Effect of Excessive Poaching on African Elephants

While elephants born without tusks are not unheard of, they normally make up just 2 to 6 percent of the herd population. However, that is not the case at Mozambique’s Gorongosa National Park, where 33 percent of female elephants born after the country’s civil war, were born tusk less. While that may appear to be just a coincidence, Joyce Poole, an elephant behavior expert and National Geographic Explorer, has a different theory. Poole thinks we may be witnessing an unnaturally created evolution of the species due to the incessant poaching of the mammals for their valuable tusks. Tusks unlike our permanent teeth continue to grow throughout the elephants life, they get longer and thicker with age and while humans continue to use the tusks for ornamental use they are actually essential for the survival of the mammals. While poachers usually first target older males due to their impressive tusks, females are not spared either.

As a result, in areas where poaching goes unchecked for long periods of time, the population of tusk less females increases. This allows them to gain a biological advantage, resulting in a larger than average population of females with no tusks. This is not the first time researchers have observed a drastic change in the population of elephant herds who have suffered severe poaching losses. Thus far, the consequence of poaching has largely impacted female elephants. Poole explains, “Because males require tusks for certain tasks, however very few males are tusk less. For African elephants, tusk less males have a much harder time breeding and do not pass on their genes as often as tusked males.” However, if the slaughtering of males with the most impressive tusks continues at this pace, it could result in a generation of elephants with much smaller tusks. Poole says, however the recent ban on ivory in both the US and China should help to eliminate, or at the very least reduce, the poaching of elephants.

But, scientists are not sure how long it will take for the elephant herds with a higher rate of tusk less females, to reverse the trend. Excessive Poaching May Be Causing African Elephants To Evolve Without Tusks While elephants born without tusks are not unheard of, they normally make up just 2 to 6 percent of the herd population. However, that is not the case at Mozambique’s Gorongosa National Park, where 33 percent of female elephants born after the country’s civil war, were born tusk less. While that may appear to be just a coincidence, Joyce Poole, an elephant behavior expert and National Geographic Explorer, has a different theory. Poole thinks we may be witnessing an unnaturally created evolution of the species due to the incessant poaching of the mammals for their valuable tusks. Tusks unlike our permanent teeth continue to grow throughout the elephants life, they get longer and thicker with age and while humans continue to use the tusks for ornamental use they are actually essential for the survival of the mammals. While poachers usually first target older males due to their impressive tusks, females are not spared either.

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All the Light we cannot See Book Analysis

All The Light We Cannot See is a historical fiction book written by Anthony Doerr, which tells a story on the different perspectives of World War II. The characters Marie-Laure, Etienne Leblanc, Daniel Leblanc, Werner, Volkheimer, and Jutta all demonstrate the different relationships that developed during the war. Although the war forced them to endure certain conditions, it helped the characters develop new relationships which helped them survive the war. The definition of surviving varies with each relationship, from Marie-Laure to Frederick. Family is a long lasting theme presented in this book, and the importance of family doesn't alter despite the war. Doerr conveys that war convinces people they should do anything to survive; even if it endangers themselves or goes against their interests. For some people, protecting family is a major part of surviving.

When inhabitants of Paris were first told to leave the city, Daniel Leblanc took Marie-Laure and left to go to the safe house of Francois Giannot. When they arrived at the safe house, despite it being destroyed, Daniel Leblanc had the determination to go to Saint Malo to protect Marie-Laure. He carried on despite limited amounts of rations and energy that remained. Again he carries his daughter. One more half mile. The windows of the house stay unlit as they approach. Its barn sits a hundred yards beyond. He tries to listen above the rush of blood in his ears. No dogs, no torches. (Doerr, 110) This quote uses imagery to paint a picture of the path Daniel Leblanc was taking to survive. He was willing to do anything that would help him and Marie-Laure survive, no matter the cost. Werner and Jutta were curious kids whose worlds were lit up when they tuned into stations on the radio. They spent most of their time at night modifying the radio or listening to science broadcasts. Werner especially loved the radio because he could listen to science broadcasts, which gave him a sense of happiness, despite the morbid circumstances he was in. When reports spread that listening to certain broadcasts from foreign nations would endanger Jutta, Werner suddenly had thoughts about crushing the radio. Werner didn't want to destroythe radio, but Jutta had began to listen to broadcasts from Paris. What are you listening to? She crosses her arm and puts the earphone back and does not answer. Are you listening to something you're not supposed to be listening to? What do you care It's dangerous, is why I care (Doerr, 73) When Werner walks in one night, Jutta had been listening to a Paris broadcast, and overheard that Germans were bombing the city of Paris. This quote shows his genuine caring for Jutta, which eventually led to Werner destroying the radio.

He wanted to protect Jutta, even if by destroying the radio he was destroying a part of himself. And yet at other times, despite his ambitions, he is visited by instants of vertigo; he sees Jutta holding the smashed pieces of their radio and feels uncertainty steal into his gut. (Doerr, 144) When Jutta picked up the pieces, Werner knew that she felt betrayed, but she would at least survive this threat. When Werner attends Schulpforta, he meets Frederick. Frederick is a boy from Berlin, who is described as thin and pale. When Frederick takes Werner to his home in Berlin, Werner asks why Frederick would put up with the torture initiated by Bastian and the other boys. Werner believes that Frederick has the choice to leave and be free of the torture. Frederick simply says, Father needs me at Schulpforta. Mother too. It doesn't matter what I want (Doerr, 223) This quote, regardless of the war, demonstrates that people cannot choose their lives, and by joining this school, the fuhrer ultimately controls them. Frederick knows that by joining Schulpforta, he will probably have no choice but to fight in the war, but agrees to go there because his family needs him to. He understood this when he said, Your problem Werner, says Frederick, is that you still believe you own your life. (Doerr, 223) Frederick's loyalty to his family's wishes show that he is willing to be tortured for his parents.

In his perspective, to survive would be to survive Schulpforta to make his parents happy, despite the abuse he endures. Uncle Etienne and Marie-Laure's relationship develops throughout the war. Etienne feels as if Marie-Laure is his responsibility, and feels the need to protects her. In the earlier chapters of the book, when Madame Manec was still alive, he says, Don't. He won't know. She is my responsibility (Doerr, 230) He develops a strong connection with Marie-Laure through his numerous books and knowledge of the radio transmitters. His incentive for surviving is similar to Daniel Leblanc's, to protect Marie-Laure. When Marie-Laure doesn't return on time from the bakery, Etienne starts becoming anxious. Now Etienne hyperventilates. At thirty four minutes by his wristwatch, he puts on his shows and a hat that belonged to his father. Stands in the foyer summoning all his resolve.. His heart beats icily in a faraway cage. steps outside (Doerr, 417) At this point of the book, Etienne's closest family is Marie-Laure, with Madame Manec dead, and Daniel Leblanc missing. To think that Marie-Laure is lost or kidnapped out in the outside world scares him. In his time, to survive was to just protect himself from the dangers and criticizing looks of the outside world. Now that Marie-Laure has become his responsibility he feels as if her safety is a part of his survival. All throughout the book, Etienne didn't step outside the house until this moment.

He was filled with dread when he stepped outside, but he knew that he needed to save her. When Werner attended Schulpforta, he worked with Dr. Hauptmann. Along with Dr. Hauptmann, he worked with another student named Volkheimer. Volkheimer's relationship with Werner was an important relationship that helped them both survive. After attending Schulpforta, Werner continued to work with Volkheimer. They would try to locate radio emissions and capture them due to the fact that broadcasting was illegal. Their relationship developed through the war, and was partially controlled by the war. They had to locate certain radio transmissions to locate a network of terrorists, such as Marie-Laure's transmissions. Volkheimer who always makes sure that there is food for Werner. Who brings him eggs, who shares his broth, whose fondness for Werner seems unshakable. (Doerr, 366) This quote shows how the bond between Volkheimer and Werner developed, along with how Volkheimer cared for Werner. They shared food rations and helped each other at work. Volkheimer carried the transceivers and Werner calculated the distances. They shared the rationing of paint sludge, and stood up for each other.

In the pit, Volkheimer and Werner were hopelessly trying to find their way out with grenades and a broken radio. Working together, they eventually blew a wall through which they could escape. The war strengthened this relationship, and they both did everything to help each other survive. Anthony Doerr interlaced many different concepts in All The Light We Cannot See. Themes such as family, the power of science, nationalism, and loyalty all play a role in developing this story. The relationships that were developed due to the war helped them survive. Each person had a different way of surviving, whether it was the literal definition or it was interpreted. Critical relationships such as Marie-Laure with Etienne and Werner with Volkheimer would have not been developed if it hadn't been for the war. These people were willing to do anything to survive, even if they don't agree with it. In this book, Doerr proves that people adapt and build relationships that helped them survive.

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About all the Light we cannot See by Luke Raykovicz

In All the Light We Cannot See, Anthony Doerr proves that obstacles in life can make the characters question their beliefs and question what they think is right. Sometimes the characters have to make fast, swift decisions in order to stay alive. These choices reflect on what kind of person the character is. It shows us their perseverance and maturity throughout the book. They go through intense, life changing events due to the war. They lose friends, family and their most prized possessions. The characters judgement is tested when each and every one of them is called upon to make an important decision. These experiences revealed who is willing to stand up for what they believe in. In All the Light We Cannot See, Anthony Doerr proved that even if people have different backgrounds or beliefs they can be brought together do to their shared love and humanity. Marie Laura is diagnosed with a huge problem in her childhood, cataracts.

Shortly after she was diagnosed she became blind. He father buys her braille books to read in her spare time. In addition to this, Marie Laura's father builds here a tiny model of the city so that marie laura can practice navigating.Then he lights a cigarette and goes to work on his miniatures at a workbench in the corner of the kitchen. He is building a scale model of the entire city. She rubs her fingers along the small wooden buildings so that when she is outside, she knows where she is and where she has to go if their is an emergency. Her father works at a museum and tells marie laua about a cursed stone called the sea of flames. Her father was given a job to carry a replica of the sea of flames in order to protect the real one. Due to German activity in their city, Maurie Laura is forced by her father to leave their house and search for a safer place to stay. Her father's confidence gives marie laura hope and courage. She accepts the difficult journey because she knows that its in her father's best interest to protect her. Similar to Maurie Laure, Werner had to move as well. Werner enjoyed math and science. He showed his love for these subjects through radios. Werner eventually finds an old radio and begins to fix it. He is able to make the radio a working piece of machinery and he and his sister Jutta beggin listing to science broadcast. The radio also tells them information about the war. One night werner decided to destroy the radio so Jutta did not hear the frightening things about the war. ... takes the little shortwave radio out of the first aid box... and carries it to the alley behind the house and crushes it with a brick. Even though the radio was one of Werner's most prized possessions, he destroyed it to protect his sisters from the horrors of war. Because werner was so smart, he was able to make it into a very competitive school, The National Political Institute Of Education.

While he was here werner was tested every day on his strength, athleticism and his mind. Werner was one of the brightest boys and was able to make and put together many things that the other could not, such and engines and different radios. One night at the school the boys were outside with a prisoner who was handcuffed and tied to a pole. The prisoner was caught after he escaped from a work camp. Bastin, a leader at the school, instructed the boys to create a single file line and throw water buckets at the prisoner. Bastin says that This barbarian would tear your thoughts out in a second if we let him. This shows how Bastin is dehumanising the prisoner. He is also trying to get the student to show hate towards the prisoner. One of Werner's friends was Fredrick, he enjoyed reading and learning about birds. When it was his turn to throw water on the prisoner he refused and dumped his water onto the ground. Throw it, commands Bastin... Frederick pours the water onto the ground, I will not Again he was told to throw water onto the prisoner but he still refused. After this incident, Bastin was very hard on Fredrick. He was so violent toward him that eventually Frederick gets brain damage from all the times he was beaten. This forces Fredrick to leave the school. This reveals that Fredrick understood that what the boys were doing was wrong and just because they are a prisoner it doesn't give them the right to treat him that way. Frederick knew that he would get punished for what he was doing but he did it anyway.

The end of the book reveals that Werner was listing to Marie's uncle on his radio. Werner got a job in the army to find people who were transmitting illegal messages on the radios. While he was working, he got trapped underground. He was below Marie Laura. She says he is here, he is right below me. Werner feels bad for the girl and he feels a connection between them. This connection gave him the idea and courage to save her. Marie Laura was hiding in her house because she had the sea of flames. When werner walks into the house, he shoots the man who was looking for the stone. Werner falls in love with Marie Laura even though they come from two completely different backgrounds. They would be punished or killed if somebody found out but they continue to be together because of their love. Marie and Werner represent hope, love, courage and bravery throughout the whole book. They always stand up for what they believe in and fight for what is right. In all the light we cannot see, Anthony Doerr repeatedly shows that it doesn't matter where you come from or what you believe in, what matters is that you be honest with yourself and that if you stand up for everyone and show persistence, anything is possible.

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All the Light we cannot See and Human Nature

In daily life, people tend to make a mix of selfish and selfless decisions. In times of conflict, decisions are more important and can be the difference between life and death. Anthony Doerr tells us that during times of conflict, it is human nature to pick a side of either selfish or selfless decisions. Doerr shows us that people tend to pick a side based off of love or fear. Love, in this case, is showed in devotion to a person or an organization. Fear is the fear of the consequences of war or conflict, like imprisonment, torture, and death. Not only does fear or love motivate someone to pick a side, it also causes people to change sides. In All the Light We Cannot See, Doerr shows that in times of conflict, it is human nature for people to gravitate towards selfishness or selflessness. Doerr uses his characters to show that love and fear determine people's inclination to selfishness or selflessness, and their ability to change between the two. All the Light We Cannot See follows the story of two different characters, Werner Pfennig and Marie-Laure LeBlanc. Werner's story takes place in Germany, and Marie-Laure's story takes place in France, but the stories happen at the same time. Marie-Laure lives with her father Daniel LeBlanc, who works at the Museum of Natural History. Marie-Laure hears about the legend of the Sea of Flames, a diamond that is said to make the holder immortal but kill the holder's family. Von Rumpel, a Geman official, is searching for the diamond, and Marie-Laure and her father flee with the diamond to live with her great-uncle Etienne. Marie-Laure and Etienne later in the story help the resistance by broadcasting codes they receive in loaves of bread. As this happens, Werner is sent to the National Institute, a boarding school for raising young boys to become German soldiers.

His skills at building radios earn his spot there, and after he graduates, he works with teammates Volkheimer and Neumann One and Two, known as the Neumanns, to hunt foreign radios. Werner hears Marie-Laure's broadcasts that she does with her great-uncle Etienne and is motivated to save her from von Rumpel, who is in her house trying to find the diamond. Werner kills von Rumpel and saves Marie-Laure. After being saved, she hides the diamond in a hidden grotto she uses, where she was previously held up by von Rumpel, and gives the key to the grotto to Werner. The characters separate and never see each other again. Doerr uses his character, Werner, to show how fear can cause someone to make selfish decisions. Werner is also used as an example of someone who changes and begins to act selflessly because of love. Werner's selfish decisions in the novel are motivated by fear. Werner demonstrates his selfishness by looking out for himself. He doesn't speak up against things he feels are wrong. When Werner was a teenager at the National Institute, he watched his peers be mistreated by authority figures. He then proceeded to obey those authority figures he disagreed with and followed orders he knew were wrong. Later in the book, when Werner is working with Volkheimer and the Neumanns, he acts the same way. Werner complies with his duties, reports the locations of foreign radios, and enables the killings of the people using those radios.

Despite disagreeing with this and having the power to prevent it, Werner simply watches it happen. In both these scenarios, Werner remains silent because he believes he has no choice but to follow orders. When Frederick is whipped by Bastian, an instructor at the National Institute, Werner is unsure whether he should speak up for his friend. ...every part of him wants to scream: is this not wrong? But here it is right...Werner opens his mouth but closes it again. (Anthony Doerr, All the Light We Cannot See) This quote on page 194 shows that Werner sees no other choice but to remain silent. Werner's fear causes him to act selfishly by not standing up for Frederick. The other choice he refuses to acknowledge is the acceptance of the consequences of speaking up. He also remains silent because of his fear of the consequences of speaking up. His fear of these consequences is rational. The cruel and grotesque beating of Frederick that resulted in Frederick being sent home is terrifying to Werner and deters him from speaking up as Frederick did. Frederick speaking up resulted in his beating, and the fear of this and the other consequences motivates Werner to comply with orders he disagrees with. Despite fear influencing Werner's decisions, he is able to make an important, selfless decision that changes him.

When Werner hears Marie-Laure's broadcast, he makes the decision to not tell his team about its existence. The broadcast brings back memories of him and his sister Jutta listening to that same broadcast and music, and Werner is deeply moved by this. He confronts his years of moral cowardice and sees that he does have another choice; the choice he has refused to acknowledge until now. He sees that he can risk and accept the consequences to make a decision he knows is right. Werner's decision is affected by his memory of Frederick's refusal. This recollection is shown on page 407, ..it was Werner who pretended there were no choices, Werner who watched Frederick dump the pail of water at his feet-I will not- Werner who stood by as the consequences came raining down. (Anthony Doerr, All the Light We Cannot See) This memory helps Werner realize he has multiple options, and that accepting the consequences is part of doing what he knows is right. This memory helps Werner change and make a selfless decision. Werner, inspired by Frederick's defiance, accepts the dangers of his decision and risks himself for Marie-Laure. This decision to act for others instead of himself is an act of selflessness that changes him. Werner's love for Jutta, the broadcasts, and the broadcaster he doesn't even know cause him to act selflessly. Etienne is used to show how fear can prevent someone from acting selflessly, even if they want to act selflessly. He is also used to show that love can be stronger than fear, and can enable people to act selflessly.

Etienne is a character similar to Werner because he makes decisions for himself. What is different between the two, however, is that Etienne wants to act for others, but cannot. Etienne has PTSD from fighting in World War 1 and has a phobia of leaving his house. When Etienne is introduced to Marie-Laure, she finds out that he has not been outside for decades. He has episodes of anxiety and panic that leave him vulnerable and weak. His fear and PTSD prohibit him from acting selflessly, and he can only act selfishly and for himself. They prevent him from helping in the resistance the way he wishes he could. Etienne is forced to let Marie-Laure pick up the bread with the codes, for he cannot leave the house. In this situation, his fear is more of a disability than her blindness. His inability to act for Marie-Laure and others causes him to make selfish decisions, whether he wants to or not. When Marie-Laure is held up in the grotto by Sergeant Major Reinhold von Rumpel, Etienne is alarmed by her lateness. His love enables him to make the decision to go looking for her. He is tormented while making the decision, shown on page 418, Now Etienne hyperventilates...Stands in the foyer summoning all his resolve...His heart beats icily in a faraway cage.(Anthony Doerr, All the Light We Cannot See) Etienne had to overcome his crippling fear of the outside to go looking for Marie-Laure, and this selfless act changes him. Etienne's love for Marie-Laure overpowers his debilitating fear of the outside, and he is finally able to act for her and act selflessly as he has been wanting to do for years. After this event of him breaking through his fear, he discovers a new strength in himself.

He feels young, strong, and glad to have a job for the resistance before he is arrested. Love overpowered Etienne's fear and enabled him to act selflessly. Sergeant Major Reinhold von Rumpel is an example of someone whose fear overtakes their loyalty and causes them to change and act selfishly. Von Rumpel, before his fear changes him, acts selflessly. He is tasked with finding the Sea of Flames for Hitler and the good of the Reich. Von Rumpel intends to carry out this task no matter what. He believes in his superiors, their orders, and goes to extreme measures to track down the Sea of Flames. One extreme measure shown is his tactics used at the Museum of Natural History. He tests the patience of Professor Hublin, the museum director, in a tense battle of waiting. After von Rumpel threatens Professor Hublin's children, Professor Hublin gives in and shows von Rumpel the safe and a decoy of the Sea of Flames. He goes through all this for the Reich and is motivated by his devotion for it. However, von Rumpel and his motivations change after he finds out he has four months left to live due to a tumor in his body. This changes the reasons behind von Rumpel's search. Von Rumpel considers the legend of the Sea of Flames, and the supposed immortality it brings to the holder. He subconsciously makes the decision to look for the diamond for his own benefit, rather than for the Reich. This changes his search and his decisions to a selfish nature. Von Rumpel becomes more desperate and frantic in his search as his time runs out.

His fear of death motivates him to act selfishly. He is also fearful of lack of control. Von Rumpel has always had control, and when he is confronted by the things he cannot control, he becomes fearful. These things he is confronted by are the tumor and his death. Von Rumpel doesn't realize his search has become selfish until his last days in Marie-Laure's house when he stresses over the location of the diamond. Von Rumpel's last days are clouded and affected by his illness and medications, and in his delirium, he acknowledges that he is going to use the stone for himself and for selfish purposes. Von Rumpel is so desperate he attempts to murder Werner, a member of the Reich, the organization von Rumpel used to serve so selflessly. Von Rumpel's fear of lack of control and death changes his motivations and decisions to a selfish nature. The character of Claude Levitte shows that people gravitate to selfishness or selflessness and often don't change. Claude's fear determines his selfishness and his decisions to remain selfish. Claude, in times of conflict, acts selfishly. He hurts other people for his own gain. Claude is seen with more material goods than the other people in town. Claude works with the Nazis by giving them information and selling out his neighbors.

Claude is motivated by greed, for his information results in more material goods, but he is also motivated by fear. Claude is afraid of the Nazis, and he gives them information to secure his position and their trust. Self-preservation, paranoia, greed, and ultimately fear motivates Claude to help the Nazis. His actions affect the other characters. Claude is responsible for Daniel LeBlanc's arrest and helps von Rumpel locate Etienne's house. Greed motivating his selfish decisions is shown on page 410, The perfumer squints.his...eyes trumpet one message: I want. Give me. (Anthony Doerr, All the Light We Cannot See) Von Rumpel, in his interrogation of Claude, sees Claude's motives for helping the Nazis. He sees how greed was a determining factor in Claude making selfish decisions. Claude is different from Werner, Etienne, and von Rumpel because conflict does not change him. Instead, it heightens his selfishness, which was known, but less apparent before the conflict or war. Even I can see his family gets...more meat, more electricity, more butter. I know how such prizes are won. (Anthony Doerr, All the Light We Cannot See) This quote on page 269 shows that Claude's selfishness was known by his neighbors. It shows that the townspeople know that conflict hasn't changed Claude, it's simply worsened his selfishness.

Conflict caused Claude's fear and greed to affect his decisions, and his selfishness and willingness to exploit people for his own gain are revealed. Werner and Etienne overcome their fear, change, and start to act selflessly because of love. Von Rumpel's loyalty, strength, and selflessness are broken down by his fear, which causes him to act selfishly. All three characters are used by Doerr to show how love and fear change someone's selfishness or selflessness. Claude is used by Doerr to show people's tendencies to gravitate towards selfishness or selflessness. Doerr uses Claude to demonstrate that a lack of change in relation to fear or love will result in a lack of change between selfishness or selflessness. Conflict influences people's decisions and why they make them. During times of conflict, it is human nature to lean towards selfishness or selflessness. People's fear or love determines whether they will act selfishly or selflessly. In All the Light We Cannot See, Anthony Doerr shows that in times of conflict, human nature is to act selfish or selfless. Doerr uses his characters to provide examples of love and fear, and how they determine people's selflessness and selfishness.

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All the Light we cannot See Anthony Doerr

Marie-Laure Leblanc lives in Paris with her dad. Marie has went blind at the age of 7 because of a disease in her eyes called cataracts. Her father works as a locksmith for all types of precious items for the museum of natural history. She's having a rough time dealing with her blindness so her father goes out and buys her some adventure novels for her birthday. These books are special because they are meant for the blind because they are written in Braille. The novels are called Jules Verne. Every day after work while Marie reads her father gets to work on making a wooden model of the part of town she lives in so she can navigate through the streets alone if needed to. He also made special puzzles for her on her birthday to solve and it has a prize in it. As rumors of Germans spread that they will overtake paris, the museum gives Marie's father a 22k diamond named the Sea of Flames, A diamond told to have a curse that is said to give anyone who holds it a never ending life but terrible things will happen around them.

This jewel was said to be given to the God of the Sea from the God of Earth as a love offering. He and Marie-Laure leave their home in Paris to give the stone to an affiliate of the museum. But the man has fled to london so now her father can't give him the Sea Of Flames, They both had to escape to her great uncle's house in Saint Malo, his Name is Etienne. When they got there they were greeted by Madame Manec, the house keeper of Etienne's house. She spoils them with food and tells Marie that Etienne has some problems with hallucinations of war so he is mostly locked up in his room not eating, moving, or making noise, so she doesnt get to see him right away. Once they get settled in her father builds her another model of a town but this time is of Saint-Malo. He makes the interior of the model house hollow so he can fit the diamond so it would be difficult to find. Marie's Great-uncle finally sees her and shows her a hidden radio in his attic behind a secret door. The next day germans send out papers to collect all the radios in Saint-Malo for an unknown reason, but Marie's Great-uncle keeps the one in the attic a secret since no one else knows but them. Marie's father is told to come back to the museum, but while on his way back he's arrested and is sent to a prison in Germany where he is questioned. After Marie's father is sent to the prison Madame Manec is arranging a group of women to try and resist the germans coming and liberating them, they called themselves the French Resistance. Madame dies of pneumonia. Right before she died Madame Manec attempted to make Maries uncle a part of the group so they could have access to his radio to send information to their allies but he declined because of the danger of being heard and tracked and putting their lives at risk. After grieving Marie and her uncle choose to carry on her efforts in her memory.

Marie gets the information from a friend and a group member, Madame Ruelle who hides small slips of paper into dough of bread then bakes it, which contain information for their allies,then is transmitted via their radio system which is hidden in their attic. They find out their allies will be coming on d-day so Maries uncle tries to broadcast the location of the Nazi's artillery and broadcast it to their allies The day has come. D-Day arrives and Marie has been commanded to wait down inside the cellar until she hears the bombs stop dropping. While She's down there she finds two cans of food. Marie is thirsty and needs to use the bathroom, she gets tired of waiting so long so she leaves the cellar and heads upstairs to where to bathroom is located. She drinks from the faucet and when she is up there she hears a German outside of the house. That German is an Office named von Rumpel. As soon as she hears him she runs and hides in the attic. Von Rumpel wants the Sea of Flames (because he is an avid collector of precious gems and stones). He then enters the house looking for the diamond searching everywhere. He searched frantically tossing everything around the house searching for secret compartments, but he came up short and returned everyday to keep on looking.

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Jurassic Park Greed isn’t Good

Jurassic Park is a book filled with epic creatures and action-packed scenes. On an island filled with larger than life dinosaurs, they can seem like the main attraction. However, the people in the book also play a huge role in the drama and suspense of the story. With most of them being scientists or investors, they seemed like the last concern. They didn't cause much trouble, except for a chubby computer nerd named Dennis Nedry. A major theme throughout the book is greed. One of the best examples of this is Nedry's greed. His need to pay off his debts lead him to steal company property and sabotage the security system, ending in disaster. His actions were what eventually burned Jurassic Park to the ground, and taught us all a lesson about generosity and forgiveness.

Dennis Nedry was hired by InGen as a computer programmer for Jurassic Park. To combat his financial problems and low salary, he accepted an offer from Biosyn, a competing genetic engineering company. He was asked to steal dinosaur embryos, that Biosyn planned to later clone and use. This was a large task, but Dennis had planned it out. To make things easier for himself, he built a trapdoor into the computer program. This allowed him to access and shut down the park's security system. But later when he was approached by Lewis Dodgson at Biosyn, Nedry was ready to listen. And able to say that he could indeed get past Jurassic Park security. He could get into any room, any system, anywhere in the park. Because he had programmed it that way. Just in case.(Page 195, Crichton) Choosing to leave the whole park unguarded and open cost many people and dinosaurs their lives, not to mention tons of money lost in the process. It was greedy to only think of himself and what would benefit him personally.

This wasn't the end of his greed though. Dennis was only in it for the money, not caring about the wrong that he was doing. When he met with Lewis Dodgson at the airport, it was clear that Nedry was set on getting his fair pay. Look, I've got it covered, the man said. Just relax, and get the money ready. I want it all Sunday morning, in San Jos?© airport, in cash. (Page 78, Crichton) His greed forced him to make bad decisions that ended up killing many people, including himself.

Dennis was not the only person who was greedy. Jurassic Park creator and founder John Hammond looked past many ethical issues to make money and protect his precious dinosaurs. While he had little interest in the actual genetic engineering aspect, he was heavily focused on power and progress. Hammond used information and materials that weren't his, to create a dinosaur that no one knew about. He took advantage of people and their skills to benefit him and make money. One last thing, Morris said. Suppose InGen wasn't really making a museum exhibit. Is there anything else they could have done with the information in the report you gave them? Grant laughed. Sure. They could feed a baby hadrosaur. (Page 45, Crichton) Dr. Grant did not know that this was happening, but if he would have, a lot of lives would have been saved.

Given these points, it is clear that greed is a common theme. It influenced many people's actions and decisions, highly impacting the course of the book. It taught us lessons about gratefulness and generosity. Though greed fuels hate and demise, it also helps us to realize how fortunate we are.

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About Jurassic Park by Michael Crichton

Contents

Summary
Theme
Character Analysis
Powerful Quotes
Ending

Summary

The story took place in Costa Rica where accidents keeps on occurring day after day caused by unknown animals. News have gone around and reached the United States drawing curiosity in US doctors and scientist. There is something unusual happening in this island called Isla Nublar.

Researchers and doctors began to question, others have given their thoughts. Some explained its dinosaurs but others think that its impossible because they were extinct billions of years ago. But it is starting to happen again, in this island in Costa Rica.

At the end of the book, some people already knew what was on that island but a lot still didn't. The government didn't want the news to spread around so they made those people who knew stay in their country for awhile so they can study about what those things are before word goes around. But something was happening, there might be more animals out in the jungle and they don't know what it will do. The animals want are migrating and they don't know what might happen next.

Theme

I think the theme of this book is about survival. Humans have always had to fight for survival against nature. Technology has a big role in helping us figure out how humans can survive when that time comes. Nature is unpredictable and that's the biggest challenge we have to face. We have tried predicting everything but changes happens. We think we can control the outcome when in reality, we can't. We have to adjust in what's happening around us and accept the fact that we can't save the whole planet. We don't have that power against nature.

Character Analysis

Dr. Bobbie Carter – a doctor in Costa Rica who helps people who are injured or sick.
Bobbie was thinking about the boy hands. They had been covered with cuts and bruises, in the characteristic pattern of defense wounds. She was quite sure he had not died in a construction accident; he had been attacked and he had held up his hands against his attacker. Where is this island they've come from?

Alice Levin - she saw Tina's drawing of the lizard and explained that it was a dinosaur. She is a technician.
'No,' Alice Levine said, shaking her head. 'Look at it. It's very clear. Big head, long neck, stands on its hind legs, thick tails. It's a dinosaur.'

Powerful Quotes

Let's be clear. The planet is not in jeopardy. We are in jeopardy. We haven't got the power to destroy the planet- or to save it. But we might have the power to save ourselves.
I thought this quote was powerful because it explained the reality of nature and humanity. We are the destruction and we are creating the destruction and now its coming back to us. Humans need nature to survive, but nature doesn't need us. So if we keep on destroying it, we're only hurting ourselves.

The shorthand is the butterfly effect. A butterfly flaps its wings in Pecking and weather in New York is different.
I picked this quote because they were talking about the butterfly effect. It's interesting to think about how one thing affects what's going to happen next. There's so many what if's and all these questions about possibilities of what could've happened, all these questions unanswered about nature.

Ending

I thought the ending was interesting because they ended it in away where the dinosaurs didn't go extinct and they didn't decide to capture them. The ending is just the beginning of this story. People still doesn't know what's going on and what those animals are.

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My Favorite Film Jurassic Park Years Anniversary

Cloning Dinosaurs Seemed like a good Idea. Until the first visitors arrived, the Dinosaurs escaped, and the action begins. Jurassic Park Steven Spielberg's Sci-fi adventure starring Sam Neil and Jeff Goldblum was 1993's top box office earner. This film was one greatest film of the year worldwide yet in addition open the chance to another franchise worldwide in film industry take of $3.64. 2018 is the time of the 25th commemoration of Jurassic Park, Steven Spielberg's huge blockbuster. Scientists Alan Grant (Sam Neill) and Ellie Sattler (Laura Dern) and mathematician Ian Malcolm (Jeff Goldblum) are among a select gathering visited an island amusement stop populated by dinosaurs made from ancient DNA. While the recreation center's brains, tycoon John Hammond (Richard Attenborough), guarantees everybody that the office is protected, they discover reassures everyone that the facility is safe, they find out otherwise when various ferocious predators break free and go on the hunt. Generally, when different savage predators break free and go on the chase.

In 1993 Steven Spielberg adapted the book into the film was we know today. The film Directed by Steven Spielberg, Prior to Crichton's novel was distributed, four studios put in offers for its film rights. With the sponsorship of Universal Studios, Spielberg obtained the rights for $1.5 million preceding its production in 1990. Crichton was enlisted for an extra $500,000 to adjust the novel for the screen. Koepp composed the last draft, which forgot a significant part of the novel's composition and viciousness and rolled out various improvements to the characters. This is the means by which we could appreciate today from this leaving film that takes us to the Jurassic Era. The film won more than twenty awards, including three Academy Awards for its technical achievements in visual effects and sound design. Jurassic Park is considered a landmark in the development of computer-generated imagery and animatronic visual effects, and was followed by four commercially successful sequels, The Lost World: Jurassic Park (1997), Jurassic Park III (2001), Jurassic World (2015) and Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom (2018), with a fifth and final sequel, currently titled Jurassic World 3, scheduled for a 2021 release. (Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurassic_Park_(film) ).

The setting: The film takes place on Isla Nublar its an island located in Costa Rica (Central America). A new park has recently been worked with hereditary designed dinosaurs. Catastrophe strikes when one of the laborers is murdered by a velociraptor. The originator of the recreation center John Hammond (Richard Attenborough) asks for scientist Doctor Alan Grant (Sam Neill) and his associate, Doctor Ellie Sattler (Laura Dern) to go to the recreation center and guarantee that it is sheltered. Additionally, going along with them are Hammond's legal advisor Donald Gennaro (Martin Ferrero) and mayhem scholar Doctor Ian Malcolm (Jeff Goldblum). When they achieve the island, they are astonished to find that Hammond has made living dinosaurs. Be that as it may, in the meantime they all have their questions. Afterward, Hammond's grandkids Lex (Ariana Richards) and Tim (Joseph Mazzello) join the gathering in a voyage through the recreation center. Sattler leaves the visit to deal with an evil triceratops. Before long the power in the recreation center is closed around PC frameworks nerd Dennis Nedry (Wayne Knight) who wishes to take developing lives from the recreation center to pitch to a mystery purchaser. All the while, numerous dinosaurs get away from their enclosures, including the fatal tyrannosaurus rex, who, amid a tempest, gets away from his enclosure and assaults the kids, and eats Gennaro. Malcolm is harmed, and Grant and the youngsters are then lost in the recreation center. In the interim, Hammond, Sattler and whatever is left of the activities group discover that Nerdy (who meanwhile has been executed) has bolted up the PC framework to cover his tracks. They endeavor to get control back in the recreation center to get away from the island. In the wake of closing down the framework, at that point reestablishing it, the gathering understands that velociraptors are likewise free to move around at will and are presently on the chase for the guests or visitors.

The narrator and point of view of this film is POV is that of Grant, Ellie, Lex and Tim.

The narrator's point of view is dependably a solitary, isolates third individual voice; for the most part, the point of view changes a few times inside a section, changing from character to character; the storyteller depicts everything from the activities and sentiments of the individual characters to apropos foundation data and individual chronicles. The point of view is third person omniscient. The tone is in a dry, almost clinical tone, relating the events that transpire almost as if they are evidence being presented in a trial.

The Major clash of the film is Dennis Nedry, is covertly wanting to take dinosaur fetuses from the recreation center and pitch them to an organization that is endeavoring to remain in business with Hammond. The main way Nedry can acquire these features id to close down the recreation center power so he can sneak into the solidifying chamber. Rising activity, Nedry jams the PC framework, which close the security framework, deactivates the electric fences, and slows down the robotized visiting autos. He does while alternate guests are visiting the recreation center, and everything turns out badly from that point. As he is hustling to get to the dock, where a vessel is holding up to take the incipient organisms, He understands that he has gone the wrong way. He escapes the auto to attempt and make sense of where he is, and he's assaulted and slaughtered by one of the dinosaurs. Although Malcolm and others over and again caution Hammond that the recreation center is perilous, his mix of avarice and fanatical vision cause him to decline to close the recreation center; when the power close down, the dinosaur run free and endeavor to chase down their makers and previous captors.

The peak is the point at which the tyrannosaurus, the biggest dinosaur in the recreation center, assaults the Land Rover in which Hammond's grandkids are riding. the power is out, and every one of the creatures can escape the never again charged wall. The others are ceased before the T-Rex holding zone and he gets through and assaults them. Everybody escapes and is scattered through the recreation center. The creatures start assaulting the control building. Since all the power is out there is no real way to stop them. One of the Scientists, Wu, finds that the once all female dinosaurs are starting to breed. They think they recovered the power on, so they attempt to put every one of the creatures back in their holding regions. Falling Action Little did they realize that the entire time the recreation center was running on assistant power, and once this power ran out they couldn't reestablish the fundamental power. At the point when all the power at last ran out the creatures started assaulting full constrained at this point. The best way to get the recreation center running again was to have somebody physically turn on another assistant power generator so they could get the fundamental power running once more.

Jurassic Park Falling Action: it's when Regis and Malcolm run from their cars, Meanwhile Grant and the kids are forced to flee into the park; Arnold restores the computer network. Foreshadowing in the movie: The three-toed lizard that attacks Tina at the novel's opening has all the descriptive features of a young velociraptor, the same species seen sneaking onto the supply ship.

The conclusion in the film is that Two individuals kicked the bucket endeavoring this lastly one succeeded. They got control on and could call the Costa Rican government to come in and safeguard them out. When they were taking off bombs were dropped on the island and it was devastated. Characters There were numerous fundamental characters in Jurassic Park. First there was Alan Grant, a Paleontologist who was around 5?? 11??, thin, and was exceptionally inspired by dinosaurs. He didn't have any solid feeling about the recreation center aside from that he was so eager to see genuine dinosaurs. Next there was Ellen Sattler, she was Grant's accomplice in burrows. She was exceptionally excellent, however extremely dynamic and solid. She was by all accounts exceptionally inspired by this stunning new universe of the dinosaurs. Next there was Ian Malcolm, a tall mathematician who dependably donned dark. He had exceptionally solid assessments restricting the recreation center. He knew things would turn out badly, yet nobody tuned in to him.

One of the most interesting minutes in the motion picture is the point at which the Layer needs to go to the bathroom and alternate folks see him rushing to the bathroom and they say this line: "When you gotta go, you gotta go.". This kind of comic drama is the thing that I like a film. It's a genuine film yet in the middle of has its own parody.

We are on the 25 anniversary of the movie. 7 sequences movies came after that making it on of the biggest grossing franchises of Universal Studios. The reason why I choose this movie was because when I saw it the first time really took me and my imagination to the Jurassic Era. Where we could not go millions of years ago. The only way to see the Dinosaurs are on the museums as skeletons or in this case animated by a computer which takes your mind like if we were on that time. I was 5 years old when the movie was release. And I still watching it since then. In the years following its release, Jurassic Park has frequently been cited by film critics and industry professionals as one of the greatest movies of the action and thriller genres. The American Film Institute named Jurassic Park the 35th most thrilling film of all time on June 13, 2001. In the Box office, Jurassic Park became the highest-grossing film released worldwide up to that time. Following $3.1 million from midnight screenings on June 10, the film earned $47 million in its first weekend, with the $50.1 million total breaking the opening weekend record set by Batman Returns the year before.

By the end of its first week, Jurassic Park had grossed $81.7 million, and stayed at number one for three weeks. It eventually grossed $357 million in the U.S. and Canada. Box Office Mojo estimates that the film sold over 86.2 million tickets in the US in its initial theatrical run. The film also did very well in international markets, breaking opening records in the United Kingdom, Japan, India, South Korea, Mexico, and Taiwan, ultimately earning $914 million worldwide, with Spielberg reportedly making over $250 million from the film.(Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurassic_Park_(film) ). In my opinion on of the greatest film of all the time with a good cast, good director, good producers in fact my Favorite Movie.

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Review on Jurassic Park

Jurassic Park is a science fiction adventure film directed by Steven Spielberg, produced by Kathleen Kennedy and Gerald R. Molen, was released on June 11, 1993. The movie is based on the book Jurassic Park by Michael Crichton. Jurassic Park became the highest-grossing film in 1993 and became the 17th movie in history to exceed more than $1 billion in ticket sales. Jurassic Park won more than 20 awards, such as the Oscars in 1994, BAFTA Awards, 20/20 Awards for best visual effects and sound design. Jurassic Park box office performance made a gross income of $357,067,947 with a total of 2,566 theaters that played the movie and for the opening they made $47,026,828 with 2,404 theaters (IMDb, n.d.).

The main characters in Jurassic Park are Dr. Alan Grant who is the paleontologists, John Hammond who is the owner of Jurassic Park and founder of InGen, Dr. Sattler who is a graduate studying under Grant and is a paleobotanist, Dr. Ian Malcom who is a mathematician and specializes in chaos theory, Lex and Tim Murphy who is Hammond's grandchildren, Dr. Lewis Dodgson who is Hammond's rival, John Arnold who is Jurassic Park's chief engineer, Donald Gennaro who is the attorney investigating the safety of the park, Dr. Harding who is the chief veterinarian, Robert Muldoon who is the game warden, Dennis Nedry who is the systems programmer and in charge of the computers, and Dr. Henry Wu who is the biotechnologists and chief geneticist and head of the team who created the dinosaurs.

Through present perspectives of the year 1993, John Hammond, creator of Jurassic Park invites Dr. Malcolm, Dr. Grant, and Dr. Sattler to visit the park in Costa Rica and certify its safety due to a dinosaur handler being killed by a velociraptor to join himself and Donald Gennaro, the parks investors lawyer. Upon arriving the park, they were surprised to see a live dinosaur. John Hammond gives them a tour and shows them how dinosaurs are cloned via a process of a mosquito being stuck in amber and taking the blood from them and using DNA from frogs to fill in the gaps on genome. At this point, the doctors start stressing their concerns. Scientists believed they had the park and cloning of the dinosaurs under control with the idea that all dinosaurs are females.

After lunch, the doctors were given a tour of the park with the company of John Hammonds grandchildren Lex and Tim Murphy. Initially on the tour they didn't see any dinosaurs but then they ran into a sick triceratops. Dr. Sattler decides to stay behind with Dr. Harding to treat the triceratops. Around the same time Dennis Nedry was preparing to sabotage the park by shutting down the security systems to steal dinosaur embryos for Hammonds corporate rival, Dodgson. When the power goes out, the TREX ends up escaping and attacks the group. Dr. Grant, Lex, and Tim end up escaping, but Donald gets killed by the TREX. Meanwhile Dennis Nedry attempts to deliver the embryos then gets killed by a Dilophosaurus. But later, when Dr. Grant, Lex, and Tim were trying to find their way back they saw dinosaur eggs that has already been hatched and they realized the frog DNA they have been using can change their sex in a single sex environment. Dr. Sattler and Muldoon finds Malcolm and returns to safety and reactivates the security system, Muldoon ends up getting killed in the process. Dr. Grant, Lex, and Tim make it back to the visitor center, but the kids run into the raptors but ends up escaping when the Trex attacks the raptors. Dr. Grant, Dr. Sattler, Dr. Malcolm, Tim, Lex, and Hammond end up escaping in a helicopter and Hammond ends up shutting down the park.

Depiction of Science

Regarding to the actual scientific depiction of the brand and production of Jurassic Park, the movie includes science fields such as Molecular Biology, Genealogy and Paleontology. Molecular biology and genealogy is presented when showing the process of extracting blood from ancient mosquitoes stuck in amber and getting DNA from frogs to fill in the missing genome. Paleontology is presented in the scene where Dr. Grant and Dr. Sattler are at a site brushing off fossils. Science was also shown where they presented an animation video when given a tour of the process and lab informing the audience how the process works.

The way this film was produced provided a very basic perspective of the scientific experimentation of what that they depicted to have occurred. The first initial contact with the friendly dinosaur before going through the park as well as the kid-like animation video with Mr. DNA sets a setting where it is a friendly oriented attraction not showing the real danger of what is yet to come and trying to come off as if what they are doing isn't wrong. Science was portrayed when they showed the scene of the doctors entering the lab with the scientists doing the extractions and processes displaying videos. The scientist manipulated the DNA by recreating lost sequences of dinosaur DNA and combing it with frogs' DNA showing crossbreeding. In the movie, Dr. Sattler with the basic knowledge of mother nature, questioned how Hammond and everyone working for the company had any idea how an extinct ecosystem works and how they can control it. She explains how the plants in the building are poisonous, but they picked it because it was pretty, but they are aggressive living things and have no idea what century they're in and they will defend themselves even violently if necessary (Jurassic Park, 1993).

With molecular biology and genealogy displayed, it brought up many questions if this type of process was even capable of doing such a thing. Paleontologist, Dr. Bell stated, the problem with dinosaur DNA is how old it is, a minimum of 66 million years old. like all organic matter, DNA decays. That's the biggest impediment to developing real world technologies. For modern genetic techniques to even have a chance at dinosaur DNA, we would need to retrieve and reassemble viable genetic code (McDonald, 2018). Jurassic park has advanced the science and technology of ancient DNA research with the scenes of showing the extraction mechanism.

Before Jurassic Park was released, humans from older civilizations were interested about dinosaurs and were aware of the existence through fossil records. Jurassic Park was inspired from a research done in the 1980s where DNA was extracted from amber insects to extinct species (Jones, 2015). In 1993, researchers extracted and sequenced DNA from a 125-130 million-year-old ancient weevil in Lebanese amber, after it has been done the results weren't posted until the day after Jurassic Park had been premiered and a day before it was released throughout the states which it was weirdly strange to other scientists and researches that it was timely coordinated (Jones, 2015).

Michael Crichton created a screenplay about a Pterodactyl being cloned from an egg which gave Jurassic Park's original idea. Crichton's drafts have been rejected many times by his peers due to them not being able to relate to the character since Crichton wanted the story to be through the eyes of a child at Jurassic Park while dinosaurs escaped (Lightfoot, 2017). With hard work and dedication Crichton created a novel that inspired Jurassic Park to be created with science depiction being shown.

Norms of Science

Within the real world of science, there are also tends to be ethical normality's. In the beginning of the movie Dr. Grant, Dr. Sattler, and Dr. Malcolm were skeptical from the very beginning. During lunch Dr. Malcolm talked about the ethics of dinosaurs gone extinct placing value in the scientific practice of cloning dinosaurs displaying scientific value. Dr. Malcolm questions and emphasizes Hammond about what he is doing with the park is wrong, genetic power is the most awesome force the planets ever seen, but you wield it like a kid that's found his dads gun. Malcolm explained how the scientists were preoccupied whether they can do such experiments without ever questioning themselves if they should even do it. He explained how dinosaurs had their time on earth and mother nature extinct them and it is wrong for them to artificially bring them back into the world. This isn't some species that was obliterated by deforestation, or the building of a dam. Dinosaurs had their shot and nature selected them for extinction (Jurassic Park, 1993) With this example, it shows the good side of science where Dr. Malcolm cares for the well-being of mother nature. Then you compare Dr. Malcolm to Dr. Wu who is the biotechnologist and is only concerned for monetary reasons and exploits the attraction with careless research and actions which shows the negative side of science.

Jurassic Park promotes both Mertonian norms of science and Mitroff's counter norms of science. Mertonian norms of science is based on: communalism which scientific discoveries are not owned but shared, universalism which scientific finding are universal, disinterestedness when scientists are selflessly doing science to understand the world, originality, and skepticism when anyone can make claims. An example of Mertonian norms is Jurassic Park is when Dr. Sattler stayed with Dr. Harding to treat the sick Triceratops by being doing a selfless act for her to understand what the problem is and how she might be able to help solve it. Dr. Grant, Dr. Sattler, and Dr. Malcolm demonstrate Mertonian norms when they question Hammond to the fact that he hid all this information of what he was doing until almost being done with the park also caring for the human well beings and nature. During lunch, Dr. Grant questioned Hammond as well asking how they know what they should even expect due to two species, dinosaur and man, being separated for more than 60 million years of evolution and it all the sudden being thrown back into the world together showing skepticism.

Mitroff's counter norms of science is based on: solitariness, particularism, interestedness, and organized dogmatism which means believing in their own work while doubting other scientists. An example of Mitroff's counter norms is when Dr. Wu and other scientists believed they had everything under control and were confident of their experiments. Later in Jurassic Park, it shows a scene where Dr. Grant, Lex, and Tim discover dinosaur eggs hatched proving that the scientists didn't know that the frog they were extracting DNA from can change sex in a single sex environment. Dr. Wu insisted on speeding up the process instead of waiting for the full genomes. Messing and altering with science can lead to the most unpredictable amount of risks. Instead of taking precautions, they were more concerned with making money by exploiting the attraction instead of human's safety. It makes us question what the scientists doing the experimentations ethical values are. Other example is when Nedry stole the dinosaurs' embryo to sell it to Hammonds corporate rival and Hammond was abusing the park for money for peoples' leisure by selling merchandise. They created the park wanting to get customers to come quickly as possible and sacrificed safety, creating it for all the wrong reasons.

Impact on Audiences

Jurassic Park impacted public perception of science and scientists by creating an image for the scientists doing the experiments as the bad side of science and scientists such as Dr. Grant, Malcolm, and Sattler as the good side of science showing concerns that they have. Scientists are stereotyped as clever or diligent, but also as socially incompetent or dangerous, portrayed by Dr. Wu and Nedry. This can lead to an example of depict science careers, discouraging people of young age any interest in science (Losh, 2009). Jurassic Park teaches the audience that science can't be bet on and expect economic gain out of return. It gives the ability to sense and avoid harmful environmental conditions and is necessary for the survival of all organisms. At the end of the movie you realize that science can be very dangerous when trying to alter it since it the park was made out to be a safe, family-oriented attraction. People could allow attraction to the environment and respond to it, which can create and reduce risks. Researches have yet to discover what people mean when they something is or is not risky and determining what factors led to those perceptions such as when Dr. Wu believed that all the dinosaurs were female (Slovic, 1987).

The movie itself can affect the audience perception and views differently depending on their ages. Jack Horner who was the advisor for the movie said that the movie caused a kid-level-excitement for adults but could be viewed differently for children 10 and under. Children ages between 10 and 13 would be able to handle this type of sci-fi film but children under ages of 10 shouldn't be allowed due to not knowing the difference and knowledge between fantasy and reality said by Dr. Kaplan, former chair women of the American Psychiatric Associations Committee on family violence and sexual abuse (Weintraub, 1993). Perception of risk observes the decisions people make when being asked to describe and evaluate risky activities and technologies (Slovic, 1987). Taking children under the age of 10 can harmfully impact the children if the parents don't talk to them afterwards lessening their fears. I remember watching the movie at a young age, I did have some negative thoughts on what scientists can do and that dinosaurs can be brought back into life and everyone would be eaten. It was reported that 74% of the audience was 18-49 years old and 2% was 8 years old or under. Dr. Lieberman, heads the National Coalition on Television Violence stated that it was negligent for marketers to target children and seek money from them such as lunchboxes, pillowcases, sleeping bags, temporary tattoos, etc. It doesn't make sense to be selling and directing merchandise to children, but the movie was rated PG-13 aiming for children 13 or older to see it.

Throughout the movie, it can influence humans' thoughts on what might and might not happen in the future. Educated people will think its fake and undereducated people might think they there is possibility of this experiment in the future. A scientist had negative thoughts on the movie and said, it raised expectations about DNA and what ancient DNA could do. Unfortunately, because a great director made it, it's a film that can stick to peoples' minds. Another scientist believed Jurassic Park diminishes and creates the idea to the public about DNA research, when I give a talk about ancient DNA, they put up a poster and it has a dinosaur on it. I've objected. I've said, 'There is no dinosaur DNA, you should not show the dinosaur,' it's a bad influence (Jones, 2015). With science in entertainment media it can cause promotion of science ethics and values and illustrating science in unrealistic ways. Jurassic Park can provoke valid conservations among the public such as leading geneticists to wondering if it was probable to resuscitate extinct species by cloning their DNA (McDonald, 2018).

In the article Sci-fi and Jurassic Park have driven research, scientists say, they stated, Jurassic Park created a new generation of geeky but glamorous scientists. One researcher said, ancient DNA sounds cool or sounds like it should be cool. It brings you back to Jurassic Park and is still a legacy. That's when it entered the popular consciousness (Jones, 2015). Jurassic Park created an impactful memory to the audience and led to the creation of other Jurassic movies.

My Take

Once I was able to watch the movie, along with absorbing information from the responses of society and real-world scientist, I concluded my honest opinion of what is right and wrong. Jurassic Park doesn't necessarily show the depiction of science itself but instead what can happen if science is used for the wrong reasons, but because them showing this they portrayed it well. I believe Jurassic Park could have showed more of the science itself, emphasizing more on the cloning and extracting process as well as the creation of Jurassic Park. If I could make some changes to the film to enhance the quality of the plot as well as the accuracy science depicted, I would add an armed military base located on the island just in case anything wrong can happen such as the TREX and Velociraptors attacking the people. I also think security and safety should have been stricter. With the scientists knowing the capabilities of certain dinosaurs I thought it was foolish for them to create velociraptors because they're not easy to manipulate and the whole reason they created the park was because they believed they had everything under control.

Jurassic Park is a classic movie that left a legacy on the audience, that makes people question our motivation for de-extinction. With the release of other Jurassic movies, it centers the debate over science or sensation (Jones, 2015). I believe that Jurassic Park will forever hold an impactful memory to the audience with its visual and sound effects leaving a mark that no one will ever forget.

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The Last of the Mohicans: a Romance

James Fenimore Cooper, the author of The Last of The Mohicans, tempers with the reality of history in his novel to manipulate it to become a romance, tragedy plot. Cooper does this by tempering with the historical setting and creating unknown events to help better his focus into a romance. There is one specific character that reveals the idea of romance in the novel. Cooper shows us the impact race has on romance through interracial love. While it is both dangerous and desirable to some extent, it is also doomed through many events in the novel.

The plot of the book is supposed to resemble the French and Indian War (1756), also known as the Seven Years War. This war started in 1756 and ended in 1763. The French and English were in battle for the land between their two settlements and the possession of America. At the beginning of Coopers novel, he tells you that it is 1757, the third year of the war. In reality 1757 was only the second year of the war. The setting of the novel is the wild forest frontier of western New York. However, the novel does follow reality in terms of the countries that were involved: England and France, plus the Native Americans.

Next, while it is true that there was a tribe called the Mohicans, there is no proof that there were three heroes said to be the last of the Mohicans. These three heroes would be Hawkeye, Uncas, and Chingachcook. Cooper then uses these three to create imaginary battles and conflicts to help better develop an emotional standpoint when it comes to Munro's two daughters; Alice and Cora. It is said in the novel that Munro sends for his daughters to be rescued in the middle of the war. At first, we are shown how much Uncas loves Cora. However, she shows less and less interest as time passes because of how she was raised. She is more of an independent woman who has no desire to be saved or helped by anyone. With that being said, Cooper creates a romance between Cora and Hawkeye. Hawkeye is perceived as the hero to Cora because he helps rescue her from the Hurons and they begin to fall in love. While we are made to believe that this was an actual event in the war, in reality Munro never sends for his daughters to be rescued. This means that the romance was never actually to occur.
While these events helped turn the genre of the novel into a romance, we see many other situations that show us it is a romance as well. Hawkeye and Cora fall in love, even though Colonel Webb hates Hawkeye and also knowns that Duncan has interest in Cora. While they both know that everyone does not want them together, they chose to remain together. Alice, Cora's sister, commits suicide out of love after Uncas died trying to save her from marrying Magua. This showed us that Alice cared more about her love for others than her own life.

The romantic theme of this novel is revealed by Hawkeye. He showed desire for individual freedom, love of nature and his use of emotion and sentiment over logic and reason. Known to be born and raised in the wilderness, he had a massive love for nature. He was a very sentimental man. No! You stay alive! If they don't kill you, they'll take you north up the Huron lands. Submit, do you hear? You're strong! You survive! You stay alive, no matter what occurs! I will find you! No matter how long it takes, no matter how far I will find you! This quote helps to show how passionate and loving Hawkeye was. He was sure to show how much he cared. When he fell in love with Cora, he would always do what he believed was right and not what everyone else believed was right. The Last of The Mohicans is mainly thought to be a novel about race. By Hawkeye and Cora falling in love, Cooper shows us that interracial mingling is both desirable and dangerous through the relationship between Hawkeye and Cora. Cooper also shows that interracial romances can be doomed and undesirable through Alice and her take on love.

In the end of this novel, after a long battle and series of unfortunate events, Cora ends up being killed by a rogue Huron. Uncas tries to attack the Huron that killed Cora but is stabbed in the back. The one to kill Cora's murderer ends up being Hawkeye. This is just another way for Cooper to exploit the idea of romance once again. While Hawkeye was not able to save Cora, he was sure to do her justice in being the one to kill the man who took her life away.

Overall, this novel, once believed to be a historical piece, was actually a romance novel. James Fenimore Cooper tempered with the reality of history and turned his novel into a romantic tragedy plot. His visions of Hawkeye allowed for him to really enhance the emotion throughout all of the novel. We are able to see the effects, both good and bad, of interracial mingling. Due to the manipulation of the realistic history and using the frame of the French & Indian War he has allowed to fill the missing pieces with fictional events adding to the romance plot. Cooper succeeded in twisting his novel from a historical perspective to what could be considered an all-out love story.

References
Chapter 3. The Last of the Mohicans, by James Fenimore Cooper; Chapter 3 Page 1, www.pagebypagebooks.com/James_Fenimore_Cooper/The_Last_of_the_Mohicans/Chapter_3_p1.html.

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About the Last of the Mohicans

"The Last of the Mohicans" is set in the 1757, while the French and Indian war was happening. It uses recognizable American tradition by forming a model created in the image of the initial voyagers. Cooper's frontiersman, Hawk-eye, expresses the model American romantic hero. He is a rebel who discards civilization, embraces the environment, cohabits with Native Americans. Hawk-eye assists as a leader into the American land for both the European characters in the story and the reader. Cooper novel offers more than a Eurocentric viewpoint by offering a voice to the Native American characters. He generates a discussion among both sides and demonstrates that a passive coexistence can be achieved. It is in hindsight that Cooper is proficient in creating characters. In a touching dialogue, Hawk-eye and his confidant, Chingachgook, the last of the Mohican tribe, converses the origin of the battle between their two races.

"Your fathers came from the setting sun, crossed the big river, fought the people of the country, and took the land; and mine came from the red sky of the morning, over the salt lake, and did their work much after the fashion that had been set them by yours; then let God judge the matter between us, and friends spare their words!" "My fathers fought with the naked red man!" returned the Indian, sternly, in the same language. "Is there no difference, Hawk-eye, between the stone-headed arrow of the warrior, and the leaden bullet with which you kill?" (Cooper 30)
When Cooper published his novel, the United States was plunged in the conflict generated by colonization. As America prolonged to enlarge to the west, imprisonment and direct encounter with Native America continued to be an important issue. At the center of "The Last of the Mohicans" is the imprisonment and loss theme. In the novel, Hawk-eye and his two Indian confidants, Chingachgook and Uncas, lead a soldier, psalmist and the other fellow heroines, Cora and Alice, across the wasteland through a war involving the English, French and Indians while being chased by the Indian opponent, Magua. At the culmination of the novel, following two rounds of hunt, imprisonment and liberation, Uncas, Cora and Magua end up deceased.

Cooper is proficient to discover history and the hereditary experiences of Columbus, Smith and Rowlandson which are imbedded in the American mindfulness allowin him to generate an American classic. The time of romance in American literature uses America's exclusivity with the American wilderness as its scenery and its history as the background. "The Last of the Mohicans," searches protuberant images in the American mindfulness - imprisonment and Indian attacks, the disappearing "noble savage" and the trailblazer as a romantic idol who travels the enormous and stunning yet unforgiving land of the American frontier. The Romantic Movement was favorable to the expression of the truth confronted in the everyday lives of nineteenth century Americans. It is through the investigation of the autobiographical stories of Columbus, Smith and Rowlandson that we are able to comprehend these views of Romanticism as they congregate in Cooper's historical fiction, "The Last of the Mohicans," as it has arisen as a normative American romance. Cooper's novel arouses the idea of the beautiful landscape that Columbus discovered, Smith as a passionate hero, Rowlandson as an incarcerated. As established in the literature of Columbus, Smith and Rowlandson, America's groundwork was bursting with conflict. The novel mirrors Cooper's inspection of those battles and the subsequent loss for both the colonizers and the Native Americans

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A Cursory Look at the Fort William Henry Massacre

A major highlight of the war between Great Britain and France in their respective bid to dominate North American territory originally occupied by the Native Indians is the massacre at Fort William Henry. Although some of the characters and events used by Cooper in his novel the Last of the Mohicans'' were fictitious, he gave account of the unfortunate massacre in the battle for domination of the Native American territory between Great Britain and France at Fort William Henry in 1757. The author brilliantly succeeded in highlighting the intrigues and betrayals that characterized the battle. The events that led to the unfortunate massacre and the roles played by some actual characters from both the British and French side as narrated in the Cooper's novel will be briefly discussed in this essay.

A fierce but inconclusive battle at the southern end of Lake George prompted the British to build a fort at that end; called Fort William Henry(Eggington). The name of the fort was symbolic since it was named after a British King to symbolize her authority over the area. Colonel Munro oversaw command of the Fort. Munro was described as a father with two daughters namely Alice and Cora who played important fictional roles in the novel.

Under the command of Colonel Munro, Fort William Henry was made up of two thousand soldiers while General Webb had three thousand soldiers under his command at Fort Edward. (Eggington). The occupation of the southern end of Lake George by Great Britain angered the French who viewed it as humiliating since they have for over a hundred years considered the lake as their heritage and therefore were determined to engage Great Britain in a confrontation to regain possession of Lake George. Below is an image of Lake George as shown in Fig.1

The French in a bid to regain possession of Lake George, began a fort at the north end of the lake which they named Fort Carillon but later renamed it Fort Ticonderoga. Under the command of Major General Louis-Joseph de Montcalm, the French comprising of seven thousand troops with the support of Native Indians fought and besieged the British force at Fort William Henry. General Montcalm will be historically remembered mostly for his success at the Fort William Henry(Eggington). The author elaborated the French bombardment of the British forces at Fort William Henry using the support of the Huron tribe led by a fictional character Magua; whose qualities and attributes in the novel could qualify him to be described as the Prince of Darkness. The French struck damaging blows to the British Forces with the support of Magua through deception and intrigues which Magua showed by betraying the trust placed on him to lead the Munro daughters to safety, rather he led them to ambush and held them captive. Overwhelmed by the presence of French troops which outnumbered the British force in Fort William Henry, Colonel Munro in a desperate bid to survive the imminent attack, sent a message to Fort Edward begging for support and reinforcement which was intercepted by the French troops led by Montcalm(Eggington). Cooper in his novel captured the event by narrating how Munro sent Hawkeye, (a scout who fought alongside the British against the French and her Huron allies) to Fort Edward with a message begging for reinforcement but was intercepted by the French troops who sent him back to Fort William Henry without the letter. Below in Fig.2 is a portrait of the Commander of the French troops, Louis-Joseph de Montcalm

The inability of the garrison headed by Colonel Munro at Fort William Henry to receive reinforcement from Fort Edward weakened the troops. The French and their Indian allies laid siege at Fort William Henry for three days. Montcalm succeeded in deceiving General Webb in charge of British forces at Fort Edward through a French deserter to erroneously believe that French army led by General Montcalm were made up of eleven thousand strong men. This deception led to the refusal of General Webb to send reinforcement to Fort William Henry and ultimately resulted to the unfortunate massacre of the British forces in fort William Henry. General Webb will be historically remembered for this action which was viewed by Colonel Munro as a monumental betrayal(Eggington). Although, he was not a major character in The Last of the Mohicans by James Fennimore Cooper, the author highlighted the inability of General Webb to send support to Fort William Henry when it was most needed as one of the hallmarks of British defeat and massacre at Fort William Henry. General Montcalm capitalized on the weakness of the British forces in Fort William Henry and the support of his Indian allies to negotiate British surrender. General Montcalm in an attempt to convince Colonel Munro on the need to surrender to avoid further loss of lives, showed him refusal letter for the requested reinforcement by General Webb and demanded the surrender by the British forces with the terms that the British soldiers together with their wounded soldiers, women and children to be escorted back to Fort Edward with the condition that British forces withdraw from the war for eighteen months.

Unfortunately the acceptance to surrender by Munro who expected the French to keep to their own side of the surrender terms led to the exposure of the troop to the attack by almost 2000 Native Indians which led to the massacre of the British troop including women and children. Cooper described the betrayal of the surrender terms in his novel where Montcalm despite the terms of agreement which includes to safely lead the British back to Fort Edward couldn't restrain her Huron allies led by Magua to attack the British in order to satisfy them on their revenge mission against the British. Magua in the novel the Last of the Mohicans was determined to seek revenge against Colonel Munro for turning him into an alcoholic which made him to initially lose leadership of the Hurons. Alice and Cora with others were taken captive by Magua (Cooper, the Last of the Mohicans). Cooper by so doing exposed the ulterior motive of the Native Indians during the Fort William Henry battle which was to regain their lost spiritual power. The Native Indians believed they lost their spirituality due to the influence of the British. Diversity in the Indian camp made it difficult for the French troop to effect restrain on the part of the Indians, The Native Indians sabotaged the agreement so as to seek revenge and benefit from the spoils of war.Munro will be historically remembered for his inability to defend the troops under his command which led to the massacre. Below in Fig.3 is symbolic image of the massacre at Fort William Henry.

In conclusion, the massacre of the British Troops at Fort William Henry was significant in exposing the different war strategies adopted by both Great Britain and France in the battle. Great Britain's neglect of the Native Indian forces resulted in the disgrace and defeat of Britain in the battle. However, France capitalized on her trading partnership with the Native Indians, and sometimes offer of inducements to win their loyalty and support to fight and defeat of Britain in the battle.

Works Cited

Cooper, James, Fennimore, The Last of the Mohicans-a Narrative of 1757
Eggington, Richard. The true story behind The Last of the Mohicans.History In An Hour,24 August 2017,https://www.historyinanhour.com/2017/08/24/true-story-behind-last-mohicans/ Accessed 11 July 2018
www.southwilliamstown.org/2010/06/the-fort-williamhenry-massacre-the-last-mohicans. Accessed 11 July 2018
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Last_of_the _Mohicans#Historical_background. Accessed 11 July 2018
https://en.wikipedia/wiki/Louis-joseph_de_Montcalm. Accessed 11 July 2018
https://www.gutenberg.org/files/940/940-h/940-h.htm. Accessed 11 July 2018
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_George_(New_York). Accessed 11 July 2018
www.warfarehistorynetwork.com/daily/military-history/massacre-of-misunderstanding-fort-william-henry-1757. Accessed 11 July 2018

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Analysis of the Last of the Mohicans

In the late 1750s, three European trappers look after two daughters, Cora and Alice Munro, of a British Lieutenant Colonel Munro during the time of the French and Indian War. The last two members of a dying Native American tribe, the Mohicans, these two individuals, Uncas, his father Chingachgook, and additionally their adopted half-white brother, Hawkeye. They lead a the daughters and their bodyguard to see their father, but are mislead by Chief Magua of the a Huron tribe. Then Hawkeye accuses Magua of betraying the group by leading them the wrong way. The Mohicans attempt to capture the traitor, but he escapes.

Hawkeye and his friends continue to lead the group to safety, but allies of the Huron attack them the next morning. The group escapes down the river, but the Hurons manage to kidnap the sisters, Alice and Cora, and their bodyguards. Heyward attempts to convert Magua to the white ways, he reveals that he seeks vengeance against the Colonel Munro for demeaning him and tries to make a deal saying that he'll free Alice, only if Cora will marry him. However Cora had already developed romantic feelings for Uncas and refuses to be with Magua. Then Hawkeye and the Mohicans come to rescue the group and killing every Huron, Magua escapes. After a challenging journey that has been disturbed by Indian attacks, the group finally reaches Fort William Henry.

The Europeans declare truce, which is when Munro learns that he isn't going receive reinforcements which makes him surrender. He exposes that Cora's mother was part african which explains her physical features to Heyward. Munro then implies that Heyward is racist because he prefers to marry a blonde, Alice, over Cora, but Heyward denies this. During the withdrawal of the English troops from Fort William Henry, the Native American allies of the French allow themselves to prey upon the retreating soldiers. In the midst of the battle, Magua manages to kidnap Cora, Alice, and Gamut and runs away into the forest.

Heyward, Hawkeye, Munro, and the Mohicans came upon Magua's trail and begin to try and catch the villain. Gamut reappears and explains that Magua has divided his prisoners, imprisoning Alice to a Huron camp and sending Cora to a Delaware camp. Using a variety of disguises, the group manages to rescue Alice, this is when Heyward confesses his interest in her. At the Delaware village, Magua lies and says that Heyward and the crew are their racist enemies. Uncas reveals his high-ranking heritage to the Delaware and demands they release of all his friends. Magua and his Hurons suffer a painful conquer, but a Huron kills Cora. Uncas attacks the Huron who killed Cora, but Magua stabs Uncas in the back. Magua tries to leap across a big ditch, but he falls short and holds onto a plant. Hawkeye shoots him, and Magua finally dies. Cora and Uncas are buried the next day, Chingachgook mourns the loss of his son, while Tamenund sadly expresses that he has lived to see the last warrior of the noble race of the Mohican tribe.

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As i Lay Dying: how does Time Affect how Human Experience is Portrayed?

Contents

PASSAGE 2-DEWEY DELL
PASSAGE 3-DARL
PASSAGE 4-DARL
PASSAGE 5-VARDAMAN

THE TIME OF OUR LIVES

PASSAGE 6-DARL
PASSAGE 7-DARL
PASSAGE 8-TULL
PASSAGE 9-DARL

Anse meets us at the door. He has shaved, but not good. There is a long cut on his jaw, and he is wearing his Sunday pants and a white shirt with the neckband buttoned. It is drawn smooth over his hump, making it look bigger than ever, like a white shirt will, and his face is different too. He looks folks in the eye now, dignified, his face tragic and composed, shaking us by the hand as we walk up onto the porch and scrape our shoes, a little stiff in our Sunday clothes, our Sunday clothes rustling, not looking full at him as he meets us. After brief interaction with Peabody, Armstid and Co., Tull turns his attention to Anse and talks in present tense. By beginning with the past and switching to present, Faulkner indicates the melding of the past and present together to show how the human experience is not straightforward.

This also shows a change in the conscious mind. Sections narrated in past tense seem to show a disengagement to the events in the passage while parts in present tense show immediate engagement and interest. In the beginning, Tull is simply listening and not really participating. However, when Anse enters the scene, Tull's attention is captivated and seems to be physically experiencing it which is indicated by both the present tense and the amount of detail he describes Anse, He looks folks in the eye now, dignified, his face tragic and composed. Here, Faulkner is breaking through traditional storytelling of linear time by presenting a story that consistently flashes back to the past. This method also provides a reader of an idea of the characters' mentality as they experience life. Those reflected in the past show little interest by the narrator. Meanwhile, those in present tense show attentiveness to the situation.

Moreover, Tull is able to describe his encounter with Anse with sight, sound and feeling, indicating his awareness of the events. Imagery like scrape, shake and rustle are audible and physical descriptions. Through this, Faulkner shows that the human experience and memory does not follow strict past, present and future terms. Unimportant events in the mind remain in the background in the past and significant events are portrayed in the present. The talk among the men continues, but it is in the background and past tense. He shifts time in accordance to the characters' intensity.

PASSAGE 2-DEWEY DELL

That's what they mean by the womb of time: the agony and the despair of spreading bones, the hard girdle in which lie the outraged entrails of events Dewey Dell feels trapped in time, her monologues are mostly in harsh, present tense, indicating her consciousness frozen in the present. Unlike other characters in the book whose mind freely moves from past to present with each scenario, she is unable to do so which shows that her psyche is one of constant agony as the only woman in the family and one that is reminded by the baby in her belly. She uses words like hard girdle and womb of time to show how she feels caged by her current situation and hopes to get it over with quickly. Her noting of New Hope three miles show her desperation to get to Jefferson, almost like she's watching the seconds tick by on a clock, wishing for it to go faster but experiencing what seems like standstill in the wagon.

PASSAGE 3-DARL

Since sleep is is-not and rain and wind are was, it is not. Yet the wagon is, because when the wagon is was, Addie Bundren will not be. And Jewel is, so Addie Bundren must be. And then I must be, or I could not empty myself for sleep in a strange room. And so if I am not emptied yet, I am is. When Darl talks about empty[ing] [him]self, he is emptying himself into time and releasing his existence within time. However, since he has not done this, he continues to be an is, his physical and mental mind both in the present. Darl tries to claim the nature of existence within time and finds himself becoming lost in the flux of time. He plays with is and was, which are signifiers of the passage of time, weighing each one and trying to understand their meaning. However, because of Darl's inability to understand the concept of time and his existence within it, he is incapable of following time. By the end of the story, Darl is left without any identity in time, switching from past to present constantly and even to third person.

PASSAGE 4-DARL

They pulled two seats together so Darl could sit by the window to laugh. One of them sat beside him, the other sat on the seat facing him, riding backward. One of them had to ride backward because the state's money has a face to each backside and a backside to each face, and they are riding on the state's money which is incest.

The wagon stands on the square, hitched, the mules motionless, the reins wrapped about the seat-spring, the back of the wagon toward the courthouse. It looks no different from a hundred other wagons there; Jewel standing beside it and looking up the street like any other man in town that day, yet there is something different, distinctive. During that passage, he mainly focuses on the past except when his mind pictures his family in Jefferson. This signifies his emotional mind wanting to be there but his physical state and mental mind are trapped in a cage in Jackson.

So in a sense, his loss of time and existence has separated his emotional mind from the rest of his mind, leaving him with no true nature of existence. To him, his past and present self are all melded into one being which is left without a cohesive identity and place in time. At this time, Darl has accepted his fate of becoming a was and emptied himself of being an is. Thus, his emotional mind is left without a home because Darl has become a was while his physical body is still in the present and is left without the spiritual existence of Darl in it. What does time say about the emotional self?

PASSAGE 5-VARDAMAN

It was not her. I was there, looking. I saw. I thought it was her, but it was not. It was not my mother. She went away when the other one laid down in her bed and drew the quilt up. She went away. ""Did she go as far as town?"" ""She went further than town."" ""Did all those rabbits and possums go further than town?""... And so if Cash nails the box up, she is not a rabbit. And so if she is not a rabbit I couldn't breathe in the crib and Cash is going to nail it up. And so if she lets him it is not her. I know. I was there. I saw when it did not be her. I saw. They think it is and Cash is going to nail it up.

It was not her because it was laying right yonder in the dirt. And now it's all chopped up. I chopped it up. It's laying in the kitchen in the bleeding pan, waiting to be cooked and et. Then it wasn't and she was, and now it is and she wasn't. And tomorrow it will be cooked and et and she will be him and pa and Cash and Dewey Dell and there wont be anything in the box and so she can breathe. It was laying right yonder on the ground. I can get Vernon. He was there and he seen it, and with both of us it will be and then it will not be.

Vardaman can only comprehend things in the present because he cannot understand the passage of time. He reasons with himself how Addie came to be dead without comprehending her death. He explains to himself that Addie's passing is not a passing at all but has merely left the scene, continues to live in the coffin, or has becomes the fish he caught. Vardaman's belief of Addie still living within the coffin is shown when he tries to comprehend his mother in the coffin, explaining to himself that a rabbit couldn't breathe in the crib. This eventually convinces him to drill holes into the coffin to allow her to breathe, signifying that Vardaman still believes his mother is living and does not understand that time has taken her away from him. This idea is also revealed when Vardaman excitedly asks Darl if he caught his mother, telling him You never got her. You knew she was a fish but you let her get away. To him, his mother is alive (in one way or another).

THE TIME OF OUR LIVES

PASSAGE 6-DARL

Tull is in his lot. He looks at us, lifts his hand. We go on, the wagon creaking, the mud whispering on the wheels. Vernon still stands there. He watches Jewel as he passes, the horse moving with a light, high-kneed driving gait, three hundred yards back. We go on, with a motion so soporific, so dreamlike as to be uninferant of progress, as though time and not space were decreasing between us and it. Time is drifting away from the Bundrens, almost as if they are losing sight of the past present and future, very similar to how the book uses past, present and future tense freely to describe occurrences. It is almost as if they are stuck in time with soporific and dreamlike motion which seem to move uninferant of progress. Time, and its meaning within the book is decreasing.

PASSAGE 7-DARL

The river itself is not a hundred yards across, and pa and Vernon and Vardaman and Dewey Dell are the only things in sight not of that single monotony of desolation leaning with, that terrific quality a little from right to left, as though we had reached the place where the motion of the wasted world accelerates just before the final precipice. Yet they appear dwarfed. It is as though the space between us were time: an irrevocable quality. It is as though time, no longer running straight before us in a diminishing line, now runs parallel between us like a looping string, tie distance being the doubling accretion of the thread and not the interval between.

After watching the river swirl with impermanence and change, Darl creates a connection between the physical form he just witnessed and space and time. Like the river, it is forever changing This passage speaks to the idea that time is not linear but varies by human experience. Time no longer run's straight but runs parallel with each character. Instead, it loops and turns much like the river they are crossing. Time ebbs and flows with each character. Darl also describes distance as a double accretion of the thread. While accretion can mean a growth, it can also mean the accumulation of disparate fragments to make one whole, much like how the story is narrated not only with each person's perspective but also time frame. Time flows differently for each character, some moving faster than others. But each time frame harmonize to tell a story with a beginning and an end.

PASSAGE 8-TULL

The women sing again. In the thick air it's like their voices come out of the air, flowing together and on in the sad, comforting tunes. When they cease it's like they hadn't gone away. It's like they had just disappeared into the air and when we moved we would loose them again out of the air around us, sad and comforting. Then they finish and we put on our hats, our movements stiff, like we hadn't never wore hats before. On the way home Cora is still singing.

He creates his own time space, very fast’ indicates the significance of events and his consciousness. Jumps abruptly from scene to scene represents Tull's psychological time span, each sentence representing a unit of time. This portrays Tulls consciousness during the funeral. He starts this passage with singing and ends with Cora still singing so it seems like this time frame belongs to that of the funeral. Time frame changes with each character and each scene that the character deems important or unimportant (or creates a lasting impact on his/her mind) What does time say about the human consciousness and thinking?

PASSAGE 9-DARL

If you could just ravel out into time. That would be nice. It would be nice if you could just ravel out into time. Darl's desire to unfold time speaks to the book's sudden changes in past and present tense. Indeed, Faulkner does not provide the reader with a stable present tense and changes tenses within each characters' section. Darl's awareness of the profoundity of time and the end of it: death. He is also overwhelmed by triviality of human life against time because his is will eventually become was in time. Thus, by yearning to Ravel out into time he wants time to become fully unfurled to without any existence at all. Darl's loss in time results in his mind becoming locked out of his physical self. His mind has convinced itself that existence is nonexistent, he has become a was while his current physical psyche lives on as his is, without logical or comprehensive thought that was seen throughout much of the book. How does the passage of time relate to human existence?

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Animal Symbolism in “As i Lay Dying”: a Literary Analysis

In the novel, As I Lay Dying, William Faulkner's utilization of symbolism in animals displays the Bundren's attempts to cope with the newly death of their mother. The mechanism of familiarity is displayed throughout the story to depict the instability the Bundrens feel now that they lost their head of the house. Whether it's Jewel's horse that represents his adoration for his mother and freedom, the fish that represents Vardaman's mother, or the cow painfully filled with milk that represents the burden that Dewey Dell contains, each of this character's objectivism leads back to the missing presence of their mother.

After Addie's death, Vardaman goes fishing where he catches a fish, he then states I can feel where the fish was in the dust. It is cut up into pieces of not-fish now, not-blood on my hands and overalls.Then it wasn't so. It happened then. And now she is getting so far ahead I cannot catch her.His comparison of his mother to the dead fish displays his naive understanding of how death works. He does not know how to process death so the only way he can think of it is as his mother is no more in the form she once was, similar to the fish who's no longer in their natural form. My mother is a fish is his my common monologue when he speaks. Being a child, the complexity of death is hard to wrap one's brain around. Vardaman being the youngest child, and stating his mother is a fish as mentioned shows that he doesn't really understand his mother's death, just that she is no longer around. Once the fish is dies, he compares it to his mother not being able to breathe that punctures her casket with holes, in return mutilating her face, just so she has air to breathe.

Similarly, Jewel's horse also stands as a remembrance for his late mother.Jewel had a close relationship to his mother, because he was created out of Addie's rage to feel free again. Through the commonality of expressing their emotion through violence, it is apparent that Addie has favoritism over Jewel. While all her other kids had to do chores, she allowed Jewel to work every night until he was able to afford his horse, and forced her other kids to take over his chores as well. As they travel to Jefferson, Jewel rides ahead on his horse symbolizing his desire of wanting to seperate for the Bundren family. When Anse sells his horse for a pack of mules, it is almost like his mother was taken away from him again, as he was stripped from his freedom, forcing him to stay with the Bundren's. Anse cruelness towards Jewel is apparent because he could've borrowed Armstid's team, instead of selling Jewel's horse. He even justifies his decision on page 191 by stating that he hasn't had teeth for 15 years because every nickel he earned was saved for the family. Of course the one time Anse makes a decision it has to be in spite of Jewel, even when it was not Anse's decision to make.

On the other hand, Dewey Dell being the only female, feels the need to take over the role as the head of the house. As a future mother, she relates to a cow filled with milk due to the fact that they both carry this burden that they don't want. The cow relies on them to relieve her from her milk, similar to Dewey Dell when she goes to the physician to get an abortion with the ten dollars that Laff left her. After being manipulated into having sex and given false pills, Dewey is still stuck with a baby she doesn't want. Going to New Hope, gives Dewey hope in finding meaning in her life. In comparison to her mother Dewey also see having a child as her independence being taken away.

In conclusion, the stability of the family still waivers, but there are able to achieve Addie's goal of being buried in Jefferson. What should've had somewhat of a happy ending, instead shows Anse introducing to his kids a new bride, along with a pair of new teeth.

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William Faulkner’s “As i Lay Dying” Country Songs

William Faulkner was an American writer and Nobel prize winner. He was born in Oxford, Mississippi. Faulkner wrote novels, short stories, screenplays, poetry, essays, and plays. Everybody knows that Faulkner's fiction is alive wither sound of African American music. In Soldiers Pay, individuals first dance to a blues orchestra and then listen to the singing of a country church, while ""Flags in the dust"" includes scenes in which Elnora sings Gospel as she works for the Sartorius family, a blind street musician performed the blues in the town square. Young Bayard Sartorius enlists a Negro band to entertain the unmarried women of Jefferson. ""That evening sun ""famously takes its title from W.C. Handy ""St Louis Blues"" a song most remembered and recorded by the ""Empress of the Blues, "" Bessie Smith. A lot of critics have addressed these and other blues moments in Faulkner's stories. H.R. Stone back suggested that these individuals and events of ""Pantaloon in Black"" pulled from ""East Riders"".

While Jane Haynes notes provocative parallels between the blue ballads about ""Stag lee"" and the scene in Hamlet in which V.K. Ratliff imagines Flam Snoops defeating the Devil. From talking about the blues elements and African American musical traditions in Faulkner's stories, It is surprising that scholars have said nothing about a body of Southern songs with which the Mississippi author is likely to been familiar, white folk or country tunes or ""hillbilly music"". As record companies called it in the 1920's and 30's. Few of the critics who have the presence of popular culture in Faulkner's stories so much acknowledge country music, almost half of them hardly discuss it in any specific detail. Hugh Ruppersburgs claim that Lena Groves opening statement in Light in August. ""I have come from Alabama"", talks the first line of Stephen Fosters ""O' Susannah"" Although the name Joe Christmas's first love, waitress and prostitute Bobbie Allen involves ""Barbara Allen"".

She is a ""American folk ballad of love cruelly ended"". Erich Nun's study of depictions of a variety of different music genres. These rare discussions of Country songs in Faulkner's stories says that the authors novel of the early 1930's associate working class white individuals with such music. No scholar, has never examined specific references to country music in As I Lay dying. A narrator from this period that focuses almost upon the people who made and consumed hillbilly songs. Richard Grey suggested that As I Lay Dying has a special balladic quality, but most of it makes only a general observation that its strategy is similar to that of a folksong or ballad. In case in which a story was being remembered is given a significance by the sense of the other tales that lie behind it. Mark Lucas noted that only in passing that the Nobel resembles one of the most vulnerable forms of folk song and that is called the disaster ballad. Although , It's a fact that more than any other Faulkner novel, As I Lay Dying is common with allusions and parallels to a host of country songs recorded and released in the late 1920's. Arthurs like the fiction of Sherwood Anderson and James Joyce or the poetry of Homer and T.S. Eliot.

The phrases, and attitudes of Southern Folklore. As they carry the body of Addie Bundren from the corner of Yoknapatawpha County to the town of Jefferson for the burial. The gender politics of folk song traditions and dramatizes country music's relationship to the culture which is known to be the twentieth century culture. No less, the Bundren families journey. The history of country music embodies tension between a region. Folk tradition on one hand, and an aggressively commercial, whether its modern, national, and potentially equal culture on the other. If it used to be common for scholars to read Faulkner's attitudes toward mechanization, and pop culture as hostile, critics recognize the complex and multifaceted nature of the authors treatment of modernization. John Matthews for example, acknowledges that the Bundrens are constituted by the dialectical history of capitalist agriculture, commoditized economic and social relations, and the homogenizations of the mass culture. Although he complicates the traditional critical consensus when he noted that Faulkner's novel also dramatizes mass movements that put others in touch with the energies of progress. In the story As I Lay Dying , paragraphs detailing Cash Bundrens desire for a ""graph phone"" and multiple allusions to country songs which is a genre once old fashioned, escapist commodity and engagement with reality. It is not so much that Faulkner's novel tells of a families movement from rural backwater to modern city as some would say.

After all in its factors that might stimulate the development of a mass market for phonograph records, a 1923 trade publication suggested that in addition to resolving ""isolation, lack of amusements, and long winter evenings with little or nothing to do, recorded music might fulfill the need for something that will influence the children to remain on the farm, rather than encouraging restless modern children to flee the country for the city. Bonnie Allen's name in light in August for instance, could have been inspired by the appearance of Barbara Allen in myriad folklore. Musical shows at Oxfords Opera House, also at one time owned by Faulkner's grandfather. Radio performances and recordings of that piece by such artists as Vernon Dalhart, and Newton Gaines. At the time of Faulkner's appearance as a novelist in the mid to late 1920's, different cultural forms and new media were making folk songs everywhere. After the arrival of American radio, country music became an big part of the nations landscape. That is an initial half hour program of square dance music in 1923. The 3 radio stations soon after the arrival of American radio were Fort Worth's WBAP was airing by 1927, they would be airing a regular Friday night country show. Then in 1924, WLS in Chicago would become the national barn dance program, and then in 1926, the year of Faulkner's debut novel George D. Hay, a former reporter for the Memphis commercial appeal paper the Mississippi's author read regularly proudly renamed his country show on Nashville's WSM ""The Grand Ole Opry"".

As Bill Malone notes in these early days of American broadcasting, such programs were picked up by listeners as far away as New York, Canada, Hawaii, and Haiti. Never mind Mississippi. If Phono graph records couldn't compete with the radios ability to transform country music across major distances they would accept performances that listeners could enjoy repeatedly. The popularity in 1923 of a phonographic disc of Fiddling sung by John Carson encouraged companies to rush in to the South and the Southwest with their field units, recording almost any country musicians they could find. A more significant watershed occurred in 1927 when Ralph Peer utilized the new electrical recording during sessions in Bristol, Tennessee. He made the first phone graph records of two of the most important acts in country history, that is the Carter family and Jimmie Rodgers. The first great generation of country music on record coincided with the most prolific period of Faulkner's career. During which the author developed his chronicle of Yoknapatawpha County in such works as the Sound and the Fury and other short stories as well as I Lay Dying. Stories of Faulkner's antipathy later in recorded music are a legend, although it is probable that a man who identified ""Yes, Sir That's My Baby"" as his favorite song and he also enjoyed listening to Bessie Smith's blues records on a phono graph. He discovered country songs during the late 1920's and early 1930's whether it was on the radio or on record.

If Faulkner never did tune in to the Ole Opry or in Jimmie Rodgers ""Blue Yodel"", he had the opportunity to become familiar with the lyrics of the traditional ballads and songs of numerous volumes of folklore that appeared during the first three decades of the twentieth century. The publication of Harvard professor Francis James Childs multi volume The English and Scottish Popular Ballads between 1882 and 1898 stimulated interest in traditional songs and folklore on both sides of the Atlantic. In the years after the composition of As I Lay Dying, anthologies of black and white American musical traditions who included Dorothy Scarborough, Howard W. Odom. As I Lay Dying ends with cash imagububg the Bundrens clustering around the new family phono graph, its novel constantly renewed by a stream of mail order records. This conclusion invites speculation as to the particular songs the family members will select and enjoy together. Will the luckless agriculturalist Anse find solace in ""Got the Farm Land Blues"" and will his new wife adjust from town habits to rural ways, appreciate that musical tale of ""hard times in the country"", ""Down On Penny's Farm""? How could such a woodworker as the eldest son, Cash, resist the lure of a record named ""The House Carpenter""? Might not the bitterly resentful Jewel Pointedly choose ""A Lazy Farmer Boy"" as a critique of the families patriarch? Sing young Vardaman desires and electric locomotive he has flimpsed in a toy shop window, will he lobby for Jimmie Rodgers ""Waiting for a Train""? Pregnant and unwed, would Dewey Dell dare order a song called ""Single Girl, Married Girl""? Regardless of faulkners knowledge of country songs then, the scenarios, recurring topics, and popular verses of commercial hillbilly recordings of the late 1920's illuminate the implications of the ending of As I Lay Dying.

Even if the author had only a passing familiarity with country music scene of his day. Faulkner and the first generation of country recording artists produced works that engage with the same essential themes, for example, to determinedly traditonalist South's rapid initiation into modernity and the effects of this initiation upon gender, family, and human identities. The most explict instance of As I Lay Dying debt to country music is that its plot specifically talks about a spousal death, burial, and, rapid remarrriage. That is virtually identical to one stanza of a song recorded by Uncle Dave Macon in April 1926 and released on the Vocalion label that summer. The sixth verse of ""Way Down the Old Plank Road"" runs: My wife died on Friday night, Saturday she was buried, Sunday was my courting day, Monday i got married. Although the Bundrens take ten days to transport Addies coffin to Jefferson for burial, and upon their arrival, the widowed Anse secures a new wife within house, Macon's blithe lyrics about his spouses death and instant replacement clearly anticipate both the overarching narrative and the climatic twist of Faulkner's novel.

Whether the author owned Macon's record, He heard him perform the number on the Grand Ole Opry or simply was familiar with a folk tradition that informed the song is beside the point. Just as Macon's song capsulate the main storyline of As I Lay Dying, the proposal remembered by Miss Emily speaks about specific elements of the narratives treatment of spousal death and burial. Like the backwoodsman who became wealthy Oxford citizen, the younger Anse is sufficiently affluent and eligible to court the town bred Addie, boasting of his ownership of a new house and a good farm. Like the proposal in Palmers story, Anse and Addie's marriage ultimately hinges upon a arrangement regarding burial rights, years after their betrothal, Addie is careful to exact a promise from her indolent husband that he will have her buried in Jefferson. No less than Macon's song and the proposal collected by Palmer, As I Lay Dying lays bare a rural culture in which the hard lives and early deaths of women were so common that courtship and marriage involved considerations of female mortality.

What is particularly striking about the ways in Faulkner's novel is both Macon's song and Palmers informant is that As I Lay Dying reverses the emphases of such antecedents, wrestling agency from the male speaker and it instead to the female protagonist. In Faulkner's story, it is Addie, not Anse, who provides the graveyard humor and articulates a averring convert with funeral rites. in the narratives flashback to the couples courtship, the woman responds to the man's clumsy overtures with comedy and sharp authority. Although Anse is provincial to be intimidated by his potential brides urban origins, he suggests that he may be able to talk his way into acceptance by her family. ""They might listen"" After all, Addie responds, ""But they'll be hard to talk to... They're in the cemetery"".

By joking about her deceased family, Addie both preempts and invites the customary marriage proposal by which a man promises to purchase his spouses coffin. Anse, however, lacks the grimly honest sense of humor, the knowledge of such a tradition, or they will necessary to make such an offer. Where the clumsy rural bachelor is capable only of awkward hints about why he has come to see Addie, the latter asks him saying "" Are you going to get married?"" and as she liters remembers it ""I took Anse"". If Addie's acceptance of Anse's Timid proposal seals her into a life of childbearing and childrearing in which she is largely left of power or fulfillment, spousal burial obligations ultimately provide her with agency and leverage. Addie clearly has no expectation that Anse will be willing to expend resources upon the purchase of a coffin, even if it is ""one of the most distinctive and inevitable privileges a husband could normally expect to exercise"". As Dianne Luce noted, Anse rejects the newfangled fashion for store bought caskets and remains committed to the pre-World War 1 tradition of homemade coffins. Anse's abnegation of this thoroughly modern duty, leaves an opening for Addie to dictate the nature of her funeral rites, by exacting a pledges from her husband to ""take me back to Jefferson when I died"", Addie enacts what she terms her revenge. Not only does she shin the Bundren plot at New Hope in favor of her old family cemetery, but she obliges the sedentary Anse to embark on a forty mile journey, with a coffin, across flooded rivers and through the heat of July.

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Symbols in “As i Lay Dying” by William Faulkner

Can something as simple as symbols and imagery create an outstanding novel? William Faulkner's novel As I Lay Dying is a story of a family on their forty mile journey to bury Addie, a mother and wife. Their journey is a tragic and long. In William Faulkner's novel As I Lay Dying, Faulkner uses symbols and imagery to fully define the characters and themes. Throughout the novel, Cash, mentions his tools repeatedly and shows readers how important they are to him. He has returned to the trestles, stooped again in the lantern's feeble glare as he gathers up his tools and wipes them on a cloth carefully and puts them into the box with its leather sling to go over the shoulder. Then he takes up box, lantern and raincoat and returns to the house (Faulkner 80).

Cash's tools serve as a symbol of his personality. Cash tends to want to fix things, or make things right. He uses his tools to make his mother's coffin in her honor because he believes in love and family. Using his tools to build something, or taking his time to do something for someone is a big commitment to Cash. He sees his tools as something very special to him. Cash is a man of action; when they cross the river, Cash is set on saving his tools; Even his family members try to save the tools because they know how important they are to Cash. In this novel, Vardaman catches a fish for dinner and it serves him a major symbol to understand the meaning of death. It was not here. I was there, looking. I saw. I thought it was her, but it was not. It was not my mother..It was not here because it was laying right yonder in the dirt. And now it's all chopped up. I chopped it up. It's laying in the kitchen in the bleeding pan, waiting to be cooked and et (Faulkner 66). A wave of obsessive thoughts arise to Vardaman's mind when he catches the fish. He makes the connection between the fish and his mother. The fish, and his mother, are in a different state of existence now, other than him, and this makes Vardaman think his mother is the fish.

The thought of the dead fish helps Vardaman grieve over his mother's death, as he is only able to understand mortality through the fish's death. The connection between the fish and Addie comes up again during the river part, when Vardaman compares the fish in the river to his mother's coffin. Jewel has a horse that is very important to him. He works every night to save up for this horse. It's not your horse that's dead, Jewel.Jewel's mother is a horse (Faulkner 94, 196). Jewel's relationship with his horse shows his decision to isolate himself from the rest of his family. Jewel is not a Bundren child through blood; however, he says his desire to leave the family is strong. In order to buy the horse, Jewel had to work every day, and lied to his family. Darl even says that Jewel's mother is a horse. When Anse trades Jewel's horse in for a new team of mules, Anse is stripping Jewel from the family and taking away his independence.

Eyes are described a great deal of times throughout the novel. First, Darl describes Jewel's eyes, Anse describes his son Darl's eyes, Cora talks about Addie's eyes: Her eyes are like two candles when you watch them gutter down into the sockets of iron candle-sticks. But the eternal and the everlasting salvation and grace is not upon her (Faulkner 8). Dewey Dell has an odd obsession with Darl's eyes. ""the land runs out of Darl's eyes; they swim to pinpoints. They begin at my feet and rise along my body to my face, and them my dress is gone: I sit naked on the seat above the unhurrying mules, above the travail"" (Faulkner 121). The symbols of eyes explains bigger plot ideas in the novel. Dewey Dell finds Darl's eyes threatening because she finds him intimidating because he knows about her baby; He basically sees right through her. Addie's coffin is a main symbol in this novel.

It would just be me and her on a high hill and me rolling the rocks down the hill at their faces, picking them up and throwing them down the hill, faces and teeth and all by God until she was quiet and not that goddamn adze going One lick less. One lick less and we could be quiet (Faulkner 15). The coffin serves as a symbol of unbalanced and heavy weight on the whole family, figuratively and literally. As Addie rots in the coffin, the family gets more and more tired of carrying her body. The longer they travel the more they question why they are doing this for her. While they carry the coffin, they break apart as a family. When the coffin is heaved off balance by Addie's body, the coffin becomes a reason for all of the family's troubles. Burying the coffin is also important to the family's capability to return to some sort of a normal state. These four major symbols are extremely important to tying the main idea together throughout the novel. William Faulkner adds these symbols to clue in readers that this family is superstitious. In William Faulkner's novel As I Lay Dying, Faulkner expresses characters and themes through symbols and imagery. How William Faulkner uses symbols in this novel brings the story together and gives readers a deeper connection to the characters.

Works Cited

Faulkner, William. As I Lay Dying: The Corrected Text. First Vintage international edition. Vintage Books, 1990.

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Frederick Henry in a “Farewell to Arms”

The most compelling character in A Farewell to Arms was Frederick Henry. The main conflict he faces is his inability to choose between Catharine or serving the military. Henry is almost constantly at a crossroads. He could be a peaceful, god loving man, like the priest, or have a pleasant disposition with an inclination to violence like Rinaldi. In the end, the only thing he worships is Catharine, and the only physically violent act he commits is killing the sergeant. He is a fully realized creation who is three dimensional and he feels real. He's a deserter who drinks and lies, but he also wanted to do right by helping soldiers as an ambulance driver, and he almost never fights with Catharine. When he does finally fall in love with her for real, he feels guilty for treating her poorly, suddenly I felt lonely and empty. I had treated seeing Catherine very lightly, (Hemingway, 44). Her death only amplifies every slight he committed towards her.

A Farewell to Arms is written from a first person perspective. Frederick is an alcoholic, and heavily traumatized from both the war and the death of Catharine. This has the building blocks for an unreliable narrator, but as the book progresses Frederick admits to lying, and it allows the reader to trust him more. I had not killed any but I was anxious to pleaseand I said I had killed plenty, (Hemingway, 101). He even admits to things he thinks are shameful, like resenting the baby Catharine was pregnant with. The mood and tone swing wildly from Frederick's despair, to domesticity with Catharine, and back to despair again. The use of weather to dictate the mood in a scene has the reader on edge whenever rain is mentioned, and lulled into a false sense of security whenever it snows. The emotional roller coaster has a strong effect on the reader. Hemingway writes with heavy dialogue, and it gives the book a more modern feel, but it comes at the expense of roundabout conversations that could have been much shorter. The dialogue between Catherine and Frederick feels more like a mantra in the beginning, as if by saying they only have eyes for one another, it would breathe some life into the game that they play. Their romance as a whole is unappealing, but it helps Frederick become more appealing. He views the war in a journalistic, objective way. In one passage his morning breakfast is held at the same thematic level as living through a bombing. That's not to say it had no effect on him, but rather that he views it as something of a background hum in most of his life, rather than a catastrophic event.

The setting of A Farewell to Arms is spread out across Italy and Switzerland in the early 1900's during world war one. All of the characters are in some way affected by this. A stable marriage isn't something many of the soldiers can rely on, so they turn to the prostitutes. Having casual sex with no emotional connection leads Frederick to become immature when it comes to forming a romantic relationship with a woman. Rinaldi's punishment is syphilis, and it is heavily implied that Catharine's sex with Frederick outside of wedlock is the cause of her stillborn baby, and eventually her death.

Weather is an important motif in A Farewell to Arms. Typically, rain would be a harbinger of new growth, or it is equated to a baptismal thunderstorm. Snow is usually something to be feared, and is associated with hypothermia and death. Hemingway turns this on it's head. The snow is what causes the fighting to cease, There will be no more offensive now that the snow has come,"" (Hemingway, 8). The rain is what must be feared. Catharine confesses that she sometimes has visions of Frederick dead in the rain, which makes the symbolism clear to the reader. Weather also plays a crucial role during Catharine's labour. The fog in the mountains during their retreat turns to rain, a sense of foreboding arises. It rains through most of her operation, and the ray of sunshine that appears fades just as quickly as it came. When Frederick is told that Catherine has died from her hemorrhage, he walks back to his hotel in the rain.

All of the men in A Farewell to Arms fulfill the traditional role of war hardened men. They drink, they have sex, they fight, but they aren't all caricatures of masculinity. Their depictions always come at the expense of their foil. Rinaldi's prowess with women contrasts with the priest's chastity, and the surgeon seems so capable because he has the three meek doctors behind him. Rinaldi is physically affectionate and cares deeply for Frederick. Eventually Frederick learns to love Catherine. The women on the other hand, often fill the role of either a prostitute or a nurse. They mostly abide by strict morals. Catherine offhandedly mentions that she feels dirty for having sex outside of wedlock, and Helen is scandalized when she learns that Catherine is pregnant.

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Significant Theme of Love in “A Farewell to Arms”

In Hemingway's novel A Farewell to Arms, one of the most significant themes Hemingway emphasizes on in the novel is love. He showed this theme through the novel by descriptively describing Lt. Henry and Catherine Barkley's relationship. Although in book one of the novel, Hemingway's view on love is very cynical. He expresses this cynical idea on love through describing Lt. Henry and Catherine Barkley's relationship as a game where Lt. Henry must plan each action out like moves in a chess game to get what he wants from Catharine. Early on, Lt. Henry thinks he is playing this game alone. However, later in their relationship Catherine to his surprise reveals that she is also playing what she refers to in the text as a rotten game we play. This indicates that they both were playing a game with each other in which they were both trying to get something out of one another.

At first sight, Catherine Barkley was attracted to Lt. Henry, it was also the same attraction that Lt. Henry had for Catherine. After first meeting Catherine, Lt. Henry promised to come and see her every day or as often as he could, which is what he does. Them seeing each other leads to their somewhat fake relationship leading to a very serious and meaningful relationship over time. Lt. Henry's leg injury later in the book also strengthens their relationship even more when he gets to see her again at the hospital in Milan after being moved there to treat and have his leg operated on. In fact, when he first saw her come into his hospital room, he described his feelings for her upon seeing her as I was in love with her, everything turned over inside of me. Given these feelings, the current state of Lt. Henry and Catherine's relationship is very meaningful and strong.

Although Lt. Henry has been in many relationships over the years of his life, none of them have been prolonged enough or meaningful enough to him to be considered as anything more than the same game he plays with Catherine early on in their relationship. In fact, in the text he even states that I had never been in love with anyone and then again later in the text he states that I had not wanted to fall in love with her, but I had as he referred to Miss. Barkley. This shows that although he may have told Catherine differently, all he had wanted their relationship to amount to was nothing more than a game or as he describes it a good time. Despite his original plan, Catherine ends up being his perfect match and he ends up falling in love with her.

Catherine's story on the other hand is much different from Lt. Henry's. Prior to their relationship, we only know of one other relationship she had been in, which was with her deceased boyfriend. They had been engaged for nearly eight years until he was killed in a battle called the Somme. Although, Catherines view on their relationship seemed more serious even from the start, she too had been just looking for someone to play games with. However, as with Lt. Henry, she too eventually falls deeply in love with him and they soon become inseparable.

Ultimately, Lt. Henry and Catherine Barkley's relationship has been through a lot of different things. Some of these, include the two of them being fake at first and Lt. Henry getting a horrible injury causing them to be separated for a while. However, given all these trials and tribulations, they seem to have only strengthened their relationship to become an unbreakable bond that will likely continue to grow as the text goes on and the plot develops.

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Frederic Henry’s Traumas and Pain in “A Farewell to Arms”

As we know, PTSD (Posttraumatic Stress Disorder) is a mental disorder that can develop after a person is exposed to a traumatic event, which is warfare for Frederic Henry in this novel. In A Farewell to Arms, Frederic Henry's trauma and general breakdown in his life can best be understood in terms of PTSD, because it explains: his self-doubts and depression; his detachment from the other characters; and his inability to help himself. Throughout the novel, Frederic's recollections show various catalysts for PTSD. Even though Frederic tries to keep calm and forgot about the memories about the past which he suffered in the war, there are certain details flashback into his mind. Frederic Henry has been suffering with a condition of traumatized while he describe the story. Frederic constantly changes his identity because some shocked incidents he experienced such as the death of his wife, Catherine, died when she gave a birth and witnessing of terrible scenes during the war. Frederic describes he is tormented by a series of traumas because he participates in the Great War. Through Frederic's experiences, seen through the current description of PTSD, the reader has a deeper understanding of the negative effects of war on the individual.

Frederic does not only receive physical wounds but he also memorized which he experienced in the war. Frederic indicates at least three occasions which makes him mentally scared and these contribute to his self-doubts later. Frederic witness a lot death of his comrades, after the first battle is, I sat up straight and as I did so something inside my head moved like the weights on a doll's eyes and it hit me inside in back of my eyeballs. (Ernest Hemingway: P59) Frederic reveals his inner thoughts when he is looking at the dead body of his ally. Frederic must think of it a lot he can still keep such a deep memory for this particular scene, therefore suggesting he is traumatized from the terrible events that he has experienced and lived through. Frederic can also be suspected to be affected from the way he portrays how the dead bodies were treated. The drops fell very slowly, as they fall from an icicle after the sun has gone. (Ernest Hemingway: P66) After being recovered from the battle, it is clear that Frederic's mind changed a lot, but he has to see soldiers stepping the dead soldiers' body like garbage bags. This traumatize Frederic's mind, as no one can keep calm while their dead friends' bodies are being thrown out onto the roads, but Frederic shows no immediate react. He does not wish to recall the gruesome image which suggests that the entire ordeal still haunts him. Frederic proves how traumatized he is from the war as he is describing the 'shelling', and the series of bombings which is a tactic used during World War I that caused the condition he still has to this day .You saw the flash, then heard the crack, then saw the smoke distort and thin in the wind (Ernest Hemingway: P197) Frederic is good at describing the characteristics of these bombings, yet he never mentions either how unendurable the loud sounds are, or the gruesome scenes of soldiers torn up by the splashing bombs. Both things which are constantly mentioned by others when describing shelling. From his style of narration Frederic is not one who hides the bloody scenes found in a battle. If he does not mention it, Frederic must be still terrified of the shelling and does not want to provoke this particular memory within his mind while narrating. His use of this particular defensive technique of shutting down memories is caution from suffers of severe traumas, and it is clearly shown that Frederic received it from his experiences during the 'Great War'. All of these examples lead to for the conclusion that Frederic is shell shocked during World War I, and the condition still haunts him while he narrates. These scars from war do not stand alone, as his constant change of identities which baffles him of who he truly is eventually causes permanent damage to his mind that inflicts just as much pain as war traumas.

Frederic's constant change of identity scars him mentally and leads him to feel detached from the events taking place around him. The war causes so much change for him, which is also a part shows his PTSD symptoms, and he goes through at least two dramatic change: from being a soldier to a normal civilian, from being a free man to a wanted criminal. Frederic's long experience in the army causes him to forget how to be a normal civilian, which impacts him psychologically. In civilian clothes I felt a masquerader. I had been in uniform a long time and I missed the feeling of being held by your clothes. (Ernest Hemingway: P260) Frederic had been so involved in the war he had become part of it, and once he stopped being surrounded by soldiers and guns, he suddenly felt lost. As if he does not fit in a civilized society to such an extent that even normal clothes feel odd on him. When Frederic narrates this scene, he can still remember this strong feeling, which could suggest he still carries that feeling while he is narrating, which can be a sign of the aftermath of serve experiences. If a person constantly feels as if he does not belong to where he is it may cause of low self-esteem and other side effects from. Frederic's second change of identity happened even faster than the first one, as he transforms from a free man to a wanted criminal in less than a day. I dressed hearing the rain on the windows.

I did not have much to put in my bag. (Ernest Hemingway: P284) This sudden change can certainly provoke symptoms of depression within Frederic, as it has been only a few days since he was a proud soldier, and now he is wanted by the army. Frederic is lost, he does not know where he is heading, both in physically and mentally. The 'rain on the windows' is potentially symbolism used by the traumatized Frederic as he is narrating, for when he looks back at that particular moment, he is leaving the place that shields him from all the rain, which also can be seen as danger and trouble. Frederic's constant changes of identity continue to torment him when Catherine dies. I went into the room and stayed with Catherine until she died...it did not take her very long to die. (Ernest Hemingway: P355) This is the last and fastest transition Frederic goes through in A Farewell to Arms, and undoubtedly the most painful. From being a father-to-be to suddenly a widower in less than a day, Frederic must have been very confused. It is safe to assume Frederic will be afraid to face any changes in the future, as all the alterations he encountered within the book are always more shocking and negative than the previous, ergo he is traumatized by all the turmoil he receives while going through all three life changing events within A Farewell to Arms. While Frederic is narrating all these events, his loss of emotions proves that he is still suffering from the aftermath from all the changes he has gone through. Not only does the death of Catherine alter Frederic's identity in life, it is also a huge traumatization for him that still frightens him while he narrates.

Frederic also is narrating while under traumatized by conditions partially due to the death of Catherine. He is mentally injured from this incident because of how he viewed Catherine's dead body, his loss of reason and his reaction to Catherine's death. Before leaving the hospital, Frederic says goodbye to Catherine's body, and the way he described the interaction is crucial to the reason why Frederic is permanently traumatized from the death of Catherine. It was like saying goodbye to a statue (Ernest Hemingway: P355) Frederic loved Catherine, a fact he cannot stress enough. The final farewell towards Catherine's body is an emotional event, yet when Frederic describes the scene he never mentions any thoughts that passes through his mind, and even more by saying 'it was like saying goodbye to a statue' Frederic means he carries no feelings toward Catherine's body. This is a sign of mental trauma because Frederic has been through so much torment throughout the war, he no longer feels anything about death. The numbness he carries while narrating this scene is a symptom of shell shock, which is why Frederic narrates while being in a traumatic condition. Frederic's damaged mind is revealed from his immediate loss of common sense after the death of Catherine. After a while I went out and left the hospital and walked back to the hotel in the rain. (Ernest Hemingway: P355) Frederic did not have to walk through the rain. He was allowed to stay in the hospital and spend some time with Catherine's body until the rain passed. From his actions it seems as he just wanted to go back to the last spot--he and Catherine were together. The moment he walks into the rain, his last bit of sanity is lost, and he fully experiences the last shock that adds to his permanent traumatization that torments him even when he is narrating. Frederic hides all his emotions even while he is narrating. 'No', I said. 'There's nothing to say.' (Ernest Hemingway: P355) Frederic explains the event of the death of Catherine without any feelings and emotions. I'm not brave any more, darling. I'm all broken. They've broken mw. I know it now. (Ernest Hemingway: P355) This is a sign of denial, which is a defense mechanism that comes from a severe trauma. Frederic is a veteran, so it is common for him to not want to show any weakness, however he does not mention a single word about how sad he is towards Catherine dying, which is unnatural. The only possible explanation for his behavior is he is highly traumatized and he either voluntarily or involuntarily chooses to close off all his emotions in order to appear to remain calm and sane. The above reasons show why Catherine's death plays an important role in the permanent break down of Frederic's mind.

The trauma is experienced by Frederic Henry in A Farewell to Arms has left considerable emotional scars that will shape his life and and the symptoms still haunts him when he is narrating the story. This can be seen from the way he describes his war experiences, the way he hides his emotions when going through the major events in the story and the way he loses common sense after Catherine's death. However, he is helpless in understanding how this will affect him and he innocently that by simply returning to his homeland he can put all their behind him. This is not only his illusion but that he held by everyone else to at that time. In conclusion, when Frederic narrates the scenes of A Farewell to Arms, the recollections that he is bringing up still hurt him mentally as he suffers permanent traumatization from during the war, while he is going through the important memories and after Catherine's death.

Reference:

Hecht, Ben, and Ernest Hemingway. A Farewell to Arms: Screenplay. 1957.

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Themes of Love and War in “A Farewell to Arms”

Theme is a literary element used in literature and has inspired many poets, playwrights, and authors. The themes of love and war are featured in literature and inspire authors to write wartime romances that highlight these two themes. Ernest Hemingway's A Farewell to Arms deals with the collective themes in the human experience such as love and the reality of war. A Farewell to Arms is narrated from the perspective of Fredric Henry, an ambulance driver in the Italian army, and pertains to his experiences in the war. The novel also highlights the passionate relationship between Henry and Catherine Barkley, a British nurse in Italy. Henry's insight into the war and his intense love for Catherine emphasize that love and war are the predominant themes in the novel and these themes contribute to bringing out the implicit and explicit meaning of the novel. Being a part of the Italian army, Henry is closely involved with the war and has developed an aversion to the war. Henry's association with the war has also made him realize that war is inglorious, and the sacrifices made in war are meaningless.

Specifically, Henry wants the war to end because he is disillusioned by the war and knows that war is not as glorious as it is made up to be. The state of affairs and the grim reality of the war lead Henry towards an ardent desire for a peaceful life, and as a result Henry repudiates his fellow soldiers at the warfront. Henry's desertion of the war is also related to his passionate love for Catherine. Henry's love for Catherine is progressive and ironic. This love develops gradually in stages: Henry's attempt at pretending love for Catherine towards the beginning of the novel, his gradually developing love for her, and finally, Henry's overcome with the love and passion for Catherine. Hemingway has ingeniously used irony as a literary device in the novel to accurately depict Henry's feelings for Catherine. Furthermore, an analysis of Henry's disgust towards the war, the inglorious truth of war, Henry's insatiable yearning for peace, and his progressive love for Catherine will highlight why the themes of love and war are the most significant themes in the novel. Finally, the themes of love and war are crucial in imparting the meaning of the novel since the key events in the novel revolve around these themes.

The initial chapters of the novel describe Henry's disgust towards the situation of the war and his desire for the war to end. In chapter 7, Henry is reflecting on the war whilst sitting in his bedroom and is disillusioned by the circumstances of the war. Henry wishes that the Italian army had a Napoleon, so that the army's victory in the war would have been guaranteed. Napoleon was a French military leader who had fought several wars, attaining victory in a majority of the wars. Gazing out of his bedroom window, Henry thinks to himself that even though he did not have anything to do with the war, and that he was safe from the dangers of war, he wanted the war to end. Henry is hopeful that maybe one of the Italian army's enemies would give up and the war would come to an end. Along with seeing his desire for war to end, Hemmingway makes us perceive Henry as a hero which show war as a theme, they sketch him as an American who came to Italy to study architecture, speaks fluent Italian. Although he is not on good terms with the Italian Army.

They continue to support him bank-draft, he writes, he is commission as an army officer in Ambulance Corps and during this time he never disclose his reasons for joining. He is a man of various tastes; he likes sports, takes pleasure in guns, and is proud of his physical skills. Fredrick also enjoys good food and drinks (alcohol) and an abundant amount, he is naturally sympathetic to the working class but also to the aristocracy. He is also observant of relationship among men noting the tension in the officer's mess or the problems of his Ambulance drivers, often appears passive and dislikes the officers teasing the priest but never intervenes and drifts from city to city and from bar to bar and women to woman during his first leave. It is Catherine who comes to his notice and he falls in love with her without wanting to do so. Henry becomes philosophical and starts reflecting on the futility of the whole human existence after falling in love with Catherine. It can be concluded that Henry impresses the readers as a convincing personality. The personality undergoes a consistent development. All of these characteristics of Henry's allow us to see him as a Hemmingway Hero and which connects to the theme of war Henry's character provides us in A Farewell to Arms.

After understanding where the Theme of War comes from in the novel, we also see the theme of love in the relationship between Catherine and Henry. The first time Henry sees Catherine he states for the first time, he is with a woman who is not a whore. This shows that for the first time in the novel, he is feeling true emotions. Henry says God knows I had not wanted to fall in love with her. I had not wanted to fall in love with any one. But God knows I had and I lay on the bed in the room of the hospital in Milan and all sorts of things went through my head but I felt wonderful and finally Miss Gage came in. Because of Catherine, Henry now feels like he has a purpose in life. He discusses the idea of starting a family with Catherine and leaving once the war is gone (115). Catherine likes the idea, but says no because if they were to get married, they would have to be separated until the end of the war. This shows that Catherine is beginning to think rationally and is beginning to move on from her deceased husband. Eventually, the two are forced to move to Switzerland because Henry is in danger of being arrested. Although they are being forced to move, this is the opportunity that they have been waiting for. It is a chance for them to start a family. For the first time in the story, the two are free from the war. They can now get married without any legal trouble or risk of separation. They plan to get married after Catherine has her baby (293) and then move back to America. If this were the case, it would bring Henry back full circle. Unfortunately, it does not happen. When Catherine has the baby, it comes out dead and she too dies. This causes heartbreak and shows truly how much Henry was in love with Catherine, creating the theme of love and the Romanticized War novel, which A Farewell to Arms has that feel.

As we read this novel, we realize the use of the literary element theme of Love and War, it is realized through the love that Catherine and Henry have, and the way Henry perceives the War and is just trying to get out of the war and say farewell to his arms as he escapes from being killed. In conclusion it is clear the themes of love and war are crucial in imparting the meaning of the novel since the key events in the novel revolve around these themes.

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A Farewell to Arms Questions

A Farewell to Arms by Ernest Hemingway is a love and war novel about the love between lieutenant Frederic Henry and Catherine Barkley, an English nurse. Love plays a critical role in this novel. When Frederic and Catherine first encounter each other, they immediately become invested in eachothers lives. However, Catherine is skeptical about an incoming relationship because prior to Henry she was engaged to a soldier who tragically passed away at war. This event changed her perspective on love. She did not want to marry Henry because of what happened to her fianc?©, however, she did love Henry deeply and tried to do everything in her power to please him. Frederic slowly begins to fall in love with the English nurse. For example on page 41 the reader is able to acknowledge that he feels lonely without Catherine. Frederic said, I went out the door and suddenly I felt lonely and empty. I had treated seeing Catherine very lightly. I had gotten somewhat drunk and had nearly forgotten to come but when I could not see her there I was feeling lonely and hollow. The couple become infatuated with each other and fell completely in love. Frederic did not plan on finding love at first, he did not like commitment and was more a player and a drinker. He was very surprised when he fell deeply in love with Catherine. On page 93 he states, God knows I didn't mean to fall in love with her.

The love that Frederic had for Catherine came with a lifestyle change and brought order to his life. Love made the couple do courageous things for one another. Such as long distance while Frederic is away at war. Also Catherine was deeply brave when it came to being apart for many years and knowing that her loved one could be in danger. However, their love for eachother grew stronger and stronger. The love that the two shared for one another changed their perceptions of war in a drastic way. For example, the couple ran away together to get away from the fighting war. Frederic only cared about Catherine and their baby that was on the way. Frederic never liked the idea of war or fighting in it, however, after meeting and falling in love with Catherine, he disliked the idea of war even more. On page 49 Henry states, I believe we should get the war over. it would not finish if one side stopped fighting. It would only be worse if we stopped fighting. The couple just wanted to get away from war. The war shaped the couples love story. If it was not for the war, Frederic and Catherine would not have met and fell in love. Because of the war, their love story had many ups and downs and was very chaotic and challenging. The couple went through long distance, went without seeing each other for years, and went through danger together. The war taught the couple to love one another through any challenge that came their way like rowing away in a boat while pregnant and being away from each other for years.

The war shaped their love story as the amazing, challenging, and loving love story that it was. 2. F. Scott Fitzgerald was and still is a very popular American fiction writer. However, he believed that Catherine's character was a weak link in this novel. Critics think that Catherine is not fully believable for the reader. Fitzgerald said, Catherine was the weak link in A Farewell to Arms and I think I'm inclined to agree. She seems to be slightly unnatural, maybe a bit one dimensional. What is she really like? I have no idea. Fitzgerald thought that the readers couldn't understand who she really was because she was too willing to please Henry. For example, Catherine did not have any religion and she told Henry, You're my religion. She wants Henry to know that he is all she believes and cares for. Catherine was always trying to please Henry and to not make him have any troubles or go through much work. For example, when she was pregnant as told Henry, I'll try and not make any trouble for you. I know I've made trouble now. But haven't I always been a good girl until now? She did not want the pregnancy to trouble and worry Henry. This quote shows how much Catherine wanted to please Henry. Hemingway portrays Catherine as a caring English nurse who has gone through a tragedy a while back. She is also portrayed as a very brave woman. Catherine traveled to many different countries to cure patients.

She works tirelessly, especially during her pregnancy taking care of injured or ill soldiers. She also was able to row a boat while being pregnant and without complaining. For example, she offered to row the boat and said, Nonsense. Rowing in moderation is very good for the pregnant lady. She was a very brave and strong person. She was formally engaged to a soldier who tragically passed away at war. This dismal event changed Catherine into a mature, independent women who knew how to handle disappointing and sad changes in life and who was able to unknowingly change Henry's player ways. Catherine's past experiences with engagement made her decide that she did not want to get married to Henry. She thinks that being married to Henry would keep them from being together during the war. According to Catherine they did not need to get married because We're really married. I couldn't be any more married. Catherine felt that they were already married and they did not have the need to do the real thing. Also her last experience of her fianc?© is what is keeping her from marrying Henry. I do not agree with Fitzgerald's opinion of Catherine's character being a weak link in this novel. I disagree because Catherine is just trying to please and take care of Henry because of all the love she has for him and because she does not want to lose another loved one like what had happened to her fiance.

She is a very brave and strong character in this novel. She can handle disappointment and is very independent when she needs to be. 3. In this novel, A Farewell to Arms, foreshadowing plays a very crucial role. It especially plays an important role in the outcome of Henry and Catherine's life. Foreshadowing is a writing technique used to help the reader anticipate the outcome of an situation. Hemingway uses setting and foreshadowing techniques to make the readers feel the suspense about what is about to occur. In this novel foreshadowing can be interpreted in many different ways and there are many examples of it in this novel. In this novel, Hemingway subtly signaled the reader, using foreshadowing, that Catherine was going to die during childbirth. This changes the reader's perspective and approach when they reach the ending of the novel. On approaching the final chapters, the readers can interpret that something bad is going to happen to Catherine.

There are many examples of foreshadowing throughout this novel. These examples help the readers infer what will happen in the upcoming chapters. Throughout the novel Catherine kept on insisting that's she is afraid of the rain. She tried to deny it, however, she knew she was terrified of it and she could not deny it. In chapter 19 she states, It's all nonsense. It's only nonsense. I'm not afraid of the rain. I am not afraid of the rain. Oh, oh, god, I wish I wasn't. While reading this quote, the reader can feel how scared Catherine is of the rain. She believe that should would see herself dead in it. For example, on page 129 she told Henry, I'm afraid of the rain because sometimes I see myself dead in it. This quote foreshadows the upcoming event of her death. After Catherine and her child die, Henry walks out of the hospital and walks home in the rain. In the last chapter of this novel it is stated that It was like saying goodbye to a statue. After a while I went out and left the hospital and walked back to the hotel in the rain. Catherine's thought of seeing herself dead in the rain mostly came true because she died while it was raining. Catherine also stated that she has lost many loved ones prior to meeting Henry.

This fact from Catherine's life made the reader predict something bad was going to occur to the couple. Another form of foreshadowing is Catherine always telling Henry and saying that terrible things were going to happen to them. The feeling of melancholy is permeated, or spread out, throughout the novel. This feeling affects the readers perception of the story, the characters, and the outcome. This feeling of complete sadness that roams through the novel when u read makes the reader infer that an unhappy and sorrowful even will be coming up. It changes their views on the story, characters, and outcome because it gets the readers prepared for a sad ending. If this novel did not have the melancholy feeling that Hemingway portrays, then the readers would not be prepared for a sad or disappointing outcome. Hemingway provides the readers with hints of the finals chapters by foreshadowing and using the feeling of melancholy to make the tragic event of Catherine dying in childbirth predictable.

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“East of Eden” by John Steinbeck

What about a novel where the purest of heart is ruthlessly punished? What version of morality is Steinbeck advocating for?

A clear extraction from all of his narrative decisions is the idea that goodness is only a virtue when it exists in tandem with bad, only when a man composed of equal measures of malice and benevolence wills himself to abide by the latter. When goodness manifests effortlessly, it is more of a vice than a virtue, as seen in our less rounded A- characters.

With that in mind, for Steinbeck's take on morally nuanced, irrepressibly good-willed men, we turn to Samuel Hamilton and Lee, two narratives not bound by namesake, running adjacent to the more archetypical Trask family. The two, through experience and wisdom of age, have developed the ability to accept in stride the paradoxical amalgamation of good and evil in themselves and actively find empowerment over their respective destinies.

Samuel Hamilton, Steinbeck's larger-than-life righteous man, is so rapidly aged from continuous familial tragedies and acting as the dutiful patriarch of a wholesome family that his unsatisfying, wrongful demise seems inappropriate. His son, Tom Hamilton, shoots himself in his farmhouse with his extended family miles away despite being a loving brother and a kind soul. This is contrasted with the implication that Cathy 'got what was coming to her', committing suicide by poison in the solitude of her office. The inconsistent degree of poetry justice Steinbeck dishes out stands to confuse rather than clarify.

The rationalisation of that is as follows. Steinbeck's good is defined as good entirely without conditions, not so much blind as it is selfless. The stories from the fictional Trasks make narrative sense because they are written to convey an unambiguous moral lesson, but the Hamiltons are real people and hence their stories irregular. If the autobiographically inclined narrative following a conventional framework- our heroes get their well-earned happy endings and our villains eternal damnation- the decision to do good becomes a selfish one and much less free, as a choice between happiness and misery scarcely qualifies a choice. The consequences of our choices outside of Eden do not necessarily coincide with our intentions, good or bad. Adam's good is irrational, without proper motivation or justification, which explains why it eludes Cathy entirely, why she could not fathom Adam's immunity to her manipulation. Straining the qualifier further, Steinbeck offers that goodness arising from a fear of hellfire or a desire for heaven does not qualify as true goodness. It may also serve as a final condemnation of Aron's warped sense of entitlement, who wanted the story and he wanted it to come out his way. couldn't stand to know about his mother because that's not how he wanted the story to goand he wouldn't have any other story. So he tore up the world (Steinbeck 444).

East of Eden treads the careful line between fact and fiction, vacillating from an ancestral biography from the perspective of Samuel's grandson and an omniscient moralistic creator, specifically in-between the Trask and the Hamiltons. The Trasks lead a life dictated by mythical symbolism while the Hamiltons' legacy seem more or less grounded in reality. A moment that illuminated this diversion is during Cathy Trask's childbirth. Cathy Trask's physical descriptions are blatantly villainous, first likened to a reptile with Her ears were very little, without lobes, and they pressed so close to her head that even with her hair combed up they made no silhouette (Steinbeck 58), and later morphs into the Sabbatic goat Satan, her feet small and round and stubby, with fat insteps almost like little hoofs. (59) Around the Hamilton, such outlandish character become comically antagonistic, borderline satirical, lashing out by biting Samuel Hamilton on the hand during childbirth, an injury that sent him into a feverish slumber, not alike the symptoms of a venomous snakebite. Fantastical characters like these not only leave disbelief not only unsuspended, but also actively enforced.

Lee is, rather unambiguously, the mouthpiece by which Steinbeck underscores the story's theme. The moment he decides to is when he gives up his singular character motivation to open a bookshop is when he fully committed as a framing device, likewise when he was passed over from friendship with the somewhat truthful Hamiltons to the servitude of the completely fabricated Trasks. Hence his experience could be regarded as the same metafictional excessiveness as the Trask characters. His horrific birth in particular exemplifies the ugliness one has to suffer through to grapple with Timshel.

Amidst the maudlin revelations and impassioned journey of each character, Lee's story is a horrifically depersonalised, less delicate illustration of the ubiquitous truth. My father came to [my mother] on the pile of shale. She had not even eyes to see out of, but her mouth still moved and she gave him his instructions. My father clawed me out of the tattered meat of my mother with his fingernails (Steinbeck 276) Something so deeply personal accounted by Lee himself in such a clinical, cooly visceral way again enforces his role as a transcendent, objective overseer to the drama, even his own. The narrative fabricated has Lee's mother brutally raped then left to bleed out after the construction workers discovered she had lied about her gender and subsequently hidden her pregnancy to get work. That much is fully sufficient to establish the primal evil in man, but then we are told that Lee was cared for and brought up by the entire camp, the same people who murdered his mother, hence the capacity for penance even in the irredeemable. As extreme of a conclusion that might be, it shows how sure Steinbeck is in his convictions that humans are equal parts good and bad, so resolute that he is willing to take the ridiculous yet inevitable conclusion against the evidence of common sensibilities.

Despite all the pillage and misery, classifying Steinbeck's world as bleak and dreadful would be a grave misnomer. East of Eden is a jeremiad, but an infectiously hopeful one at that. And though not subtly put, Steinbeck's message is an important one. The title East of Eden alludes to the biblical passage where Cain went out from the presence of the Lord and dwelt in the land of Nod, east of Eden. (Genesis 4:16, New International Version), where he transformed human culture from innocence to craftiness, the society that sprung from him Godless and independent. To live far from his influence was a punishment in the Bible, but to Steinbeck, a world rid of supernatural control, adherent to the fickle whims of humanity, is the only legitimate one.

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East of Eden – Setting

Intro John Steinbeck was born in 1902, in Salinas, California, the setting of this novel. From The Grapes of Wrath to Cannery Row, he has given American Ethos memorable portraits of the dispossessed- immigrants, farmers, rural underclass and the like. Though not in grinding poverty, Steinbeck did not manage to publish a commercially successful book until 1935, during which he observed how America responded to the Great Depression and labor unrest. He grew incredibly fond of the proletariats, their compelling stories and concrete ethics, an admiration that would bring to the socially small and insignificant to fictional heroism, like Lennie of Of Mice and Men Samuel Hamilton of East of Eden. The fruit that the snake entices Eve to ingest is from the forbidden tree of knowledge of good and evil. The consequences of the Fall are that humans are no longer innocent and, as Satan appeals to them with lies and grandeur, will always be naturally inclined to do evil.

God punishes his disobedient children with a trying mortal life of suffering, and asks humans to use free will to eradicate the urges of sin completely, repent otherwise and be good by His authoritatively prescribed standards for salvation. This binary, absolute path to the Pearly Gates provides comfort and consistency in a radical world. It is also this very simplicity of the divine that Steinbeck rejects for the complexities of that glittering instrument, the human soul. (Steinbeck 32). To say Steinbeck is interested in the tension between man and God would be an understatement- all but one novel in his wide body of work contain overt references to neo-Christian ideas. An Episcopalian from childhood and conversant with traditions of the faith, he gradually distanced himself from organised religion and grew skeptical of its role in American culture in his later years. If his previous work had the refrain to give polish and poise to his meditation on this dilemma, East of Eden makes no such effort to shield his intent evident in the primitivism in structure and hardheaded attitude. Coupled with his awareness that this should be his magnum opus- the work he has been preparing for all his life- this novel is the one where his authorial voice comes through the loudest, both in moral lesson and in artistic vision.

East of Eden takes two familiar biblical stories from the Book of Genesis- Adam and Eve and Cain and Abel- using the narrative framework of each to tell a multigenerational epic following the Trasks and the Hamiltons, that first and foremost pays tribute to the human spirit in all its good and evil. It explores what Steinbeck sees as the single most important question of existence- A man, after he has brushed off the dust and chips of his life, will have left only the hard, clean questions: Was it good or was it evil? Have I done wellor ill? (Steinbeck, 317). Sprinkled in between those sweeping questions is Steinbeck's interrogation of the validity of these long-held moralities and the Juedo-Christian doctrines that defend- not only questioning its application outside of the Bible, but also whether it is realisable at all as a code of ethics. Both intentions manifest in inextricably intertwined ways- from the collapsed ruins of now obsolete scriptures, modern morality must rise in its place. What critique of evil present is so obvious and indisputable by nature that it has taken an ancillary role to the more revelatory study into good. Hence, in this essay, I will be examining the rich moral tapestry the characters must navigate to achieve Steinbeck's idea of good. Goodness is traditionally unflinching and unwilling to capitulate to circumstances.

It, in its purity, stands in opposition to evil, and is forever in combat with it. To quote from Lee, Evil must constantly respawn, while good, while virtue, is immortal. While good is consistent and everlasting, it also necessarily means that good does not change, evolve or adapt, the harms of holding onto it like an anchor we see in each of these characters' undoing. A central idea of Steinbeck's characterisation is espoused in perhaps the most iconic line of the book: And now that you don't have to be perfect, you can be good.. This line implies that perfection stands as an obstruction to the pursuit of goodness, that the two are diametrically opposed in nature. When the novel states outright that the wretched are empty because they are incapable of love, the same can be said about an absolute good. Adam's romanticism disallows him from seeing the person as whole, leaving him unable to reciprocate love in any meaningful way. He still feels a general ambivalence towards his sons, despite his want to connect with and care for them.

Adam is good to his own detriment. During his interactions with his father and brother, and during his service in the army, he is continually exposed to brutality and betrayal, yet never develops the survival instinct of suspicion and measured cynicism. He has no comprehension of his wife Cathy's immense darkness, despite overwhelming evidence to the contrary. Burned in his mind was an image of beauty and tenderness, a sweet and holy girl... and that image was Cathy to her husband, and nothing Cathy did or said could warp Adam's Cathy Although Adam recognises darkness in his father and brother, he determines Cathy to be good without calling for reaffirmation, blinded to her malevolence by a veneer of feminine vulnerability. This sightlessness is punished with a shot to the shoulder and consequently, a deep, lethargic depression as Adam feels his bedrocks of belief shaken. As no real human thought is without fault, Adam is thoughtless and grows to be hollow and inert, living in an internal world with no room for pride, ambition or desire. Later on, his cabbage importation business fails and he becomes a laughingstock due to his idealism and failure to consider the financial outcome of the project, one of many times Adam's lackadaisical thinking causes harm. He fails at being a good brother when he was not perceptive enough to respond to Charles' destructive cries for help.

He fails at being a good father to Abel when he rejects the gift he offers him , even after witnessing the immense sorrow and violence a similar refusal by his father imbued in his brother Charles, and at parenting Aron by being the same meddlesome, oblivious dad that he once resented Cyrus for being. He fails at being a good husband when he forces Cathy to behave in alignment with his idyllic vision of the future without considering her thoughts. When Adam would swell out in his stomach with a pressure of ecstasy that was close kin to grief, it is not real love, which is tempered with complexity and understanding, but a painful and volatile impression of love. Comparatively, those capable of hate are proven to be equally capable of love- the idea that love and can only thrive when one is familiar with the absence of it. Adam and Aron do not feel affection for their father, while Charles and Cal love their fathers fiercely. Cal, in particular, grew up a passionate love for his father and a wish to protect him and to make it up to him for the things he had suffered after he learns about Cathy, because having been on both ends of hurt, he understands the sheer extent of evil Cathy must have possessed to unleash this enormity of pain unto his father.

This understanding escapes Aron, who acts out in confusion and selfish anger. The idea that a perfect being cannot empathise with the plights of the corruptible as explored here is also a prominent strand in anti-theology, which states God is an intrinsically problematic judge of character as he does not possess our marred agency. The biblical Adam story is about a uncorrupted man's arrival at humanity, and to a certain extent, Adam Trask manages to reach the same enlightenment, with his final labored utterance summing up the simultaneous gift and burden of free will: Timshel, or Thou mayest. His son, on the other hand, the closest adherent to the Christian ideal of morality, is never afforded the luxury of redemption or growth. In the same way that Abel dies before arriving at the promised Land of Canaan while Cain joins the rest of humanity in exile in the Land of Nod, Aron remains trapped in adolescence while his brother matured. Aron skews goodness into obsessive purity, taking on a much more sinister manifestation of perfect morality as a religious man bound by the rigid doctrines of his faith. Aron is perfect while Adam is good, and that makes all the difference. In maintaining the illusion that his father is categorically forthright and his absent mother an untainted saint, the revelation that people contradict his code of ethics by acting immorally breaks Aron completely. When he discovers Kate is the owner of a brothel, he is unable to comprehend it and rejects the notion.

Again, as with all perfect ideals, purity crumbles under the duress of complexity. Ultimately, the didactic lesson of the book is that everyone gets to choose between good and evil, yet complications with this rise in interpretation of Aron and Cathy. The ways in which Aron's characterisation may be problematic in a narrative all about self-will are immediately apparent. During Aron's life and his transformation from coddled golden child to devout theist to lost soul, he is so one-dimensionally depicted that his missteps seem inevitable by design. The fact that Cathy is introduced as a monster by birth, designed to make a painful and bewildering stir in her world (58), allows for very little room for postulation about the soul-stricken, innate nature of her evil. Crawling onto the Trasks brothers' porch, leaving a slick trail of blood behind her, her entrance in their legacy is not just sinuous- it is the original biblical sin, which seems an odd choice when considering how the point of Steinbeck's creation is to refute against the existence of any purely evil entity. Cathy did not have the agency to opt out of evil, as if the others knew something [she] didn'tlike a secret they wouldn't tell [her]" (355). When Cal confronts her about her deficiency she seems to be in genuine grief, agonising over the emptiness of her conniving life. While other characters are given a wealth of opportunities to change, Aron and Cathy seem logically predisposed to make a specific set of decisions for epitomising their respective extremes, so much so that they are cursed by Steinbeck from the start.

They seem out of keeping in the complex moral realm so delicately crafted by the novel, but in fact, the coexistence of these two diametrically opposed ideas is reconciled when considering the metafictional identity of these characters as Christian-defined metrics which every other character compares themselves to. In the Bible, Jesus was sacrificed to allow the forgiveness of human sin, his infinite benevolence balancing out our infinite moral ruination. In East of Eden, grace has to be given by us to each other. In the same way Christ died for equilibrium, each symbolic character died to restore true free will into the world of East of Eden, with Adam's ending the novel. As Adam would not be able to react proportionately and forgive, his death spares Cal from fulfilling the looming fate of Cain, retreat from the edge of his predestined demise and is finally truly free to choose. In Steinbeck's words: The danger and the glory and the choice rest finally in man. (Steinbeck, Banquet speech) The caveat of Aron's tragic end is religion. He passively takes spiritual instructions from a clergyman and builds his moral framework according to the holy text without question. In usurping personal choice to divine intervention, he effectively denies himself the chance to choose between good and evil, becoming the perfectly good child of God without impure desires or any affinity to sin- men in Eden before being tempted by the snake.

The argument then seems to be that such a hypothetical being cannot survive outside of paradise and hence does not exist outside of the fictional vacuum. When Aron's preconception of his mother shatters, the first aberration from his sinless existence, he becomes liberated from Eden, and uses his newfound free will to recklessly enlist in the army, stranding himself in the most amoral, diseased landscape of human making. In such, Aron embodies another criticism on Christian conduct, in that the cynical assumption that humanity is all ugliness is a self-fulfilling prophecy. People who look out for sinners to chastise will find an abundance. Those who do not accept the integral nature of vices along with virtue could run off and hide, but escapism may cost them their resilience and wisdom, and their insufficiencies will eventually catch up on them. The parallel evoked between the church and the whorehouse in Chapter 19, both having "arrived in the Far West simultaneously," (Steinbeck, 166) and each "intended to accomplish the same thing: ... [to take] a man out of his bleakness for a time" (166), is similar to that drawn between Kate's and Aron's experiences, with the two mirroring each other despite being on opposite ends of the moral spectrum.

Aron considers himself above the common and sullied crowd, Kate too thinks of herself as an intellectual superior to everyone else, and both suffer from their self-imposed desolation- In the end, both characters puts an end to their miserable existence through suicide or self-inflicted danger. Kate's fondness of Aron as a son she had never spoken to no doubt stems from a superficial level of physical resemblance, but it could also be attributed to her understanding that he is the only character with a psyche as detached as hers. In the curious case of Kate Trask, it would still be reductive to label her a serpentine madam. In her old age, Kate is riddled with crippling arthritis, becoming a sick ghost, crooked and in some way horrible (Steinbeck 425) having lost her sexual allure to age, and conveys a loneliness and paranoia readers can relate to. Her doting on a son she never got to know, frantic attempts to restore control over her brothel's toppling hierarchy, and contemplation of and eventual suicide all establish a humanity that was absent prior.

As seen from Cathy's association with Alice in Wonderland since childhood, she feels bewildered and alone in a world too abstract and bizarre for her purely calculating mind. Alice... would put her arm around Cathy's waist, and Cathy would put her arm around Alice's waist, and they would walk awaybest friends (425) hints that she still desires companionship, and that the reason she so adamantly drives away everyone who ever got close to her may have been fear of true vulnerability or having a connection with someone that is not fictional. Even the verisimilitude of love abandons her in the end, as Alice doesn't know (425) of her final journey to grow smaller and smaller and then disappear (426). This subdued end to her gloriously twisted life is candid and melancholic. In engendering feelings of empathy for the truly irredeemable, who does not by any stretch of the imagination deserve any goodwill, our instincts as moralistic readers prove to be the antithesis for Kate's denouncement of humanity as nothing more than the gray slugs that come (180).

Much in the same way, the readers are able to identify narcissism and unflattering self-indulgence in Aron's perfection where Adam, in his naivete, is blind to. Steinbeck trusts the readers to be able to pick up on the nuances and minitae, through attentiveness to complexity of psychological design, that makes them better humans than Adam and Cathy. In such, we see the characters compliant in the overarching theme. Steinbeck's disinterest in making these symbolic people believable is not a mistake. The storyteller in-universe being named John Steinbeck, the decision to publish all his letters documenting the creative process and his quote that reads The design of a book is the pattern of a reality controlled and shaped by the mind of the writer." (Steinbeck, The Log from the Sea of Cortez 1) all invite us to view the Trasks through metafictional critical lens, to read the story through a novelist's mind and interpret it as such- a constructed story with a focused moral message. Considering that lens in application, conventions of storytelling dictates that if a novel where good triumphs implores us to be good.

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East of Eden: the Nature of Human Choice

Circumstances can only shape a person's life to the extent that they allow them to. The truth is that people's lives are determined by their choices not their circumstances. This is not to say that circumstances like a tragedy that occurs in one's life does not play a role in shaping an individual. However, an individual always has the ability to choose their response, despite not being able to choose their circumstances. The power of choice produces lessons and values that form people's overall characteristics. Over time, people realize that who they become is not determined by outside sources, but instead dependent on their responses to the outside influences they face. A simple example comes from a set of children being raised under similar conditions, yet they develop different types of characteristics due to the different life choices they make. Larger scale examples can be found in the texts used in this analysis.

Texts used to further dive into this analysis are the Bible and East of Eden by John Steinbeck. The main topics being discussed in this paper address man's nature versus man's nurture, and how nature plays a more significant role in a character being good or evil. These topics ultimately aim to show how man's nature of choice develops an individual's character more than the amount of nurture they receive during their life time. First is an overview at how the nature compares to the nurture of an individual. Next is an explanation of how free will is given to man by God and how the power free will is determined by choosing good or evil. Lastly, the focus shifts to how man's pursuit of good or evil choices shapes the individual's character. This break down highlights how every human being has the same nature, which includes choice and good and evil. Man can choose good or evil, because he has the power to pursue the life he wants. An individual's character is dependent on man's nature of free will, which is man being able to choose good or evil more than people or circumstances that may play a role in his nurture.

The significance of a short introduction into both books is important as it shows the idea of human choice and good and evil. The Bible gives some of the very first accounts of God presenting man with having to make choices for himself. Looking at the story of Cain and Abel, found in the book of Genesis, each brother develops a character based on the choices they make. Cain and Abel are known for having a long-standing testimony of brother rivalry, focused on the idea of human free will. When God asked these men to bring forth the best of what they had to offer, Abel follows the instructions given to him by God and automatically wins favor with him. Abel gives what is asked of him to God gaining God's favor; The Lord looked with favor on Abel and his offering, but on Cain and his offering he did not look (NRSV, Genesis. 4:4). God favors Abel because he gave what he had and more. Cain only gave half of what he had to God, causing God to look past Cain for not being true to his request. This irritates Cain for he does not understand (NRSV, Genesis.4:7). Cain grows jealous of his brother Abel because he holds a stronger relationship with God. An anger inside Cain grows and he develops a solution to the problem by killing his brother Abel; Listen! Your brother's blood cries out to me from the ground (NRSV, Genesis. 4:10).

In East of Eden, Steinbeck devotes much of the plot to the exploration and championing of human nature. For in East of Eden also has a family of two generations, the Trask family, and its ultimate triumph is about overcoming the forces of evil. The two brothers, Adam and Charles, have a jealous relationship fraught with tension and violence. Charles envies his brother Adam because he feels that their father Cyrus treats him with preference. The second generation of Trask boys Cal and Aron struggle will similar issues. Steinbeck mostly examines how the nature of man is developed through the concept of Timshel. The novel is concerned with the idea of self-determination as the true measure of man's moral character, and his key to triumph in the eternal struggle between good and evil that takes place within him. It particularly celebrates the power of human beings to determine their own destiny through exercising free will. This novel shows the unique development of human potential and grants a power of action and responsibility to man. One of the major questions being addressed in this paper is how the development of the characters in the East of Eden connect to the nature of good and evil.

In the way that East of Eden depicts generations struggling with the choice between good and evil, it might be referencing a call to salvation. It comes as no surprise, that many say that the tale has close ties to the old testament story of Cain and Abel including how it mirrors Cain's offering being rejected, Cain murdering his own brother, Cain becoming guilty and Cain's punishment for his choice. Both the theme and structure of East of Eden come from biblical influence. A central biblical idea Steinbeck uses in East of Eden is the Hebrew word, Timshel, to demonstrates the idea of overcoming evil. Timshel is defined as the idea that human will is the strongest force on earth and can overcome anything. Steinbeck's novel tries to escape evil and do good by focusing on the end of the story of Cain and Abel: thou mayest rule over sin (NRSV, Genesis. 4:7). Steinbeck sees this in the Bible as a key term for men to remember. East of Eden was different from many of Steinbeck earlier novels they never rose to such a height of glory in their view of what human begins can be. East of Eden reveals the source of human evil, and its forms. Nothing compared to the word Timshel that says, the way is open (Steinbeck 303). This idea was completely new to Steinbeck's writing.

First of all, nature is more influential to one's character because an individual's nature gives them the power of making choices as passed down from one generation to the next. When Steinbeck introduces the characters of Adam and Charles Trask, he describes the two boys.

Adam is described as:

Young Adam was always an obedient child. Something in him shrank from violence, from contention, from the silent shrieking tension that can rip a house. He contributed to the quiet he wished for by offering no violence, no contention, and to do this he had to retire into secretness, since there is some violence in everyone. He covered his life with a veil of vagueness, while behind his quite eyes a rich full life went on. this did not protect him from assault, but it allowed him an immunity (Steinbeck 20).

Charles on the other hand, is strong and closer to the perfect child that his father would want:

his half-brother Charles, only a little over a year younger, grew up with his father assertiveness. Charles was a natural athlete, with instinctive timing and coordination and the competitor's will to win over others, which makes for success in the world (Steinbeck 20).

The description of these two brothers is key because it plays a role in showing that physical and personal traits exist but are not the only things that shape the character. Further character development comes from the choices that they make between good and evil. Both of these men have the ability to choose between good and evil due to the fact that this is their nature. They have the same nature but not every man's nurture is the same. Since Adam Trask was the weak one, he always received more love and recognition from his father; whereas because Charles was the stronger brother, his father never felt the need to give him as much affection. Both these characters are developed by circumstances and relationships showing that man's nurture influences a piece of who they become. Although nurture has a slight influence on the way these characters develop, their nature forms a stronger foundation towards their overall character.

As previously stated, nature has to do with genetics, but more importantly nature has to do with free will. In the old testament, the story of Adam and Eve begins with God giving humanity free will ,And the LORD God commanded the man, 'you may freely eat of every tree of the garden; but of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil you shall, not eat, for in the day that you eat of it you shall die' (NRSV, Genesis. 2:16-17). Free will was given to man in the form of choosing between good and evil, which can be translated as man's nature. If Adam and Eve were to make the choice to go against the one restriction that God had for them, they would be bringing sin into the world. Adam and Eve did bring sin into the world by later eating of the tree of knowledge, thus man is faced with having to overcome sin. Man's nature comes from God, which means that God gives all man free will. This gives man the opportunity to use free will to overcome sin.

Therefore, the key element to nature having more influence on an individual's character is free will. This being said man has control over whether or not he becomes good or evil because he has the ability to choose between good and evil. Man can never choose his circumstance, but he can choose how he is going to responds to things that are out of his control. He is able to do so because God has given every man free will. Even though Adam is favored over Charles, which leads to conflict between the two, both are able to make a choice on how to deal with the conflict. The same can be said for the conflict that Cain and Abel find themselves having to resolve. Each of these examples of character of dealing with conflict points back to the key concept of Timshel in Steinbeck's novel. When facing adversity, a character will be developed by his choosing of good or evil.

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Historical Accuracy of the Film Gone with the Wind

The key to improving the future is being able to understand and learn from the past. If the past is not studied, the likelihood of repeating the same mistakes over and over again is extremely high. Repeating the same basic mistakes, with new variations, that people many years ago made does not progress into the future, but rather keeps bringing the past back. For example, had the roaring twenties in the 1920's not occured, people would not have learned of the dangers of buying much more than they could afford and just putting it on credit. After that economic boom, the Great Depression of the 1930's happened and as a whole, society changed for the future. People realized that they had to be more careful and conscientious of how and where they spent their money. Throughout the past, another lesson that has been learned can been seen through America's colonial rule and the difference in how Spain and France treated their colonist.

When the Spanish came and settled colonies, they used force to rule and completely disrupted the normal life of the Native Americans. On the other hand, the French were civil with Natives and allowed them to continue living how they had been, but just asked for help with fur trading. The outcome of this treatment was very beneficial for the French because when the Seven Years War, also known as the French and Indian War, broke out in 1756 because the French had their natives as allies. This helped them tremendously because the natives were more familiar with the land and had weapons and battle methods of their own. The records of both of these events were crucial in being able to learn from them. People recorded their version of what happened during both of these time periods by keeping journals, writing newspaper articles, and passing down events from word of mouth. As technology progressed, people were able to start keeping track of historical events by making short films and eventually, movies. The movie Gone With the Wind produced by David O. Selznick in 1939 is a film that was used to capture a vital time period in the South.

The movie is fictional, but explores many topics that were historically accurate of what life was like for many different types of people who lived back then. The movie follows the story of Scarlett O'Hara, a young woman who lives on a beautiful plantation in Georgia, and her tangled love life with Mr. Ashley and Mr. Butler. Scarlett is seen as a scandalous character and sometimes comes across as unladylike. Soon after she is married to Charles Hamilton and he dies, the Civil War begins and Scarlett moves to Atlanta where she is met face to face with the men from her past. As the war progresses, resources in the city become more sparse and the Yankees have the upper hand in the war. Once Scarlett is able to escape back home to her town in Georgia she sees how much damage the war has caused and makes it her mission to rebuild the town back to its previous status. Many complications arise, but Scarlett persist and eventually successfully restores Tara, but yet again has several major setbacks. While Gone with the Wind is a classic example of the past being glorified, it brings to light some of the serious truths of the past, such as slavery, the female role in society, and the Civil War.

The topic of slavery is not one that has been swept under the rug. Students begin learning about the harsh treatment of certain peoples at a young age and as they grow older are exposed to many of the misconceptions of slavery. The film is set in the South, which leads to a skewed point of view on the topic of slavery. The movie depicted the slave who lived in the house, Mammy, as a woman who is a part of the family. She was shown as happy, able to discipline Scarlett, and seemed as if she was a regular worker. Sadly, this was a very accurate representation of how many people who lived then felt about owning slaves. This depiction of slavery further adds to the fact that many southerners did not see a problem with slavery, and even if they believed it to be morally wrong, they still went along with the bandwagon and owned slaves to do their work for them. President Jackson was a culprit of this; as much as he supposedly disliked slavery he still owned his fair share (Kagan and Hyslop 23). The movie also had a sign in the beginning of it that read Anyone disturbing the peace on this plantation will be prosecuted.(Gone with the Wind Selznick). In today's times, a sign like this would be very rare and seem extreme, however back in the time of slavery it was common and no one had a second thought upon reading something to that nature. If a slave were to be caught revolting or doing anything that was not approved by their master, they would typically be brutally beaten or in some cases even killed.

An example of this is illustrated in the event where nineteen slaves overthrew a boat headed for the Bahamas; the slaves killed several people and demanded the ship be sailed to Nassau (Horton and Horton 119). When word got back to the American government of what their slaves had done, they were furious. The American government wanted the slaves to be transported back to America immediately for trial. However, due to revolutionaries in the Bahamas, this group of slaves was set free and not forced to return back to where they were wrongfully treated. Although this group got lucky, one can only infer what would have happened to them if they had been released back into the American government's hands. Unfortunately, this is the situation all too many slaves had to face. Another example of escaped slaves can be seen in a letter written to the State Directors of the Federal Writers Project. In this letter, Henry G. Alberg, the author, explicitly states that there were advertisements for fugitive slaves. This letter is an essential clue into how people of color used to be treated because now, in more modern times, while walking down the street there would never be a flyer claiming a reward for a person who has run away from their master.

In Charleston in 1720, a group of slaves led a violent revolt. They tried to flee to Georgia, but were found and eventually the whole group of them were executed. Another famous example of slaves rebelling is the Stono Rebellion. This rebellion, also known as Cato's Conspiracy, was in 1739 in near Charleston, South Carolina. A group of slaves robbed a store and began their journey. As they ventured through states, many people died and their group that began as twenty had grown to near one hundred. Following this rebellion, many of the whites in the South had a growing fear that another uprising would taken place, so they placed even stricter laws on their slaves. These laws tried to prevent those who were enslaved from accumulating into groups, growing food for themselves, and made a new ratio for blacks to whites on plantations. All these new laws were in hopes to prevent a future revolt. In Gone With the Wind, slaves were portrayed in the way that Southerners wanted the rest of the world to see them as, even though it may not have been completely accurate. Gone with the Wind also sheds light onto a female's role in society during the 1800s.

The film depicted how women were portrayed and showed many of the struggles that they endured. Firstly, as seen through many characters, such as Scarlett, marriage was a big deal. Due to the fact that women did not have much of their own social status, they relied heavily on their husbands to be successful and wealthy. Many women were stay at home mothers during this time period, so marrying well was a must (Gender & The Civil War). When it was time for a female to get married, she had to make sure that her husband would be able to provide for not only her, but also for their future children. A woman's family played a significant role in choosing her spouse. Her father would need to approve of her fiance and his family. In Scarlett's case, her parents were selfless to her and did anything they were able to ensure her happiness. Her father cared about her more than anything, as did her mother although her mother was an almost impossible role model, due to her strong will and determination compared to her spirited daughter, for her to grow up to be like. When it was time for Scarlett to marry, Gerald and Ellen supervised her choice and gave their input, but ultimately let her decide whom she wanted to spend her life with. This would have very uncommon in this time period. In the film, women are also seen doing what they can to make themselves appear as feminine as they can. This can be seen when Scarlett was preparing to go to the party in one of the beginning scenes ( Gone with the Wind Selznick).

Mammy, the house slave, brought up a giant platter of food and tells her to begin eating. Scarlett stuffed herself then, in the privacy of her own home, so that when she was out in public, surrounded by all the people of importance in her life, she will be able to eat very little and still be satisfied. This was a common practice back in the day. Women were constantly watched and judged based on their appearance. They had to be very conscious of how they presented themselves. In a time where the female body was very critiqued, women were even more self -aware of their bodies then they are today. In order to combat this insecurity, women would be very careful about what they ate in front of other people, especially men. Women would also be tend to wear elegant dresses that were fitted weeks before an event, so they had to be confident that their attire would still fit properly. In the movie, there is also an accurate representation of how women helped out on the plantation. While these women were wealthy thanks to their husbands fortunes, they also played a role in the overseeing of slaves. In the movie Ellen, Gerald's wife and Scarlett's mom, played a vital role in this (Gone with the Wind Selznick). She would be the figure out what the next days work would be, mainly for the house slave Mammy. Back in the 1860s, the time period the movie was set in, as much as men wanted to be able to handle the plantations themselves they did often need assistance from their wives since running a whole system of slaves was time consuming and challenging.

Another accuracy from the movie relation to a woman's role in society is the idea that much of the time woman stayed at home with their children while their husbands went off to work. In the movie, this is seen through the husbands and male figures, such as Rhett, going out to fight in the war. Scarlett and other females stayed at home to hold down the plantations and stay with children. This is somewhat similar to the idea of republican motherhood that was present throughout the Revolutionary War that took place almost one hundred years before the Civil War. Republican motherhood was the philosophy that mothers would stay at home and raise up the next generation. In Gone with the Wind, Scarlett stayed behind with her sister-in-law, Melanie, through the midst of the war in Atlanta while she is pregnant and gives birth to her child. While Scarlett was not the child's mother, it still showed the ideal that the child's father would leave to go to fight, while the mother and other prominent female figure in its life stayed behind to ensure he or she would be properly raised. While the movie depicted many of the hardships that females were faced with in the nineteenth century, it also portrayed many of views and events of the Civil War.

The Civil War took was caused mainly by the dispute over slavery in the Northern and Southern states. The broke out on April 12, 1961 and revolutionized American society. Many of America's citizens at this time had opposing views of the war and the ideas surrounding it; secession and slavery. Many plantation owners in the South were in favor of the war because they had a dire need to own slaves since the South's economy was mainly based off of cash crops that were grown, tended, and picked by slaves. In the movie, Rhett Butler and many of the other men were the representation of the draft. The draft forced men eighteen and older to go fight in the war. Only men with money could purchase exemptions (Kagan and Hyslop 246). Exemptions cost up to $300, about as much as the average worker made in an entire year, and men who purchased these were often seen by others as traitors (Kagan and Hyslop 246). In this aspect, the movie was correct in sending all of the eligible men into the war because even if having a substitute go in for them was an option, they did not want others to think down upon them for not being courageous enough to protect their side of the nation.

The movie also portrayed the economic differences between the South and the North properly. The South was the cotton kingdom, but did not have much more. The North was far more industrialized, which gave them the advantage of having better weapons and road ways ( Kagan and Hyslop 24). In Gone with the Wind, shortly after the war began the Southern's came to realize that the North had far more money than them, which would lead to their defeat. One of the gentlemen in the movie, Mr. Butler, stood up to his friends by pointing out the fact that the South did not have any cannon factories and by saying, the Yankees are better equipped than we. They've got factories, shipyards, coal mines, and a fleet to bottle up our harbors and starve us to death. All we've got is cotton, and slaves, and arrogance. (Gone with the Wind Selznick). At this point in the movie, all his fellow men are upset with him for speaking poorly of the South, but once they go to war they realize he was unfortunately correct.

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Gone with the Wind Film Review

Academy award winning Gone With the Wind is a classic that will forever remain among some of the greatest love stories. This story follows Scarlett O'Hara as her life changes drastically before, during, and after the civil war. Scarlett faces death, famine and poverty as she attempts to maintain her home, the O'Hara plantation, and tries to find the love of Ashley Wilkes. As the story begins we learn of Scarlett's love for Ashley as she attends a barbeque party at the Twelve Oaks plantation. Scarlett is soon faced with the delima that the love of her life is not only getting married to another woman, but he's also headed to war. The civil war strikes the South and soon every young man Scarlett has known is sent off to war, many of which will never return. The beginning of the war truly marks the beginning of the hardest of times Scarlett faces. Throughout this essay I will compare and contrast how accurately Gone With the Wind represented the South during and after the Civil war.

The American civil war began on April 12, 1861 when the confederates invaded Fort Sumter in Charleston, South Carolina (History.com editors). The North and the South were divided and tensions were high. The Union (The North) wished to free all slaves and maintain the U.S. as one country while the Confederacy (The South) were fighting for their rights to own slaves and wished to separate from the North in order to form their own government. The confederacy felt that it was their God given right to own slaves and even had men that would travel and give sermons on the matter (Vail). Threats of secession had arose in years prior but it wasn't until the election of Abraham Lincoln, which the south felt was an act of war, that any of the states actually took action (History.com editors). Shortly after his election the first seven slave states seceded and the civil war began (McPherson).

At the beginning of the war, men in the South had a very patriotic outlook on the war which was very well represented in the movie during the barbeque party (Vail). War was the top subject of discussion by many of the men in the movie, they all wished that the war would start and hoped that they could go off and fight for their country. Rhett made a comment about the war being ridiculous and the men began to treat him as if he was a traitor and he was forced to leave.

The war brought famine and poverty across the South and soon food became at such shortage the confederate soldiers were forced to have fasting days (Vail). In the movie we see that all of the crops quickly disappear along with the farm animals and wine as the army confiscated what they could for their men. All able bodied men were taken to be used for the war efforts which left the women at home struggling to keep the farms running and support their children. Men were initially enlisted for one year periods but that soon led to every man between the ages of 18-35 were to serve as needed (History.com editors). Death tolls began rising quickly and the confederates soon didn't have enough men which left them to resort to using slaves they removed from plantations. In the movie all but three of the slaves that were working the O'Hara plantation were taken and used for digging trenches for the confederate soldiers.

Women during the war were left with many duties to uphold such as maintaining homes, caring for children and acting as nurses in makeshift hospitals much like Scarlett did (History.com editors). Scarlett served with Melanie, her true love's wife, in a hospital that was set up in a church. The floors were covered with dying and dead soldiers that were in terrible condition which soon became so bad that Scarlett couldn't stand to work anymore. There was a scene where the camera panned out and there was hundreds if not thousands of bodies laid out in the street which I feel was a bit of a dramatic representation. Doctors were too busy trying to keep up with the new incomes of dying soldiers that they couldn't help anyone else, Melanie began to give birth to her child but there wasn't a doctor that could stop to help deliver the baby so Scarlett had to step up and act as a nurse in order to deliver the child. She took Melanie and her new baby back to the O'Hara plantation hoping her mother would be able to help but she soon learned that her mother had died of typhoid like many others.

As the war came close to ending, Scarlett took on the responsibility of repairing her home but the only people available to help here were her sisters and the few slaves that hadn't been taken. The women all worked together in the fields and around the house to rebuild the farm so they would have enough food, however most wealthy families depended on their slaves to run their farms sense they never had to do it themselves (History.com editors). As the war ended many wounded soldiers ended up at the plantation so they could be taken care of by the women and slaves which was very similar to reality (History.com editors). The men slowly began to return home and the help that was much needed around the plantation was met but along came new challenges. The North raised taxes extremely high which left Scarlett desperate to find money.

In conclusion I feel that Gone With the Wind did a very good job at representing the civil war. While several things may have been dramatized such as the scene in which the town appears to be burning down, the director represented the war pretty well. Many of the important details of the war were covered such as how enthusiastic the men were about the war before it began and how high the number of deaths was. They showed the roles of women in the war efforts and just how rough it got in towns in the South while the war was raging on. There was a good bit of the movie that is devoted to the love story that progresses for Scarlett which does lead to some details being overdramatized but I still believe that this movie represented the South very well.

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Gone with the Wind: Great Timeless Passion between Scarlett O’Hara and Rhett Butler

Contents

Introduction
Background
Production
Cultural Reception
Controversies

Introduction

Set in the old south during a trivial time for the states during a time of war. Margaret Mitchell depicts a great everlasting love story of a passionate couple surviving a dreadful time. While unfolding the destruction and burning of the Old South, but also the rebuilding of cities that were affected by the civil war. Gone with the Wind is an exhilarating, hauntingly, intense film that viewers will remember for generations.

Background

During the time of filming, it was a time of great political strife in the world. With the beginning of unrest in Europe and the possible involvement of the United States was worrisome. As Americans watched the Old World of Europe Crumble, they were assured by the film that their American world would live on, no matter what might happen (Levy). In London during the war, Gone with the Wind was well received as well as unshackled Europe after the war. It was not accepted in Germany, where they viewed Scarlett O'Hara as a bad role model resulting in the banning of the film.

On the home front, the film references the period of The Great Depression. When Scarlett returns to Tara and has the powerful monologue of As God as my witness, as God as my witness, they're not going to lick me. I'm going to live through this, and when it's all over, I'll never be hungry again-no, nor any of my folks! -if I have to lie, steal, cheat or kill! As God is my witness, I'll never be hungry again (Gone with the Wind). This was a huge boost for the Americans who survived that Great Depression.

One of the most valuable things to come from the film was the renewal of southern pride. The producer's glorification of the Old South was seen by southerners as a healing of North-South tension still left over from the civil war (Levy). Over a million people assembled to Atlanta for the premier.

Production

With an all-star cast, casting for the film proved to be a trying task and one that was thoroughly followed by the word (Harry Ransom Center p3). In response of the public interest, an immense amount of fan mail was sent. The producer decided that it would be best for an unknown actress to play Scarlett. Selznick decided to send Katherin Brown on a journey across the eastern united states, especially in the south to find the unfamiliar actress who would play Scarlett in the Southern Talent Search (Harry Ransom Center p3). However, unsuccessfully they found other actors to play other parts. Alicia Rhett was discovered during this search and was later cast for the role of India Wilkes (Harry Ransom Center p3). However, Selznick finally found his Scarlett, whose name was Vivien Leigh. This casting turned into the most controversial (Martin p8) because Leigh wasn't southern nor American, she hailed from Britain. It took the director two years before deciding that Leigh would be his Scarlett.

When casting for the leading male role, an offer was given to Clark Gable who at first declined. The reason for turning down the offer was due to Gable believing no screen adaptation could live up to the expectations of the general public (Bauer p2). Due to compulsion from the studio as well as public demand, Clark decided to accept the offer to play Rhett.

With the leading male role cast, next up would be the casting of Scarlett's other love interest being cast. Ashley Wilkes played by Leslie Howard. Howard was forty years old when filming began. Leslie was known to dislike the role, feeling he was not right for that role he would not be believable as the handsome twenty-one-year-old Ashley (Dayani p5).

Gone with the Wind remains one of the longest movies to receive the Best Picture Oscar (Dayani p8) with the movie coming in just under four hours. While still remaining the highest-grossing box office films of all time, also setting bests for Academy Award wins and nominations. With many of the actors receiving Oscars for their roles.

One of the first scenes to be shot was the burning of Atlanta. With a cost of $25,000, it was also the most expensive (Dayani p4). This scene resulted in 15,000 gallons of water to drown the flames and a total of 30 acres of backlot being burned. Some abandoned sets from notable films like King Kong were also set ablaze (Dayani p4). Over 113 minutes were filmed with only a few short minutes being used.

Cultural Reception

Overall, Gone with the Wind was a well-received in the United States, but there were protests. Soon after rights to the novel were received, the studio received a series of postcards and letters arguing that the book was un-American, anti-Semitic, anti-Negro, pro-Ku Klux Klan, pro-Nazi, and fascists (Harry Ransom Center p2). Due to such a reaction from the general public, some scenes and choice of words were removed from the film. Some of the reasons it became an American staple was due to feminism, addressing the social turmoil from the Great Depression and toned-down white supremacy.

Controversies

Some of the greater controversies surrounding this iconic film including unfair wages, prejudice and the animosity between Vivien Leigh and Clark Gable. The imbalanced wages were drastic between the lead actor and actress. While Clark Gable was said to have received almost $120,000 for his 70 non-consecutive days of filming. While Leigh only received a measly $25,000 for over 125 days on set (Dayani p8).

Due to the segregation law in Atlanta at the time Hattie McDaniel who played Mammy, later won an Oscar for Best supporting Actress. McDaniel was not allowed to attend the premier (Mahoney p4). Due to this the actor who portrayed Rhett, Clark Gable decided to boycott the premier.

The dislike between the two actors is well known. Vivien was known to loath doing scenes that involved Gable, she claimed he had foul smelling breath. Many say he had horrible smelling breath was due to his dentures (Dayani p16).

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Thomas Sawyer Character of the Mark Twain “The Adventures of Tom Sawyer”

Imagine banning a book and disregarding its significance based on the softness of present day society. Well, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer was banned because throughout the book, derogatory terms were directed at black people. The language used in writing reflects the culture of its time. Books should not be banned because offensive language is used, especially if it was the intent of the author. Mark Twain quoted in The Wit and the Wisdom of Mark Twain The difference between the almost right word and the right word is really a large matter. 'tis the difference between the lightning bug and the lightning. Language is now a sensitive matter certain people. The banning of books limit us from different perspectives of the past, and the culture of that time.

Indeed, many would agree that there are many uses of racial slurs throughout the book. Additionally, these words are taboo in society today and would be described as discrimination. Studies have been done on discrimination and its effects psychologically. For example, Brown states greater rates of discrimination are associated with lower self-esteem and life satisfaction; a greater likelihood of hopelessness, depression, and depressive symptoms; greater anxiety; and more delinquency and aggression (8). Additionally, everybody reacts differently in response to discrimination. Victims of discrimination may believe that people are targeting or working against them. In some cases, this may be true. As stated by Brown, children who are discriminated by peers, are more likely to exhibit racial mistrust (1). Furthermore, Brown states that children who are discriminated in school, perform worse academically, are prone to dropping out, and motivation plummets (10). To summarize, discrimination tends to have many negative psychological effects on victims. Books should not be project to this same judgment. People have the choice to read the book or not to, the insults are not forced upon the individual. The choice to read this book requires maturity, and should not be enforced in a school curriculum. Although many believe racial slurs should be censored from the public, these books are relics of previous generations and should be used to portray the environment of that era.

The language used in the past reflects the social norms of that time. As stated by Shodhganga, language is social by nature, and develops with society (2). One example is the word YOLO. YOLO is an acronym meaning You Only Live Once. This word was popularized during the twenty-first century by the rapper Drake. This word portrays society's focus around pop culture during this time. Language should be used as a tool that conveys traditions and values related to a group identity (Sirbu).

Additionally, Sirbu comments as a tool of communication among the members of a society, language is influenced by the very society where it functions . Furthermore, unrestricted words allow the writer to be more descriptive in his/her writing to portray different messages to the audience (Shodhganga 7). Based on these claims, language reflects society and because of the need to be more descriptive, we may further understand the life before us.

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The Adventures of Tom Sawyer Hypocrisy in Society

Society's hypocrisy and the transition into social maturity are exhibited in Mark Twain's novel The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. The novel follows the childhood escapades of Tom Sawyer and his friend Huck Finn, as well as their gradual transition into maturity.

The story begins with Sawyer running from his aunt and getting in trouble for having a fight when he should have been at school. He falls in love with a girl named Becky Thatcher, but they break up very quickly after Sawyer says he's been in love with someone else before. He spends time with his friend Huckleberry Finn during the night, and they witness Injun Joe, a half Native American, kill Dr Robinson while grave-robbing. Injun Joe blames another member of their party, Muff Potter, for the murder, but both Sawyer and Finn witnessed it and tell what happens at Potter's trial.

Both Sawyer and Finn later find out Injun Joe hid a box of money and go searching for it. When Tom Sawyer goes on a picnic with Becky, Finn follows Joe and discovers he's going to beat someone. Joe runs away before Finn can get help or tell anyone. During Tom and Becky's picnic, they both get stuck in a cave and find Injun Joe is stuck too. They escape, the cave is sealed and Joe dies from starvation. Both Sawyer and Finn realize that Joe left the box money in the cave. They recover it and split the money between them.

The story is set in the 1840s in a fictional town by the Mississippi River called St Petersburg. There are two main characters in The Adventures of Tom Sawyer: Tom Sawyer himself, as well as Huckleberry Finn, one of his friends. Sawyer is the central protagonist in this novel, and is first seen escaping punishment from his aunt, Polly. He does so twice in the opening chapters, and is punished with whitewashing aunt Polly's fence. He avoids the punishment by convincing another boy, Ben Rogers, to whitewash the fence for him by telling him a boy doesn't get a chance to whitewash a fence every day (23). These actions characterize Sawyer as a manipulative, mischievous boy who would rather play than work. Huckleberry Finn, the son of the town drunk, is also much like Sawyer, in that they both have a strong sense of adventure and do not adhere to the rules their society has set for them.

The theme expressed in The Adventures of Tom Sawyer is society's hypocritical nature. Although Tom Sawyer and his friends are breaking the rules of society by harassing others, skipping their classes and randomly sneaking out at night to play, the way they do so is structured much like the society itself. This is because Tom Sawyer uses rules that define how one should act during their play, such as how to be a pirate. Sawyer and his friends are avid believers in superstition, as well as convention, and this mirrors the way St Petersburg views religion and other practices, such as church and school.

The second theme of the novel is the transition from childhood to social maturity. Throughout The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, Sawyer undergoes many changes from when he is first introduced in the beginning of the novel. In the beginning, Tom Sawyer is more concerned with himself, getting out of responsibility and causing a ruckus. As the novel progresses, Sawyer begins to become more selfless. This is shown when he takes the blame for Becky in the middle of the story. His newfound selflessness is also evident when he testifies in Potter's trial, stating that Injun Joe murdered Dr Robinson.

As I read The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, I was fascinated by the way Sawyer was able to make Ben Rogers whitewash the fence for him. He presented it in such a way that Rogers believed the work was a fun privilege. Literary scholars Dan Ariely, George Loewenstein and Drazen Prelec conducted a study related to this unusual phenomenon:

Tom's law challenges the intuition that whether a familiar activity or experience is pleasant or unpleasant is a self-evident matterat least to the person participating in that activity. .do individuals have a pre-existing sense of whether an experience is good or bad?(1)

Just after reading this segment of the novel, I did not believe this sort of persuasion was possible, but after reading this article I was surprised. It appears that it is possible to be persuaded to perform a task by making the experience seem rewarding, as Tom Sawyer did with Ben Rogers.

Overall, I enjoyed reading The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. The first few chapters progressed slowly, but I believe that the exposition was needed in order to set up Sawyer's character development. I particularly enjoyed the time Sawyer spent with Huckleberry Finn on Jackson's island, as well as the ending when Sawyer and Finn look for the treasure.

The Adventures of Tom Sawyer is a classic. Although many elements can be used to date the novel, many of its events could happen today in a similar fashion. The novel also portrays a realistic image of childhood's wonders, as well as its ups and downs. Additionally, the novel also provides an accurate portrayal of the 1840s in America, as the author based the events on many of his own experiences in childhood. Overall, the novel's themes will be relevant for many generations to come.

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Background

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Cultural Reception

Controversies

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