Should Military Women be Allowed in Combat?

Issue: Should Military Women be Allowed in Combat?

Background: From 1775-1917, women were only aloud to be laundresses, nurses, cooks, and part of administrations. Within the last two years of WWI women were finally permitted to join the military. During 1917 and 1918, around 23,000 women joined as nurses, translators, phone operators, and other support stuff. WWII (1939-1945) roughly 350,000 women were serving the same old jobs. However, some women were pilots, but were not aloud to fly in combat missions. In 1948, Congress passed the Armed Integration Act, which allowed women to get veterans benefits. It was not until the early 1990's changes were made. In 1994, the Department of Defense ended up banning women from serving in combat. In 2013, Secretary of Defense, Leon Panetta had officially removed the act, women were and still are able to serve in combat.

Supporters say that history has shown women perform well in multiple areas, they will work well with others, and in different environments. When women are given the right training they will do well in combat.

Opponents say women lack physical ability and strength. During the obstacle course women are given more time than men. They also feel that women do not have the upper body strength to fly some of the planes.

Conclusion: Women in the Military should be aloud to fight in combat because they can complete the combat training. It has been proven that women can analyze and evaluate the situation. By having both men and women in combat allows the military to end a conflict more quickly.

Video:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ru9P7ULcJLU
https://www.voanews.com/a/was-2015-the-year-of-the-us-military-woman/3108449.html

Citations:

"Women in the Military: Should women in the military be allowed in combat?" Issues & Controversies, Infobase Learning, 6 June 2003,https://icof.infobaselearning.com/recordurl.aspx?ID=2620. Accessed 29 Dec. 2018.
YouTube, YouTube, 3 Dec. 2015, www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ru9P7ULcJLU.

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Women in Combat-Arms: a Case for the Status Quo Ante

Women in Combat-Arms: A Case for the Status Quo Ante

Combat-arms units that are mixed-gender perform worse than all-male units by almost every metric. This is a factual, but controversial statement. Despite the controversy, it should be kept in focus throughout any discussion of gender-integration of combat-arms units. It is an uncontroversial statement to say that women are valuable and productive members of society. Any reasonable person, male or female, would have to concur. The controversy arises when we begin to assign roles to women that constrain their area of productivity or societal contribution. Indeed, we need not assign anything at all in order to generate consternation; we need only assert those roles which have been considered traditional up to the present day. It may be helpful when doing so to examine why those roles came about, at least regarding our subject: women serving in combat roles by being integrated into combat-arms units. Combat Arms units in the US Army should not be coed because sex-integration negatively impacts esprit-de-corps, morale, and mission readiness.

Women have played an important part in the United States armed forces since the Revolutionary War. They have served in many roles, many of which were non-combat-arms. These roles included logistics, communications, administration, and most famously: nursing. In 2016, Department of Defense (DoD) policy changed to allow women, who comprise about 15% of the military, to be eligible to serve in combat-arms units (Task and Purpose, 2017). In order to illustrate why this policy is potentially harmful to the military's warfighting capabilities, an honest discussion of the physical differences between the sexes is called for.

A yearlong study conducted by the United States Marine Corps (USMC) yielded confirmation of long-recognized differences between the sexes in areas that directly affect combat task performance. The study contrasted mixed-gender squads against all-male squads. One of the significant discoveries was that the mixed-gender squads were less lethal than their counterparts. This was due to mixed-gender squads performing worse with various weapons-systems typical to an infantry team (M4, M249, M203). These squads not only scored lower in basic marksmanship; they moved slower and generally performed worse in combat drills that featured tactical movement with the afore-mentioned weapons (Peralta, 2015). The females generally had a more difficult time moving with the weapons and associated gear required for the combat infantry mission.

A potential explanation for these difficulties lies in the physical differences between the sexes. According to the Marine Corps study; females have a higher percentage of body fat: 24% for females and 20% for males. On average, females possess 15% less anaerobic capacity, and 10% less aerobic capacity than males. This means that the top 10% of female overlapped with the bottom 50% of males. Even more concerning than that, however, is that female Marines were 6 times more likely to be injured in training than their male counterparts (Peralta, 2015).

The discrepancies in average performances and injury rates is partially explained by more physiological facts. The average female Marine was more than 4 inches shorter, had 37 fewer pounds of muscle, and had nearly 6 pounds more fat than a male. They also were measured to have only 55% of the upper body strength and 70% of the lower body strength of a male Marine (Peralta, 2015). These differences have been recognized and codified in the differing physical testing standards the military uses to evaluate their servicemembers. Every branch of the U.S. Armed Forces has lower standards for passing on their respective physical fitness test for females (Fumento, 2016).

The military is supposed to be a meritocracy. Because of the unique nature of it's mission, the military has the legal ability to discriminate based on physical condition and fitness in ways that civilian or other governmental agencies are not able. This is because the ability to successfully prosecute a war requires the best, most fit, most disciplined Soldiers, Sailors, Airmen, and Marines available. In order to fit females into roles formerly closed to them, the DoD must simultaneously enact policies that ignore important differences between males and females (open combat-arms to females) and keep in place physical testing standards that acknowledge those differences vis-? -vis lower standards for females (Simons, 2018). This schizophrenic policy and the cognitive dissonance that seems to have resulted from it breeds confusion, mistrust, and resentment. These feelings are not conducive to building and maintaining effective warfighting units (Klimas, 2016).

The usual arguments cited against integrating combat-arms units can be made again: there will be romantic entanglements and competition for the affection and attention of the females. These entanglements will lead to pregnancies. We know these things occur on a regular basis because we see them happening in non-combat-arms units that are currently gender-integrated. The means by which the DoD attempts to mitigate these problems creates further complications. Separate sleeping quarters, for example, presents serious logistical challenges; and can be very expensive. The Navy's current program to refurbish its submarines is a contemporary example. Separate quarters also prevents the sort of bonding that occurs between servicemembers of the same gender (Klimas, 2016).

In the midst of the debate over whether or not the new policy is tenable and practical, few people are talking about what seems to be a lack of enthusiasm for this experiment on the part of women themselves: they are not signing up. The vehemence with which advocates for the change demand it would suggest that there would have been a rush to fill these slots by females. The opposite seems to be the case (Scoti, 2016). The Sergeant Major of the Army (the highest-ranking enlisted member of the Army and advisor to the Secretary of the Army) recently put out a call for female Soldiers to 'step up' and sign up for combat-arms jobs (Tan, 2016). If this radical policy is expensive, causes morale and esprit-de-corps problems, decreases the effectiveness of combat-arms units, and is not being embraced by those it was meant to benefit; then should it be in place (Donnelly, 2016).

The military should not be the place for social experimentation. While it is often referred to as a 'microcosm' of society; to a great degree, the military is a bastion against societal change. It is so because war will always place a demand for disciplined, fit Soldiers who can close with and destroy the enemy. Policies that allow for females to serve in combat-arms units sabotage the ability of the nation to fulfill the requirements of that demand. They endanger national security by placing political concerns over mission-readiness and warfighting capability. According to the Presidential Commission on the Assignment of Women in the Armed Forces: Any unnecessary distraction or any dilution of the combat effectiveness puts the mission and lives in jeopardy. Risking the lives of a military unit in combat to provide career opportunities or accommodate the personal desires or interests of an individual, or group of individuals, is more than bad military judgment. It is morally wrong.

References

Donnelly, E. (2016). Statement for the Record: Executive Summary. Center for Military Readiness, Senate Armed Services Committee. Retrieved from https://cmrlink.org/data/sites/85/CMRDocuments/ExecSummDonnellySASCStatement_020216.pdf
Fumento, M. (2016). A Weighty Argument Against Women in Combat. The American Conservative. Retrieved from https://www.theamericanconservative.com/articles/a-weighty-argument-against-women-in-combat/comment-page-1/
Herres, R. (1992). The Presidential Commission on the Assignment of Women in the Armed Forces (Report to the President). Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
Klimas, J. (2016). Integrating Women Into Combat Reduces Effectiveness, Harms Unit Cohesion. The Washington Post. Retrieved from https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2015/mar/19/problems-women-combat-cant-be-mitigated-report/
Peralta, E. (2015). Marine Corps Study: All-Male Combat Units Performed Better Than Mixed Units. The Two-Way: Breaking News From NPR. Retrieved from https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/09/10/439190586/marine-corps-study-finds-all-male-combat-units-faster-than-mixed-units
Scoti, C. (2016). After All That, Few Female Soldiers Sign Up For Combat. The Fiscal Times. Retrieved from www.thefiscaltimes.com/2016/08/02/After-All-Few-Women-Soldiers-Sign-Combat
Simons, A. (2018). Women Don't Belong In Combat: Opposing View. USA Today. Retrieved from https://www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/2015/08/26/women-combat-ranger-school-sex-editorials-debates/32415995/
Tan, M. (2016). SMA: Army Needs Female Soldiers to Step Up for Combat Jobs. The Army Times. Retrieved from https://www.armytimes.com/news/your-army/2016/08/01/sma-army-needs-female-soldiers-to-step-up-for-combat-jobs/
TIMELINE: A History of Women in the U.S. Military. (2017). TIMELINE: A History of Women in the U.S. Military. Task and Purpose. Retrieved from https://taskandpurpose.com/timeline-history-women-us-military/

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Should Women be in Combat Roles?

1998, Canada and Sweden became the first countries to allow women in modern combat roles. Often men are capable of doing things that women aren't and visa versa, by mandating a certain number of women on each board, California is stating that they don't believe women are capable of earning a seat at the table themselves. To be able to let women in is to force boards to accept them. A big question is should women be able to take combat roles? It is true that not every women is fit for being in combat roles or being for an example a firefighter but neither is every boy. Almost every woman who is capable to be in a combat role and or any workforce. If they have completed a physical fitness course they are capable of being in any workforce that they are fit to be in. People should find out what they know with that person rather than experimenting and presenting research saying women aren't capable.Other people say that women should not be in combat roles because men and women have different mindsets and hormonal things.A number of arguments have been raised in defense of military policy that bans women from combat roles.The prospect of women in ground combat or on the front-line in the military has proven to be a controversial issue throughout decades of war. This controversy stems from criticisms such as women's physicality versus men's, the association of sexual-related situations within the military, and a history of failed gender-integration training. The bottom line, however, is that women should not be allowed in front-line or ground combat unless they are willing and capable of meeting the same standards of testing as men. Basic differences in the physicality of men and women are one of the key aspects of why a woman's combative role in the military is questioned.

If this is the case, then, with regards to lower physical standards in combat training, how is it safe to allow female soldiers into the same dangerous environment as men? The argument of lower standards in testing is only brought into question because women are being used in ground combat and on the front-line, despite the fact that it is the law that only men be put in these roles. Only a select few countries allow women in ground-combat situations, seen in the statement that Australia is the latest nation to lift all restrictions on the positions in which women can serve in the armed forces, joining Canada, New Zealand, and Israel (Gajewski, 2011). Many military officials have found ways to circumvent this law, and have placed women in these roles with the thoughts that it could be beneficial. The loopholes in this law should be patched for safety purposes and fought in a different manner if need be. If this is an issue that many are willing to overlook, then it should be also be possible for the law to change. Women who wish to be a part of ground combat and the front-line should have the right if they choose to do so, but only once they have reached equal physical standards as the men who share their same position. Intuition of Equality and Women's Rights are reasons that are used to argue for the side of women in combat, which basically states that women should be able to do what they please and are created equal to men.

There are many reason why people say that women should not be in combat roles. Physical ability is one of the cases, while the majority of jobs in the armed forces are open equally to men and women, there are some to which women are just not physically suited. The standards of physical fitness have been set to suit men, and women attempting to reach them will over-stretch themselves. In addition, combat units engage in activities designed to suit men's capabilities. Women serving in integrated units will suffer higher injury rates as a result of this. Efficiency is another, some women will be able to meet the required standards, but most will not. While integration of women into combat is possible for those qualified, the small number versus the additional logistical, regulatory and disciplinary costs associated with integration do not make it a worthwhile move. Also, morale and cohesion, having women serving in direct combat will hamper missions effectiveness by hurting unit morale and cohesion. Military readiness, pregnancy can affect the deployability of a unit when the unit has a disproportionate number of women understaffed. Tradition, men especially those likely to enlist, maintain traditional gender roles. In some situations, men are may act foolishly to protect women in their combat units. Harassment and resentment, of the presence of women in a hyper masculine military subculture would likely become a problem.Abuse by enemy,both male and female prisoners are at risk of torture and rape, but misogynistic societies may be more willing to abuse women prisoners.

Career advancement, Men and women are both given opportunities to join the arm, but with the understanding that different roles require different physical, emotional attributes. This should mean i turn that there are multiple routes to promotion so that women have equal opportunities without having to fight take art in combat operations.

Other say women should be allowed to be in combat roles because they are able to do anything that men are able to do. My personal experience has been that the (principles) of leadership and teambuilding apply equally to women as to men. As long as you protect qualification standards and give no impression that anyone if getting a free ride, integration, while not without bumps, will be much less dramatic than people envision. ~Major Elanor Taylor, Canadian Military and the first women to lead an infantry company in combat. Ability vs gender, as long as an applicant is qualified for a position, one's gender is arbitrary. It is easy to recruit and deploy women who are in better shape than many men sent into combat. It is possible to calibrate recruitment and training standards to women. Extra pre-training for muscle building can also be used to reduce female injury rates. In modern high technology battlefield technical expertise and decision-making skills are increasingly more valuable than simple brute strength. Military readinesses, Allowing a mixed gender force keeps the military strong. The all-volunteer forces are severely troubled by falling retention and recruitment rates. Widening the applicant pool for all jobs guarantees more willing recruits, Women, who choose to become active combat soldiers, are unlikely to shirk their duty by becoming pregnant after a call-up as these women have willingly joined the army.

Effectiveness. The blanket restriction for women limits the ability of commanders in theater to pick the most capable person for the job. Tradition, training will be required to facilitate the integration of women into combat units. Cultures change over time and the masculine subculture can evolve too. Many previously masculine professions have been successfully opened to women over the past century.Modern warfare and public support in the modern world of combat (Afghanistan, Iraq), all women serving in the military are exposed to front-line risks. Support for women serving in armed force has not wavered as warfare has changed, a clear sign that the necessity of women serving in combat is recognized. Cultural differences & demographic. Women are more effective in some circumstances than men. Allowing women to serve doubles the talent pool for delicate and sensitive jobs that require interpersonal skills not every soldier has. Having a wider personnel base allows militaries to have the best and most diplomatic soldiers working to end conflict quickly. Career Advancement, as combat duty is usually regarded as necessary for promotion to senior officer positions, denying female personnel this experience sexism. Women have to be give the same opportunities as men. In the army in order to have the same opportunities they have to be exposed to the same risks.

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Rite of Passage and Social Roles

Growing up, I considered graduating from college to be a huge step in one's life. I always looked forward to my graduation, and that has been a motivation for me to work hard in school. I recently graduated from college, and I believe the event was life-changing for me. Graduation helped me view myself as a winner since I had managed to go through school and completed despite the challenges that I encountered along the way. Graduating also helped me realize that I am a go-getter thus I can manage to anything I set my mind up to. Those around me, especially my friends and family were very supportive all through my education, and they congratulated me for achieving the degree. My family believed that the fact that I managed to graduate college means that I can also manage to further my studies. That was a great encouragement since it helped me realize that they believe in me and they also trust that I can even manage to do better.

Graduation comes with new roles. That is because this passage rite shows that one is fully ready to get into their career and start looking for work. I have always believed in being independent and graduating has been pushing me to move out of my parents, home and start living on my own. Of late I have had that huge urge to start living on my own since I believe that I am an adult now. My parents, however, believe that I should not rush anything.

I believe that graduating creates some responsibilities. One of them is that I have to take life with a lot of seriousness. I believe this is the time when I am supposed to figure out my life. Another responsibility involves making sober and good decisions. That is because I have to ensure that I make the right decisions from now onwards. One of the responsibilities that is often overlooked in being an excellent example in the society. I feel like I am obliged to be the best in my society and thus I will try my best to be a good example.

Graduating has contributed a lot regarding how I interact with other people. For example, my parents no longer consider me to be their little kid anymore, and thus we are interacting on a more mature level. My younger siblings, on the other hand, have started viewing me as their role model, and that has helped me gain more respect from them. I can now manage to interact with potential employers on a formal level, and thus I believe that graduating has helped in improving the interactions that I have with the people that are around me.

As the chief editor of a magazine, there are various roles that I consider to be very important and they have been of great help to me in my employment. One of the roles is being a team leader. This is a role that is the most important since it helps in ensuring that I get to lead my team appropriately and that we manage to produce the best results together. The other role is cooperation. Cooperating with my colleagues in my line of work is very important since it has helped in ensuring that we manage to work together in everything that we do. Through cooperation, we have managed to help each other and also learn a lot from each other. Serving faithfully is also one of the roles that I have as an employee. I have always strived to ensure that I perform to my best and that my employer is satisfied with what I do.

The main expectation of the roles is a good performance. In every workplace performance is considered to be very important and that is no different in my workplace. Through cooperation, we have managed to improve our performance and also learn the weaknesses that we have. We have also managed to learn from each other thus helping each other improve and get better as well. Being a team leader, I am expected to guide my team through and also oversee all the projects that are undertaken by the team. Therefore, that helps in determining whether I am a good leader as well. That also helps in showing whether I can be a role model to the people that I am leading.

I am proud of these roles since they have helped in making me a better person and also making me better at what I do. For example, I have come to realize that working together with people has a positive impact on my performance and that has also helped me improve on how I interact and work with other people in general. I am also proud of being a team leader since it has helped in improving my leadership skills and that has also helped in improving my confidence. I am now confident in what I do, and I believe that I will continue improving.

The roles have helped in changing my perceptions since they have helped me realize that being the best at what I do is not easy and that it requires a lot of commitment, hard work, and engaging with other people. The roles also act as a motivation for me to keep working hard since I believe that I still have a lot to learn and achieve.

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Rite of Passage Among the Ga’anda and American Society

Rite of passage among Ga'anda and the United State share similar sacrifices but differ in their significance to each culture. Ga'anda and the United States recognize the importance of cultural rituals in aiding their young children in their transition to adulthood. Both cultures commence their coming to age rituals at a young age for example, in Ga'anda, girls begin their initiation ordeal at the age of six while in the United States their transition begin from the age of five years old as they embark in their education. In both cultures, their transition to adulthood require commitment, time, and undergoing some form of pain.

As mentioned earlier, the culture of Ga'anda regard pain to be necessary for the transition to adulthood as it prepares the young for responsibilities and hardships that are part of their upcoming status as adults. Their commitment to their society is shown by enduring physical and psychological pain extensively for well over a decade. Similarly, young children in the United States undergo psychological pain such as stress throughout their academic life and their commitment is demonstrated through their perseverance in completing their college education. As their transition comes to an end, both cultures celebrate their commitment in a ceremonial process that contain certain rituals such as specific dress and activities.

For examples, in Ga'anda, the community held Yowo for girls who completed Hleeta. In this ceremony, the girls wear a traditional garment called takerkert that closely resembles a woven cloth apron in western culture. In the United States, graduation ceremonies also consist of wearing traditional dress known as cap and gowns and turning their cap tassels as symbol of transition to professionals. Additionally, in both societies respect is given to those individuals who complete their rite of passage as they value their commitment to their culture. While the rite of passage in both cultures share similar experiences, they differ in the significance as each culture embrace different values. In Ga'anda, Hleeta is not only a marker that establishes an individual's identity within the community but also a tradition that fortifies the culture as a whole.

Hleeta plays a central part in consolidating communities as these marking carry the same symbolic significance across all subgroups of Ga'anda. This process, therefore, helps consolidate disperse communities as women from different subgroups can marry outside their community and thus help connect disperse communities. By continuing this process of scarification, young girls reinforce the community's culture and values as they help preserve the tradition throughout generations. In contrast, the significance behind Americans' rite of passage is to help students become independent individuals rather than members of a close-knitted community. Americans believe that education plays an important role in individualism as it helps them develop knowledge, maturity and responsibility. Respectably, their personal growth and prosperity in life will be a result of their own efforts rather than through the help of others.

In conclusion, rite of passage among the Ga'anda and American society share a common believe that pain is necessary in the transition to adulthood, however, differ in their significance as each culture embraces different values. In Ga'anda, Hleeta is used to help prepare young girls in their transition to womanhood and marriage by helping them develop physical and mental fortitude. In the Unites States, the psychosocial pain of stress found when receiving an education helps students mentally prepare for all the responsibilities and challenges that adults face as professionals in the working world. While their rituals differ, both cultures help their young children become successful members of society as both rite of passage rituals inculcate skills, knowledge and fortitude necessary to endure all the challenges that accompany adulthood.

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Buddhism and Four Rites of Passages

Buddhism has four rites of passages which include birth, becoming a monk, marriage and death. Like most religions they have a systematic approach to the rites of passages and are celebrated differently with each milestone. In the birth passage there are three stages to the process which include baptism, naming ceremony and dedication ceremony. During the Baptism the child is bathed in holy water by a monk to celebrate the birth of the baby and they are celebrated at nearby local temples by the monks. The naming ceremony is where the monk gives the baby a name and to help the child grow up and be prosperous and in good health. The final ceremony is the dedication ceremony is to ensure the child is made promises of commitment by the parents to ensure that the wellbeing of their child is met. This is the first stage of a long but fulfilling rite of passage to become a great follower of Buddha and the principles that the religion holds.

The next stage of the rite of passage is becoming a monk. In the first stage of the process the individual must get their head shaved and kept shaven as long as they are a monk. To become a monk, the teachings of Buddha must be followed and practiced. The significance of becoming a monk is to escape the cycle of rebirth and death. The teaching of Buddha teach monks to live the ways of a happier world and fight against the world's imperfections and sufferings. (Rites of Buddhism 1). The teachings they must follow to remain pure in the Buddhism religion is to not harm living creatures, no stealing from other people, no sexual misdoings or adultery, no false speech, no alcohol or mind-altering drugs. They also follow the four noble truths and is a big part of the teachings they teach their followers. The First Noble Truth states that old age, illness, death is all part of the suffering that we endure throughout our lives. The Second Noble Truth details is that suffering is closely linked to desire, a desire for being which leads from birth to death and involve ageing, illness, and mortality. There are also various desires for pleasures and for powers which, frustratingly, may not be realized. (Buddha's Teachings 1). The Third Noble Truth details that for you to rid yourself of all suffering you must give up all your desires in the world to be successful. The abandonment of all desires will lead you to the final Noble Truth and to the following the Noble Eightfold path which will lead you to enlightenment.

Marriage in the Buddhism religion can be celebrated differently throughout the regions or places that are celebrating the marriage. There is no set rules for marriage in the Buddhism religion it is not a requirement of the religion. The customs of the marriage in Buddhism is that it is not pushed on the person in a spiritual matter but more of a personal matter and they can chose to get married if they so choose. In some instances, some monks in certain regions or countries cannot attend the weddings do to it may bring bad luck to the bride and groom. But, most of the monks can come to the ceremony and support the marriage. In Marriage a Sacred Thread Ritual is done where both the groom and bride attach a thread from their heads and when the speech passage completes, the thread is cut. After the thread was cut, the string is kept by many relatives for three days to ensure they will receive good luck. (Rites of Buddhism 1). After they are married they are required both to uphold the teachings of Buddha and have their children follow suit. The parties took a blessing from monks at the local temple after the civil registration formalities have been completed. Although Buddhist monks do not solemnize a marriage ceremony, they do perform religious services in order to bless the couples. From the Buddhist point of view, marriage is neither holy nor unholy. Buddhism does not regard marriage as a religious duty nor as a sacrament that is ordained in heaven. (Buddhist Matrimony 1).

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Rite of Passages: Separation of Sexes

Rites of passage in the Jewish religion and culture vary between families and society. These rituals mark the transitions of a person throughout their lives, integrating cultural experiences with biological destiny. There are three phases in accordance to the few rites of passage, separation or the preliminary phase that signifies removal from the past and is the beginning of the passage. The second is transition or the threshold in which there is a ceremony and reaction from the individual that is going through the passage. The third is incorporation or inclusion in ceremonies or rituals in the synagogue. Most of these rituals have altered over the centuries and have become more distinct within different denominations of Judaism. They are performed within a group or societal setting to strengthen ties with the temple. Specific aspects of some rituals have influenced other religious ceremonies around the world. The life events covered include birth, naming, bar/bat mitzvah or societal introduction, marriage and death. In this paper, only the life cycle rites of passage that pertain to society will be argued and compared.

The first defining rite of passage is birth as it is also the beginning of life biologically. In order emphasize the beginning of life religiously, there are ceremonies that occur shortly after birth. For a male, circumcision is one of the most defining rituals as it is meant to initiate the son into the Covenant of Abraham. This occurs on the eighth day after birth in the presence of friends and family and is accompanied by a celebration or feast. There is no parallel for daughters when it comes to circumcision or an introduction to the world. In order to start a tradition, two women of the Reconstructionist Rabbinic College created the Brit B'not Yisrael which translates roughly to a covenant ceremony for the Daughters of Israel. It began in the 1970's during the women's rights and liberation movement and was designed as a home-centered celebration. It still was not held in the same regard as circumcision ceremonies held for sons in the Jewish faith and culture. Another ritual that corresponds with birth is the naming ceremonies. When named, it is individualized and incorporated into society. A prevailing question posed is with whom does the authority to name lie? Although naming ceremonies are used to separate those who are inside and those who are outside of the culture, the act of naming has historically been reserved mainly for the men (Leissner 140). The Hebrew Bible mentions naming by outsiders such as God, prophets or even neighbors and later on reverts to the parents. There is also much discussion on which parent reserves the right to name the child first. For this honor, there are many circumstances and scenarios of which an individual parent or both may name the child. In this case, the first son has carried most of the naming importance over the centuries as it coincides with the circumcision ceremonies. These scenarios include being named by the mother alone, by the father alone, by both and incorporating two names, as well as after the mother's father; deciding factors vary per cultural preference. As the son's naming traditions hold more background, there is little to no mentions of daughters being named. The Bible also does not mention many daughters being bestowed names excluding the Book of Job (Job 42:14). Naming in the Bible signifies endowment with a role to play in history. Connecting back to patriarchal tendencies of naming being reserved for men, Adam naming Eve in Genesis 2:23 gave him dominion over her while they were meant to be equals. In modern times, naming is a cause for celebration and feast while done on the Sabbath with the congregation. There is a separation of sexes with respect to ceremonies of birth and naming since those rituals have been taking place since the beginning of Judaism and originated in a patriarchal society.

Transitioning from adolescence to adulthood is incorporated into the ritual ceremonies of the Bar/Bat Mitzvah, roughly translated to Son/Daughter of Commandment. It is a formal acknowledgement of growth and gives an individual a sense of transition or ceremonial recognition that is needed for that life event. This correlates to the first phase of passage of which one acknowledges the removal of the past and the start to a new passage. Aaron B. Seidman states that it is the introduction to the more responsible forms of worship and is recognized as a step towards social maturation. Though a Bar/Bat Mitzvah is a celebration, it is also a rite of passage into adulthood and therefore aligns with the second phase of passage where there is a ceremony to mark the transition. It is preceded by education and followed by new responsibilities at home and in synagogue. For a girl, it is done at age twelve while boys are celebrated at age thirteen in correspondence with the age of Ishmael when he was circumcised (Genesis 17:25). At these ages, they are considered adults and can now participate in events or ceremonies in synagogue that require adulthood. This aspect relates to the incorporation phase of rite of passages as they have earned their place in the Temple. This tradition can aide the youth in maintaining steadiness and perspective while focusing on life-direction and relating to others in a more meaningful way. Though important socially, this rite of passage is made up in most ways for it was not commanded nor specified by any laws.

The next rite of passage is marriage or a wedding ceremony. For women, there is no other single universal rite of passage in Jewish traditions and rituals. It connects back to baby naming ceremonies where prayers included blessings for the baby girl to grow, be married and bare sons. This blessing has been historically constant throughout various cultural traditions across most religions. For example, in medieval times the wife had a singular purpose of baring sons or heirs to carry the family name. This is still true in some societies today as the first male son holds the status of heir. The Mishnah, Written Oral Law, states that a woman is acquired in three ways, money, deed and intercourse. The economics of money historically began with a brideprice which has been exempt and taken over by a dowry. Virtue was an aspect that was taken very seriously when betrothed, even checks were done by Rabbi at the request of the husband post ceremony. Marriages were arranged through parents mutually agreeing based upon deed and dowry. Brides were to be checked by groom's female family members while focusing on beauty which is an asset and pre-marital virginity. It is said in Genesis 2:18 that it is not good for a man to be alone meaning for them to take a wife and provide protection. Historically, women were expected to marry when they are teens while men would usually marry in their thirties or younger. Men married after they have completed Torah study which leads to an older age for them to marry. Most laws are laid out in the Nashim or Women chapter in the Mishnah stating matrimonial law.

The last rite of passage is the last moment of life and is the ultimate transition, death. This ritual has two sides, the deceased and the mourners. It is a highly choreographed event which includes a speedy burial for there was concern of the freshness of the body. It was to be washed, shrouded or wrapped, and on occasion burned. There is no distinction of class or status for a funeral or burial. This two-sided rite of passage begins with the deceased where they transition out of the earthly world and ends with the survivors, also known as mourners. It is a state of transition brought on by grief and expectation. For example: the death of a parent or leadership role leaves an empty spot and thus needs to be filled which leads to the transitory rite of passage. Only after the burial does the surviving kin become mourners. Mourning activities and rituals extend from seven days to a year. Immediately after the funeral the family sits in their home for seven days while the community comes to them, this is called Shivah or Seven. After those seven days end, thirty days of lesser and moderate mourning takes place. Once the thirty days end, there is a remembrance one year after death where the Mourner's Kaddish is prayed at the end of a service and concludes with ways of praising God. Some funeral rites have translated on to other religious traditions. At a Jewish funeral, the family wears specific attire including rips in clothing to show death. This has disappeared over time and in turn the men wear black ties and the women take black handkerchiefs. The black attire has influenced popular Christian traditions of wearing black as a sign of mourning and a continuation of wearing black for an extended time to show respect for the deceased. The final rite of passage in the life cycle has characteristics of both societal ritual practices and familiar practices, though each play a part and work together to instill tradition.

All five of these major life events as a whole join to create the life cycle rite of passages. They are comprised of biological and cultural experiences that one goes through in the course of their lifetime. Each encompasses parts of the three phases, passage, transition and incorporation in different ways. The three steps of any rite of passage describes what each life event is about, leaving the past behind, transitioning into a new part of life, and becoming included in all aspects of society and familiar duties possible. Most events are formal acknowledgements signifying an individual's incorporation into society beginning with birth and ending with death. Although some traditions have failed or been phased out, the overarching symbol has been integrated in another. There are standing questions brought forward as a result of the beginning of most religious rituals were formed during a time of patriarchs. Men were seen as more important and aspects of traditions highlight that importance. As seen with the female birth rituals, new traditions have been created out of societal changes such as the women's liberation movement in the nineteen-seventies and will continue to change and be created. Rite of passage events are overall ways to celebrate life with the opportunity to dance, sing, tell stories, grieve, share joys and experience life with one another.

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What is Rites of Passage?

Rites of passage describe the ceremonies that are associated with certain transitional moments in an individual's life (Cunningham 74). In Hinduism there are samskaras. These are Hindu rites of passage. They are not just formalities or ceremonies to celebrate periods of transition in a Hindu individual's life. They serve to purify the soul at critical junctions in life's journey, (Rites of Passage). The word samskara means mental impression, these ceremonies create a positive feeling about moving from one phase of life into the next. There are various samskaras all throughout the different stages of life (Rites of Passage). One of these samskaras is called upanayana. This rite of passage is the beginning of the acceptance of a student by a guru. It marks an individual's entrance to a school in Hinduism (Rites of Passage).

The age varies, while it is usually children between the ages of eight and sixteen years of age (Upanayana: a Hindu Rite of Passage), another source says the ceremony can be performed between the ages of five and twenty-four (Britannica). This is because the three upper classes of the Hindu caste system, Brahmans which are priests and teachers, Kshatriyas who are warriors and rulers, and Vaishyas known as merchants and tradesmen, have different educational requirements (Britannica). During this event the child, usually a boy but can be a girl, is given a sacred thread called janeu. They must wear this thread for the rest of their life (Upanayana: a Hindu Rite of Passage). The thread has a loop made of three knotted and twisted strands of cotton cord. The knots are symbolical. The thread is replaced regularly so that the wearer can have it throughout their life time. It is normally worn over the left shoulder and diagonally across the hip. This shows the wearer is divija or twice born. The second birth having taken place when the guru shared the knowledge of the Gayati mantra to the student and wearer of the thread (Britannica).

The person going through upanayana is taught the secret of life through brahmopadesam or revealing the nature of Brahman, the ultimate reality. This is otherwise known as the Gayatri mantra (Upanayana: a Hindu Rite of Passage). The ceremony ends when the student kindles the sacrificial fire and pleads for alms. This represents his dependence on others during his brahmacharin period (as a child he cannot fully depend on himself yet) (Britannica). Upanayana itself means taking somebody near knowledge. This expresses the simplest meaning for what the ceremony is all about. A child entering their education. A second meaning of the word is that which is above. Meaning the thread that is worn above the shoulder after this ceremony.

Elaborating on the symbolism of the thread, the thread is usually ninety-six times breadth of four fingers of a man. This is believed to be equal to a man's height. The four fingers represent one of the four states that the soul of a man goes through. These are waking, dreaming, sleeping without dreaming, and knowledge of the absolute. The three threads themselves represent three Goddesses. The Goddess Gayatri of the mind, the Goddes Saraswati of the word, and the Godddess Savitri of deed. It is saying that anyone who wears the sacred thread should be pure in thought, word, and deed. It is a reminder to the wearer that they should live their life in a good way with purity. A reminder that life is not lived for oneself but for others and that a debt is owed to the guru, the parents, and the society. Another important aspect of the thread is the knot in the center. This represents Brahman, the pure form of energy which is in everything and makes up everything (Upanayana).

The ceremony can vary between regions and customs. In an upanayana ceremony based on traditional Mithila Brahman customs there are multiple days to the ceremony. Mithila is a region of the ancient Videha Kingdom and is heavily influenced by the Goddess Durga. There is the day of Shagun. All the female family members will apply haldi or turmeric oil and dub grass to the child's foreheads, arms, stomach, and legs. This is called ubtan and it is done to preserve the symbolic meaning of rebirth. They are not allowed to wash it off until the end of the ceremony. After this family members invite the deity they worship into the ceremony. Once this is done the upanayana officially starts. The next day is the Mandap Puja. Here all the family members have arrived, and they make an animal sacrifice to their deity as an offering. These do not occur in all villages though, again it varies from region to region. The animal is cooked and served to all the guests. There are large celebratory dances.

There is the day of Puja. It begins with prayer and offering to ancestors and more dancing and singing. The series of rites begins and the children entering the ceremony are given special garments for their period of learning under the gurus. This is when they receive the Gayatri mantra that was mentioned above. They then go to their mothers and ask for bhiksha or alsm and blessings. Next, they go to the temples, where their hair is cut. This symbolizes the beginning of a new life. The children participating will then go where eleven male brahmins (priests and teachers or the guru) stand while reciting the Gayatri mantra. This is where they receive their sacred thread or jeanu. They wear it over the left shoulder and under the right arms. Each one is then made to stand on a stone slab. Which symbolizes how strong the resolve is that accompanies a life of learning. Once more they go to family members, mainly female, and ask for gifts. The gifts normally consist of gold, jewelry, and clothing. To finish out the event the family celebrates once more with song and dance. The main part of upanayana has ended.

As new brahmins, these students are expected to be committed to education for as long as they live. They are to live with honor and duty and to avoid impurity, dirtiness, and immoral behavior. The threads very meanings support this. Those who go through the rite of passage that is upanayana are expected to carry on the Vedic tradition and to ensure that it's teachings and reflections are applied to all Hindu society (Upanayana: a Hindu Rite of Passage)

This ceremony marks the transition from childhood to the growth towards adulthood and knowledge. It is celebratory and represents the awe of people surrounding growth in general and the progression of life. Upanayana can also be considered a rite of initiation. As it initiates a child into a student. Hinduism has so many different and important rites of passage. Upanayana is only one of the many important samskaras.

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The Birth of a Child in Jewish Culture

As in all cultures, the birth of a child is an occasion for joyous celebration in Judaism. Indeed, the first commandment in the Torah is to be fruitful and multiply (Genesis 1:28). The first part of the Jewish rite of passage is the birth of the child, each gender would have specific things that they do to make the children right in the eyes of God. The birth of the son ritual entails the boy to be circumcised. Male circumcision is known and practiced by many peoples. In Judaism it is a religious requirement, based on a divine command: This is my covenant which you shall keep; every male among you shall be circumcised, and you shall be circumcised in the flesh of your foreskin. (Genesis 17:10 – 11).

It is the first life-cycle ritual that is mentioned in the Torah. It signifies a commitment by the Jewish people to the divine being, recorded as a physical sign on the body. The circumcision is carried out on the eighth day after birth, or later if medical reasons make postponement advisable. The operation takes place in the midst of family and friends, symbolizing the community's welcome to the new-born child. Prayers and benedictions are recited, a Hebrew name is bestowed on the child, and all present express the wish that he may progress from one sacred moment of his life to another, particularly to marriage and good deeds. (Jewish rites of Passage 1 ). The birth of the daughter ritual is much different than that of the son's ritual which is more physical than anything else. The birth of a Jewish daughter is celebrated by the father being called to the reading of the Torah in the synagogue on the first Sabbath (or Monday or Thursday – when the Torah is read) after the birth. A blessing is pronounced, and the baby's name is announced. Further ceremonials on the birth of a daughter have developed in recent years. These rituals have been given a variety of different names, such as Simchat Bat (Rejoicing of the Daughter) or Brit B'not Yisrael (The Covenant of the Daughters of Israel). A service and celebration of the event takes place in the home. (Jewish rites of Passage1.)

As the Jewish kids get older the boys and girls celebrate their coming of age differently than most other religions and rites of passage of the coming of age for the teenagers to be. 'Bar Mitzvah' literally mean 'son of the mitzvot' (commandments). When a Jewish boy reaches the age of 13, whether he 'celebrates' it or not, he is now bound to live by the commandments of the Torah. From that date, he will wear tefillin on a daily basis, participate in synagogue services and take his place in the Jewish community. This milestonecalled a bar mitzvahis often celebrated with a ceremony in synagogue, tefillin wearing, and parties. The celebrant may be called to the Torah, lead services, deliver a speech or otherwise demonstrate his newfound status. (Bar mitzvah 1).

His obligations include personal responsibility for observance of these, and his privileges include the right to be called to read the Torah, the right to be counted as one of the ten adult males required for full synagogue services in Orthodoxy. The bar mitzvah event is marked by the boy being called to the reading of the Torah in the synagogue. He reads the weekly portion from the scrolls of the Torah (the Five Books of Moses) and usually also reads that week's lesson from the Prophets (called the Haftarah). The reading is in the Hebrew language and is chanted in the ancient melody, the phrases of which are shown as symbols in the printed version of the Bible in Hebrew. Sometimes the bar mitzvah boy also leads part or all of the service. In order to fulfil these duties, the boy usually studies for approximately a year before his Bar mitzvah. On that same Sabbath or on the following day, a party is held to celebrate the occasion with friends and family, and the party can range from a quiet family celebration in the home to a full-scale banquet. (Rites of Passage 1.)

Although young boys are trained to keep all the mitzvahs even before their bar mitzvah, tefillin are the exception. A boy does not put on tefillin until he approaches the age of thirteen. For this reason, more than any other practice, tefillin have always served as the mark of honor that a boy receives upon his bar mitzvah. Traditionally, the purchase of tefillin for a bar mitzvah boy is regarded with special pride by his parents and grandparents. ( Bar mitzvah 1). The scale of how big a Bar Mitzvah gets attention as much as a wedding in Jewish culture due to the responsibilities being placed on the child entering adulthood and how they are going to be going into their adult lives.

Recently for the daughter's version of the Bar mitzvah it has recently came around the 20th century and takes place at their 12th birth day instead of their 13th birthday like the boys do. When a girl reaches 12-years-old she becomes a bat mitzvah and is recognized by Jewish tradition as having the same rights as an adult. She is now morally and ethically responsible for her decisions and actions, whereas prior to her adulthood, her parents would be morally and ethically responsible for her actions. (Bat mitzvah 1).

In Conservative and Progressive congregations, the girl's ceremony is identical with the boys' bar mitzvah ceremony, with the reading of the Torah taking place in the Temple on the Sabbath. Orthodox congregations have found various solutions to the problems posed by Jewish traditional custom and law. Any present appropriate for a 13-year-old girl's birthday can be given. Cash is commonly given as a bat mitzvah gift as well. It has become the practice of many families to donate a portion of any monetary gift to a charity of the bat mitzvah's choosing, with the remainder often being added to the child's college fund or contributing to any further Jewish education programs she may attend. (Bat Mitzvah 1). The girl may perform the identical readings to a boy at an exclusively women's service on the Sabbath, with the men separated by a barrier.

Alternatively, the same reading may be made on a day other than the Sabbath, and without the formal blessings. Another arrangement is for a communal Bat Mitzvah ceremony to be held for a group of girls on day other than the Sabbath and organized by a Jewish school or synagogue. There is no specific religious ritual and the girls study and prepare readings, often including a statement of commitment, reading a passage from the Bible, and other texts which reflect on the Jewish woman's duties and responsibilities. The ceremonies are usually followed by celebrations, again ranging from a quiet family gathering in the home to a full-scale banquet. (rites of Passage 1). While the bat mitzvah ceremony is a milestone life-cycle event and is the culmination of years of study, it is not the end of a girl's Jewish education. It simply marks the beginning of a lifetime of Jewish learning, study, and participation in the Jewish community. (Bat mitzvah 1).

Even after the party for both genders they can chose to continue their Jewish education at a Jewish school or an after-school program at a Hebrew school that would allow them to continue their education. A bar mitzvah is not just a once in a lifetime event, rather it's an important link in a continuous chain of religious and spiritual experiences. Therefore, the most important aspect of the bar mitzvah is not the party or the performance, but the impact and long-term effect this experience will have on the young man's identity as a Jew. The preparations for the bar mitzvah should reflect this focus and not be dominated by less important matters. (Bar Mitzvah 1).

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The Effects of Race on Self-Identity in Zora Hurston’s Essay

The dictionary defines self-identity as The recognition of one's potential and qualities as an individual, especially in relation to social context (Merriam-Webster). Zora Neal Hurston explores her own self-identity in the essay How it Feels Colored Me. Hurston was born on January 7, 1891, in Notasulga, Alabama, although she always considered Eatonville, FL her hometown (www.zoranealshurston.com). The essay describes how the white society affects the author's view of herself and her self-identity, and the way society's opinion can inspire self-pride. Zora Hurston used variety of metaphors to explore and discuss her journey to develop her self-identity and self-pride.

Zora Hurston was living her life without any feelings of self-identity at her childhood when she was living in the Eatonville town, because she was with same colored people. So, she feels all the people looks like her and she believes everybody Zora. Only she saw some white people crossing the town, everybody else were same colored people. She was self-pride herself singing and dancing speak pieces(Hutson 1060) and comforting herself by watching on the road side actions in her front porch in that childhood time, but once she moved from her home town for schooling, she became colored girl. She says that . but I was their Zora nevertheless. I belonged to them, to the nearby hotels, to the countyeverybody's Zora (Hurston 1060). When she departs away from home, she feels gratified with other African American people and she was a chameleon in between the black and white people that came through her town. . Hurston emphasizes the joy she felt in being an intermediary between her own culture and that of the white foreigners: (Heard 145). Hurston's early experiences with two cultures, set her up to develop a confidence in herself and how she viewed her identity with both groups of people.

I started writing new, but my mind is not working Zora Hurston did not question her self-identity while she was growing up an Eatonville FL, because everyone looked like her and shared her culture. Zora Hurston was describing her everyday life in Eatonville where she had pleasant conversations with her neighbors, sang and danced on the streets of Eatonville; she observed her environment from a comfortable spot on her front porch. During that time, she was everybody's Zora; free from the separation of feeling of different. Later on, she left home to attend a boarding school where she becomes a colored girl (Hurston 1060). She goes on to explain, . but I was their Zora nevertheless. I belonged to them, to the nearby hotels, to the countyeverybody's Zora (Hurston 1060). When she departs away from home, she feels gratified with other African American people and she was a chameleon in between the black and white people that came through her town. . Hurston emphasizes the joy she felt in being an intermediary between her own culture and that of the white foreigners: (Heard 145). Hurston's early experiences with two cultures, set her up to develop a confidence in herself and how she viewed her identity with both groups of people.

Zora Hurston's strong self-identity allows her to feel proud of her race and her culture. Hurston stated that she does not see or consider herself tragically colored and begins weaving together self-representations based on her own ideas of herself that illustrates her self-pride. She is excessively caught up with "sharpening her oyster knife" to stop to consider the pain that discrimination may cause, and as a "dark rock surged upon" she raises all the deeper feelings for any hardships that she has needed to persevere in order to maintain her feeling of defiance in the face of that discrimination. Hurston does recognize the minutes when she feels her (or others') racial variations and judgments, and her description of the difference between and her interactions with white customers and black customers at a jazz club demonstrates the separation between their lives (Hurston 1060). By becoming a sharp knife and a dark rock, she strengthened her resolve to be herself. Regardless of what other people thought about her and despite how they treated her, she always focused on what she wanted to do and they way she viewed herself.

Hurston builds up an expanded metaphor in which she matched and compared herself to a brown colored bag loaded down with arbitrary bits and weaves. She compares all people of different races to various colored bags that, if purged into an expansive heap and re-stuffed, would illustrate the fact that all people are the same. This illustrates that people, regardless of race, are basically of similar human character. Hurston finishes up by attesting that "the Great Stuffer of Bags," the Maker, may have molded people this way from the beginning. Along these lines, Hurston cultivates a point of view that looks away from pride in one's race to pride in one's self (Hurston 1061). The metaphors of the colored bags represent Hurston's opinion about race and how race should influence how people regard themselves, and how they should consider others. She clearly believes that the color of a person's skin has no bearing on the character or worth of an individual. This further demonstrates Hurston's strong sense of self and pride in who she is.

Zora Hurston describes her journey of self-discover, identity, and self-pride with metaphors that represent ideas of race and character and how those ideas both separate and connect American society. Zora Hurston struggles and comes to terms with society's view of who she should be as an African American woman and her own ideals of self-identity and self-pride. Even though she was criticized by her own community for associating the white community, and while she didn't really fit in to the white community, her self-pride was enough to inspire her own self-identity to have the confidence to bridge both sides. How It Feels to Be Colored Me is a combative poem that clearly did not fit with the philosophies of racial discrimination of the times, nor did it totally interlock with the blooming of black dominance of the arts related with the Harlem Renaissance. In the poem, Hurston divorces herself from "the sobbing school of Negrohood" (1060). Hurston that expects her to persistently make a case for over a wide span of time shameful acts. She can rest during the night realizing that she has carried on with an equitable life, never being scare of the "dark ghost" (Hurston 1060) that may wind up alongside her in bed. Through her clever words, Hurston conveys a great message of self-acceptance to challenge the attitudes of her time about race, culture, self-identity that we can apply to our times.

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How it Feels to be Colored me Rhetorical Analysis

Growing up in a small town full of white people I never felt different until I enter grade six. I started to realize I was so different from the majority of my classmate except some small percentage of kids that looked like me. I remember the first time I felt different and it was when a kid asked me why I had a towel in my head. How It Feels to Be Colored Me by Zora Neale Hurston shares about how she never felt different until she was sent to a school in Jacksonville, a white community. This essay dealt with a time period after slavery was abolished, but discrimination and segregation were still present in people's minds. As a colored writer, she was a credible source to share about racial barriers to sympathetic reader who want to embrace their differences. Through humor, anecdote, metaphor, and imagery. Hurston addresses her personal experiences as a Negro.

Hurston begins her essay by telling stories of her childhood in Eatonville, Florida. People of color mostly populated Eatonville and when Hurston mother died, she was sent to a boarding school in Jacksonville where she felt color. She remembers how white people liked to hear her 'speak pieces' and sing. As they rode through town. They wanted to see her dance the parse-me-la and paid her generously for it. This anecdote from the author gives the reader an understanding of Hurston's perspective. She does not just inform us by using anecdote. Hurston effectively allows the audience to empathize with her youthful innocence.

Jacksonville shifted Hurston's perspective: however, she still did not feel tragically colored. One of the appeals she uses in this passage is pathos. She did not weep at the world. Discrimination simply astonished her; she asked herself, How can any deny themselves the pleasure of my company! It's beyond me. Hurston used humor to emphasize her refusal to let discrimination and her differences make her insecure. Hurston makes this point clear by humorous exaggeration of her feelings.

Furthermore, Hurston delivers imagery throughout the passage by demonstrating the uses of feel and sense to lead to the finding of herself. She emphasizes on how she believes she is a part of America as a whole and not just simply a color. Hurston uses imagery to compare the culture of blacks between the white culture, which conveys that black culture is worth celebrating. Hurston takes the reader on a voyage that illustrates the finding of her self-identity.

Despite her feelings of pride, the author could not help feeling different, like she was thrown against a sharp white background. Occasionally, she realized that she was a brown bag of miscellany propped against a wall, in the company of other bags of different colors. Nevertheless, she comprehended the similarity of their contents. This description gives vivid imagery for the author's thoughts. The author uses these metaphors to underscore her isolation, which makes her revelation even more meaningful: physical features may be diverging, but people share the same essence.

Hurston uses these rhetorical devices to add and further her opinion. It added another dimension to her writing by combining rationale, imagery, and motivation with perspective.

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Main Motive of Zora Neale Hurston’s Essay

In How It Feels to Be Colored Me, Zora Neale Hurston describes her feelings and experiences in the twenty's century from the examples of her own life as colored person. I had to read her essay few times before I can understand all the metaphor's that she used thru out her work. She starts her story with the fact that she is the only Negro that have no native Americans ancestors. Hurston grew up in a small solely colored town in Orange County Florida where she did not have to worry about her skin color. The only white people she has seen was the ones who passed thru the city going or coming from Orlando. No one cared for Southern whites they were closer socioeconomically to blacks because they rode dusty horses thru town, but Northern tourists were actually something else because they drove automobiles, so the only difference Hurston had seen there is the lower or upper class of people not the color.

Later in the story author moves to Jacksonville, Florida at the age of thirteen where she first saw diverse population. But she rejected to be tragically colored. She states that she doesn't belong in the Negrohood school where the colored people feel down about the way society look at them, they hate the world and feel sorry about the fact that they black. Hurston sees herself different. She doesn't mind being black, she proud of it. No, I do not weep at the world-I am too busy sharpening my oyster knife (Hurston 1289). She sees a big race difference when she goes to listen jazz with her white friend. Hurston experience something unbelievable when she listens to the music; her emotions are going up and down, she sees different colors of the music, she wants to dance, jump, scream and when she looks at her white friend, he calmly seats smoking his cigarette. He has only heard what I felt (Hurston 1291)

Hurston ends her story by using the metaphor of colored bags to describe people. She believes that persons skin color doesn't justify certain thoughts, actions, emotions, or talents. As long as black people have the same opportunities as white people, they can obtain the same experiences and abilities. The main idea of the colored bags metaphor is to show us that we are all like bags; full of desires, disappointments, hopes, love and hate and so on. If we were to take everything out of those bags, the skin color wouldn't matter anymore because all of us would be the same.

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How it Feels to be Colored me Theme

Maya Angelou said: “we all should know that diversity makes for a rich tapestry, and we must understand that all the threads of the tapestry are equal in value no matter what their color.” In How It Feels to Be Colored Me Zora Neale Hurston toys with the idea that one may be able to channel an inner awareness acknowledging that one may embody two selves, two spiritual beings. Throughout the years, African Americans have faced injustice and unfortunately still do present day. Some carry the anger of slavery that their ancestors faced; some hide behind that anger and project their emotions differently.

Some are able to project a double consciousness of who they are and some find the strength and self-confidence to embrace individuality in their African American heritage. Hurston does just that, but identifies herself with the human race, rather than solely the race associated with the color of her skin. She states that she “has no separate feeling about being an American citizen and color” (Hurston 3). Illuminating the fact than despite events and beliefs that surround her, she is confident and finds comfort in who she is: “I am merely a fragment of the Great Souls that surges within the boundaries” (Hurston 3).

In How It Feels to Be Colored Me, Zora Neale Hurston presents the capacity of harboring strength and utilizing it for control in claiming who you are despite outer influences from those surrounding you. In her essay How It Feels to Be Colored Me, Hurston speaks of her memory as a thirteen years old growing up in Eatonville, Florida. Very subtlety she highlights events, memories from the “very day [she] became colored”(Hurston 1). Living in an exclusively colored town she noted that the only time white people would pass by was on their travels to and from Orlando. She describes the interactions between the whites passing by and the town’s people of Eatonville, highlighting the difference between the Southerners and Northerners. She notes that interaction with them seldom occurred, “they were peered at cautiously from behind curtains by the timid.

The more venturesome would come out on the porch to watch them go past” (Hurston 1). A formal connection never made between the two, except for the ones that Hurston initiated. She did not see any differences between her and the white people passing through town, in fact she even spoke to them. But, “if one of [her] family happened to come to the front in to see [her], of course negotiations would be rudely broken off”(Hurston 1).

She acknowledges the differences between her family and herself partaking in social exchanges with whites, but never gives off any ideas or hints that she is ashamed of whom she is or the community that she and her loved ones embody. Zora Neale Hurston has worked on ethnographic texts that have given authors and researchers a more in depth perception on African Americans and all Americans living amongst one another (Lori Jirousek). Hurston states in her essay that she is “not tragically colored. There is no great sorrow dammed up in my soul, nor lurking behind my eyes. I do not mind at all” (Hurston 2). Using ethnographic context from Hurston, analyzers have been able to conclude that through How It Feels to Be Colored Me Hurston, “attempts to transcend race and avoid victim status”, “has an individualistic standpoint that not only emphasizes her own self-determination and self-definition, but also promotes those same qualities in others” and develops “a new definition of community that challenges […] boundedness of such categories as race and nation” (Jirousek).

Hurston illuminates the mere fact that what others may think or say about ones skin color cannot make one feel less than or inferior or unless he or she lets it. She does not let the mere fact that she is black belittle her in any shape or form. She grabs racism by the horns when stating “At certain times, I have no race, I am me” (Hurston 3). Her ability to channel self-confidence is what allows her to transcend race and its rubbish tendencies, develop and urgency towards self-definition and breaks the barriers between stereotypical sense of belonging between race and nations. Stating that she does “feel discriminated against, but it does not make [her] angry. It merely astonishes [her]” (Hurston 3). She continues to capitalize and assert her confidence in one sentence: “How can any deny themselves the pleasure of my company? It’s beyond me” (Hurston 3).

Hurston worked on the establishment of “national coherence and solidarity” (Jirousek) by providing the shared relationship between an individual and their nation, something she broke through in her essay How It Feels to Be Colored Me. United States in the 1920’s was an era of injustice. Filled with many wrong doings on certain groups of people. Hurston alludes that she does not view herself any differently than her neighbor, “[she] has no separate feeling about being American and colored” (Hurston 3) as stated previously.

She decided to not let outer influences have a say in the image she wants to create for herself and share with the world. She dives into her ancestry stating: “Someone is always at my elbow reminding me that I am the granddaughter of slaves. It fails to register depression with me. Slavery is sixty years in the past. The operation was successful and the patient is doing well, thank you (Hurston 2). The strength and resilience she embodies is what gives her the strength to look past that and recognize that she is equal to her fellow Americans no matter her the color of her skin or her ancestry.

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An Idea of Race in Hurston’s Essay

Hurston feels her race does not affect the person that she claims to be, yet it affects people's perspective of her.Hurston specifically complains about the tendency to overemphasize the legacy of slavery, which she dismisses and dehumanizes by placing it sixty year in her past. She describes centuries of slavery as a horrible lifestyle of sacrifice so that African Americans could have a chance at freedom and a new opportunity in life. Above intolerance, people often stereotype others due to ethnicity.

Hurston claims to remember the first day she became colored, which occurred when she was thirteen. However, race can be more a matter of social reinforcement. In short, she did not feel colored until people made her feel like she was. Her appeal to pathos is mainly a refusal to be horribly colored, which appeals to the way her audience admires the strength of her character. The insistence on people being individuals rather than begin defined by race and the sympathy. She shares "her" point of view leading to the final disagreement that people should not be defined merely by skin color but by all the complex elements of their character. Hurston divorces herself from the sobbing school of Negrohood that requires her to continually lay claim to past and present injustices. She can sleep at night knowing that she has lived a righteous life, never fearing that some dark ghost might end up next to her in bed.

Through her witty words, Hurston delivers a powerful message to challenge the mindsets of her, and our, time. Hurston uses an anecdote when she stated, I remember the day that I became colored, I was not Zora of Orange Country anymore, I was now a little colored girl. Hurston is showing her love of her culture and her recognition of her color. Simultaneously Hurston also believed the only difference between white and black people was that white people would pass through town but never stay. Even so, she would perform for the white tourist, singing, and dancing, which they would sometime reward with dimes. This surprised her because performing was something she would do anyways. The black locals did not once think about paying her for a song, but she knew that they had cared and supported her anyway. In her childhood, Hurston was protected from the worst derivative statements as she lived in an all-black environment. Through performance for the white tourist, she starts to detect a difference in the white visitors, one is with them having money, and the financial stability to pay for art and entertainment.

One way to evaluate the problem is a simple comparison between the two lifestyles (black and white). When she decides to compare herself to a white person in a jazz club, she feels as though she is superior in the way that she can immerse herself in the music. While Hurston was in a trance, her friend had been smoking calmly. He seemed unfazed by music, giving an inadequate compliment. Hurston sees him as if across a continent and described him as pale with his whiteness in a way that lacks passion and vitality. At other times, Hurston feels like she has no race. She feels expression of eternal femininity or just one fragment of a Great Soul. When she walks the streets, she feels snooty and aristocratic. Of course, she experiences racism, but she only pities the racist for depriving themselves of her company.

Hurston isn't limited by her black identity, as she also embraces her female identity, or at times, simply disavows identity although to be a piece of the Great Soul. Her efforts to pick up or put down identities at will benefit her from a sort of performance. Hurston describes herself as a brown bag among white, yellow, and red bags. Each bag has a jumble of contents both marvelous and ordinary, such as a first water diamond or a dried flower or two still a little fragrant. The different colored bags are Hurston's central metaphor for her mature understanding of race. The color of the bag corresponds to skin color and external appearance, and the varied contents represent thoughts, memories, emotions, and experiences particular to each individual. The contents Hurston describes are both beautiful and mundane, but they all surpass the exterior of the bags in specificity of detail.

Hurston seems to say that this internal content is much more important and much more interesting than a flat, one-word description of the skin. After making the realization that she is in fact of color and of the consequences regarding this fact, she makes a clear distinction between herself as a person of color and "the sobbing school of Negrohood" (1984). Here she exhibits an ambition that carries her past the obstacles that both then and now face African Americans during their lifetimes. Having an outspoken, high spirited, and ambitious personality, Hurston could obtain an education and explored the complexities of African-American society through her research and writing. Above the intolerance, people often stereotype others due to race.

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Apollo: the Moon Landing which Triumphed above all Others

At about 3000 feet above the moon's surface, Neil Armstrong noticed that all across the landing site there were many scattered clumps of craters and boulders. At 300 feet, and descending the superb pilot managed to quickly maneuver his spacecraft slightly left in order to avoid the debris and gently landed his spacecraft among an area of smooth land. Upon arrival, Neil Armstrong recited the first words ever spoken on the moon. Houston, Tranquility base here. The Eagle has landed (Spangenburg 60). On July 20, 1969, Neil Armstrong accomplished what John F. Kennedy had dreamed of only 8 years earlier. To land a man on the moon, by the end of the decade (NASA). Apollo 11 was a great technological triumph in space. This historic mission caused massive boosts in the patriotism and confidence of Americans, received support from political figures, showcased American superiority in space, and provided mankind with many new technologies, and a wealth of information on multiple scientific fields.

There were many events taking place at the time of the moon landing which affected the Apollo 11 flight. After World War 2, relationships between the Soviet Union and America grew tense. Since the Soviet Union was under communist rule, nearby countries such as Vietnam were afraid that the Soviets would force their rule upon them (Spangenburg 13). This difference in way of life was what sparked the Cold War which was a tragic war which consisted of the U.S and the soviet union fighting for influence and prestige (Cole, 11). This war sparked a more peaceful competition known as the space race. By 1957 the Soviets developed a rocket which could carry a small satellite into earth's orbit, and by means of this technology, they launched Sputnik 1, the first satellite in space (Riper 14). In response the US created its own space program, NASA in October of 1958. On April 12, 1961, Yuri Gagarin became the first man in space after his Vostok spacecraft first reached earth's orbit (Spangenburg 17). Till this point the Soviet Union were defeating the Americans in space, but John F. Kennedy's historic speech to congress was a major turning point. John. F Kennedy's speech led to many successful endeavors in space for the United states, such as project Mercury, and project Gemini, but never had anyone reached the moon. This is why project Apollo was created (Enghland,137)

Apollo 11 was a major triumph from a technological standpoint providing humans with many new technologies, and providing data in multiple scientific fields. To fit the needs of the Apollo mission many technologies had to be created many of which eventually made it to the consumers market, such as nonstick coating, dehydrated foods, miniaturized electronics and many more (Riper 17). The Apollo mission actually did provide taxpayers with tangible results and had a major impact on technologies today. Apollo 11 also created the foundation for the phone since, the phone is made is made of miniaturized electronics. When the astronauts reached the moon they set up seismic experiments, to check for lunar quakes, and meteor strikes. These experiments also sent data about the inner structure of the moon. The Apollo 11 astronauts set up laser reflectors to find the exact distance of the moon from earth, and they brought a solar wind panel to trap atomic particles from the sun to study solar radiation (Green 21). This shows how landing on the moon, impacted our knowledge in multiple scientific fields, but also completed its main purpose of giving mankind information about the moon. In short Apollo 11 triumphed from a technological standpoint by giving humans access to many new technologies, and opening up a wealth of information about many scientific fields.

Apollo 11 received support from major political figures, showcased American superiority in space, and was a great political triumph in the eyes of the United States. The United States and the Soviet Union were engaged in the Cold war which sparked the Apollo project (Green 11). This shows the main reason for reaching the moon was to tend to a rivalry between the two nations. On may 25 1961 John.F Kennedy announced, "I believe that this nation should commit itself, to achieving the goal that before this decade's out of the landing, a man on the moon and returning him safely to earth" (Spangenburg 18). This shows that John. F Kennedy, the president of the United States, set the goal to reach the moon, and helped NASA, achieve what we thought to be impossible at the time.

Apollo 11 was also a social triumph, which boosted the patriotism, and confidence of Americans. 1968 was a very turbulent during which American forces suffered major setbacks in vietnam, Lyndon Johnson ended his bid for reelection, Martin Luther King was assassinated, so the moon landing was a triumph against bad news for everyone. Apollo 11 boosted the confidence of Americans to solve society's problems (Millions Around Globe Hung on Every Word from Astros). Although the space race started because of a rivalry between the nations, it culminated in triumph for the entire human race. For example the plaque, left on the moon states we came in peace for all mankind (Chaikin 11). Apollo 11 was a triumph for all mankind, even though it started as a rivalry.

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Apollo 11: One of the Greatest Moments in History

'That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind, Neil Armstrong, July 20, 1969'. This was one of history's famous quote, Neil Armstrong said this before he took his first step on the moon. The 363 ft. Apollo rocket launch took place in Cape Canaveral, Florida at 9:37 am on July 16, 1969. The objective of Apollo 11 was to complete as National goal set by President John F. Kennedy on May 25, 1961: perform a crewed lunar landing and return to Earth, (One Giant Leap for Mankind 1st par.). Apollo 11 was one of greatest moments in history not only cause the United States got a man to the moon, but for some other great reasons that shaped America.

For one, it ended the space race the United States was having with the Soviet Union. The space race happen during the Cold War, although both countries never went to war. The Cold War was tension between the United States and the Soviet Union. Apollo 11 also helped in other political things as well.

Second, people all over the globe saw Apollo 11 on their television. An estimated over half a billion people saw Armstrong's televised image and heard him as he took a step on the moon. It brought America together.

Third Apollo lead to an advantage in technology, that we still use to this day. Leading NASA to discover more space and lead America to the future.

Apollo 11 was a milestone in history because it ended the tension between the United States and Soviet Union, It was the first time man has ever stepped on the moon, and it lead to an advancement in technology.

The Cold War was an event leading up to Apollo 11. Both the United States and the Soviet Union had tension in between them. These two countries both had nuclear missiles, but never used any of the missiles. The Cold War was never a fighting war, It was tension between their supports on a certain side. The moments filled with the most tension were the Cuban Missile Crisis, Vietnam War, and the Korean War. This war was mainly between the communist party and the democratic party. To see who was the most powerful and better country. When the Soviet Union launched Sputnik 1 on October 4, 1957, the United States was surprised to find themselves behind in the race to space ( Rosenberg, First Man on the Moon 1st par.). Then so the race started to see who could land on the moon first. When the race first started the Soviet Union was not ahead, until they created a ballistic missile. They used that same missile to get to the moon, but with some modifications. The reason why putting a man on the moon was important, was to show which country had superior technology and weapons. Still behind the Soviets in the Space Race four years later, President John F. Kennedy gave inspiration and hope to the American people in his speech to Congress on May 25, 1961 in which he stated, "I believe that this nation should commit itself to achieving the goal, before this decade is out, of landing a man on the moon and returning him safely to the Earth." ( Rosenberg, First Man on the Moon 2nd par.). The United States achieved this goal before the Soviets in July 20, 1969, when Neil Armstrong stepped foot on the moon ending the space race. This showed the Soviet Union that the United States was more superior and had better technology. Although this did not end the Cold War, the war ended in 1991, when the Soviet Union fell off and became Russia. Neil Armstrong stepping on the moon showed the United States was superior.

On July 20, 1969, cameras transmitted images from the moon to over half a billion people on Earth who sat watching their televisions. It was phenomenal that these people were able to witness the amazing events that were unfolding hundreds of thousands of miles above them ( Rosenberg, First Man on the Moon). All these people from all over the world watching as Neil Armstrong takes his first step on the moon. After a while the astronauts received a call from President Richard Nixon. Nixon began by saying, "Hello, Neil and Buzz. I am talking to you by telephone from the Oval Office of the White House. And this certainly has to be the most historic telephone calls ever made. I just can't tell you how proud we are of what you have done." ( Rosenberg, First Man on the Moon). After Apollo 11 that was all people could talk about at the time. When the astronauts returned back home, a parade was thrown and had many people there. People also believed that the moon landing was fake and it was shot in Hollywood. They also claimed that there was evidence in the video of the moon landing. However, NASA claims they made special cameras so that the people on Earth could watch it happen. Apollo 11 also had an impact on the people not just in the United States, but around the world that the sky is not the limit.

Apollo 11 not only showed us that the sky is not the limit, but that our technology does not stop there as well. The astronauts suit and the LVR. The astronauts suit also known as the mercenary space suit, was made by B.E. Goodrich. Goodrich was assigned the contract in July 1959, to make the spacesuits ( Watkins, Pg. 108). The Lunar Roving Vehicle (LVR) was a project designed by Saverio Sonny Morea. Morea saw the need for a car on the moon. Morea said, We could tell they were struggling. We could hear them breathing hard, Morea says. And that meant they were putting forth a lot of effort, which meant they were consuming a lot of oxygen. We found out that night that working on the moon is hard. It was an issue the LRV could help with. If we were going to do any serious exploring, it was a must. ( Watkins, Pg.180). These people helped create the technology we needed to go to the moon. All this technology had a price to it. An estimated 176 billion dollars was spent on all the Apollo programs including Apollo 11. From the beginning of all the Apollo's till the end, 1962-1972. After people found out how much money was spent they did not want to go to the moon again. Apollo 11 created over 6 thousand inventions that we use in our everyday lives. Inventions such as computer chips, smoke detectors, and tools with no cords. Without Apollo 11 we would not have all the technology we have till this day. We are still advancing every single day in technology. Apollo 11 also gave us hope for further exploration in the future.

Conclusion

In conclusion, Apollo 11 helped shape the world we live in today. Although, people till this day still think it was fake that NASA did not land a man on the moon. There is countless evidence that makes it true. What we do know is that Apollo 11 proved to the Soviet Union the United States is superior, how it brought America together, and all the advancement in technology. Apollo 11 may just have seemed to be a man stepping on the moon, but It was so much bigger than that.

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Apollo 11 Mission: an Answer to Many Question

The famous astronomer known as Galileo made many extraordinary astronomical discoveries and his observations of the Moon were just a few of them. Galileo was the first astronomer to discover that the surface of the Moon had pits, craters, and mountains and wasn't as smooth of a surface as everyone thought. For centuries following this realization, everyone's curiosity about the Moon continued to grow and the possibility of one-day landing on the Moon became a part of the American Dream. On May 25th 1961, President John F. Kennedy set the nationwide goal in a speech to Congress to land men on the Moon for the first time and bring them home safely before the decade was over. And a little over eight years later, that's exactly what the Apollo 11 mission accomplished. This mission helped America gain more respect and recognition from other countries, it helped disprove and also confirm many theories, and it helped people to gain a clearer understanding of life in outer space. And on top of all that, it was a time where people couldn't be more proud to be American. The Apollo 11 mission is such an important part of American history and it will always be John F. Kennedy's greatest legacy and one of America's greatest accomplishments.

What is known as the Space Race that began in 1957 refers to the competition between the Soviet Union and the United States of America for dominance in spaceflight capability. They both fought to prove their superiority by trying to outshine each other in the exploration of space. After the USSR launched Sputnik, the first satellite, and successfully sent a man into space, America and NASA felt extreme pressure which brought on the creation of the Apollo missions.From 1961-1964, NASA's budget was increasing and the employees were accumulating. But the Apollo program suffered a setback in January 1967 when three astronauts were killed after their spacecraft caught on fire during a launch test. A couple years later, the three astronauts being sent to the Moon during the Apollo 11 mission were known as Neil Armstrong, Edwin Buzz Aldrin, and Michael Collins and they were qualified and had experience from other missions such as Project Gemini. These men and their families knew that they were taking a big risk and there was a possibility they wouldn't make it back, but they weren't doing it for themselves, they were doing it for their country.

The Apollo 11 Mission had three spacecrafts known as The Command Module Columbia, a Service Module, and the Lunar Module Eagle. The Apollo 11 spacecraft also known as the Saturn V Rocket lifted off on July 16, 1969 and carried them into space. After the launch, it was Michael Collins' responsibility to pilot the command module, Columbia. He had to control the operations that would detach Columbia from the Saturn V rocket which would uncover the lunar landing module, Eagle. Collins had to position Columbia's nose to dock with the top of Eagle which was an extremely tricky and stressful maneuver. Four days later on July 20th 1969, Armstrong and Aldrin descended down to the Moon in Eagle and Michael Collins remained alone in Columbia waiting for them to return. Everything stopped at NASA's control room in Houston when they heard Neil Armstrong's voice come through the speakers and say, The Eagle has landed.

This was one of the first important events to be broadcasted on television for all of America to see and it also gave the world it's first glimpse of an alien terrain. Neil Armstrong was the first to step foot on the Moon and as he did, he delivered his famous line, That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind. Although the Moon was just a step away for Armstrong he served as a representative of humanity touching the Moon and it was a moment that America will never forget. Since the Moon has no atmosphere, their footprints can still be seen since no erosion takes place to wipe anything away. Aldrin joined Armstrong 19 minutes later and they spent 21 hours and 36 minutes on the Moon's surface. In NASA's article entitled Apollo Mission Overview, Brian Dunbar states, During the exploration, the two astronauts were to gather samples of lunar-surface materials for return to Earth. They also were to extensively photograph the lunar terrain, the deployed scientific equipment, the LM spacecraft, and each other, both with still and motion picture cameras. They placed an American flag on the Moon and President John F. Kennedy first proposed this accompanied by .for the eyes of the world now look into space, to the Moon and to the planets beyond, and we have vowed that we shall not see it governed by a hostile flag of conquest, but by a banner of freedom and peace.The photograph of Aldrin with the flag is still iconic to this day. President Nixon's historic phone call to congratulate them while they were still up there was made by a telephone radio transmission and is also known as the longest-distance phone call to ever be made. While all of this was happening, Collins was in lunar orbit serving as a communication channel and photographing the Moon. For the next 21.5 hours, all Collins could do was wait. He was known to have recorded himself countless times and just before Eagle was due to come back to him, his famous tape-recording stated, "My secret terror for the last six months has been leaving them on the Moon and returning to Earth alone; now I am within minutes of finding out the truth of the matter." Columbia was the only part of the spacecraft to return to Earth. The three men of Apollo 11 landed in the Pacific Ocean on July 24th, and arrived home to a proud nation waiting to congratulate them.

After Apollo 11 landed on the Moon's surface in July 1969, six more Apollo missions followed by the end of 1972. It paved the way for all the lunar missions to follow. By landing on the Moon, this allowed the United States to come back and win the Space Race against the Soviets. The Soviets were the first to land there with their Luna 2 spacecraft 10 years prior but America left its footprints and that can't be beat. Astronauts were looked at as true American heroes and everyone all over the world was overwhelmed with such pride and fulfillment. Not only did the Apollo 11 mission provide the world with answers; it restored hope and faith and fulfilled the promise that John F. Kennedy made to a nation that will always remember him.

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Apollo Lunar Surface Journal

The Apollo Lunar Surface Journal is a record of the lunar surface operations conducted by the six pairs of astronauts who landed on the Moon from 1969 through 1972.i The Journal is intended as a resource for anyone wanting to know what happened during the missions and why. The astronauts from Apollo 11 were Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin.ii The Astronauts from Apollo 12 were Charles Conrad Jr. and Alan Bean.iii The astronaut from Apollo 14 was Edgar Mitchell.iv The astronauts from Apollo 15 were David Scott and James Irwin.v The astronaut from Apollo 16 was Charles Duke.vi The astronauts from Apollo 17 were Eugene Cernan and Harrison Schmitt.vii

The Apollo 11 was the first space mission to land on the moon and the crew members consisted of Neil Armstrong, Buzz Aldrin, and Mike Collins. It took eighty six hours and five and a half lunar orbits to land.viii The whole Apollo 11 mission took 8 days, 3 hours, and 18 minutes.ix There were no seats in the LM, Armstrong and Aldrin were standing, held in place by elastic cords attached to the flooring.x After Apollo 12, scientific considerations were given considerable weight but, for the very first landing, the site was chosen entirely for operational reasons.xi During the Lunar Orbiter missions, the high resolution cameras had been focused on promising sites strung out along a 10-degree-wide band straddling the lunar equator.xii Equatorial sites were of interest because they could be reached with a minimal expenditure of fuel.xiii Sites were also sought at least 45 degrees west of the east limb of the Moon - the right edge as seen from the northern hemisphere on Earth - because the landers were going to orbit from east to west and Houston was going to need several minutes of tracking data so that the landing computer could be updated prior to the descent.xiv Eighty six hours and five-and-a-half lunar orbits into the mission, the crew of Apollo 11 settled down for their last rest period before the landing.

xv As Jack Schmitt relates in his Apollo 17 commentary, six hours of intermittent sleep in orbit can be as restful as six hours of uninterrupted sleep on Earth and, during the outbound trip from Earth, the Apollo 11 crew had been getting between 9 and 10 hours during each of the rest periods.xvi The final rest before the landing was necessarily a short one, but the three of them each got six hours of deep sleep.xvii When the wake-up call - answered by a very groggy Mike Collins - came at ninety-three hours into the mission, they were rested for the historic day ahead.xviiiFor sixteen minutes they looked out the windows and timed the passage of landmarks below them (across a scale marked on Armstrong's window) to confirm the tracking data that Houston was getting.xix With Houston's help, they also checked and double checked the health of the LM.xx

They finally successfully landed and crew described what they saw out the window on a radio back to Earth. In all directions, the land was West Texas flat.xxi The circular horizon was broken here and there by the subtle rims of distant craters.xxii In the middle distance, Armstrong and Aldrin could see boulders and ridges, some of the latter perhaps 20 or 30 feet high.xxiii Close at hand, a hodgepodge of craters pockmarked the surface; and there were small rocks and pebbles scattered everywhere.xxiv It was a flat, level site but, as with Australia's Nullarbor (Latin for "Treeless") Plain, small variations gave the surroundings a subtle beauty of its own.xxv And, of course, because this was the very first landing on the Moon, everything was of enormous interest.xxvi However, before Armstrong and Aldrin could pay much attention to the view or think about going outside themselves, they had to be sure that they had a healthy spacecraft and that the navigation computer was properly loaded with the information needed to get them back to orbit for a rendezvous with Collins.xxvii Finally, two hours after the landing, they and the NASA engineers were satisfied that the LM was ready to come home and, therefore, that it was safe to stay for a while.

xxviii Six and a half hours after landing Armstrong took the first step outside of the spacecraft to make the well known one small step.xxix The soil was very fine grained and had a powdery appearance and, once he stepped down, his boot sank perhaps a couple of inches, making a sharply defined print.xxx Because of the Moon's relatively weak gravity field (one-sixth as strong as Earth's), Armstrong's total weight - half astronaut, half suit and backpack - was only about sixty pounds.xxxi Movement wasn't particularly tiring but because of the dramatic upward-shift in his center of mass caused by the backpack, he had to lean forward to keep his balance and it took a few minutes before he could walk comfortably.xxxii Aldrin joined Armstrong out on the surface about fifteen minutes later and for the next hour and forty minutes, the two of them examined the LM, moved the TV camera out about 50 feet, deployed a pair of scientific instruments, and collected more samples.xxxiii For the first half hour or so, neither Armstrong nor Aldrin did more than a shuffling walk as they went about their work and it was planned, after this initial period of familiarization, for Aldrin to try to take advantage of the one-sixth gravity and try to run.xxxiv Starting from near the LM, he first ran toward the TV camera, rolling from foot to foot in a loping or, as Jack Schmitt calls it, a cross-country skiing stride.xxxv Then as he turned and ran back toward the LM, he used the same gait again but twice changed direction by sticking a foot out to the side and pushing off of it, rather like an American football running back.xxxvi Coming back toward the camera for a second time, he tried a kangaroo hop but decided that it didn't give him as much fore/aft stability as he got with the loping gait.xxxvii

The Apollo 11 Lunar Surface Journal can be believed because not only does it include written statements from the astronauts, but also photos taken on the moon and recordings and audio taken from the crew members during the flight, although many people would say that the moon landing was faked by the government.xxxviii Many things can be learned about the society that produced this journal. Nations got really competitive to put the first man on the moon. How much effort put into this journal and the enthusiasm felt through this journal can show how proud the nation felt about getting the first man on the moon. This journal is really important and interesting. It shows how much hard work and technological advances went into being able to go to the moon and how far the government is willing to take a competition using taxpayers' money. This journal also highlights the differences between the first trip to the moon and space travel now.

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An Overview of Apollo 11 Mission

Apollo 11 Mission

The Apollo Program was initiated in 1963 and was completed in 1972. The purpose of this program was to place a man on the moon, explore the surface of the moon, and develop the ability for man to work in the lunar environment (Loff, P.1). There were seventeen Apollo missions in total, however, only six of the seventeen placed man on the moon. Apollo 11 was the first of these missions to accomplish the goal of placing a man on the moon. (National Air and Space Museum) It was a televised event that the world will probably never forget. From the first footstep made by Neil Armstrong to the American flag that was proudly placed on the moon's surface; the astronauts of the lunar module Eagle, Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin and Michael Collins changed history as we knew it on July 20, 1969.

On July 16, 1969, the world watched as the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) loaded three astronauts aboard the lunar module Eagle that sat on a launch pad at the Kennedy Space Center in Florida. Once launched, the lunar module Eagle raced into space where it made one and a half orbits before getting the ok to head towards the moon. The Apollo 11 mission began and in only four short days the goal of the Apollo mission would come to fruition. Neil Armstrong, the first astronaut to step onto the moon's surface, joined NASA in 1962 where he was command pilot on the Gemini VIII mission and later would become the spacecraft commander for Apollo 11. He was an educated man who studied aeronautical engineering at Purdue University on a United States Navy scholarship. Neil served in the Korean War as a pilot who flew combat missions. After joining NASA, Mr. Armstrong served as a test pilot to aircraft that could reach top speeds of four thousand miles per hour, he also served as an engineer (Biography.com, P.2).

When Neil Armstrong stepped on to the moon's surface, the world watched in amazement. America achieved what many thought was impossible. We not only beat Russia to the moon, we were the first to step foot on it and Neil Armstrong's words That's one small step for man and one giant leap for mankind was forever embedded in history (Dunbar, P.1). Mr. Armstrong would go on to have many more accomplishments in his NASA career before leaving in 1971. Neil passed away at the age of 82, just a few weeks after receiving an open-heart bypass surgery (Biography.com, P.5).

Buzz Aldrin was the second man on the moon and he assisted Neil Armstrong with placing the American flag on the moon's surface. Like Neil, Buzz was a pilot during the Korean War. He participated in the 1963 Gemini mission and was later chosen for the Apollo 11 mission. Buzz got his pilot experience while serving in the United States Air Force. Buzz held a doctorate degree and laid the groundwork for underwater training techniques to simulate spacewalking.

Despite his amazing career, Buzz admitted in his autobiography, Return to Earth, that he battled depression and alcoholism during his time with NASA. Once he obtained sobriety Buzz went on to write several books, appeared on many television shows, he played a small role in the movie Transformers, promoted space exploration by collaborating with Snoop Dogg and Talib Kweli to create a song called Rocket Experience and he inspired Disney's Buzz Lightyear character. Here are a couple interesting facts about Buzz Aldrin, his mother's maiden name was Moon (how ironic) and Buzz once punched a man in the face for saying the moon landing was fake. (who could blame him). Buzz Aldrin is currently 88 years old and doing well.

Neil Armstrong, Buzz Aldrin, and Michael Collins left space on July 22, 1969, and returned to Earth on July 24th. They were required to remain in a 21-day quarantine as a precaution against uncertain threats of contagion (National Air and Space Museum, P.2). Once quarantine was complete, a ticker-tape parade was provided for the three astronauts, where New Yorkers dropped a record amount of paper products onto the streets to celebrate and welcome home the returning heroes (National Air and Space Museum, P.3).

(NASA, NASA, spaceflight.nasa.gov/gallery/images/apollo/apollo11/html/s70_17433.html)

Neil and Buzz's legacy will continue to live on in the history books and in the stories, we share with new generations of space enthusiast. NASA, the astronauts, and the many hundreds of people behind the scenes that work together to make space exploration possible deserve a lot more credit than probably receive. Without these amazing people, we would never know what a moon rock looked like, how a person eats, drinks, sleeps, and works on a space station, or all the beauty our solar system offers. I hope pictures like this, help remind people of the work, dedication, and sacrifices made for good of mankind.

google.com/search?biw=640&bih=635&tbm=isch&sa=1&ei=IjTMWoGuM4iXjwTCiq6gAw&q=NASA- earth&oq=NASA- earth&gs_l=psy-ab.3..0i7i30k1l10.6138.12449.0.13515.29.26.0.0.0.0.357.3107.4j9j5j1.19.0....0...1c.1.64.psy-ab..12.8.1766...0j0i67k1j0i8i30k1.0.OsFMbk0Ls8Q

Works Cited

Apollo 11 (AS-506).Apollo 11 (AS-506) | National Air and Space Museum, airandspace.si.edu/explore-and-learn/topics/apollo/apollo-program/landing-missions/apollo11.cfm.
Buzz Aldrin.Biography.com, A&E Networks Television, 16 Mar. 2018, www.biography.com/people/buzz-aldrin-9179894.
Dunbar, Brian. July 20, 1969: One Giant Leap For Mankind.NASA, NASA, 19 Feb. 2015, www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/apollo/apollo11.html.
Google Search, Google, www.google.com/search?biw=640&bih=635&tbm=isch&sa=1&ei=IjTMWoGuM4iXjwTCiq6gAw&q=NASA- earth&oq=NASA- earth&gs_l=psy-ab.3..0i7i30k1l10.6138.12449.0.13515.29.26.0.0.0.0.357.3107.4j9j5j1.19.0....0...1c.1.64.psy-ab..12.8.1766...0j0i67k1j0i8i30k1.0.OsFMbk0Ls8Q
Loff, Sarah. Apollo 11 Mission Overview.NASA, NASA, 17 Apr. 2015, www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/apollo/missions/apollo11.html.
NASA, NASA, spaceflight.nasa.gov/gallery/images/apollo/apollo11/html/s70_17433.html.
Neil Armstrong.Biography.com, A&E Networks Television, 28 Apr. 2017, www.biography.com/people/neil-armstrong-9188943.

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Sigificance of the Apollo 11 Mission

Apollo 11On May 25, 1961, John F. Kennedy set the goal of landing the first men on the moon. This began project Apollo. The men who served on the project were brave, determined men. The project faced many obstacles including Apollo 1, where every soul was lost. But through all the challenges, mistakes were learned from, making the Apollo 11 mission successful. The men on Apollo 11, Neil Armstrong, Buzz Aldrin, and Michael Collins, are examples of true American heroes; alongside the rest of the astronauts.

Mission goals

Apollo 11 was to be the first manned mission to the moon. This, however, was not their only objective. In addition, they would perform scientific exploration, transmit radio waves to earth, place seismic monitors, and collect lunar rock samples (Apollo 11 mission overview). Indeed this mission would not only be a great success, but it would also pave the way for future space travel and more moon landings. The Previous Missions

Apollo 1 was supposed to be the first manned Apollo mission. However, on January 27, 1967, during a preflight test, a fire broke out in the command module. This killed the entire crew (Apollo Missions). The cause of the casualties was later determined to be from a faulty door that trapped the crew. Even though this was a tragic accident it possibly saved many future lives. After NASA found the problem, they were able to fix it so it wouldn't happen again.

Apollo 7 was a test of the command module and the service module (Apollo Missions). The crew launched from Kennedy Space Center on October 11, 1968, and they returned on October 22, 1968. The tests ran as planned, except for a few minor bumps. Shortly after takeoff, one of the crew members developed a cold, and the rest of the crew soon caught the cold. This caused some concern with wearing helmets during reentry because the pressure of sneezing might blow out their eardrums.

Apollo 8 was a test of the communication and path correction systems (Apollo Missions). Apollo 8's other objective was to orbit the moon. On the morning of December 21, 1968, Apollo 8 launched. On December 24, Apollo 8 allowed the first humans to see the dark side of the moon. Then on December 27, Apollo 8 reentered the Earth's Atmosphere and was picked up by the USS Yorktown.

Apollo 9 had the final test mission. Its task was to test the lunar lander. To do this, they would maneuver it in space and redock to the command module (Apollo Missions). On March 3, 1969, Apollo 9 launched from Kennedy Space Center. Schweickart, the crew's lunar module pilot, was supposed to have an EVA, leave the spacecraft to test the external rescue techniques. This was canceled though due to nausea. This luckily was the only dilemma the crew faced on the mission.

Apollo 10 was the last mission before Apollo 11. On May 18, 1969, Apollo 10 launched. The goal was to fully simulate the Apollo 11 mission except for the actual landing (Apollo Missions). Instead of landing they started the decent, but before they touched down, they fired the return rockets and docked to the command module. Scary Moments

For Apollo 11, everything went smoothly until the actual landing came. As soon as the lunar lander separated from the command module the problems came. When the LM separated, communications immediately got fuzzy and at times went out. But that wasn't the only problem, during the decent an alarm went off. The alarm was basically saying that the computer had too much to do, so it would shut down and restart. Back on the ground, Houston was scrambling to figure the alarm out. Houston said to go on, but this wasn't the last of their problems (Pyle). As Armstrong and Aldrin got closer, they realized they had overshot the landing zone and the area around them was full of craters. Realizing this, Armstrong leveled off and searched for a level place to land. Armstrong located a level patch, but their fuel was running short. At about 100 ft off the ground, Houston radioed that they had 60 seconds of fuel left, and abortion was considered. At about 10 ft they were down to 30 seconds, but finally, the Eagle landed. Even though they had landed their troubles didn't stop. Houston detected a high amount of pressure in the left fuel line. It seemed as though the coldness of the lunar landscape had seeped in and made an ice blockage (Pyle). As Houston considered what to do, the heat from the engine melted the ice and the problem was solved. After 3 hours of post landing checks, Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin were ready to set foot on the moon. They started to depressurize the module. When the pressure monitor read 0, they tried to open the door. For some reason the door wouldn't open. The pressure in the cabin was still too much to open. Aldrin resorted to peeling the door back. Finally they could leave, however as Armstrong was climbing out his backpack snapped off the engine arming switch. This was fixed by Armstrong who used a ballpoint pen to flip the lever.Accomplishments Apollo 11 was obviously the first mission to land on the moon, but that wasn't all they did. While they were there, they collected soil and rock samples. They also took color photos and planted the American flag. During the 2 ? hours they were there, they conducted experiments too. These included experiments on the soil, the surface, and the solar winds (Apollo 11).

The Astronauts

Neil A. Armstrong was born on August 5, 1930. At the age of 2, he developed a fascination with flying after his father took him to the national flying competition in Cincinnati. It grew even more after his first flight (Biographies of the Apollo 11 Astronauts).

He received a scholarship from the Navy and enrolled at Purdue University. In 1950 he got called into active service, and he became an aviator flying missions off of the USS Essex. After the war, Neil became a test pilot and engineer for the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, for 15 years. Then in 1962, Neil became an astronaut during the second round of the NASA selection process. His first space flight was Gemini 8, the missions leading up to Apollo. During the mission, they were supposed to link up to the previous mission. The link up went okay. But after the two ships linked, they started to roll out of control. He saved the flight by unlinking and using the retro rockets to correct their course ( biographies of the Apollo 11 Astronauts). Due to these incidents where he showed leadership, he was chosen to be the commander of Apollo 11 and the first man on the moon. After Neil landed back on Earth, he was greeted with ticker tape parades and the Medal of Freedom, the highest award a civilian can receive. After he left NASA, he became a professor of Aerospace Engineering at the University of Cincinnati. Then unfortunately on August 25, 2012, he died of complications from a cardiovascular bypass surgery. Edwin (Buzz) E. Aldrin was born on January 20, 1930. He Attended the US Military Academy at West Point, and he entered the airforce. He was sent to Korea where he flew F-68's (biographies of the Apollo Astronauts). Then during 1963, he was selected in the third round pick to become an astronaut. His first mission was on Gemini 12, it was a four day and fifty-nine revolution flight. He was a key member of the Gemini project because he helped to solve the problem of linking up in space.

Buzz Aldrin was the lunar lander pilot for the Apollo 11 flight. He was the second man on the moon. Buzz stepped foot on the moon's surface 20 minutes after Neil Armstrong. After he left NASA, he returned to the air force for one more year before retiring.

Michael Collins was born on October 30, 1930, in Rome, Italy. Prior to joining NASA, he was a test and fighter pilot at Edwards Air Force Base, California. He was then selected during the third round of the NASA astronaut selection process. He piloted the 10 Gemini mission, and he became the third American to perform a space walk (Biographies of the Apollo 11 Astronauts). On the Apollo 11 flight, he was the command module pilot. His role would be to remain with the command module in lunar orbit. In 1970, he left NASA and became Assistant Secretary of State of Public Affairs. Later he joined the Smithsonian Institute as the Director of the Air and Space Museum (Biographies of the Apollo 11 Astronauts). Today he is an aerospace consultant and writer. He has written several books about his experiences and space.

The Legacy

In 2009, the National Air and Space Museum held a gala in honor of the 40th anniversary of Apollo 11. The speakers included every Apollo 11 astronaut (Redd). Later when the astronauts offered autographs, the line stretched across the entire museum floor. President George Bush announced that in honor of the 40th anniversary the U.S.A would go back to the moon; unfortunately we have not yet realized that promise. Sadly 3 years later Neil Armstrong passed away. Now with the 50th anniversary, semicentennial, approaching in 2019, many special events will take place. The US Mint is preparing a special 50th anniversary coin to mark the occasion. The National Air and Space Museum is redoing its moon exhibit in honor of this anniversary (Redd). In addition, for the first time since 1971, the Columbia Spacecraft, the triangular part that sat atop the command module, is going on tour with stops in Houston, St. Lewis, Pittsburgh, and Seattle.

CONCLUSION

This year, the remaining astronauts, Buzz and Michael, will turn 88. As astronauts age and pass away, we must keep their memory and legacy alive. What they did, not only made America the leader in space, but united the world and connected nations. Today there is an International Space Station, where many countries live and work together. What they did on the moon not only was a great accomplishment, but fulfilled dreams. They helped us find out more about who we are, our place in the universe. They lead the way for millions who looked up to them and wanted to be just like them, inspiring many to shoot for their stars and be determined to reach their goals. Indeed they were just men and they didn't do it all on their own, but they were brave, determined, and courageous. They didn't do it for the fame and rewards. They had a dream and were gutsy enough to get in a rocket, launch themselves up into space, and land on the moon, with no guarantee of being able to make it back alive. These astronauts were heroes who made this country and world proud. The Apollo 11 mission was the crown jewel of the Space Race and will always be remembered throughout history.

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A Persona of Emmett Till

Look what Mississippi did to my boy (Mamie Till, page 131) His mom quoted when she was informed of Emmett's short life and terrifying death. Emmett had an amazing life as a black boy in Chicago. He had a white girlfriend, great school, a numerous amount of friends, and the most important one, no hate or racism. Emmett was living his life! He really liked exploring and playing baseball. He was a normal boy that did not deserve the death he had. In 1955, Emmett Till was tragically tortured and murdered in Mississippi leading to his mother displaying her son's body. Triumph that it shocked the whole world and it started the civil right movement.

To begin with in 1955 the south was still segregated nowhere more so than Mississippi. Emmett Till, a 14 year old black boy from Chicago, went to visit relatives in Money Mississippi and also wanted to go see his cousins. He did not understand the southern culture nor danger that existed for African American. Although Emmett's mom though it would be a terrible idea, Emmett was really looking forward to it. Indeed she was right, it was a terrible idea (Houck&Dixon, magazine).

Furthermore, according to Pophan, Emmett Till was first abducted from his uncle house because he was visiting and staying there. He was taken at 2 A.M or sometime after. After he was abducted, Emmett was killed especially tortured as well shot, and additionally they burned him. After that those 2 white men decided to hide the fact that they killed Emmett Till. They tied Emmet to a heavy object and threw him down a river nearby. After Emmett uncle report about him missing he was found in a horrible condition in a river. They were sent to court. The court only took 30 min and it was because they wanted a beverage. They were sent off the hook and sent them free. Although they were set off free, Mamie would not let this finish like this (Houck&Dixon).

Emmett's mom demanded Emmett's body to be buried in Chicago. Mamie Till decided on an open coffin, to see what Mississippi did to her child. It was a hard journey for Mamie Till, but she she said that would make it.This funeral shocked the whole world. Millions of people all around the world came to see this funeral. A lot of Negros and even white people were really upset about this. Most people felt like this had gone way to far, so they revolted and took a step. This caused one of the first movement to end racism, this was a bad cause, but it had an amazing effect.

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The Murder of Emmett Till

Because if we in America have reached the point in our desperate culture where we must murder children, no matter what reason or what color, we don't deserve to survive and probably won't. ?• Timothy B. Tyson. The Emmett Till death situation changed a lot of lives in 1955 till this day. There has been many situations where African-American kids or young men have been killed for small things. The cause of all this is lynching and de facto segregation. A few effects are major. Forces people to acknowledge at racism when his mother had an open casket of him, helped black community unite as a black people, and has powerful influence on the world today.

By law it was illegal to have an open casket ,but his mom was determined to have it. One of the reasons they didn't want her to open the casket was because of the stench, because of the smell. She said it herself, she wanted to world to see what those men had done to her son because no one would have believed it if they didn't the picture or didn't see the casket. No one would have believed it. When they saw what happened, this motivated a lot of people that were standing, what we call "on the fence," against racism. It encouraged them to get in the fight and do something about it. Many say that that was the beginning of the civil rights era. We as African-Americans or black people were already fighting for equality ,yet this helped bring together the whole nation. Including whites, Jews, Italians, and even Irishmen jumping in the fight, saying that racism was wrong. Legally colored people were freed In 1863 ,but throughout the world we are still in search of equality til this day.

After the lynching of Till and his killer being let off this started a monumentis movement. The momentum and mobilization that followed Till's murder fed the next stage of the movement. One hundred days after his death Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat to a white passenger on a Montgomery city bus and was arrested for violating Alabama bus segregation laws. Which soon lead to a calling for a citywide bus boycott in which affected the world. Coming only one year after the Supreme Court's landmark decision in Brown v. Board of Education mandated the end of racial segregation in public schools, Till's death provided an important catalyst for the American civil rights movement. Till's lynching united in grief, solidarity and anger the black communities of Mississippi and Chicago. For many years nearly 200 anti lynching bills were presented to the congress and they were all turned down or blocked. The lynching Emmett gave the NAACP a much better vehicle for its anti-lynching campaign.

Sixty years later, at a time when race relations are once more at the front of the American minds, Till's name is still invoked as a reminder of the worst consequences of ignoring the problem. Not coincidentally, his story has inspired a resurgence of interest from historians and scholars. Emmett Till is historical figure around the world. His casket got donate to the Smithsonian people are going to come from all over the world. They're going to view this casket, and they're going to ask questions. "What's the purpose of it?" Young kids will get a chance to hear the story. Then they'll be able to... perhaps, a lot of these young kids perhaps, they will dedicate their lives to law enforcement or something like that. They will go out and do their best to help the little guys that can't help themselves. Because in Mississippi, in 1955, we had no one to help us, not even the law enforcement. No one to help us. I hope that this will inspire our younger generation to be helpers to one another. Said in an interview by his cousin Simeon Wright.

Now during this time we are going through modern day lynchings. With the police killing blacks and getting away with it. We have came a long way in history as a people ,but we have to keep fighting for equality. Like Mr. Wright said it start with the younger generation. We need to fight to get a better population of black lawyers, judges, congress, etc. This would make people like Mamie Till and her family proud.

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Death of Innocent Essay Emmett Till

“ God told me, “I have taken one from you, but I will give you thousands.” …

- Mamie Till-Mobley , Death Of Innocence : The Story Of The Hate Crime That Changed America

During the Jim Crow era blacks and white were severally separated race wise ,multiple African-Americans were being Lynched and killed and there was nobody batting an eye towards this situation and it was seen as a normal situation in the South. The Plessy V. Ferguson case of 1895 caused segregation and Jim Crow to start with the “ Separate But Accommodations “ rule . This law caused a lot of turmoil between blacks and whites because of whites believing they more superior than blacks and that blacks were the less relevant race compared to them. Black men and boys were killed ,kidnapped ,and lynched and this became a normal thing at this time and there wasn't any attention drawn towards these situations happening in the South since it was seen as a normal thing. The Brown v. Board case help go against the Jim Crow law with helping segregation end in Public Schools in the South and help blacks and whites to start being actually equal but not separated.

The Plessy V. Ferguson Trail

The Plessy V. Ferguson Trail in 1895 is what started “Jim Crow”. This trail caused for blacks and whites to separate but equal , for example there would be a separate water fountain or bathroom for blacks that only they are allowed to use. Jim Crow was used in the south especially in Mississippi , where Emmett Till and many more African American boys were killed.This law was passed even though it was against the 14th amendment “All persons born or naturalized in the United States and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.” it was exposed of this during the Brown V Board of education case.

Brown v. Board of Education

The Brown V Board case of 1952 was the case that stopped segregation in public schools. The court case helped african americans be able to have the same education as others and being able to go to the sames school as whites without being treated differently or kicked out because of their race.This court case was the stepping stone of helping stop segregation in the united states.It gave blacks the right to go to the same school as whites and this was paving the way to stopping segregation in South and sooner ending the Jim Crow era.There were segregation in schools until the 1954 case for Brown v. Board of education , this case helped racially undivide public schools in the united states since it was against the 14th amendment “All persons born or naturalized in the United States and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.”The Brown V Board case of 1952 was the case that stopped segregation in public schools. The court case helped african americans be able to have the same education as others and being able to go to the sames school as whites without being treated differently or kicked out because of their race.This court case was the stepping stone of helping stop segregation in the united states.It gave blacks the right to go to the same school as whites and this was paving the way to stopping segregation in South and sooner ending the Jim Crow era.

The Murder of Emmett Till

In 1955 Emmett Till was kidnapped and murdered in Money, Mississippi by J.W. Milam and Roy Bryant for whistling at Carolyn Bryant ( Roy Bryant’s wife ).Emmett Till was accused of whistling at Carolyn bryant after entering their store and purchasing candy and also asking Bryant on a date. Emmett was beaten after being taken from his uncle home and drove around memphis by Roy Bryant And Milam and another unknown man.Emmett lifeless body was later drown into the tallahatchie river and weighed down by a fan.When Emmetts body was found his body was beaten to a pulp and he could only be identified by his father's ring.

The court case that followed on September 13 was unjust and unfair because of the jury all white men pleaded the duo not guilty and Roy bryant and Jw Milam used their children and and wifes for people to feel sympathy for them and this was seen as “Legal Crookedness”. ,and also the “sharecroppers” that were witnesses towards this situation was either kidnapped,killed,or drown out of town so that they wouldn't speak during the trial.But multiple people did stand out to help Emmett’s murderers be brought to justice ,something that African-Americans at this time were to afraid to do. Emmett Till’s mother Mamie Till exposed the body for the world to see and it sparked a lot of controversy , Jet magazine posted a picture of Emmetts mutilated body. and this sparked the light of the Civil Rights Movement.

Emmett Till’s murder was in human and disgusting but his death also help American realize how racially divided we are .After Emmett’s case was closed and Roy and Jw were seen as not guilty Mamie till (emmett's mother) sent a telegram to president Eisenhower asking for the supreme court to reopen the case 100 days after his death Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat on the bus in Montgomery Alabama on 1955 and this started the 381 day montgomery Bus Boycott and started the civil rights movement.

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Attack Fall of the Twin Towers

9/11 is a tragic day that will forever live in infamy, just like Pearl Harbor

Introduction

As the new century began, most people were filled with hope that it was a dawn to a new beginning. But little did they know that the future would not only give them good, but also bloodshed. On September 11, 2001, it was a normal work day at the World Trade Center, filled with about 3000 people who were dutifully doing their job. Suddenly they felt a rumble in the distance and thought it was an earthquake. But before they could figure out was going on, two planes hijacked by terrorists, which were filled with about 100 innocent people, crashed into either side of the building and caused it to collapse, demolishing the once 110-story twin towers and ending about 2,700 innocent lives.

Background

There is always a twisted reason in warped minds for these types of terror attacks. The Al-Qaeda organization, the terrorists behind the 9/11 attack, were led by an evil man named Osama Bin Laden. However, Bin Laden, unlike any other terrorist whose motive was to kill to spread religion, wanted to have revenge against America. He had wrongly made up his mind that during the Persian Gulf War (1990-91), the Americans decided to launch a war that collaterally killed Iraqi children and massacre fleeing Iraqi soldiers from Kuwait for the purposes of installing a hedonistic and cruel Kuwaiti dictatorship. He sought to avenge the Gulf War casualties, without realizing that the war was started by the unprovoked Iraqi invasion of Kuwait and the wanton killings of thousands of innocent Kuwaiti civilians by Iraqi troops. He also demanded that American peacekeeping soldiers leave Saudi Arabia after the Gulf War or face the consequences. Bin Laden used religious texts to exhort his supporters to attack Americans until his stated grievances are reversed.

How the Attacks were Planned and Executed

The idea for the 9/11 attacks came from his sidekick Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, who first presented it to Osama bin Laden. They funded and sent some of their followers to take flying lessons in California, Arizona, Minnesota and Florida. They also trained in using weapons and learned to speak English, to blend in while living in American society. They divided themselves in terror cells of 4 to 5 individuals called “sleeper cells”. They bought plane tickets on four large commercial airplanes with long flights because they would be heavily fueled.

Early on the morning of September 11, 2001, 19 of Bin Laden’s followers became hijackers and took control of four commercial airliners. The four flights that were hijacked mid-flight, along with hundreds of innocent passengers and flight crew-members on board, were:

American Airlines Flight 11: a Boeing 767 aircraft from Boston to Los Angeles.
United Airlines Flight 175: a Boeing 767 aircraft from Boston to Los Angeles.
American Airlines Flight 77: a Boeing 757 aircraft, from Washington DC to Los Angeles.
United Airlines Flight 93: a Boeing 757 aircraft, from Newark to San Francisco.

In all four cases, the hijackers attacked the unsuspecting flight crew members and forcibly took control of the cockpits by using violence and weapons they had smuggled on board. Their targets were the most prominent and strategic buildings that underlined America’s financial strength and military muscle. The terrorists flew the first three planes into New York City’s World Trade Center’s North Tower and South Towers, and the Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia (near Washington DC).

In the case of the fourth aircraft, as heroic passengers and crew fought back and attempted to subdue the hijackers, the hijackers intentionally crashed the aircraft into a field near Shanksville, Pennsylvania. It is believed that their intended target was either the Capitol Building or the White House in Washington DC.

Human Casualties and Concomitant Tragedy

In New York, the World Trade Center’s North Tower, South Tower and a smaller building (“7 WTC”) collapsed after a few hours, due to fire-induced structural failure, killing or trapping thousands of innocent people who worked in offices in these buildings. The large amount of fuel in these airplanes accelerated the destruction of these historically remarkable buildings.

As a result of the attacks on these Twin Towers on 9/11, a total of 2,763 people died including 2,192 civilians, 343 firefighters, 71 law enforcement officers and 147 passengers and crew on the airplanes. The Pentagon’s west side sustained significant damage with 184 casualties, including the passengers, flight crew along with the military personnel and civilians inside the building. In the case of the fourth aircraft, all the 40 passengers and flight crew members died in the crash in the field, but the heroism of the passengers saved the lives of many hundreds of potential victims who worked in the intended targets (the Capitol Building or the White House).

To summarize, the 9/11 terror attacks killed 2,996 innocent people, injured over 6,000 victims, and resulted in at least $10 billion in infrastructure damage in America’s two most significant cities – Washington DC and New York. Such a large, coordinated series of terror attacks had never ever been carried out on American soil, since Pearl Harbor.

Television channels replayed the horrific visuals of the airplanes hitting the Twin Towers and Pentagon, and the subsequent collapse of the burning towers. The only silver lining was that at least 12,000 people were able to escape from the burning Twin Towers during the next 102 minutes after the terror attack, unlike the 2763 people who perished at Ground Zero.

Hundreds, if not thousands, of shocked eyewitnesses and survivors in New York and Washington DC have described the horror of watching the airplanes smash into the buildings and the flames, heat, smoke, dust and debris that rained down on them. Panic stricken office employees ran down many hundreds of steps at the Twin Towers amid blinding smoke and heat, while being helped by brave firefighters before the buildings collapsed. Others who were trapped in the upper floors of the Twin towers plunged to their deaths from windows while attempting to escape the blazing inferno.

Many books, articles and interviews provide significant insight into the tragic history of 9/11 and contain vivid eyewitness accounts of survival from firefighters, economists, lawyers, hotel guests, hotel employees and business travelers. Firsthand accounts of survival, tragedy, and heroism drawn from hundreds of interviews underlined incredible stories of bravery, courage and overcoming unbelievable odds. Other books described the pain and trauma of the victims’ shell-shocked families, especially orphaned children, who were forced to journey through shock, pain, birth, and rebirth in the aftermath of a great tragedy. Even the 9/11 survivors and their families tried to cope with this unexpected tragedy, while being tossed into a storm of bureaucracy, politics, patriotism, mourning, consolation, health issues, suffering and parenthood.

Aftermath of 9/11

The post 9/11 resilience of American society is showing positive results. The World Trade Center is being rebuilt at the same site in New York city. The damaged western section of the Pentagon was rebuilt and occupied within a year of the attacks. There is remarkable alertness about terrorism among the people who see heightened security at airports, important buildings, bridges, malls and other crowded places. But the personal losses of their loved ones and financial losses to the US economy may never be recouped.

As a result of the 9/11 terror attacks, many countries were shaken out of their complacence and governments across the world have passed legislation to combat terrorism. Many memorials and vigils were held across the world for the 9/11 victims. Many countries became allies of the United States and showed solidarity with the 9/11 victims.

The global community has joined the war on terror. Several top Al Qaeda terrorists, including Osama bin Laden, have been neutralized. The Taliban regime in Afghanistan and the Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein were overthrown by US and NATO troops. The world is becoming more alert to terrorism than ever before, and many countries are cooperating with each other to foil terror attacks before they are committed. Thousands of terrorists have been killed or arrested worldwide, in the nearly two decades after 9/11.

On the other hand, newer terrorist groups have emerged to take the place of Al Qaeda. Many countries, especially in the Middle East, have unfortunately slipped into chaos and civil war due to widespread sectarian terrorism. After 9/11, there have been thousands of terror attacks, big and small, on civilians and security personnel in nearly 100 countries across the globe. New bands of terrorists have brutally targeted innocent people at shopping malls, airports, streets, trains, buses, schools, colleges and places of worship in six continents. Other terror attacks have been thwarted by alert authorities with the help of people. As law enforcement and intelligence personnel grapple with this boom in cross-continental terrorist networks, the terrorist groups are radicalizing impressionable youth by using the internet and YouTube for recruitment and religious brainwashing. This has led to an increasingly voluble debate, be it in the media, politics and in society, about the root causes of terrorism and how to tackle this problem.

Lessons to learn from 9/11

The twenty-first century has lessons to learn from the 9/11 tragedy and the subsequent triumph of humanity. If the world succumbs to this growing cancer of terrorism, then all the civilizational gains made by humanity over several millennia may be lost forever and we may end up in a veritable stone age. But if humanity pulls the world back from the brink and discovers the panacea to everlasting peace, then a catastrophe like 9/11 will never occur again in our lifetimes, which will make the world a safer place for our future generations.

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Protective Measures after 9/11 and their Effects on American Citizens

Protective Measures after 9/11 and Their Effects on American Citizens

Prior to the attack, the United States had only a few regulations against terrorism in the country. The United States was forced to tighten any area suspected of harmful penetration after the terrorist attack of September 11, 2001. The situation of higher protective measures leads to the enforcement of the Patriot Act, the creation of the Homeland Security Department, Transportation security act, Foreign intelligence surveillance act, Material support laws, which have become the major helpful laws and regulations passed as a result of 911 terrorist attack.

The terrorist attack on September 11, 2000, influenced the entire world, but mostly on the future of immigration laws and security. In 2002 after the attacks, Congress legislated the department of homeland and security act with the primary vision to maintain domestic refuge within the U.S. and ensure border safety and security. By protecting Americans affected by natural disasters and responding to terrorist attacks upon the United States (ABC-CLIO, 2018) the homeland security act has greatly increased the sense of security among Americans.

Despite these achievements, the department of homeland security has resulted in massive amounts of deportation which has led to the separation of families. Another role of the DHS is maintaining security on digital platforms. As much as these security measures have been able to prevent terrorist attacks within the U.S, Americans have less and less privacy while using the internet which questions the main purpose of these protective measures.

On October 26, 2001, the Congress passed the USA PATRIOT ACT (Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism) (ABC-CLIO, 2018) as a response to the 9/11 attack. The patriot act gives intelligence officials and federal law enforcement the means to defeat terrorist attacks upon the United States. The enactment of the patriot act has infringed upon the 14th amendment in the constitution which states that people are "to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures..., and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause. ..." by conducting searches on its citizens and foreign nationals without being informed and aren't under a criminal investigation.

In addition to the department of homeland security and patriot act, the Congress enacted the Transportation security act of 2002 (TSA) to prevent future attacks on the united states by regulating the transport systems. Before the enactment of the act, the United State transport system was vulnerable to breaches in the security and may serve as a target for terrorist attacks aimed at the united states. So far, Congress has been able to combat these issues with the creation of TSA. The aviation and transportation security act have enforced mandatory screening and increased hand searching. Since the implementation of TSA, there have been numerous complaints of invasion of privacy and racial profiling which is an act of discrimination and violation of an individual's right.

Equally important as the other acts are the foreign intelligence surveillance act (FISA), amended in 2001 and states the procedures required to obtain information both physically and internationally from foreign acts. The united states government approved the use of electronic surveillance, physical search and investigations of any form to gain foreign intelligence. The basis of FISA are arguably unconstitutional, specifically violating the fourth amendment which states that "The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized." To be a target of an investigation, the government must provide probable cause to believe that a search is justified.

Finally, the material support laws which prohibits individuals or organisations from providing material support from a safe house, transportation, communications, funds, transfer of funds or other material financial benefit, false documentation or identification, weapons (including chemical, biological, or radiological weapons), explosives, to training (ABC-CLIO, 2018) The ruling of this law has prevented the efforts of human right organizations who must interact directly with these groups in order to combat violence and promote peace and freedom. For terrorist groups to become completely eradicated human rights organizations must directly influence the views of these terrorist group to cease their rights-violating practices, explaining to the perpetrators their obligations under human rights and humanitarian law (Holder, 2018). The material law has violated their first amendment right to freedom of association. The goals of these human right organization are not to encourage terrorism but to end it lawfully

In the final analysis, these laws and protection put into place after the 9/11 attack to protect the liberties of American citizens has greatly conflicted with the first, fourth, and fourteenth amendment of Americans. There are still questions on whether these acts and reforms have fully eradicated future attacks on the united states.

References

September 11, 2001. The U.S. Responds. (ABC-CLIO, 2018). [Video]. Retrieved from https://americanhistory2-abc-clio-com.gmclibrary.idm.oclc.org/Topics/Display/1676873?cid=140&sid=1894469
Department of Homeland Security. (ABC-CLIO, 2018). In American History. Retrieved from https://americanhistory2-abc-clio-com.gmclibrary.idm.oclc.org/Search/Display/512272
USA Patriot Act (2001). (ABC-CLIO, 2018). In American History. Retrieved from https://americanhistory2-abc-clio-com.gmclibrary.idm.oclc.org/Search/Display/567308
Holder, E. H. (2018). Holder v. Humanitarian Law Project - Amicus Brief of the Carter Center et al. Retrieved November 30, 2018, from https://www.aclu.org/legal-document/holder-v-humanitarian-law-project-amicus-brief-carter-center-et-al

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Poaching is Savage and not in a Good Way

Did you know that currently, rhino horn can sell for more than gold? Rhino horn is sold most often as a result of poaching. Poaching is not beneficial to anyone. If you value animal life, then you will be against poaching. Poaching should be banned because it is not only cruel, but it also damages our economy.

Before you take a side on poaching, you need to be informed. Dictionary.com states that poaching is the illegal practice of trespassing on another's property to hunt or steal game without the landowners permission. Animals that are poached commonly are elephants, rhinos, and many other African animals. Poaching has been going on for a while, but a recent surge in wildlife trade is threatening to undo years of conservation. The reason for this, as stated by One Green Planet, is that poaching can affect local communities, the environment, and animals in the area. This means that this surge will not only un-do conservation gains, but it will also affect many other factors in the area. The World Wildlife Fund or WWF states that "not all wildlife trade is illegal". They explain that it turns into poaching when it is indeed threatening the survival of these species. You must also have a permit to authorize you or you are technically poaching. If poaching continues, it will continue to undo conservation gains.

Poaching affects many things including the local communities. Furthermore, One Green Planet mentions that if you have a community that relies on its wildlife to attract tourists, then their economy will suffer if the poaching rate is high. Simply, if the wildlife is gone, so is their tourist business, which definitely has a significant impact. This is one of the reasons that there are so many people living in poverty in Africa. Furthermore, One Green Planet claims that when there are fewer animals, it causes people to boycott locations, which causes other attractions to suffer. When you do not have your main attraction, no one comes in the first place. When tourists do not come at all, the other attractions, aside from the wildlife business, suffer as well. Economies and communities are impacted more than you might think.

One of the most obvious aspects that poaching has an effect on is animal life. One Green Planet suggests that the biggest threat to these animals is extinction. The western black rhino was proved to be extinct due to poaching. Many other animals are critically endangered, such as the standard black rhino, vulnerable, like zebras, or extinct, like the western black rhino, due to poaching. The World Wildlife Foundation claims that often, poachers accidentally kill a whole other species then intended. For example, they could be trying to kill a rhino, but accidentally kill a bird or another animal instead. This kills even more animals. Extinction of animals is the most urgent and direct effect of poaching.

You must also think about the effect poaching has on the environment around you. For example, One Green Planet informs that when an animal in a food web goes extinct or is endangered, it affects the rest of the organisms in that food web. When this happens, animals get over or underpopulated. This causes the whole ecosystem to be jumbled. Overall, all of the organisms in an ecosystem depend on each other.

There are also a few effects on humans from poaching as well. For instance, an article by the name of The Harmful Consequences of Poaching. claims that many animals that are poached have diseases deadly to humans. Some of these diseases can be transferred through contact, or when you eat meat that has not been treated properly. In fact, the 1990 Ebola outbreak as due to eating apes that were infected by Ebola. Poaching could have a significant effect on your life as well.

People poach for many different reasons. The American Wildlife Foundation or AWF, states that "due to recent habitat loss, lions are being forced to live closer to humans.". Therefore, the farmers are retaliating by killing them for preying on their livestock. This is poaching out of sheer retaliation, but the overall cause is habitat loss and that is doing damage in our environment as well. Hence, with this current rate of poaching in Africa, many beloved animals may be gone while we are still alive.

The laws regarding poaching are much too vague. Furthermore, as stated by WWF, weak judicial systems and light sentences allow criminal networks to keep plundering wildlife with little regard to consequences. Therefore, people continue to poach because there are not many risks, but many rewards. Usually, the people behind the plans are not caught so they just hire more people to poach once they get the profit. For instance, an article called The Harmful Consequences of Poaching. conveyed that usually, the money poachers get is mostly used to pay more people to poach more animals. This cycle will keep continuing over and over again. Eventually, this cycle will kill off more and more animals. Poachers continue to do this due to lack of consequence.

Poaching is not the only thing people are doing, they also do much more to damage the environment, communities, and other animals. As stated by an article named The Harmful Consequences of Poaching., some poachers are not only killing these animals but are instead capturing them to sell as pets. This is very corrupt and frankly dangerous. These are wild animals and are not trained, they could potentially injure or kill someone if this keeps going on. Also, WWF reports that wildlife traders and buyers also sometimes introduce ivasive species to environments. This means that a species is not native to an area comes into the environment. When this happens, the balance of nature and the environment is threatened. This throws off the balance because the ivasive species can eat all of one animal's prey and the predator and prey get underpopulated. The predator has nothing to eat and the prey is getting eaten too much. This is not directly related to poaching, but it is still an issue with wildlife. Overall, illegal wildlife activity is harmful and has many effects on different things.

Some people poach just to make a living. One Green Planet claims that in some regions, poaching is more profitable than other jobs, causing more people to do it. In fact, tiger parts can sell for up to $5,000 mostly on the black market. As shown above, AWF reveals that presently, on the black market, rhino horn can sell for more than gold. Some people see poaching as a great way to make a living. It does pay a lot, but no amount of money is worth the extinction of a whole animal species. After all, the more people that poach, the more negative effect it has.

Some might argue that rhino horn can be used for medicinal properties. They think that since it cures hangovers, fevers, cancer, and other diseases, it is ok to poach animals. However, this is not the case, many organizations have yet to produce proven factual evidence that this will actually work. Although everyone wants this to be true, it does not make poaching just or right. In fact, it is proven by several organizations that rhino horn is proven to cure none of these things.

There are many organizations helping this cause. For example, AWF is doing many things to help. They are training rangers to protect animals, conserving land, working with different conservation groups, and educating people. They are also providing alternatives to poaching. They are doing this by making sure wildlife is not harmed in order to sustain local communities.

Some organizations are deciding to calmly spot and fight poachers to catch them in the act. QZ.com reveals that Prince Harry is supporting British soldiers who are teaching rangers how to deal with poachers. They are using military-grade equipment to track poachers. This is mainly taking place in Kenya. This is taking a stand against poaching, without harming anyone. Also, VETPAW (QZ.com) is partnering U.S. veterans and African game parks to teach them military tactics. They are trying to teach the rangers to find where poachers are coming from so they can knock them out by their source. Some people are arguing this movement. However, the organization states that they are not doing anything to harm the wildlife or the poachers. Many organizations are eager to help take down this issue in Africa.

You can help this cause in many different ways. One Green Planet recommends signing petitions to end wildlife crime and making donations for various organizations. You can also volunteer to help with fundraisers and sign up for different learning experiences. An article called The Harmful Consequences of Poaching. suggests that you can help by spreading the word. You need to educate people about this issue. You can even start a fundraiser in your own community. Even you can help with something that seems so distant.

This last piece of evidence can help you decide what you will go on to do next, but the bottom line is that poaching is a horrible epidemic. It should be banned because it is cruel and it also damages our economy. It is also important to keep in mind all of the things that poaching effects. Have you ever gone to the store and seen a beautiful ivory bracelet? I bet you do not know what went into the making of that bracelet. Do you really think that one pretty bracelet is worth the life of an elephant or rhino? Everyone needs to realize that if we do not stop poaching, many animals that we depend on and love will be gone.

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A Stop to Poaching

If the killing of wild animals isn't because of survival then it shouldn't be done. Approximately 35,000 wild animals are killed annually due to poaching. Poaching is the illegal hunting of wild animals usually associated with land use rights. Africa has seen the unprecedented annihilation of wild animals as a result of poaching and it is being fuelled by the profits that are made by commercial wildlife traffickers and uncontrolled commercial exploitation. Many of the reserves in southern Africa are heavily targeted by armed poachers.

Elephants are one of the animals that are being affected by poaching. If we don't take action against poaching, elephants will be extinct by 11 years. In an article by WWF Panda it states Tens of thousands of elephants are being killed every year for their ivory tusks.The mother elephants are killed for their tusks which leaves the babies to be unprotected. The babies are not going to be able to survive without any support. The hunters also end up killing the babies a couple days after. The tusks are used for ivory. Ivory is used to make piano and organ keys, billiard balls,and handles.

There are several ways to make all of these things that do not involve killing animals. Botswana has 135,000,the largest elephant population in Africa. 135,000 might seem like a big number but the number of African elephants has fallen by around 111,000 to 415,000 in the past decade. There are ways to help save the lives of thousands of elephants. We need to either donate money to organizations that help protect wildlife animals, or fight with things like petitions to make things safer for them.

Another animal that is being affected by poaching may be a bit surprising but it's tigers. There are only around 3000-3200 tigers living right now because of poaching. About 1,800 of the remaining tigers live in India and the rest are spread out in places like Siberia. Due to the poaching of tigers, overall populations have dropped from 100,000 a hundred years ago. Tigers are poached because their pelts are valuable on the black market. In an article by Poaching Facts it states from 2004 indicated that tiger skins were being sold for up to $10,000. Poachers also use poisoned dead bodies of animals of a tiger's prey to kill them. In the summer they dig shallow pools and fill them with poisoned water for the tigers to drink and eventually die. We need to put as many tigers into zoos as possible, for their safety. We need to hear more people talking about tiger poaching and trying to do all that they can to help stop it.

However, The illegal trade in ivory could possibly be worth as much as $1 billion a year and the elephants biggest threat is ever-expanding human civilization, roads and agriculture that eats away at their habitat. In an article by Wes Siler it states People who rely on farming and cattle ranching value the land and the crops that grow on it. Which means that the elephants that graze on that land are a threat to business.

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A Problem of Poaching in Africa

Poaching is a complicated problem in Africa. Although millions of acres are set aside by the African governments to protect wildlife, poaching, or the illegal hunting of protected animals, continues to be heavy, (The World & Its People, p577). Poaching has become a huge problem for various reasons and we need to put an end to it. Poachers must be and can be stopped with the right efforts and movements. Around the world, many people are making efforts to stop this poaching/trafficking debacle. Such measures include passing laws forbidding the buying and selling of wildlife trafficking, training and equipping troops to outsmart the poachers, training dogs to be able to sniff out a trafficker, strengthening law enforcement, providing protection of endangered animals through conservation land, and educating the public.

Why are people so interested in killing these endangered animals? Most of the animals are being killed for their tusks and horns as well as other things, like pelt in order to be sold. African elephants are being killed for their ivory tusks. Ivory is used to make jewelry, piano keys, billiard balls, eating utensils, religious figurines, and trinkets. Many elephants are being killed when all of these items could be made using other substances. Due to these actions, over 35,000 elephants are killed per year because of some trinkets (AWF). Other animals that are also killed more often than they should be are black rhinos, mountain gorillas, and Grevy's zebras. In the past 50 years, the black rhinos' population has dropped over 97% from what it used to be (AWF). The rhino horn is sold to people who believe it has magical medicinal powers that can cure hangovers, cancer, impotence, and fevers. (Library Vol 1, 2008). Out of all four of those beliefs, none of them have been proven to work. The rhino horn is one of the most expensive items on the planet pound for pound. Currently, a pound of rhino horn is going for 60,000 dollars, compared to gold at 18,000 dollars. (AWF)

As for other endangered animals, only 1,000 mountain gorillas remain across the face of the Earth. Some researchers/officials have noticed a rise in infant gorilla trafficking. On the black market, a baby gorilla skin has been said to be sold for 40,000 dollars. The amount of Grevy's zebras left in Africa is appalling, only 1,000 are let and is a record low. These zebras are being hunted for their skin so people can flaunt as a jacket or another article of clothing (AWF). Out of those four animals, two of them are critically endangered. Those two are the mountain gorilla and the black rhino (AWF).

Why is it so important to stop the poaching/ trafficking of animals? As a human race we have a moral obligation to share the earth with the other living species. If we value human rights, we should value the rights of other living creatures. We need to help those other species survive, not help them become extinct. These animals have the right to live freely in their own natural habitat.

Another reason is that the illegal trading of these animal parts is similar to the illegal trading of drugs and weapons. Crime on wildlife is a large business that is lead by dangerous illegal organizations. Funds from these illegal trades help to finance many international terrorist groups. It helps to pay for the training of soldiers/ terrorists and weapons.(OIPA,4 ) These organizations are killing elephants then trading the ivory for over billions of dollars per year. This funding can help terrorists become more advanced. An example of this was an attack at a Kenyan mall in 2013, by Al-Shabaab, who has been proven to trade ivory on the black market (Fieldstadt, 11).

Many poachers are becoming more and more advanced using new weapons, tracking devices, night vision goggles, and many other tools. The poachers are getting smarter in other ways, too. They have found loopholes in hunting laws by hiring tourists to shoot the animals, while the poacher collects the commission. They are also finding new ways to sell the items to buyers on the black-market.

How can poaching be stopped? Eliminating poaching has proven to be very challenging. Many ideas have been tried, some with more success than others. Creating laws to stop poaching and trafficking is one way. Using technology to fight the war on paching has proven to be helpful. Improving security and law enforcement at key locations in the trade chains would help crack down on trafficking. Educating people on what is happening as a result of poaching is a start and has proven to be beneficial.

Countries around the world have been attempting to address the problem by passing laws. Both international laws and national laws help to protect endangered species. Countries have helped by calling for conservation of the habitats of these animals. They have set up refuges, parks, and preserves to help these animals.(Library Vol 1, 2008) In 1989, CITES (Convention of International Trade in Endangered Species) put a hold on the international commercial trade of African elephant ivory.(Breyer, 5) Also, in 1989, President Bush passed the African Elephant Conservation Act (AECA) that banned importing ivory from the African elephant. Since this was passed the market for ivory has collapsed in the United States. (Breyer,5 ) At the time, 70% of illegal ivory was then going to Asia (mostly China & Thailand). This has since changed as of the end of 2017, when China finally banned the buying and selling of ivory. For the first time China destroyed its ivory stocks, sending the world a message that ivory trading would not be tolerated. (Dodo) It also sent the message to its people that the elephants' lives were more important than the Chinese culture of ivory carving. Laws such as these has drastically reduced illegal trading and helped the elephant population increase.

Training troops to stop the poaching in Africa is a necessity. Due to the advanced technology that poachers have established, many high impact weapons are being dealt out to these poachers, making them more and more difficult to stop. The poachers are using Ak-47's, grenade launchers, and even night vision goggle. Enforcing the law is challenging because these animals live in remote area which make it difficult to find poachers. Preparing troops to stay one step ahead of the poachers is essential two important reasons - 1) stopping the killing of the animals and 2) keeping themselves safe. Matching the weaponry of these people vital. Arming them with drone technology that uses night vision and thermal imaging is a huge help. This allows the troops to keep better track of how the animals are moving as well as if there are poachers in specific hard to reach areas. Sending wildlife rangers that are trained and prepared to find poachers is a must.

Another new, high-tech alarm system helps rangers in South Africa stop poachers from killing rhinos, elephants, and other wildlife. This alarm system uses a combination of things, like WiFi, thermal cameras, scanners, and sensors, to make it a lot easier to catch the predator first. Bruce Watson says Our intention is to eradicate all forms of poaching throughout Africa, India, and Asiaand the ocean.(Neme, 24) The main goal of this new electronic device is to wipe poaching off the face of the earth. Experiments with this product have gone well, it is safe to say that this new technology will be a game changer for the good guys.

Having trained sniffer dogs that will be able to sniff out the illegal substance that was taken from a carcass will be a huge help. These sniffer dogs would sit at major transportation sites, like an airport, and just wait for a criminal to pounce on and stop them in their tracks.

Utilize the DNA of tusks that have been seized to help figure out the geographic origins to help locate where hot spots for poaching in Africa are. This will help show law enforcement where to go to shut down ivory trade. (Nuwer,51 ) Adding support at these various checkpoints throughout the known illegal trade routes will catch these criminal. Along with that, is making sure law enforcement is strong and honest. Guards who are suspected of taking bribes needs to be removed. Weak or corrupt authorities who can be easily threatened or bribed should not be allowed to hold such positions. Having weak enforcement of poaching laws does not help the efforts of abolishing poaching.

Another way to stop poachers/traffickers in their footsteps is by conserving the land around these affected animals. Many people have taken steps to make this an easier target to accomplish. A major goal of the African Wildlife Foundation is to put GPS trackers onto the species and track their movements so they could preserve the land that these animals walk on, therefore the selected animals will have tranquil living space and be able to carry out the natural processes of life. This way the people that live very close to these animals can protect them by all means and have an incentive. Conserving the land will help animals stay safe because the land that they wonder and walk around on will then be protected and not allow these poachers to have easy access to kill these animals. With the land as national parks and such, animals will be able to roam as much as they want and not have to worry about getting killed. These animals also help develop a better ecosystem for the planet. Elephants eat shrubs or grass to prevent it from overgrowing, and their waste fertilizes soil.

Lastly, a major step that needs to be taken to stop poaching is educating the public. If the everyday human is knowledgeable about this topic, then it will be easier for poaching to be stopped. For instance, if no one bought ivory or used it anymore, the need for it would go away, those animals would no longer be in danger. People could also get involved and donate money to the programs that help these animals in danger. The African Wildlife Foundation talked about the measures they have taken to make people understand the situation, Outside the continent, we have launched successful public awareness campaigns in China and Vietnam informing consumers about the brutal truths behind the global wildlife trade. We also advocate for governments and protection agencies to ban international trade in wildlife parts like ivory and introduce stiffer penalties for criminals, (AWF). Another resource that helps spread the word about animal poaching/ trafficking is Roots & Shoots. It is an organization that Jane Goodall started to help promote understanding of the environment in youth and create future leaders that show compassion towards wildlife.

Poaching in Africa can be stopped with the important steps that need to be taken. The most effective way would be if everyone around the world need to boycott ivory products. We can do this by educating people about the senseless, devastating loss of animals. If that happened, it would end the need for illegal killing of these innocent animals. Also, if countries would work with each other to tackle this problem that spans across various countries we would have a better shot. Trained rangers and dogs will help the poachers be stopped. The newly developed GPS technology can make it easier to track both the animals and the poachers. Lastly, as long as the public cares enough to conserve the land that these animals are on, the government trains people to protect it, and if the people across the globe are aware, poaching will be stopped. Overall, it is going to take a combination of all of these ideas to end poaching as we know it today, but it can be done!

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Ivory Trade Catastrophe the Impacts of Elephant Poaching

Many people may not know where a few everyday things such as piano keys, billiard balls, and identification chops come from; it's actually Ivory. Ivory is the whitish colored substance that makes up the tusks of elephants. But in order for humans to acquire this material, they have to poach elephants and remove the tusks, which has led to endangerment of the elephant species in more recent years; especially in Africa. Despite the 1989 ban put on poaching elephants for their ivory, (Wikipedia) hunters still continue to do it illegally, desperate to continue selling it. These actions will come out to negative consequences because elephants are important to their environment. Elephant population is rapidly declining and it's important we stop this, so we don't lose a vital part of Africa's ecosystem. Some may ask, what is the cause of this economic conflict?

To begin, there are many factors that contribute to elephant poaching. Ivory has been considered a valuable material for hundreds of years, even in today's society it's purchased frequently. The illegal trade continues due to high demand that mirrors Asia's economic growth. (birds.Cornell.edu) over the course of the 1990s to 2007, the price has increased by $750 per kilogram. Many people sell and or trade ivory due to poverty. Poverty is the state of being extremely poor, so people have to resort to other methods of acquiring money. Since selling ivory provides an income source, many people will kill elephants to get it, in desperation to obtain wealth. This is causing a rapid decline in the elephant population. It's an effective method, simply not an ethical one. As of 2017, the price was around $730 per kilogram, according to a report by two ivory trade experts (phys.org). These selfish acts can lead to significantly disastrous outcomes not only for the elephants, but for the environment and the people in the areas as well.

Consequently, elephant poaching could be linked to many future issues in Africa. One growing problem is of course, extinction of the elephants in general. In 1930, there were between 5 and 10 million African elephants. By 1989, there were about 600,000 remaining, less than one percent of their original number. (birds.Cornell.edu) This causes disturbances in the food chain. They play a vital role in the food chain, being one of the primary consumers. Elephants as well as rhinos are herbivores. Without elephants, tigers would have one less food source. This also affects the social structure of a community, as poachers tend to kill the adult elephants. This leaves calves with no sense of water source or direction for migration routes. Similar to drug trafficking, extinction of the elephant population would also cost more environmental damage than most people would think. Contradictory to popular belief, elephants do many things for their environment. One thing they do is help shape the landscape. They do this by trampling through forests and undergrowth, which result in clearings that make space for new plant growth. Also, they help spread seeds around that are too big for the wind or smaller animals to carry. Furthermore, they dig water holes in dry river beds that other animals can use as a water source. A third effect of ivory poaching is an economic downgrade in some regions of Africa. They're popular in the tourist community, therefore, bringing lots of money to different areas in Africa. Ivory poaching would have a significant effect on the environment, the animals around, and some humans. Some volunteers and wildlife experts are attempting to eliminate the cause of this conflict.

On the other side of the spectrum, there are people who are against ivory poaching. Not only are they against it, but they're willing to do something to make a change. There are a few courses of action they're taking to protect the elephant species. Essentially, we could boycott the ivory industry. By refusing to buy ivory products, demand would decrease, therefore the poachers would need less supply. By doing this, fewer elephants would need to be poached. People could also avoid going to circuses, seeing as they usually use captured animals, elephants being one of the main, most popular events. Also, not everyone can go out into the world and do things to help the elephants. Something people could do at home is support the organizations that are trying to make changes, by donating money or spreading the word about them. There are many options one could choose from. For example, The International Anti-Poaching Foundation (IAPF), which has been working since 2009 to find solutions to terminate elephant poaching for ivory (Bardroff, Jenna). Lastly, someone could adopt an elephant! It may be a long shot, but it would be one less elephant that would be used for business. It may also raise awareness and prove that people really do care about these animals. By avoiding ivory purchases, raising awareness and supporting change, there are things that ordinary everyday people can do to prevent this global conflict.

In conclusion, ivory poaching has really taken a toll on Africa. It's become such a problem that it's now illegal for citizens of China to buy, sell or trade ivory products, considering they were the biggest ivory consumers (Ebsco). As the population declines, it's important that people take action against the poaching for ivory so that we don't lose a valuable species. Earth is simply one big chain of beings who should be coming together to bring peace and hope for a better future, not degrading one another.

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An Issue of Elephant Poaching

The poaching of African elephants is a crime that plagues the entire world. They are sought after animals for ivory, or better known as their tusks. Even though there is a worldwide ban on ivory and the hunting of elephants, it still sells at a very high price on the underground market and many thrill seekers pay a high price to take an elephant as their trophy. The high price that these animals have on their head has led to the low numbers and a response from nations from all over the world. The real question that arises from the ivory trade and demand across the world and also the illegal hunting of these animals is, why do people do this?

The cause of elephant poaching is their ivory tusks and the high market value on them. Poachers are the reason behind the sharp decline of the African Elephant, plain and simple. In the 1970s and 1980s countries could legally trade ivory from elephants that were found deceased, but soon started to exhaust all of their resources by doing so, that created a huge demand across the world for it. Thus created the poachers that would illegally harvest the ivory to keep up with the demand and cash out on a large sum of money for doing so. The poachers started to soon act like terrorist groups by banding together and using larger and more powerful weapons to use, such as the M-16, which also caused the decline of the populations of the elephant. The response to this was worldwide. The country of Kenya, not only banned the killing of elephants and the sale of ivory, but it also implemented a shoot-to-kill policy. Shoot-to-kill policies allow rangers to shoot poachers on-sight. (Hutchens 935) This helped the elephant population, during 1970-1989 the population dropped from 167,000 to less than 17,000. But after the adoption of the shoot to kill policy, it rose again up 26,000, which counted as a success. Other countries though did not support the ban of ivory due to the reason that the used it to fuel the conservation efforts and because many of the citizens saw elephants as a pest because they would destroy crops and the watering source they used. This received protests from pro-ban countries and soon the pro-trade countries fell to pressure they were under due to the drop of demand of ivory (Hutchens 935).

After the ban on ivory in 1989, the elephant population raised tremendously. But soon after, countries figured out that with how the population was growing that it could not be self-sufficient. In the Cardamom Rainforest Landscape, elephants were poached for their tusks and meat because they were considered to be an easy target (Gray 35).

The effect of elephant poaching is a rapid decline in the elephant population and higher market value on the ivory. The Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, also known as CITES, banned ivory trade worldwide. Elephants were initially categorized as all species which although not necessarily now threatened with extinction may become so unless trade in specimens of such species is subject to regulation. In 1989, CITES changed them to the category, all species threatened with extinction which are or may not be affected by trade. (Hutchens 940)

Recently, the poaching of elephants is on the rise. Between the years 2010-2012, over 20,000 elephants were poached for their ivory. The country of Kenya reported 50 elephants in the year 2007 to 300 in the year 2012 (Hutchens 945). This is a huge hit to the population and also to the citizens of Kenya. The elephants serve as a valuable resource due to the amount of revenue that is generated by the population because of tourists coming to seeing them or through programs to protect the elephants. The funds that are generated goes directly to education and water projects (Hutchens 946). The cause of the recent increase of poaching is because of the demand for it on the black market in China. The price for one pound of ivory is over one thousand dollars and the poachers see that as a hefty payday. The demand combined with the sophisticated weaponry has created the greatest poaching crisis since at least 1989, if not ever. (Hutchens 949) The ivory ban in 1989 seemed a success for the years to come after it, but now it seems they have failed and the poachers have found loopholes in the system. In 1999, Botswana, Zimbabwe and Namibia sent their stockpiles of ivory to Asian countries, which refueled the market for it. One of the reasons that the ban may have failed is the different enforcement policy throughout different countries. Each has their own set of penalties and rules in which can be done with the ivory and other resources that the elephants produce. This in which creates the loopholes that the poachers can slip through and take the precious materials for their own profit. Due to the rising threat of poachers and the elephant population decreasing, states in Africa have developed the African Elephant Action Plan (AEAP.) Like stated before, not every country has adopted the AEAP in which has created issues throughout the continent. They need to do more than just adopt the AEAP; they need to effectuate the AEAP through creating uniformed enforcement mechanisms including shoot-to-kill laws, garnering citizen support through sustainable use programs, and increasing funding from both the international community and sustainable use programs. (Hutchens 937)

Botswana allows the trade and the hunting of elephants along with the resources they produce with the proper license. The law regulates the types of weapons used and if using the wrong types of weaponry breaks those laws it could result in a fine or imprisonment. Botswana allows the legal hunting of elephants due to them moving from Appendix I to Appendix II, but it is still illegal for a citizen without a license to kill one, Citizens can kill elephants outside of the preserves without a permit when the elephants are causing or threatening to cause damage, in self-defense, or if they kill the animal in error and promptly report the killing to the government.

The United States has also tried to regulate and ban the trade and sale of ivory through out the world. In 2014 the Fish and Wildlife service proposed changes to the regulations that covered the ivory business. First, the proposed rules ban all commercial imports. Second, the proposed rules restrict exports to bona fide antiques. Third, each sport hunter may import only two trophies (maximum four tusks) per year, halting the unlimited hauls of years past. Fourth, and most controversially, the proposed rules shift the burden of proof for domestic sales from the government to the dealers. (LaFountaine 2014) If these new regulations were passed and put into play, there would no longer be ivory sales inside the United States. This would mean that the poachers would not have a buyer thus sparing the life of an elephant for at least a little while longer. Along with the destruction of the ivory trade in the United States, this would also affect those that already own a piece of ivory. Anyone who currently owns an ivory item, and wants to keep it or gift it, is not impacted at all by these proposed regulations. However, owners of ivory without proper documentation (showing it is either antique or acquired legally before the 1989 ban) will not be able to sell it (LaFountaine 2014). The majority of the population in the US agrees with the ban, in a poll taken 80% support the ban on ivory sales if it would mean helping the population reform. The United States though has struggled with the importing and exporting of ivory. From 2009 to 2012, FWS officials seized close to 1,000 products upon entry and about 250 ivory items upon exportation from the United States. (LaFountaine 2014) The number may seem small by the amount that has been confiscated but that is what is pushing the elephant population to extinction. The amount of animals that had to be killed in order to make those products is part of the amount that could be saving the species.

The elephant ivory trade is an issue that plagues the world. An issue that needs to be dealt with in an extremely timely manner or humanity will soon add another species to the extinction list. Most of the countries that have elephant population are trying everything they can to save their populations, but will need the help of the rest of the world doing so.

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