Month: August 2019
Ancient Rome – most Powerful Empire of the World for Several Centuries
Ancient Rome was the most powerful empire of the world for several centuries, like the fall of every other civilizations, the fall of Rome also took place. At its prime, the Roman Empire stretched from the Atlantic Ocean all the way to the Middle East, with this size it was difficult to control. The Roman Empire greatest strengths was the cause of their downfall. They were known for having a strong military called Roman Legions. As Rome kept expanding, so did the military with more soldiers to pay for, Rome's currency devalued. Maintaining an army to defend the border of the Empire was a constant drain on the government. Invasions by the barbarians caused Rome to be in constant wars. This proved to be devastating to Rome. Numerous factors such as overexpansion, economic inefficiency, and barbarian invasions can be put forward as being contributions to the fall of Rome.
In the early period of Rome's development, they lived in a state of fear from their neighbor, Carthage. The Carthaginians was known for being great traders in the Mediterranean area. During this time, Rome wanted to expand its trading routes, so a war between the empire and carthage was inevitable. In 264 BC, the Carthaginians and Rome had their first war, in a series of three wars known as the Punic Wars. The Romans eventually defeated the Carthaginians in 146 BC. Rome burned the city of Carthage to the ground and all signs of them were destroyed. Rome's Victory over the Carthaginians gave the Romans all the opportunity they needed to expand. Once Carthaginians were defeated, Rome became the powerhouse in the Mediterranean area. Rome's persistent expansion was often responsible for provoking its neighbours to fight in self-defense. The most important goods that Romans took from their enemies was land.
The Roman Empire was not content with conquering land near to them, instead they conquered lands that were far away with riches in them that would make the Roman Empire more wealthy. Eventually, Rome grew from a small town on central Italy's Tiber River into an empire that at its peak stretched from Britain in the West to Syria in the East, including the Mediterranean region, Western Europe and North Africa. With such a vast land to look over, it was really difficult to govern. The more powerful the Romans became, the more they expanded their empire. Having large amounts of land prove to be a bad idea. The Romans were unable to communicate fast even with their excellent road systems. The Romans had trouble in maintaining power in all of their empire and supplying their army. By 285 CE the Roman Empire had grown so large that it was no longer able to govern all the provinces. The Roman Emperor Diocletian split Rome into Western and Eastern Roman Empire.
The Eastern Empire, known as Byzantium, had its capital at Constantinople which constantly grew in power and wealth, while the west descended into economic crisis. The division made the empire more easily governable in the short term, but over time the two empires drifted apart and failed to work together. The Eastern Empire thrived while constant invasions and wars weakened the Western Empire. By 476 CE, the Western Roman Empire officially collapsed, which was the end of the Roman Empire. Overexpansion proved to be an awful decision in the long run by the Romans, and was credited as one of the reasons why Rome fell.
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Weight Loss is the Key Ingredient to Success
This Purified Tea Wound Up Being an Enormous New Weight Decrease Technique. It is troublesome watching others around you just to wonder what you could do to get the results you want. I do not know how many times I have struggled just to maintain a healthy lifestyle. And eating the same kinds of food over and over again expecting a different result is very common in society. Did you know that you can look slimmer by increasing your activity just a little bit, eating the right foods, and including an active ingredient that purifies our bodies? And with millions of people overweight, it is no wonder that many people are on the internet searching for answers. Now You Are Probably Wondering How Can I Take Action? Imagine how amazing it would be if all of a sudden you became as slim as your other family and friends. I know I have wanted to be slim for a long time. And I have searched for my answer online for many years.
Obviously, it's impossible to overcome this challenge all in one day. However, if you are motivated and determined to succeed, you will achieve your goals. But what if I told you that there is an active ingredient that will make your journey more enjoyable. Sounds like an excellent idea, right? After all, you are being provided with lots of good nutrients that make you want to eat right and get rid of all that waste in your body. Well, guess what? There is actually a tea called The Red Detox Tea! This tea has a natural ingredient called Aspalathin, which is extremely helpful to reduce the free radicals from the body. It was not until I found this tea and started following the program that I started seeing results. This tea will not only clean out all the toxins in your body, but also provide you with an excellent eating and exercise plan. What Exactly Does It Do? This awesome, refreshing drink has lots of antioxidants that strengthens our immune system.
It automatically reduces our chance of getting sick or catching a cold. It gives us more energy and make us more likely to engage in active activities. And It helps our mood and helps us to feel better about ourselves. So with The Red Detox Tea, you will never have to feel unhappy about yourself again. You will get the security, knowing that you will be able to cope with life better and enjoy time with your family and friends! What If I accidentally get off the program? No worries! This program is designed for everyone! Everybody is entitled to splurge once in a while. But just get right on the program and you should be fine. What If I Have Dietary Restrictions? With The Red Detox Tea Program, there are many food choices to choose from that will accommodate your dietary needs.
Always consult your doctor for any concerns. What Else Can It Do? It can reduce blood sugar. With all the toxins out of your body, now you are filtering good ingredients, reducing the amount of sugar you take in. How much Does It Cost? Its retail price is just $37.00. But because The Red Detox Tea is such a popular item, Many people are buying it! Considering what a nightmare it would be to not be able to keep up with day to day activities, and to stress out about what you have to do around the house, You will sleep better knowing that you have a solution and you don't have to go back to your old way of living. Besides, with The Red Detox Tea, you will save a lot of money in the long run by staying away from hospitals rather than paying large medical bills. Where Can You Get It? You can by it right from the company's website by CLICKING HERE. Note: For A Limited Time, you can claim The Red Detox Tea Program For Only $37.00. That Price Won't Last Long So Hurry Up And Try This Amazing Program Before This Offer Goes Away! Everyday, people are eating more and more junk food, which increases risk for diseases, diabetes, and other health problems.
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Weight Loss Is The Key Ingredient To Success. (2019, Aug 16).
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Does Adherence Predict Weight Loss an Examination of an IDEA
What is knee osteoarthritis (OA)?
Knee osteoarthritis is a disease characterized by deterioration and inflammation of the knee joint.6 Knee OA can be identified with radiographic evidence or by symptomology. The Kellgren-Lawrence (KL) grading scheme is the radiographic reference standard for defining knee OA.6 The severity of osteoarthritis is determined by the presence of osteophytes on the knee joint, joint space narrowing, sclerosis of the subchondral bone, and deformity of the femoral head.7 Scoring of the KL grading scheme ranges from 0 to 4. Minimal, but definitive, knee OA is defined by the presence of an osteophyte, equating to a KL grade of 2 or higher.6,7,10 Symptomatic knee OA is characterized by radiographic evidence of OA accompanied by pain, aching, or stiffness in the affected joint. Pain occurring on most days of a recent month is representative of symptomatic knee OA.2,6,8
Epidemiology of knee OA
Data from the 2011-2012 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) indicates that 15.1 million United States (U.S.) adults have symptomatic knee OA. An additional 8.6 million adults are classified with KL grade 3 or 4 advanced symptomatic knee OA.1 The prevalence of knee OA has dramatically increased in the past one hundred years. Wallace et al. compared the prevalence of knee OA among American adults from the early industrial and postindustrial periods. The prevalence of knee OA (16%, 95% CI: 14-19%) was 2.6 times higher among the postindustrial sample (95% CI: 2.1-3.4) compared to the early industrial sample (6%, 95% CI: 5-7%). 10
Prevalence data for knee OA differs across studies depending on the definition of osteoarthritis. Studies using the radiographic definition of osteoarthritis trend towards higher prevalence as compared to the symptomatic definition.4,11,12 In the Framingham Osteoarthritis study, 27.4% of adults over sixty-three had radiographic knee OA. However, only 7% of adults within this sample had symptomatic OA.9,13 Similarly, the prevalence of radiographic knee OA was almost 10% higher than the prevalence of symptomatic knee OA among middle-age adults in the Johnston County OA Project (27.8% vs. 16.7%).9,11 The population being studied can also impact estimates of knee osteoarthritis. Whereas two studies found that non-Hispanic whites had the highest rates of knee OA, other articles reported highest rates in African Americans.1,9,11,13
Age and sex also influence the prevalence of knee OA. Osteoarthritis is a chronic disease whose prevalence increases across the lifespan. The prevalence of knee OA increases from 1-2% in adults 25-44 years old to 14% in adults over 65 years.1,9,13 According to Murphy et al., the overall lifetime risk of developing symptomatic knee OA by age 85 is 44.7%.2 Across age groups, females are more likely to have knee OA and have more severe knee OA when compared to men. Women over 50 years old were 1.68 (RR 95% CI 1.37-2.07) times more likely than men over 50 years old to have knee OA.5 Furthermore, diagnosed knee OA in women over 55 years old was more severe than knee OA in men of the same age range (standardized mean difference 0.20, 95% CI 0.11-0.28).14
Healthcare Burden
Knee osteoarthritis places a large strain on a country's economy. U.S. adults spend roughly 28 years living with symptomatic knee OA.15 Treatment for knee OA comes in various forms and at various price points. The minimum treatment strategy consisting of a physician visit, physical therapy, knee braces, and medications costs $684 annually.15 Many adults will spend years using medications and non-surgical treatments before seeking advanced care. The standard care treatment for end-stage knee OA is total knee arthroplasty (TKA).16 The TKA is widespread due to its life expectancy and relative safety. In 2010, 658,000 knee arthroplasties were performed, with 92% of surgeries being TKAs.16
Direct and indirect medical costs associated with knee OA create a large burden on the individual and on society. As of 2013, a primary TKA cost $20,293 in the United States.15 Individuals undergoing revision TKA spend an average of $49,360 and 5 days in the hospital.16 On a larger scale, the hospital charges associated with revision knee arthroplasties accounts for nearly $2.7 billion in U.S. healthcare spending.16 From a national viewpoint, the U.S. spends $139.8 billion dollars annually (95% CI 83.7-195.9) on direct costs attributable to knee OA.17 Indirectly, the disability associated with knee OA impacts workplace productivity. The U.S. loses nearly $164 billion each year (95% CI, 85.2-242.3) in earnings attributable to arthritis. Between direct medical costs and productivity loses, arthritis accounts for $303.5 billion in healthcare spending.17
Risk Factors for Knee Osteoarthritis
Predisposing factors for knee OA are divided into systemic risk factors and local risk factors. Systemic risk factors include age, gender, race/ethnicity, and genetics. Age is one of the strongest systemic risk factors for knee OA due to loss of muscular strength, thinning of articular cartilage, and oxidative damage to the knee joint.6 Local risk factors for knee OA include previous injury, physical activity, and obesity. The risk of developing knee OA increases by 183% (RR 2.83, 95% CI 1.91-4.19) in adults who have suffered a previous knee injury when compared to adults who have not had a previous injury.5 Roughly 5% of cases of knee OA could be avoided if knee injuries could be prevented in adults.5
The relationship between knee OA, physical activity, and overweight/obesity is more complicated. Adults engaging in at least four hours per day of heavy physical activity were significantly more likely to have radiographic knee OA when compared to adults engaging in no heavy physical activity (OR 7.0, 95% CI 2.4-20, p<0.001).18 Further analysis of the influence of weight status revealed the highest risk of developing radiographic knee OA was in obese adults engaging in heavy physical activity (OR 13.0, 95% CI 3.3-51) .18 Although frequent and heavy physical activity may be associated with knee OA, a sedentary lifestyle and subsequent weight gain may also elevate the risk for developing knee OA.
Overweight and obesity is a strong predictor of knee OA in adults. Being overweight or becoming overweight as an adult increases the lifetime risk of developing symptomatic knee OA by nearly 30%.2 The literature often uses the World Health Organization's (WHO) classification of overweight and obesity, which defines overweight as a body mass index (BMI) of ‰? 25 – ‰¤ 29.9 kg/m2 and obese as a BMI ‰? 30 kg/m2.19 Evidence suggests there is a curvilinear relationship between BMI and risk of knee OA. One meta-analysis quantified the pooled risk of developing knee OA as a factor of increasing BMI across twelve studies. Having a BMI of 25 kg/m2 is associated with a 59% (RR 1.59, 95% CI 1.34-1.81) increased likelihood of developing knee OA.20 A second study found one's likelihood of developing knee OA to rise by 35% (RR 1.35, 95% CI 1.18-1.53) for each 5 kg/m2 increase in BMI.21
Disease progression and severity are also affected by weight status. A prospective study of 354 adults found overweight individuals to be 9.1 (95% CI, 2.6-32.2) times more likely to develop K/L grade 1+ knee OA within 5 years. Additionally, being overweight increased the likelihood of progressing to moderate knee OA (K/L grade 2+) within 5 years by 18.3 times (95% CI, 5.1-65.1).22 In addition to disease progression, weight status affects an individual's symptoms. Being overweight or obese is associated with a 2.66 (95% CI, 2.03-3.48) times higher risk of being diagnosed with symptomatic knee OA.23 Overweight (OR 1.69, 95% CI 1.36-2.11) and obese (OR 2.58, 95% CI 1.74-3.58) individuals are also more likely to experience persistent knee pain than normal weight adults.23
Treatment Recommendations for Knee OA
Weight Loss
Although being overweight or obese increases the likelihood of developing knee OA, weight reduction can improve clinical and functional outcomes. The Osteoarthritis Research International (OARSI) guidelines committee recommends weight loss as a core management strategy for overweight and obese patients with knee OA (strength of recommendation 96%, 95% CI 92-100).24 Weight loss has been shown to have positive effects on pain, joint stiffness, and disability in adults with knee OA. A meta-analysis of four randomized controlled trials (RCTs) reported a small improvement in knee pain resulting from weight loss (ES = 0.20, 95% CI 0-0.39). The literature supports a dose-response relationship between the amount of weight lost and reductions in knee pain. An intensive 18-month diet and exercise intervention found significantly lower self-reported pain scores with at least 10% (3.71, 95% CI 3.09-4.34) and 20% (2.79, 95% CI 1.87-3.71) weight loss when compared to <5% weight loss (4.46, 95% CI 3.81-5.11, p = 0.006).25
Knee joint stiffness is also alleviated by weight loss in overweight adults with knee OA. The results of two RCTs support a small decrease in joint stiffness as a result of weight loss (ES = 0.36, 95% CI -0.08, 0.80).24 Reductions joint stiffness associated with weight loss may also be related to improvements in physical function. A meta-analysis of three RCTs found an average weight loss of 6.1kg (95% CI 4.7-7.6kg) was associated with a small improvement (ES = 0.23, 95% CI 0.04-0.42) in self-reported disability.26 The relationship between weight loss and increases in physical function is also supported by objective measures. Overweight adults with knee OA who lost an average of 5.2kg (95% CI 0.85-9.55) demonstrated significant improvements in both six-minute walk distance (?” from baseline = 61.61m, 95% CI 35.90-87.32) and stair climb time (?” from baseline = -2.54s, 95% CI -4.13, -0.95).27
Exercise
Weight loss should not be considered independently of physical activity. The OARSI group recommends regular aerobic activity and resistance training as an adjuvant treatment for knee OA.24 Engaging in regular aerobic activity can serve as a non-pharmacologic pain reliever for individuals with knee OA. A meta-analysis of 13 RCTs on aerobic activity has shown support for a moderate improvement in pain (ES = 0.52, 95% CI 0.34-0.70).24 Aerobic activity can also improve physical function in people with knee OA. Individuals with knee OA who take part in aerobic activity experience moderate improvements in self-reported disability (ES = 0.46, 95% CI 0.25-0.67).24 Muscle strengthening has also been identified as a core recommendation for the management of knee OA. Small reductions in pain (ES = 0.32, 95% CI 0.23-0.42) and self-reported disability (ES = 0.32, 95% CI 0.23-0.41) have been reported with quadriceps training.24
Combined Weight Loss Plus Exercise Interventions
Multiple studies have examined the relationship between weight loss and clinical outcomes in overweight adults with knee OA. The Arthritis, Diet, and Activity Promotion Trial (ADAPT) was an 18-month RCT comparing standard care to dietary weight loss, exercise, or combined diet plus exercise on physical function, pain, and mobility. Individuals in the diet plus exercise group lost the largest amount of body weight (mean 5.20kg, 95% CI 0.85-9.55), followed by those in the diet only group (mean 4.61kg, 95% CI 0.38-8.84) when assessed at 18-month follow-up.27 Physical function, pain, and mobility were significantly improved for individuals in the diet plus exercise group after 18 months. Weight loss of 5% baseline body weight was associated with a 24% reduction (95% CI 2.63-8.83) in physical function scores and a 30% reduction in pain scores. Additionally, mobility improved as noted by increased 6-minute walk distance (477.76 ± 13.12m, p < 0.05) and reduced stair climb time (8.45 ± 0.81 seconds, p < 0.05).27
Whereas a weight loss goal of 5% was established for the ADAPT study, the Intensive Diet and Exercise for Arthritis (IDEA) study had a weight loss goal of at least 10% body weight.28 IDEA was an 18-month RCT that compared the effects of dietary weight loss, exercise, or diet plus exercise on clinical outcomes. Participants in the diet plus exercise group lost an average 10.6 kg (95% CI -14.1, -7.1) compared to an average 1.8 kg (95% CI, -5.7-1.8) loss in the exercise only group.28 Although IDEA participants in the diet plus exercise group had a higher percentage of body weight loss, a similar trend was reported for physical function, pain, and mobility scores after 18 months. Physical function scores decreased by nearly 42% (?”_18month = -10.3, p <0.001), pain scores decreased by 45% (?”_18month = -3.0, p = 0.02), and 6-minute walk distance increased by 15% (?”_18month = 70, p <0.001).28
Rather than analyzing the impact of weight loss on clinical and functional outcomes, one study analyzed whether weight loss could prevent the onset of knee pain in overweight adults with diabetes. White and colleagues randomized participants to one of two treatment conditions: 1) intensive lifestyle intervention focusing on aerobic activity and weight loss, or 2) diabetes education and support comparison group. Individuals randomized to the intensive exercise and weight loss program were 15% (RR = 0.85, 95% CI 0.74-0.98) less likely to develop knee pain within 1-year when compared to individuals in the comparison group.29 Participants who met the 7% weight loss target were 37% (RR = 0.63, 95% CI 0.46-0.88) and 38% (RR = 0.62, 95% CI 0.47-0.83) less likely to develop knee pain within 1 and 4 years, respectively.29 Collectively, these three studies strengthen the conclusion that the combination of dietary weight loss and exercise is associated with positive clinical outcomes.
Predictors of Weight Loss
Due to the strong evidence of the benefits of weight loss in overweight adults with knee OA, researchers have sought to identify predictors of weight loss. Predictors of weight loss can be grouped as individual factors or factors pertaining to the intervention.
Internal Factors
Self-Efficacy
Self-efficacy is the belief in one's ability to accomplish a specific task or goal.30 Within the weight loss literature, self-efficacy can divided into exercise self-efficacy and dietary self-efficacy. Having a high exercise self-efficacy at baseline was associated with achieving the 7% weight loss target among adult participants involved in the Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP).31 Among overweight adult women, both exercise self-efficacy (r = -0.32, p < 0.001) and eating self-efficacy (r = -0.36, p < 0.001) were associated with 1-year weight change. However, only exercise self-efficacy (r = -0.32, p < 0.001) remained as a significant predictor of weight loss after 2 years.32 Not only are baseline levels of self-efficacy important, but also the change in self-efficacy can have an impact on weight loss. Individuals whose diet self-efficacy improved over 6 months were predicted to reach their target weight loss goal of 7% by the end of the study.31 Another study reported an increase in exercise self-efficacy over 12-weeks as a significant predictor of weight loss (??= -0.443, p = 0.008).33 Among overweight adults, believing in oneself despite barriers or obstacles may bolsters one's success at losing weight.
Depressive Symptoms
An individual's general affect can influence their willingness to engage in behaviors that may lead to weight loss. Pre-treatment depressive symptoms may influence weight loss if the individual's negative affect stems from unhappiness with their current weight status. Among obese adults, lower levels of baseline depressive symptoms are associated with weight loss success after 1 year.34 Additionally, baseline depression scores among overweight, older veterans with knee OA were predictive of weight loss after a 6 month intervention.35 It should be noted, however, that both studies used inventories measuring depressive symptoms rather than identifying individuals with clinical depression. Participants who are clinically depressed are often excluded from weight loss studies because they may be taking medications that impact their ability to lose weight.36
Programmatic Features
Social Support
The social aspect of participation in a research study may be a contributing treatment-related factor for weight loss. Individuals who participated in a group-based commercial weight loss program lost more weight than individuals who participated in one-on-one dietary counseling sessions (-4.3 ± 6.1 kg vs. -1.3 ± 6.1 kg, p < 0.001) after one year.37 Although group support can be beneficial, an individual's desire for autonomy in regards to weight control may also be an important factor. Participants who perceived research staff to be supportive of their autonomy during the weight loss process were predicted to have a lower BMI after the 6 month intervention (?? = -0.11, p < 0.05).38 Overall, the shared experience of an intervention and the level of support provided by other participants and staff may increase an individual's willingness to continue engaging in the intervention.
Attendance
The relationship between attendance at a diet or exercise intervention and weight loss is intuitive for the general population. As a result, studies have sought to find evidence to support this conclusion. Among overweight adults receiving a modified version of the Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP), attendance at counseling sessions was a significant predictor of weight loss (?? = -0.609, p = 0.003).33 Evidence from a RCT comparing self-help to a commercially based weight reduction program for adults found higher self-reported attendance at sessions was significantly associated with weight loss after 1 and 2 years (p < 0.05).37 A similar trend in attendance as a predictor of weight loss is seen among overweight adolescents who participated in a 4-month activity intervention (??= -0.28, p < 0.05).39 The evidence generated by these studies may suggest that simply being present at the intervention will be associated with weight loss.
Adherence
Definition of Adherence
To date, there is no consensus on the operational definition of adherence. In simplistic terms, adherence is defined as a percentage of the number of sessions completed divided by the total number of sessions offered.27,28,40 However, more complex definitions of adherence necessitate the need to first answer the question: adherence to what? Exercise adherence can be defined by attendance rates and by goal achievement. Two community-based RCTs in overweight adults with knee OA have used on-line attendance logs to track exercise adherence.27,28 Among adult participants in the Healthy Weights Initiative, meeting the goal for exercise frequency, intensity, or duration was the criteria for exercise adherence.41
Adherence to a dietary intervention depends on the behavior being measured. Multiple studies have used attendance rates to define adherence to a diet class.27,28,41 Other studies have defined adherence by the frequency of food tracking over a specific period of time. Jacobs and colleagues defined adherence as logging a meal within its specified time frame, but also separated from a consecutive record by at least 30 minutes.40 A separate study expanded the time constraint of an adherent period to no longer than 4 days between consecutive food logs.42 Aside from defining adherence by attendance rates frequency of food tracking, adherence may also be defined as an individual's agreement to the prescribed dietary intervention. One study defined dietary adherence as the percentage of discrepancy between one's actual daily kilocalorie loss divided by their expected daily kilocalorie loss.43 The definition of adherence is often driven by the way that adherence is measured.
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Does Adherence Predict Weight Loss An Examination of an IDEA. (2019, Aug 16).
Retrieved November 4, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2019/08/page/6/
Blood Type Diet Weight Loss by Blood Type
Diet for obese & chronically ill
The blood group diet is a nutritional theory that assumes that people with different blood types tolerate different types of food differently. Those who eat according to his blood type, can protect themselves from numerous diseases, according to the founder of the blood group diet, Peter D'Adamo. Among other things, the blood group diet should be able to cure overweight, diabetes mellitus and stomach ulcers. Even with cancer and AIDS patients, the state of health should be positively influenced.
Blood type diet
This is how the blood type diet works by Daniela Altmayer
The American naturopath D'Adamo assumes in his theory that people with different blood types process food differently. This is said to be due to certain complex food proteins known as lectins, which are similar to certain blood group traits (red blood cell membrane proteins).
Blood type diet: Less stress for the body
In the ""blood type diet"" stress factors for the immune system should be avoided. According to D'Adamo's theory, this additional work for the human immune system arises from the fact that the food constituents which are unsuitable for a blood group type (the lectins mentioned above) lead to a ""clumping"" of the antigens in the blood. Metabolic disorders, a disturbed digestive process, hormone and thyroid problems can be the result, says D'Adamo.
If this burden on the immune and digestive system is consistently avoided, various diseases can be prevented or diseases can be cured. Another plus for the blood type diet is weight loss, which can be achieved through the principles of the principles.
The inventor of the blood group diet attributes his theses to the development of blood groups in evolution. For example, blood group 0 originated at a time when humans, as hunters, mainly ate meat. Therefore, he advises the carriers of this blood group mainly to animal foods.
Blood group diet: recommendations for blood types
Modern man
The modern man should pay attention to a predominantly vegetarian diet © Antonioguillem - Fotolia
Blood Group 0: The Meateater (Hunter)
Animal proteins such as meat and fish are recommended, dairy products should be avoided as far as possible by people of this blood type. Legumes such as beans and lentils should also be avoided, but fruits and vegetables are well tolerated.
Blood group A: The vegetarian (farmer)
For this type, a vegetarian diet is recommended by D'Adamo. Consume a lot of fruits and vegetables, cereals and legumes, withhold meat and dairy products.
Blood Group B: The Nomad (Cattle Breeder)
People of this blood group should avoid chicken meat and shellfish, but access dairy products, fruits and vegetables kr?¤frig. Cereals and legumes are restricted. This type of blood group is especially good for lamb, game, mutton and deep-sea fish. This blood type is said to have developed among the nomad / livestock breeders in Asia.
Blood Type AB: The Modern Man
This blood group is said to have recently evolved from blood types A and B and symbolizes modern man. People with this blood type should eat mostly vegetarian food to lose weight. Occasionally, meat or dairy products are allowed.
Benefits and Criticisms of the Blood Type Diet
The diet according to the blood group promises chronically ill and overweight improvement of health and even healing - and the theory has many followers.
But it also hail criticism: D'Adamo's theses are dubious, since underpinned by too few studies. The fact that lectins ""dock"" to antigens of the blood is proven in the test tube, but only there. Critics say that most of the lectins are destroyed in cooking, so they do not get into the gut at all. Also controversial is the derivation of the nutritional recommendation of the evolutionary development of the blood groups.
If you want to match your diet to the blood type, be sure to discuss it with your doctor or nutritionist first.
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Blood Type Diet Weight Loss by Blood Type. (2019, Aug 16).
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Analysis of the Relationship between Weight Loss and Health
Nowadays, we are involuntarily under the social pressure to be similar with celebrities. From the covers of magazines to the mainstream social platform, celebrities are showing people great lives with thin and healthy body. Size zero models still dominate the catwalks and the trends like #thinspiration, #proana, which means pro-anorexia, are teamed with the stereotyping objectification of women in today's popular culture. From teenager to adult, people, especially girls are universally trying to become thinner by dieting, exercising and other programs. However, are they getting healthier after losing weight? Are they really making changes that are good for themselves?
With the improvement of people's health awareness and the emphasis on weight management, dieting and other weight loss behaviors are popular in the general population and widely encouraged in public health policy and health care practice as a solution for the ""problem"" of obesity. (Tatiana Andreyeva PhD, Michael W.Long MPH, Kathryn E. Henderson PhD, Gabrielle M. Grode MPH, 2010) However, many researches show that these approaches reliably induce short term weight loss, but the majority of individuals are unable to maintain weight loss over the long term and do not achieve the putative benefits of improved morbidity and mortality. (Linda Bacon, Lucy Aphramor, 2011)
Concern has arisen that this weight focus is not only ineffective at producing thinner, healthier bodies, but may also have unintended consequences, contributing to repeated cycles of weight loss and regain, reduced self-esteem, eating disorders, weight stigmatization and discrimination and distraction from other health goals and wider health determinants.
Such view is popular in the mainstream media that the pursuit of weight loss is a practical and positive goal. (Rena R Wing, Suzanne Phelan, 2005) However, when you admire the people who look great after losing weight, do not forget that weight cycling is the most common result of engaging in conventional dieting practices and is known to increase morbidity and mortality risk. ( Linda Bacon, Lucy Aphramor, 2011) In addition, research suggests many other contraindications to the pursuit of weight loss. For example, dieting is known to reduce bone mass, increasing risk for osteoporosis. Research also suggests that dieting is associated with increased chronic psychological stress and cortisol production, two factors known to increase disease risk. ( Linda Bacon, Lucy Aphramor, 2011)
From my point of view, people can be healthy at every size and we should shift the paradigm from weight to health. We should encourage body acceptance as opposed to weight loss. Besides, we should support reliance on internal regulatory processes, such as hunger and satiety, as opposed to encouraging cognitively-imposed dietary restriction. For the sake of the people who want to lose weight, they should focus on health, not weight and should promote self-esteem, body satisfaction, and respect for body size diversity.
I believe that as long as we change our culture, value individuality, diversity, inclusion, everyone at every size could be free to become the better visions of themselves and their weight would never hold them back from being who they are.
Reference List
[1] Linda Bacon, Lucy Aphramor, 2011. Weight Science: Evaluating the Evidence for a Paradigm Shift [online] (24 January 2011) Available at: [Accessed 12 Jun.2017]
[2] Rena R Wing, Suzanne Phelan, 2005. Long-term weight loss maintenance [online] (01 July 2005) Available at: [Accessed 12 Jun.2017]
[3] Tatiana Andreyeva PhD, Michael W.Long MPH, Kathryn E. Henderson PhD, Gabrielle M. Grode MPH, 2010.Trying to Lose Weight: Diet Strategies among Americans with Overweight or Obesity in 1996 and 2003[online] (30 March 2010) Available at: [Accessed 12 Jun.2017]
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Analysis of the Relationship Between Weight Loss and Health. (2019, Aug 16).
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Maintaining a Healthy Weight
Maintaining a healthy weight should be a very big concern for everyone. Obesity is defined as any individual that weighs over thirty or more above their recommended optimum weight. The epidemic of obesity is sweeping across America and reflecting in our children. That's why it's only makes sense that weight loss and weight loss solutions have become more of a common topic to discussion all across households in America. In 1999-2000, over 10% of preschool children between the ages of 2 and 5 were overweight, up from 7% in 1994. In addition, approximately 15.3% of children (ages 6–11) and 15.5% of adolescents (ages 12–19) were overweight in 2000. An additional 15% of children and 14.9% of adolescents were at a higher level of risks for becoming overweight based on their current Body Mass Index (BMI) results. The percentage of children and adolescents considered overweight has more than doubled since the early 1970s.
A great amount of studies shows an increase in mortality rates associated with obesity. People who are obese have up to 10% to 50% increased risk of death from all causes when compared to others with a healthy weight level. A larger portion of the increased risk are due to cardiovascular diseases. Obesity caused additional 112,000 deaths per year in the United States when compared to others in the United States that maintains a healthy weight level. There are some typical diseases that are associated with people who are overweight and/or obese: Diabetes, Coronary heart disease and stroke, High blood cholesterol, Metabolic syndrome, Hypertension, Different types of cancer such as: (breast, colorectal, endometrial and kidney), Sleep apnea and other breathing problems, Osteoarthritis (degeneration of cartilage and bone of joints), Gallbladder disease, Fatty liver disease, Gout, Pregnancy complications, Menstrual irregularities, Hirsutism (presence of excess body and facial hair), Stress incontinence (urine leakage caused by weak pelvic floor muscles), Psychological disorders, such as depression, Increased surgical risk and Increased mortality. So knowing this, that's why one should be conscious of their weight and take active measures to maintain a healthy life.
The first important thing to do is making the appropriate lifestyle changes, and that is achieving their fitness goals. However, the second important thing is obtaining their optimum weight level. So in order to become successful in achieving their optimum weight, they need to understand that there are fundamental changes that need to be made in relation to nutrition, exercise, rest and relaxation. It is very important to understand that achieving optimum health is a lifelong endeavor and not a short-term commitment. The goal is to lose the weight the right way. And it's plenty of websites and articles that will provide individuals with countless of tips on how to achieve their proper weight loss goals correctly. Many individuals lack the knowledge to effectively do this on their own. I personally recommend individuals to do research and read articles and search websites to enhance their education relevant to the various weight loss approaches, techniques, and lifestyle changes necessary to achieving their weight loss goals.
In conclusion, you will not lose weight without improving the quality of foods that you put into your body. Those aspects present their own challenges, and in many cases require dedication and a change in overall lifestyle. Yes losing weight can be very difficult for the most part, but you must always remember that effort and changes in lifestyle will pay off in the end. Achieving and maintaining your personal weight goal is a life-changing event that will improve virtually all aspects of your life.
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Do Supplements in Diets for Weight Loss Really Work?
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) works with the National Center for Health Statistics Data (NCHS) each year to conduct the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), which provides us with data on the prevalence of obesity in the United States. For the years 2013-2014, it is noted that more than 2 in 3 adults (70.2 percent) were considered to be overweight or have obesity. Numbers since then have been on the rise. With such high prevalence of obesity, over half of us report being on a diet. The Council for Responsible Nutrition (CRN) states that the majority of those who report being on a diet – 68 percent – take dietary supplements and that this percentage has remained consistent over the past five years. Consumer surveys conducted by the CRN show that most supplement users aged 18-34 – 66 percent – anticipate their supplement use will increase over the next five years. According to the Office of Dietary Supplements at the National Institutes of Health, Americans spend over $25 billion per year on more than 50,000 products containing vitamins and minerals, herbs and botanicals, and other ingredients such as glucosamine, fish oils, and probiotics. Should Americans be using these supplements for weight loss? Do they really help us lose weight and are they safe to use?
FDA REGULATION
Dietary supplements are available in a variety of different forms from pills, capsules, and gel tablets, to powders, extracts, and liquids. There are hundreds of herbal supplements and over-the-counter drugs that don't require a prescription from a healthcare provider. Most Americans believe that what they find on the shelves of their local convenience store or pharmacy is trustworthy, effective, and safe to use. The scary truth is that many over-the-counter drugs and herbal supplements are not regulated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Without FDA regulation, a lot of what we know about the drug or supplement is unknown including facts on its effectiveness, measurements of the active ingredient(s), and if any harmful substances are used or included. In fact, recent FDA investigations have found that nearly 70 kinds of diet pills were spiked, laced, and flooded with dangerous drugs. The only drugs that promise FDA regulation are prescription medications, drugs prescribed by a physician. There are over a dozen different prescription weight loss drugs on the pharmaceutical market and even though they are FDA regulated, doctors are still leery to prescribe them. This is because failure to follow a physician's exact instructions or taking too much of a weight loss prescription medication has been proven to lead to sleep problems, palpitations, an increased heart rate, stroke, and even heart attacks. Because of this risk, physicians will only prescribe weight loss medications to those who have a body mass index (BMI) greater than 30 or those who have a BMI of 27 and a comorbidity such as hypertension, high cholesterol, or diabetes.
CLINICALLY MEANINGFUL
During a 2016 study of 28 long-term trials of prescription drugs used for the treatment of obesity, researchers confessed that a person taking a prescription weight-loss drug while making appropriate lifestyle changes, only increases their likelihood of achieving clinically meaningful weight loss within a year. In research, clinically meaningful weight loss is generally defined as 5 percent or more of body weight, meaning only enough weight has been lost to lower one's risk of heart disease, diabetes, or other weight related health diseases.
THE FACTS
Ann Thurn, director of the Office of Dietary Supplements communications program at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), says that People may not know that many manufacturers of weight-loss supplements don't conduct studies in humans to find out whether their product works and is safe. For example, the ingredient chromium, may help people lose a very small amount of weight and body fat, and is safe; but another ingredient, raspberry ketones, haven't been studied enough to know whether they're safe or effective. Consumers should keep in mind that many supplements contain more than one ingredient, and these combinations often have not been studied for their safety or effectiveness. We encourage people to talk with their health care providers to get advice about dietary supplements and to visit the ODS website to learn valuable information about these products. The NIH assembles fact sheets on the ingredients in exercise supplements and dietary supplements that manufacturers have claimed produce increased performance and/or increased weight loss. These fact sheets list everything that is known about a supplement's safety and effectiveness and are available to the public.
HERBAL SUPPLEMENTS
Hoodia is an herbal supplement, plant-derived, and available in pill, liquid, and lollipop forms. It's grown naturally in Botswana, South Africa and Namibia and was originally used by African leaders when going on long journeys to hunt or wage war. The substance tricks your body into believing you have enough fuel and do not need to eat any more food by increasing the amount of energy in the brain. The herbal supplement has been sold in the United States – and in the last year – more than it has ever been grown in African countries. It's become so popular that one manufacturer, which made the drug available in milk chocolate chews, claims to have acquired $20 million in a year. A 30-day supply found in health food stores often costs consumers around $35. Despite its popularity and soaring internet sales, the South African appetite suppressant has few to almost none published, scientific studies that support the promise of weight loss. In fact, only one laboratory study has been used as evidence. This evidence, produced by David MacLean, MD, an adjunct associate professor at Brown University and a former researcher at Pfizer – a pharmaceutical company – reported, that a molecule in hoodia, called P57, likely has an effect on the brain's hypothalamus, which helps regulate appetite. He goes on to state that his study was done and tested strictly in animals.
Another herbal supplement that has gained popularity in the United States over the years is bitter orange. Its effects are similar to synephrine, an increase in energy and a reduction in appetite. But what most claims fail to note is that synephrine is a natural chemical that is released when we need to run from real, imminent danger. This type of chemical is not appropriate or safe to put freely into our bodies due to its side effects of increasingly high blood pressure – enough to cause a stroke.
OVER-THE-COUNTER DRUGS
Over-the-counter drugs can also mislead us into believing they are safe and effective to use for weight loss. For example, orlistat, the only product that is FDA approved, stops our bodies from absorbing calories. It does so by coating our intestines with enzymes that disable our bodies from absorbing fat. Therefore, no fat absorption means no calories can be absorbed. So, what's the catch? Let's say you eat a plate of cheese fries, or nachos, doing so will overload the enzyme-stopping system, resulting in bloating, gas and oily, loose, and frequent stools. The only way to avoid this messy complication is to keep your total fat intake under 30% or less. High-fiber supplements and psyllium husks are also recommended to aid in the digestive process and avoid the complication. The worst part? Orlistat inhibits our body's ability to absorb essential vitamins – vitamin A, D, and E – so multivitamins must also be taken (in addition to high-fiber supplements, psyllium husks, and a total fat intake of less than 30%) if you choose to use this over-the-counter drug.
VITAMINS FOR THE WIN
Authors, Arielle Levitan, MD, and Romy Block, MD, state in their book The Vitamin Solution: Two Doctors Clear the Confusion About Vitamins and Your Health, As part of a healthy living plan that includes clean eating, exercise, and stress management, we find that vitamins and minerals can play a role in weight loss and weight management. Many, if not most of us, have nutrient needs that are unmet by diet alone. When we replenish these deficiencies with the right vitamins and minerals, in proper doses, then we can satisfy our body's nutrient cravings and in turn, reduce our unhealthy eating. They go on say that patient's report better sleeping patterns, increased energy, better exercise habits, less of an appetite, and healthier food choices. So which vitamins are the most effective?
VITAMIN D
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition published a study that found that overweight and obese adults taking vitamin D supplements in conjunction with calcium lost a significantly more amount of stomach fact versus people who were not taking any supplements. Being vitamin D deficient causes our body to convert sugar to fat, instead of energy, resulting in easy weight gain. Also, overweight and obese individuals – especially those that are physically inactive - have lower vitamin D levels. Failure to correct vitamin D deficiency can lead to metabolic syndrome, a collection of heart disease risk factors that increase the chances of heart disease, stroke, and diabetes. Physicians and other health care providers can test to see if you are vitamin D deficient by checking your blood levels.
IRON
Studies have proven a positive correlation between iron deficiency and obesity. Furthermore, studies have also revealed reductions in BMI, body weight, and waist circumference after successful treatment of iron deficiency. Iron also aids in increasing energy levels, which may help increase exercise and result in effective weight loss. If you want to avoid another pill, iron can be found in red meat and a variety of vegetables. Women experience iron deficiency more often than men due to menstruation and therefore require a higher dosage – men need 8 mg per day; women need 18 mg per day. Vitamin C is recommended in conjunction with iron supplements to aid in absorption.
MAGNESIUM
Dr. Friedman notes a number of benefits from magnesium in his book, Food Sanity: How to Eat in a World of Fads and Fiction, Magnesium is an essential mineral, and research suggests it can relax your muscles, help you feel calm, and improve your sleep – and all of those things can help you lose weight. A lack of sleep is a key contributing factor to weight gain. Sleep deprivation is a leading cause of the obesity epidemic, and plenty of research supports this notion. If you are suffering from insomnia, it could be due to a magnesium deficiency. People with low magnesium often experience restless sleep, waking frequently during the night. Magnesium plays a role in supporting deep, restorative sleep by maintaining healthy levels of GABA, a neurotransmitter. Magnesium increases GABA and can improve sleep quality.
The Women's Hospital in Boston conducted a study that found that poor sleep slows our body's metabolism and raises our blood sugar levels. Recommended magnesium levels for men are 400 to 420 mg; for women – 310 to 320 mg.
THE SAFEST BET
It is of no surprise that the safest way and the most effective way to lose weight, and keep it off, is by eating a healthy low-calorie diet and being more physically active. There is no magic pill for losing weight. Weight-loss pills, whether they are prescription drugs, nonprescription drugs, herbal products, or some other kind of dietary supplement, are all just stepping stones that may or may not help with weight loss. With that being said, if you think you absolutely need something to jump start your diet, caffeine can be a healthy option. It's safe to start your day with two cups of black coffee – no cream and no sugar. This will increase your metabolism. Caffeine releases epinephrine, also known as adrenaline, which helps breakdown fat stored in our body. 100mg of caffeine – about one cup of coffee – boosts thermogenesis, or calorie burning, for a few hours following consumption. While caffeine does give you an extra boost for calorie burning, it can cause elevations in heart rate and blood pressure. Because of this, you should contact your doctor or healthcare provider before starting this weight-loss trick, or before using any weight-loss dietary supplements.
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An Issue of Oil Fracking
Oil fracking has been a long practice undergoing the resource mining of oil to be purposed for our own benefits. The underlying history that is brought from the beginning of oil fracking relies in polices and the Yom Kippur War. These two aspects in oil fracking will help understand what the contemporary issue's history is from then. To then help better understand the current state of the issue.
Oil fracking polices are an important aspect the contemporary issue for specific business-related reasons during the twentieth century. One example of a company that was around during the twentieth century was the Hawaiian-Texas oil company LTD. This company is a larger forceful company that owns a multitude of oil properties. The company owns sixty different leased oil properties. Totaling six thousand acres. From these properties being leased not enough information was being disclosed to the investors of these oil producing spaces. For example, the policy states their will provide a fifty percent split between the investors and LTD. 50 of the net proceeds from Oil produced, and profits derived from the Company's Operations . Along with them drilling additional wells from the money being profited. The remaining percentage of money that was invested into the company was put towards the continued development of the business. LTD's business and mindset to expand and further develop their production of oil was going well. But investors weren't disclosed were the oil fields were being produced. During this time the company had a total of sixty separate oil leases. One oil well in Okmulgee County, Oklahoma was being drilled about 600ft from the Hartford's producing oil well . This was leading to a conflict with their opposing business due to zoning restrictions not being established.
George P. Mitchell is another example that involves oil fracking policies needing to be developed. George P. Mitchell was a significant oil business man that started in 1943. He was the known as the pioneer for oil fracking During his career in the oil fracking business. He participated in drilling some 10,000 wells, including more than 1,000 wildcats wells drilled away from known fields . His company, Mitchell Energy & Development, was credited with more than 200 oil and 350 natural gas discoveries . In the 1960s, Mr. Mitchell, looking to diversify, bought 66,000 acres of mostly undeveloped real estate within a 50-mile radius of Houston . In 1974 he created The Woodlands, 27,000-acre forested development 27 miles north of Houston, helped by a $50 million loan from the Department of Housing and Urban Development. Many people were living there. This was another example of zoning restriction related to commercial land usage for the residential usage at the time. Exon Mobil at the time was also involved with this commercial zoning issue with the land. After George P. Mitchell's conflict with exon Mobil. This then later leads into the Right-to-Know Act. This was a legislation the United states wanted to pass to help disclose further activities that are being done. The establishment of this law sets a standard of disclosure for the toxic level exposure to the EPA. In the 1980's, the EPA and Congress agreed not to apply RCRA to oil and gas wastes, overriding objections from some officials at EPA after the agency had documented 62 cases in which oil and gas wastes had caused damage . Leading from this legislation being established was the need for many other categories to be implemented into the legislation. This is so the people can also be aware of the need of the Right-to-Know Act.
During 1974 The Yom Kippur War had begun. Some background that lead to this war included the previous war in 1967 which was called the Six-Day war. This war had three distinctive battlefronts that were all tied together. There was a shared desire to ease Israel and redeem themselves for the defeat they had previously 19 years ago. When they failed to destroy the Jewish state. the Egyptians and Syrians launched their attacks at 1400 hours, 6 October 1973 . This attack was launched on the holiest day of the calendar for the Israeli population. There were to fronts in this war which were. The Southern Front and The Northern Front. The Southern front had the Egyptian Third Army in the south. Additionally, 8,000 assault infantrymen . Their objective was to storm across the canal. With the intent to take control of the eastern side. During the same time. The commando and infantry tank destroyer units were crossing the canal currently. The tanks were approaching the ramps for the preparation of ambushes that could await them from Israel. "By 1600 hours, the crossing was more successful in the northern sector of the Canal than in the southern sector ". The Egyptians original plan of attack on the canal was to go through and infiltrate at one single point of the canal. Instead they had to divide up the attack into five different axis of infantry paths into the canal. They had limited air assets to help execute this attack in better manner. The air assets were best believed to be used in the northern front of the attack. The Northern front had mirrored the circumstances of the southern front's attack. Both fronts had built multiple defense positions on their sides. The Syrians had deployed three infantry divisions along the 45-mile front . This included the Syrians third armor division in the north and the Syrians first armored division in the center. The attack was executed in synchronization with the Egyptians. This attack method heavily relied on the penetration of the infantry troops to reach the high ground of the east Jordan river.
The U.S didn't get involved until later when the war coming closer to the end. The United States and the United Nations had begun discussing the probable solutions to this conflict of war. The United States got involved in the behalf of the Israel forces. What was offered to Israel was a full-scale airlift of military equipment, the replenish of their forces, and a stronger offensive front. With this they both retook most of the territories that were previously lost before. The Resolution was in the need for the Israel and other Arab nations to conclude with a peace treaty deal. The United States also began to re-examine its policy in the Middle East when it faced the Arab oil Embargo at the end of the war . The need to settling this Israel-Arab conflict became the top priority for the United States.
The oil Embargo was established by and Arab organization called OPEC. OPEC had set the oil embargo to stop the exportation of oil into the United States. The twelve members of the OPEC organization made that agreement on October 19, 1973. What set the growing attention amongst the members of OPEC was the depleting price of the dollar. The contract that was established between them and the United States was an agreement in oil pricing for the nation. The depleting value of the dollar was hurting them under the nation's revenue. OPEC's last straw was when the United States started to support the Israelis against Egypt in the war. The members of the OPEC organization halted the exportation of oil to the United States. This created an economical problem from the U.S due the war and the outcomes from the war.
Oil fracking has been a long practice to obtain the resource of oil. The high demand for the oil underlies in the motives of business and economical power. LTD had a lot of properties to attract investors into their practice of oil fracking. But they weren't fully disclosing all the oil fracking practices being to the investors. Since of them not doing this disclosure. Further regulations were implemented at the time do have better fracking practices for the business. The Yom Kippur War was motivated by economical around the embargo placed. This intervention the United States made was to help stop a conflict that later led to The United States taking an economic toll from that embargo in place. This understanding of the contemporary issue of oil fracking helps further understand the contemporary issue in our current time.
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Henry Clay and American System
After the War of 1812, Republican Henry Clay, a congressional leader from Kentucky came up with an economic plan that called the American System. This plan has consisted of three important parts: promoting products in the American industry and support the tariffs; help finance more roads, bridges, and canals; create a national bank to regulate local banks and unstable state. However, shortly after things began to get worse when the southern and western farmers and the common people had to pay higher prices for the goods produced by the tariff industries. Many westerners and southerners also feared the Second Bank of the U.S. would become so powerful that it could destroy the nation's economic future at the expenses from states' rights. Follow by the Panic of 1819 that drowned the whole economic expansion created the first major financial struggle happened in America. It leads to a surprising rate of foreclosure and bank failures, a huge amount of increase in unemployed, and the downfall of agriculture and manufacturing. These depression panic tensions last about three years and many people blaming the B.U.S. Even though the panic has gone, many from the South and West of America still remained critical with banking issues. By 1819, the president and Congress faced another tough decision on the admission of Missouri state signed as a slave state. By the time, the country had 22 states with an equal number of eleven each of slave and free states.
A brief summary from the document REFLECTIONS ON THE MISSOURI QUESTION (1820), JOHN QUINCY ADAMS by the author named Allan Nevins. Adams's belief that slavery settled widespread in the South and his worry for the image of slavery to the Union. Thomas Jefferson's dilemma reviews the conflict with slavery in creating a balance nation had been reflected in his concepts of building one. The slaveholding founder had also expressed a feeling for change in the corruption that slavery dangerously experienced in principle. Adams shared the same conceptions on the matters over slavery and willing to goes against its abolition. In his diary entry on the Missouri Compromise, he settled plans for the removal of slavery. After several weeks, he exposed to prove with a desire that he will stand up to speak with more powerful, efficient, and oratory showing slavery as the great creation from goodness God. Later, Adams became well known in Congress for his logic and oratory on the subject preventing the slavery. In Adams's braveness to protect and presented as the voice on slavery, he established his great passion for creating the founding. Even though he never experienced the struggles with slavery as Jefferson been through, Adams shared the dilemma to a public servant with the compromises committed into the Constitution.
Throughout all the debates Adams was very strong and stable on the abolition of slavery and hoped to freed African slaves, also willingness striving for the slaves' rights. Adams' respect the Africans at a certain distance with a doubt of their purposes as citizens. However, when other people go against the black people and looked down on them by any chance, Adams would defend them with the rights as human being. Throughout the slave petition it had created many objections which makes it more chaos in the House, Adams reprove to other representatives for against upholding equal right to anyone, no matter how differences they may have. On Washington, March 2, 1820, the legislative decision to accepted Missouri as a slave state and the condition of slavery had been prohibited in the rest of Louisiana Purchase north of latitude 36*30'.
Throughout the Union's chaos with the abolition of slavery, John Quincy Adams was mostly in public offices. He proved to American founders, mainly leaders see an improving on American views in the battle of rights that no others led to do or having the encouragement for making the convictions towards the end. Though he couldn't enforce for slavery totally banned, however, his sympathy and courageous in turning the nation's past into brighter future for all citizens with more freedom and basic right as human beings had created a wave that represented the faith of the Constitution.
On August 10, 1821, Missouri became the twenty-fourth state and the twelfth state allowed slavery. Henry Clay demanded Missouri accept the black people to have their own constitutional rights. The Congress decided to let Maine signed as a free state to balance slavery between a country. After all chaos and regulations, nationalists praised the Missouri Compromise on the abolition of slavery which settled the nation in positions between the North and the South.
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Hydraulic Fracking: a Boon or Bane to the US
Hydraulic Fracking: A Boon or Bane to the US
The first question when hearing hydraulic fracking, it pops the question for what exactly is it? Hydraulic fracking (fracturing) is a controversial oil and gas extraction technique developed in the late 1940s to gain access to fossil energy deposits previously inaccessible to drilling operations. In the early 2000s, energy companies began combining horizontal (or directional) drilling with hydraulic fracturing to tap these reserves. The process involves drilling horizontally through a rock layer and injecting a pressurized mixture of water, sand, and other chemicals that fractures the rock and facilitates the flow of oil and gas. These combined methods have allowed for expanded oil/gas development in shale and other formations in the U.S., Europe, Asia, Australia, and elsewhere. The rapid expansion of fracking is projected to make the U.S. a net exporter of natural gas in the coming years and potentially the world's largest oil producer by 2018-20. Shale gas, which currently accounts for one-fourth of the nation's natural gas production, is projected to increase to half by 2035.
Tracing back its history in the United States of America can be seen since 1862. It was during the battle of Fredericksburg VA., where civil war veteran Col. Edward A.L. Roberts saw what could be accomplished when firing explosive artillery into a narrow canal that obstructed the battlefield. This was described as superincumbent fluid tamping.
On April 26th, 1865, Edward Roberts received his first patent, for an Improvement in exploding torpedoes in artesian wells. In November of 1866, Edward Roberts was awarded patient number 59,936, known as the Exploding Torpedo. This extraction method was implemented by packing a torpedo in an iron case that contained 15-20 pounds of powder. The case was then lowered into the oil well, at a spot closest to the oil. From there, they would explode the torpedo by connecting the top of the shell with wire to the surface, and then filling the borehole with water
This invention increased oil production by 1200 percent from certain wells within a week of being implemented. This also led to the founding of Roberts Petroleum Torpedo Company, which charged $100-$200 dollars per rocket, plus a royalty of 1/15 of the profits generated from the product.
Even though the birth of fracking began in the 1860s, the birth of modern day hydraulic fracturing began in the 1940s. In 1947, Floyd Farris of Stanolind Oil and Gas began a study on the relationship between oil and gas production output, and the amount of pressurized treatment being used on each well. This study lead to the first experiment of hydraulic fracturing, which occurred at the Hugoton gas field, located in Grant county, Kansas in 1947. In this experiment, 1,000 gallons of gelled gasoline and sand were injected into a gas producing limestone formation with a depth of 2,400 feet. This was then followed by an injection of a gel breaker. While this experiment failed to produce a significant production increase, it did mark the beginning of hydraulic fracturing.
After the massive rise of hydraulic fracking by American petroleum companies all around the nation, the President Gerald Ford in 1982 state of the union address, promoted the development of shale oil resources, as part of his overall energy plan, as a means of reducing foreign oil imports. Coming back to today's politics for the help needed by the government officials or representatives of various states, it can be seen a total of about 40 senators hail from states that now have significant shale oil and gas prospects. Some represent what might fairly be called America's petrostateslike North Dakota, which now gets more than half of its state government revenue from taxes on oil and gas extraction, second only to Alaska (82 percent) and edging out Wyoming (38 percent). It doesn't require a political genius to see that these states' government representatives will increasingly be defined by their support for that oil and gas: The oil and gas industry made some $73 million in total political contributions in the 2012 election cycle, nearly seven times what it spent in 1990. What do these folks want for their money? If the past is any indication, we'll see attacks on the Environmental Protection Agency, hostility to climate science and a tendency to subvert other important issues to defend the industry. The modern day fracking started in the 1990s when it was combined with horizontal drilling, which increased the production exponentially.
Along with this entire successive profitable process for the Oil and Natural Resources Corporative Industry came a lot of environmental troubles. Some of them can be seen with the current major spill happening since 2014, The Taylor Energy Spill off the coast of Louisiana which is actually totally ironically discovered when watchdog groups stumbled on oil slicks while monitoring the BP Deepwater Horizon disaster a few miles north of the Taylor site in 2010. Other troubles are noted as follows:
- Water Use: In order to hydraulically fracture shale and extract the hydrocarbons, large quantities of water and chemicals must be injected underground. Because of the cost to truck water in from further away, companies prefer to use water from sources as close to the well as possible, which can result in significant impacts on local waterways and overburden local water treatment facilities. In Texas, which is suffering dangerous drought conditions, fracking continues even as water use by citizens is restricted, the landscape wilts and the animal life dies. In 2011 the Wall Street Journal reported that the diversion of water for fracking oil and gas wells is also a serious threat to ranchers and other businesses in Texas. (Russell Gold and Ana Campoy, Oil's Growing Thirst for Water, Wall Street Journal, 12/6/2011)
- Fracking Fluids: During the hydraulic fracturing of a well, water is mixed with various chemicals to make a toxic brew called frack fluid. Until recently, neither the federal nor state governments required drilling companies to disclose the ingredients used in frack fluids. Some states have begun to require that companies disclose the chemicals they use, but even in such cases, companies can withhold some chemical names under trade secret exemptions. As a result, a comprehensive list of chemicals used in the fracking process does not exist. Some states have begun to require that companies disclose the chemicals they use, but even in such cases, confidential business information claims result in only partial disclosures. Corporations involved in fracking, like ExxonMobil, have inserted loopholes in drilling legislation that allow them to keep various chemicals used in the fracking process secret.
- Contamination of Water Wells and Gas Migration: Groundwater becomes contaminated by hydraulic fracturing in a number of ways, including leakage from liquid storage areas, leakage from injection wells, leakage during hydrofracking along faults or up abandoned wells, seepage into the ground when wastewater and residuals are applied to land (i.e. used for irrigation or on roads for dust suppression or de-icing), and other means. The cement casing which rings the well bore and goes through underground aquifers is meant to act as a barrier between underground water and the shaft through which frack fluid and gas flow. But the casing can fail or break during the fracturing process, allowing the frack fluid or naturally-occurring contaminants to contaminate groundwater. When that happens, frack fluid and methane can leak from the well bore directly into the water supply, causing dangerous gas buildups, and making water unfit to drink. (US EPA, Science Advisory Board, Hydraulic Fracturing Review Panel, report to Lisa P. Jackson, August 4, 2011). Some recent examples can be seen as
- In New York, claims have already been filed against the Anschutz Exploration Corporation and its subcontractors on behalf of nine families for the contamination of their drinking water due to natural gas exploration and drilling.
- A Duke study examining 60 sites in New York and Pennsylvania found systematic evidence for methane contamination in household drinking water. Water wells half a mile from drilling operations were contaminated by methane at 17 times the rate of those farther from gas developments. Although methane in water has not been studied closely as a health hazard, it can seep into houses and build up to explosive levels.
- Methane leaks in the Permian Basin, Texas has been totally going unnoticed during the recent past which is having a lot of public health hazards for the such as skin irritation and headaches. Approximately 2.3 million Texans live within a half mile of potentially hazardous oil and gas operations. That encompasses almost a fifth of the nation's second-largest state. At least 900 schools and 75 medical facilities are also compromised, according to the Texas Observer. Much of that concentration is found in the Permian Basin, where emissions are a fact of life.
Talking about the The Trump Administration recently stoked the debate even further, as the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) took the final steps to halt an Obama-era fracking regulation.
The BLM, an agency within the U.S. Department of the Interior, recently rescinded a rule aimed at protecting the environment from the ill effects of fracking. The agency claimed that repealing the rule would save millions of dollars per year and eliminate redundancy with existing state-level fracking regulations.
The rule being rescinded had been established under the Obama Administration to create a framework of oversight, disclosure, and operating standards to ensure the environmentally responsible development of oil and gas resources on Federal and Indian lands.
It had sought to remedy the potential risk of fracking to underground water sources and to manage the disposal of pollutants resulting from fracking operations. Fracking raises these concerns because the technique extracts natural gas from rock formations deep underground by pumping water, sand, and chemicals into the ground at high pressure to fracture the rock, which subsequently releases gas trapped within. The gas can then be recaptured on the surface and stored, but leaves the water and other material injected into the ground in need of disposal. This, in turn, can cause potential contamination of water supplies, as well as seismic activity.
To this end, the rule included several requirements for oil and gas operators, such as the submission of fracking applications to the BLM for agency approval and verification about the fracking well's structural integrity.
Under President Trump, the BLM reasoned that removing these requirements would likely not increase the environmental and health risks associated with fracking. The agency stated that, as an initial matter, the BLM already has an extensive process in place to ensure that operators conduct oil and gas operations in an environmentally sound manner that protects resources.
Moreover, according to the BLM, many of the Obama-era rule's fracking-specific requirements were already consistent with industry practice, which appreciably reduces potential harms. Perhaps more importantly, the BLM found that all 32 states with federal oil and gas operations already have laws or regulations that address fracking.
With steadily improving industry practices and comprehensive state regulatory programs, the BLM argued that the requirements in the Obama-era rule amounted to an unnecessarily burdensome and redundant regulationone that could potentially save the industry between $14 million to $32 million in regulatory compliance costs.
Additionally, the BLM noted in its repeal that implementation of the Obama-era fracking rule had already been complicated by litigation. Industry groups had previously challenged the authority of the BLM to enact the fracking regulation, prompting a suspension of the rule by the U.S. District Court for the District of Wyoming. Since then, the rule faced further litigation, which resulted in the fracking rule's never going into effect. The BLM stated that by rescinding the rule, the agency would circumvent the need for any additional litigation over the authority of the BLM to issue such a rule.
Oil and gas industry groups applauded the decision to repeal the Obama-era rule. Moreover, a lot of US oil pipelines with current administration have been seeking from the steel tariffs as well as even asking the government to help build a wall in the Gulf of Mexico for protecting their oils fields from disturbances of the waves and possible flooding of the structures used in the oil field.
The current society fo Americans are actually in favor of preserving the environment. Americans are generally less positive about the quality of the environment than they have been in years, and are convinced that it is getting worse rather than better. The Trump administration has over the course of its tenure in office announced that the U.S. will not participate in the Paris climate accord; rolled back government efforts to protect the environment; and advanced efforts to support traditional, fossil fuel energy sources. These policy actions appear to be contrary to the general trends in U.S. public opinion, which support more, rather than less, government action to protect the environment and favor efforts to develop solar, wind and other alternative fuel sources.
The president and his appointees may argue that their main focus is on the base of voters who put Trump in office, and clearly his environmental approach receives more support from Republicans than from the general population. Most tellingly, Republicans agree with the general Trump position that economic growth should be prioritized, even if it risks harming the environment.
Even with that, however, less than half of Trump's Republican base supports giving government money to support the coal industry, and slim or larger majorities say they favor a number of proposals to reduce emissions and develop alternative energy sources. This suggests that the president and Republican lawmakers and candidates could well find a nuanced position that coincides with the overall environmentalist sentiment of the American population without alienating their voting base.
Works Cited
- Manfreda, John. The Real History Of Fracking. OilPrice.com, 24 Feb. 2017, oilprice.com/Energy/Crude-Oil/The-Real-History-Of-Fracking.html.
- Harvey, Hal, et al. 5 Ways the Fracking Boom Changes Politics. POLITICO, POLITICO, www.politico.com/magazine/story/2013/11/5-ways-the-fracking-boom-changes-politics-098984.
- Boudet, Hilary, et al. ' Fracking' Controversy and Communication: Using National Survey Data to Understand Public Perceptions of Hydraulic Fracturing. Energy Policy, vol. 65, 2014, pp. 57-67., doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2013.10.017.
- Fears, Darryl. A 14-Year-Long Oil Spill in the Gulf of Mexico Verges on Becoming One of the Worst in U.S. History. The Washington Post, WP Company, 21 Oct. 2018, www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/a-14-year-long-oil-spill-in-the-gulf-of-mexico-verges-on-becoming-one-of-the-worst-in-us-history/2018/10/20/f9a66fd0-9045-11e8-bcd5-9d911c784c38_story.html?noredirect=on.
- Fracking's Environmental Impacts: Water. Greenpeace International, www.greenpeace.org/usa/global-warming/issues/fracking/environmental-impacts-water/.
- Texas Oil Boom Has Environmental Advocates Choosing between 2 Unwelcome Scenarios. ThinkProgress, ThinkProgress, thinkprogress.org/pipelines-texas-exxon-permian-0db9ddeef1e6/.
- S. oil pipeline companies, producers seek relief from steel tariffs. Reuters, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trade-tariffs/u-s-oil-pipeline-companies-producers-seek-relief-from-steel-tariffs-idUSKBN1JF0DZ
- Gallup, Inc. Americans Want Government to Do More on Environment. Gallup.com, 29 Mar. 2018, news.gallup.com/poll/232007/americans-want-government-more-environment.aspx.
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Christian Symbolism in the Old Man and the Sea
The Old Man and the Sea may seem like a shallow book on its face level, but many extensive themes are evident throughout the book. Specifically, Christian Symbolism is apparent throughout. These are the themes displayed in my artwork, which shows Santiago as a Christ-Like figure. This is because he persevered through pain and suffering, and turned it into reward and victory, just how Jesus went through pain on the cross, but renewed his life and won. These themes are initially evident in the book during his struggle with the fish.
First, while the old man is fighting the marlin, his hands are cut by the fishing line. The cuts not only symbolize the wounds on Jesus' hands while he was on the cross, but how he went through pain and suffering in his crucifixion. Santiago is a direct portrayal of Jesus and his suffering. The old man is willing to suffer and maybe even sacrifice his own life, just how Jesus was willing to do the same. Also during the fight, on page 107, Hemingway describes a noise Santiago has made, Just a noise such as a man might make, involuntarily, feeling the nail go through his hands and into the woods" (107). This is a direct association of Santiago and Jesus Christ. This quote relates to how Jesus' hands were nailed to the cross, and a sound he might have made when nails were driven through his hands into the wood.
Another example of Santiago being a Christ life figure is how he carried the mast of his ship up the hill and back home. This alludes to Jesus' walk towards Calvary with the cross on his back. Also, towards the very end of the book, when Santiago lays down on his bed, Hemingway describes him laying down face down with his arms out and his palms/hands up. This evokes a picture of how Jesus Christ was suffering on the cross. He does this to even further link Santiago to Jesus. The whole story draws similarities between the two, where they both turn pain and loss into benefits and victory. Because of how often they relate, I chose to draw Santiago as Jesus to show this connection and how Hemmingway relies on this symbolism as a major overarching theme in the book. The parallels between the two drive how the old man is willing to sacrifice for the greater good, and the praise that comes from this sacrifice. He matches the two to relate to how Jesus sacrificed himself for the greater good of man. This connection also develops other, more face value, themes that Jesus and Santiago both show.
Santiago being a Christ like figure plays into the theme of perseverance. You must go through some discomfort and a fight to yield rewards. Persevering and sticking through hardships results in rewards. Both Jesus and Santiago went through tough times but eventually their struggles bore fruits. In Santiago's case, the strenuous fight with the marlin shows this because he eventually killed the fish and ended his fishing drought. Also, the book shows how skill of mind is more important than brawn. Jesus didn't actually fight people with his hands in wars, he used his knowledge of God and stories to gain followers and baptize people.
Santiago did the same where his knowledge and experience of the sea makes up for his weak self (being an old man). He may not have been able to finish the fish if he didn't have knowledge of the oceans and fishing. Santiago won by outsmarting the fish, rather than trying to forcibly and physically beat it. Both used their minds and knowledge more, rather than their physical strength to do their work. It again shows how the mind is more important than physical strength. Santiago is symbolized as a christ figure throughout the novel, both Jesus and Santiago were fixed to their faith in times of uncertainty and suffering. Santiago is meant to symbolize Christ, his teachings, and his struggles during his crucifixion. All of these reasons relate to the connection between Jesus and Santiago, and it is why Jesus was drawn in the art, to show this relationship.
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A Great Impact of Fracking on USA
Fracking has created a new world for everyone in the U.S. Production of crude oil has increased by far over the years and there is plenty of information about it. People say negative and positive comments about it, but its not likely most of them will be negative from the years of increased technology that has helped the world of fracking. Its known to be the number one leading cause of crude oil starting around the 1990's and will stay there as it has helped the world out anonymously in the past decades. The world now evolves and both realises on fracking as many different things takes oil like: vehicles, tools, roller coasters, as many things as you can think of oil is most likely being used for it.
Fracking has started a newly improved economy in the U.S today. Fracking has been criticized for its multiple consequences that it has since it has started in the late 90's to early 2000's (Oil). It involves multiple steps like shooting a mixture of water and sand under high pressure under rock formations to break up rocks and dirt to get to the oil (Oil). Many people think of fracking as deadly, or unproper to our soil and to our land. As we have had multiple bad tragedies happen throughout the U.S because of fracking. Even though fracking can be bad, up to seventy five percent of the water, or the toxic water comes back up through the fracking hole and is stored in ponds or is taking away to treatment plants so the water can be turned back to normal (Reville).
As fracking can be harmful and very dangerous to our soil and our water, it also has many goods then it does bad. Fracking has turned out to be a big boom as it produces more barrels of oil, it has about a sixty seven percent increase in production then regular drilling did (kilian). Fracking has allowed the U.S to produce way more oil then it ever has in decades of production (Oil). There are multiple doubts about fracking because of its harmful ways to the economy but, it has also improved way more then when it first started in the late 90's. As known, crude oil has came into the world as a new way of production for the United States.
Starting in the early 2000's, there were just 23,000 fracking wells pumping about if not more then 102,000 barrels of crude oil a day. Now there are over 300,000 fracking wells pumping over 4.3 million barrels a day (Oil). Now that is a big change in the United States. Technology and equipment are getting far more advanced today then they ever were. Crude oil is a unrefined petroleum that sits deep underground until it gets fracked, getting shot into the air from underground from the mass amount of pressure being used (Kilian).
Fracking has known to be the number one producer of crude oil all over the states for the past twenty years now. It is the new highly recommended way to produce and manufacture multiple gallons of oil. Innovations has made expensive fracking way more efficient in the past years. High oil prices before and after the Great Recession came into high amounts of investment dollars, fueling a big technological revolution (Oil). Crude oil prices have set a new high of $US 56.50 a barrel, after a report showed steep decline in petrol stocks (Shovelan). Oil prices can either go up in price, or it can go down in price. It has always been about the economy on what to raise or lower oil prices to.
Crude oil, is a liquid in the earth with hydrocarbons, organic compounds, and usually very small amounts of metal that sits underneath the earth until us humans get to it. Hydrocarbons are usually the number one component in crude oil, but that's not always the conclusion. Sometimes it could vary from 50 percent all the way up to 90 percent depending on how the crude oil is extracted from the earth. The organic compounds in crude oil like: nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur usually make up to 6-10 percent of the crude oil while metals like copper, vanadium, nickel, or iron, take up no more than 1 percent of the crude oil itself. Crude oil itself today can make our world completely different especially by us fracking it.
Fracking has many steps and is very difficult for us to do but as technology gets stranger and better, we find ourselves using time more wisely and having helpful hands such as technology get the job done quicker. The combination of fracking and horizontal drilling has had shale gas production has grow up close to almost 20 percent in the mid 2000's, by 2035 it should raise over 50 percent (Reville). Fracking typically consumes about 20,000 to 80,000 gallons of water per well, however, the new methods of fracking use up to over 4 million gallons of water per well (Reville). Even though fracking has been very deadly from the beginning, technology has well improved the ways and has made health hazards at an all time low (Barth).
Fracking is the new bete noire of conservationists, as they tend to grab or frack the last bit of crude oil from fossil fuels in inaccessible rocks in unsuitable places (Bikram). Fracking is likely to become the new dash for gas as the country is trying to find cheaper replacement of energy for our country (Bikram). Crude oil and natural gases are the new part of the world as more and more are found every day, it is used as an everyday key for cars, houses, machinery, etc. According to the IEA (International Energy Agency), the economic extraction of shale gases increased enormous amounts of natural gas from 125 years to 250 years (Reville).
When fracking first started in the U.S, everyone thought it was going to be a huge bust as many didnt know how it worked or if it was even necessary since we had regular drilling already. It involved huge amounts of water and sand just to break the ground under high amounts of pressure so the oil could blow into the air and could be caught by huge dug up holes surrounded by big tarps or anything that wouldn't let it leak back into the ground. Fracking involves shooting a mixture of mostly water and sand under high pressure against a rock formation until it fractures. The sand fills the fracture, forcing crude oil out of the rock formation (Oil). Fracking "has allowed the United States to increase its oil production faster than at any time in its history (Oil).'' The use of hydraulic fracturing in conjunction with horizontal drilling and micro-seismic imaging has made it possible to extract crude oil from rock formations characterized by low permeability (Kilian).
Fracking has become the new revolutionary key to surviving more years in this planet. Many people may not like the way it is done or how our water or sources are used, but it is helping our planet way more then it is hurting it. As some families think its toxic or harmful, so many more are making money off of it or just love it. It has became a new huge pice of our technology and it is only getting stronger and stronger everyday it is used. Fracking is all over the world including Saudi Arabia, Canada, the U.S, Iraq, and many more places. Once an idea, became into a mulit billion dollar operation throughout the entire world, so much anger and frustration as well as happiness and kindness. So much hardwork and effort put into something that could help throughout our entire country that could either put this world into debt, or it coudve made it worth billions. Fracking has helped the entire U.S, and has created new technology for ua to find out about.
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Is there a Need to Ban Fracking?
Fracking is the process of injecting water at high pressure into rocks deep underground, which can cause earthquakes because it can sometimes lift the Earth's surface. Since the 1960's, geologists have known that it is possible to cause quakes by pushing fluids into the ground. On September 3, 2016, Oklahoma experienced their strongest earthquake that reached a magnitude of 5.8 and as a result, regulators ordered drillers controlling 37 disposal wells to immediately shut down, according to Nick Cunningham. Regulators around the United States should follow Oklahoma in shutting down the wells or ban fracking. The effects of these earthquakes cause damage to the resident's homes and the buildings and of course fear.
In 1961, crews drilled a deep well outside Denver, known as the Rocky Mountain Arsenal, in a chemical weapons facility. Within months of workers' pumping into the well of hazardous waste, the residents felt tremors. Between 1962 and 1966, more than 700 small to modest quakes shook the ground. A local geologist named David Evans noticed that injection volume and pressure were equivalent to earthquake rates. In a paper in 1966 he concluded that the well is likely to be responsible for the quakes. He wrote it is believed that a stable situation is being made unstable by the application of fluid pressure (Anna Kuchment).
In the year 2016, there have been more than 600 earthquakes in Oklahoma and were nearly all traced to the underground injection of wastewater left over from oil and gas production, claims the NBCNews. There was a time when Oklahoma experienced 19 earthquakes all in one week. Throughout all these earthquakes, many buildings and houses have been brought down or are left with shattered windows or are unstable. The earthquake that was described to most powerful in memory had damaged a historic building that was about 100 years old. Three homes in Pawnee county were damaged. The earthquake shook all the way to the eighth floor of the Children's Hospital at OU Medical Center, terrifying the nurses and patients. Inspections were done to the state highway, turnpike bridges, and dams, which turned out to be minor cosmetic damage. During this earthquake, a man was protecting a child form a falling fireplace inside a home and suffered a minor head injury. Luckily, he was the only reported injury.
The people that live in Oklahoma are scared for their lives because of these earthquakes. After the strongest earthquake that Oklahoma experienced, social media became alive with people scared and panicking. "I thought my whole trailer was going to tip over, it was shaking it so bad," stated Cindy Roe, a resident from Cushing, Oklahoma. "It was loud and all the lights went out and you could hear things falling on the ground. It was awful and I don't want to have another one. This earthquake was said to be felt from Iowa all the way down to Texas. Right away, Twitter started to blow up with startled reports. One Iowan asked, is it the end of the world?. There is no doubt that the residents of Oklahoma and other people that felt the earthquake are nervous due to the fact that they are sitting on an earthquake prone region. Other residents on the other hand, have become increasingly angry, and environmental groups have sued, according to Anna Kuchment. This is a public safety issue, and there's been a lot of denial and ignoring of the problem, says Wallace, who has joined neighbors to push for the shutdown of nearby wastewater wells.
Overall, there has been a 5,000% increase in earthquakes in Oklahoma ever since fracking began. It has been proven that fracking can cause earthquakes. Regulators from all over the U.S should shut down all of the fracking wells and make it illegal. Reasons being is because hundreds of earthquakes happen because of fracking. The earthquakes destroy cities and causes distress among the residents of Oklahoma, along with other people that are rattled by them. Ken Root commented on this topic stating, we are in a lot more danger from what we do to each other than what Mother Nature may do to us.
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The Impact of Zoloft Sertraline on Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Big Picture:
Thousands of people struggle with some form of anxiety in their daily life. Many choose not to seek help but what happens to the people that do. A form of anxiety is obsessive compulsion disorder which is where people have unwanted, reoccurring thoughts that affect their day to day life. For this disorder many psychiatrists often prescribe the drug Zoloft also commonly known as Sertraline. Sertraline is taken by tablet to the mouth which then puts more Serotonin levels into the brain affecting the chemicals. This adds more Sertraline neurotransmitters which increases the Serotonin and increases your mood and reduces anxiety and in this study Obsessive-Compulsion disorder.
Many studies showed significant improvement of this disorder using the drug Sertraline. Many saw that their mood was rated better and that they were more optimistic about life and how they went about their day to day life. Studies found that the drug worked best if you were on it for long periods of time. Most people after on Sertraline for long periods of time actually rated their well-being and quality of life better than those who either didn't take the medication at all or those that took it for shorter periods of time. Sertraline isn't just to help with anxiety, this drug also treats depression as well.
Obsessive-Compulsion disorder can happen to anyone. A study showed that women that were going thought the postpartum stage had an increases risk of developing the disorder. Having a baby is such a big deal and for the women people found that it is so life changing that it causes the mother to have OCD. Studies found that women are more likely than men to have OCD. When taking this drug many studies looked at talked about the side effects this drug can cause. This can include actually worsened anxiety, drowsiness, diarrhea, irritability and the list goes on. In the most studies read many of the patients experienced some of the side effects.
The Specifics:
During this research many of the sources brought up women are more likely to suffer from Obsessive-Compulsion Disorder then men.
When I read this from multiple sources, this stood out to me. The sources didn't give an exact answer to why this was but it could be due to the nature of women versus men. Studies have shown women are more likely to suffer from depression in their mid-forties because of the stress of taking care of older family members and their children leaving the home for college. So, when reading that women are more likely to suffer from OCD then men I think these two could be related. Possibly the women are having more reoccurring, disturbing thoughts about their children and parents growing older along with all the stress that comes with it.
The drug Sertraline is not only used for OCD but many other reasons as well. It can be used for treating depression, alcoholism, post-traumatic stress disorder, pre-menstrual tension and mood swings.
This was interesting to me that a drug like Sertraline could be taken to avoid many problems such as the ones I listed above. It made me question that all these problems must be related to have a deficiency of Serotonin in the brain. But I'm not sure if that is all true. Like it talked about in the research serotonin helps neurons communicate to one another. So that is possibly why sertraline is used to help all of those other problems.
Moms in the postpartum stages were more likely to be diagnosed with Obsessive-Compulsion disorder then other women their age.
Women that had just had a baby were likely to be diagnosed with OCD. The mothers had reoccurring thoughts of possibly harming their baby or accidently killing the newborn. I found this very interesting because any mother I have known is so wrapped up in their child, the mom is so happy to have this new living being in their life. It just surprised me that women would acquire OCD in this time period since I would have thought the total opposite. But studies have shown that having a baby is a significant life event and that can be the trigger to developing the illness.
This may seem like a simple finding but I found it interesting. It takes around 6-8 weeks to start seeing improvement of your OCD while on the drug Sertraline (Brandes, Soares, & Cohen, 2004).
It is just hard to grasp for me why it takes so long for this medication to work. I would like to investigate this a little more. Why with other drugs we take like Advil for a headache work in a matter of 30 minutes but this type of drug that should make us feel happier and stop our worrying it takes longer to kick in. Having to wait that long for a drug to kick in seems like hell to me. Imagine some worrying constantly and finally get the medication but have to wait another month for it to work. Just seems like there could be another way around it.
The last thing I found striking was that some of the volunteers in the studies actually had withdrawals from going off of the drug Sertraline.
Many people that went of the drug felt they had reoccurring worrying like when they first went on the drug. When doing this research, I assumed that once you went on Sertraline then you would be cured for life. Then that made me ask the question well maybe these people have become dependent on the drug and the fact that they are taking a pill to fix their problems. Maybe the worrying after going off Sertraline is all in their head.
The Practical:
Researching and writing about the effects of Sertraline on OCD has really changed my perspective. I chose to do my research on this because I recently have been diagnosed with OCD and am on Sertraline. So I knew I should write about this and be more informed about what I am taking, and the effects it will have on my body. This truly gave me the insight I needed in order to really understand what I am going through and that I am not alone. I lots of times have felt that nobody else understood how I was feeling. But after my research it really gave me what I needed to fully grasp people do know how it feels and that after some time of taking the medication I will feel better just as they did.
I have learned a lot of new information that I am going to use to my advantage. Most of the information I thought was very insightful and I actually want to talk to my doctor about it. Some of the studies found that being on Sertraline longer would be more beneficial for the disorder and would improve the overall symptoms drastically. My doctor wanted to see how I was doing at six months but I want to ask why does taking the pill longer have a better effect. I was also happy to find in my research that people had common symptoms of drossiness. I am always tired after I take my medication so I'm glad to hear this is a normal side effect. I really feel more confident with the knowledge I have acquired.
Lastly, this research paper has actually taught me how to effectively find and pick out information in long research studies. During this process I found the best way to effectively find all the information is to look at multiple creditable sources. Don't just look at the minimum requirement, look at lots then pick your favorites. I am going to use this as I further my research career. I also found that creating some type of flow chart or vend diagram for all the information you are trying to work through is very helpful. Overall, I have learned so much by this research paper and will use all of the things I have learned to better my future.
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“Catch-22” by Joseph Heller
When exploring the concept of moral appropriateness in a text, one seeks out what could be considered as what would be right, judging the situation by hand. Generally speaking when seeking out the right in circumstances the decision comes from analyzing the physical and emotional outlooks on a character in text. In this case what is being disected in terms of moral appropriateness is one of the characters from the satirical novel by Joseph Heller; Catch-22.
Nately is young man of age who resides as a not commonly character in Catch-22. He is known for being someone who is sensitive and who comes from a wealthy family. According to Catch-22; His nature was invariably gentle and polite (Heller 248) and His childhood had been a pleasant, though disciplined one (Heller 248). In terms of exploring moral appropriateness with this character, the entirety of Nately's context revolves around another character. The whore or Nately's whore is a prostitute from Rome that Nately falls in love with in Catch-22.
When analyzing the situations of Nately in Catch-22 , dissecting Nately's background, and what his actions are in the novel we can conclude distinctions on what others or the readers might see as morally inappropriate. For example, Nately comes from a family of wealth yet has fallen in love with a prostitute. A prostitute in the eyes of society is looked upon lowly. This is because their profession involves committing intimate acts with strangers in exchange for money. Usually a woman who does this in the place of poverty. Without knowing that Nately comes from a rich family, there would be no way in pointing out the moral inappropriateness between him and his whore. The appropriateness lies within their personal context that Heller has inputted in Catch-22.
It is not only the scandal between Nately and his whore that is morally inappropriate but what his intentions are revealed in Catch-22. After confessing his love to her with Yossarian and Arfy, Nately says that his intentions lie in the means of marrying the whore. The moral inappropriateness is what Nately believes to be morally appropriate. What Nately believes to be morally appropriate is to be together with the whore in terms of marriage. The character stresses out his defiance when other characters such as Arfy, opposed to his idea of being in love with the whore. In response to his statement, Arfy says I can just imagine what your father and mother would say if they knew you were running around with filthy trollops like that one. Your father is very distinguished man, you know (Heller 288). After Nately declares that he shall be marrying the whore as well Arfy responds with Ho, ho.ho,ho,ho! Now you're really talking stupid. Why you're not even old enough to know what true love is (Heller 288).
However there are instances in Catch-22 where readers will suggest Nately and his actions are more morally appropriate rather than inappropriate. For instance, after the whore had slept for eighteen hours, satirically it was that that made her fall in love with Nately. It is satirically in a sense that after longing for the whore to love him, it only took her sleeping for while to fall in love with Nately. Furthermore, Nately felt authority over her and the whore's kid sister, leading to him developing a demanding side over the whore in Catch-22. Get dressed (Heller 356),Because I don't want them to see you without any clothes on (Heller 356) are things that he ordered the whore to do. When the whore questioned him, his response was Because I say so! (Heller 356). Readers would analyze his behavior to be morally inappropriate. This is due to the fact that he is forcing her to do things out of her will only because she has fallen in love with him. It is suggesting that her returning her love gives him the right to show authority over her. Generally, others would suggest that this shouldn't be the case and that the whore should be free to do as she pleases. On another hand, what Nately demanded of her wasn't to suit his personal interest but rather, he was configuring her image. When he tells her to put her clothes on he says this because he does not want other men to see her in a vulnerable state that would otherwise be
inappropriate. For instance, if he didn't tell her to cover up then the whore would continue to go her way. That way being the image of a whore. However, when it comes to moral appropriateness, one has to think that what would be best is if neither character acted upon their actions. Nately needn't tell his whore what to do out of his will because he should not have authority over another human without their consent. The whore should not continue to act scandalously otherwise her relationship with Nately would be unbalanced in terms of class.
The reasoning behind Nataly's actions are simple enough. He grows authoritative with the whore because he does not want her to be seen in the same way she is seen by him in the eyes of other men. He wishes to marry her because he loves her. Although despite the drastically different characteristic he develops, it can be be easily justified if one focuses on the whore's background more than his. Nataly's actions can be justified good in the sense that after the whore falls in love with him, he suggests that They made a wonderful family group, he decided (Heller 356). In reference of the whores sister he thought; The little girl would go to college when she was old enough, to Smith or Radcliffe or Bryn Mawr---he would see to that (Heller 356).
Overall, these actions make create a balance with this character. On one hand, Nately, like any other person contains flaws that may contribute to their moral appropriateness and then others will lean forward to inappropriateness. In this case, Nately's ideas and what he believes to be right in overall can be considered good. To validate this statement, further into the satirical text it is discovered that Nately wishes to obtain more missions, stating in the process that I don't want to go home until I can take her back with me (Heller 368). Following these events it is later found that Nately has died while in another mission and it was caused by Dobbs.
That being said, going back to when Nately desired to have more missions in order to be with the whore, Yossarian questioned; She means that much to you? (Heller 369). Nately agreed and responded with I might never see her again (Heller 369). What is considered to be right by Nately could not just be seen morally wrong in the eyes of the reader but other characters he interacts with. Yossarian whom is another character from Catch-22 plainly opposes to what Nately believes in. In Nately's case it would be morally appropriate, which is to engage in more missions.
Catch-22 references 'For the first time in his life, Yossarian prayed. He got down on his knees and prayed to Nately not to volunteer to fly more than seventy missions after Chief White Halfoat did die of pneumonia in the hospital and Nately had applied for his job (Heller 368). The negative outlook Yossarian has on Natley's beliefs can have readers on the same terms. Morally speaking, Nately's death can not be justified as good in any way. Although one can draw emotional pity from the event, they can also draw the conclusion that Nately did wrong in applying himself for more missions. Why he did wrong in applying for more missions mainly revolves around the fact that by doing this he died in the process. His death could have been avoidable but it all relied on Nately to realize this.
Nately could have realized his mistake by simply taking Yossarian's advice in consideration. Others could argue that what Nately did was morally right. The idea that what Nately did was morally right can be argued because he went forward with these missions for a good cause. The good cause being that he did not want to leave the whore and her kid sister alone and wanted to take them with him. Although he did suffer death in the end, there is no other motive that can oppose to the good moral of the circumstances other them his death.
The idea of what is morally appropriate and what is not comes in the hands of what most individuals believe, or majority. Often many may see certain actions as the right thing to do while others that are not majority will think the opposite. In this case, while exploring the context of Nately, it can be concluded that this character is specifically drawn to moral appropriateness
Works Cited
Heller, Joseph. Catch 22. New York, Simon & Schuster, 2011.
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The War Novel – Catch 22
War. On the homefront, everyone is a hero; society has made it custom to feel gratitude and admiration for the service that veterans sacrificed for one's country. Within the war, however, a man's identity is not masked by their service; these veterans, the heroes that we are conditioned to salute have true colors, colors that are truly revealed to their fellow men in uniform. World War II was deadly. In a war where countries fought for the sake of their nation's flag, Catch 22, by Joseph Heller, awakens the reader to the philosophy that the war wasn't for the purpose of a nation; it was a war in which every man was for himself. In his brilliant piece, Heller artfully draws upon allusions to the Bible to create depth and color to the fictional story.
A key component to the success of Heller in Catch 22 is his use of allusion to biblical themes throughout the text. A radio-gunner in Yossarian, the protagonist and bombardier for the American forces' plane, passes tragically while being raided by anti- American forces, and the men are rattled with sadness. Three days after the passing of the soldier, Snowden, Yossarian climbs a tree, stripped of clothing, and is accompanied by Milo, a character who some would say is the antagonist of the piece. The squadron chaplain, a young man whose faith in God is truly tested throughout the war, relates a vision he has at the funeral to his alleged deja vu problem, and Heller is successful in his parallel of the tree scene with that of the story of the Tree of Knowledge and the Garden of Eden. Heller writes as follows: The possibility that there really had been a naked man in the tree -- two men, actually, since the first had been joined shortly by a second man clad in a brown mustache and sinister dark garments from head to toe who bent forward ritualistically along the limb of the tree to offer the first man something to drink from a brown goblet- never crossed the chaplain's mind. (Heller, 272). Rich with biblical references, it becomes apparent in this scene that the allusion being made is a parody of the temptation of Christ by Satan, and of the temptation endured by Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden. Yossarian parallels a Christ- figure whereas Milo, who formerly bombed his own squadron, parallels Satan. Heller is also strategic in that the event takes place three days after Snowden's passing, which alludes to the Crucifixion of Jesus Christ and his resurrection from the dead three days following.
Biblical echoes are quite prevalent throughout Joseph Heller's work in Catch 22, and can be attributed to giving the piece such pronounced depth. Heller creates Yossarian to be a man of sanity among chaos; his character parallels a Christ-like figure throughout the piece, beyond merely the scenario with Milo and the tree. Exemplifying this is the contrast made between Yossarians sanity among the army, to Christ's sanity among a chaotic world. This theme is represented in the novel in that Heller writes, (Yossarian) thought he knew how Christ must have felt as he walked through the world, like a psychiatrist through a ward full of nuts, like a victim through a prison full of thieves (Heller, 414-415). The bombardier brings a hopeful light to his fellow soldiers, fighting against the catch 22 system and the power of bureaucracy in extending the men in the squadron's missions to an unreasonable quantity.
Catch 22 is a war novel like no other; it strips the fabrication from war, and provides an awakening to bare combat through the eyes of a soldier. Heller is expert in telling a wartime novel, adeptly alluding to biblical concepts to enhance the unique American tale. "
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Captain John Yossarian in “Catch-22” by Joseph Heller
The book Catch-22 by Joseph Heller, It starts off introducing us to Captain John Yossarian, which he is in the hospital with a liver problem. When he is in the hospital, some of his friends came by to check up on him named Hungry Joe, Doctor Havemeyer, and Clevinger. They all try to avoid dying at all cost as long as they can. We also met Milo Minderbinder who has a lot of money by him having a really good business that is worldwide. He is really not close with Yossarian. But the book is mostly about the lives of a US Air force group. The setting is on an italian island on a base which is close to Rome. Major Major Major is the new leader of the squadron when Major Duluth is killed. Major Major Major gets bored really easily so, starts to sign papers that came to his desk about. One of them was about Washington Irving.
A C.I.D man comes to find out who Washington Irving is. He got no answers but Major Major Major didn't like all the people coming to him so he made himself scarce so no one can reach him. The Colonel Cathcart has told the man in the group, to bomb the storage area in Bologna. The men are losing their minds it because they know the flight area of Bologna was really bad and they could get killed. Yossarian was also one of those people so he made food by adding ingredients that would make all the men sick so the mission cannot happen. Also Yossarian tries to find another way not to do the mission which was to declare himself crazy so he can go underground. But all the times he has tried to stop it still has failed. That is when we found out the meaning of Catch-22 which the doctor told us. The meaning was if a man can tell the doctors that he has became crazy, then he is called sane and can mostly like be able to fly.
The whole groupe go to Rome and Nately finds his girlfriend which she has a side business of being a prostitue. Corporal Whitcomb who is the chaplain's aid, has told the C.I.D people that the Chaplain is the man signing Washington Irving to all of the papers that are out. Yossarian was on a mission and his mind was not in the right area and because of that the plane goes down, the 2 men are wounded and died shortly after right there. In his second mission he hurt his leg really badly and doesn't want to fly anymore. While this is going on Milo formed a group and gave things to his friends and to the Germans so it was double sided so he can get money. Yossarian tells a little fib about having dreams about a fish. The psychiatrist mixes up a patient of his with him and sends the other patient home. We also find out that Orr is dead by him having a crash landing but it also tells us that he was Yossarian roommate. McWatt is conditioning with a bunch of soldiers and flies too close to Sampson who is on a little boat and the other man are stumble from the loss of them.
Yossarians talks to Nately's girlfriend and he says that he is dead. She starts to come after him so she can kill him and she even when to a extent and went to his base and tried to kill him. So Yossarian goes off the grid with the help of Milo, and he tries and find Nately's girlfriends and her sister because they got kicked out of there home by the government because of the things that they have done. But Yossarian gets arrested for going going off the grid by the government. He is send back to the Colonel Cathcart's post and he can go anywhere he want in the US as long as that him and the colonel are good. He says yes but when he walks out the post Nately's girlfriend was waiting outside stabs him. While he is getting escorted he thinks about the conversation he had with the colonel that he decided that he would rather run away and that's exactly what he did. That is when he finds out that Orr is still alive in Sweden trying to lay low . So Yossarians decides to runs aways and finds Nately's girlfriend's sister so he can escort her to Sweden with him. Also is that he cannot get court-martialed.
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What is Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder?
Obsessive-compulsive disorder most commonly known as OCD effects more than 200,000 people per year. But, what is OCD? What causes it? What are some of the symptoms? Is it treatable? Throughout these paragraphs, it will be shown how hard it is to live with OCD, and the way people with OCD see the world.What is OCD? To answer your question OCD is a mental disorder in which people have unwanted and repeated thoughts, feelings, ideas and behaviors that drive them to do something over and over. People with OCD may have compulsions, a tic disorder, or obsessions. Compulsions is when you repeat the same action over and over, a tic disorder is then someone repeatedly jerks their head, clears throat, shrugs shoulders, or facial grimacing. Obsessions is the inability to control thoughts or pictures of distress. To get rid of these obsessions or compulsions one must complete the task that was bothering them. This gives the person short term relief but if the person doesn't do these things then it can cause anxiety and distress. Then again the symptoms can vary throughout life so some of these things might not happen. Also, OCD can affect all ages primarily ages 6-60. According to the National Library of Medicine, the basic routine of OCD is when a person has an obsessive thought and they get anxiety over it. Then, the compulsive behavior kicks in along with the temporary relief.
What cause OCD? Well, as North Point recovery says, When it comes to what exactly causes this disorder, the science is still out. Simply put, there's a lot more research that still needs to be done. It could be because of genetics, brain structure, the environment you live in, or your past. For example, if your parents or grandparents had OCD you have a very high chance of getting it. The most common form of OCD are, the people who are constantly clean things. The ones who repeatedly check over things. Finally the people who think that if they do something wrong or if something is out of place they will be punished. But, many people with OCD have a hard time completing tasks because of it. This is exactly why OCD is a struggle to live with. Now, OCD can't be self-diagnosed. You have to be diagnosed by a doctor who will then find a treatment for you. This could be therapies, medicines or both.Is OCD treatable? OCD can be life long, there are many treatments but they only help relieve anxiety. Some of the treatmen ts include medicines or therapy. Psychotherapy is the treatment of a mental disorder which can be with a group or one on one. A clinical psychologist treats mental disorders primarily with talk therapy. But, a psychiatrist treats mental disorders with medicines such as anxiolytics or antidepressants. With the help of NorthPoint Recovery I have been provided with examples of medicines; clomipramine, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, sertraline, and risperidone. These all can help lessen the effects of OCD. Some people may have agoraphobia or the fear of people and go outside. This can be cured by gradual exposure to the object this is called self-exposure therapy.So, there we have it. I've answered all the common questions about OCD that were googled. If you don't have OCD be thankful, you know know what it is like to have OCD. Your life is way easier than the 200,000 people that are diagnosed per year in the U.S alone. This is an
Important topic to talk about so people with OCD can understand more about it and where they can go to get help.
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World War II in “Catch-22”
The story begins when the main character Yossarian, who wants to avoid the violence of World War II, goes to a military hospital claiming that he has pain in his liver. His condition wasn’t quite jaundice so the doctors didn’t know how to treat it. Every morning the doctors would check on him to see if his bowels were moving and if the pain was any different. But he would keep saying his bowels haven’t moved and the pain is the same, which irritated the doctors because they suspected that his bowels were moving but he just hadn’t told anyone and they give him another pill. Yossarian likes the hospital because it has everything he needs.
They brought him decent food such as fresh meat and cool fruit juice or milk. In the hospital he has a lot of time that he can spend by himself other than a little time in the morning when he has to censor letters. He is supposed to black out military and strategic details from letters written home by American soldiers. Since Yossarian has to censor letters all the time he gets bored so he plays a game where he’ll delete random words according to however he’s feeling and he puts his signature as “Washington Irving.” Yossarian is in the ward with a few other men including: his friend Dunbar, a man who is completely wrapped in bandages except for a hole for his mouth for fluids to go in and out of him and can’t move who they call “the soldier in white.”
A new wounded officer is admitted to the ward one day and nobody in the ward can stand his cheerful attitude. He tries to convince the other men in the ward that “decent folk” deserve more votes. A chaplain visits Yossarian and he enjoys his company. Yossarian warns the chaplain about the patients in the other wards because they are crazy. After ten days of the Texan arriving at the hospital, almost all of the patients, even Yossarian, leave the ward because they can’t put up with the Texan. When they find that the “soldier in white” is dead Yossarian believes that the Texan killed him.
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The Sun Also Rises Setting
It's 1924 in the city of love and all around paris a new wave of nostalgia is hitting the streets. A wave of classical liberals missing the days when the streets were shining and beautiful is an image that many historians believe never existed. Among these nostalgic people there existed americans and english men who had been melted into the culture of romance, and taken in by the french who before that time had hated other nations such as theirs passionately. These are the days of which Ernest Hemingway describes in The Sun Also Rises The characters Hemingway describes are in love with Paris but long for the magic that was provided before it lost its romantic charm, a charm that was described as a scent that could only be smelled when in the company of tourists.
Throughout the book the sun also rises there is a single speaking voice which is that of the narrator Jake, who is also the main character. The book is set in the first person and the technique is very strong; the writer Ernest Hemingway did beautifully in the way of structure. The book jumps right into introductions including that of Jake's friend Robert Cohn and the woman he is in love with, Brett or Lady Ashley. Jake is from Kansas City in the United States and Brett is a Brit; the reason her name is Lady Ashley is because she has a title (the backstory on this is unclear). Robert Cohn is also an American and is a featherweight boxing champion. Brett and Jake's relationship serves as an example for who Jake is. He is easily love sick and hates commercialism. Jake is, in today's words an intellectual. Early on in the book Jake promises his good friend Bill a fishing trip to Spain which then turns into a fishing trip and running of the bulls attendance.
According to Jake he has always wanted to see the running of the bulls and he uses words not found to have been spoken by him at any other point in the book, words like spectacular and perfect. Jake is a very cynical person, so to see him be so joyous after seeing him sigh over things like love is amazing. The running of the bulls is an event which is a festival in Pamplona Spain during the summertime. It is an event in which the people participating run down a small sectioned off city street with anywhere between 5 and 15 bulls stampeding towards them. It is supposedly one of the most beautiful times of year in spain and it is recommended by many as a must see.
In the sun also rises, Bill and Jake's journey makes its way from Paris to the northern corner of Spain to pamplona for the running of the bulls. Thousands of people flock the streets to see the running of the bulls and thousands will be left with a memory not soon forgotten. The sun also rises is fiction when it comes to names, but the picture provided is hemingway is his exact memory of pamplona during the running of the bulls. The title of the sun also rises is based off of a verse in the bible which is Ecclesiastes 1:5-11 The sun also rises, and the sun goes down, And hastens to the place where it arose.
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Escapism and Disassociation in the Sun Also Rises
In The Sun Also Rises, written by Ernest Hemingway, we are met with many problems faced by the lost generation after WW1, including the search for fulfillment, love, and the aimlessness of the lost generation. However, readers are also met with another and more problematic conflict. Dissociation and escapism which is presented through the main protagonists Jacob Barnes and Lady Brett Ashley who display similarities with Maladaptive Daydreamers. Just like those who are Maladaptive Daydreamers, Jake and Brett are constantly trying to dissociate and escape from the world around them, because they can't bear to live the life they have post-war or stand to be the people they have become, this results in them further losing their sense of self and becoming more dissatisfied.
As shown above Maladaptive daydreaming is an under researched and a unrecognized mental disorder. In a article written by Eli Somer, he describes it as a extensive fantasy activity that replaces human interaction and/or interferes with academic, interpersonal, or vocational functioning (1). The symptoms include highly vivid daydreams that are abnormally long, a strong attachment to such daydreams, inability to carry out everyday tasks, insomnia, and daydreams triggered by real life events or stimuli. Those who maladaptive daydream tend to have some other underlying mental disorders alongside it, for example, within the article it is mentioned that six patients who were identified to be maladaptive daydreamers, four were diagnosed with dissociative disorder, and two were diagnosed with narcissistic personality disorder. However, if they don't have a mental health issue, they have some sort of traumatic experience that has happened to them instead. According to the article Maladaptive Daydreaming: A Qualitative Inquiry, written by Eli Somer, people who maladaptive daydream, often do so to cope with what is going on in their lives or an traumatic experience, but also as a way to express themselves. Through their daydreams they are able to disengage from stress and pain, have fulfilling fantasies, and companionship. In their dreams there is recurring themes such as violence, power, control, and an idealized-self (1). Many people view this disorder as an quirky trait, but it's much more than that, some think of it as a addiction, not being able to stop it, others view it as a much deeper issue. The issue of you not wanting to be you. Which therefore leads to them daydreaming a different world in which they are someone they want to be and are able to escape who they are in reality.
Just like the maladaptive daydreamers both Jake and Brett had gone through a traumatic experience themselves, which leads to both of them trying to disengage from themselves in order to forget and not feel the pain caused from those experiences. Jake's traumatic experience is being wounded while fighting in WW1, in which it can be assumed he also saw many horrors. Brett's traumatic case would be losing the so called love of her life in WW1, but it can also be assumed since she was a nurse during WW1 that she some horrific injuries and the deaths of other soldiers who could have possibly been under her care. Therefore, in order to forget such incidents, they try to suppress their emotions, and both start to dissociate from the world around them and themselves hoping to escape, especially Jake.
Therefore, Jake resorts to alcohol, in which he uses it to suppress his emotions, and just like any Maladaptive Daydreamer, Jake cuts ties with his ego and insecurities. An example of this, I swung at him and he ducked. I saw his face duck sideways in the light. He hit me and I sat down on the pavement. As I started to get on my feet he hit me twice. I tried to get up and felt I did not have any legs. (Hemingway, 195). Leading up to this Jake shows a great deal of anti semitism and hate towards Robert Cohn, however, when he is sober Jake holds it back, and at most is passive aggressive. Whereas in this scene, Jake being intoxicated, gets in a argument with Cohn, starts a fight and throws the first punch, and ultimately ends up getting knocked out and losing the fight. The significance of this scene shows us that by attempting to escape through the use of alcohol and in a attempt to abandon his emotions, he only engages in them, doing the exact opposite of what he intended to do through the use of alcohol. According to the article, Painful interpersonal experiences encountered during a time when basic assumptions about the world and their self-images were developing, sent these young persons into their much safer imaginary world. (Somer 14). For many Maladaptive Daydreamers, when daydreaming, will often have their daydreams, even though a complete fantasy, reflect the emotions they feel, because through these daydreams just like Jake's alcoholic tendencies, they express what they fail to express in real life. We see the feelings they didn't express, the words they didn't say, the journeys they didn't make, and the beliefs they didn't defend. Jake in his attempts to cut ties with who he is, fails in cutting ties with his emotions, and in his attempt to escape and dissociate he ends up causing more misery and despair for himself.
Whereas Brett uses neither alcohol nor Maladaptive Daydreaming to escape, but rather uses relationships instead. By trying to seek that happiness and fulfillment and essentially fill that role of the true love she lost, she only ends up becoming more and more dissatisfied. She uses these relationships thinking they'll fix everything yet they always fail and some poor man's heart is broken for the most part. Brett is especially aware of the role she is playing in her relationships, and she is also aware of the fact that she is hurting others whenever she goes into and out of such relationships, however she continues to act like this. In the end of it all, she leaves, every time she isn't able to get what she wants, or when she isn't able to gain full control of the relationship. She has troubles in her interpersonal relationships just like Maladaptive Daydreamers. For example, 'I'm going back to Mike.' I could feel her crying as I held her close. 'He's so damned nice and he's so awful. He's my sort of thing.' (Hemingway 247). After which Pedro Romero and Brett end their relationship, for the first time in the novel we see Brett not only truly upset. But we also see that Brett is capable of emotional depth, and that she is also capable of expressing it, yet she doesn't and in fact tries to avoid doing so in an attempt to dissociate from herself. Furthermore, just like Maladaptive Daydreamers, Brett is running, because she's afraid of emotional depth because it means commitment, but it also means coming to terms with who she is and acknowledging what she feels. As a result, Brett chooses not to express her emotions and ends up trying to hide them in an effort of trying not to ever face them, so she engages in these meaningless relationships with no emotional connections. However, by running and trying to get away by having these disconnected relationships, we can see Brett only further disappoints herself, and even though she breaks someone else's heart, she also ends up breaking her own in the process. And in all these attempts of running and the constant search of fulfillment she only finds more heartache and sorrow, the very things she didn't want to find.
Jake is also very clearly not happy, not only with himself but the life he is living, because of his wound he is not capable of having children nor is he able to be in a relationship with Brett, his true love, which is not only the main source of conflict in the novel, but also one of the main reason for his unhappiness and why he doesn't want to be who he is. Jake is constantly dissociating, shifting focus from himself to immediately something else as though by not thinking about the pain and bitterness, that it'll go away. For example, Undressing, I looked at myself in the mirror of the big armoire beside the bed. That was a typically French way to furnish a room. (Hemingway 38). Through this example we can see the shame Jake feels by immediately changing narration and the main focus from himself to something immensely different. Not only is Jake depressed, unhappy, but he is also not proud of himself, because just like Maladaptive Daydreamers, he is not his idealized self. He's this veteran of World War 1, he's suppose to be the traditional male hero, and what better way to show that by him fighting in a war and coming back alive. However, he isn't or at least he doesn't feel like it, but instead he feels insecure because he's emasculated since he doesn't have the ability to have sex anymore. By having Hemingway present Jake the way he is, he allows for Jake to represent the lost generation, including their feelings of aimlessness and unhappiness. He does this by making Jake display the actions that some of those of the lost generation did. Such as becoming an expatriate, and leaving behind America, his home country, which is a clear and physical example of an attempt to escape, because perhaps by physically leaving jake could leave behind the part of himself he doesn't like, and give himself a fresh start.
However, by leaving America, living and working in Paris, and traveling all over Europe, Jake doesn't change, he doesn't get that fresh start, he doesn't gain more power or control over his situation. He doesn't magically get with Brett and everything's happily ever after, and he doesn't stop drinking, and he certainly doesn't reach nirvana, but even in the last lines of the novel, Brett's still there beside him, and nothing much changes for her either. If anything, nothing from the beginning of the book changed towards the end, but maybe that's how things are suppose to be. By constantly trying to escape and dissociate from the world around them and who they are, in an attempt to disengage from their emotions as well, how would Brett and Jake ever know what made them happy, or more importantly how would they ever know how to move on, when they couldn't confront the issue head on or be capable of being who they really are. They weren't able to change their situations because they never confronted the issue that was the source of their pain because such confrontations or conflicts are too difficult to face. So they ran and tried to live being something else, just like how Maladaptive Daydreamers dreamed another life, the life they wanted to live, but that's the problem, they dreamed and nothing more, and tried to be something they weren't. They couldn't be happy because they weren't themselves, after all that's what they were running from ultimately leading to their dissatisfaction and despair.
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The War Novel “The Sun Also Rises”
The Sun Also Rises is a war novel published in 1926 by Ernest Hemingway. This book is inspired by a true story, and is one of the works that made him very famous in the nineteen-twenties. The Sun Also Rises is narrated in the first person from the limited perspective of Jakes Barnes, the center of the story. This book tells the story of a group of American and British tourists in Paris, France. He and his friends are writers and artists for during World War I. They pass all their days sitting around in bars and cafes, drinking large amounts of alcohol. They took a trip in Pamplona, Spain, and decided to go there because they wanted to travel, fish, and see the running of the bulls. Many dramatic events happen during this trip because of some affairof love that the characters have between each other. This novel discusses many themes that writers use to write their books. In this book the major themes are masculinity, romanticism (love), disillusionment, power, and escapism. Every theme in this novel is assimilated to different characters, especially the main characters. Jake's narration is insensible and detached. He tells the story as a journalist and explains every situation with many details. He never leaves the reader uninterested. But for our studies, this paper will discuss the 'perspective of love' point of view presented by Hemingway.
The theme of love is very interesting in this novel because it's hard to identify when someone is really in love with someone, and when they are not. I'm writing this paper on this topic because the theme of love is the one who conduct the reader to be more focus.The Possibility of True Love in the View of Ernest Hemingway The romantic partners in The Sun Also Rises have a habit of exhibiting personality changes often. Despite the fact that marriage is sometimes mentioned, it is always a disastrous and unhappy affair for characters such as Cohn. Robert Cohn has divorced his wife, whom he was married to for five years and had three children. Some time later, he thinks he has found love and gets in a relationship with a young woman named Frances Coyne, a woman who is a possessive and manipulative social climber. But some time later he decides to leave her to have an affair with another important character in the novel named Brett, better known as Lady Brett Ashley. Most of the time in novels, the beginnings of the real love scenes come in many forms, from beautiful landscape frames, to restaurants, to romantic outlets etc. But here, the characters do not establish a domestic life for themselves. Nocturnal drinking and long meals in public places are the main domestic activity in the novel. The occupations and movements of the characters are aimless and agitated.
Ernest Hemingway presents two characters with the possibility of representing true love, these two characters are Jakes Barnes and Lady Brett Ashley. Brett is even revealed to aspire to love with Jake. In several chapters of the novel, the author shows the reader that Jake and Brett share a true love, and could be a real couple. To have a better understanding of their characters, it's impossible to analyse their relationship without a good and deep reflection on their characters. Jake and Brett have common traits and, on the other hand, they can hardly be compared to each other. In their common traits both characters participated in the First World War. He was veteran of this war, and Brett was a nurse during the war. While they were in service of their countries, and something very unfortunate happened to both of them. Jake was in a very serious accident that does not let him lead a normal life, and Brett lost her beloved, who was her first real love. After that she married a man who abused her but at the beginning of the novel she is divorced. All of these events shape the topic of love because it brings a dramatic side to their love stories. That's why we see two people physically and mentally, or better, psychologically damaged. By their common points, they see that they are alike and want them and try to be closer to each other by seeking mutual understanding and relief from their suffering.
The two characters are very appreciative. In Chapter 4, Book 1, Jakes tries to kiss Brett but she refuses. But soon after this act, she admits that she loves him but doesn't want to go through that hell again . He tries to make her happy, make her laugh, and so on, but that will not be enough to change her mind. She prefers to go from man to man and not pursue a romantic relationship with Jake.The Weakness and Failures From Forming RelationshipsAs stated before, The Sun Also Rises is a story about a group of disillusioned expatriates who are engaged in romances during the whole novel. The theme of love is not the big center here but it helps us to have a better understanding on why those people don't try to open their heart to women or open their heart to each other. Love don't only take place in relationship between two opposite sex or same sex but it also happens in those relationship with your friends, family, etc.. The women and men are intermingled in the novel. All the men in the story are in love with one woman named Lady Brett Ashley. The group represents the lost generation of the First World War because they were considered as disillusioned with the world and everything around them. Many during this war have been destroyed in their morality and religion.
All of the characters turned to carnal desires as food, sex, alcohol to full the void inside. World War I left Jake, Cohn, Mike, Bill and Count Mippipopolous insecure about their masculinity. For example, Jake's injury during the war does not allow him to be able to physically partner with Brett or anyone else. Jake's friends try to hide their insecurities and hurt their egos by drinking a lot, chasing sex and watching violent sports such as bullfighting. Each of them are weak in their own way. Mike is broke and Cohn has a lack of love. They are all weak because of the war, including Brett. Brett was destroyed from the World War I when she lost her first true love. To live her life, she drinks all the time. She is always in a romantic situation with many different guys in the novel such as Jake, Mike, Cohn, and Romero. Also the theme of sex is considered as a weakness that proves to be a devastating force in The Sun Also Rises that prevent the main characters from forming loving relationship. Sexual weakness is explored entirely through Brett's relationship. Everybody know that love began always by a flirt, but with her character we can see that relationship is not always about love but about a game with her partners.
She flirted with every man and always made them lose something. She left Cohn a broken heart, she lost her friendship with Jake, and destroyed Romero's career. After the weaknesses there is the failures. The failures come from all of the characters. The major failures in this novel is the communication between every character. Conversations are rarely direct or honest. They hide real feelings behind a mask of civility. The moments of honesty and authenticity in communication generally only occur when the characters are feeling very badly. Whenever a man tries to talk to Brett about a real serious relationship, this is a failure. Whenever an event is supposed to happen, a problem this product or a dispute broke out as for example in Pamplona. The characters in the story that demonstrate the capacity for true love are Brett and Jake. They love each other, lost something from the war, and had a huge friendship. They tried to build a relationship together even if Brett was afraid to suffer again from another relationship. Jake was ready to give her anything even if he had his injury from the war. But at the end, we know that nothing will ever happen between them because Jakes realizes the game of Lady Brett Ashley.
Yes, isn't it pretty to think so? This line is the last sentence in The Sun Also Rises that shows us that Brett and Jake's love is only a pretty illusion.CONCLUSION:In conclusion, love is a very confusing feeling especially when it touches people who are morally broken mentally or physically. The love presented here by Ernest Hemingway is circular, everyone loves the same person who is Brett and she plays with all of them to cure the wounds from the past. The life that each character leads does not allow them to have a real loving relationship. The memories of the war, the sex, the alcohol, the insecurity of each character allow them to flourish in their daily and sentimental lives. The more their weaknesses take over, the more failures follow each other. The theme of love in the novel is represented in a very vague and very complicated way. Here, the theme of love is mostly inaccessible for the characters because they afraid to love again or also they want to enjoy their lives and not be stable in their relationship.
Even though Lady Brett Ashley and Jake Barnes demonstrate the capacity for true love, one realizes that their love is represented in the form of illusions. They love each other but can live their love plainly because they life don't allow them to be happy. Even if they live a life with no specific goal they can't stay away from each other. Jake is always there for Lady Brett Ashley . Brett, who is considered a distinct individual character, comp herself a lot with Jake on her side. We can only understand the true meaning if we start to see Brett as Hemingway wanted to show it to us, that is, the element that needs to grow through the character of Jake. Brett, who has a multitude of "affair" with "people" who represent different ideologies and beliefs, can not believe in any of them for a long time. Because the important character she really loves, Jake is helpless. Whenever Brett begins to believe in something, she becomes invariably disillusioned and returns to Jake, the man who knows her better than any other. Love is not always about feelings in this novel but about the experience that you had in your life.
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Use of Drones in Agriculture
Drones, more scientifically known as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), have been around for ages, but are just starting to become beneficially used in the agricultural business. Farmers can get a bird's eye view of their land, animals, and crops just by flying drones at low altitudes. I believe that drones can be extremely beneficial to agricultural farmers in today's day and age. Given that most farmers are in their fifties, drones can come to be of great use, if known how to operate properly.
There are many pros and cons that can go along when working with drones. First off, a few pros are monitoring, spraying, and analyzing/mapping. Monitoring is one of the most important aspects of having a drone. Monitoring can be used for livestock, as well as other farm animals, to keep watch and make sure no predators are coming in. Predators, such as cougars and wolves, are attacking livestock species and killing them, which results in a loss for farmers. With the use of drones, farmers can track what is coming in and out, and are then able to set up some different techniques that won't kill the predators, such as hanging strips of cloth from the fence lines, which causes a flutter and scares away the animal. Also, drones have thermal sensors in which monitoring can be used for the crops to make sure that everything is growing properly and identifying irrigation where necessary. Secondly, spraying is a big component of having a drone. Drones can visually scan the ground and spray an even amount of liquid making sure that everything is properly covered.
It has been concluded that spraying with drones can be completed up to five times as fast than with tractors or other spraying machinery. Mapping is essential when it comes to drones and farming. It can be used to map out the land and measure out the whole area. Cameras are an accessory to drones, in which it takes high quality pictures that can evaluate the condition of the farm at that exact moment so that farmers know what needs to be done. The quality of crops is an important factor in farming and is essential to the farmer. Drones are able to analyze the crops by visualizing them and helping improve the overall quality. On the reverse side, the cons are limitations to routes, high prices, and weather conditions. Drones have a limited amount of airspace to fly around. They cannot fly too low, too high, or too far away. Drones are meant to fly at low altitudes to reach its full potential. Although, drones must stay in a certain area and cannot exceed two kilometers.
As far as pricing goes, drones are not a cheap toy for adults. The more expensive the drone is, the better qualities it may have. They range from about 10,000 to 20,000, which is quite high for the average farmer. Not to mention, the accessories do not come with the actual drone. Cameras, controllers, and Wi-Fi are all required for the drone to operate in full effect. Lastly, weather is also a big issue. Conditions like thunderstorms, tornadoes, and hurricanes have the ability to interrupt the signal and make the drone not functional. Because of these weather conditions, it could completely damage the drone, making for an unhappy farmer. As a result, there are far more good things about drones compared to bad. Yes, they are expensive, but would be money well spent in the long run, if taken care of properly.
In conclusion, drones are and can be a tremendous benefit to farmers, now and in the upcoming future. There are three benefits that I found to be extremely important: yield increases, time saver, and a safe plan for the upcoming future. Using drones not only helps improves the rate of production, but it can also save time for farmers as well as help better plan for crops in the future. On top of that, it can do a ton of other helpful things that will help save time for everyday farmers.
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Perfect Utopia for me
Earth is the placed that birthed us all, the place that we unintentionally killed. The way we are living now the earth will not last, life as we see it will cease to exist. The world is getting hotter, water is becoming undrinkable, food is depleting, oil/gas is becoming less and less with many things becoming more and more expensive. We humans are cutting down millions of trees that give us life, for scraps of paper that we will eventually throw away and barely recycle. The utopia I strive for, is one where no one is hungry, where there is equality for race, gender, hobbies, meat eaters, vegans. The things i want for us the people and the world, is for people to care for it more, plants trees and many other things to keep the eco system sustainable, but also that money will not be a problem for many people, and also the use of technology will lessen.
The most important thing ever, is taking care of the environment. The environment is what we live on, how we eat, farm, or even uses for herbs and medicine. The environment is the main thing to a society. Without good soil or access to water we would not be able to prosper back in the 1800s or 1900s. The main thing I would want is for families or the government to care for the trash in the waters which both endanger wild life and pollute the water. Cleaning the world will make the world last longer; if we keep going down the road right now, we will all go extinct.
In my utopia people will not be hungry. The government will first fix the problem in America and have a stable living for everyone, then after will start branching out to other countries to help and vice versa. We will have a branch in the government for the homeless and hungry, to be able to put them on the right track and back on their feet. In this utopia there will be equality, either it be about race, gender, meat eaters/vegans, or even people with certain hobbies. This action will unite the people, which would make the infighting in america gone and the people together even stronger. Peace will spread through the world, not only in america.
Technology is a big thing not only in america, but everywhere else in the world. This utopia will have a decrease of technology, specifically phones that are able to have social media and such. Phones are used to communicate with people, but these days they control peoples lives quite literally. There will be a rule where people could only use social media and such for limited hours in a day, then the next day it will reset, this will keep people from not using there phones all day and go outside and spend time with family. Technology did benefit the country, but now it is controlling the lives of the youth.
The utopia I made, was one that was suppose to fix the worlds problems, the way the world with all its people have destroyed the world we live in now. people have created groups to clean and save the earth, but with only a bucket of people are trying to save it, while the ocean of other people don't care and are destroying the earth for profit. The greed of humans have been a problem ever since before jesus. Priest have given blessings in exchange of gold and money in the past, and even now we have monks who fly first class, with other priest taking the donations people offer to the church. Greed is the sin we were born with, and with greed we will make the world go extinct.
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A Process of the Louisiana Purchase
The Louisiana Purchase, made in December 1803, was a generous offer of land through the Louisiana Treaty between the French and the United States. This gracious offer was made by Frenchman, Napoleon Bonaparte who originally planned to only sell New Orleans to the Americans for $10 million, but in the view of their need for cash to pay for the war between Great Britain, they sought to raise the price of their land.
The purchasing of the Louisiana Territory ultimately allowed the U.S. to temporarily take over New Orleans and enabled farmers to trade in the west with Native Americans. After the French and Indian War, Spain had gained the Louisiana Territory but soon after, signed a secret treaty to return their land. The French had to come up with ways to fund the European war debt without the distraction of another land, it was also believed that their decision was made due to failure of the French to put down a slave revolution in Haiti, the war with Great Britain and the possible naval blockade of France caused the French to want to sell Louisiana. French refused to be involved with revolts occuring in the Haiti territory because it would affect the French economy immensely.
At the end of April, though, this overnight purchase was a small price to pay for the deal of the century, President Thomas Jefferson bought the whole Louisiana Territory for just $5 million more due to Napoleon Bonaparte's generosity, which ultimately added up to $15 million. The Louisiana Territory stretched from the Rocky Mountains to the Mississippi River, adding up to 828,000 square miles just for pennies an acre in today's currency. Through this purchase, the intrigued Americans were able to double their owning of land and increase their power to ultimately be seen as an independent nation. As the Americans were enjoying their newly purchased land, they were unaware of the current settlers living on the land, Native Americans. During the process of this purchase, the French failed to mention that the Louisiana Territory was originally Spain's but from their allience, it was partially considered as their own.
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The Secret Life of Bees Personal Review
Full of twists and turns, the book The Secret Life of Bees, by Sue Monk Kidd, tells the tale of a teenage girl name Lily and her journey of discovering her mother's past before she died. Lily Owens grew up with an abusive dad and a housekeeper who has taken the role of Lily's mom. As the story develops, so does Lily. She becomes a lovely young women who can see beyond others people's race. When Lily goes to Tiburon in hopes of finding out more about her mom, she meets August, May, and June, the three beekeeper sisters. Lily stays with them and learns about their traditions. While she learns about her mother, she also falls in love with Zach. However when all seems well, T.Ray, the abusive father, shows up. He tells Lily the harsh truth. When she finally finds her mother's darkest secret, she is in shock for many days. Despite this, she soons learns to embrace it and move on. The New York Times Best Selling author creates an original novel by drawing the reader in and keeping them on their toes. The book uses different types of figurative language, a creative plot, and sympathetic characters that ultimately allows the reader to clearly imagine the book and develop true emotions.
To start, figurative language keeps the reader engaged. Using different types of figurative language makes the story interesting. For example Sue Monk Kidd uses bees to represent Lily's mom. In the beginning of the the book, Lily feels her mom's presence when the bee's swarm her room. The book starts off by saying, At night I would lie in bed and watch the show, how bees squeezed through the cracks of my bedroom wall and flew circles around the room, making that propeller sound, a high-pitched zzzzzz that hummed along my skin. (Kidd 1) Doing this makes the reader curious why there are bees in her room. These bee's show Lily that they need a queen in order to function which relates to lily because she is lost without a female figure that she can look up to. She starts by using her memory of her mother to fulfil this role but soon moves onto rosaleen and finally August. She finally knows the feeling of being loved by a mother after years without her real mom. They also use other types of figurative language other than symbolism, metaphors are also used effectively. In chapter one, we see Lily describe her relationship with Rosaleen as she is Rosaleen's pet guinea pig. (Kidd 2) Since Rosaleen has no experience with raising kids, she experiments on Lily. Effective use of figurative language proves to work as it makes the book extremely good.
Throughout the book, interesting things are constantly happening which shows a creative plot. It starts with Lily and Rosaline escaping from the hospital after they had an incident with the racist white folks. Since this was extremely dangerous and risky, it draws the reader in. Lily and Rosaleen go outside of the hospital and she took Rosaline's hand and tugged her down the sidewalk. (Kidd 49) Using suspense makes a scary mood in the book as the readers hope that they will escape which makes them wonder what will happen next. Using different moods, she allows the reader to visualize what is happening. Further in the book, Lily finds Zach, a young african guy, who she falls in love with. Because they are different race and have to face racial discrimination from others, they have to keep their relationship secretive. Readers want to find out if they can overcome this challenge so the interesting plot keeps readers engaged and proves to be efficient. Overall, the creative plot deems efficient as readers find new challenges and solutions in every chapter.
Characters that have experience pain and suffering makes the reader sympathize with them. The Secret Life of Bees have multiple characters that have experienced many misfortunes. Sympathetic characters let the reader to truly care for them which is one of the many reason this novel is truly wonderful. Throughout the book, readers can sympathize with Lily and how she has an abusive father. When Lily argues with her father, hebrought his hand against [Lily's] face. (Kidd 294) We can see the pain that Lily goes through and what she had to grow up with. Violence often happens in families and many experience the pain so many people can relate to Lily's case. Although T. Ray is abusive, many readers can also relate to his pain. He lost his wife twice as she left him the first time and to death the second. As a result, he takes his anger out on Lily who was the one who accidentally killed her. However, at the end of the book T. Ray realizes that he has lost his daughter and decides that in order to give her the life she deserves, he needs to leave. When T. Ray is leaving, Lily demands him to answer her life-long question, if she was the one who killed her mother. T. Ray speaking the truth tries to comfort her daughter when he says, I could tell you I did it. That's what you wanna hear. I could tell you she did it to herself, but both ways I'd be lying. It was you who did it, Lily. You didn't mean it, but it was you. (Kidd 299) Lily's father then proceeds to leave leaving Lily deep in thought. Almost every character in the book can be sympathized with and as a result, it creates a masterpiece. Clearly, important characters that readers can relate to improves the book drastically.
The Secret Life of Bees is an amazing book that clearly deserves a lot of attention. Sue Monk Kidd captures the story of Lily and how she finds out the secret of her mother when she was alive. This book was definitely one of the best book that I have ever read. Because I could sympathize with the characters, I truly enjoyed the relationships that took place and how they turned out. The way the problem was established early on in the book and how it was solved at the end was brilliant. This book was meant for anyone that enjoys reading about love and the journey to find friendships. Anyone that enjoys reading about overcoming racial discrimination and prejudice. All in all, The Secret Life of Bees, written by Sue Monk Kidd is truly an amazing piece of art as it includes multiple figurative language use, creative plot, and real authentic characters which readers can relate to.
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About the Secret Life of Bees
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Analysis of the Secret Life of Bees
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The Classic, Heartfelt Novel the Secret Life of Bees
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The Use of Symbols in the Hunger Games
Written by Suzanne Collins, the Hunger Game is an adult dystopian novel with various symbols. The aim of this paper is to discuss three important symbols in the narrative and explore their role in the setting. To start with, Panem is an important word in the novel that symbolizes the dystopian United States. Recalled as Panem et circenses in ancient Rome and used to refer to circuses and bread in Latin, Panem is referenced to gladiatorial games of Ancient Rome. In reference to Roman Ceaser, the Panem phrase is used as a strategy to lure the public minds using a forceful discontent. Roman Caesar provided entertainment and plenty of food to the public as a strategy of quelling discontentment. The novel combines reality television and gladiatorial Games to create the narrative behind the Hunger Games.
There is a link between the Panem and the U.S culture as the author decides to retain the U.S cultural heritage such as Appalachia mining industry within the present-day U.S Panem setup. However, the metaphor behind the District 12 becomes complicated due to the influence of Ancient Roman on Panem. Connections between the modern U.S and Ancient Rome exist as a result of Panem, suggesting that the modern United States is derived from its own systematic Panem et circenses strategy. To remind the districts of their powerlessness, the games were created as a defeat mechanism for the Capitol. In addition, people from Panem are discontent to the fact that the districts are underfed. Panem has failed to emulate Panem et circenses strategy given that most peoples have decided to be rebellion. For instance, due to less availability of food, Katniss decided to engage in illegal hunting as the District 12 is directly involved in the large black market (Collins 3). In this perception, Panem as a symbol in this novel is used to describe the state and offer criticism towards the modern culture in the United States. In summary, there is a similarity between the North American colonies with the thirteen districts of Panama. It is hard to reflect on the fate of all 13 districts of Panem, given that they are ruled by an autocratic system of government. Mockingjay is the second most important symbol in this novel that represents defiance.
The symbol is derived from the bird's symbolism as a result of a failed project that was influenced by the Capitol to spy and mark the movements of the rebellious districts. The bird symbolism acts as a reminder of the district's recalcitrance and the failure of the Capitol to trace all movements within the districts as Katniss acknowledge that it as something that slapped the face of the capital (Collins 2). From the start of the novel, Katniss is given a Mockingjay pin Madge as an emblem reflecting resistance, but later the use of the bird symbolizes defiance. However, Rue and Katniss used the birds as a means of communication with Mockingjay becoming a link between the two. However, the death of Rue affects Katniss as she decided to decorate the body of Rue with flowers as a form of defying the Capitol and memory to Rue. The level of hatred Katniss has over the Capitol increased when she later came across the Mockingjay. It reminds her of Rue and she wishes to take revenge over the rebels from the Capitol. Apart from symbolizing the rebellion against the Capitol, Mockingjay itself offers an additional symbolism that reflects on a creature with a spirit of its own as far as the behavior of Katniss is concerned. It is through this spirit that the Capitol has failed to concur, impose power and control all living creatures within 13 districts. The last important symbol in this novel is the Katniss's dresses symbolize the spirit of the girl.
The Katniss dresses are designed from Cinna and transform her in an epithet since these particular designs reflect and acknowledge the coal mining industry based in the Katniss home district. The dresses are embroiled with synthetic flames to reflect the burning coal. Though the rule of power belongs to the Capitol, the spirit symbolized by the Katniss's dresses implicate that the power is in the people and the cultural heritage has to embrace the people's desire. In conclusion, the aim of this paper was to discuss three important symbols in the narrative and explore their role in the setting. The first symbol was Panem, which is an important word in the novel that symbolizes the dystopian United States. Panem also acts as a symbol used to describe the state and offer criticism towards the modern culture in the United States. The second important symbol discussed in this paper was the Mockingjay, a symbol that represents defiance. Last, Katniss's dresses were the third important symbol that describes the spirit of the girl and her desire for cultural heritage.
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