avoid the contraction of rabies. Later in history docking was believed to increase agility and strength of the dog. It was also used to decrease the chances of a dog getting injured during dogfights [1]. Tail docking today is generally used for working/hunting dogs to prevent injury of the tail. It can also be used for dogs whose tails become matted easily or have an increased risk of fecal material and urine becoming lodged in the coarse hair. Another far more popular reason to justify docking is because it is a traditional look for the breed in question [2].

According to the AVMA, only two states have regulations on tail docking in the United States. Maryland law stipulates that only a licensed veterinarian may perform the surgery under anesthesia when it is appropriate. Pennsylvania prohibits a dog's tail from being amputated from five days to twelve weeks of age. It is legal for a veterinarian to amputate the tail during that age but only if it is medically necessary. The law does not prohibit a veterinarian from performing the surgery after the dog is twelve weeks old as long as anesthesia is used [3].

Hunting dogs have an increased risk of breaking or damaging their tails while on a hunt. The alternative is to remove the tail to decrease the odds of that happening. Dogs can sometimes leave fecal matter and urine on their tails and the hair can become matted and smell. Animals that have this issue can have their tail removed to improve their hygiene [4]. Short-haired dogs who are excessively flamboyant or hyper can also have their tails docked in order to decrease injury to themselves.

Like any other surgical procedure, tail docking can have complications. Pain during and after the operation is likely. Hemorrhaging, infection, and toxemia can occur. The amputation area may also delay healing. Necrosis of the site is also possible without proper veterinary care [5]. Neuromas are also a possible complication and is often seen with severe pain. Shock can also be a byproduct of surgery which can be fatal [6]. Behavioral effects of tail docking has had little research done on it. Dogs mainly use their tails to communicate with other dogs and humans [5]. A slight shift or small movement in a dog's tail can signal submissiveness, anxiety, uneasiness, and playfulness. Therefore, the removal of the tail could hinder the animal from displaying their emotions and effect a dog's interaction with humans and other dogs [6].

The public's perception of tail docking is an important issue to discuss. A recent study was done to assess the public view on physically altered dogs. The experiment found that natural looking dogs were perceived as more playful and attractive than the modified dog of the same breed. The modified dog was perceived as being more aggressive and more dominant [7]. Assuming a person wanted a more aggressive looking dog for protection, a modified dog may be the way to go. Adopting out a modified breed as a family dog may be more difficult given the negative perception of them.

Ear cropping is another controversial cosmetic surgery surrounding dogs. Ear cropping involves the surgical removal of part of a dog's ear. Cropping usually takes place when the dog is between six and twelve weeks of age. The dog is placed under anesthesia and scissors/scalpel is used to remove part of the ear flap. There are various lengths the ears can be cut to depending on the breed's traditional style or personal preference. After surgery, some breeds require the positioning of the ears in an upright position; tape and bandages are the most commonly used [8]. Ear cropping is commonly seen in Doberman Pinschers and Great Danes. Ear cropping was used on Great Danes in order to keep their ears from ripping when hunting wild boar [9]. Today, cropping is used to keep the tradition of the dogs' breed. It can also be used to make security dogs look more alert [8].

Only nine states regulate ear cropping of dogs. New York, New Hampshire, Maine, Washington, Pennsylvania, and Massachusetts prohibit ear cropping unless it is performed by a licensed veterinarian and under anesthesia. Maryland also has the same regulation but stipulates that it must also be appropriate for the animal [3].

According to the AVMA, ear cropping has been thought to stop dogs from getting ear infections that are common to hanging ears. However, there is not enough scientific evidence for this claim. Many believe that cropping a dog's ears keeps the animal from being injured during a fight or horseplay. There is no scientific proof that dogs hear better with cropped ears, but it is considered a benefit for the dog by some owners.

Ear cropping may not be considered a major invasive surgery, but the animal is still put under anesthesia. There is always a risk of death when an animal is surgically operated on. Infection is also a risk of ear cropping. Post-surgical care involves taping, bandaging, and stretching of the ears. There is also a risk of the sutures on the ears being pulled out [8].

A study done on the perception of the public of dogs with altered ears was done at James Madison University. The participants were asked to rate an altered dog and a normal floppy eared dog on agreeableness, emotional stability, extraversion, openness, and conscientiousness. The dogs were identical aside from the ears. The results showed that the altered dog scored higher on extraversion, while the normal dog scored higher on agreeableness and emotional stability. The dogs did not significantly differ in either openness to experience or conscientiousness [10]. Another study found that the surgically altered dog was perceived as more aggressive and dominant and less playful and attractive than the natural-looking dog of the same breed [7].

Another form of cosmetic surgery performed is an onychectomy or declawing. Declawing is the surgical removal of a cat's claws and toes bones. It is usually done on a cat's front paws but could be performed on the back paws as well. Veterinarians can use a scalpel or a surgical laser. There is no specific age a cat has to be to have the surgery. However, it has been suggested that performing the surgery on younger cats decreases psychological issues often heard of after surgery. There is no scientific evidence to support this claim at this time. Declawing became popular in the 20th century. Declawing is usually used to prevent cats from scratching and ruining furniture, curtains, and carpets. It is also used to keep people safe from scratches that could occur during horseplay [11]. Hollywood, California banned declawing in 2003. The United Kingdom only allows declawing if it is medically necessary. Currently, no other states have regulations or prohibitions against declawing [3].

Having a cat declawed decreases the chances of it being abandoned or given to an animal shelter. It is also an alternative to leaving the cat outdoors and being euthanized. Scratching is a normal behavior in cats and that can present a lot of issues for owners [11]. Declawing would solve the behavioral problem and also keep the cat with their family. It has also been suggested that cats affected by neoplasia and paronychia would benefit from declawing [12].

There are several welfare concerns about declawing. Like any surgery, declawing has risks such as, profusely bleeding, reopening of the wound, and infections. Scratching is a normal cat behavior and taking that away could lead to unwanted stress. Problem behaviors such as biting and urinating in unwanted places in declawed cats have been noted by opposers of declawing [11]. A declawed cat effectively loses its ability to protect itself. Therefore, cats that have this surgery must stay inside at all times or be closely watched while outdoors.

Ventriculocordectomy or devocalization is the surgical removal all or part of the vocal cords. Devocalization is performed by an oral or a laryngeal approach. During an oral surgery, surgical equipment is used to go through the mouth of the patient and into the vocal cord region. It is less invasive and less costly than the alternative approach. A laryngotomy must first be performed by creating an incision into the larynx, providing better access to the vocal cords. Anesthesia is either given through a temporary tracheotomy or through injection [13]. There is no particular age a dog has to be to receive this surgery. However, younger animals tend to recover from surgery faster than older ones. Devocalization was developed to decrease the volume of a dog's bark. It is commonly done as a last resort when training, therapies, and punishment techniques have failed to keep the dog from barking [14].

Four states have laws that regulate/prohibit devocalization of dogs except under certain circumstances. Unless deemed necessary by a veterinarian; New Jersey, Massachusetts and Ohio do not allow the surgery to take place. Pennsylvania delegates that only a licensed veterinarian can perform the surgery, but it does not have to be deemed necessary. California and Rhode Island have legislation that prohibits landlords from forcing tenants to get their dogs the surgery [15].

Allowing a dog to stay with its family is a great benefit of devocalization. If training and behavioral interventions have failed to decrease barking, devocalization is a good alternative. The surgery could possibly save the dog from euthanasia or abandonment. Debarking can also reduce the noise caused by loud barking and noise complaints from neighbors.

There are some issues that arise from debarking. Barking is a normal behavior carried out by all canines. Barking can be used to communicate when visual cues cannot be seen or are not understood. Making the bark softer and harder to hear could disrupt normal communication. The reasoning behind the uncontrollable or excessive barking has not been reduced. Therefore, other symptoms of an underlying condition may creep up after the surgery. Some of these reasons could be boredom, anxiety, and obsessive disorders [14]. Devocalization is a major surgery and many risks and complications accompany it. Swelling of the airway, pneumonia, and infection are some potential complications that could arise during the recovery process [15]. There is also risk of scarring inside the laryngeal tube. Scarring could cause noisy breathing and respiratory problems [16].

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Should Teens be Allowed to have Cosmetic Surgery?

In today's society, the standard of beauty has evolved causing insecurities among teens. The beauty standards affect teens self-esteem, causing them to oversee their natural beauty. Cosmetic surgery has become a popular procedure among teens. According to a cosmetic surgery center, Cosmetic Surgery Center, in 2012, there were more than 236,000 cosmetic procedures performed on patients between the ages of 13 and 19 including more than 75,000 surgical procedures (Teen Plastic SurgeryFad or Fabulous). Cosmetic surgery is a medical procedure that is for appearances, not for health reasons. It seems teens believe that having surgery will make them more attractive to others and make them feel better about themselves, due to having low self-esteem. People support the idea that teens should be allowed to make the decision because it is their body and their parents shouldn't have a say in it however, they may be too young for body autonomy. Despite what others are saying, teenagers should not be allowed to undergo cosmetic surgery because of the harmful effects the procedure has. Also, teens who get cosmetic surgery get it to look better and this may be based on opinion or fad and may change over time. Cosmetic surgery is also bad for teens because too much money is being spent on trying to keep up an image and this depreciates their self-value and self-esteem.

Cosmetic surgery may have harmful effects therefore teenagers should wait until they are adults to elect to have such a procedure. Surgery is a major event for one's body to experience. Cosmetic surgery may involve removing pieces of the body, such as removing fat for liposuction. Cosmetic surgery may also involving adding things to the body such as fillers or implants. Both of these things may cause trauma to the body and to undergo them one usually requires the use of anesthesia. The Mayo Clinic is a prestigious medical center, they warn about the consequences to cosmetic surgery. The Mayo Clinic says,

Possible complications for any surgical procedure include: Complications related to anesthesia, including pneumonia, blood clots and, rarely, death. Infection at the incision site, which may worsen scarring and require additional surgery. Fluid build up under the skin. Mild bleeding, which may require another surgical procedure, or bleeding significant enough to require a transfusion. Obvious scarring or skin breakdown, which occurs when healing skin separates from healthy skin and must be removed surgically. Numbness and tingling from nerve damage, which may be permanent. (Mayo Clinic Staff).

The complications to anesthesia may be the worst because there is the possibility of death. The Mayo Clinic does indicate that it is rare to die from complications from anesthesia but it is still a possibility. For a young person to choose to do this for aesthetic purposes is taking too big of a risk with their life for superficial purposes. Additionally there is risk of scarring or infection. If a teenager is electing to having surgery for cosmetic reasons and it leaves a scar that would defeat the purpose of the cosmetic alteration in a way. The risk of infection could cause medical problems that could lead to death as well. These are heavy risks for something that is not guaranteed. These harmful effects are too costly for a teenager to just choose to undergo it.

Teens electing to get cosmetic surgery may be a premature decision as it may be related to a fad or passing opinion. One reason teens may prematurely choose to get cosmetic surgery is because it is pushed on them by the entertainment and advertising industry in many ways. One way the entertainment industry pushes beauty standards on teens is through the use of unhealthy beauty ideals by using computer graphics, airbrushing, and other falsified methods. This leads the teens to believe that this is desired although it may be fake and truly unattainable. Sociologist Hawkins, as cited in the Journal of Psychology of Popular Media Culture attests to this by saying, Media images of idealized female beauty have further been found to be associated with diverse psychological consequences ranging from depression to anger to eating disorders (Markey & Markey, p210). The media in general uses a vast array of techniques to influence beauty standards and desires towards them. This particularly evident in women and teenagers, affecting adolescents' and young adults' development of attitudes regarding attractiveness, research suggests that the media may affect behaviors aimed at modifying or improving one's physical appearance (Markey & Markey, p210). When teens see these images it makes them feel badly about themselves and then they desire to change their appearance.

Another way the entertainment industry pushes unhealthy beauty standards on teens is through advertising. Most advertisements are to try and persuade its viewer into purchasing the product or watching the film or doing something in the monetary benefit of the advertiser. Specifically the cosmetic surgery industry advertises and those advertisements may be alarming because they are trying to convince someone to elect to get cosmetic surgery. A study published in the journal of Psychology of Popular Media Culture, Dr. Ashikali determined that cosmetic surgery ads may be harmful. Dr. Ashikali's study concluded, Exposure to cosmetic surgery advertising led to increased dissatisfaction with weight (Ashikali, et al, 2017). This means that people who viewed these cosmetic surgery ads felt unhappy with their appearance and possibly desired cosmetic surgery. For a teen this may be especially detrimental because they are just developing a sense of who they are who and they want to be. This negative persuasion may have devastating effects on their psyche and self-esteem. The problem is that it is not just advertisements that cause this in young adults. The entertainment industry's entertainment value content has similar effects.

The entertainment industry is engrossed in popular culture and many of the aspects of this culture promotes negative body image, which in turn promotes the desire for cosmetic surgery. One form of entertainment that is popular today is reality television. There are even realty television shows about cosmetic surgery transformations and these negatively impact the youth and falsely promote cosmetic surgery. Cosmetic surgery reality shows typically paint cosmetic surgery in a positive light. This gives a false representation of the whole process of cosmetic surgery and does not take into account the long term effects of cosmetic surgery such as regret or change in opinion or desire. Sociologists Markey and Markey discovered a connection between watching reality television shows about cosmetic surgery and desire for cosmetic surgery. The correlation that Markey and Markey mentioned says, female participants' own interest in pursuing cosmetic surgery and their positive responses to the media message they viewed is consistent with past research indicating a link between cosmetic surgery themed reality TV and adolescents' and adults' own interest in cosmetic surgery (Markey, p216). This can create a problem for women within the community as there is evidence that more attractive women face more negative criticism and behaviors for women who deem themselves lesser attractive. The Journal of Evolutionary Behavioral Science states that, Differential levels of attractiveness can even promote discord within close female friendships, with the less attractive friend perceiving more mating rivalry within the dyad (DelPriore, p348). Cosmetic surgery makes women more competitive with each other and this has more consequences for teenagers than it does for adults because teenagers are still developing their own opinions and views of each themselves and each other. This extra competition makes being one with the community harder and causes the teens to be alienated from their peers because of the contempt.

When teens rely on plastic surgery to boost their self esteem it may backfire. Cosmetic surgery does not teach teens to value themselves, instead it imposed aesthetic morals on them and degrades their self esteem. It teaches them to rely on their outer appearance as a determinant for their value. It is possible that the cosmetic procedure will not give them the outcome they expected. For example the procedure could make them look a way that they did not expect and their self esteem may suffer more. A study published by the American Psychological Association written by Melissa Dittman confirmed

Several predictors of poor outcomes, especially for those who hold unrealistic expectations or have a history of depression and anxiety. The researchers found that patients who are dissatisfied with surgery may request repeat procedures or experience depression and adjustment problems, social isolation, family problems, self-destructive behaviors and anger toward the surgeon and his or her staff. (Dittman, 2005)

This could create a negative cycle of relying on cosmetic surgery for self acceptance and this is very unhealthy mentally and physically. The personal cost of the cosmetic surgery is too high for a teen to risk and therefore they should wait until adulthood.

Cosmetic surgery is not all bad and it does have its benefits. Proponents of cosmetic surgery for teenagers believe it promotes body autonomy. According to Sarah Jean, staff writer of The Medium, body autonomy is, the idea that everyone has final say or jurisdiction over their bodies (Jean, 2017). The concept of body autonomy is basically the ability to decide what happens or does not happen to one's own body. This relates to many aspects of life. For example if a young girl does not want to be touched, this is her exuding bodily autonomy. If a teen has poor self esteem because of a physical quality, promoting bodily autonomy suggests that they be allowed to handle that problem how they see fit. Allowing a teen to get a piercing or tattoos is a demonstration of bodily autonomy as well. This may be a good and needed lesson in a teens life. Proponents of cosmetic surgery for teens say it promotes bodily autonomy and that is correct it does. It allows the teen to decide whether or not to surgically alter their appearance how they see fit. When one is teaching bodily autonomy how does one say no to plastic surgery without being hypocritical, it is not really possible. Cosmetic surgery does have some benefits however, it may have more detrimental effects so teens and their guardians should exercise extra caution if deciding to do so.

Teenagers should not be allowed to undergo cosmetic surgery because of the harmful effects the procedure may have. This is not to say that people should never have cosmetic surgery because there are some known benefits. One major reason that teens should not elect to have cosmetic surgery is because there is the risk of serious health problems, including death, specifically related to the anesthesia. The problem is that when teens elect to undergo cosmetic surgery it may be for the wrong reasons. The entertainment industry plays a heavy role in beauty standards and have been know to idealize unrealistic beauty standards. If teens are being influenced by the entertainment industry they are likely choosing to undergo cosmetic surgery for the wrong reasons. This may have severe consequences to their self esteem. There are some known benefits for teens electing to undergo cosmetic surgery, such as bodily autonomy. When teens are exerting bodily autonomy it may be hypocritical to tell them they can not have cosmetic surgery. Allowing them this choice does teach them bodily autonomy however the benefits of this do not outweigh the risks. Ultimately teens should wait until adulthood before they undergo elective surgery such as cosmetic surgery.

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Effect of Cosmetic Surgery on Adolescents

Contents

The Effect of Cosmetic Surgery Reality TV Show on Adolescent Girl’s Body Image
References

The Effect of Cosmetic Surgery Reality TV Show on Adolescent Girl’s Body Image

The article analyzed in this essay is The Effect of Cosmetic Surgery Reality TV Show on Adolescent Girl’s Body Image by Ashikali, Dittmar, and Ayers. The researchers focused on assessing the impact of reality TV shows on the perception of an adolescent’s body image. Four hypotheses guided the study. Firstly, the researchers expected that girls who watch cosmetic surgery programs portrayed body dissatisfaction as compared to those who controlled viewing habits. Secondly, the scholars presumed that girls who watched the television shows could report a positive attitude towards cosmetic surgery. Thirdly, the researchers predicted that girls exposed to the fairs but were aware of the risks had a negative perception of cosmetic surgery. The independent variables for the study were reality television programs, scales body image, and attitudes. Alternatively, the dependent variable for the research was adolescent girl’s body image.

The sample of the study consisted of female students selected between the ages of 11 to 18 years. In the first group, the researchers chose 89 girls from six institutions in a Psychology Conference. The scholars recruited ten girls who had the ages of 15 to 18 years. Out of the sample population, 35 were aware of the risks of cosmetic surgery, but 31 girls did not identify the consequences. However, 33 girls controlled their watching behavior of cosmetic surgery programs. The participants were from the White and Asian origin.

The researchers used the experimental and control methods to assess the effect of the reality television programs on the adolescent girl’s body image. Ashikali, Dittmar, and Ayers used 15-minutes-clips to assess the consequence of the film on the behavior of the participants. Subsequently, the scholars used the Self-Discrepancy Index to assess the effect of scales of body images on the attitude of the participants. Also, the writers used the Likert Scale to rate the magnitude and salience of the participant in completing sentences. The researchers used statistical approaches such as skewness and regression to assess self-discrepancies. The writers used the Acceptance of Cosmetic Surgery Scale to assess the advantages of cosmetic surgery to the image. The ACSS instrument was also used to examine the magnitude of participants accepting cosmetic surgery. Further, the scholars applied the 6-point Likert scale to determine the population’s perceptions.

Regression methods were used in assessing the research hypotheses. The scholars applied the binary logistic regression method in testing the impact of girls watching reality programs on the body image. The method was also used to test the effect of girls’ exposure to cosmetic surgery perceptions. The technique was useful in assessing the hypotheses where the researchers derived results.

The results indicated that there were no group differences among the variables. Therefore, the variables were not controlled using subsequent analysis. The researchers observed group differences in the weight and appearance of girls. Girls who watched cosmetic reality shows were unsatisfied about their weight and appearance. The study revealed that girls who were aware of the risks and watched the cosmetic reality programs portrayed higher dissatisfaction as compared to those with little knowledge about the consequences. The researchers discovered that girls who were exposed to programs that did not illustrate the risks of cosmetic surgery were materialistic. The results indicated that there were no significant impacts of watching cosmetic shows on the attitudes of girls. Thus, perceptions towards cosmetic surgery are not affected by exposure of cosmetic films. The scholars could not determine the impacts because the data was inadequate for statistical analysis. The results indicated that there is a significant difference between the high and low appearance of girls on their self-esteem.

The researchers recommend that a larger sample of cosmetic reality programs is needed to determine the effect on the viewers’ attitudes. There is a need for further analysis of people’s attitude on risks after exposure to various cosmetic films. Future analysts should ensure that the audience understands the kind of information in the study to enhance the accuracy and reality of the risk of cosmetic surgery. Researchers should consider the effects of media on the assumptions on cosmetic surgery. Scholars can assess the consequences using actual participants or hypothetical cases. Additionally, there is a need for extensive analysis on the subject of cosmetic surgery films and the examination of individual differences to identify the reactions of each participant. As a result, the researchers can determine the audience that is vulnerable to cosmetic surgery videos.

The research design applied in the study was inappropriate. The researchers presented their work in a clear and concise which enhances the understanding of the reader. However, the writers have not explores the cause of watching films and the recommendations. The scholars could have applied the descriptive research design to provide more profound insights into the topic. I would consider answering the following questions in my future research to improve the results of the topic:

What prompts girls to watch cosmetic surgery films?

What are the specific aspects of cosmetic shows that influence the thoughts of the girls on body weight or surgery?

What are recommendations for the effects on cosmetic surgery movies on body image?

I can make observations or conduct interviews on focus groups after establishing the main questions. Observation can assist in collecting information on the causes and responses of participants towards the shows. Besides, I can communicate to the participants through electronic means such as e-mails to identify their reactions on the different kinds of cosmetic films.

References

Ashikali, E. M., Dittmar, H., & Ayers, S. (2014). The effect of cosmetic surgery reality TV shows on adolescent girls’ body image. Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 3(3), 141. Retrieved from https://psycnet.apa.org/fulltext/2014-08110-001.html

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Who is the Famous Walt Disney?

Walt Disney was just a kid following his dream of making cartoons. He always wanted to help people through hard times. There was trouble trying to go big in this life. He fought through all the bad things until he reached his dream. Could he do anymore in is life than what we imagine.

Disney was a good kid at such a young age. He was always trying to help people. He lived through the great depression trying to make a big difference. Walt was always moving it seemed like as a kid. Walt wanted to join the army when America joined the first World War but he was underage. Since he was underage and was unable to join the army he still wanted to do something to help people. He joined the Red Cross in late 1918. Disney was sent to France to drive an ambulance.

He decided to move back to Kanas city in 1919 to follow is dream. He found work in that area of work he wanted to do in life. When arriving in Kansas he founded a series of jobs that didn't really live up to his needs of a job. He kept with the jobs he didn't like until he could find a job in the film industry. He found work at the Kansas City film ad company. Walt Disney worked hard and got a great opportunity to work in relatively field of animation. He became successful in the early learning of his cartoon work. Walt was doing so well he was set up with his own studio Laugh-O-Gram.

Disney was faced with trouble trying to make enough money to keep his studio going. His cartoons were not as popular as he hoped they would have been. His studio was in trouble and he knew it. Walt had to come up with an idea fast before he went bankrupt. With all the high labor costs his studio wasn't making business and ended up going bankrupt before he could do anything. He decided to go to Hollywood which he could maybe find a new job where the film industry was growing. Walt wanted to find a job that he could make a difference while doing something he loved, so he was on the search to find what that was.

He had huge ideas what he wanted to do for the films and even wanted to do more. In 1924 he had a huge idea that he wanted to make an animated full movie just at the age of 23. He wanted to call this movie 'Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs.' The movie wasn't an easy thing to do but Walt fought through it and made it a big hit. There was a lot of money put into it but Walt was hit with a curveball when he ran out of money trying to make his dream come true.

He wasn't sure what to do but luckily some of his fans were so devoted to Walt that they helped him with the money. If it wasn't for Disney's fans the movie might not have even got completed. The movie turned out being a great success making eight million dollars on the very first release. Reviews were out the roof they were so great and everyone seemed to love it. This is the beginning for Walt and everyone is very excited to see what else he has up his sleeve.

Disney was happy that the movie worked out after all. Walt Disney was making his dreams come true in 1932.He was winning awards and didn't even know what to with them. He was nominated for the best animated short film Mickeys Orphans. Disney won the academy honorary award. He also won the best animated short film, Flowers and Trees.

Walt always underestimated himself when he was nominated for any kind of award. Occurring to www.waltdisney.org article about Award-winning Walt, Walt's niece, Patty, remembered, Tom Jones, a Studio publicist, was assigned to take Walt to the Academy Awards one year. Walt told Lilly not to bother coming to the event because he didn't think he was going to win anything. So Walt went to the Awards and got so many that the press took photos of him holding all these Oscars.

Walt Disney was a Christian protestant and was part of the Congregational Church. Walt never expressed his religion much. He wasn't sure about the whole situation. [Quoted from Roland Grammons book] Faith is a star, Walt say 'I am personally thankful that my parents taught me at a very early age to have a strong personal belief and reliance in the power of prayer for divine inspiration. My people were members of the congregational church in our home town of Marceline, Missouri. It was there where I was first taught the efficacy of religion should play in everyday life. I [] prayer.

Some interesting facts about Walt Disney that most people don't know. He was determined to produce a long animated film even though everyone thought it was an awful idea. When word got out that Disney planned to turn Snow White into a feature film, industry insiders were convinced his effort was going to turn out awful and he would make a big mistake. But you all know that didn't happen and the show turned into a huge hit.

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Walt Disney and Mickey Mouse

It is said that a picture is worth a thousand words, Walt Disney is that picture. On the outside we see a man who was able to create a mouse named Mickey and a park called Disneyland. On the inside, there’s a man who lived through struggle, the great highs and deep lows of life, and someone who created a groundings for all those who dared to dream as he did. Walt Disney’s success was not as easy as picking a pencil and choosing what to draw. Disney lived through multiple times of woe, not just for him but for the world, including both World Wars and the Great Depression. However, this never stopped the imagineer from trudging through and finding the end of the tunnel.

The Disney family was a very mobile family, they continuously moved which seemed to carry through the generations. Starting with those who came over from Ireland, Walt Disney’s ancestors relocated multiple times, for multiple reasons, and to multiple areas of the world. The lineage of the Disney’s travels practically stretched the entire East side of America including part of Canada and later stretched to California with Roy and Walt. Being born to a long line of Elias’, Walt joined the family in Chicago, Illinois and grew up there for a short period of his childhood in the South Side. Later, after the town began growing increasingly dangerous, the Disney’s packed up and moved to Marceline, Missouri where their father had bought a farm(Gabler 4-8).

I said “joined the family” because it is highly debated whether Walt was truly born from his mother Flora or adopted from Spain. The conspiracy comes from missing and/or un-aligning information during the time of Walt’s introduction into the family. Walter Elias Disney’s birth certificate is non-existent which caused many to assume he was not naturally born from the Disney bloodline. Another story claims Walt belonged to Spanish migrant workers who brought their son to America from Spain, then later the child was adopted by the Disney family who they worked for (Gabler 9).

Once in Marceline, the family settled on the plot of farmland just outside of the main town. While growing up here, Walt had the time of his life playing with his little sister and the friendly animals on the farm. He would often ride the family pig and their horse Charley. However, both instances usually ended with Walt being thrown off and into mud or on his back. Charley was especially said to go through the tree foliage and cause Walt and his brothers to nearly get their heads battered by the lower hanging branches (Stewart 5-6). Although having an array of fun animals found on a farm, Walt said his favorite was a dog that followed him around the farm until one day when the beloved Maltese Terrier never came back from following Roy, Walt’s brother, into town (Gabler 11).

Everyone helped with farm chores. With the whole family being busy, no one had time to take young Walt to his classes. By the time his education came into play, Walt was seven and his sister Ruth was five - also ready to be schooled. The result of this was the two of them attending school together despite the age difference, and Walt being completely embarrassed (Stewart 6). Growing up as a very cheerful, fun child, Walt always found ways to grab attention by making classmates or family members laugh (Stewart 1). He was very creative which gifted him the ability to only be bored for little amounts of time throughout his life. This imagination came in handy when he would come home from school. Disney and his friends would often venture to a pond near his house to fish and swim during warmer months. During Winter, the group of friends could skate and sled on the frozen surface of the pond (Stewart 6).

Walt’s true love for performers and art came to him when a group came to Marceline, acting out the timeless story of Peter Pan. Walt would later turn the play into an animated movie. His school eventually did their own version of the play with Disney cast as the main character Peter. From this moment on, Disney was hooked on drawing and coloring all types of little cartoons/illustrations he could think of. At one point he got in trouble for using tar for the drawings on the side of his family’s house (Stewart 8-10).

As great a life the Disney’s had in Marceline, the farm was not pulling enough money to satisfy the big family. Elias had to sell the farm to another local family and move everyone to another area of Missouri: Kansas City. The Disney’s considered their new conditions a step down from their wonderland in Marceline. The new house was located in what was classified as the working-class homes and contained no indoor plumbing. While there in Kansas City, the family owned and ran a newspaper route. Once again, the whole family was involved and Walt would still doodle to create a little fun in his life. According to his little sister Ruth, things were not as bad as they sounded. Ruth and Walt would go to the fences of the nearby amusement parks and look at all the fun and beauty of inside, however, they were not able to go in and enjoy it as others could (Gabler 19). It was in Kansas City where Walt developed a likeness of trains. His uncle who worked on the passing tracks got him a job selling candies and newspapers between the stops of Marceline, Kansas and Fort Madison, Iowa. Disney worked on the train during summers (“Walt Disney” Biography).

Walt’s parents eventually had financial issues again and had to sell the paper route. The family relocated, moving back to Chicago where his father began business with fruit jellies (Stewart 18). Walt went to highschool back in Chicago and took multiple art involved classes at the local Chicago Academy of the Fine Arts. While in high school he drew cartoons for the town newspaper and the school paper. Walt was enthralled with being a cartoonist, and he must of been good at it because the McKinley Voice wrote an article just on Walt and his abilities to draw and create. At one point, the manager of the paper began pulling Walt out of class just to draw and get started on his creations for the paper’s next issues (Gabler 33).

About a year later, he dropped out of school and the paper companies. Attempting to join the US Army (he was a cadet at McKinley), he was turned away due to his in-eligible age of 16. however, Walt was able to join the Red Cross and spent a year in France where he drove an ambulance (“Walt Disney” Biography). Once in France, Disney didn’t get much experience in the field. Most of the battle had already been fought in the areas he came through so he was mainly tasked with chores such as driving important officers where they needed to go or running errands for those officers. Walt did not stop drawing during this journey, he found new places to cartoon and fun ways to spread the cheerful drawings. Walt would put his creations along the canvas coverings of his ambulance for all to see as he passed by (Stewart 21-22).

Once back in the United States, Disney was eighteen and prepared to try his own luck in life. He was not a fan of joining the jelly business. Walt choose to move back to Kansas City where he got a drawing job at a local art studio (Stewart 25). While at the studio Disney met a fellow artist named Ub Iwerks. He and Walt got along very well and eventually ended up at the Kansas City Film Ad Company together. It was at this company that Walt first began learning about animations and creating them. The company taught Walt many valuable lessons about animations and how to use a camera. From this point, Disney and another fellow worker Fred Harman created their own business where they intended to create and sell cartoon animations to local theatres (“Walt Disney” biography).

The new company would go on to create a short film called Laugh-O-Grams, they sold this to multiple theatres in the Kansas City area. Laugh-O-Grams was also the name of the new company. Disney and Harman needed help coming up and creating more ideas so they hired two artists: Hugh Harman and Ub Iwerks (“Walt Disney” Biography). Their first project as a group was a group of animated films that stepped into new territory. They combined real human filming with animations. These films were called Alice in Cartoonland. However, before finishing the films, the company went bankrupt and they had to abandon the films (Stewart 31). With the money left and what they could scrape together, the Disney brothers, Roy and Walt went to California in search of a fresh beginning, Hollywood to be exact.

Surrounded by major film companies, the brothers began to put together a new studio they would name the Disney Brothers’ Studio. Ub Iwerks also moved out to California and met up with Walt and Roy (“Walt Disney” Biography). The trio restarted the Alice cartoons but were missing one thing: Alice. Alice, a real girl named Virginia Davis, was still back in Missouri and someone had just hired Walt and company to create a brand new cartoon. Needing even more help, the Disneys had hired more people, including Walt’s future wife Lillian Bounds. Bounds was an illustrations painter who got to know Walt very well. Very short after, Walt convinced Virginia Davis’ family to move out to Hollywood so she could be a part in the animated series. These films went over well and the Disney Brothers’ Company was ready to create another story (Stewart 35).

Oswald Cartoons were the next creations produced by the company which had now changed to Walt Disney Studios, and were being shown all around the nation. However, another company wanted Oswald to themselves and hired away all of the Disney’s illustrators (Stewart 39-40). From this point, Walt did not trust many people with his next idea, the only ones were his brother, his wife, and Iwerks. Originally named Mortimer, the new cartoon was of a mouse that would have adventures and play tricks on some friends. Enjoying the name, Walt’s wife Lillian suggested Mickey, and the name stuck (Stewart 45).

From that moment on, Walt’s life would change forever. He would still go through challenges, such as losing his parents, but he would keeping working hard. Never slowing down, Disney’s visions set platform for hundreds of films and characters to come to life and be there for children when they needed a friend or something to relate to. Today, the Disney company is one of the biggest in the world. Walt wasn’t done when his time on Earth came but he left it up to us to continue his path, and he always reminded people: “It all started with a mouse.”

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Asthma Attack

Contents

Precipitating factors
Care for people with asthma
COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases)
Recognizing COPD
Hyperventilation
Recognizing Hyperventilation
Care for Hyperventilation
Fainting
Recognizing Fainting
Do Not
Call 911 if:

Is a chronic inflammatory lung diseases characterized by repeated breathing problem.
The problems are caused by oversensitivity of the air passage
The condition is most common in children and young adult and tends to improve or resolve with age, Asthma is considered the number 1 emergency in children
Air passages narrow and mucus builds up, resulting in poor oxygen exchange
During an attack, air passages get narrower and breathing becomes difficult

Precipitating factors

Respiratory tract infections
Strong odors, perfumes, and paints
Occupational exposures: dust, smoke, and fumes.
Certain drugs: aspirin, b-blockers, NSAIDS
5- Exercise
6- Air pollution
7- Emotional stress

Recognizing asthma

Symptoms can range from mild to moderate to severe and can be life threatening.

The signs of an asthma attack include the following

1- Cough.
2- Cyanosis.
3- Inability to speak in complete sentence without pausing for breath.
4- Difficulty breathing, including wheezing.

Care for people with asthma

Place the victim in a comfortable, upright position and leaning slightly forward
Monitor breathing
Ask the patient about asthma medication
If the victim doesn’t respond well to his or her inhaled medication as in severe asthma(status asthmaticus), seek medical care

COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases)

COPD stands for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
COPD is a term used for a number of condition, including emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and lung diseases.
People with COPD find it hard to breathe because their air flow is obstructed.
COPD affects primarily older adults.
Chronic bronchitis
Caused by chronic infection
Symptoms include coughing, difficulty breathing, and increased sputum
Emphysema
Alveoli are partially destroyed
Symptoms include coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath

Recognizing COPD

Wheezing
Coughing
Shortness of breath
Victim has artificially supplied oxygen

Care for COPD

Assist the victim with any prescribed medications he may have.
Place the victim in the position of comfort.
Encourage the victim to cough up secretions.
Encourage the victim to drink fluids.
If the situation is acute, seek medical care.
Administer oxygen.

Hyperventilation

Rapid, deep breathing often seen with emotional stress (Anxiety Attack)
Hyperventilation can also be caused by:

1- Aspirin toxicity

2- Diabetic keto acidosis (DKA)

Recognizing Hyperventilation

Dizziness, lightheadedness
Numbness
Tingling of hands and feet
Shortness of breath
Breathing faster than 40 breaths/min

Care for Hyperventilation

Calm and reassure the victim.
Have the victim breathe slowly.
Inhale through the nose.
Hold for several seconds.
Exhale slowly.
Do not have the victim breathe into a paper bag.
This rarely restores blood gas but often causes dangerous stress to the heart and respiratory system.

Fainting

Fainting is a sudden brief loss of responsiveness associated with decreased blood flow to the brain.
It is also called syncope or psychogenic shock.
It can result from physical or emotional causes.
For example, it can be precipitated by unpleasant emotional stimuli such as the sight of blood or strong fear.
Sitting or standing for a long time without moving can cause blood to pool, which can lead to fainting as well.

Recognizing Fainting

Dizziness
Weakness
Seeing spots
Visual blurring
Nausea
Pale skin
Sweating

Care for Fainting

If the victim is about to faint:
Prevent the person from falling.
Help the person lie down with his legs raised 6 to 12 inches.
Loosen tight clothing at the neck and waist
Stay with the victim.
If fainting occurred:
Monitor breathing.
Loosen tight clothing and belts.
Raise victim’s legs 6 to 12 inches.
Have the victim sit and drink cool, sweetened liquids.
Fresh air and a cold, wet cloth may help
Seek medical care if the victim:
Has repeated fainting episodes
Does not quickly regain consciousness
Loses consciousness while sitting or lying down
Faints for no apparent reason

Seizures

Abnormal stimulation of the brain cells causing uncontrollable muscle movement

Causes of seizures

Seizures can result from various medical conditions:
Epilepsy
Heatstroke
Poisoning
Electric shock
Hypoglycemia
High fever in children
Brain injury, tumor, or stroke

Clinical picture

The typical sequence for a tonic-clonic seizure is for the patient to experience an aura first.
This is a strange sensation that lasts a few seconds (such as tingling, smelling an odor that isn't actually there, or emotional changes) occurs in some people prior to each seizure.
It can consist of auditory or visual hallucinations, a peculiar taste in the mouth, or a painful sensation in the abdomen.
This is followed by loss of consciousness and muscle contractions.
It usually lasts for 2 to 5 minutes.

Management of seizures

First Aid

When a seizure occurs, the main goal is to protect the person from injury. Try to prevent a fall. Lay the person on the ground in a safe area. Clear the area of furniture or other sharp objects.
Cushion the person's head.
Loosen tight clothing, especially around the person's neck.
Turn the person on his or her side. If vomiting occurs, this helps make sure that the vomit is not inhaled into the lungs.
Look for a medical I.D. bracelet with seizure instructions.
Stay with the person until he or she recovers, or until you have professional medical help. Meanwhile, monitor the person's vital signs (pulse, rate of breathing).

Do Not

DO NOT restrain the person.
DO NOT place anything between the person's teeth during a seizure (including your fingers).
DO NOT move the person unless he or she is in danger or near something hazardous.
DO NOT try to make the person stop convulsing. He or she has no control over the seizure and is not aware of what is happening at the time.
DO NOT give the person anything by mouth until the convulsions have stopped and the person is fully awake and alert.

Call 911 if:

This is the first time the person has had a seizure.
A seizure lasts more than 5 minutes.
Another seizure starts soon after a seizure ends.
The person had a seizure in water.
The person is pregnant, injured, or has diabetes.
The attack usually end within 1-2 minutes, so call 911 only if

A seizures occurs in someone who not known to have epilepsy.
A seizure last more than 5 minute.
A victim experience a second seizure
The victim is pregnant or has another medical condition
There are any signs of injury.

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Asthma and the Everyday Struggle for Air

Contents

What is in my Medicine Cabinet
References

What is in my Medicine Cabinet

Asthma is a deadly disease affecting the airways of the lungs making it hard to breathe. The asthma attack can happen at any moment and can be mild, moderate, serious or life threatening. I know first hand what it is like to live with serious asthma because I had it since I was about two years old. This is a chronic condition and I have been told there is no cure, but I will always remain hopeful to be cured one day. Asthma is currently the leading chronic disease in children. My treatment for asthma are two inhalers, QVAR and Proair. I always carry them with me in my purse, car, backpack, gym bag, and night stand because I never know when I will need my inhalers.

According to the CDC, 26 million Americans suffer asthma, affecting 1 in 13 people (Center for Disease Control [CDC], 2018). The number of people diagnosed with asthma has been continually rising since the early 1980's across all gender groups, age groups and racial groups (CDC, 2018).

Asthma symptoms usually include coughing, wheezing, tightness in chest and inability to get air into your lungs. Usually, when you begin to feel any of the above symptoms you reach for an inhaler and take two puffs. I have been on several inhalers throughout my life, but for the past three years I have been using a long term inhaler, Qvar, and a rescue inhaler, Proair.

QVAR RediHaler is a metered dose inhaler containing beclomethasone dipropionate HFA used for maintenance control and prevention of attacks in asthma (QVAR.com, 2018). (https://www.qvar.com/) The indications of QVAR are for the asthma maintenance treatment as prophylactic therapy in people four years and older (QVAR.com, 2018). According to the website PubChem, beclomethasone dipropionate is a synthetic glucocorticoid with anti-inflammatory, vasoconstrictive and immunomodulating effects (PubChem, 2018). Glucocorticoids are a type of corticosteroids with anti-inflammatory activity affecting the metabolism of carbohydrates within your body. Adrenocorticotropic hormone secretions is also inhibited (PubChem, 2018). Other roles glucocorticoids have within your body are protein and fat metabolism, reduction of lymphocytes in circulation, change in the connective tissue response to injury as well as central nervous system functions (PubChem, 2018).

The mechanism of action of beclomethasone binds to interleukin-13 to prevent cytokines preventing inflammatory chemicals in circulation. (PubChem, 2018). The unbound corticosteroids are able to cross the cell membranes specifically binding to cytoplasmic receptors preventing a leukocyte response where the inflammation is occuring causing an interference with the inflammatory response and suppression of the body's humoral immunity response and edema reduction at the site (PubChem, 2018).

Acute toxicity of beclomethasone dipropionate is low but overdosing causes suppression of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) function. Chronic use of beclomethasone dipropionate can cause suppression of the adrenal glands (PubChem, 2018). Reproductive toxicity can occur to the fertility of women or her unborn fetus (PubChem, 2018). Beclomethasone is unknown to pass into breast milk according to QVARS's website and WebMD but I don't know why it has not been tested thoroughly yet with such a popular asthma medicine especially when the drug is known to slow growth in a child's height and organ failure. There has been one study listed on the U.S. National Library of Medicine that consisted of only three infants breastfed for six months while the mother was using beclomethasone dipropionate for asthma treatment and it was thought QVAR is probably safe for most women who are breastfeeding (Monson, 2016). The data that is being used is from 1975 with three infants.

According to WebMD, other side effects include dry mouth, nausea, dysmenorrhea, headache, vision problems, bruising, increased thirst/urination, puffy face, thinning skin, lethargic, muscle weakness, sleep disorder, and oral thrush (WebMD). Precautions should be made if you are having surgery or are sick because the medication can hide infection signs. The medication suppresses the immune system and WebMD states do not have vaccinations or immunizations while using beclomethasone and also avoid people who recently receive live vaccines.

I noticed a few months ago, my QVAR inhaler was different and the packaging was different, the QVAR was now the first and only breath-actuated metered dose corticosteroid inhaler in the United States. I simply take a breath and the medicine shoots into my mouth and lungs with ease. I no longer needed the hand-breath coordination during an inhalation or the need for a volume holding chamber. The inhaler is ready to use and does not require any preparation such as shaking before use. Treatment of asthma with a MDI requires proper technique and nearly 68 percent of people do not use MDIs properly to benefit from the medication (Fink, 2005). The problem doctors face is the asthma patient has uncontrolled symptoms which can be dangerous for the patients (Price, et al., 2013).

QVAR is an important part of my life and I consider my dependant on a long term inhaler as well as a rescue inhaler. I have used inhalers my whole life and I never was told by my doctors any of the side effects and precautions associated with a beclomethasone dipropionate inhaler. I used my inhalers before I was pregnant, while I was pregnant and throughout breastfeeding. I never knew the inhaler could be any danger to my baby. I was never told by any of my doctors that is was harmful. I have been feeling off for many years now and many of the signs listed are the symptoms I have been feeling. Asthma is an expensive disease and can cost $80 for a rescue inhaler to $185 for my QVAR without insurance. I would love to one day not have to use my inhalers by eliminating my triggers that cause a reaction but for now I will continue using my QVAR as little as possible.

References

Akinbami, L.J. The state of childhood asthma, United States, 1980-2005 (2006, December). Advance Data from Vital and Health Statistics: No. 381, National Center for Health Statistics, 2006. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/ad/ad381.pdf

American Lung Association, Epidemiology and Statistics Unit, Research and Program Services. (2009, January). Trends in asthma morbidity and mortality. Retrieved from https://www.lung.org/assets/documents/research/asthma-trend-report.pdf

Brown, HM., Storey G. (1975) Treatment of allergy of the respiratory tract with beclomethasone dipropionate steroid aerosol. Postgraduate Medical Journal. 51(4), 59-64. PMID: 1105520

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2017, May). Asthma in schools. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/healthyschools/asthma/

DrugBank. (2018, November). Beclomethasone dipropionate. Retrieved from https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00394

Fink, JB, Rubin BK. (2005) Problems with inhaler use: a call for improved clinician and patient

Education. Respiratory Care. 50 (10),1360-1374.

Fukushima, C., Matsuse, H., Tomari, S., Obase, Y., Miyazaki, Y., Shimoda, T., Kohno, S. (2003, June) Oral candidiasis associated with inhaled corticosteroid use: comparison of fluticasone and beclomethasone. Annals of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology. 90(6),646-51. DOI: 10.1016/S1081-1206(10)61870-4

Price, D. , Bosnic-Anticevich, S., Briggs, A., Chrystyn, H., Rand, C., Scheuch, G., Bousquet, J. (2013). Inhaler competence in asthma: Common errors, barriers to use and recommended solutions. Respiratory Medicine. 107, 37- 46.

National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem Compound Database (2018,

November). CID 21700. Retrieved https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/21700

Monson, K., Schoenstadt, A., (2016). QVAR and Breastfeeding. MedTV. Retrieved from https://asthma.emedtv.com/qvar/qvar-and-breastfeeding.html

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Reflection on the Glass Menagerie

The Glass Menagerie: The play was written for a small cast of four characters: Amanda Wingfield, the antagonist Tom Wingfield, the protagonist Laura Wingfield Jim O'Connor There is a fifth character mentioned, but this character doesn't appear onstage in the play: Mr. Wingfield, Amanda's absentee husband and the father of Tom and Laura. Like a ghost, he still haunts the life of the family even though he doesn't live with them anymore. He abandoned them. Even though this play is old, and was first performed in 1944, I thought it was interesting and I understood the story.

The play embraces the human condition by depicting characters with life circumstances and feelings anyone can relate to, even in 2007. With atmospheric lighting, interesting props, attractive performers, and skillful acting, there is no way the play could not have been memorable. The character of Laura is sad. Her character has two issues for sure, and I thought the actress portrayed her very well. Laura is disabled physically, she is unable to walk, but she is also crippled by her extreme social anxiety. Her anxiety leads to a major development, that moves that story along well. Laura was being sent to the Republican Business College to learn secretarial skills. As the plot unfolds, Amanda and we, the audience learn that she hasn't actually been attending the classes as she was supposed to be, she couldn't stand being around unfamiliar people and because of her social anxiety, she struggled to learn. This was a major setback for her. This causes the us to feel sorry for Laura; most of us can understand the fear of the unfamiliar and strange environment especially when it comes to school. When it comes out that Laura hasn't been going to school as she is supposed to her mother, Amanda decides that since she hasn't learned a skill to support herself, Laura must get married. This leads to the hinge of the whole production, the climax, the scene in which Jim, and the gentleman caller Tom arranges to visit Laura.

On his visit he reveals that he is engaged to marry another woman, the drama seemed a bit much and very eye roll worthy. The last scene in the play was the most emotion. I feel as if the play did well overall at telling a compelling and dramatic story, as well as relating to the target audience well in making the characters seem real as well as loveable. For me Tom, the character, was the best acted in my opinion, he really brought the play and cast new heights, certainly the star of the show. The way he delivered his lines, and the way he held himself, with dignity, with passion, and as sense of determined spirit, he really held my gaze and demanded attention in every scene he was in. The scenes that he had a screaming match with his mom, Amanda, surprisingly slamming the door in her face, then dramatically storming off down the fire-escape, seemed realistic and genuine, as if the actor had done this in real life before. I had no trouble believing the actor was the character. In the play, the actor playing Tom was bosterous when he had to be, but was also great at projecting his voice softer as needed, like when he delivered lines as the narrator, he sounded as if he was speaking to me and only me from the stage, as if he and i were having a conversation.The actor really knew how to express himself very convincingly, from the anger in scenes with Amanda to the love in scenes with his sister Laura. This was true also when he gave an apology to Amanda after a fight. It seemed very real. The character Amanda, the mom, is certifiably crazy. She wants more than anything to relive her younger life again. when she was in wanted, and had many suitors or gentleman callers. The contrast with her adult life is rough for sure but no need to be as insane as she is with her children. Her husband left her alone and their 2 children years forgotten, and she would never get invited to cotillion or be looked at as a woman fit for marriage ever again..

The actress that played Amanda was strikingly good, to the point that she made me uncomfortable. I felt sorry for her kids and people around her. To top it all off the fact that her daughter Laura, who is disabled both physically and emotionally felt a need to make her mom happy and go through with the arranged meeting with Jim was awful. In regards to Amanda, the are reminded of the need to have friends surround us and keep us accountable and a good old fashion reality check, It is a complete mess when someone refuses to deal with the truth of changed circumstances and adjust just like Laura's mom. Amanda sees limited possibilities for a woman to succeed in life this is due to her own isolationism and stubbornness. She has been crippled by the abandonment of her husband, and doesn't think that Laura, a smart and beautiful young woman can manage in a harsh world without a man or a job or both. She isn't stopping to consider what that her daughter is emotionally ready to take life on and do it her own way. The stage sound lights and set played an massively important role in the play. It was designed so that the we could see the characters like Tom Laura and Amanda moving in and out of and the Wingfield family's apartment during the time period, finishing touches such as the door and central fireplace where key set holders that added to the entire performance. The small details such as the cuts in the set allowed you to see the actors as they walked through the door.

This was especially effective in the drama that unfolded between Tom and Amanda. One of the best parts is the one when Tom walks out the door to leave and get away, and his mom comes running after him. The place that they live in is St. Louis. Loud, dirty, and crowded. The set design, the clothes they wore, and props make it known that they did not have any money at all. They unfortunately have to worry about money all of the time and being able to pay bills. They are survivalist, living one day at a time. A life hard for anyone of any time period to live. The lighting in the play was masterfully utilized to truly set an ambiance about the play.. The writer and director uses light as a symbol of hope, of heart and the will to realize the American dream. This play is sometimes described as a memory play, the stage was often dark and dank, as a comparison for regret and longing of a better life missed out on. Lighting during solo's done well the rest of the stage was dimmed, and the light would come up on the speaker. Some of the lighting suggested transient hopefulness, such as in the part before Jim's came.

The Glass Menagerie reaches us in so many ways. The anger, sadness, love, and hope of a better future are all beautifully done. I feel like I empathize really well to the Tom on a personal level. My mom and I were really close all throughout my life, and now that I live far away from home, we have grown and drifted apart. When I was younger and lived at home, she was always worrying about me and my money and the sports that I played. . I was a good student most of the time, and she still didn't think that anything less than perfection was ok. In the play, Tom really tries hard and busts his butt. His father him and his sister and mom so he helps out and takes care of his mom and Laura. Whatever it is he earns, pays for their bills and feeds them.. Amanda is understandably upset with her former husband, but wrongfully takes it out on Tom. She can't tell her missing husband how angry and hurt she is because he isn't there, so instead she criticizes Tom for going out to the movies late at night and other things he does when he isn't working. She never praises himt for all the good that he does, and doesn't admit that without him they would have no food or apartment or anything at all. That thought drives her madness. In conclusion of the performance, the character Tom leaves. The whole time Tom telling the story from distant memories. The clothes that the actors wore for the play were great depression era costumes. They were not supposed to look new or nice because this is a family without any money. The costumes are supposed to convey their limited means, and the clothes were worn. A memorable costume here is late in the when Jim arrives for Laura, and, Amanda, can't resist calling attention to herself. Jim is supposed to be coming to the house to see Laura but Amanda gets dressed up in a really nice dress from a long time ago.

Her attention seeking is obvious it underscores her mental state well. An important part in the play is the namesake: glass menagerie, this is Laura's collection that she polishes. The glass menagerie is a metaphor for her mental and physical state. The delicate glass is easier for Laura to relate to. Laura is like one of those glass figurines, and she is well protected, if not over protected by her mother and brother. The fire-escape and stairs are a symbol as well. They foreshadow Tom's decision to leave the family and live independently.. A symbolic plot development happens in the top of the play, when Jim breaks the glass unicorn, a show to us the audience that he is to hard and rough and could never be a good fit for Laura or that family. I liked that performance a lot, in writing this paper, I really found it cool to dissect the story, Tom Laura and Amanda, and where it all came to a head. Each and every one of us have a story, this was theirs. This play made me reflect on the strength of the human spirit, the weakness of our character, and choices in life that lead us to where we are today.

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Gandhi Smarak Sangrahalaya

Contents

Project Description
Critical Project Description

Project Description

The ashram was originally established at the Kocharab Bungalow of Jivanlal Desai on 25 May 1915. The ashram was then shifted on 17 June 1917 to a piece of open land on the banks of the river Sabarmati. Reasons for this shift included Gandhi wanted to do some experiments in living (e.g. farming, animal husbandry, cow breeding, khadi and related construction activities for which he was in search of a barren land). Mahatma Gandhi lived at the ashram on the banks of the river Sabaramati between 1917 and 1930. It is from here that he commenced his salt march Dandi.

Charles Correa was asked to design a memorial museum and study center in 1958 to house a treasure of some 30,000 letters written to and by Gandhi, photographs and documents including several hundred volumes edited by his secretary Mahadev Desai. Jawaharlal Nehru India's first Prime Minister inaugurated the building. It preserves and makes available tons of thousands of books concerning Gandhi, his philosophies and India's independence.

The architects design for this memorial institution of Mahatma Gandhi was designed and built from 1958 to 1963. The Gandhi Smarak Sangrahalaya is an excellent example of combining the Hindu Architectural or cosmological idea of isotropy can be seen in Hindu temples on their fa?§ade by applying repeated small infinitely scalable structures. The ashram is made up of the main ashram pavilion, two guest houses, open prayer ground and a museum. Handcrafted paper and fabric are produced here and are the main attraction for tourists. The modular pavilion unit is designed for easy extension and emphasizes the accumulation of a single element to make a whole. Correa placed five distinctly programmed interior spaces within the asymmetrical grid plan. The plan of the museum has also been compared to village houses in India's Banni region. Instead of a single volume, the house consists of five huts each with a different function which surround to make a courtyard. The inhabitants walk back and forth across the open outside space to use different rooms.

Critical Project Description

The architecture of Sabramathi Ashram interprets the form of space through material and construction techniques. He chooses these means in consonance with the purpose and it is the nature of purpose which provides the sense of space for which the form stands for. This building has five interior rooms which has the collection of the museum, the rooms are covered by brick walls and wooden louvered screens. All the five rooms are a part of 6mt square module and Correa's subtle changes of the enclosure allow for variety in the modules lighting, temperature and visual permeability.

Correa used simple and naturally available materials and pure forms such as hollowed cubes and pyramid roof made out of stone, clay tiles, timber which represents the simplicity of the structure and also the reliance on local materials. The modular simplicity of the structure is continued in the basic materials like stone floors, brick walls, wooden doors and louvered windows devoid of glass. These choices strongly adhere to the philosophy of Gandhi advocated and practiced in his life. I don't want my house to be walled on all sides and my windows be stuffed. I want the cultures of all the lands to blow above house as freely as possible, but I refuse to be blown off my feet by any of them. This statement seems to be the basis for the architect's choice of pavilion form. The simplest derivatives of natural forms are the cuboids and the pyramids which are open from open from sides and sheltered from above. The sense of enclosure is seen from the assembly of these two forms and leaves all the sides open to all directions on the side of river bank.

The building design is based on the modular pattern and pavilion module measures 6mt square and has a roof height of about 2.10mt under the channel beam supported over four ?H' shaped brick piers. The channel beam in turn supports a pyramid shaped roof made from timber which is cladded with bolts from inside and Mangalore bricks from outside. The pavilion in the ashram is open from all the sides and is very flexible for connections on the sides and for further expansion. The pavilion gives an impression of a floating plane as it is lifted off the ground level.

The plan of ashram is similar to the village houses of Banni region in India where a central courtyard is provide instead of a single volume and the huts are constructed on the perimeter of the site. The inhabitants can walk back and forth to use different rooms. The ashram consists of a square uncovered shallow pool located in between five rooms and each room has different functions such as letters, office, meetings, books, photos and paintings.

In Ahmedabad, the dry season is mostly clear, and the wet season is mostly cloudy but the temperature is hot throughout the year. The temperature throughout the year typically varies from 20 degree Celsius to 42 degree Celsius. The architect keeping in mind the harsh summer temperatures of Ahmedabad designed the building with a central water court and on the banks of Sabramati river in such a way that the cooled air can be introduced into the building. This is because of the fact that the water has high latent heat of vaporization, it absorbs large amount of heat from the surrounding air for evaporation and then introduces cool air into the building.

This building is completely build keeping in mind the Vastu system in India. Th directions according to vastu as follows

North East: As books are considered as the symbol of positive energy they are placed in north east direction. Light reaches this room around 4am to 6am so it is best suited for pooja, yoga, meditation, studying. This part is called as Ishana.
North West and West: This direction is considered as the house of wind and water god so the toilet is placed in this direction with louvered windows.
East: This direction is ruled by Sun God and the river Sabramathi flows in the direction of east and south east it is believed that the morning sun purifies water and the water is germ free and so the building is placed accordingly.
South East: This is dedicated to god of fire so a snack shop is proposed in this direction.
South: Office is placed in this direction so that good ventilation is attained.
South West: This direction is dedicated for ancestors or pitru. This part of the building is for store and living spaces and hence the building entry and open gallery starts from this direction.
Site entry is from the West.

The construction and the scale of the building merges very well with the environment and the surrounding structures which was built as the residence of Gandhi and other dignitaries who were visiting him time and again while he stayed there. The overall image of the ashram gives it an image of a ?place' rather than a confined ?limited space'.

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Main Ideas of the Glass Menagerie Play

1) Each character in the play is living as an illusion. Which means they're truly not themselves in this scene. As the play forms they break out into their characters more and more as it progresses. They're living there life as a dream when truly it's not one.

2) In the play the past haunts all of the characters. For example, Tom sees past as physical and emotional events that prevent him from living his life. As for Amanda, she's always held back by things and is always worrying about her family instead of herself. As for Laura, she has basically given up on herself because she's lost the unicorn, her family's breaking apart and can't find a man who's loyal to her.

3) The father is a fifth character because he was included in the play. In the beginning of the play, Tom gives brief descriptions of his father, helping us to realize who he really is. Each character briefly makes him present even though he's absent for so long by mentioning who he is and why he's not physically there. I think they miss him because if the father didn't leave the family, there probably wouldn't be a huge conflict between the family like this. If the father didn't leave, Tom probably wouldn't have but because of him Tom followed in his footsteps.

4) Blue Mountain is a town in which Laura and Amanda grew up in. The mountains symbolized it being hard to reach someone because of how high they were. No one being able to get to them. Amanda and Laura's relationship grew stronger everyday because of how much time they spent together.

5) Although everyone wants to escape from a different reality, they all believe to get away. In this play, the father is the most successful because he leaves the family and doesn't have to deal with any issues going on at home. As for Laura, Amanda, Tom and Jim they always never seem to move forward. Towards, the end Tom breaks free and somehow reflects off the rest of the family to move on.

6) Tom is very fond of Laura. Even though he's very honest with Amanda about Laura he shows kindness. Tom never fails to have her back. For example, although Tom knew about Jim he kept warning her to stay away from him. When she didn't, Jim truly broke not only her unicorn but her into pieces. These were her only hopes that she'd be able to find a husband but because of Jim's engagement, he really screwed her over

7) The fire escape symbolizes the exit for the characters, escape from frustration throughout the play. The Paradise Dance Hall - it is the place across the alley. Tom describes it in the beginning of Scene 5 and it plays a huge role in Scene 7. This symbolizes the loss that Tom has experienced. The victrola symbolizes Laura's fear of reality. The records represented the music in the play which belonged to Mr. Wingfield, which helped Laura escape her reality. Amanda Talks about jonquils when she's looking back at her past. They represent what Amanda wants for Laura, but that's really not who Laura is.

8) List FIVE ‹‹descriptions Laura uses for the unicorn in Scene 7. Write the exact lines down.

9) After closely examining Scene 7, I think the unicorn symbolizes Laura's fragility. Laura's very lonely and this is her hope that there's still people in the world other than her. When Jim breaks the unicorn, she's truly broken in pieces. The unicorn is very delicate, just like her. Although, I felt she was better off without it it was really sad that such a big part of her was broken.

10) Amanda's transformation for the gentleman caller was very interesting. She always had been shy in front of people she couldn't express herself in front of. Out off his will Tom invites Jim, a man from work over, who is therefore the gentleman caller. Laura and Jim become very flirtatious that night and then begin to dance, leading Laura over to the unicorn, it falls and breaks. Jim acted very innocent until the end when he had told Laura he was engaged. He had left Laura heartbroken.

11) Jim and Laura went to school together when they were younger. Laura had gotten very sick. Jim asked her what was wrong and she told him she had Pleurosis. Jim had given her the name Blue roses because he didn't know what Pleurosis was. Ever since then he's always called her Blue roses.

12) Jim O'Connor was the perfect guy for Laura. He had a good heart and cared for her. In scene 7, things really came about when he leads her on to tell her he has to go. He leaves after kissing her and telling her he's engaged and to never call again. Laura has always had it hard but to lead someone on to tell them he was engaged, this really was a terrible disgusting move. My opinion depicted as soon as this happened. From dancing with her to kissing her just to tell her he was engaged really made my heart hurt for Laura. For me this was the biggest tragedy in the play.

13) In Tom's closing monologue when he tells Laura to blow out her candles he's asking for forgiveness. My opinion is affected when he says this because although he's having a hard time with his family, I believe that he should've just gone on and progressed his life.

14) After reading the play, I sympathize Tom the most. I felt that whenever he wanted to go forward there was always someone there to pull him right back. He never was able to move on forward in his life until he left Laura and Amanda behind.

15) I can relate to the inability to expressing myself. When I first meet someone I'm scared of what their first impression may be. I don't want them to hate me for saying or doing anything wrong. I act really shy when I'm really a totally other person with people I know. Another element I can relate to is anxiety. Whenever I forget to do something or do something wrong, I get very overwhelmed. One of my biggest fears is needles, this gives me the most anxiety by far.

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A History of Rwandan Genocide

Genocides date back to 149 BC when the first recorded genocide took place in Carthage. Genocides target a group of people that may share the same race, religion, nationality or common grounds. The most known genocide of the 20th century is the Holocaust that occurred in 1934 when Adolf Hitler became the dictator of Germany. Killing around six million people in only six years. (Hitler aimed to kill Jewswhy were they targeted) Another example of genocide that recently occurred was in Rwanda in Central/ Eastern region of Africa, lasting only 100 days from April 7, 1994- July 1994. The decades of oppression against the Hutus and the assassination of President Habyarimana in 1994 led to the genocide in Rwanda. CAUSES Social/ Cultural Cause. The oppression of the Hutu towards the Tutsi was the social/cultural cause of the genocide and began after the death of president Juvenal Habyarimana. Even before the genocide, the rivalry between both ethnic groups was tense. When the Tutsi migrated from foreign lands they settled amongst the Hutusadopting their language, beliefs and customs and the Tutsis were always above the Hutus, economically (PBS).

They were always the wealthiest, and once Belgium colonized the area that is now present-day Rwanda Tutsis rose to powerful positions throughout the government leaving the Hutus at the bottom of the social ladder. In 1962, Rwanda gained independence from Belgium which allowed the Hutu to cease power and switch their roles in society. The Hutus started to terrorize the Tutsis by threatening and killing them, and anyone who opposed them. This resulted in many refugees who fled to neighboring countries leaving their homes, jobs and lives in Rwanda. In 1990, Tutsi refugees and Tutsis from Uganda initiated the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) to protect themselves from the Hutus in hope of getting their homes back. The RPF declared war on the Hutu lasting about three years. This made problems worse, angering the Hutus and government officials. In their eyes the main problem was the, Tutsi minority. The Hutus started to set up armed gangs that were made up of people the anti- Tutsi or participated the genocide and prepared them to eliminate all Tutsi civilians. The genocide was in the makings for several years in the Hutus' minds and how they would kill as many Tutsi systematically. The killing spree began following the president's death on April 7. Historical Cause. The historical cause of the Rwandan Genocide was the assassination of the Rwandan president Juvenal Habyarimana, which was the last event that ignited the genocide.

On April 6, 1994, the plane carrying the President Juvenal Habyarimana and the leader of Tanzania, Cyprien Ntaryamira, was shot down by ground fired missiles leaving no survivors on the plane, it landed adjacent to the Kigali airport. Many conspiracies arose of why attempts were made to kill the president. An assumption is that extremist Hutu killed the President because he was about to bring the Patriotic Front into the Government, as required by a peace plan (Bonner). Authorities still are unsure of who is responsible for the horrific incident. One theory of the president's death that it was an attempt to stopping him from activating the peace plan and to calm the rivalry of the Tutsis and the extremist Hutus. Hutus revolted and took matters into their hands and, several hundred thousand people, most of them Tutsi, were slaughtered, mostly by Hutu soldiers and militia (Bonner).

The president's death was planned to stop him from moving forward with his agreement and was killed which allowed the Hutu rise to power and overthrow the government. Facts and Statistics. The Rwandan Genocide reveals its cruelty through its facts and statistics. This brutal event was the most efficient genocide of the twentieth century at least half a million ethnic Tutsi were dead in the fastest episode of mass political violence since the Holocaust (Thomson). Seventy- five percent of the Tutsi population was eliminated. The Hutus used farming tools such as: machetes, hoes, shovels to slaughter the Tutsis killing them in mid-day. The Hutus murdered them in churches, hospitals, schools, stadiums, and other everyday locales (Thompson). Men and women killed out of hatred and established a routine every day. Even Tutsi killed Tutsis just to survive and show their loyalty to the Hutus for their families to live. Men and women died with the guilt of killing their own blood and their kinship just to survive. Six men, women and children slaughtered every minute of every day for 100 days (World Vision). Corpses laid littered on sidewalks, streets, traffic circles, churches, stadiums, parks, gardens and even in waterways.

The economy began to plummet, cities and homes were being destroyed beyond repair, and electricity and water was scarce. Millions of civilians fled the country to Uganda and Tanzania in fear that their families were next. Survivors and witnesses were physically and emotionally scarred because death constantly surrounded them and loomed over their shoulder. Fear was a constant feeling for themselves and for their loved ones not knowing when the Hutu would strike where they were hiding. The number of casualties grew every day by around 10,000 deaths. 75,000 were children who lost one or both parents (World Vision), they began to live on the streets and feared the Hutus. Men, women and children saw the evilness of the world first hand and put their loved-ones into graves. Poverty and homelessness began to rise rapidly because people were left without a home, family, food or water. Everything was broadcasted over the radio for everyone to hear the suffering of the Tutsis and build fear for the other civilians. IMPACTS Impacts of Propaganda. Hutus and Anti-Tutsis used the media to broadcasts the killing of the Tutsis throughout Rwanda. There were two main radio stations used in the genocide and one being directly controlled by the government itself. This allowed the Hutu to take control of one of the most influential stations that people constantly used.

Propaganda was intended to accomplish three goals, it was intended to cast Tutsis as the enemy; second, to dehumanize the enemy; and third, to convince the Hutu population that killing the enemy was the only option for survival (Stevenson). It was purposefully built to develop fear in the Hutus and warn them about the RPF and to advance the message of the purpose of the genocide. They would broadcast specific targets and locations where Tutsis were hiding. Hospitals became a main and constant target for the oppressors. The Hutus constantly repeated over the radio, the graves were not full yet (Beauchamp), intended to keep motivating and brainwashing the anti-Tutsi people to keep killing any Tutsi they saw. They instructed them in how to kill the Tutsis and awarded them for their hard work and dedication to the cause. The Tutsis were seen as an infestation and something that must be killed. They dehumanized them by calling them names, torturing them and treating them like something worthless that only caused harm in the world. The oppressors preferred killing them with machetes and clubs that were slower and more painful. If Tutsis did not comply in killing Tutsis than they waited for their own death. The Hutus had a motto to kill or die. Once the killing spree began there was no way back but to kill or be killed, survival dictated they participated in the genocide (Stevenson).

Propaganda made a huge impact on the Rwandan Genocide, it allowed the Hutus to brainwash the rest of the population into killing all Tutsis and end the inequality between both ethnic groups. The use of media increased the death toll by Impacts of Death Toll. The death toll made a big indentation on the population of Rwanda killing 75 percent of the Tutsi population. It rose by 10,000 people per day primarily because of the use of media. Many soldiers carried machine guns, hand grenades and grenade launchers to use in crowded places. They broadcasted, the names of those to be killed and read out on radio. Even priests and nuns have been convicted of killing people, including some who sought shelter in churches (BBC). The announcers included information like addresses and license plates for them to be targeted specifically. At the end of 100 days over a million were estimated dead, receiving the title of the fastest and most systematic killing spree in history. Women were taken as sex slaves and brutally tortured and threatened them if they disobeyed their demands. One of the causes of death for women was rape, estimating between 250,000 and 500,000 women were raped (United).

They could not withstand the pain afterwards and often died of diseases and sadness. Hutus and Anti- Tutsis encouraged people to exterminate anyone that was named or that had the same features as a Tutsi. Many mistaken Hutus for Tutsis and accidently killed them. Later all citizens wore ID cards that stated their ethnic group so militias and gangs then set up roadblocks where Tutsis were slaughtered, often with machetes (BBC). Neighbors killed neighbors, spouses killed spouses and even slaughtered their own families to spare their own life or to save them from rape or torture. AFTERMATH Resolution and Current Situation. The impact of the Rwandan genocide impacted the country as a whole and it tested the limits of the strength of the people. They not only surpassed a genocide but a civil war, immigration of millions, illnesses, economic struggles and destruction of cities and places. The people were affected by disease, poverty, incarceration and post-traumatic stress. They never again put a line between ethnic groups but united themselves under one name, patriotic Rwandans (Thompson). No more differences or outcasts but one united country. Unfortunately, now the victims live with the side effects of the severe trauma they were exposed to, 95% of the Rwandans living in the country during the genocide witnessed, experienced or participated in extreme acts of violence (Thompson). Many of the diseases that were brought out because of the genocide was HIV, depression and insomnia. Twenty- six percent of the Rwandan population still suffers from post-traumatic stress disorder today (Roth).

Studies show that depression can pass through generations, so it could take a longer time for Rwanda to recover from this setback. Several people feel ashamed or guilty of their past because of the actions they made of killing their own blood (Tutsis to Tutsis) or being an unwanted birth because of rape. Poverty followed the genocide leaving many families without a home and food. The surviving victims were extremely malnutrition and many children underdeveloped. There was no one to harvest or manufactured anything because worked stopped during the 100-day period resulting in the economy dropping. It has also brought renewal to Rwanda and President Paul Kagame has done major advancements to the country economically and physically.

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Eight Stages of Genocide

The term genocide was first introduced by Raphael Lemkin to first describe the Holocaust (US Holocaust Memorial Museum). He stated that by By genocide, we mean the destruction of a nation of an ethnic group (US Holocaust Memorial Museum). There are eight stages of genocide which are predictable but not inevitable (Stanton). During each of these eight stages, preventative measures could be taken to end it (Stanton). This is a non-linear process and logically the later stages of genocide have to be preceded by previous stages, however, all stages will continue to operate throughout the entire process of genocide (Stanton). These eight stages of genocide are classification, symbolization, dehumanization, organization, polarization, preparation, extermination, and denial (Stanton). All of these stages can be applied to the study of the Jewish Holocaust and the first six stages are the early warning signs. The Holocaust took place in between 1933 and 1945 (Paulsson, 2017). It resulted in the murder of six million Jewish people which was called the Final Solution (Paulsson, 2017). It began with the first stage of classification. In classification, you have an us versus them mentality (Stanton).

A society will begin to distinguish by nationality, ethnicity, race, or religion (Stanton). Classification is the main way to divided society and it creates a power struggle between groups (Stanton). In Germany, they divided the German and the Jew (Stanton). The racist part of Nazi ideology was rooted in 19th-century theories of human differences based on race and was connected to imperialism and social Darwinism (Dekmejian, 2007, p. 247). In the Nazi ideology, these theories of race became mixed with traditional European antisemitism to produce a doctrine against the Jewish people (Dekmejian, 2007, p. 248). Jews were classified as Untermenschen, meaning subhuman people in German (Dekmejian, 2007, p. 248). They were blamed for Germany's defeat in World War I, for communism, and were viewed as a threat to Germans (Dekmejian, 2007, p. 248). Films were used to spread anti-semitism, to depict Jewish people are subhuman (My Jewish Learning). For Example, The Eternal Jew in 1940 depicted them as wandering parasites who chase sex and money and destroy others cultures (My Jewish Learning).

German newspapers regularly printed anti-semitic caricatures of Jews and after the German invasion of Poland, they depicted Jews as not only subhuman but enemies of the German Reich (My Jewish Learning). Stage two which is symbolization is where people are given names or other symbols to go with the classifications (Stanton). However, the first two stages of classification and symbolization will not result in genocide unless dehumanization the next stage of dehumanization also occurs according to the Eight Stages of Genocide (Stanton). However, the dehumanization was happening in these first two stages as well. Jews as unwilling members of the pariah group during this time had the yellow star imposed on them as a symbol to (Stanton). This yellow star was inscribed with the word jude meaning Jew in German (Rosenburg, 2018). Before it was imposed on all are a symbol, the star was used as vandalism when it was painted on the windows of Jewish owned businesses (Rosenburg, 2018). This was after the Nazi's declared a boycott against them, however, it was before top leaders had discussed imposing as a symbol to wear (Rosenburg, 2018).

After the Kristallnacht in 1938, it was first suggested as a badge and after the beginning of the Second World War in 1939 that it was to be imposed on all Jews over ten years of age in Germany as well as occupied territories (Rosenburg, 2018). However, it was not until 1941 that this was finally implemented (Rosenburg, 2018). This yellow star badge helped the Nazi's to visually label Jewish people (Rosenburg, 2018). Now all Jews could be seen, not just the stereotypical and religious ones who already dressed a certain way (Rosenburg, 2018). This would leave them all vulnerable to future attacks (Rosenburg, 2018). This was very humiliating to Jews and a step back to before the Middle Ages, before they were emancipated (Rosenburg, 2018). Not only did this badge represent humiliation for the Jews, but it also now represented a real fear (Rosenburg, 2018). The third stage is dehumanization which is where one group denies the humanity of another group (Stanton). Members of the dehumanized group are compared to animals, vermin, insects, disease (Stanton).

With dehumanization, the perpetrators of a genocide, in this case, the Nazi's will overcome the natural human revulsion against murder (Stanton). In this stage, hate speech and incitement against the targeted group increases over the radio, in print, and so on and it did during the Holocaust too (Stanton). Examples are from earlier with the films mentioned, the printed caricatures and the list goes on. The fourth stage is organization. Genocide is always organized and it is usually done so by the state (Stanton). Special army units or militias are often trained and united for this purpose and armed (Stanton). During this time, plans are made to carry out genocidal killings (Stanton). While the Nazi's debated how to solve the Jewish question, it began to impose a totalitarian system in order to establish the legal and organizational framework necessary to victimize the Jewish people (Dekmejian, 2007, p. 248). Soon after Hitler took power and after the dehumanization, Hitler went into the third phase with calling for war against the Jews (Dekmejian, 2007, p. 249).

During this time, the complex task of Aktionen, the coordination, and implementation of genocide was entrusted to Heydrich's Schutzstaffel (defense echelons) and its ancillary elements (Dekmejian, 2007, p. 248). These consisted of the Einsatzgruppen (Mobile killing squads) and the Totenkopfverb?¤nde (Death head units), there was also the Gestapo (the secret police), and the Order Police (Ordnungspolizei) which all would participate in what came to be known as the Final Solution (Dekmejian, 2007, p. 251). During this time, a structure of ghettos and concentration camps was also put in place, with Eichmann pushing the Madagascar Plan in mid-1940, and this was followed by attempts to expatriate limited numbers of Jews (Dekmejian, 2007, p. 251). The fifth stage is polarization. During this time, extremists will drive the groups apart and hate groups or governments will ramp up the broadcasting of propaganda against the targeted group (Stanton). Laws may forbid marriage or social interaction of those who have been othered, in the case of the Holocaust, the Jews (Stanton).

There are many examples. After Hitler became Chancellor in 1933, he began to polarize with prohibiting Jews from owning land (Dekmejian, 2007, p. 250). In 1934, Jews were banned from the German Labor Front, the same year they were also denied national health insurance (Dekmejian, 2007, p. 250). In 1935, Jews were banned from military service and this polarization only slowed down in 1936 when the Olympic Games were held in Berlin (Dekmejian, 2007, p. 250). In 1937, Jews were banned from professional occupations and denied tax reductions and in 1938, they were forced to register their wealth and property and businesses (Dekmejian, 2007, p. 250). In July of 1938, Jews were forced to apply for identity cards and their passports were stamped with large J's as Jews to prevent them from seeking asylum in other countries (Dekmejian, 2007, p. 250). Violent attacks will increase against a group during this time and the Kristallnacht or the Night of Broken Glass is an example in this stage of polarization (Dekmejian, 2007, p. 250). The next stage of genocide is preparation.

During this stage, the victims are identified and separated because of their ethnic or religious identity (Stanton). Death lists can be drawn up during this time, members are again forced to wear identifying symbols like the yellow star badge the Jews had to wear during the Holocaust (Stanton). Their property and businesses can be expropriated and they can often be segregated into ghettos during this phase and after that deported to concentration camps (Stanton). They can also be confined to famine-affected regions during this time and starved to death (Stanton). This is when a genocide emergency must be declared if it were to happen again today (Stanton). In 1939, Goring ordered Heydrich to speed up the emigration of Jews as Hitler threatened Jews in the Reichstag speech and in the same year, a Decree regarding employment of Jews allowed the Nazi regime to take them as forced labor (Dekmejian, 2007, p. 250). After Germany invaded Poland in September of 1939, Heydrich issued instructions to the Einsatzgruppen there to begin ghettoization and it was followed by the forced labor of Polish Jews (Dekmejian, 2007, p. 250). In 1940, the Auschwitz concentration camp was established in Poland as others were being established (Dekmejian, 2007, p. 250).

The next or seventh stage is extermination. This is when the mass killing quickly begins and legally can be called genocide (Stanton). The killers call it extermination rather than killing because to them, their victims are not real humans (Stanton). When a genocide is officially sponsored by a state, the armed forces often work closely with militias in order to carry out these killings (Stanton). At this stage of genocide, only rapid and overwhelming military intervention can put an end to the genocide (Stanton). In this case, the Final Solution or the Nazi plan for the Jews of Europe, now called the Holocaust now took place without any intervention to prevent it. This took place from 1942 to 1945 (Dekmejian, 2007, p. 252). There were previous pogroms and mass killings in Europe in 1941 in Ukraine, Poland, Romania, Yugoslavia, Lithuania, Latvia, and they were precursors to it (Dekmejian, 2007, p. 252). They were successful to test the Third Reich plans for mass murder and the seminal event to enable the Final Solution was the Wannsee Conference in January of 1942 (Dekmejian, 2007, p. 252). This is where they concerned themselves and worked out the details over the administration and the coordination that would be needed in order to carry out the mass killing (Dekmejian, 2007, p. 252). Heyrich in the role of chief executioner controlled the millions of Jews who were to be forced into over a dozen ghettos and fifteen concentration camps (Dekmejian, 2007, p. 253).

In December 1941, Chelmno concentration camp began to process Jews with carbon monoxide and after that Zyklon B gas and similar operations began to be carried out in the other concentration camps (Dekmejian, 2007, p. 253). This continued and the fear of defeat during the second world war made the Nazi's panic and speed up their exterminations (Dekmejian, 2007, p. 253). After Germany surrendered, it was discovered throughout a span of twelve years, it had exterminated over six million Jews or three-fourths of European Jewry (Dekmejian, 2007, p. 253). The eighth and final stage is denial and it always follows a genocide (Stanton). It is one of the indicators that further genocides could happen (Stanton). Those who perpetrated the genocide will dig up mass graves, burn bodies, and attempt to hide the evidence of their crimes in other ways and even go to intimidate witnesses and survivors into silence (Stanton). Not only will they attempt to deny their crimes, but they will often blame the victims for what they did to them (Stanton). If they can, they will attempt to block the investigation of their crimes or if they can, they will flee if they cannot hold power (Stanton).

In the case of the Holocaust, there was coded language as it was going on and most of the orders were verbal rather than written down to keep it a secret (US Holocaust Memorial Museum). This would make it easier for those to deny it later. On top of that, Himmler attempted to hide the truth of the Holocaust from the advancing allied armies through burning bodies and to attempt to destroy forensic evidence (US Holocaust Memorial Museum). The SS forced the prisoners of camps to dig up mass graves and to burn more bodies to rid themselves of evidence of their mass murders (US Holocaust Memorial Museum). The Nazis also sent Jews from ghettos away in an attempt to make them seem less crowded, planted flowers, remodeled them, and allowed the Red Cross to visit them for only six hours in a hoax to hide the horrors (US Holocaust Memorial Museum). Despite all of this, some perpetrators, victims, and witnesses talked about it and more and more information began to leak out and the Nazi's continuined a misinformation campaign to confuse the international community (US Holocaust Memorial Museum). During the war, the allies made up many stories about the Nazi's to gain support for the war efforts, therefore when truth about the Holocaust came out, many were skeptical because of previous lies (US Holocaust Memorial Museum).

Today there are deniers who still exist. Some do so out of ignorance, however, many still do so out of hateful, political, anti-semitic reasons (US Holocaust Memorial Museum). Others claim that it is a hoax perpetuated by Jews to advance their interests today which is very concerning and sounds like the anti-semitic propaganda before the Holocaust (US Holocaust Memorial Museum). Others claim it is a hoax created to advance Israel's goals and others deny it because they again want to advance their own modern day Nazi movements (US Holocaust Memorial Museum). Holocaust denial is a very serious problem that unites far right radical groups who want to promote new Naziism and Islamist groups who seek to destroy Israel (US Holocaust Memorial Museum). This cannot go ignored or unchallenged because this is how hate can rise and get out of control which is what can lead to a genocide if the world ignores it.

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Horror of Rwandan Genocide

Contents

Rwandan Genocide
Reference:

Rwandan Genocide

Genocide is any act of violence that is committed intentionally aiming to kill and destroy the existence of a specific group of people whether whole or partial. It is the most unwanted world we have in English dictionary. I do not feel okay pronouncing it because I know it is the term that has been destroying part of humanity.

Concerning the Rwandan genocide. It is the worst genocide to have occurred in Africa. Rwandan do called it Tutsi genocide because it was mostly against the tribe of Tutsi. Hutu the majority group in the government took guns in their hands after hearing that their president died. Their president Juvenal Habyariman was shot down from the aero plane crash and so his people Hutu blamed Tutsi for that incident and they took guns and started massacre.

Another cause of that genocide was the Rwandan independent in 1963. During that time Tutsi people faced a stiff discrimination from the Hutu side and the only thing they could do was to travel out to Uganda. Their flight to Uganda made Hutu to set trap on them and in 1994 the trap flamed.

Another cause of the genocide was the civil war that took Tutsi to exile and after returning to their country in 1990. An agreement was signed by the president who was from Hutu tribe. After the civil war some of the Rwandan people still had grudges against others, these continues until 1994 when it multiplied into genocide.

Some of the causes of the genocide date back to the colonial days, during the time the Rwanda was rule by outside powers they the Tutsi were treated as superior by the Belgians so these caused tensions. During the colonial days Tutsi was rewarded with a good education and economic power from Belgian but unfortunately by 1962 the power went to Hutu people and immediately they sought revenge which continued until 1994.

I think the genocide could have been avoided if the tribes Hutu and Tutsi were united. If the Hutu tribe did not suspect Tutsi over the killing of the president, the genocide could not have occurred. It was also bad for the two communities to have lived all along sticking on the bad things that took place during the colonial days summing it up into what we called revenge. I said it this way because the massacre was the reference from what took place before.

There was not clear parties who took part in resolving conflicts. People said that the genocide ended just because Tutsi rebels defeated the government. Paul Kagame was the leader of the rebel whose party was called Rwanda patriotic front (RPF). He fought a serious war with Hutu the government and he defeated them hence end of genocide. The war ended only in hundred days and later Hutu had a president from them Pasteur Bizimungu and Paul Kagame became vice president and he was the one in charge of the army.

These too was not enough , Kagame and Bizimungu later fell out because the president was suspected of inciting ethic violence these made him to be jailed and immediately Paul Kagame took the throne and he has been the president since the turn of the new millennium.

Reference:

https://rwanda-genocide.wikispaces.com/Causes+and+Effects
https://www.e-ir.info/2011/08/03/the-rwandan-genocide-could-it-have-been-prevented-2/

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Together against Genocide

Contents

Together against Genocide
Works Cited

Together against Genocide

In 2003 300,000 people were brutally murdered in the Darfur province. Eight years before the tragedy of Darfur another genocide took place in Bosnia, and just one year before that 800,000 were killed in Rwanda. These are just some of the most recent examples of mass killings in history. The human race has a horrible past when it comes to genocide and hate crimes. In 1941 the Holocaust took place throughout Germany and claimed the lives of nearly 12 million human beings. After the terror of the holocaust people believed that nothing like it could ever happen again. For nearly 45 years this was true and there were no mass deaths. Unfortunately it did not last and another tragedy in cambodia claimed the lives of another 2 million people. With the repeating patterns of genocide we must look into the past in order to prevent more horrors. Even today hate crimes are rampant throughout modern day america. We must wonder how this is possible after the atrocities of the past. The education system across the globe has failed to teach children about the human races dark times, and it has lead to the continuation of hate crimes and genocide into the present day. In order to prevent future atrocities we must teach and discuss the mistakes of the past across the globe.

In order to remember we start in Cambodia 1975 where nearly 2 million were killed in one of the worst genocides in history. Khmer Rouge took control of the cambodian government and advertised he was turning the country into a communist country. His regime moved people to camps similar to the ones in nazi Germany. People with educations and prominent leaders were the first people targeted, then the elderly, handicapped, and children because of their inability to perform harsh labor. Even the youngest were not saved from the regime cruelty, in fact they operated off of the belief that in order to stop the weeds you must also pull up their roots(United to End Genocide). People across the world were aware of the atrocities going on in Cambodia. Unfortunately neither the United states nor the European Union acted to save the lives of the millions that were being slaughtered in the regime's killing fields. The U.S had recently lost the Vietnam war causing them to be reluctant to take action. Public opinion of the genocide eventually became stronger but never amounted to action. Hate in cambodia was rampant throughout the 1970's. Unfortunately the conditions today are following many of the patterns that caused genocide in the past. According to the Washington Post hate crimes in the U.S's 10 largest cities have increased by twelve percent last year(Hauslohner). With hate crimes on the rise we must wonder if the messages people receive as children are causing an influx in hate. By discussing the horrors of the past and exposing children to other ethnicities it is possible to help prevent the possibility of further genocide.

Rwanda was yet another time in history when the terrors of human hate ended with the mass killing of thousands. A civil war had broken out between the tutsis and hutus in the early 1990's. A peace treaty was created between the two groups, but when a plane was shot down carrying the presidents of Rwanda and Burundi the war broke out again. The Hutu rebels took over the streets of Kigali and Within a day, the Hutus had successfully eliminated Rwanda's moderate leadership. As the weeks progressed, Tutsis and anyone suspected of having any ties to a Tutsi, were killed(United to end Genocide). The radio became the Hutus most powerful weapon, upon which speeches encouraging citizens to go to the streets and kill those of the tutsis minority. The radio was also used to justify the mass killings by dehumanize the tutsis by calling them animals and cockroaches which made it easier to kill them. The radio was able to mask the genocide, instead portraying it as a slave rebellion by telling stories of oppression under tutsis rule. In addition to the rampant murder rape was used as a weapon to destroy the tutsis ethnicity. Throughout the genocide it is estimated that between 250,000 and 500,000 women were raped. It was considered another way to destroy the Tutsi ethnic group, through both the emotional pain (so the woman could die of sadness), and through the health problems that would be a result. Often times, women did not even have to succumb to the aftermath of rape as they were often immediately killed right after(United to end Genocide). The genocide occurred in the late 20th century were again the international powers were well aware of the horrors happening in Rwanda. Unfortunately none of the world powers were willing to get involved. The New York Times and Washington Post both wrote articles that describe the genocide and the six feet tall piles of bodies that scattered Rwanda streets. The U.S deliberately didn't call the massacre in Rwanda genocide which kept them from being involved. In fact when the UN peacekeeping nation finally decided to help the tutsis the U.S was on the forefront backing the UN's exit of Rwanda believing that it would cause an expensive war for America. Unfortunately this was one of the worlds most efficient massacres in human history in which 800,000 were killed in the span of 100 days. Much like the Holocaust killings were brutally efficient and humanity was nonexistent. Both genocides targeted a minority group and blamed the group for their past suffering. By recognizing such future patterns we will be able to prevent and stop genocide before it begins.

One of the best ways to help people understand the horrors of the past is by providing an example of someone telling the story first hand. The novel Night by Elie Wiesel is an account of the authors experience in surviving the Holocaust. Elie is just arriving at Auschwitz one of the main concentration camps in Nazi germany when he is shocked by the sheer brutality and says Never shall I forget that night, the first night in camp, which has turned my life into one long night, seven times cursed and seven times sealed. Never shall I forget that smoke. Never shall I forget the little faces of the children, whose bodies I saw turned into wreaths of smoke beneath a silent blue sky(Weisel 76). First hand accounts are one of the best ways to educate people about the atrocities that have happened to millions of people in the past. This example shows some of the horrors an everyday person witnessed and struggled through. If people can understand how terrible actions such as these can affect a person then they will be more motivated to respond in future situations. After the Holocaust the United States pledged that Never again(United to End Genocide) should the crime of genocide happen. Yet again and again have similar horrors happened and the U.S and other nations stood by while innocent people are slaughtered. No person should ever have to go through the horrors of genocide. Even after someone has survived they are never the same. After the holocaust was finished elie was in the hospital when One day when I was able to get up, I decided to look at myself in the mirror on the opposite wall. I had not seen myself since the ghetto. From the depths of the mirror, a corpse was contemplating me. The look in his eyes as he gazed at me has never left me (Weisel 115). Even though Elie was liberated he feels the death of his fellow people. The feeling will never leave him which is not something that any person deserves. He feels the death of his Dad, Mom, and sisters along with the millions of other people he witnessed slaughtered during the Holocaust. The effects of such loss is unimaginable to millions of people across the globe. Elie's story has been able to motivate thousands of people across the globe. Unfortunately there are many stories just like his that have gone untold. If more people are able to hear about stories like Elie's then more and more people will want to step up and help if something similar to these previous genocides were to happen again.

The tragedies in Rwanda, Cambodia, and Germany were just a few of the examples of mass genocide in human history. People like Elie are present day living examples of the affects genocide can have on a person's life. Elie lost his family, friends, and people during the Holocaust; his life was turned upside down and changed forever. The possibility of such cruelty often surprising to many but unfortunately it has not been enough to stand up for others facing more recent genocides. The tragedy in Rwanda was ignored by the world and 800,000 lives were lost as a consequence. In Cambodia 2 million died in yet another genocide that went unnoticed by the world. Patterns such as these are how genocide has even become a possibility which in the past lead to reality. When people do not voice their concerns and disagreement against atrocities people are hurt, families are lost and the human race is torn apart. Hate roots from the early beginnings of childhood. Revisiting what children are taught in school and at home could be critical to reducing hate and even genocide in future generations. Ultimately, standing by while people are heartlessly slaughtered should not be how the human race functions and therefore things must change. From prevention that starts from childhood to stopping genocide when signs first appear, together the human race can end genocide.

Works Cited

Dolor, L.I. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit, 1998. Print.
Dolor, L.I. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit, sed diam nonummy nibh. New York: Columbia UP, 1998. Print.
Doe, R. John. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit, sed diam nonummy nibh, 1998. Print.

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My Reflection on Book about Genocide

The author of this book, James Waller, is a professor of holocaust and genocide studies at Keene State College in Keene, New Hampshire. He earned his Bachelor of Science degree from Asbury University, his Masters of Science at the University of Colorado, and finally earned his Ph.D. in social psychology from the University of Kentucky. He is also the author of several other books entitledDrinkology Beer: A Book About the Brew,The Well-Bred Dog: Lisa Zador's Cabinet of Curious Canines,andDrinkology: Wine: A Guide to the Grape.The first main point that is made inBecoming Evil: How Ordinary People Commit Genocide and MassKillingby James Walleris where he describes what evil is. The author argues that evil is anything that is detrimental to the well being of living things. He then distinguishes between two different kinds of evil, which are natural evil and human evil. He explains that natural evil, which is a function of natural processes of change, includes events like earthquakes, floods, tornados, and droughts. The author used Hurricane Katrina as an example of natural evil, in which at least 1836 people died and much of the Gulf Coast region of the United States was destroyed. Human evil was later described as evil that is done by people and it refers to the destruction people do to others, as well as themselves (pgs. 11-12).

There are many examples of human evil, but one of the most well known examples of the last twenty-five years is the Rwandan genocide, where up to 210,000 Hutus killed 800,000 Tutsis in only a hundred days. In looking at the primary and secondary sources James Waller used to write this book, I like how he listed the sources he used by the chapter in which he used to write this book. He uses things like journal articles, books, and websites for both primary and secondary sources. Even though the author uses secondary sources throughout the book such asThe Logic of Evil: The Social Origins of the Nazi Party,by William Brustein, he also uses a variety of primary sources. One primary source used in this novel isThe Rwanda Crisis: History of a Genocideby Gerard Prunier. This primary source, among others used in the book, were written at the exact time of the event or a year after the event that is being written about occurred, which is one of the reasons why these primary sources are reliable. Another reason these sources are reliable is because they offer an insight to what it was like to live through the events of a particular genocide.

These insights include things like accounts from a survivor of a genocide in which they describe what they saw, the fear they experienced, and how they managed to survive.The author of this book explicitly says that a goal of this book is for psychological understanding instead of moral analysis. He says that understanding how ordinary people come to commit genocide shows a discomforting look at the depths to which the human spirit can plunge. In understanding how ordinary people commit genocide, James Waller discusses a fear that is an attempt to explain extraordinary human evil carries an inordinate risk of contamination with it. The main idea of this fear is the belief that extraordinary human evil is unexplainable. The author also makes an interesting point when he says that trying to explain the inexplicable puts you in a position where you will be tainted by the evil (pg. 19). The author also explicitly says the main argument of his book is that it is ordinary people who commit genocide and mass killing.He admits that the argument is difficult to understand and absorb, but a purely evil person is just as much of an artificial construct as a person who is purely good. The people who commit mass killing and genocide are extraordinary only because of what they have done, and not who they are (pg. 20).

Another important point that the author makes in understanding genocide is the idea of social dominance. James Waller begins this part of the book by saying that the desire for social dominance is one of the most powerful and universal motivating forces in animals and humans. The desire to be socially dominant leads to differences in rank and status and it can be defined as the set of sustained aggressive-submissive behaviors among animals and humans. In a social dominance hierarchy,there are some individuals within a group that gain greater access to important resources that contribute to the survival and reproductive success than other members of the group (pg. 183). The idea of social dominance can be used to explain genocide because when one group of people is killing another, they are showing that they are dominant over the group of people they are killing.They are asserting the idea that they are of a higher status than their victims and that they should have greater access to the important resources (pg. 185).One connection I made to what I was reading was early in the book when the author mentioned the Taino people. The Taino people were an indigenous group that lived all throughout the Caribbean, including in Puerto Rico (pg. 25). I made this connection to this part of the reading because I am half Puerto Rican, and I still learned what the Tainos went through when Columbus came to the Americas. I knew for a long time that some of the Tainos were captured and made into slaves, but what I didn't know was how the European settlers killed off the Tainos that were not made into slaves. Later in the book, the author makes an argument that I strongly agree with where he says that understanding the universal evolution of human nature only tells us that all of us are capable of committing evil. The idea that all of us are capable of committing evil goes back to the idea of social dominance. Social dominance, which I believe is inherent in all of us, plays an important role in committing evil because if some group of people has a hatred of another group of people, that might motivate them to think that they are better than the group of people they claim to hate. When one group of people feels like they are better than another group of people, they would be more likely to commit acts of evil like persecution and even death to assert their dominance over the lesser group of people. Whether it's the Hutus asserting social dominance over the Tutsis, or Nazis asserting their social dominance over the Jews, the perpetrators of both genocides believed their victims were inferior to them, which motivated them to commit the horrible acts of evil and violence as a way of showing that the perpetrators believed that they were socially dominant over their victims.

Despite the fact that all of us are capable of committing evil, the author says humans have instinctual pushes that are too diffuse to tell us everything we should know about direction, target, and form of our violent behavior. He also suggests an explanation on how some people perpetrate extraordinary evil while most do not by saying it requires closely focusing on the more proximate and immediate psychological, cultural, and social constructions that activate our evolutionary capacities (pg. 171). One passage of the book that I thought was important was when the author talked about applying authoritarian personality to the perpetrators of evil. I thought it was interesting how the author mentioned that after World War II, West Germany went through a few decades of antiauthoritarian reform that was designed to change what the people of Germany understood about the exercise of authority. After the reforms were in place for a few decades, Germany found a decline in authoritarianism among their youth. The declines that occurred in West Germany between 1945 and 1978 were largely due to changes in how the children were brought up by their parents (pg. 85). I thought this part of the book was interesting because it showed how much of a difference the parents were making on their kids at that time.

Many people would think that the main reason so many Germans did not like Jews was because of Hitler, the Nazis, and all the propaganda that Hitler created and spread throughout his country. While it is true that Hitler and the Nazis played a very important role in creating Nazi propaganda and radicalizing the German people, it never occurred to me that the parents of the children who were growing up in that time period had just as big of an effect on the German youth as the propaganda did. I also agreed with the statement that there may be no homogeneous authoritarian personality, but we can at least say that people have different degrees to which they hold beliefs that are authoritarian. The author says it is safe to say that differences in orientation to authority affect the way they relate to ideas as well as people, especially people with different authority or status.This book was very insightful on what genocide really is, how it is carried out, and where genocides have occurred throughout the world.While I was reading this book, one interesting thing that really helped me understand the subject of this book was the excerpts from memoirs and other writings that explain what occurred in a genocide. Some of them were even recollections of experiences that victims of a particular genocide endured. Early in the book, there is an excerpt from a memoir of a person who lived through the Armenian genocide that tells of men being brutally murdered and being left out on the streets to die (pg. 56).

Another way this book helped me have a better understanding of the subject was the model it showed for how ordinary people commit mass killing and genocide. The model shows that the ultimate influence is the evolution of human nature and there are three proximate influences which are, cultural construction of worldview, psychological construction of the other, and social construction of cruelty. These are all very distinct influences, in which cultural construction of worldview includes ideas like social dominance and collective values, whereas psychological construction of the other includes ideas such as blaming the victims. Social construction of cruelty is different from the first two influences and it includes group identification and professional socialization (pg. 138). I learned a lot about genocide from reading this book and it gave me a much better understanding of what genocide really is and how it is committed.

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The Disease: Lung Cancer

Contents

Etiology of Lung Cancer
Clinical features of Lung Cancer
Lab Data
Diagnostic Evaluations
Treatments for Lung Cancer

Lung Cancer begins when cells in your body start to mutate or change. There are many factors that can cause these mutations to happen. Most often, this change in the cells happen when people are exposed too and or breathe in dangerous and toxic substances. Even if you were exposed to these substances many years ago, you are still at risk (NCBI, 2011). There are many treatment options and support offered to those who are diagnosed.

Etiology of Lung Cancer

Smoking is the number one cause of lung cancer. Tobacco smoke contains many chemicals that are known to cause lung cancer. Radon exposure is the second-leading cause of lung cancer. Radon is a colorless, odorless radioactive gas that exists naturally in soil. It comes up through the soil and enters buildings through small gaps and cracks. One out of every 15 homes in the U.S. is subject to radon exposure. Exposure to radon combined with cigarette smoking seriously increases your lung cancer risk. Exposure to certain hazardous chemicals poses a lung cancer risk. Working with materials such as asbestos, uranium, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, nickel and some petroleum products is especially dangerous. Particle Pollution refers to a mix of very tiny solid and liquid particles that are in the air we breathe. Evidence shows that particle pollution”like that coming from that exhaust smoke”increases the risk of lung cancer. Finally, the last cause of lung cancer is through genes. Genetic factors also may play a role in one's chances of developing lung cancer. A family history of lung cancer may mean you are at a higher risk of getting the disease. (American Lung Association, 2018)

Clinical features of Lung Cancer

The Signs and symptoms of lung cancer can take years to develop and they may not appear until the disease is advanced. Symptoms of lung cancer that are in the chest include; coughing, especially if it persists or becomes intense; Pain in the chest, shoulder, or back; A change in color or volume of sputum; Shortness in breath, Changes in the voice or being hoarse, Harsh sound with each breath (stridor), Recurrent lung problems, such as bronchitis or pneumonia, Coughing up phlegm or mucus, especially if it is tinged with blood and or coughing up blood. If the original lung cancer has spread, a person may feel symptoms in other places in the body. Common places for lung cancer to spread include other parts of the lungs, lymph nodes, bones, brain, liver, and adrenal glands. Symptoms of Lung cancer that many occur elsewhere in the body include; Loss of appetite or unexplained weight loss, muscle wasting (also known as cachexia), fatigue, headaches and or bone and joint pain, Bone fractures, neurological symptoms, such as unsteady gait and or memory loss. Other symptoms include neck or facial swelling, general weakness, bleeding and or blood clots. (CDC, 2018)

Lab Data

There are several laboratory tests that may be done during the diagnosis and staging of lung cancer. These tests are any procedure that evaluates a sample of blood, urine, other bodily fluid, and or tissue. While there is not a single test that can determine if a person has lung cancer, it can provide additional information that helps doctors determine the best treatment for the patient. A complete blood count is a test that measures all different components in the blood. Blood is made up of many different cells: red and white blood cells, and platelets. Abnormal findings from a CBC include; low levels of red blood cells that can indicate anemia, low levels of blood platelets can point to a tendency to bleed and difficulty forming clots. Also, low levels of white blood cells can place a person at higher risk for infections. Blood Chemistry is another test that detects levels of substance in the body can identify abnormalities in some of the organs. (Lung Cancer, Laboratory Tests, 2017)

Red cell distribution width (RDW), one of many routinely examined parameters, shows the heterogeneity in erythrocyte size. We investigated the association of RDW levels with clinical parameters and prognosis of lung cancer patients. Clinical and laboratory data from 332 patients with lung cancer in a single institution were retrospectively studied by univariate analysis. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and Cox proportional hazard models were used to examine the effect of RDW on survival. THE RDW LEVELS WERE DIVIDED INTO TWO GROUPS: high RDW (>=15%), n=73 vs. low RDW, n=259 (<15%). Univariate analysis showed that there were significant associations of high RDW values with cancer stage, performance status, presence of other disease, white blood cell count, hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume, platelet count, albumin level, C-reactive protein level, and cytokeratin 19 fragment level. Kruskal-Wallis tests revealed an association of RDW values with cancer stage in patients irrespective of comorbidity (patient with/without comorbidity: p<0.0001, patient without comorbidity: p<0.0001). Stages I-IV lung cancer patients with higher RDW values had poorer prognoses than those with lower RDW values (Wilcoxon test: p=0.002). In particular, the survival rates of stage I and II patients (n=141) were lower in the high RDW group (n=19) than in the low RDW group (n=122) (Wilcoxon test: p<0.001). Moreover, multivariate analysis showed higher RDW is a significant prognostic factor (p=0.040). RDW is associated with several factors that reflect inflammation and malnutrition in lung cancer patients. Moreover, high levels of RDW are associated with poor survival. RDW might be used as a new and convenient marker to determine a patient's general condition and to predict the mortality risk of lung cancer patients. (PLOS, Koma, Onishi, Matsuoka, Oda, Yokota, Matsumoto, Koyama, Okada, Nakashima, etc, 2013)

Diagnostic Evaluations

There are many procedures utilized to identify lung cancer. The first evaluation is an X-ray. A chest X-ray uses high-energy electromagnetic radiation to provide images of the lungs and surrounding tissues. This image-guided technology is an important procedure for cancer diagnosis, staging and treatment. Another type is a CT scan for lung cancer. Computed tomography (CT) scan is one of the most commonly used tools for screening, diagnosis and treatment of cancer. A CT scan reveals the anatomy of the lungs and surrounding tissues, which cancer doctors use to diagnose and monitor tumor growth.

Lab tests for lung cancer are compiled of three separate tests. First, we have Genomic tumor assessment, which examines a tumor on a genetic level to find the DNA alterations that are driving the growth of cancer. By identifying the mutations that occur in a cancer cell's genome, we can better understand what caused the tumor and tailor treatment based on these findings. Second, we have Tumor molecular profiling. If a patient has a solid tumor, doctors will try to get a sample of tissue during a biopsy or surgery. Then, they will test for the presence of a variety of enzymes, proteins and genes to identify which therapies may help. The final part of lab tests is Nutrition panel. With this test, doctors evaluate patients for deficiency of nutrients, such as vitamin D and iron. The test helps the doctors identify what nutrients patients need replaced or boosted. In order or all of these tests to be completed, a doctor will collect a blood sample, and then send it to a pathologist.

A CT angiogram is another form of an evaluation. A CT angiogram allows doctors to examine the pulmonary artery, which is the main artery that supplies blood to the lungs from the heart. In this test, a special iodine-based contrast material in injected into the body before a CT scan to illuminate the pulmonary artery and smaller blood vessels in the chest. A CT angiogram is done when a patient is experiencing shortness of breath. A PET/CT scan for lung cancer is another form of evaluation. A PET/CT scan is an advanced nuclear imaging technique combines positron emission tomography (PET) and computed tomography (CT) into one machine. The scan reveals information about both the structure and functions of cells and tissues in the body during a single imaging session. The scan creates a 3D picture of the lungs, but it may miss small tumors if part of the lung has collapsed, as it sometimes the case. A PET scan goes beyond anatomy to show what is happening at a cellular level in the tissues of the lung. Biopsy for lung cancer is another form of evaluation that doctors use. During a lung biopsy procedure, the doctor removes a small piece of tissue or fluid from the chest, so it can be examined under a microscope to check for cancer cells. If the cells are found to be cancerous, a biopsy may help determine whether the cancer began at the site of the biopsy or if it started somewhere else in the body and spread to the biopsy site.

Endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS) for lung cancer is a less invasive bronchoscopic procedure used to evaluate and sample cancerous cells in the chest. In most cases, EBUS is performed as an alternative to a mediastinoscopy, a surgical procedure used to collect samples in the chest while the patient is under general anesthesia. An EBUS uses ultrasound guidance to detect cancerous cells in the lungs and in the lymph nodes of the chest in real time.

Autofluorescence bronchoscopy for lung cancer allows physicians to identify cancerous cells in the bronchial tubes that may not be visible under white light examination. The doctor can then remove a small sample of abnormal tissue for further analysis. This method is used to find and diagnose tiny tumors. For the procedure, the doctor will insert a scope through your mouth or nose and into your lungs. Then, a video camera and two different light sources will give the doctor a view of the patient's airways. (Cancer Center, 2017)

Treatments for Lung Cancer

Although there is no cure for lung cancer, there are several treatment options for this disease. The most common treatments are radiation, surgery and chemotherapy. Other treatments include; Immunotherapy, Neurosurgery, targeted therapy, interventional pulmonology and metastatic lung cancer to the liver. For everyone these treatments, there is a community of people to help you along the way. CancerCare has partnered with LUNGevtiy to develop a cancer helpline. There is financial assistance for those who cannot afford treatments. Connect with others in free support groups, either online or face to face. Community resources are available for those who need it. (CancerCare, help by diagnosis, 2016)

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Smoking and Lung Cancer

Sometimes long - term smoking, has long term has long term effects on your body. Including Lung cancer and other horrible illnesses. Sometimes you could get Lung Cancer and other times you could even die. Which is why you should be prepared. In order to, you should know : The Respiratory System is affected by Lung Cancer, How is it affected, the long term effects, and the short term effects.

First of all, the Respiratory System is the target of Lung Cancer and smoking. The Respiratory System includes : the mouth, nose, nasal passages, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli lungs, and diaphragm. Honestly, the list is long. As you know, the Respiratory System is the system we use to breathe. The breathing system makes sure we have oxygen and get rid of carbon dioxide. The cilia make sure that no mucus, dirt, or dust, are in the breathing system and protect the lungs from damage. The larynx is our voice box makes the sounds we use to speak. The trachea is the main air passageway that becomes the bronchi. The bronchi are split trachea air passageways that deliver air to the lungs. All these are lined with cilia.

Second of all, you hurt your Respiratory System by smoking. Smoking travels through the mouth down all your airways. It neutralizes your cilia and it stops working for a while. This means smoking ruins your air in general. Without the cilia functioning, mucus, bacteria and dust are no longer removed from the breathing system. This increases your chance of an infection. You can also get chronic bronchitis, which is where the smoke disturbs bronchi lining. The lining will be infected and will swell. This can either create often chest pains, breath shortness or both. The smoke can also break down the alveoli lining. The chemicals from smoking can also create changes in some cells' nucleus. This is Lung Cancer. Interactive resources for schools. (n.d.). Retrieved November 1, 2018, from https://www.abpischools.org.uk/topic/breathingandasthma/8/1

Long term effects are harmful and, well, long term.

Some are chronic bronchitis, and emphysema. Emphysema is when black and sticky chemicals enter the alveoli and sort of disfunction it. All the structure breaks down and there are fewer, larger, air sacs. Interactive resources for schools. (n.d.). Retrieved November 1, 2018, from https://www.abpischools.org.uk/topic/breathingandasthma/8/1

Emphysema can ultimately lead to death. Chronic bronchitis, like I said before, is where the smoke disturbs the bronchi lining. It swells and becomes infected. Chest pains and breath shortness last for weeks and maybe months.

Short term effects are just as harmful, maybe a little less deadly than long term effects. Some are wheezing, coughing up blood, pneumonia, bronchitis. Most short term effects are very irritating and can possibly lead to death in the future. But it's most likely that the cancer will do that for it. Your face or neck can swell and you can get sick very easily. You can also have pain in shoulder, back, and upper torso area. Weight loss and loss of appetite are also very common as well.

Sometimes long - term smoking, has long term has horrible effects on your body. Including Lung cancer and other horrible illnesses or diseases. Sometimes you could get Lung Cancer and survive and other times you could die . Which is why you should be prepared. In order to, you should know : The Respiratory System is affected by Lung Cancer, How is it affected, the long term effects, and the short term effects.

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Pathophysiology of Lung Cancer

Contents

Etiology
Pathophysiology Process
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnostic

Lung cancer can be defined as a neoplasm in the lungs' cells, either small-cell or non-small cells. Also, the cancer can start in the lungs, or elsewhere in the body, and travel through the blood to the lungs. Lung cancer has one main protagonist that causes it; smoking. Undoubtedly, the numbers are high; is the third most common cancer in the United States (VanMeter & Hubert, 2015). Nevertheless, the recurrence has lowered, but the mortality is high. According to the American Cancer Society, by 2018, there would be around 234,030 new cases of lung cancer; 154,050 deaths from lung cancer, impacting almost equally women and men. (American Cancer Society, 2018). Furthermore, African-American men are more susceptible to develop this disease as well with around a 20% chance (American Cancer Society, 2018).

Etiology

Smoking is the main predisposing factor when it comes to lung cancer, which is around 90% the causative agent in developing it (Ridge, McErlean, & Ginsberg, 2013, p. 96). Additionally, being a passive inhaler can also be a major risk factor in developing lung cancer. The major culprit are the chemicals in cigarettes which cause changes in the lung tissues. For instance, chemicals like asbestos and radon are some of the major chemicals that when inhaled are detrimental for the lungs' tissues and cells (Ridge, McErlean, & Ginsberg, 2013, p. 96). When it comes to cells, genetic material can sometimes play a role in either developing lung cancer or being exempt from it. Nevertheless, a non-smoker and a smoker can both develop lung cancer. Also, all of the above factors contribute to developing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, which also contributes to developing lung cancer as well. Once a person survives lung cancer, that survivor status places the individual at risk for recurring lung cancer as well. On the other hand, other risk factors for include age, gender, and lifestyle as well. The older a person is, the more likely he or she is to develop cancer which can also metastasized as lung cancer too. Lastly, it has always been proven that an active lifestyle is one of the major preventions of any type of diseases, but some risk factors cannot be change, like age.

Pathophysiology Process

There are three types of lung cancer: adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and small-cell lung cancer. When it comes to causes like COPD and how it relates to lung cancer, it must be observed at a cellular level. COPD is known for the inflammation that forms in the lungs, this inflammation is the result of various irritants that were inhaled, and the body is reacting to them (Miao et al, 2018). Many cells are part of this inflammation in COPD like macrophages, epithelial cells, dendritic cells, neutrophils, eosinophils, and T and B lymphocytes. This prolonged edema causes emphysema in the lungs which is damage to the air sacs that enable the gas exchange during the breathing process. While this is happening, the body will try to compensate by coughing and showing hypertension. Since there is an obstruction in the lung tissues, there will be an inadequate oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange as well. In hindsight, all these cellular level degenerative problems happen as well in smoker's lungs; since cigarettes contained several carcinogenics and irritants.

Clinical Manifestations

The manner in which cancer manifest in the body happens in numerous ways, nevertheless signs do not show when the cancer is in its early stages. For instance, shortness of breath and cough are the main signs since there is a buildup of mucus in the bronchioles and the body compensates with coughing to excrete the mucus. Nevertheless, due to the immense edema and emphysema, the mucus remains in the lungs. Moreover, the signs stated above also cause shortness of breath since the alveolus cannot expand properly; the inspiration/expiration is incomplete. There is also coughing up blood (hemoptysis) which is a sign of major tissue damage in the lungs. As result of the excessive inflammation in the lungs, individuals will experience chest pain since the pleural is inflamed and irritated with the coughing and emphysema. Consequently, as the lung cancer progresses, the more pain and complications an individual will experience. If left untreated, lung cancer can metastasize to other regions in the body through the circulatory system. If it metastasizes, cancer will be fatal to the individual.

Diagnostic

There are a couple of diagnostic tests physicians employ to detect lung cancer. For instance, an imaging test like an X-ray of the chest portion, would show any abnormal growths on the lungs like nodules or masses. Also, others imaging tests that would give physicians a clearer image are CT scans which would show small lesions that would not be shown in a chest X-ray. Furthermore, a more specific or clearer test on a microcellular level would be a sputum cytology test. Samples taken from the lungs would be examined under a microscope to detect any abnormalities on a microscopy level. Also, a biopsy can be performed, which takes a collected portion of neoplasm to check for abnormal cells. Other test that would also aid in the diagnostic procedure would be testing the oxygen levels in the lungs and blood.

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Lung Cancer: Symptoms, Treatment

We believe that your diagnosis is lung cancer. Lung cancer is the growth of abnormal cells in your lungs that spread to lung tissue which causes the formation of a tumor. These abnormal cancer cells can also spread to other parts of your body, including your lymph nodes. Being a heavy smoker, it was highly probable that you would acquire lung cancer. When the lungs are constantly exposed to the smoke from cigarettes, which is full of carcinogens (cancer-causing materials), it damages the epithelial cells of the lungs, and therefore causes the cells to develop cancer. Currently, you have a persistent cough, shortness of breath, and fatigue. The dyspnea can be caused by the tumor blocking your airway.

Additionally, lung cancer may cause fluid to build up which also leads to shortness of breath. With shortness of breath, not enough oxygen is able to enter the body, therefore it is more difficult for cellular respiration to occur. This means that not enough carbon dioxide is being released from your body and not enough ATP is being produced for your cells. Seeing as your cells are are unable to access a sufficient amount of energy, you’ve become lethargic and fatigued. After doing a chest x-ray and a CAT scan, we found that you have a tumor on your upper-right lung field. We also did a sputum cytology, examining your mucus to look for cancer cells, which usually detects the cells 60% of the time, but it came out falsely negative. We also suspected you to have Bronchitis or Pneumonia. We ruled out Bronchitis because that would require you to have a persistent cold for two weeks prior, which to our knowledge, you did not suffer from.

Additionally, after doing the chest x-ray and a CAT scan, the possibility of Bronchitis was eliminated because it would not cause you to have a tumor. Pneumonia was initially our first guess, but similarly to Bronchitis, it isn’t probable because it would not cause you to have a tumor. For treatment, you may want to seek surgery or get chemotherapy. Chemotherapy is a medicine used to kill the cancer cells. It can be taken as a pill, an injection, or a catheter. Another option is radiation. Radiation is using x-rays to kill cancer cells as well as shrink tumors either externally or internally. Luckily, your cancer has not spread outside of your lungs, so hopefully the surgery will be effective. This process is very difficult, so we suggest keeping close and talking to your loved ones, as well as a psychologist and support groups.

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American Propaganda in World War II

American Propaganda in World War II sounded interesting. It sounded interesting because I was curious how propaganda could benefit the US in world war II. At the same time, I wanted to understand what propaganda was all about. When I think of propaganda, I think of hatred toward another country. What also comes to mind is comic books, magazines, newspapers, radio, posters, even television that would show propaganda. While discussing this topic with my Grandma over Christmas break, she especially remembered comic books and movies showing propaganda. When investigating the use of propaganda in world war II, I have come to believe that propaganda was mainly used to try and influence both neutral and enemy counties, basically, try and shape international oppinion.

Propaganda impacted the America citizens during world war II because it encouraged American people to enlist in the military, assisted the war by mandating Americans to buy war bonds, persuaded the Americans to ration materials and impacted influential public opinion in neutral countries. Propaganda had a huge impact on Americans enlisting into the military, in fact, 16 million Americans enlisted in the military during that time. The U.S Government was able to use propaganda to get the American people to enlist in the military. Many people joined the military just because they saw the adds. Propaganda had the ability to show people how devistating another country could be and how the US needed to defeat the enemies.

Therefore, the US needed to be involved to stop other countries that were trying to enforce their beliefs on the whole world. Some people consider propaganda as a weapon because it can be seen by the enemy's country. Propaganda can defeat other countries in some ways. In other words, Propaganda was able to shape peoples opinions about the enemy. Political propaganda touched on man's sense of being a man. Propaganda also tried to show that a woman wanted to be a part of the military forces. The military played a huge role influenced by Propaganda during World War II.

However, buying war bonds also helped the U.S conserve their resources and not run out of materials that they need. Having war bonds assisted the US by taking money out of circulation, so one could only use war bonds to get the supplies that one needed and one could only get a certain amount of war bonds. The number of war bonds one got was based on the size of one’s family. War bonds were used to buy materials, food and other supplies that one might need in one’s daily life. When using war bonds the US is basically saying there's a limited supply of a product that one can get in a month. There really was no way of getting more product unless somebody would give one an extra war bond. However the US government really never issued extra war bonds. Rationed materials and foods seemed to be the thing to do during world war II.

With the many challenges the American people went through during this time, it was necessary to ration gas, food and clothing. Every person was affected by the war and all had to react and be proactive, Rationing was introduced to prevent public anger with the shortages and not have only the wealthy be able to purchase items. Propaganda was used by Government -sponsored ads and radio shows. Pamphlets were even dispersed asking Americans to comply. Propaganda was a highly effective tool to get a communication out to the American people. Each family was given “Red Stamps and Blue Stamps”. “Red Stamps” were to purchase meats, butter, fat and oils and at times cheese. The “Blue Stamp” was to purchase fruits that were canned or bottles. Also, juices, and dry beans, soups, processed food, baby food, and ketchup. Actual training sessions were developed for women to teach them how to shop wisely and prepare nutritious meals for their families.

Propaganda played a role in assisting all citizens to comply. Influencing International opinion was very important during the World War II and propaganda was used as the United States weapon. Propaganda was seen as a forcible form of purposeful persuasion that was an attempt to influence the attitudes and emotions of the American citizens. The targeted audience was for a political or commercial purpose. Messages were controlled and meant to be one-sided messages. This information could be factual or non-factual. However, it was delivered via mass and direct media to persuade people to believe what is being portrayed. Propaganda had a huge impact on public opinion, it influenced and persuaded society. Propaganda was the key when attempting to grab the mass media and be used as a way to provide information to educate and inform the American society.

In conclusion, I believe that propaganda has impacted the America citizens during world war II as many American people were encouraged to enlist in the military. Citizens also assisted the war by buying war bonds and worked hard to ration materials. The biggest impact I noticed was the influential public opinion in neutral countries and the hardcore persuasion of the American people. Propaganda was made to influence citizens that another country what is in the wrong. True or untrue propaganda was there to influence people's opinions about other countries. in my opinion I feel like propaganda was one of the ways America won the war.

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Isaac Newton – the most Influential Person in History

Isaac Newton should be considered as the most influential person in history, because of his many contributions to our world today. His largest field of accomplishment was in math. Growing up as an abandoned child, Newton found his way to becoming the most successful scientist in the world. He was an English mathematician, astronomer, theologian, author, and physicist (StarChild). His greatest discoveries were calculus, the idea that gravity is a universal force, and the three laws of physics. These ideas and discoveries led to many more crucial theories about science and life and left a long-term impact on our world today. Isaac Newton is not the most influential person in history because his contributions helped the people in his time, but because he has made an impact on the world today.

When Isaac Newton was born, on January 4, 1643, he wasn't expected to survive. He was born in a tiny village of Woolsthorpe in Lincolnshire, English. His father, also named Isaac Newton, was a farmer. Although he was successful and owned a lot of property, he was completely uneducated and did not know how to read or write. He died three months before Isaac Newton was born, so he never knew his father. His mother, Hannah Ayscough, remarried to a churchman, Barnabas Smith, when Isaac Newton was three years old. He disliked his new step-father and decided to leave his childhood home. When he left, he moved in with his mother's mother, Margery Ayscough. This resentment between Newton and his mother and Barnabas Smith stayed with them for many years. When he was a teenager, he threatened to destroy his childhood house. For the next nine years, until Barnabas Smith died, in 1653, Newton stayed away from his mother, and this separation was the main reason for his later pronounced psychotic tendencies. After his mother was widowed for the second time, she wanted her first-born son to manage her property. Unfortunately, this did not work out, because Newton could not concentrate on simple tasks, like watching the cattle. Instead, he would go under a tree and read his school books. When his mother realized her mistake, she sent him back to his childhood grammar school, King's School in Grantham. This school helped Newton prepare for university. He passed his final exams at this school and was accepted to Trinity College, in Cambridge.

At Cambridge, Newton could pursue his passion of science, mathematics and physics, although he started with majoring in law. He had an incredible ability to comprehend mathematical problems and focus on solving any that came his way. Newton's impressive mathematical and scientific mind led him to sometimes become detached from the real world. For example, he had no time or care for relationships, and he stayed single throughout his life. Also, he had mental problems from the abandonment of his childhood; he was later diagnosed with depression, a severe case of bipolar disorder, and had irrational behavior which led to some violence with classmates. This was a problem, but when he realized that this could affect his learning, he learned how to control his emotions in class. When he arrived at Cambridge in 1661, the scientific revolution was advanced, and many of the basic works of science had appeared. For example, astronomers had developed the heliocentric system of the universe. Galileo had proposed the idea of inertia, which states that a moving object will stay moving unless a force is acted upon it, and an object at rest will stay at rest. While all of these discoveries were being made, the universities of Europe, with Cambridge included, continued to have a geocentric perspective of the universe, and dealt with nature in qualitative rather than qualitative terms.

Isaac Newton, like thousands of other undergraduates, began his complex learning with the work of Aristotle. Even though this philosophy was not in the curriculum, Newton heard of it from traveling classmates. Also, as an undergraduate, he found the works of other philosophers, who, unlike Aristotle, saw the physical world as composed completely with particles of matter in motion at all times. This is what started and truly inspired Newton's scientific career. A piece of his work called the Quaestiones reveal that he had discovered a conception of nature that provided the guidelines for the scientific revolution. He had helped a French philosopher, Pierre Gassendi, discover atomism, another mechanical system to explain particles in nature. Although it is not stated in the Quaestiones, Newton had begun his mathematical studies. He started with exploring the works of Descartes, a French philosopher, then moving into other pieces of literature of algebraic techniques. In about a year, Newton had mastered these works and then he developed calculus, a very powerful and complex branch of mathematics, involving the finding of areas under curves and slopes of curves. When he published his work of calculus, he was considered the leading mathematician in Europe. In April of 1665, Isaac Newton received his bachelor degree. His undergraduate career was the most remarkable in the history of education in university, and it had gone unrecognized. Still in 1665, the plague closed his university, and for two years, Newton was forced to stay at home. During this time, he had contemplated what he had learned over his years as an undergraduate. He kept his thoughts and findings in his notebooks, only for him to see.

Newton was a secretive man, and did not talk to many people about his ideas, because it was very common for others to steal discoveries to obtain popularity and wealth. Throughout this confinement of Newton and his mind at his university, he examined circular motion. Applying his analysis and discoveries to the planets and moon, he created the inverse square. This was the idea that the amount of a force acting on a planet decreased with the square of its distance from the sun. Later, this idea of Isaac Newton's was crucial to the law of universal gravitation. In 1686, Isaac Newton presented his three laws of motion in the ""Principia Mathematica Philosophiae Naturalis."" It is believed that he figured out these laws by watching an apple fall from a tree. There is evidence to support this claim, which was found in Newton's original manuscript. It described how Newton saw an apple fall from his mother's garden and then started to explain in his notebook the theory of gravity and the three laws of motion. This paper was written by William Stukeley, a man who contemplated ideas with Isaac Newton. The paper also describes a conversation that they had together about why an apple falls to the center of the earth. Then, the next part of Newton's notebook consists of possibly his greatest accomplishment, Newton's laws of motion. The first law stated that an object in motion will stay in motion, unless another force is acted upon it. Also, an object at rest will stay at rest, until another force is acted upon it. The second law included the idea that when an external force acts on an object, it produces an acceleration in the direction of the force. The last and third law stated that when two objects collide, they apply their forces to each other that are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction. Today, these laws are used every day. Just some examples of how these laws are incorporated into our life are that they help simulate collisions, control how cars work, and navigate spacecrafts.

Toward the end of Newton's life, he lived in Winchester, England. He shared a house with his niece, Catherine Conduitt, and her husband, John Conduitt. During this time, he had become one of the most well known men in Europe. He had become very wealthy, and was able to easily support his family. He donated a percentage of his income to charity every month. Despite this fame, Newton still did not have a perfect life. He never had any personal relationships with other people, and in later years, many people around him worried about his mental health. At the age of eighty-four, Newton started to experience an immense amount of pain in his abdomen. He was diagnosed with digestion problems, and he had to change his diet completely. Although he had the best doctors caring for him, he went unconscious one night. The next day, March 31, 1727, Newton was found dead in his house in London, England. Catherine and John Canuitt held a funeral for him and invited people that Newton had written down in his notebook. His surviving letters and writings revealed a person with impressive and tremendous ability to stand long periods of mental strain, concentration, and also the ability to stay focused with no distractions.

After Isaac Newton's death, his fame grew beyond the people of Europe. Many of the people that he had worked with named him as the greatest mind in the seventeenth century. His impacts on the world include one of the most complex forms of mathematics, calculus, the idea that gravity is a universal force, and the three laws of motion. He was able to turn theories into practice, and his findings became the basis for modern physics. All of these things cause a long-term impact on the world today, because people use his findings in everyday life. Without Newton's mind and ideas, the world would be very different today. For example, calculus helps people use investment plans, create global mapping, and doctors use with an estimation of the progression of an illness. Next, his idea that gravity is a universal force helps people explain how everything around them is pulled toward the center of the earth. Lastly, and possibly most importantly, Newton's three laws of motion explain how forces affect objects and why these things either stay in motion or stay at rest. Isaac Newton had the greatest mind of the 17th century, and should be considered as one of the most influential persons in history, because of his great ideas and finding to explain the universe.

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Romantic Comedy in Twelfth Night

Romance and comedy are both very important parts of what makes the play, Twelfth Night, entertaining and fun to watch. This story from William Shakespeare is classified as a Romantic Comedy play. Comedy should entertain a general audience; a romantic comedy is classified as a play that deals with love in a light yet humorous way. It is usually a dramatic work that is light, and often set in a satirical tone (a literary work in which sarcasm is used to entertain). Twelfth Night is believed to have been written around 1601“1602 as twelfth night's entertainment for the close of the Christmas season. The play is centered on twins Viola and Sebastian, who are separated in a shipwreck. William Shakespeare was an English poet, playwright, and actor who was widely regarded as both the greatest writer in the English language. The audience at a comedy is likely to feel slightly superior, and distant from the comic figures. In the Twelfth Night, William Shakespeare uses different literary devices along with romance and comedy to present to his audience different types of humor through a specific character named Sir Toby Belch. Sir Toby Belch, who is a funny drunkard, is not the smartest person and he also causes trouble throughout the play.

Sir Toby Belch is a character in Shakespeare's, Twelfth Night. At the beginning of the play, Sir Toby is said the be the Lord of the Misrule, who was appointed to manage the Christmas festivities held at court during this time of celebration. Sir Toby Belch is fair lady Olivia's uncle in this romantic comedy play. Sir Toby is funny yet embarrassing when he is drunk. Sir Toby Belch lives with his niece Olivia. Olivia is a beautiful Illyria lady, and she does not approve of his heavy drinking problem. Sir Toby partakes in this behavior along with his friend Sir Andrew Aguecheek. Sir Andrew is the type of character who thinks highly of himself, but he is not the smartest character. Some might even say he is dumb. Sir Toby takes advantage of Sir Andrew Aguecheek using constant flattery and making Sir Andrew believe that he can win Olivia's hand in marriage. Olivia is sad throughout the play because she lost her brother. But because of her wealth and her beauty she is loved by several men, all of which want to marry her. Thought-out the play different men would try and get Olivia to marry them, and Orsino ends up proposing to Olivia. The fighting over Olivia can also contribute to the romantic comedy of the play. Sir Toby knows that Sir Andrew is a fool and a coward, but he continues to be his friend because they can be dumb together which makes the comedy in the play even better. Sir Toby states Never trust me, then. And by all means stir on the young to an answer. I think oxen and wainropes cannot hale them together. For Andrew, if he were opened and you find so much blood in his liver as will clog the foot of a flea, I'll eat the rest of the anatomy (Act 3, Scene 2, lines 53-57). This states that Sir Toby thinks that Sir Andrew is not the smartest person, and he uses his comedy to show how much he thinks this is true. This also shows how he uses his humor to connect with the audience and keep them interested as the play goes on. The humor of Sir Toby and Sir Andrew continues through-out the play.

I hate a drunken rogue (Act 5, Scene 1, lines 198). These are ironic words coming from Sir Toby Belch, who provides most of the humor in Twelfth Night and is best described as a drunk. We are first introduced to Sir Toby in Act 1, scene 3 when Maria is chiding him for disturbing Olivia's household with his nightly drinking, late hours, and the poor company he keeps. Maria is Olivia's gentlewoman. While Maria is trying to keep Sir Toby from being stubborn like he is Sir Toby states, Confine? I'll confine myself no finer than I am. These clothes are good enough to drink in, and so be these boots too- an' they be not, let them hang themselves in their own straps! (Act 1, Scene 3, lines 9-12). In this quotation Sir Toby uses puns and a metaphor saying that the boots should hang themselves with their straps giving the word hang a double meaning. This is humorous as he is using many forms of phrasing that the audience in Shakespearean times would have found hilarious. This may not necessarily be funny in the current 21st century, but this is still funny today, just maybe not as funny as it was then. The audience has a lot to do with how funny the play was. Many people would not go to see a play like the Twelfth Night today just because it is not what people are interested in. The atmosphere also contributes to the play and how the audience reacts to the play. During the 17th century plays are in outdoor theaters called globe theaters.

Sir Toby has many flaws that one might could say shine brightly throughout the play. He is also very unpredictable, which is shown when he marries Maria even though she is Olivia's gentlewoman and is below Sir Toby's noble class. The noble classes during this period are very important. Noble classes are different classifications from rich, middle, and poor. Most of the time, people do not marry outside of their noble classes, but in the play Sir Toby marries Maria. It is also funny to the audience that Sir Toby marries a gentlewoman. A gentlewoman is a woman who is good to her family, smart, and has good manners. This is humorous to the audience because Sir Toby is the complete opposite in the fact that he has terrible manners and is not that smart. Sir Toby and Maria are married by the end of the play. Sir Toby marries Maria to make Malvolio jealous which makes Malvolio mad because he thought that Maria loved him. Sir Toby can be summed up by this line, Dost thou think, because thou art virtuous, there shall be no more cakes and ales (Act 2, Scene 3, lines 114-115). This line shows that Sir Toby plans to live his life the way he chooses to, and he basically is saying that no one can stop him or try to make him live any other way. This is just the type of person that Sir Toby is through the play. Throughout the entire play Sir Toby does not let people tell him what to do. This is mostly because he thinks that he is smart and as it has been stated before he is not that smart, he is mostly a drunk.

Twelfth Night is a romantic comedy play wrote by William Shakespeare around 1601“1602 as entertainment for the close of the Christmas season. This wonderful play by Shakespeare is a romantic comedy which is a play that deals with love in a light yet humorous way. Shakespeare has written many different plays, but this one is more humorous than any of the others. There are several characters in this play that are humorous, but Sir Toby Belch sticks out the most. Sir Toby's personality is like a comedian by the way he keeps the audience laughing as the play goes on. He is also good at the creation of problems with his unique yet strange personality. Sir Toby is the most enjoyable character in the entire play. It might be argued that Sir Toby has a very irresponsible and nature, which may come across as an unattractive aspect of his character throughout the play. In the Twelfth Night, William Shakespeare uses different ways of humor to make up this romantic comedy play. Much of the humor in Twelfth Night comes from Sir Toby Belch, Sir Toby Belch is a funny drunk who mostly causes problems and keep the play humorous.

Work Cited

Shakespeare, William. Twelfth Night. The Norton Anthology of English Literature, edited by Stephen Greenblatt et al, ed. 9, vol. B, W.W. Norton & Company, 2012, pp. 1189-1250.

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Romantic Love Causes Several Characters to Behave Foolishly in the Twelfth Night

Alyssa To Ms. DeBartolo English 3U Nov 14, 2018 TOPIC: Romantic love causes several characters to behave foolishly in the Twelfth Night. Explore 3 examples of foolish behavior brought on by romantic love. TWELFTH NIGHT Love represents a universal feeling, love intentionally causes pain, love is mad, foolish and love is typically a cause of suffering. In William Shakespeare's successful comedy, Twelfth Night, every unique character in the story experiences the specific form and feeling of love. They are blind for love and their hearts fool their minds. At the first place, the Duke of Illyria who is Orsino instantly falls in love with Olivia, a wealthy countess at first sight. However, Olivia is in mourning for her dead brother for the next seven years. Therefore, she refuses Orsino's love multiple times but he nevertheless trying to cultivate her. However, she rejects his passionate love all the time. Even though Orsino cannot receive Olivia's love, he still loves her as much as he can. For instance, when he knows by heart that Olivia is in mourning for her beloved brother, Orsino indeed want to kill all of the emotions inside her except for loving him. This fact is accurately shown when Orsino says thoughtfully that, Oh if she loves her brother this much, think how she'll love me when I finally win her over and make her forget all her other attachments! Her mind and heart will be ruled by one man alone”me! Take me to the garden. I need a beautiful place to sit and think about love (Act 1, Scene 1).

He constantly desires her to be happy and hopes that one day she will discover and accept his love. Besides, he also sends his loyal servant - Cesario, to send the love letter to Olivia and politely tell her how deep is his sincere love for her. Even when he knows his love may be rejecting the next time, but he tries finding many different ways to make her love him. One more remarkable thing that shows Orsino's foolishness when he is in love is when Olivia calls Cesario husband. At the time, he gets exasperated and thinks that Cesario is properly a liar, forsaken him to have Olivia as a lifelong lover. In addition, he merely wants to kill Cesario and the dear one he appreciates who is Olivia because of love and jealousy. Furthermore, he thinks Cesario captures his place in Olivia's heart. His anger is shown when he said: Maybe I should act like the Egyptian thief who kills the woman he loves before he dies? That kind of savage jealousy sometimes seems noble. But listen to me. Since you keep denying the love, I feel for you, and since I know who's stealing my place in your heart, you can go on being cold-hearted, but I'm going to take this boy from you. He knows his master loves you. I'm doing this, even though he's dear to me because I know you love him. Come with me, boy. I'm ready to do something extreme. I'll sacrifice this boy I care for, just to spite a beautiful woman with a heart of stone (Act 5, Scene 1). At the start, in his mind, love is beautiful and so restless. On the other hand, the unrequited love brings him obsession and madness. Just as Orsino, Olivia is also in love at the first sight with Orsino's servant.

The specific reason is she is in mourning for her dead brother, she announces everyone that no one can see her for the next seven years. Incidentally, she ignores her speech until she meets Cesario. While talking with Cesario, she allows him to see her face and starts to have some feeling for him. After talking, she politely asks Cesario to be back to talk to her next time. In addition, she gives Malvolio a ring and informs him to deliver it to Cesario which stands for a token of love. To put it another way, she says, Run after that obnoxious messenger, the duke's servant. He insisted on leaving this ring with me whether I wanted it or not. Tell him I want nothing to do with it. (she hands him a ring) Ask him not to encourage Orsino or to get his hopes up. I'm not for him. If that young man comes here again tomorrow, I'll tell him why. Hurry, Malvolio(Act 1, Scene 5). Unfortunately, Cesario does not want to receive the ring, he tells him to give it back to Olivia because the ring is not his. In fact, that seems to represent the first rejection of Olivia's love and it naturally causes Olivia to act foolishly. Not only that, there is one time that she confesses her love to Cesario, but he continues to reject her love. Cesario explains she should love his master, Orsino experiences a deep love for her by saying that, Madam, I've come here to try to make you like him (Act 3, Scene 1). After that, Cesario tells her that he does not love her and no woman can have his heart.

Instead of stops loving him, Olivia is trying to have his heart because she believes that Orsino is the reason that Cesario does not dare to love her. She is hopelessly in love, her love becomes blindness when she quickly marries Sebastian, who she has mistaken for Cesario. After begging Sebastian to marry her, she calls a priest to witness their marriage by saying that, Then lead the way, father. I want the skies bright and shining to show its approval of our wedding(Act 4, Scene 3). To sum up, Olivia falls in love easily and quickly, because of that she cannot realize the one she loves and makes a mistake by married a wrong one. One more example about foolish through love is Malvolio, the household servant of Olivia. He loves nobody, but himself; he is confident and always thinks he is more admirable than everyone. As a result, people hate that personality of him and everyone in the house reasonably wants to make a joke to prank him. After some discussion, a love letter is dropped on the path to the garden which has been written by Maria. At that moment, Malvolio reads it and instantly starts to think Olivia sends this love letter to him. From that, he starts acting foolishly, and he believes he can win Olivia's heart by those idiot behaviors. A self-loving like Malvolio believes he can have the power all over the servant and even Sir Toby.

Also, he thinks he will get rid of his lower-class friends, insults Sir Toby and be a perfect man for Olivia. The next day, he starts following what the letter requires, he wears a yellow stocking and the crisscross laces on his leg. Thus, he comes and talks to Olivia which he trusts he can please his special master when he said, Sad, my lady! I could be sad if I wanted to be. These crisscrossing laces do cut off the circulation in my legs a bit, but who cares? As the sonnet says, If you please one special person, you please everyone who matters (Act 3, Scene 4). She thinks he is mad because of his strange actions, and he is talking nonsense. While Olivia is talking, he just smiles and kisses his hand which is completely insane. As a matter of fact, he is locked in the darkroom because of his madness. However, he still believes his master will help him out of that place because she loves him. The fact is shown when he asks Feste, Be a nice fool and help me find a candle and some paper. I tell you, I'm as sane as any man in Illyria (Act 4, Scene 2).

He asks Feste to bring those things, so he can write a letter to ask for help from Olivia because he still believes Olivia is deeply in love with him. In a final analysis, love and his ambition cause many consequences for him. Love drives people crazy and Malvolio is also a victim of love who acts foolishly throughout the play. Love is a hurtful experience, and an unrequited love is more painful than ever. Even when the play Twelfth Night has a happy ending but those characters have an unrequited love and they can not have the one they desire at first. Their unconditional love causing suffering for themselves and also causes them to behave foolishly when they are falling in love. (Shakespeare, William, and Alan Durband. Twelfth Night. Oxford University Press, 2014.)

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Love at Play with Deception in Shakespeare’s Twelfth Night

Shakespeare's plays tend to revolve around certain themes. As a comedy, Twelfth Night is no exception as it centers around relationships that end in marriage. Shakespeare considers the theme of love through the various relationships he sets up. Throughout the play, these relationships are ever-changing as characters reveal their truths and dishonesties. Through the development of love between the characters of Olivia, Orsino, Viola/Cesario, and Sebastian, the theme of deception makes itself known as these characters are fooled by appearances. As some characters fall for deception while others are actively participating in it, each love is influenced by it, causing it to either crumble or continue, changing the couplings around. As Shakespeare creates this interweaving connection of love and deception, he makes deliberate choices for the character's fate in the world of love and marriage.

Since their fictional fate is at his hands, by doing so, he is suggesting that certain relationships are necessary to end for others to begin. In Twelfth Night, with the use of deception, Shakespeare swayed his characters into their appropriately matched relationships and out of the ones that were wrong or mismatched for them. In this play, Shakespeare created a storyline that illuminated the mismatched nature of the relationships in Illyria. This can be seen clearly through Duke Orsino's love for Olivia. While they are similar in nature and in status, they are clearly not meant for one another as Shakespeare displays the unanswered nature of Orsino's love. Orsino is blinded by his own love for her as she refuses to give in to his sentiments. This is a clear mismatch of people considering Orsino's inability to fully recognize and respect her period of mourning after the loss of her father and brother. Both Orsino and Olivia seem to thoroughly enjoy creating a bubble of drama around oneself. As Orsino is fully committed to wasting away in his pursuit of Olivia's heart, Olivia feels like same in her mourning. This relationship lacks the element of deception that Shakespeare plays with in others, possibly hinting at the necessity for some sort of deceit in order for romance to blossom. Though Orsino and Olivia fail to be connected by love's deceptive grasp, there are some very misleading loves at play in Shakespeare's Twelfth Night, such as the unrequited love Olivia has for Cesario/Viola.

The use of deception can be seen clearly in this instance as Viola transforms herself into a male under the name of Cesario. This disguise causes Olivia to fall for him/her, but Olivia's love is not returned. Shakespeare's use of deception through disguise allows Cesario/Viola's kind and introspective nature to attract Olivia's attention. Cesario/Viola says: Make me a willow cabin at your gate And call upon my soul within the house, Write loyal cantons of contemned love, And sing them loud even in the dead of night; Hallow your name to the reverberate hills, And make the babbling gossip of the air Cry out 'Olivia!' O, you should not rest Between the elements of air and earth But you should pity me. (I.v.237“245) In this moment, Cesario is showing his/her Viola side as he/she tells Olivia what his/her course of action would be if he/she were in Orsino's place. In this way, Shakespeare furthers the deceit in his/her disguise as Olivia falls for his/her womanly nature when in contrast to Orsino's approach. In some lights, Olivia also has a deceptive role as she uses her interactions with Cesario/Viola to step away from mourning in order to better experience her lustful feelings. This deception ultimately attracts Olivia out of her protective shell in order to put her in a better place for her actual fated lover, Sebastian.

Viola/Cesario is involved in the love of both Olivia and Orsino, making her a key character in Shakespeare's use of deceptive play in order to thwart the relationships that aren't working or see no end. His/her appearance disguises his/her true self from the two of them. As Cesario/Viola attempts to evade Olivia's growing love, he/she is becoming closer to Duke Orsino who is also being deceived, causing he too to be tricked by her guise. Orsino and Viola begin displaying signs of love even before Viola's true identity is revealed. Orsino himself shows interest in Viola through conversation with Cesario. In a slightly flirtatious tone, he asks about Viola's age and nature, though it is unclear if the flirting is directed at Cesario or Viola (I.iv). At one point, Viola, so caught up with Orsino says to herself, My state is desperate for my master's love as she too is experiencing a love unable to be returned in her current state (II.ii.35). This allows the reader to notice and compare this relationship to that of Orsino's love for Olivia. As Orsino grows closer to Cesario/Viola, it is made clear that they are better suited for one another. Shakespeare makes Cesario/Viola the character who is actively participating in the deception of both Olivia and Orsino, giving her the choice.

While it is unlikely in Shakespeare's time to give a character the choice of a homosexual relationship, it is possible Shakespeare used it for dramatic effect or to better show off the ill-fated nature of Olivia's love for Cesario/Viola and Orsino for he/she as well. Either way, both the relationship between Olivia and Cesario/Viola and Orsino and Cesario/Viola creates a sometimes confusing mix of love and sexual attraction towards a member of the same sex. Though Olivia immediately falls for Viola as she is disguised as Cesario, she ultimately ends up marrying a person she knows nothing about, Sebastian. Shakespeare illuminates the positive match between these two as Sebastion is willing and ready to accept Olivia's love, unlike his disguised sister. He recognizes the deception at play yet still remains ready to marry (IV.iii.20-21). This is the one relationship that doesn't display a deep amount of thought in the pairing and seems to be fairly convenient for the happy ending. But Olivia was unsatisfied with love until she met the female version of Sebastian. While their appearance is interestingly similar, her unrequited love for one turns into requited love from the other. Through Viola's disguise and their strange likeness, they almost become one, making the pairing of Sebastion and Olivia fatefully satisfying. In the end, the mess of relationships Shakespeare intertwined throughout the story is all beautifully untangled as each of the relationships ends in marriage and they all end up seemingly happy.

While this may seem like a fairy tale ending or a quick plot convenience, each couple is now adequately matched according to the master of this play's fate. Shakespeare reconciles the imbalance of love in these relationships to show that through the use of deception and some trickery, requited love can be found for all four characters. Through the similarities of the brother and sister, Sebastian and Viola become the perfect lovers for Olivia and Orsino. Once their guise is down, the love is free to enter. Perhaps this is to say that sometimes people do not know what is best for them and love deceives in order to be right by fate, if one believes in such things. It is possible Shakespeare is hinting that deception in love as a good thing for relationships. Is he making a case against love itself or merely recognizing the subtle ways it intertwines with the act of lying? It's possible he's suggesting that love cannot be formed without a bit of trickery in order to convince one to fall in love. For is there any real love without at least a little falsehood? The roles of deceit and deception quite possibly play into the idea that humans are never satisfied with good and sometimes create dramatic situations in order for their life to be more fulfilling. Perhaps Shakespeare is commenting on how it is human nature to make things more exciting or emotional in order to better one's human experience.

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Was the United States Justified? Assessing the Decision to Drop the Atomic Bomb in Hiroshima and Nagasaki

The bombing of Hiroshima was devastating. Besides the tens of thousands of casualties, the U.S. came out triumphan. On the day May 7th, 1945, the Nazis surrendered, almost ending WWII, but some of the Axis Powers were still fighting, on December 7th, 1941, Japan bombed Pearl Harbor, a major Navy base in Honolulu, Hawaii, officially bring the United States into WWII. When the Nazis surrendered, the United States saw the perfect time to strike, starting the first use of a nuclear weapon on an enemy ever in history! The bombing of Hiroshima was a very tragic event for Japan, but a very triumphant moment for the United States, ending conflicts with Japan, and even WWII in 1947.

Many factors influenced the decision to drop the bomb (Little Boy) on Hiroshima. The creation of the bomb happened soon after Pearl Harbor, and quickened when the Nazis surrendered. The actual research (The Manhattan Project) had been started during the height of WWII, and had grown very strong over the course of the war. Although, once the bomb was dropped, around 85,000 people died (The Manhattan Project). The display of immense power, made other countries (and unions in the U.S.S.R's case) want that same power too. Even today, many countries are still creating bombs like the one dropped on Hiroshima, but many countries today, are also realizing how bad having the massive displays of power could be. Many countries are trying to dispose of them, one example of this, was in 2013, Scotland tried to vote themselves out of the United Kingdom, saying that If Scotland leaves the UK, all of our nuclear armaments must be moved out of the country (Time Magazine)

The bombing of Hiroshima was a triumph for the United States because of The technological advancements. Some reasoning for this is because at the time, it was the most powerful weapon on Earth. The atomic bomb is a special weapon, it worked in a very scientifically advanced way for its time. Nuclear fission produces the atom bomb. Inside the bomb atomic nuclei are being split. A single neutron strikes the nucleus of an atom of radioactive materials, such as uranium or plutonium, it knocks 2 or three more atoms free, creating a massive explosion that devastates cities, such as Hiroshima in this case. A nuclear bombs power has the power of two-million pounds of TNT.

The bombing of Hiroshima was a triumph for the United States because it gave the United States a new crude way to force world peace on uncooperative countries. Some proof for this is I shall give further consideration and make further recommendations to the congress as to how atomic power can become a powerful and forceful influence towards the maintenance of world peace(President Harry S. Truman). This shows that not only is the atom bomb an influence towards the maintenance of world peace, but a big triumph for the United States.

The bombing of Hiroshima was a very triumphant event for the United States from an economic point of view, in that, ending WWII stopped a lot of people from dying in the wars, saving many lives. If the war had continued on, nobody knows how many people would have possibly died. We know that the United States had planned on many allied deaths, because before the United States had gone with the decision to bomb Hiroshima, the allies had gone with Operation Downfall whose goal was to invade Japan from the south. The United States had planned for such an immense number of casualties and injuries, that they manufactured million of purple hearts. When the allies decided to bomb Japan instead of invade, only around 10,000 of those were given out. Some of the purple heart medals made in 1945 are still being given out to this day (are purple hearts from 1945).

Now of course, there was some obvious tragedy involved, one of the most clear ways was the immense number of people who died during and after the bombing. The number of people who actually died ranges from source to source, but is somewhere around 90,000“146,000 people died from the bomb, either during the event or from the radioactive fallout afterwards (Atomic Archive). Many people were also injured, around 41,000 total people were injured within 3 hours of the actual bomb falling.

Conclude-Blake

These reasons conclude that the bombing of Hiroshima was triumphant for the United States because of the Technological advancements, a new crude way to force world peace, and also economically.

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Forensic Science: Physical Evidence is Tangible

Items such as weapons or articles of clothing (these are only examples) that are direct evidence to the people involved in the crime or the crime itself would be classified as physical evidence. Documentary evidence is written or recorded evidence, such as a phone conversation or a written document. Usually, an expert checks to see if the documentary evidence is authentic. Demonstrative evidence is a representation or demonstration that helps to illustrate a crime, or recreate it. It is used in a trial to help illustrate a crime scene and/or the crime, among other things. Testimonies are the evidence and statements that is given by witnesses in court at a trial. Testimonies could be given by someone who witnessed a crime, someone who witnessed relevant things leading up to it, or by someone who is advocating for the defense.Individual characteristics are specific properties that are unique to a particular instance of a common source.

The dna of a bloodstain or the ridges of a fingerprint would be individual characteristics.While a bloodstain would be a class characteristic, the dna of a bloodstain would be an individual characteristic. Every piece of evidence has class characteristics, but not always individual characteristics. Class characteristics would be properties of evidence that are not particularly unique to the source, while individual characteristics would be very much so. There is a name for characteristics that are in-between, which are called "subclass characteristics". The blood type of a bloodstain would be an example for this.Physical properties describe evidence without referring to any substances. These things can usually be perceived with the five senses. Some examples of physical properties are the color, smell, or size of a piece of evidence.

Chemical properties describe the effects of a substance coming into contact with another substance. They describe chemical reactions. Chemical properties are useful when trying to identify the presence of some substances. Forensic scientists only collect soil at the crime scene from the surface. The soil collected is almost always one or two tablespoons each in different places within a 100-yard radius. The location from which each sample was taken is always labeled. Collecting soil in different places will help to see any differences in the soil and how it varies. Sometimes, soil will be collected from a suspect, whether it is on his/her shoe or at the location of an alibi. If it is on a shoe, however, the whole shoe will probably be taken to the lab. Objects with soil on them must be placed in some kind of container such as a paper bag so that if soil falls off, it will not be lost.

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What is Forensic Science?

Forensic science is the application of science to criminal and civil laws, mainly, on the criminal side, during criminal investigation, as governed by the legal standards of admissible evidence and criminal procedure. (Investigator, 2018). This can help specialists to better understand where the source of evidence like drugs and trace materials, how blood splatter occurs during the time of a crime and help to find the identity of an unknown suspect. Undeniably, with forensic science there are many kinds of fields that use forensic science for many kinds of jobs, but they are all tied together with getting the same end results, interpret the evidence that is collected during investigations. A few of the forensic science jobs include criminalist, this person will look at the physical evidence from crime scenes, the offenders, and victims. Forensic toxicologist who analyze poisons and other toxic substances in a person's body. Forensic pathologist who examine dead bodies and forensic physical anthropologists who examine skeletal remains. Fingerprint examiner that are also known as forensic print analysis that are responsible for finding hidden fingerprints, preserving them, studying and evaluating them. As I already stated, the purpose for all these jobs is to collect, preserve the evidence, and analyze the evidence from crime scenes. There are many more jobs within this field, but these are my personal favorites because they are the most intriguing and peculiar.

Forensic scientists help law enforcement officers, lawyers, judges, and juries in delivering justice by providing results and conclusion; hence they work in forensic science laboratories associated with law enforcement or other governmental agencies that have ethical codes developed specifically for their organizations. (Health, 2017). Though you can solve cases without forensic science, but it is more difficult to solve them without it. Today, we rely on technology, that if we lost that privilege, most people would not survive for very long. This is the same with forensic science, sometimes during cases it's the forensic science that solves the case and other times it's getting new eyes looking at the evidence or re-examining the facts of the case. There are many kinds of equipment today that help experts to solve crimes, such as a Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry or is also known as (LA-ICP-MS). This device is used when broken glass is involved in a crime, putting together even tiny pieces can be key to finding important clues like the direction of bullets, the force of impact or the type of weapon used in a crime. Another gadget that is used if called an alternative light photography, this is for a forensic nurse, being able to quickly ascertain how much physical damage a patient has suffered can be the difference between life and death. A camera such as the Omni chrome uses blue light and orange filters to clearly show bruising below the skin's surface. Third, the DNA Sequencer, this device is used to analyze old bones or teeth to determine the specific ordering of a person's DNA nucleobases and generate a read or a unique DNA pattern that can help identify that person as a possible suspect or criminal. Lastly, a Magnetic Fingerprinting and Automated Fingerprint Identification or AFIS. Crime scene investigators, forensic scientists and police officers can quickly and easily compare a fingerprint at a crime scene with an extensive virtual database. In addition, the incorporation of magnetic fingerprinting dust and no-touch wanding allows investigators to get a perfect impression of fingerprints at a crime scene without contamination. (Becker, 2013-2018). You cannot always rely on technology and gadgets because at times, may be wrong.

Today, modern DNA testing is considered the most reliable of all the forensic tools because it is 99.9% accurate. Within DNA testing, there is DNA fingerprinting that is also known as the most reliable took of forensic science. Alec Jeffrey's, a British geneticist in September of 1984 uncovered DNA fingerprinting. It had to undergo extensive experimentation and validation before it was recognized as a reliable tool. It has been successfully used as a tool to point out the perpetrator of a crime, to identify the lineage of the crime and exempt the people who are wrongfully convicted. (Forensics, 2012). Fingerprint analysis assumes that all fingerprints are unique and different, but peer researchers have not adequately critiqued it. With this there are different types of ways to identify fingerprints, examples include latent fingerprints, visible fingerprints, plastic fingerprints, dusting latent fingerprints, and lifting prints, all of which are done at crime scenes. Fingerprints can be found on any hard, smooth, nonporous surface can contain latent fingerprints. You do not powder a print unless it is necessary, and do not powder a visible print until after you photograph it. Fingerprints are positive evidence of a person's identity. They cannot, however, indicate a person's age, sex or race.

Below is an example of a cold case that was solved from using forensic science in 1995 in Utah.

Cold Case Murder of Krystal Beslanowitch, 1995: Solved through forensic technologies.

A determined cop who was the original investigator into the murder of Krystal Beslanowitch 18 years ago in Utah helped bring resolution to this case. As The Huffington Post reports, Sheriff Todd Bonner just couldn't let the case go. She was 17 years old when she died from a crushing blow to the skull. A prostitute, her body was found in 1995 along the Provo River. Leads at the time only led to dead-ends, but investigators finally got somewhere in 2013, when new forensic technologies, taking a full day, were used to extract touch DNA from the granite rock that crushed her skull. In fact, a tool called a forensic vacuum allowed for the DNA extraction. The DNA matched to a Joseph Michael Simpson, who had been a resort bus driver in the area at the time. Simpson, now 46, was arrested in Florida in September of 2013. (Colleges, 2018).

Forensic scientists help law enforcement officers, lawyers, judges, and juries in delivering justice by providing conclusions. The science behind it is fascinating and if it had not been discovered in 1984 by Alec Jeffrey, it would be more difficult to solve crimes today. With how many cold cases are out there these days, hopefully experts and scientists will be able to solve more of them like the case of Krystal Beslanowitch. We should be using this technology to catch those who take innocent lives. To bring peace to those families who have gone without their loved ones. It is not fair to them, they and the ones they are missing deserve justice.

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What is Forensic Science?. (2019, Oct 30). Retrieved November 3, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2019/10/page/7/

Crime Scene Investigators Vs Forensic Scientists

Contents

Difference Between CSI And Forensic Scientist
References

I have always had a major interest in crime scene investigations and forensic science, but I did not realize, until these past few years, that they are separate careers almost entirely. However, they do have some similarities in the occupations and the people they work with. On crime shows, such as CSI, the entire crime scene investigation team is made to look like they do the work of the forensic experts as well. Although, in real investigations, the crime scene investigators work in the field by collecting evidence and trying to solve the overall case. The forensic scientists then analyze the separate pieces of data in a lab and report back to the investigators. While crime scene investigators and forensic scientists both gather and analyze data from the aftermath of the crime, the two careers differ in many ways.

Difference Between CSI And Forensic Scientist

A forensic scientist is a lab technician that processes and analyzes evidence to help law enforcement solve crimes. Forensic scientists tend to do most of their work in laboratories, as their main task is evaluating physical and trace evidence. Their education involves mostly science courses, such as biology and chemistry. They testify in court on behalf of the investigators and medical experts about the analysis of the evidence. Forensic scientists tend to work in a safe environment, as they rarely leave their isolated, controlled lab (CrimeSceneInvestigatorEDU, 2018).

A crime scene investigator is often a member of law enforcement that collects and handles physical and trace evidence at a crime scene. Crime scene investigators do their work in the field, finding and preserving the evidence that they find. Their education involves mostly courses on law and criminal justice. They talk with the family and friends of victims to help provide closure and answers. Crime scene investigators work at random job sites every day that could be unsafe or unsanitary (CrimeSceneInvestigatorEDU, 2018).

Both occupations are criminal justice-based as they deal with the collection and analysis of evidence in order to help law enforcement solve a crime. Forensic scientists and crime scene investigators earn around the same average annual pay, even though their job descriptions vary greatly. They both require a minimum of a bachelor's degree to begin work in their specific job field. Their skills are both equally complementary to the head detectives working to solve the crimes. Forensic scientists and crime scene investigators work together to ensure that the evidence stays untampered and protected throughout the entirety of the case (Ventures, 2016).

Crime scene investigators and forensic scientists must testify in court on behalf of the evidence and evaluations they find throughout the course of the case. This requires both occupations to complete detailed forms and reports on their findings as well. Crime scene investigators earn an average of $81,500 a year (CriminalJusticeDegreeSchools, 2018), while forensic scientists earn about $69,000 (Indeed, 2018). They both work about 40 hours a week plus whatever extra work is asked of them daily (CriminalJusticeDegreeSchools, 2018).

While both occupations play a pivotal role in interpreting and solving crimes together, they are also completely separate in their fields of work. Crime scene investigators find the evidence in the field, while the forensic scientists analyze it in the lab. Forensic scientists require a more sophisticated level of education, as they have to analyze the evidence using medical and scientific knowledge that they have obtained (Study.com, 2018). Crime Scene Investigator's job environments can change on a daily basis, while Forensic Scientists stay in the same comfortable lab daily. Crime Scene Investigators can face harsh and extreme conditions, such as rain and snow, while Forensic Scientists stay indoors in a controllable environment (Williams, 2016).

People can apply to be a crime scene investigator with just a specialized degree or experience in a forensic field. This then leads to them getting a background check and on-the-job training. Crime scene investigators must be in good shape and health, as well as, mentally strong, as they will have to deal with mortifying crimes (CriminalJusticeDegreeSchools, 2018). On the other hand, forensic scientists must complete a pre-med minor after, or while, obtaining a bachelor's degree in a science-based field. Forensic scientists do not have to be physically fit, however, they must be mentally strong to analyze and evaluate all the evidence that goes through them on a day to day basis.

While crime scene investigators and forensic scientists both gather and analyze data from the aftermath of the crime, the two careers differ greatly in every way they are broken down. Forensic scientists process and analyze evidence to help law enforcement solve crimes. Crime scene investigators collect and handle physical and trace evidence at a crime scene. Forensic scientists and crime scene investigators work together to guarantee that the evidence stays intact and safe during the entirety of the case. The crime scene investigators work in the field by collecting evidence, then the forensic scientists analyze the separate pieces of data in a lab and report back to the investigators.

References

Crime Scene Investigator Career and Salary Information. (2018). Retrieved November 23, 2018, from https://www.criminaljusticedegreeschools.com/criminal-justice-careers/crime-scene-investigator/
Difference Between Crime Scene Investigator and Forensic Scientist. (2018). Retrieved October 26, 2018, from https://study.com/articles/difference_between_crime_scene_investigator_forensic_scientist.html
Indeed. (2018). Salaries. Retrieved November 23, 2018, from https://www.indeed.com/salaries/Forensic-Scientist-Salaries
Job Description for Forensic Laboratory Scientists. (2018). Retrieved October 26, 2018, from https://www.crimesceneinvestigatoredu.org/forensic-scientist-job-description/
Ventures, S. (2016, May 12). Crime Scene Investigation vs. Forensic Science. Retrieved October 26, 2018, from https://www.forensicscolleges.com/blog/resources/csi-vs-forensic-science
What is a CSI - Crime Scene Investigator? (2018). Retrieved October 26, 2018, from https://www.crimesceneinvestigatoredu.org/what-is-a-csi/
Williams, E. (2016, November 09). Difference Between Crime Scene Technicians & Forensic Scientists. Retrieved October 26, 2018, from https://work.chron.com/difference-between-crime-scene-technicians-forensic-scientists-14185.html

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Crime Scene Investigators vs Forensic Scientists. (2019, Oct 30). Retrieved November 3, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2019/10/page/7/

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