Month: August 2019
The Persian Gulf War
Saddam Hussein, Iraqi leader ordered the invasion and occupation of neighboring Kuwait in early August 1990. Kuwait's' leader, Sheikh Jaber al-Ahmad al-Sabah accused Iraq of stealing petroleum through slant drilling. Kuwaiti Foreign Minister Sheikh Sabah al Ahmad al Sabah said Iraq had been pumping oil from Kuwaiti oil fields despite repeated Kuwaiti protests 'Iraq has a rich record in its violations of Kuwaiti territory, a record supported by facts,' he said. (source)
Saddam Hussein justified these actions by claiming that Kuwait belonged to Iraq in the first place, and it had unfairly carved out by the League Of Nations, besides he was not willing to stop embezzling petroleum from Kuwaiti and they would shortly attack and invade the land that previously belonged to them. Kuwaiti did not receive the response they expected from Iraq, as a result, Sheikh Jaber decided to raise this dispute to the Arab League. Iraqi Foreign Minister Tareq Aziz Wednesday accused Kuwait in his own letter to the Arab League of deliberately dumping crude on an already saturated world market, causing Iraq a big loss in revenue through the resulting drop in oil prices.The Arab League decided to push the problem to the side and it was remained unsolved for a while.
Many days passed and no progress was made, so Saddam Hussein decided to take the matter into his own hands and plot out an attack. Once Saddam Hussein seized Kuwait it caused an international riot with the United States being the most opinionated. Approximately six weeks after Iraq executed the invasion President George H.W Bush stood in front of Congress to discuss the response the US would have towards the attack. Iraq will not be permitted to annex Kuwait, Bush told the lawmakers in the presence of foreign diplomats, including the Iraqi ambassador. And that's not a threat, not a boast. It's just the way it's going to be. (Bush).President Bush sent 430,000 troops to Saudi Arabia to lead the United Nations Coalition and protect Kuwait from attacks made by Iraq.
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Second Gulf War in History
The Second Gulf War took place in 2003 with the invasion of Iraq. What led to the Iraq war was what took place on September 11, 2001. The deadliest terror attack on U.S. soil was the biggest reason the Second Gulf War took place. This war was set out to accomplish a set of goals; one was to dethrone Saddam Hussein and his regime as Iraqi dictator. The second primary goal was the threat that Iraq had weapons of mass destruction (WMD) as well as weapons programs (ICB data, Iraq Regime Change2002). One major question loomed, was this the best thing the United States should have done following the terror attacks in 2001?
The Second Gulf war took place for about eight and a half years. Not only was it a long war, but it had also become the largest, longest, and most costly use of armed forces by the United States since Vietnam. It was also the first major post-Cold War U.S. military action taken apart from an international organization, and the first U.S. experience as an occupying power in a Middle Eastern country (Lieberfeld, 1). One of the major reasons that made Iraq such a threat was due to previous encounters. While Iraq was not the ones who carried out the attacks on September 11th, they were one of the biggest threats against the United States. Saddam Hussein acted very suspiciously years after the First Gulf War, such as not allowing inspectors from the United Nations into Iraq following an incident in 1998. That grew to be very suspicious to the United States and also drew a major concern. Saddam Hussein also had a history of using chemical weapons against Iran and the Kurds. After the First Gulf War, there were rumors of Saddam Hussein creating a nuclear weapons program (ICB data, Iraq Regime Change2002). It seemed to be pretty clear that the United States, as well as President Bush, wanted to start a major war with Iraq and their regime. President Bush mentioned Iraq, as well as Saddam Hussein, in his presidential campaign. Bush stated Building durable peace will require strong alliances.It will require firmness with regimes like North Korea and Iraqregimes that hate our values and resent our success. and later in his speech when asked if Saddam Hussein would continue to work on his weapons of mass destruction, Bush expressed that he would take him out (Kikalishvili, 39-40). While President Bush had strong feelings about Saddam Hussein and his regime in Iraq, he certainly had mixed reactions from people close to him. Former president Bill Clinton had a talk with President Bush after his campaign. Bill Clinton talked about what President Bush's main concerns should be, and he had Iraq listed at the bottom.
National Security Advisor Condoleezza Rice said that Iraq was a preoccupation of the national security team from the very beginning of the administration and in 2001, Bush's main mission was not to confront Saddam Hussein, but, instead, to confront the new and rising threat in al Qaeda and its extremist kin. (Visser, 146). Bush's vice president Dick Cheney was on board with the president, which provided relief to Bush about the actions that he was taking. There were a lot of mixed feelings about what the United States should do, and the United States decided to go to war.
It was clear that President Bush wanted to move quickly about getting rid of Saddam Hussein and his regime. In 2002, President Bush moved to Congress and drew up plans to use force against Iraq. If Iraq caused problems for inspectors during their visit by looking for weapons of mass destruction as well as having a weapons program, there would be a problem (Visser, 144). Congress had fully supported President Bush and his wishes, and President Bush gave the people the opportunity to either side with him, or with the terrorists (Visser, 144). United Kingdom Prime Minister Tony Blair gave full support to the United States if they would take military action against Iraq. While that was undoubtedly good for the United States, getting support from other nations did not come so easy. France and Germany both stated that they would not support any force against Iraq without a UN mandate (ICB data, Iraq Regime Change2002). It started to seem that Iraq was willing to comply with the commands made by President Bush. Iraq had agreed to allow the UN inspectors back in to look over their programs. The Iraqi government had provided the inspectors with a 12,000 page report on their weapon capabilities, and when UN inspectors looked over the report, they noticed minimal changes since the last time they were in Iraq. Once again, this report that had minimal changes to it raised eyebrows as to whether the Iraqi government had been lying about their weapons capabilities. At that time, the United States issued a breach on the resolution that was agreed upon between the two nations and everything that was starting to look better ended up turning back to being bad, maybe even worse. (ICB data, Iraq Regime Change2002). After the disappointment of the progress made, Bush stated to the secretary of state Colin Powell, The inspections are not getting us there and from this point on, it had become a crisis for the United States (ICB data, Iraq Regime Change2002).
With the new year beginning, the United States along with their supported ally, the United Kingdom, efforts to get a second Security resolution was underway. Also during this time, the U.S. along with the U.K. continue placing troops in and around the Gulf in case of a possible attack. United Nations inspectors had not found any weapons of mass destruction as well as no weapons programs; however the U.S did not care and were still ready to go to war whether there was a second resolution or not (ICB data, Iraq Regime Change2002). In the following days, the allies supporting the United States in full out war had given Saddam Hussein and his sons forty-eight hours of an ultimatum, to leave Iraq or to face an attack. When Hussein and his sons chose to stay, what has become known as Operation Iraqi Freedom had begun in the following days. The plan was laid out, first was to rid of Saddam Hussein and his regime, the second was to rid the country of its weapons of mass destruction, and third was to free the Iraqi people (ICB data, Iraq Regime Change2002).
While it was evident when the war started, dethroning Saddam Hussein and his regime was the number one priority. The United States was able to do that in about two and a half weeks of entering the war known as Operation Iraqi Freedom. The next most important task to do was to destroy Iraq's weapons of mass destruction. The intelligence agencies believed that Iraq had weapons programs as well as any nuclear or chemical type weapons in their possession. Intelligence agencies thought that Iraq had weapons of mass destruction and they also shared the same mindset as the president of the United States. They had come up with many different assessments of what they really believed was going on in Iraq. According to the National Intelligence Estimate, agencies thought that Baghdad had chemical and biological weapons and missiles that went well beyond UN restrictions. They also believed that if these weapons, as well as their missiles, were not checked from inspectors of the UN, then Iraq would be able to create a nuclear weapon in a short period (National Intelligence Estimate, 9). What also drew the eyes of intelligence agencies was the oil that Iraq has. With Iraq being a major player in the oil industry, and being able to sell oil to other countries raised eyebrows. Listed in the key judgments, Iraq's growing ability to sell oil illicitly increases Baghdad's capabilities to finance WMD programs: annual earnings in cash and goods have more than quadrupled, from $580 million in 1998 to about $3 billion this year (National Intelligence Estimate, 9). For Iraq to increase as much as they did in profits from oil to where they were at during this report is remarkable. It was also a growing concern to the U.S. because growing that much in that short of time can certainly help either start or improve programs of weapons of mass destruction. The agencies had come up with what they believed was the knowledge or confidence of Saddam Hussein and Iraq on using any weapons of mass destruction. There was a specific criterion of confidence levels (high, moderate, and low) about what they believed to be true. Some of the issues that they felt high confidence was the thought that Iraq was improving on their weapons programs, that Iraq possessed chemical, biological, and missiles. They were also high on the idea of precisely when Iraq would be able to produce a nuclear weapon, and they believed that it could be in a very short span. What they had knowledge on but were not exactly sure about was whether they could make one in such a short span, but they could have a nuclear weapon in the upcoming years. Lastly, what they did not precisely know was if or when Saddam Hussein would use these weapons, whether he would engage in an attack such as what Al-Qaeda had done to the United States, and whether he would share these weapons with Al-Qaeda (National Intelligence Estimate, 13).
Even though we know the truth of the matter that we found out that Iraq did not have any weapons of mass destruction, nor were they in the midst of making any in their weapons programs, they certainly drew red flags to the United States and their intelligence agencies. Whether it was not cooperating with the UN inspectors back in 1998 or Saddam Hussein's previous use of weapons of mass destruction a decade earlier, they continued these types of actions. Up until this point, Iraq never has never fully accounted for major gaps and inconstancies in its declarations and has provided no credible proof that it has destroyed its weapons stockpiles and production infrastructure (Department of Central Intelligence, 3). Iraq has also never accounted for missing materials used in the making of chemical weapons. Chemical precursors and unfilled munitions are not accounted for because inspectors have no idea where they are and if they have destroyed them. They also do not know where 15,000 artillery rockets are or where 550 artillery shells filled with mustard agent are (Department of Central Intelligence, 10). Iraq even upgraded one of their chemical production facilities, with bringing in more product of reactor vessels. Iraq has shown support for weapons of mass destruction programs, Iraq has been able to import dual-use, WMB-relevant equipment, and material through procurements both within and outside the UN sanctions regime. Baghdad diverts some of the $10 billion worth of goods now entering Iraq every year for humanitarian needs to support the military and WMD programs instead (Department of Central Intelligence, 23). Iraq has also seemed to have worked around some of the guidelines concerning what the UN inspectors look at when materials come into the country. Inspectors do not check any of the cargo that enters through the country, and some of the cargo that comes through make intelligence agencies believe that the unchecked cargo is used to support the weapons of mass destruction programs. Also, Iraq uses many different travel methods to get the imported goods through the country without that cargo getting inspected from UN inspectors, which is a violation regarding the UN Security Council resolutions. Baghdad, the capital of Iraq, has mentioned in the past that the goods that they receive are designed to rehabilitate facilitiessuch as the Al Qa'im phosphate plant and Fallujahthat in the past were used to support both industrial and weapons of mass destruction programs (Department of Central Intelligence, 25).
The people looking into all of Iraq's potential weapons of mass destruction came from Senator Pat Roberts, Chairman and Senator John D. Rockefeller IV, Vice Chairman. What exactly they were looking for was the quantity and quality of U.S. intelligence on Iraqi weapons of mass destruction programs, ties to terrorist groups, Saddam Hussein's threat to stability and security in the region, and his repression of his people (Select Committee of Intelligence, 1). There were still many questions about whether Iraq had weapons of mass destruction or was continuing the programs that they already had. Issues about exactly how long it would take for Iraq to build a nuclear weapon stating that IC analysts believed that Iraq had started reconstitution efforts in 1999 by starting to put the nuclear program back together.The five to seven-year clock started in 2002in other words, the time of the estimate (Select Committee of Intelligence, 86). The committee had also given multiple reasons why they considered Iraq to build up their nuclear program. Aluminum tubes, used for uranium enrichment, was one of the major reasons why they believed Iraq was building its weapons program. The second observation that the committee had come to was magnets, third was a high-speed balancing machine, machine tools, Iraq's support of wanting better weapons personnel, and activity at several suspect nuclear sites. The CIA even published a one-page article about the reasons they believed that the aluminum tubes were brought there specifically for their weapons program, stating In August of 2002, the CIA published its first detailed paper explaining its assessment that the aluminum tubes were destined for Iraq's nuclear program.provided a one-page outline of the CIA's assessment that the tubes' materials, exceedingly stringent tolerances, high cost, and the secrecy surrounding procurement attempts, indicated that the tubes were destined for Iraq's gas centrifuge program (Select Committee of Intelligence, 93). U.S. intelligence agencies also believed that Iraq was high on their biological weapons program. Analysts were a little frightened that Saddam Hussein may have got his hands on a clandestine BW production capability which increases to turn out several hundred tons of unconcentrated BW agents a year (Select Committee Intelligence, 144). Agents had also become concerned with the fact that Iraq did not get rid of their biological weapons. The National Intelligence Estimate (NIE) had truly believed that Iraq's BW program was more equipped than it was before the Gulf War, and they had come up with a list of reasons of why they believe that. The facilities that Baghdad has for producing their BW agents raise a concern to the NIE. Baghdad has moved to bigger facilities to produce their production. Also, with UN inspectors not being in Iraq since 1998, Iraq has helped maintain the BW program, as well as being able to develop genetically engineered BW agents (Select Committee Intelligence, 147-148). As far as Iraq's chemical weapons program goes, analysts were also unsure about their program but had suspected that after the First Gulf War, nothing much has changed with their chemical weapons. The NIE's report on their chemical weapons remains exactly unsure stating We have seen no indication since the Gulf War that Iraq has engaged in large-scale production of CW agents, but we cannot rule out the small-scale production has occurred (Select Committee Intelligence, 196). As with the other intelligence report, this report also lists what the analysts had high confidence, moderate confidence, and low confidence. One of the reports listed in the high confidence part was we are not detecting portions of these weapons programs (Select Committee Intelligence, 208). The major problem with all of these reports from the NIE is that they believe or assume that Iraq has weapon programs, and it seems none of them are certain of what Iraq is doing. It even states in the report that None of the intelligence reporting provided to the Committee showed that Iraq was expanding its chemical infrastructure primarily to support CW production (Select Committee Intelligence, 204).
Overall, after the war had ended in December 2011 reports had come out about the war. When President Bush entered the White House, one of his main goals was to dethrone Saddam Hussein as president of Iraq. All of the reports leading up to the war of Iraq having a weapons program were not true. From the Origins of the Second World War, reports of the weapons of mass destruction were not confirmed even after the end of the war. In 2008 while the war was still going on, President Bush talks about his biggest regret during his presidency, and he replies I don't knowthe biggest regret of all the presidency has to have been the intelligence failure in Iraq (Kikalishvili, 41). President Bush also spoke a lot about Iraq in his memoir, Decision Points, where he talks about Saddam Hussein stating Before 9/11, Saddam was a problem America might have been able to manage. Through the lens of the post-9/11 world, my view changed. I had just witnessed the damage inflicted by nineteen fanatics armed with box cutters. I could only imagine the destruction possible if an enemy dictator pass his WMD to terrorists (Bush, 229). Former Secretary of State under George H.W. Bush, James Baker, brought to light of the brilliance of the First Gulf War. He also talked shortly about the Second Gulf War, stating that by 2003, Saddam Hussein had violated numerous United Nations resolutions, that Congress authorized military action and that intelligence agencies believe (erroneously) that Iraq had weapons of mass destruction (Jackson, Academic OneFile). There is one major part to take away from this war, that it was a crisis created by the United States.
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The Gulf War over Kuwait
The Gulf war was a war over Kuwait which Iraq invaded Kuwait and that started a war with 35 nations led by America against Iraq. It was August 2nd 1990 to Feb 28th 1991 was the gulf war a.k.a. Operation Desert Shield. Americas president was George H.W. Bush and the dictator of Iraq was Saddam Hussein.
On August 2nd 1990 the dictator of Iraq Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait and took control of the country in a few days. Saddam Hussein was tired of everyone thinking he was all talk but no show so he finally showed the world what he was made of. Nobody expected the invasion on Kuwait it caught everyone by surprise, Kuwait had lots of allies that Dictator Saddam Hussein did not know about. Kuwait was a small country but was very rich in the oil industry and supplied oil to a lot of the surrounding countries around it. Kuwait doing this it built up allies over time more than 35 countries were willing to fight for Kuwait including the U.S.
After Iraq took over downtown Kuwait they were heading for a larger target Saudi Arabia within less the Kuwait country takeover Iraqi forces stood on the border of Saudi Arabia. During this time Saudi was informed from the pentagon that america was ready to assist Saudi if the King Fahd was to say yes to the request. In minutes of the meeting with secretary of defense Dick Cheney and General Schwarzkopf got the green light from King Fahd in the assist of Saudi Arabia this deal turned into the largest buildup of American forces since the Vietnam War. It was not long after the king said yes that the 82nd airborne division and 300 combat aircraft were dead set on going to Saudi Arabia. It was coming to the end of 1990 and there were 200,000 American Personal in Saudi Arabia by far enough to stop any iraq forces attack.
It was the year of 1991 the month was January there was Kuwait in hands of Iraq forces but on the border in Saudi Arabia was American forces, British, French, Egyptian, and even Syrian forces that all came up to a decision. To give Iraq forces a day to get out of Kuwait without any conflict between them they gave iraq a chance on January 15th to surrender Kuwait. The morning of January 16th 1991 silence was finally broken when A1 american tanks were releasing everything they had on the Iraqi border. On the first day americans destroyed the radar stations, and other key elements for the anti- aircraft network. They started to do bombing runs in downtown iraq at the presidential palace, communication centers, and power stations. The allied forces only lost 2 aircrafts in the attack it lasted all day and all night bombing high value targets a.k.a. High value target.
The operation desert shield was a war that was mostly a war that was fought with machines but their was still ground troops in the fight but the machines were being more used this war. President Bush sent 140,000 American troops and sent M1 tanks to help the ground troops to cover ground faster and to keep our american soldiers safe. The 82nd Airborne division was the one in control of the aircrafts and took control of the air. The American troops were nonstop moving through the city taking down iraqi military and their major components. The U.S.A had an small plan invasion called the big hurt was a invasion that was only u.s. Aircraft AH-64 Apache Helicopters, B-52 Satroforces bomber, F-117A Stealth fighters and the RPV Drones.
It was so far a success for the small war to gain control back to the country Kuwait taking out most of iraqi forces key components for their military. On January 17th at 3am in the morning the iraqi fired seven scud missiles at Israel that was one of saddam threats was to have a chemical outbreak in the city of Israel. Israeli citizens, military were mad but did not take action because america promised the killing of saddam to let them know that the attack to israel was not a victory to Iraq. The day of January 29th was about to be the biggest battle to happen during the Gulf war the Iraqi forces took over a small town that was eight miles away from the Kuwait border. Saudi forces moved in and tried a counter attack on the iraqi forces that iraq forces held the town over day and night. Then the morning was a different story iraqi forces fled from that town and Saudi forces regain control of the town.
The month of february the war has only been less than a month old with Iraqi forces still taking control of Kuwait but the american forces were moving swiftly and effectively. It was on February 24th at 4am were ground troops was marching over into Iraq for a three stage takeback of Iraq. 1st stage was for american troops to gain back control of the city in Kuwait the 2nd stage was to flank a fleet of iraqis in the west. The 3rd stage was way to the west beyond major iraqi lines that would outflank Iraqi forces. Day 2 of the ground attack Iraqi forces fired a scud missile into a U.S barracks killing 28 American Soldiers while that happened the U.S blocked off a retreat route for the Iraqi forces. Day 3 of the ground attack small battles america and iraq is about to start the largest tank battle in history american tank forces engaged the iraqi tank forces was easy as shooting fish in a barrel. The Highway to Hell was when Iraqi forces were retreating out of Kuwait before they left the country they had 700 oil wells lit on fire the americans bombed the iraqi forces on the highway for one- hundred hours straight no stop until President Bush ordered cease fire. April 5th 1991 the gulf war came to an end with American casualties only at 293 and Iraq casualties 100,000 killed 300,000 wounded.
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How do Cellphones Reduce Attention
Cellphones have become extremely popular over the years. They started out as being used for basic communication such as calling others. They then started to include letters under the numbers so that we can text. Now, cellphones are called smartphones. These phones allow consumers to do everything that can be done on a computer, and everything that can be done on a phone. They have become more of a distracting device as time goes by. The number of distracted students, drivers, employees, co-workers, family members, friends, have only gone up. Upon research, it has been proven that cellphones reduce our attention in various environments and situations. In this research, we will look at the different actions we take that make cellphones reduce our ability to pay attention fully.
To start with, the use of cellphones has demonstrated weakened performance in multitasking. For example, students in class contribute to cellphones reducing attention. According to (Mendoza, Pody, Lee, Kim, McDonough 2018) Young adults between the ages of 18–24 send or receive an average of 109 text messages per day. Although cellphones have other features such as voice call and web browsing, text messaging appears to be the most convenient method of communication among young adults. Such excessive cellphone use has brought researchers to focus on how this usage impacts learning and memory in classroom settings. Today, there is a major influence by social media and the addiction it has on students. In high school, it is still manageable to control students from using their cellphones. Teachers and administrators are able to put rules into place of not allowing students to use their cellphones. Everything is mostly done by hand, the old-fashioned way.
On the other hand, in college it becomes more difficult due to the fact that students are now adults and they are responsible for all the actions they take. There are professors who prohibit the use of cellphones, but unfortunately it is inevitable to have the device on you and not be able to look at it. In this study by (Mendoza, Pody, Lee, Kim, McDonough 2018) it is stated that, Attention is optimal when individuals are focused on one task at a time. However, with many competent sources vying for our attention, both inside and outside the classroom, multitasking has become the norm for most members of the younger generations. Most students report to use social media, text, browse the web, do online shopping, and check emails during class. This poses a threat to students in the classroom mainly because their focus is elsewhere. The professor could have been saying something important, and the student might not have an understanding of what was said at a later time because they were not paying attention. As much as we think multitasking is efficient, there are many disadvantages to this as we only have a limit to the number of things we can pay attention to at a time.
Long term memory also comes into play with the distraction of a cellphone. In order to effectively encode information, we must first process the sensory information from the lecture the professor is teaching, and then select the information that is made most important by the professor or the key concepts of the lecture that might show up in future exams or quizzes. This happens when we ignore distractions from the environment, and cellphones are one of those distractions that can complicate this process. Only a small portion of the information we input in our brain actually gets stored into our long-term memory. It is understandable that after an amount of time of listening to a large amount of information, it becomes difficult to continue trying to process all the information after a long period of time. Switching one's attention to a cellphone happens rather quickly, and results in cognitive outlays. The dependence on these devices can also cause anxiety. Knowing that it is in the student's backpack, or purse is just as much of a distraction. This also creates anxiety by constantly having the student thinking who could be texting, emailing, or what kind of notification it is. (Mendoza, Pody, Lee, Kim, McDonough 2018) state in their article that there is a general fear of not having access to their mobile device. This is referred to nomophobia.
There was a questionnaire performed by (Yildrim and Correia, 2015) they demonstrated that nomophobia is constructed by four factors. The first is not being able to communicate, the second is losing connectedness, the third is not being able to access information, and lastly giving up convenience. Students in college go through this withdrawal method when they are sitting in class, mostly with tougher professors who don't allow cellphones. They might get up to use the bathroom frequently during class, or even leave early. This is a major distraction to most students and prohibits them from getting the full learning experience they should in the classroom. To prove the results of cellphones reducing students learning, there was a study performed. (Mendoza, Pody, Lee, Kim, McDonough 2018) recruited undergraduate psychology students from a small college in Arkansas. The students were asked to watch a twenty-minute TED talk. They were randomly placed in three groups. The first group was allowed to use their cellphone. Group two was allowed to have the cellphone in their possession, without the permission of using it and on silent. The third group was not allowed to watch the TED talk with their cellphones on them. The end result of this study is that after they filled out the questionnaire, students who actually had their cellphones removed had the highest scores.
Distracted driving is one of the major issues that come with cellphone use. While doing research on this topic, it is found that this is one of the most dangerous effects of cellphones reducing our attention. As students, as parents, as adults and teenagers, we need to drive. Driving is the way most of us get to places such as work, school, and home. The use of cellphones while driving is only increasing every day. It has become a public health concern in the recent years. In 2010, there were 995 fatalities reported and 24,000 injuries. This is believed to be caused by cellphone use while driving. As driving itself is considered a weapon, with cellphones involved it makes it worse. While driving a person doesn't only need to be attentive to what they are doing, but also be aware of others around. Cars are very heavy machines that can kill a person instantly if it is not driven carefully.
When a person is driving and texting, the person is not even looking up to see what is happening on the road. According to (Weller, Shackleford, Dieckmann, Slovic 2012) a survey stated that 75% of the participants said they never leave their home without their phone, while 25% of the participants said that they would rather lose their wallet than lose their phone. This survey also proved the sentimental attachment that people have with their phones and that's why they can't leave their house without it. Unfortunately, this excessive use of cell phones continues to grow with drivers all around the world. To further support the danger of distractions with cellphones while driving, there was a study conducted by (Weller, Shackleford, Dieckmann, Slovic 2012.) they asked participants within the age of 17-28, with a valid license in good standing, drove at least three times per week, and lastly owned a cellphone. The participants who were under 18, were allowed to join in the study with parental permission and supervision.
As a result, 89% claimed that they have called someone while driving, 62.3% claimed that they have texted while driving, 21.5% claimed that they have either read or wrote a text message while driving. For the participants who had data service on their phones, 16.8% claimed that they have used Facebook, Instagram, snapchat and other social media platforms while driving, and 22.4% claimed to have used any other apps that they have available on their phones. This includes games, shopping apps, and news apps. In the table below, endorsement rates were also summarized by the attachment of participants and their cellphones.
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Misuse of Cell Phones
Nomophobia is a term that the medical field has actually come up with for the behavioral addiction to cell phones. It translates to no mobile phone phobia and various other terms such as mobile phone dependence can be associated with this addiction. Susan Ladika addresses in the article, Technology Addiction, that those who are addicted to cell phones had more neurotransmitter activity in the region of the brain tied to rewards, mood regulation, and control of inhibition (5). The brain of those addicted is actually being altered. Smartphones encourage multitasking. However, no matter how much one may feel accomplished by multitasking, it has been proven that multitasking decreases the level of performance in all tasks. Unless someone is a genius, for most people, it is nearly impossible to divide their attention evenly and effectively between several tasks. One common example of multitasking is distracted driving. People feel enticed to look at their phones while in control of a vehicle. This proves to be extremely dangerous because driving requires undivided attention. Despite this being known as common knowledge, people still look at their phones while driving or even just stopped at a light. In the article The Smartphone Effect, Becca Broaddus reports that The United States Department of Transportation reported cell phones are involved in 1.6 million auto crashes each year that cause a half million injuries and take approximately 6,000 lives (12). Increased use of cell phones has also been proven to desensitize people to sensational content, such as violence, sex, and drugs. Never before has such content been so accessible and pervasive. Authors, Lt. Col. Dave Grossman and Gloria DeGaetano, point out in Stop Teaching Our Kids To Kill, that by age eighteen, a U.S. youth will have seen at last 40,000 stimulated murders and 200,000 acts of violence (15). This is all thanks to the media, in which violent videos draw in more revenue.
The more one uses their phone, the higher the chance they use social media more often. According to Sherry Turkle, the author of Reclaiming Conversation, the pressure of appearing perfect and fabricating this perfect life is mentally and emotionally exhausting. Thus, misuse of cell phones leads to feelings of depression and social anxiety (25). Loss of focus, feeling of depression and anxiety, and the large chunk of time a cellular device takes from a person, all combined, lead to lower academic performance. School work is no longer at the forefront of student's brains, but rather their cellphones or their feelings of sadness.
Symptoms of cell phone dependence also include several disorders. Cell phones deliver instant gratification. A person can get a package from Amazon the next day, people respond to text messages within a few minutes, and so on. Ramanpreet Kaur and Saroj Sharma Nagpal explain how people who are impulsive are psychologically unable to choose delayed rewards which may offer more, over immediate ones. They neglect the consequences and only seek instant gains (Kaur and Nagpal 2). Such risky behavior can lead to dangerous situations. Nomophobia has also been related to textiety, which has been put forth by Charet Taneja in the article, The Psychology of Excessive Cellular Phone Use, to be the fear of not receiving or sending messages. This fear may be due to the underlying and greater fear of being isolated socially and ridiculed or ignored. As mentioned by Taneja, excessive cell phone use also leads to ringxiety and textaphrenia. These are disorders in which people experience an auditory hallucination in which they hear their phone ringing due to an incoming call. In reality, however, no such event occured. Furthermore, people may imagine feeling their phone vibrate in their pocket (2). When their cell phone is taken away, people who are addicted tend to get stressed and anxious. Their brain is insistently craving for that rush of dopamine. Such anxiety can make people lash out and be very moody. They feel on edge and can become angry and create tense situations with their fits of anger. Even though a withdrawal symptom does not encompass direct death, the quality of people's lives is being affected. They invest their time towards a hand-held device, rather than investing in their familial, friend, romantic, and even intrapersonal relationship.
Interpersonal skills relate to those set of skills which are essential for the positive communication between two people. These skills are used to help build and strengthen relationships and to work effectively with others. More time spent on online interactions leads to less empathy. For kids, especially, they are still learning right from wrong and often are unaware of the enormity of their actions. Now take phones which have messaging apps that guarantee anonymity. These kids can easily say mean words and not recognize that what they said was hurtful because they are unable to see the person's reaction in live-time. Instead, a screen greets them back as they feel comfortable in the confines of their home. Another form of neglect for face-to-face interactions is the habit of phubbing. Broaddus writes that phubbing, for example, is a situation where someone is using their phone while having a conversation with someone in the flesh (Broaddus 12). It gives the subliminal message, whether people mean it or not, that their phone is a little more important and worthy of their attention rather than the person they are talking to. The feelings of the other person may get hurt and the divided attention of the person phubbing leads to more superficial conversations with little direct eye contact. Consequently, both phubbing and a lack of empathy impede the growth of a relationship, and may even reverse its progression. This creates more opportunities for less trust, intimacy, and more lying in relationships overall. Some people may even get to the point where they cut off face-to-face interactions almost completely, and instead, spend all their time on their cell phones. These people feel that they have all they need and do not realize how crucial face-to-face interactions are for the human psyche. In the flesh interactions improve listening skills, conversation skills, allow people to learn how to stand up for themselves, and even lead to higher self-esteem. All these aspects of interpersonal skills work together to help build meaningful, strong connections. Due to an addiction to smartphones, intrapersonal skills are negatively impacted, and in turn, relationships are harmed.
More conflicts and superficial relationships arise due to a person who is smartphone dependent. People swipe left and right, but there seems to an endless number of potential partners. This would be awkward in real life, but online, it is normalized. Such an environment, however, makes it more difficult to develop a secure and trusting relationship. Furthermore, according to Jeff Cain in the article, It's Time to Confront Student Mental Health Issues Associated with Smartphones and Social Media, online friendships lack emotional nourishment (2). Someone with six-hundred online friends can feel helplessly alone because compared to real-life relationships built upon face-to-face interactions, virtual relationships lack in meaning. There is no physical contact or eye contact over texting, which can reinforce a tender moment. Also, over text things can be edited, which hinders a person's ability to deal with others and express themselves clearly. Ultimately, texting and even talking over the phone is drastically different from actually being together.
A lack of empathy makes it much easier for kids to turn to cyber-bullying. In the book, Cyberbullying and the Wild Wild Web, author J.A. Hitchcock defines cyberbullying as the repeated communications online after the harasser has been asked to stop (15). They do not realize the enormity of the words they have said. Moreover, social media leads to more opportunities for drama to happen. This is because people can feel encouraged to keep stirring the pot. With the want to impress their friends and express dominance, kids bully other kids online. People have to be careful about what they do online because what they do will be online forever. Additionally, the right people can learn everything about a person from online. They can learn the name, friends, and even the location of the target. Cyberstalking is a serious situation, in which the police should be contacted. People are evidently aware of the threat. In a 2018 survey conducted by Deloitte, respondents expressed their greatest concern about sharing personal data with third parties and about usage of their personal data. 86 percent are very or fairly concerned about each one (Global 8). Privacy, along with the temptation to start drama and the viewing of sexual content needs to be kept under control. Otherwise, delinquent behaviors will arise and affect society.
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Texting all Teams: Amazon Enters the Cell Phone Market
According to the case study from the text book, Essentials of Organizational Behavior, (Scandura 252). Lab126 which is Amazon's private lab was given the task in 2009 to develop a new smart which is known as the, Fire Phone today. The case study also stated some features that were brought up during the initial conceptual phase for creating this phone. Such as double touch screens, using the phone as A USB drive, teleconferencing capabilities or infrared cameras. These ideas most likely came up during the, Team Decision Making Methods that the books mention. Brainstorming is one of the most common forms of team decision making (Scandura 237&238). Brainstorming is a conference technique of solving specific problems, amassing information, stimulating creative thinking, developing new ideas, etc., by unrestrained and spontaneous participation in discussion (Dictionary.com, 2018).
The number of ideas generated in the brainstorming process should be filtered by all the group members. After reviewing all these ideas thoroughly Amazon should have split the group into small teams, and according to their field of expertise they are responsible to explore more in-depth features. For instance, one team could have been focused on refining the idea of using the Fire Phone as a USB drive. It also can be very challenging to evaluate the team's success before placing the product on the market. Therefore, one way to see if this product would sell is to use focus groups to test the new ideas, and possible prototypes of the phone. Using focus groups would avoid and doubt or questions before placing this product on the market. Also, Amazon could have tested the new phone inside their corporation but use different employees not the ones that were involved in developing this product. Using your own employees would be an excellent source of feedback to evaluate the team's success before placing the phone on the market for consumers.
As a leader of this highly technical team the best decision-making method for achieving the greatest result for the product would be the Consensus method. This method involves discussing ideas and deferring a final decision until everyone can say they have been heard and will support the final decision (Scandura 238). During this process, team members can convey with each other about other features that could be implemented as they progress forward as a team. The biggest factor in creating this product could be the different personalities of each individual member of the team. Even though, engineers are directed by theories, facts, testing a number in their technical field of expertise; their personality may trigger many conflicts inside the team as they may think that they are right and others wrong (Personailtymax.com,2016).
Also, a leader or supervisor cannot be called all the time to resolve conflict, but when a serious issue comes up it must be taking care of immediately. Leadership should come in the play after discussing the problem and trying different methods to reach a solution. Sometimes though as a team or group an agreement cannot be reached and such prevents the team to progress forward. At this point a leader or supervisor needs to step up and make an executive decision and impose his/her authority to solve the conundrum. A important fact to remember when making a final decision as a leader you is to make sure you do undermine anyone on the team so to don't diminish the teams purpose.
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My Research on Substance Abuse
Introduction:
Earlier this year my family became troubled as a growing awareness of substance abuse within our home came to light. It was a tremendous shock, evidently this was an unexpected event. Unbeknownst to us we would struggle through the next following months in fear of this 'weed' which grabbed hold of our 'garden'. It is common for users to exhibit unnatural behavior, which we of course encountered numerous amounts of time.
As an elder sister, I was naturally concerned for my brother. The outcome was always the unknown, it was like that dark corner in your bedroom, the one where there was no light. The struggle continues even to this day. Our Father isn't even sure if my brother had stopped the substance abuse. Although, he has an inkling feeling that this problem still continues. We are not alone in this either. Many families go through similar struggles with a family member.
It is estimated that there are between 119 million and 244 million cannabis users worldwide. And the number is continuously rising. Reports from Hospital ER's state that the majority of these users are young adults. The death toll continues rising along with the number of users which is tremendously worrisome. These substances are profoundly popular and particularly appealing to the young people (as young as ten years old). These young people are being roped into these situations seeking a different experience without knowing the consequences that could follow.
Literature Review:
As I commenced my research I came across an article, Synthetic Marijuana: A Recent Turmoil in Substance Abuse by Tellioglu, Tahir, and Celebi, Fahri. This intriguing article explains in detail the information regarding Marijuana, and other substances alike. They explain how Marijuana is one of many commonly abused substances which are often than not, consumed for their impact on the body.
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Sexual Re-Victimization and Increase of Alcohol and Substance Abuse
Sexual Re-victimization and increase in the chance of alcohol and substance abuse
Purpose of study: awareness of sexual re-victimization
This topic is important for social work practice because it has been proven that revictimized sexual assault victims are more likely to engage in alcohol and drug use.
Study procedures
I will carry out study by interviewing the patients with psychological issues as a result of substance abuse and those sexually victimized. This process will take 6 months, but might come back frequently to check on the changes. This study will take a maximum of two years.
Risks
The only risk is intrusion of the patient information which will not happen because I have signed documents with the Hospital's management board declaring that I will abide with patient's privacy policy and any contravention will lead to punitive measure.
Benefits
One core benefit of this research is awareness on your rights as a patient. Through this study, the results will be posted to government agencies hence coming up with a bill to execute those found on the wrong side of the law. Most of the benefits are not direct but are good for the future generation.
Confidentiality
I am assuring you of confidentiality of the information you give me. Ensure that you do not put into writing any information that confines to your personal life. I am assuring you of confidentiality to all your comments in my interview.
To ensure confidentiality, I will do the following:
- Assign code numbers or names for the respondents.
- All transcribed information will be kept in a locked file cabinet.
- Participants in my research will have their information discrete with only specific incidents reported to hospital's management in case it needs attention. For instance. Continued of victimization by hospital staff.
Contact information
In case of any query on this information, or even experience adverse effect after participation, you might reach the researcher on these contacts: +91 5467890
Consent
I have understood all information after reading to my level best. I understand that my participation is not coercive but voluntary and if not feeling free, I am obliged to leave at any time. I personally and voluntarily agree to engage in this study.
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Sociological Perspectives Dealing with Substance Abuse
Substance abuse is a huge part of society. People hear about or see the abuse of drugs all the time, on the new, social media, and in public. A functionalist would view substance abuse as a basic function for multiple different levels in society to survive and live. With substance abuse, there will be a lot of conflict because of people abusing prescription drugs. There is also symbolism used when it comes to substance abuse. Using these perspectives, it helps people understand substance abuse.
The first sociological perspective is functionalism. This was originally made by ?‰mile Durkheim. With this perspective, it shows society as multiple different parts that all are needed for something to function or work properly. An easy example of functionalism would be the human body or even a computer system. Everything in these systems is needed to function, if one thing is missing or goes out then the whole thing starts to shut down or have problems.
When you look at functionalism and substance abuse it helps people understand the different parts it needs to function. It helps people who don't abuse substances know how it works and functions. Addiction is increasingly understood as a brain disease, many aspects of the problem that impinge on individual and community wellbeing are rooted in society, culture, and politics, and have changed over time (Herzberg et al., 2016:408). Substance abuse helps a lot of people in society. It helps the people selling and making the drugs get the profit they need from it. It makes the user have the high or satisfaction they want out of it., and it is giving jobs to people like police officers who are trying to stop or control it. All of these are needed to make substance abuse a function in society.
The second perspective is the conflict theory which was made by Karl Marks. This perspective states that there is some sort of conflict that has come about because of limited resources. This theory sees society as classes having to compete for what they need or want. What they could be competing for could be things they want, what they need to survive, or to be treated equally. No matter how well something is set up there will always be some sort of conflict.
With substance abuse there is always conflict, this is because there are always people who have easier access to get the drugs or they need to sell it to make money. Where someone lives, his or her race, age, and background can all tie into why someone abuses substances or has easier access to them. When someone is missing something, gets something taken away, does not have the money, or is treated unequally it can tie into substance abuse because it causes a conflict. "Adolescence is the developmental period known for experimentation. Boredom, peer pressure, and curiosity are known culprits in the onset of substance abuse in adolescence. At-risk youth without a resilient constitution fall prey to the prolific environmental influences that saturate communities across the United States (Taylor, 2014:306). This quote shows that kids have an easier access to substance abuse because of everything around them. Kids aren't the only ones who go through all of that, adults can and normally do too. There is a lot of conflict with substance abuse because there is always something missing or something that pushes you to it.
The final perspective is symbolic interactionism. This was created by George Herbert Mead. This perspective deals a lot with how people interact with each other every day. Symbolic interactionism looks at objects, behaviors, and symbols. This is very important because it helps to provide an explanation for things we experience. An example of this perspective would be hand gestures, one person's interpretation of a hand gesture will differ from someone else.
Substance abuse deals with symbolic interactionism because the drug use normally happens from someone dealing with someone who already uses it. When someone goes through someone who has already used, he or she learns everything he or she needs to, the equipment, how to use it, how people react to it, and the best places to get it. Opiate use was most common among men who had grown up in large US cities, were less well educated and had family histories of drug use, crime, and delinquency (Hall and Weier, 2016:177). This quote shows that people who are around it or live with people who have had the abuse before are more likely to do it because they have already been in a way a part of it, they have interacted with it. People having that interaction makes it easier for them to abuse substances.
In conclusion, it is easy to see that these three perspectives help analyze society easier. Functionalism helps to show how everything is tied together basically the system of how people get the drugs. Conflict theory helps people understand why others abuse substances and how they get to that point. These could not be as strong without symbolic interactionism because it helps give the symbols that makeup substance abuse. All these perspectives are needed to fully understand society.
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The Impact of Apple Inc. on Society
Introduction
Apple is a company that has made a huge impact on the way people use phones to communicate, take photos, listen to music, use the Internet, etc. The company offers a variety of products for consumers to purchase, and they have developed a loyal fanbase over the years. Apple designs, manufactures and markets mobile communication and media devices and personal computers, and sells a variety of related software, services, accessories, networking solutions and third-party digital content and applications. Their products and services include iPhone, iPad, Mac, Apple Watch, Apple TV, a portfolio of consumer and professional software applications, iOS, macOS, watchOS and tvOS operating systems, iCloud, Apple Pay and a variety of accessory, service and support offerings. There are several ways that a consumer can acquire these products and services. Apple sells and delivers digital content and applications through the iTunes Store, Apple Store, Mac App store, TV App Store, iBooks Store, and Apple Music (collectively Digital Content and Sevices).1 Apple has grown into a huge and very successful company by being able to accommodate to a wide range of consumers. The company sells to consumers, small and mid-sized businesses and education, enterprise and government customers.
General Environment
Apple, like any other company, has to consider the several factors that could potentially have an impact on the organization. These factors include political, economic, social, technological, legal, and environmental factors. One of the political factors that could have an impact on the company attributes to the amount of money they have generated. Apple had $34.7 billion in the bank on June 30, 2015. This is generating calls for higher corporate taxation in the United States, where income inequality has become a major political issue. Apple having their products manufactured overseas is another political factor. Apple is heavily dependent on lower cost manufacturing in China.2 Social and political unrest in China could disrupt manufacturing or increase manufacturing costs in that country. Goods being imported from China is a topic that has been brought up in political debates, with the question of whether it'd be good or bad for the American economy. Throughout the years, there has been calls to restrict Chinese imports in the United States in an effort to boost American manufacturing.
Some of the economic factors are associated with the consumers that Apple is trying to push their products to. Stagnating middle-class incomes in some developed countries, including the United States, could shrink the potential market for higher-end consumer goods such as those marketed by Apple. Because Apple is a company that does business around the world, other countries' economies is something they have to consider. A strong U.S. dollar could increase exchange rates, making it more expensive for Apple to do business in key markets like Europe and China.
Some of the social factors that could have a potential impact on Apple starts with the consumers and how they might perceive the products and services that Apple offers. There is a backlash against expensive and stylish products among some customers in the United States and Europe. Some consumers may feel that purchasing an iPhone is very similar to buying expensive clothes or luxurious cars. The products and services that Apple offers could be viewed as dispensable by those who are opposed to an opulent lifestyle. Another social factor attributes to Apple having their products manufactured in China. Ethical concerns about Apple's manufacturing in China could limit its products' appeal among socially-conscious consumers.
When it comes to technological factors, Apple has to consider the other organizations that serve as rivals, such as Google and Samsung. These competitors have demonstrated a strong ability to duplicate Apple's product and services, such as Google developing their own payment app, Android Pay, which has the same capabilities as Apple Pay. Apple also has to consider the popularity with some of their products. Growing use of smartphones and tablets will lower demand for Apple's popular personal computers.
There are several environmental factors that could have a potential impact on Apple. The biggest environmental issue facing Apple is the disposal of used or nonworking electronic devices. Disposing devices that contain lithium batteries in landfills could raise concerns and the expenses of disposing such devices could be high. Apple's products being manufactured in China is also an environment factors that could have an impact on the company. Pollution and other environmental side effects from manufacturing facilities in China are a growing concern. This could lead to increased regulation and higher manufacturing costs at some point in the future.
The final factor that could have a potential impact on Apple are legal factors. With all of the products and services that Apple offers, there are several things to consider from a legal standpoint. Apple depends on a variety of products covered by intellectual property laws, such as software and music, for much of its income. This leaves the company highly vulnerable to both piracy and litigation.
Porter's 5 Forces of the Industry
Porter's Five Forces is a model that identifies and analyzes five competitive forces that shape every industry, and helps determine an industry's weaknesses and strengths. Frequently used to identify an industry's structure to determine corporate strategy, Porter's model can be applied to any segment of the economy to search for profitability and attractiveness. If Apple wants to continue to grow and stand out in the industry, they should use Porter's Five Forces to formulate strategies that will help them gain a competitive advantage and continue to succeed as a business.
One of the forces is the bargaining power of suppliers. Apple has managed a complex chain of suppliers that are spread globally over several nations including the United States, China, Taiwan, Japan, Brazil, Mexico and several other small and big nations. Because Apple has so many suppliers in several countries, they are not limited to a single one, which allows the organization to have options. In this way, Apple also maintains excellent control over its suppliers. There is no threat of forward integration by the supplier either, so Apple's position against its suppliers is strong and their bargain power is weak.
Another force is the bargaining power of customers. While the bargaining power of individual customers in the case of Apple or its competitors is low, it is not so in the case of customer groups of markets. This is where Apple really needs to pay attention to its competition and what products or services they're selling to consumers with the same interests. In the last couple of years, Apple has lost a huge market share in the Asian markets in PC industry to competitors like Lenovo, so the collective bargaining power of the customers in individual markets is high.4 However, Apple has a loyal fanbase which has led to high iPhone sales, so the bargaining power of customers can be considered as weak to moderate.
Another force is the threat of new entrants. The cost barriers to establishing a new technology company are very high and it would be very difficult for a company to generate Apple's king of brand image and recognition overnight. This is something that can serve as beneficial to Apple as the threat of new entrants isn't very strong. However, even though Apple has this advantage, it doesn't mean that there aren't threats out there. A big brand with lots of capital and good brand recognition can diversify into this area to challenge Apple's market share.
The threat of substitutes is another force that is part of Porter's Five Forces. Apple needs to provide their consumers with products or services that will keep them satisfied. If not, they will choose to start using other products that are offered within the industry. While the brand loyalty of Apple consumers is high, some of the models from Samsung and Google are a potential threat because of their efficiency and design. Apple can hardly do anything to mitigate this threat except to bring more products with great features, but overall, the threat of substitutes for Apple is moderate.
The last force that is part of Porter's Five Force is the competitive rivalry between the existing players. The level of competition between the top players in the technological industry is very high. Apple has to take the competitors in the industry seriously if they want to continue to strive as a business. Some of the competitors of Apple in the industry include Google, Amazon, Microsoft, Lenovo, HP, Samsung and others. All these brands are engaged in intense competition where the loss of one can be the benefit of the other.
Value Chain Analysis
Value chain analysis is a process where a firm identifies its primary and support activities that add value to its final product and then analyze these activities to reduce costs or increase differentiation. Value chain represents the internal activities a firm engages in when transforming inputs into outputs. There are five primary activities that are within the value chain. They are inbound logistics, operations, outbound logistics, marketing and sales, and service. There are also four support activities, and they are technology/research development, human resource management, procurement, and firm infrastructure.
As mentioned earlier, Apple has a number of suppliers they do business with. CEO Tim Cook is known for his strategy of getting suppliers to compete with each-other and he has reduced the numbers of suppliers considerably after becoming CEO in 2011. The main sources of value in Apple inbound logistics relate to the economics of scale due to the massive scope and scale of business operations and the development of strategic relationships with suppliers.
When it comes to operations, Apple has operating segments located in many parts of the world. They include the Americas, Europe, India, Middle East and Africa, Greater China, Japan, and the rest of the Asian Pacific (Australia and other Asian countries). Outsourcing of manufacturing to locations with lower costs of resources is the main source of value for Apple operations.
Apple outbound logistics involves warehousing and distribution of ready iPhones, iPads, Mac computers and other products produced by the company.6 E-commerce sales are rightly acknowledged by the company as a massive source of value in terms of inbound logistics, because e-commerce is more cost effective compared to sales via Apple Store.6 Apple has been able to really succeed as an organization with their efforts. They have become the third largest retailer in the United States in terms of size of e-commerce business, only behind Amazon and Wal-Mart.
With their marketing and sales, Apple sells their products though seven sales channels. They are Apple retail stores, Apple online store, direct sales force, third-party cellular network carriers, wholesalers, retailers, and value-added resellers.
One of the reasons why Apple has been able to garner a loyal fanbase is because of their service. Apple is famous for exceptional quality of customer services during all three stages: pre-purchase, during the purchase, and post-purchase. The company maintains Apple experience centres in major cities around the globe where anyone can use its products to become convinced about the quality.
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Recidivism Rates of Women after Completing a Substance Abuse
Recidivism Rates of Women after Completing a Substance Abuse Program during Incarceration
Abstract
Women with substratum reproach issuance are more credible to be complex with crimes arise in penitentiary imprisonment. As female attain the penitentiary system, it is commanding for our society for them to reinstate from this reproach in direction to reenter their participation as an operating member and in some cases as an involved mother. This proposal will allude to study to highlight the most critical substance abuse programs that the Christian Melton Crain Unit in Texas has to offer and why these programs should be required for each woman who is or will enter the prison by comply with attending.
Introduction
The female population in Texas is on the rise and will rise much more than men. The number of women involved in the US criminal justice system doubled during the 1990s (Beck, 2000). Women now represent about 7% of the overall state and federal prison population and 24% of people on community supervision (Glaze and Bonczar, 2009). Using the information collected from the Texas area, the actual current study faces the really central question of whether women inmates who are released from prison with substance abuse program recidivated defiantly less than those who really do not join a program.
Objective
There are many concerns when considering problems with substance abuse among women who have contact with the criminal justice system. The concerning issues are the defendant relapsing, relapsing that would results into the rearrests or the death. The intention of this study is to examine the effects of substance misuse broadcast provided while a female offender is incarcerated. This study will evaluate the women incarcerated in the Christina Melton Crain Unit who have entered into the programs that are available by the Department of Criminal Justice and compare to those who offenders that did not enter the programs. The subjects for this work will be first time offenders, they will be looking at time within six months or more and they are all females. The other qualities that will be included in this study will be race, age of offender, the level of education and how long the offender was given to serve during incarceration. This study will measure the effectiveness of the programs and give input on the curriculum to help avoid any recidivism. Lastly this study will display that the cost of the programs available to better each offenders who is reentering the society.
Literature Review
Some have argued that increased attention to substance users during the late 1980s and 1990s during the war on drugs had particular adverse consequences for women (e.g., Chesney-Lind and Pasko, 2004; Covington and Bloom, 2003). The majority of women offenders have a long history of drug use or drug-related offenses. These programs will show weather the women that are taking advantage of the curriculum will result in being a onetime offender or if they will become a repeat offender. Although a rise in growth overall, the increased rate of incarceration has been predominantly intense for women. The quantity of female prisoners in the United States has steadily increased, soaring from 12,300 in 1980 to approximately 17 times that amount in 2008 (207,700; Ashley, Marsden, and Brady, 2003; Beck, 2000; West and Sabol, 2009). In large part, these higher rates of female incarceration are the result of policies that criminalize drug abuse, with almost 30% of female offenders arrested for drug crimes and approximately 33% reporting they were on drugs or obtaining drugs when arrested (Hall, Prendergast, Wellisch, Patten, and Cao, 2004; Messina, Burdon, and Prendergast, 2006).
The population of incarcerated offenders grew from approximately 200,000 offenders in 1973 to more than 2.2 million at the beginning of 2007 (Pew Center on the States, 2008; Travis, 2005). The quantity of female prisoners in the United States has steadily increased, soaring from 12,300 in 1980 to approximately 17 times that amount in 2008 (207,700; Ashley, Marsden, and Brady, 2003; Beck, 2000; West and Sabol, 2009). All through history there have been numerus investigations to add to the components including the motivations behind why female guilty party rate has risen so quickly. The point of this examination, being on females with substance mishandle issues, additionally have numerous investigations, research's, and test papers to add to the Criminal Justice Centers and science.
Psychopathy including females who have been detained and have substance issues here and there go hand and hand for a person. In spite of the face that this investigation does not include the psychopathy or mental express the females are in it is an imperative factor that has been considered and analyzed previously. This study examines the validity of the psychopathy concept and Hare checklist assessments for incarcerated women by evaluating the relationship of psychopathy with treatment compliance and treatment response in female offenders who participated in the first systematic empirical evaluation of several types of drug abuse treatment for female inmates (Richards, et al, 2003). The examination is additionally noteworthy to the racial or ethnic generalizability of psychopathy and hare agendas, in that the dominant part of members in this investigation was African American. Detainees were then enrolled for medication treatment program by methods for dynamic selecting at introductory jail introduction gatherings, through institutional caseworkers, publications, flyers and informal. The last examinations taken by the specialists give solid proof to the three tried speculation that psychopathy, and especially in female wrongdoers after treatment and discharge to the group.
According to Robbins, Martin, and Surratt (2007) women who completed the treatment program in their study were more likely to remain arrest-free during the first 18 months following prison, and they used drugs less frequently. There article reports analyses of recidivism and relapse experiences of substance-abusing women inmates as they reenter the community. Outcomes are compared for women who completed a work-release therapeutic community program, women who entered but did not complete the program, and those who did not receive work-release therapeutic community treatment (Robbins, Martin, Surratt, 2007).
This is harming finding since an ever increasing number of females are being captured and charged for medicate related violations. First time offenders can be condemned up to ten years in jail for having a dime of cocaine in their ownership or plan to offer. Research has demonstrated that there is a strong relationship between substance abuse and various forms of criminal activity and that drug treatment is effective in reducing crime among substance abusers (Mosher and Philips, 2006). Indications are that women offenders are even more underserviced with respect to drug treatment than are male offenders (Mosher et al, 2006). With a jail sentence of ten years, a medication client or some other detainee can possibly reemerge society without treatment or some frame with the thought of continuing with a profitable way of life. They are more harmed after a long jail sentence, with minimal shot of restoration.
The criminal and court justice system both give the prospect to the captured offender to take an outpatient recovery sentence rather than imprisonment. This allows the guilty party to remain out of endless supply of a substance mishandle program. Guilty parties who are presented to forced treatment openings might have a superior more successful outcome. John Hepburn presented Recidivism among Drug Offenders following exposure to treatment and accepted legitimate compulsion might be solid inspiration to treatment, yet it isn't sufficient to guarantee achievement. Hepburn found that without a readiness to look for treatment, huge numbers of those legitimately pressured to treatment neglect to enter treatment, neglect to finish treatment, and backslide amid treatment. On the off chance that the criminal equity framework have no alternative to a guilty party to partake in a substance mishandle program it could give the offender a chance to be restored as opposed to being set up for disappointment and sent to imprison as the results.
Subjects of Study
The subjects of this examination comprise just with ladies who are first time guilty parties with tranquilize addictions and imprisoned in consequences of their own wrongdoing. Each subject will be a prisoner detained in the Christina Melton Crain Unit, a Texas Department of Criminal Justice Prison for females situated in Gatesville, Texas. The length of imprisonment might be particular while coordinating a trial guilty party to a controlled offered. In this examination the test and control gathering will comprise of thirty-six detainees who have entered and finished the Substance Abuse Felony Punishment program that the prison offers. The groups speak to the subjects who are presented to a trail boost and for this situation the projects go about as the jolt. Subjects in the test aggregate are ordinarily contrasted with subjects in a control gathering to test the impacts of the trial boots. IN this examination, the gathering of offenders who did not enter the program speaks to control gathering. The control gather is comprised of the subjects to whom no trial boost is managed and who ought to take after the exploratory gathering in every single other regard. The correlation of the control gathering and test amass toward the finish of the investigation demonstrates the impact of the test jolt.
Measurements / Data Collection Method
To lead the examination in deciding if the offenders who joined the substance program were less inclined to wind up becoming repeat offenders, each subject was handpicked to fit into either the trial or the control gathering. Meetings, given by the graduate test collaborator, were given to one hundred prisoners who were detained in the Christina Melton Crain united situated in Gatesville, Texas. Out of the one hundred prisoners who fit the necessities, thirty-six were deliberately picked to speak to each gathering. The most ideal approach to accomplish equivalence is through a coordinating procedure in which subjects in the exploratory gathering are coordinated with subjects in a correlation gathering. A correlation bunch serves an indistinguishable capacity from a control gathering. In this specific investigation, the ladies in the control aggregate are those detainees who did not have to the substance program. Along the lines, the ladies in the exploratory gathering comprise of those detainees who attended a substance programs. Each offender, substance abuse subject who will go into the program is then coordinated with an examination subject of a similar race, age level of instruction and the length of one incarcerated. At that point of each trial subject is matched with an examination subject, five days preceding their discharge date between May 1, 2015 and July 30, 2015, and all people will be given a pretest. The pretest will assess the individual who were in participation of the substance abuse program and the individuals who were not and will each answer the correct arrangement of inquiries relating to; Drug use, medicate abuse, recovery, current conditions and future endeavors. Around three years after every subject discharge date, between May 1, 2018 and July 30, 2018, each subject will be reached via mail with investment letter and a posttest to be rounded out and restore no later than ten days after postdate. This posttest will assess whether the previous prisoner progressed toward becoming rehash quality with to without going to the substance abuse program by giving all subjects he correct arrangement of inquiries. The posttest will likewise decide whether the subjects went ahead to turning a persevering national who preceded or ceased sedate drug abuse. A duplicate of both pretest and posttest polls will be incorporated beneath in Index 1 and 2.
Limitations
There are imperative constraints that should be connected to this examination. The primary restriction is that there will be one hundred females' prisoners to meet and out of that aggregate; no less than seventy-two must take an interest. The reviews and inclusion are international and will be mysterious inside the last venture discharged to the general population. In spite of the face that a member may consent to all terms, they will most likely be unable to be situated following a three year time frame. There is additionally plausibility that after finding the subject, they don't mail back the posttest poll. Any deficient, unreturned poll or refusal to partake will be neglected from this investigation. This can bring about the second impediment, each trail subject is coordinated to a controlled subject and consequently in the event that one individual out of a couple identifies with the primary confinement a substitution is then advertised. As expressed previously six from each gathering will exchanges supplanting a subject if traded off. Thusly, the aggregate in the last item will incorporate thirty aggregate subjects in each gathering with six going about as substitutions. The third and last constraint will be whether people are detained amid the posttest time allotment. For this situation we should invest additional energy recovering authorization to offer posttest to the subject while serving their detainment period. Extra inclination would be if in reality a subject is using substance yet have not yet been gotten and charged. The respectability and trustworthiness of substance abusers can likewise counterbalance the last outcome. Finally, if the subject has since been expired amid the time period of posttest inquire about, the outcome will be traded off.
Design/ Analysis
The post-hoc semi exploratory outline will be utilized as part of this examination to contrast recidivism rate of detainees unmistakable with the substance manhandle program given at this specific jail with tantamount prisoners without such experience. This outline is "post-hoc" as in information is caught after the jail discharge instead of following detainees as they enter the jail framework and distinguishing prisoners who were included with substance manhandle preceding detainment and entered a restoration program or a prisoner who had not joined the substance mishandle program at that point following their post-jail recidivism results. The plan of this examination will likewise be pretest and posttest assemble outline. This plan is to decide if the individuals who entered the substance mishandle program after their first time offense could keep from being a rehash guilty party alongside temperance. The subjects will be returned to following three years from the time they were discharged to be given the posttest that will be inspected and decide their procedure at that point contrasted with each other's allotted accomplice. Utilizing this outline, the delivered discoveries will help the Criminal Equity Office to choose whether influencing these substances to manhandle programs compulsory regardless of the cost. The delivered discoveries will likewise help those one time wrongdoers needing the capacity to battle their addictions to enhance their ways of life. The examination of the discoveries will be processed and figured into an information graph. Rates of every factor will be computed to decide the general finish of how successful and useful these projects are in the restoration procedure of female hoodlums.
Schedule
- August 1, 2014-December 31, 2014 Interview process of inmates
- January 1, 2015-March 15, 2015 Individual picks process
- March 16, 2015-March 31, 2015 Processing of paperwork on all individuals and grouping is established along with compatibility of individuals in each group to pair inmates.
- April 1, 2015-June 30, 2015 Subjects are given pretest 5 days prior to individuals release dates. Subjects are released from incarceration on their individual release dates.
- January 1, 2018-Febuary 28, 2018 Subjects are located March 1, 2018-March 20, 2018 Preparation for mail to be released to individual subjects.
- March 21, 2018-June 25, 2018 Start of envelope mail dates three years after incarceration reflective toward each individual. All returned posttests should be sent no later than 10 days after being received.
Budget
The planned sum demand will be altogether of $28,519.92. Most of the assets will be utilized for work force costs, the IBM SPSS programming to ascertain the pretest and posttest and for two graduate research colleagues. This examination will require the primary research aide to meet the subjects required for the testing. The spending will incorporate educational cost required for the two semesters while included with this examination, time given for the meetings and the exploration regarding each matter, and the time given setting up the posttests in 2018. The investigation will require the second research right hand to finish the last segment for the aftereffects of this examination. The associate will aid the examination of the subjects' whereabouts. They will assist convey the posttest to the fitting subjects and they will help with coding the information and examination bolster when the posttests are recovered. The staff costs will aggregate to $21,050. The immediate costs will be required for various assets that will help with the finish of this examination. Paper will be required for the overviews and letter support, which will be printed at $.10 per duplicate including two study shapes, investment understanding structure and posttest letter. Stamped envelopes will be expected to send to the subjects including a moment stamped envelope with the arrival address put upon it. A rental auto will be required for the span of the examination for interviews directed by the main graduate research aide. The immediate costs will likewise incorporate office supplies, identifications, endless supply of posttests each subject will get a $25.00 gift voucher. The immediate costs will aggregate to $4,910.04. Likewise added to assets will be a 10% overhead for the support's rate of $2,597.00. Giving a sum of $28,557.04 expected to support this basic examination.
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Recidivism Rates of Women after Completing a Substance Abuse. (2019, Aug 16).
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How does Substance Abuse in Utero Affect a Child
"You know that we are lost when babies are addicted to drugs when they are born"- Louis Eric Barrier. Every 25 minutes, in the United States, a baby is born experiencing a dependence on some type of drug. Drinking, smoking, and recreational drug use during pregnancy has become a worldwide epidemic, harming or killing untold numbers of developing babies. Those that survive birth will continue to suffer a list of negative effects . This is a serious problem in our country as rates of addiction are increasing, drugs are on the rise, and tax payers are spending billions of dollars a year just for the addicted newborns' extended hospital stays. Of all these unpleasant facts, worse is the price that these infants must pay throughout their lives, facing behavioral, social, or academic problems in childhood and mental health issues as adults. Women in their child bearing years need to be informed and make careful choices for their unborn children.
According to Lauren Villa, writer at American Addiction Centers, Anywhere from 48-94% of babies exposed in utero to heroin will experience withdrawal at birth. Heroin is an extremely addictive recreational drug made from a seed pod of an opium poppy plant. Children born to heroin-dependent parents also had a high incidence of hyperactivity, inattention, and behavioral problems, determined by National Center for Biotechnology Information. Children in America born exposed to drugs in the womb has increased dramatically in the past 15 years. Reported by Mother to Baby, Studies have reported a risk for Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome (NAS) with heroin use during the third trimester of pregnancy. The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) estimated that about 6 of 1,000 babies born in the U.S. are diagnosed with Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome. Hospitals may use an assessment tool developed in the 1970's during the peak of the heroin outbreak. The assessment tool is used to help rate the infant's symptoms which helps determine what medication to put a baby on. In accordance with Mother to Baby, March of Dimes states, If you use heroin during pregnancy, it can cause serious problems for your baby, like premature birth, NAS, birth defects and still birth. Still birth is when a full term infant dies and is delivered. Drug use also causes many pregnant women to miscarry a fetus that is not yet full term. On average, the hospital stay for an infant diagnosed with NAS is $67,000. In 2012, 80 percent of the $1.5 billion charges for the treatment of NAS were covered by Medicaid programs, funded by taxpayers. "If you do not get medical care, it is four times more likely that your baby will die during your pregnancy or shortly after being born, believed by CRC Health.
Mother to Baby states that, Drinking alcohol in pregnancy puts the developing baby at risk for Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS). FAS is the most severe type of disorder infants may experience. In 2002, the lifelong estimated cost of a person with FAS was $2 million. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders are the leading cause of preventable mental retardation and are 100 percent avoidable if a woman does not drink alcohol during pregnancy, according to the U.S. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). Fetal Alcohol Syndrome can have a lasting effect on the children that are born with it. Alcohol can cause more neurobehavioral problems with an infant than heroin or cocaine. Pediatrics Child Health mentions, Children with FAS have problems with development, learning, behavior and social skills. Behavior problems linked with FAS are attachment disorders, which is when children don't have the opportunity to form a close relationship to an adult the way children typically do. As stated by March of Dimes, Drinking alcohol during pregnancy makes your baby more likely to have premature birth, birth defects and fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Premature birth is an infant born before 37 weeks of due date. The earlier an infant is born, the higher risk of complications following the birth. As little as one drink a day can raise the odds of miscarrying or having a baby with a low birth weight, and raise your child's risk of problems with learning, speech, attention span, language, and hyperactivity (Babycenter.com). No amount of alcohol is safe for a baby during the pregnancy. Reasoning (cognitive) thinking is another consequence of FAS that can affect the child later in life with school performance. Some children don't experience symptoms from alcohol exposure until their mid or late teen years.
Babies can be born addicted to methamphetamine and suffer withdrawal symptoms that include tremors, sleeplessness, muscle spasms, and feeding difficulties, stated by americanpregnancy.org. Methamphetamine is a synthetic drug that is used as a stimulant illegally. As numbers increase of pregnant women abusing substances, it is becoming a public health concern. Out of the babies exposed to meth in the womb, only four percent were treated for withdrawal. Recovery Village states, Neonatal amphetamine withdrawal symptoms can include problems feeding, irritability and agitation. Babies may pull away, arching their back, when held and can be very restless. As mentioned before, Recovery Village mentions that, Studies have shown that exposing a fetus to meth can cause DNA damage, and mental and physical abnormalities and heart defects. Babies will respond well to rocking and swaddling. They easily become dehydrated so should have an abundance of liquids to keep hydrated. A 2005 study by the University of Toronto showed that taking just one dose of meth during pregnancy could have dire consequences for the baby, states casapalmera.com. Babies born with methamphetamine in their system are referred to as addicted but essentially that is not the case, their bodies have developed a physical tolerance to the drug. The majority of the study results we have come from animal studies. Babies may experience organ, muscle and bone pain.
According to Therese Grant, investigator of the Parent-Child Assistance Program, ...pregnant women who used marijuana in the past year, 16.2% used almost daily. Marijuana is a psychoactive drug from a cannabis plant. Raina Delisle said in her article, in Today's Parent, Using cannabis can lead to poor pregnancy outcomes and long-term neurodevelopmental effects on the child. Smoke from marijuana contains a lot of the same carcinogenic toxins as smoke from tobacco that cause respiratory diseases. A child whose mother used marijuana during pregnancy may have trouble with memory, attention, controlling impulses, and school performance stated by healthline.com. In school age children five to six, scores significantly drop in attention span and memory tests due to prenatal marijuana exposure. According to National Health Services, Research suggests that using cannabis regularly during pregnancy could affect your baby's brain development. Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), in the marijuana, is the substance that leads to problems with brain development. ...mothers who use cannabis during pregnancy are more likely to have a low birth weight, which can lead to various health problems (Babycentre.com). When a pregnant woman smokes marijuana, it stays in the baby's fat cells for seven to 30 days.
Abusing drugs during pregnancy affects infants physically and has continued effects due to brain structure changes that may affect the growing child behaviorally, academically, and in making social-emotional connections with others. These changes may follow into their adult life, exhibiting as mental disorders, or through altered DNA. It is a serious problem for society and for the affected individual but it can be completely prevented by mothers being fully aware of what is at stake and making the choice to remain drug and alcohol free throughout their pregnancies. "A baby is born with a need to be loved - and never outgrows it."(Frank A. Clark)
Works Cited
- Alcohol during Pregnancy. March of Dimes, www.marchofdimes.org/pregnancy/alcohol-during-pregnancy.aspx.
- mothertobaby.org/fact-sheets/alcohol-pregnancy/pdf/.
- Atwater, Taylor. Meth Babies on the Rise: Long-Term Effects of Moms on Meth During Pregnancy. The Recovery Village, The Recovery Village, 1 June 2018, www.therecoveryvillage.com/meth-addiction/meth-babies-on-the-rise/#gref.
- Drinking Alcohol during Pregnancy. BabyCenter, 9 Oct. 2018, www.babycenter.com/0_drinking-alcohol-during-pregnancy_3542.bc.
- Delisle, Raina. Is It Safe to Use Weed during Pregnancy? Today's Parent, Today's Parent, 19 Oct. 2018, www.todaysparent.com/pregnancy/pregnancy-health/is-it-safe-to-use-weed-during-pregnancy/.
- Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: What You Should Know about Drinking during Pregnancy. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2794811/.
- Heroin and Pregnancy. March of Dimes, www.marchofdimes.org/pregnancy/heroin-and-pregnancy.aspx.
- MotherToBaby, mothertobaby.org/fact-sheets/heroin/.
- Heroin's Effects on Pregnancy. DrugAbuse.com, 9 Sept. 2017, drugabuse.com/library/heroin-pregnancy/.
- Is It Safe to Smoke Weed during Pregnancy? BabyCentre UK, BabyCentre Blog, www.babycentre.co.uk/x25014277/is-it-safe-to-smoke-weed-during-pregnancy.
- Marijuana Use During Pregnancy: Short and Long-Term Effects. adai.uw.edu/mjsymposium/slides/grant2016.pdf.
- National Institute on Drug Abuse. Dramatic Increases in Maternal Opioid Use and Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome. NIDA, 1 Sept. 2015, www.drugabuse.gov/related-topics/trends-statistics/infographics/dramatic-increases-in-maternal-opioid-use-neonatal-abstinence-syndrome.
- NHS Choices, NHS, www.nhs.uk/live-well/healthy-body/cannabis-the-facts/.
- Ornoy, A, et al. The Developmental Outcome of Children Born to Heroin-Dependent Mothers, Raised at Home or Adopted. Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports., U.S. National Library of Medicine, May 1996, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8735375.
- Pregnant & Using Heroin. CRC Health Group, www.crchealth.com/addiction/heroin-addiction-treatment/pregnant-heroin/.
- Reale, Skylar. Taking Amphetamine While Pregnant: What You Need to Know. The Recovery Village, The Recovery Village, 1 Nov. 2018, www.therecoveryvillage.com/amphetamine-addiction/amphetamine-while-pregnant/#gref.
- Reinberg, Steven. Pregnant Women Put Babies at Risk With Alcohol. WebMD, WebMD, 2 Feb. 2016, www.webmd.com/baby/news/20160202/millions-of-pregnant-women-put-their-babies-at-risk-with-alcohol-cdc.
- Smoking Weed While Pregnant: Is It Dangerous? Healthline, Healthline Media, www.healthline.com/health/pregnancy/smoking-weed#potential-effects-while-pregnant.
- Staff, Casa Palmera. The Facts and Effects of Methamphetamine Addiction and Pregnancy. Casa Palmera, 14 Jan. 2015, casapalmera.com/blog/the-facts-and-effects-of-methamphetamine-addiction-and-pregnancy/.
- Swain County, North Carolina, www.swaincountync.gov/dss/dss-meth-faq-children-exposure.html.
- Using Illegal Drugs During Pregnancy. American Pregnancy Association, 1 Feb. 2018, americanpregnancy.org/pregnancy-health/illegal-drugs-during-pregnancy/.
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How Does Substance Abuse in Utero Affect a Child. (2019, Aug 16).
Retrieved November 4, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2019/08/page/5/
Apple Inc. – Managing a Global Supply Chain
Executive Summary
An analyst for a money management company based in Toronto, BXE Capital (BXE), was studying Apple Inc. as one of the company's main investments. Apple had a market capitalization of nearly USD 500 billion and sales of USD 171 billion in 2013. According to the research company, Gartner Group, it had the best supply chain in the world, ranking ahead of firms such as Amazon, Zara and Walmart. As a part of the analysis, a full review of the supply chain of Apple Inc.'s is required to look for insight into the future performance of the company for deciding whether the analyst company should continue to hold the shares of Apple Inc. Introduction Apple Inc. was established by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak and Ronald Wayne in 1976. In the summer of 1976, Ronald Wayne had left the company, but Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak launched the first of many trendsetting products to be developed and released, Apple 1 Computer. While under John Sculley's leadership, Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak left Apple in 1985.
However, Steve Jobs returned in 1997 and became CEO, taking control of Apple Inc. and bringing the company back from near bankruptcy to profitability by 1998. Under the legendary leadership of the late Steve Jobs, the Apple Inc. brand was successfully rebuilt and become one of the most innovative companies in the world today and has a large loyal customer base. Just after Steve Jobs returned, Tim Cook (a world-renowned supply chain expert) joined Apple Inc. in 1998, who helped transform Apple Inc.'s messy operations into a global supply chain success and credited with streamlining Apple's supply chain, helping create the most powerful supply chain in the world. Apple Inc. is one of the world leaders in innovation today, product design and development, marketing and branding, software ecosystems, products and services.
It sells products through its retail stores, online stores, direct sales force, third-party cellular network carriers, wholesalers, and retailers. It also sells digital content and apps through the iTunes Store. Apple Inc. has evolved into the Most Valuable Brand in the world today. The Differences set Apple Inc. Apart From its Competitors There are several main aspects set Apple Inc. apart from its competitors (see as below): AppleCompetitors Adopting 'Air-Freight' as a more efficient methodAdopting cheaper transportation methods such as 'Sea-Freight' Adopting 'Intermediate Warehouse' at Fedex and UPS for reducing customers' waiting time. N/A Keeping the close relationship with global suppliers. Strictly treating suppliers, and attempting to reduce their price Maintaining 'Just-in-Time' supply chain. Focusing on 'cost' and selecting the lowest price suppliers.
Apple Inc.'s Key Advantages in Manages its Supply Chain Operations
Real-time coordination of supply chain Comparing to the life-cycle of traditional product which spans over four to five years, iPhone as an innovative product, Apple Inc.'s management team kept the lifecycle closer to only one year on average. For supporting the short product development cycle, Apple Inc. adopts a 'Just-in-time' supply chain to coordinate with the production on a real-time basis.
Controlling internally the entire supply chain For developing new products, many stakeholders are involved in the processes of development. Apple Inc. typically handles much of the engineering works involved in getting a product made in large numbers by partnering with contract manufacturers. Engineers often spend weeks at facilities in Asia to make sure the equipment and spare parts are properly operating. With data sharing, Apple Inc.'s procurement team also keep closely controlling its upstream suppliers. Unlike other competitors simply outsource the manufacturing to the third-party service providers, Apple Inc. would rather internally control its entire supply chain.
The close relationship with suppliers Apple Inc. closely works and builds a close relationship with the contract manufacturers. Its designers closely work with suppliers for helping translate prototypes into mass-produced devices. Furthermore, Apple Inc. continually shares its demand forecasting information to suppliers starting from 150 days in advance of the product launch for allowing adjustment in production schedules and meet the sudden spikes in orders. A well-known example is that within 96 hours, Foxconn produced over 10,000 iPhones a day because of the Apple's redesign of screens at the last minute.
Highly integration with centralized Research & Development Technology firms commonly separate the Research & Development department and separate the profit and loss accountability for each product segment. However, Apple Inc. highly integrated the Research & Development department as well as the profit and loss accountability to the entire company. All people within the company are responsible for the products' success.
Pre-purchased capacity Many competitors used the same components as the key parts from a single supplier, so it is common for the components to be out of stock during overwhelming demand. Apple Inc. then starts to pre-purchase suppliers' production capacity for ensuring a steady supply of the key parts from suppliers. Moreover, the pre-purchase strategy also adapts to the logistics arrangement. Apple Inc. found that it is costly for the backlog of orders and hence they start adopting air-freight for transportation while other competitors rely exclusively on shipments by sea-freight. Apple Inc.'s pre-purchased is available holiday air-freight for ensuring delivery available during holiday sales rush. This also adds the benefit of shutting out rivals.
Global operation Apple Inc. divides its products' production in different countries. Some processes of production require labor-intensive operation with complex quality control processes. Other countries can provide resources that the U.S is limited. An estimation from Apple Inc. for manufacturing iPhone reviewed which China took fifteen days to find qualified industrial engineers while in the U.S may take as long as nine months.
Lightly investing on fixed cost According to Apple Inc.'s financial report, asset and inventory's return is high. This has resulted from the lightly fixed cost investment strategy. As low fixed cost need to spread over a high volume, the manufacturing cost of Apple Inc. account larger portion on variable cost. Apple Inc. strategically emphasizes on variable cost which only goes up when sales volume increase. Apple Inc. uses third-parties' logistics services and outsources its production for achieving light assets investment.
Forward Integration Despite adopting retail partners to distribute its products, Apple Inc. also operates its own stores in high-traffic location as well as the online stores. Over 70% of products and services are sold directly to businesses and consumers by Apple Inc. itself.
The limited products' configuration Apple Inc.'s products are famous for its limited configuration. It restricted the design and configurations of its products, and iOS is designed with less customization setting to provide a more user-friendly experience. With the limited number of configurations, Apple Inc. can streamline the process of the supply chain.
Effective reverse logistics function Apple Inc. developed an effective reverse logistic function for enhancing customers' post-purchase experience. Consumers are allowed to input the defects online and the system would automatically retrieve purchase information by the serial number. Apple Inc. provides responsive service for product return by sending pre-addressed, pre-stamped box sent through express parcel service to collect the defective product. Apple Inc.'s reverse logistic function greatly improved customer satisfaction, lowered the number of calls to its technical support service and eliminate the likelihood of customer error when processing a return.
Intense customer education Apple Inc. operates self-own retail outlets not only capture more sales but relies heavily on its retail stores for providing customer education. Apple Inc. gives product training and educates customers on their product usage.
12.Emphasizing brand management Apple Inc. business model focuses on innovation and new product development. With various marketing strategies and customer education, Apple Inc. advertises the lifestyle it created other than the actual functionality of its products. This helps to create a strong brand loyalty.
The Challenges Apple Inc. Faces in the Future & the Implications for it Supply Chain
Developing the overwhelming new products In recent years, Apple Inc. is having a difficult time to develop overwhelming new products. It has been putting a lot of effort to improve and integrate its existing products such as iPhones, Mac Books, iPads, Apple Watches etc. Apple Inc. has been innovating its products and fittings for every version, but the market has the higher expectation than simply a slight improvement on the internal configuration of its products. The consumers or users are expecting technological breakthrough new major products. Apart from this, the sales growth is slowing down, and the declining rate is high until the next model has been ready. This indicates that the consumers or users have gradually lost interests in Apple Inc.'s product. The implication for Apple Inc.'s Supply Chain The products of Apple Inc. have been known for making by assembling numerous components produced by a lot of different suppliers. Developing new products implicates a large sum of new components are required in its production which makes Apple Inc.'s supply chain network more extensive and its management more complex. Apple Inc. also needs to invest more in its research and development and reverse logistics system. Therefore, Apple Inc. can do better in product management and address the new or latent demand for their consumers by reviewing the old returned products. Apart from this, Apple Inc. can introduce the new customized products or new features also for existing products which give the market a new surprise.
Keeping sustainable relationships with existing or new suppliers Apple Inc. will be facing a challenge in keeping sustainable relationships with existing or new suppliers. Apple Inc. secures its components supply for meeting the high demand in the market by buying a large volume of components from its suppliers with a huge amount of pre-payment. The largely committed manufacturing capacity which occupied a large part of the businesses of its suppliers. This leads suppliers to receive orders from other customers with difficulty. Therefore, suppliers have been dependent on Apple Inc. for earning profits. Suppliers also have high pressure to get components done with Just-In-Time manufacturing in prepayment. Realizing slim profit gain from Apple Inc. orders with the above disadvantages, Apple Inc.'s existing or potential suppliers tend to change their attitudes and some even consider declining Apple Inc. orders for maintaining their independence. The case also mentioned a key part manufacturing refused huge prepayment from Apple Inc. for providing largely committed manufacturing capacity. The implication for Apple Inc.'s Supply Chain As some suppliers stop renewing the contract with Apple Inc. because of all the cooperation shortcoming and hardship. Therefore, Apple Inc. has to spend extra money on searching and scanning for new suitable suppliers. The potential suppliers might also hang back when realizing the drawbacks to receive orders from Apple Inc., which decreases Apple Inc.'s choices on choosing suppliers. Therefore, Apple Inc. might need to offer a higher pre-payment or new payment methods for suppliers in producing unique components for its products. This might lead to higher production cost and affect the supply chain's total profitability.
Maintaining the reputation Apple Inc. has been accused of co-operating with sweatshops in its upstream supply chain because of its just-in-time manufacturing and sudden orders or change requirements, the assembler or manufacturer serve Apple Inc. might require their workers to work overtime for meeting the needs of Apple Inc. The case mentioned that workers had to continuously work twelve hours or Foxconn's workers had been required to wake up at midnight for work. The implication for Apple Inc.'s Supply Chain These ethical issues make Apple Inc.'s reputation as it does not have strict monitoring on their partners for producing products. The workers might strike for fighting better benefits and compensations by long-term exploitation. This will lead to production disruption and affect Apple Inc's just-in-time manufacturing with a tight schedule. This might increase both cost and the lead time for products.
Staying as the market leader in the aggressive competition In recent years, the smartphone industry has rapidly been developing, many competitors catch with innovation at a fast speed (such as Huawei, Samsung, etc.). It is important for Apple Inc. to keep its first-mover advantage and keep putting efforts in innovating. Those who use Android phones have dramatically increased. According to the report presented by IDC in November 2016, the market share of Android phones has occupied nearly 85%, but the iOS phone has only occupied nearly 15%. As consumers have easily shifted to other brands under the market with aggressive competition, therefore, Apple Inc. has to put more efforts to keep its position as the market leader. The implication for Apple Inc.'s Supply Chain Apple Inc. has to invest heavily in research and development of its products in its supply chain and places a good balance on stock and production for dealing with the impacts brought by the greater demand fluctuation on its JIT system. Apart from this, Apple Inc. also needs to consider the market segmentation that it not only produces high-end products but also low-end products in order to meet the customers' needs. PeriodiOSAndroidWindows PhoneOthers 2016 Q115.40%83.40%0.80%0.40% 2016 Q211.70%87.60%0.40%0.30% 2016 Q312.50%86.80%0.30%0.40% 2016 Q418.20%81.40%0.20%0.20% 2017 Q114.70%85.00%0.10%0.10% Source: IDC, May 2017 5.Minimizing the cost of production Although Apple Inc. has performed well on cost-controlling for its production, it still has a higher cost of production when comparing to its competitors (such as Huawei, Samsung, etc.).
As the market for the smartphone has been mature, smartphone producers not only compete on innovation but cost as well. Apart from these, the cost of production and selling price of iPhones has generally been higher than competitors, therefore, squeezing cost will be a big challenge for Apple Inc. The implication for Apple's Supply Chain When there is a need for cutting cost, it implicates that there is a need to cut procurement cost and streamline processes. Therefore, it is necessary for Apple Inc. to improve its supply chain organization to minimize cost. For further reducing the cost of ordering and transportation, it is necessary for Apple Inc. to regularly review its procurement strategies and transportation model. Conclusions & Recommendations As Jessica Grant, I would suggest the company's vice-president Philip Duchene that Apple Inc. could adjust the shareholding depends on certain factors which could be Apple Inc.'s niche product offerings with a huge market share and its strong brand name due to the increased investment. For the factors of decreasing investment, they could be the uncertain development of new key products, unstable relationship with its manufacturer and fluctuating costs.
In the strong brand name, Apple Inc. keeps offering consumers the superior quality of buying experience in retail stores. The experienced talents in stores can provide quality services and knowledge to consumers. Furthermore, Apple Inc.'s services after selling can increase customers' loyalty. For the China market, Apple Inc.'s products increased by the demographic demand. Apple Inc. can save the costs of production and achieve better profits by locating the factories in China. Although there is uncertainty for developing new product lines, Apple Inc is the market leader in terms of research and development. Therefore, it is worth for BXE to invest more in Apple Inc. For BXE to decrease concerns of shareholding, Apple Inc.'s intention to capture a wider target market segment. Apple Inc. respectively introduced iPhone 5C and iPhone SE in 2013 and 2016. These lower prices' products attracted more customers who have a limited budget. Although Apple Inc. does not have distinct competitive advantages in the economic smartphone market when comparing with Xiaom, some magazines or reports in the market about smartphones show that the ratings of iPhone SE were mostly similar or worse than Xiaomi's Redmi Note 3. Thus, BXE might need to consider about it when adjusting the portfolio in investment.
Bibliography
Apple Inc.: Managing A Global Supply Chain (2017), Published by Ivey, 9B13D005. Nigel Slack, Alistair Brandon-Jones, Robert Johnston (2011), Essentials of Operations Management, 1st Edition, Pearson Education Limited. https://www.apple.com/hk/
https://gadgets.ndtv.com/apple-iphone-se-3393-vs-xiaomi-redmi-note-3-3119
https://www.zdnet.com/article/three-huge-challenges-facing-apple-in-2016/
https://www.idc.com/promo/smartphone-market-share/os https://beebom.com/smartphones-market-analysis/
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Professional and Personal Code of Ethics
What I value most in my life are my two daughters, my children mean everything to me and I promised myself that I would do any and everything for my kids to ensure that they would never want for anything. Upon having kids I never understood the amount of love and affection that you could have for someone. My children make me want to strive to be the best for both me and them by showing them anything can be done if you work hard for it, and not making excuses. Raising them to grow up and becoming strong women and independent and letting them know that if you want something then go for it. Another person that I value most in life is my mother, my mother is my best friend, she always allowed me to be myself and never passed judgment and has always been a positive role model throughout my life, because growing up it has always been just my mother me and brother I was able to experience everything that she went through, my mother also did not hold anything back from us and kept the communication open and honest. My mother has always been a big support system for me with helping with my children to staying with them while working weekends to coming over and spending time with them and my children adore my mother, that makes me feel grateful that she is in our lives.
My boyfriend and his family are also an important part in my life, my boyfriend who is also the father of my children and with us being together since teenage years we've been through so much together both good and bad but always managed to make it work and get through whatever the situation may have been, he is also an amazing father and has never missed a beat in his daughters lives and for that I appreciate him. As for his family they are and have always been supportive and helpful to me with keeping the kids through late nights while working and juggling school also keeping them so we can get a moment. I understand the saying now it takes a village to raise a child that statement is so true it takes so much support and assistance to allow a parent to do the things they need to do in order to be a good parent and successful, so for that, I am forever grateful and appreciative.
I also value myself and understand my potential and my capabilities to make what I want possible and not allowing obstacles that may be in my way to deter what my goals are and by using those obstacle's as motivation to keep pushing for myself and for my family. Since becoming a parent I have learned so much about myself and my capabilities, because starting my family at a young age I had to learn and grow a lot sooner than people my age between school, having a child and working two jobs, I do not have any uncertainties in my abilities.
I think I have good moral character I try to practice honesty, friendliness as well as patience, respect, and kindness. I feel that having good moral is important to try to have throughout life and treating people how you want to be treated and having respect for others are very important. I feel that in life you never know whom you may come into contact with and showing your good moral may help you succeed and get you where you ultimately want to be in life. For example in line noticing someone in front of you is short of a few cents giving the rest or when we ""pay it forward"" that's promoting kindness and maybe even compassion and showing your character.
I try to practice integrity by staying honest and also instilling good moral character to my children by advising them of the importance of staying true to yourself and standing strong for what you believe in and never doubting what you're capable of, also treating people with respect until they give you a reason to believe otherwise. Having good moral character is imperative to living a fulfilling life because having good morals ultimately determines the type of person you will grow to be and as parents we are not shaping our children for today we are molding them for the future, to eventually be good parents, wives/ husbands and honest people.
My idea of integrity is following what you believe is the right thing to do regardless of the circumstances even if it's not for all to see, as long as you practice good morals and doing the right thing is all that matters. Also, integrity can include being consistent, being consistent in our work and what we value the most. Constancy allows people to know what they can expect from you and know that what you have to offer will be nothing but the best regardless of the situation the results that you offer will always be fair and appropriate for the situation. Valuing ethics is important because it shows the kind of person you are and your morals, I think based upon your actions and behavior you're consequences are determined and most of the time our actions affect those of others. I do not think a happy life could be lived without being ethical because our word is all we have if we are constantly dishonest lie, steal or cheat people would not trust us or one to be around us due to a feeling that they would have to watch out for themselves. By living an ethical life I believe in karma when you do good for people whether it's noticed or not it will come back to you in more ways than one, and when you do wrong and are not honest you will ultimately get what you deserve.
According to Aristotle and his definition of happiness which explains the overall purpose of living a fulfilling life is based upon happiness which Aristotle viewed as Complete virtue his view was also seen as a positive for mental stability and physical. Aristotle viewed happiness as the central part and main goal in a human's life, Aristotle's virtue of happiness claims that as people we value money, pleasure, and honor believing that this is the way to happiness however, happiness is always the main goal and without happiness one is unable to live a satisfying life. This requires us to make choices, some of which may be very difficult. Often the lesser good promises immediate pleasure and is more tempting, while the greater good is painful and requires some sort of sacrifice."" (Aristotle)
This theory may help to make ethical decisions in life because people want to be happy, maintaining certain values and character traits will allow us to ultimately be happy and enjoy the pleasures in life that matter the most. Practicing g good morals and doing the right thing is sure to ensure that we will live happily. ""Happiness depends on acquiring a moral character, where one displays the virtues of courage, generosity. Justice, friendship, and citizenship in one's life."" (Aristotle)
Employees within the criminal justice field are required to be committed to providing security, honesty, and commitment and the rights of the people it serves. For criminal justices professional maintaining and providing trust to the community is a big part of the job without trust or losing the trust of the public will cause the community to not cooperate with law enforcement as well as others in the field because they know that nothing good will come out of the situation. In order to handle ethical issues in criminal justice, the International Association of Chiefs of Police publishes a code of ethics that acts as the foundation upon which ethical practices in law enforcement are built (Removing the Blindfold) this criminal justice code of ethics include five basic principles which include: leading by example, serving the community, respecting your job and the goals, and taking responsibility, respecting the badge and office and remain impartial. It is important that criminal justice professionals have knowledge of ethics because in the criminal justice field there may be many opportunities where criminal justice professionals may want to disregard those morals but then need to quickly understand the nature of their job which is providing honesty and integrity to the citizens they protect. ""Without knowledge of ethics, criminal justice professionals may be naive about moral issues occurring within the criminal justice system."" (Removing the Blindfold) The study of ethics helps criminal justice professionals quickly recognize the ethical consequences of various actions and the moral principles involved.
Though a career in the criminal justice field can be a rewarding job, careers within this field may be presented with a few weakness, most of the field requires providing the citizens it protects with honesty and dignity sometimes remaining honest may be a difficult part of the job. Also, people that work in the criminal justice field come across many different types of people: sexual orientations, religions, ethnicities etc. and because we do not always agree with someone else's beliefs and ways not judging a person on their personal beliefs or situation is an ethical part of the job. Nowadays, many criminal justice employees are facing backlash for racial profiling, unfortunately, if you're a Caucasian officer and fatally wound a minority society will view that incident as a racially motivated crime. The criminal justice system is biased in its treatment of nonwhite defendants. This systemic racial bias was identified in a 2000 report issued by the National Institute of Corrections. The report calls the treatment of black and Latino individuals by U.S. courts and police authorities ""massively and pervasively biased."" Such racial bias occurs at every stage of the criminal justice process, from arrest to sentencing. Blacks, Latinos and other minorities are frequently subject to racial profiling, unfair police targeting, biased decisions regarding criminal charges and plea bargains, and discriminatory sentencing decisions"". (Allen 2017)
Another weakness of the criminal justice field may be officers using the nature of their jobs to deceive and intimidate people, threatening people and intimidating the people they should be serving and protecting is not an acceptable part of the job and does violate the criminal justice code of ethics. A recent Pew Research Center poll found that, while 31 percent of police officers see their primary role as that of a protector, only about 16 percent of the public has that view. At the same time, while only 8 percent of officers see themselves as enforcers primarily, 29 percent of the public view police as enforcers. (Removing the blindfold)
However, while there are disadvantages to the criminal justice code of conduct there are also positive aspects of the jobs. Criminal justice professionals have to care about people and want to maintain and protect their rights whether being a lawyer, police officer, parole/ probation officers their main priority is taking care of the public without passing judgment regardless of the situation and treated equally. Criminal justice professions protect the community and help bring criminals down and making them responsible for the crimes that they commit, which can be a good feeling knowing that you were able to get dangerous people off the street
There was a case that took place in Queens, New York in 2008 which involved Stephen Anderson and four other officers in which they were guilty of framing innocent people with planting narcotics in order to meet arrest quotas, this was known as ""flaking"". ""One of the consequences of the war in drugs is the police officers are pressured to make large numbers of arrest, and it's easy for some of the less honest cops to plant evidence on innocent People"" (Lee 2014) Officers were often under pressure and threatened to make their quotas by their bosses this activity was all caught on audio.
""According to the DPA, the NYPD has recently come under fire recently for the arrest of more than 50,000 people last year for low-level marijuana offenses- 86 percent of whom are black and Latino making marijuana possession the number one offense in the city"". (Lee 2014)
This scandal led to the arrest of eight officers after Stephen Anderson's testimony. During Anderson's testimony he stated the officer's framed innocent people in order to help fellow officer Henry Tavares whose, arrest rate was low and to keep him from being demoted, when officers have low arrest rates they are at risk of being demoted and taken off of special undercover cases, Anderson advised this practice was done on multiple occasions. The evidence provided was enough to throw out four hundred different drug cases, brothers Jose Colon and Maximo were falsely arrested by the two officers and the city settled due to false arrest for 300,000 after surveillance showed they had been framed.
So while there may be many unethical criminal justice professionals there are more honest ones that take pride in their jobs. Being ethical and having good morals is a trait that all should practice, doing well and treating people with respect can bring the good out in yourself and you'll be surprised by the good that comes from it. Practicing good morals shows the type of person that you are and the characteristics that we portray. Aristotle views happiness as the way to living a fulfilling and virtuous life, we as people value material things such as money and things that can eventually be taken away, but as Aristotle views it being the main goal and the ultimate end and what we strive for is happiness. By instilling good morals in our families and in ourselves are important to build character, materialistic things may come and go but the characteristics that we have are what really matters and will allow us to be happy in our lives. While reading the code of ethics for my career I am able to understand that the main goal is protecting and serving the community while instilling trust within the public and getting them to know that officers of the law and criminal justice field are trying to protect them and have their best interest at heart and not passing judgment. While there may be many unethical criminal justice professionals that may take their jobs for granted and have disobeyed the code of conducts of the career there are twice as many officers that are prepared to take on the responsibility of serving their community the ethical way.
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Journalism Ethics
Within the journalism community, Journalists feel the need to uphold specific ethical standards. The Society of Professional Journalists created a Code of Ethics broken up into 4 specific subsections. These sections include guidelines on truthful reporting, accountability, sensitivity towards specific topics, and independence. Since journalism is a profession that deals with ethics on a day to day basis it is important to highlight such standards. Truthful reporting- Collecting facts in a legal and formal process are important to any journalist. In addition, a journalist should always continuously check their stories incase their facts or sources change over time. Journalists should also be able to allow their sources to go unamend if it means protecting them from physical or other harm. It is also to beware of slander when writing about a source. A journalist should always present a story that has multiple sources and have information from the accused as well.
Accountability - Journalists play a role in uncovering the truth and by doing so, readers can continue to support them knowing that they are getting knowledge from a credible source. Journalists should be willing to answer questions that people may have about their writings, as well as owning up to their own mistakes.
Sensitivity - It is important for journalists to be empathetic towards their subjects and the topics they choose to report on. Many times people will not want to comment on horrible events, or when they do, it is important for a journalist to not be too insensitive. It is also important to understand how to respectfully get information from people from different cultural, religious and ethnic backgrounds.
Independence - Journalists shouldn't work for bribes or favoritism. In our job description, it's important for us to not work solely to please others and win their support. We are here to tell the most unbiased story as possible and allow people to make their own judgements. Once we start to bring opinion into our writing we no longer allow the public to create their own judgements.
- What interested you the most?
- What I didn't understand
- What would you like to understand more?
I was mostly interested in the idea that regular citizens had more of a right to what the news should publish about them rather than know figures. I believed that the ideal would be opposite, as public figures are usually seen as the people who have more authority.
I was confused about the technicalities of what was considered to be information that was a mixture of news and advertisement.
I would like to have a deeper understanding of being able to talk to subjects that have gone through horrible situations and telling their stories without being to impersonal or prying. I would like to also have a better understanding of communicating with other people. In addition I would like to understand more about how social media effects the credibility of facts in the journalism world, and how journalists can use social media platforms to relay information formally.
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Personal Code of Ethics
Ethics means distinguishing what is right and what is wrong when dealing with moral conflict. In today's world people have so much information coming from multiple sources that it is impossible to escape from it. Information is available to everyone, for those who want it and also for those who do not want it. This information can be right for some people and offensive for others. Journalists have the freedom to publish any news or advertisement they like or they feel right to publish because they have a freedom of press. Although, many publishers do tend to publish a story in a very biased or non transparent way. There should a code of conduct which should be followed when is comes to publishing new articles or advertisement. Some of the things publishers should consider is if they are being transparent on the information they are providing, is the information being biased towards certain group of people or if the information is relative to the readers or not. The code of ethics is not enforced by law, but it is a form of self regulation and should be adopted by the journalists themselves. Journalists should construct their own ethical principles. There are many cases which shows that ethics and journalism go hand in hand. Ethics help us to focus on morally relevant concerns and provide justifiable decision or solution.
Taking the class of Media Law and Ethics have opened up my eyes in multiple ways and also makes me wonder on my personal code of ethics that I believe in. One of the field that I am interested in is the field of advertisement. Advertisement is on all the platform an individual can reach out to. The field of advisement can really have an ethical dilemma that may put one in a situation of choosing what is right or wrong. To encounter these situations one need to apply their own personal code of ethics. In many situations we have seen that some advertisements can really be misleading. Many of the companies run these misleading advertisement to run their business, either to gather more customer or supporting their business model. However, some companies do not realize that these misleading information or wrong facts does cost them millions of dollars either in fines or by losing its customers and also affect their company reputation. One article that I came across is written by Julien Rath, and the article is named 18 false advertising scandals that lost some brand millions. In this article, Rath talks about companies like Uber, Activia yogurt, fanduel and many more. After doing the research and self realization, I realized that some important component of my personal code of ethics are being truthful and transparent.
One of my first component is being truthful, after taking the class of media law and ethics, and from my professional experience working in sales and marketing I have realized that it is important first to make sure the information that is being put out there is true. Many companies run fake news, or fake advertisement just to attract customers towards their company or their products. One of the example was Uber, to support its business model they needed more and more drivers, and to attract more Uber drivers they created misleading advertisement on how much Uber drivers can make. This attracted many drivers to join Uber. However, after that many Uber drivers realized that it was not true and started leaving Uber company. To reach the roots of this, FTC did investigate the company to the bottom truth line, and it cost the company $20 millions in fines. This did not only make the company lose a lot of money, but also hurt their reputation in the market. That is why it is really important for the company to be truthful on the information that they are giving out.
Another component in my code of ethics is being transparent. Transparency and being truthful are similar in a way, but transparency can also have much more meaning in depth such as stating out all the facts, and not manipulating the facts in a way in which customers are attracted to. Many companies tend to not being transparent enough, and one of the major example is the disclaimer on their advertisements. Companies usually write or publish an advertisement which is attractive but has disclaimers at the very bottom and usually in very small prints. According to me, that is not being transparent because essentially it is just showing the customers what looks attractive or good but not what the requirements are. One of the examples are cell phone providing companies such as AT&T, Verizon, T-mobile or Sprint. These companies run advertisement showing customers the attractive deals such as, cut your bill in half with sprint, get 3 lines for $120 with roll over plans, and many more. However, they do not mention things such as cutting your bill in half only covers your monthly charges on the services, or getting 3 lines for $120 does not cover the phones that you have to buy. In fact, Sprint's CFO Joe Enteneur accepted that Sprint's cut your bill in half plan will probably get a 20% net savings. This according to me is wrong because these companies are not being transparent by hiding some of the requirements or facts.
These are some of the components that I realized should be the part of my personal code of ethics, and I was only able to build my personal ethics through the information that was provided in the media law and ethics class, and my personal experience.
References
Rath, Julien. 18 False Advertising Scandals That Cost Some Brands Millions. Business Insider, Business Insider, 27 Feb. 2017, www.businessinsider.com/false-advertising-scandals-2017-2.
Yelizarov, Kirlash. Mel'nikova, Kulish. Ethics in Advertising. Kryvyi Rih National University.
https://ir.nmu.org.ua/bitstream/handle/123456789/149321/KirlashMYelizarovIKulishV.pdf?sequence=1
What mobile carriers are really saying in their ads Truthinadvertising.org. https://www.truthinadvertising.org/mobile-carriers-really-saying-ads/
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Hunters Code of Ethics and Trophy Hunting
Kendall Jones is the nineteen-year-old Texas friend. She regularly trips to Africa to trophy hunting and kill big play. Some of these creatures she gets hunted are classified as threatened. This new negative response to her pictures has stemmed from her sadistic tendency to playfully sit with the animals she kills. Need to make it easy and kill some zebras ?This would cost you a mere $ 6,000. Want more carnage? Hunting a male cat can get you $ 30,000, or the elephant gets with a $ 35,000 price tag.
If you want to get very crazy with it, how about the 21 day journey within which you will beat a cat, an elephant, and the buffalo for close to $ 80,000? – March 5, 2018 – The Trump government announced it could permit hunters to trade sport-hunted African elephant prizes on The “ application-by-application ” basis. This contentious hunting exercise had been criminalized during the Obama administration. This USA land and Wildlife assistance justified this outcome by telling that judgments on threatened species were “ no longer useful for creating particular license determinations for imports of sport-hunted African elephant trophies. ” the findings referenced as “ no longer effective ” were published just the year before. One claim of pro-trophy hunt proponents is that prize hunters offer much needed income for Africans living in economically depressed areas and that the demand for income outweighs the demand to protect wildlife populations. This study showed that 78% of Americans disagree with The right, including 75% of Republicans and 83% of Democrats.
Supporters of prize hunt, and still canned hunting, declare their actions support conservation. However, despite these excessive fees hunters give to make home the prized prize – hunts may represent from $ 24,000 to around $ 71,000 for the continent cat, there equals no legitimate evidence that any trophy hunting dollars trickle down past unstable governments or corrupt officials to create viable conservation efforts on the ground. Prize hunt relies heavily on the most unjust, inhumane methods including taunting, hounding, trapping, and captive hunts. These methods violate this practice of fair-chase hunt and let human hunters, who already take the edge over their quarry, further rewards to change the hunters' changes of gathering their trophies. The report published at the book Animal conservation and headed by dick Lindsey of kenya's Mpala Research center stated that most award hunters ensure that they are concerned about the improvement, ethical, and social issues that hunting raises. This survey interviewed 150 Americans who got hunted at Africa earlier, or who projected to do so within three years. Each year, hunters from Europe and the United States go to Africa to participate in “ award hunt, ” this deed at which hunters take home dead creatures to show as trophies and souvenirs on their walls. Most of these `` Big 5'' – elephants, lions, rhinoceros, bison, and leopards – will be hunted at Africa…for the good terms.
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Substance Abuse Seen in Adolescents
Abstract
Substance abuse among adolescents has increased significantly over the last several years. For the purpose of this paper, adolescents can be defined at teenagers, or individuals of the ages 10-19. Substance abuse may be described as a mental condition in which individual over-uses specific drug(s) (either legal or illegal), to a degree that causes issues or restrictions on a person's life. Substance abuse has the potential of causing many life-threatening situations for the abuser.
Throughout this work, the role of a nurse, specifically, will be explored in regard to identifying and taking care of adolescents suffering from addiction. Several articles and data will be provided to support the impact nurses have on adolescents struggling with substance abuse and their prevalence in the patient population. Steps nurses can take in order to provide responsible and sufficient care for their patients will be demonstrated.
Due to the current opioid epidemic, as well as personal concerns for the safety of my future patients, this topic is relevant. Health care providers are often abusers primary source of education and care, which is why this is a topic that merits discussion and understanding.
Medical Practitioner's Responsibility Regarding Substance Abuse
It is common for adolescents to start experimenting with drugs, such as alcohol. Teens may be unaware of the risks and ramifications of consuming alcohol at a young age and in excess. A Topical Approach to Life-Span Development explains how drug abuse effects the brain. Addictive substances often have a similar chemical makeup, such as the presence of the neurotransmitter dopamine. Dopamine is described as the neurotransmitter that gives the body pleasure, which explains why such drugs can become addicting as they elicit a pleasurable response (Santrock, 2016). Generally, when adolescents drink they feel more confident in social situations and, therefore, believe it is a tool to gain acceptance (Davies 2012). This explains why so many high schoolers and college students enjoy drinking and often over consume alcohol. In addition to raising levels of dopamine, adolescents can also over consume alcohol causing the opposite effect. Overconsumption results in a decrease in the natural dopamine produced by the body and sent to the brain. This then leads to a decrease in overall pleasure. Furthermore, due to addictive properties in many drugs, substance abuse can often lead to overconsumption, which can cause a lack or imbalance in hormone levels and the overall sense of comfort, or pleasure, in the human body.
Due to the expenditure of dopamine and pleasure, substance abuse can take a strong toll on the work ethics of students. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Services writes to explain how school nurses recognized substance abuse in students, identified them, and how they effectively treat the abusers (Pirskanen 2006). The results show that more than one fourth of the participants were binge drinkers. Nearly 20% of the participants passed out due to substance use and 19% of the participants were smokers. Of all the participants, 53% were experimental users, 22% were recurring users, 9% were risky users, and 16% were hazardous users (Pirskanen, 2006, p. 444). After the results were collected, the nurses proposed individual interventions with their students. The school nurse and student relationship is important in acknowledging and assessing the abuser's actions. These results support the mission to inhibit the misuse of alcohol in adolescents. With that being said, however, there needs to be more educational opportunities for adolescents to further learn about the effects of alcohol and drug misuse. This includes both the physical and mental aspects of abuse. No matter the reason for substance abuse, whether it is the adolescents former background or peer support, there needs to be a source for prevention, intervention, and treatment.
Alcohol misuse in adolescents can have many physical, psychological, and social effects. Physical effects can be serious and can cause severe symptoms such as liver damage, trauma, declining dental and oral health, destruction of brain cells, heart failure, etc. Along with physical effects there are psychological effects as well. Among these are disorders such as, anxiety, depression, self-harm, etc. An environmental influence can be seen through societal disorders as well. With these medical concerns being considered, it is understandable as to why alcohol misuse has become an important topic in the health care setting. Davies N.J (2012) explains the common reasons for misusing alcohol. The trending motivators include escapism, forgetting one's problems, gaining confidence, and giving adolescents something to do in their free time (p. 45). Davies (2012) also mentions that if a nurse or other educator tackles this issue early on, then they are more likely to eliminate alcoholism in the adolescent. The earlier the adolescent experiments with alcohol, the more likely they are to develop problems later on in life. A Topical Approach to Life-span Development also mentions that the chances of becoming addicted to alcohol increase when an individual is exposed to it before the age of 14 (Santrock, 2016). This brings a call to action for nurses and other medical providers to begin discussing the warning signs of addictions and dangers around substance abuse to both parents and children of an appropriate age.
The accredited article, BMC Family Practice, performed a study on methods of medical treatment for teen users in the health care setting. This research project was conducted to examine primary care and how they treat their adolescent abusers/users. The results showed that there was a high number of adolescents that were not screened for abuse and, therefore, did not receive necessary intervention. Lisa Meredith (2018) explains the possible reasons for the lack of such screenings and interventions. She explains that the health care providers do not have adequate training, organizational skills, strong enough relationships with their patients, etc., that the realm of substance abuse requires. This can be changed with the help of more educational opportunities for nurses and other medical specialists to become more adept and competent on this topic. Meredith's (2018) study found the following: those that were at the higher risk for misuse were more likely to get screened and receive intervention. Additionally, older adolescents were likely to receive screening, but not receive intervention and counseling. Adolescents from minority groups were less likely to be screened than white adolescents (p.7). The segregation between those who were able to be screened and/or receive intervention or counseling warrants this process unfair and inadequate. Adolescents should be treated equally and receive the same measures when presented to health care facilities.
The pivotal step in eliminating substance abuse in adolescents is treatment. As a health care provider, one must ask themselves what is necessary for the patient to reduce urges and symptoms, as well as work towards conquering their addiction. Davies (2011) writes about alcohol misuse in adolescents and calls it the learning zone. It appears her learning zone goal is to teach nurses about the implications of alcohol misuse and the proper steps to be taken in helping these individuals.
The first step of the learning zone is for nurses to perform an assessment on the patient. The assessment allows the nurse to know whether or not the abuser has any desire or motivation to help change his or her behaviors. This assessment can be done through motivational interviewing. Motivation interviewing can allow an opportunity for an abuser to accept that they have a problem and illness. Davies (2011) discusses the importance of the Theory of Planned Behavior (p.46). This theory is designed to encourage changes in negative behavior and learn the intentions of the abuser. This model was developed to help understand alcohol misuse and help develop interventions and counseling for the patient. Specialists are then able to assist the adolescents and give advice and education on this issue. Nurses are able to provide care and advice during consultations with a patient. In order for a nurse to properly assist a patient, he or she needs to not only consider the alcohol misuse, but also the adolescent's living arrangements and other factors that may cause triggers. Nurses can work with other people in their community on this issue to better understand their patient. Examples of other resources one may take advantage of including counselors, teachers, family members/friends, support groups, career services, etc.
Nursing students and future nurses can use this research to better their profession. A crucial component to nursing is the ability and desire to help others. The topic of alcoholism relates to nurses in two distinct ways; the first being the relationship between the nurse themselves and an addict. The relationship between the two can benefit nurses in treating his or her patients and provide them with beneficial feedback and advice. The second reason is that statistics have shown that more can be done in health care facilities and schools to educate these adolescents on the risks and effects of alcoholism.
There simply are not enough educational opportunities to learn about substance abuse in school settings and health care facilities. This is a community based issue. Nurses and other medical professionals can be the change for these individuals. When a nurse receives a new patient, it is their job to evaluate the patient and be aware of warning signs and risk factors for abuse. It is also the nurses job to inform their patients about the risks and implications of substance abuse. In addition, it is the nurses job to approach these adolescents in an appropriate and effective manner. The abuser in some cases, may not want to hear they have to stop drinking. If this is the case, the nurse should try a harm-reduction approach. This type of message gives adolescents alternatives to drinking, and/or encourages them to choose low percentage alcoholic beverages. With the help of programs and education, nurses can become professionals on how to care and treat adolescent abusers.
After researching alcohol misuse and abuse seen in adolescents I have become more knowledgeable on this topic. I will now be able to use this information as a nurse when dealing with any patients that may abuse alcohol or another substance in general. Although I am not yet a trained professional, I can take responsibility in educating myself and preparing myself in regard to this topic. When I encounter a future patient, I must remember to evaluate them and use the assessments demonstrated in this research. I will educate them on prevention, risks, symptoms, treatments, and the causes and effects of alcohol. If I suspect any abuse, I will take the next steps in providing them with the proper care. I will provide them with a support team that will include other nurses, doctors, counselors, etc. that can help me gain more knowledge on the subject, as well as my patient and their circumstance. This support team can then be there as a resource for my patient to come clean or decrease his or her consumption going forward. As a nurse, I will pledge to educate my patients as soon as possible about substance abuse. I will also take responsibility and understanding that this begins with the educators ourselves to inform, set a good example, and exist as an accessible resource to such patients.
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Nursing Shortage the Cold Hard Facts and Possible Solutions
The United States is expected to have such as large shortage in nurses that it's going to intensify as baby boomers retire and the amount of health care grows. Nursing colleges and universities across the country are struggling to expand enrollment levels to meet the rising demand for nursing care. According to the American Association of College of Nursing (AACN), In 2014, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) projects healthcare employment to grow by 26 percent between 2012 and 2022, with an increase of about 4.1 million jobs. (""Healthcare: Millions of jobs now and in the future"", 2014) Hospitals, long-term care facilities, and other ambulatory care settings added 36,000 jobs in October 2018. Over the past 12 months, health care employment grew by 328,000. As the largest segment of the healthcare workforce, RNs likely will be recruited to fill many of these new positions. (""Employment Situation Summary"", 2018)
As a nurse I know the importance of my role and also know that my contribution now in the healthcare is as much appreciated and needed part of several people's lives. Without Medication Techs, Certified Nursing Assistants, Certified Medical Assistants and the variety of nurses the quality care would be a lot different than how many facilities' care for them. The efforts in reducing the nursing shortage is currently apparent and will become more apparent as the nursing shortage grows. I feel the nursing shortage is not fully being addressed in the efforts to improve the number of nurses to fill the huge current and upcoming gap of jobs in healthcare. I will start by addressing some important numbers and problems that attribute to the nursing shortage.
I spoke with Danielle Conrad in 2012 during her term as senator about a bill that she had addressed as an interim study to examine the nursing shortage in Nebraska. As a potential nursing student at that time I knew the importance of my role as a future nurse. After reading through the public hearing, it has been estimated that by the year 2030 there will be vacant positions of nearly 3,838 RN's, nurse practitioners, midwives, and faculty teachers. Juliann Sebastian, dean of the University Of Nebraska Medical Center College Of Nursing spoke about how Nebraska is not alone in the nursing shortage. Nurses provide a great amount of care to healthcare sectors, which are vital to the public. With qualified nursing applicants turned away in 2011, other avenue need to be explored to reduce the nursing shortage.
Nebraska is not alone in facing a serious nursing workforce shortage that threatens public health and undermines economic opportunity. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics predicts that, in addition to hundreds of thousands of positions that will be vacant by 2020 due to replacement primarily for retiring nurses, a total of 581,500 new nursing positions will have been created by 2018. Nearly one-third about 262,000 jobs are expected to be for registered nurses. (""Healthcare: Millions of jobs now and in the future"", 2014) Nursing care is vital to the health of the public and nurses provide care in every sector of healthcare, including hospitals, Long-term care, and primary care. There are two key issues in Nebraska related to the nursing shortage. First, we have a shortage of the number and type of nurses needed to care for Nebraskans now and into the future. Second, we have a shortage of faculty to expand nursing programs throughout the state. Seventy-three of Nebraska's ninety-three counties have fewer nurses than the national standard. Rural areas are particularly hard hit by the nursing shortage. The Nebraska Center for Nursing estimates that Nebraska will have a shortage of 3,838 nurses, registered nurses, by the year 2020. In 2010 schools of nursing around the United States turned away over 7,000 qualified applicants to baccalaureate and graduate degree nursing programs. In Nebraska, 402 qualified applicants were turned away from baccalaureate and graduate nursing programs in 2010. If another 402 applicants were enrolled each year in Nebraska schools of nursing, the shortage projected by the Nebraska Center for Nursing for 2020 would be significantly reduced. (LR 285 Hearing Transcript)
Although interest in nursing careers remains strong, many individuals seeking to enter the profession cannot be accommodated in nursing programs due to faculty and resource constraints. AACN data showed that 39,423 qualified applications were turned away in 2009, which is comparable to that in past years. Another problem in accepting all qualified applicants is not only space, but funding, clinical sites, and faculty.
As the shortage increase and the number of nursing students is limited, much of the problem is factors such as space and funding, but a huge part is the faculty.
According to AACN's report on 2016-2017 Enrollment and Graduations in Baccalaureate and Graduate Programs in Nursing, U.S. nursing schools turned away 64,067 qualified applicants from baccalaureate and graduate nursing programs in 2016 due to an insufficient number of faculty, clinical sites, classroom space, clinical preceptors, and budget constraints. Most nursing schools responding to the survey pointed to faculty shortages as a reason for not accepting all qualified applicants into baccalaureate programs. (""Nursing Faculty Shortage Fact Sheet"", 2017)
Looking at these numbers asks the valid question, How does this impact patient care? Hospitals in 2016 experienced an estimated 16.5% of turnover rate of registered nurses. It's estimated that it takes approximately 54-109 days to recruit an experienced RN. The lack of adequate numbers in nursing staff can affect patient well-being in a number of ways. One of these ways is higher mortality rates. An increase in 1 full time RN per 1000 inpatient days decreased patient mortality rate by 4.3%. Hospitals with fewer nurses witnessed a 2–7 percent increase in mortality. With a shortage of nurses leads to an increase in the workload of the existing workforce, which results in a increase in medication errors. These can range from infusing medicines at the wrong rate (most common) to giving the wrong medicine or mixing up medicines between patients, which easily can result in fatal consequences. Lastly, we are seeing overcrowded emergency departments with longer wait times to see providers. (""The Nursing Shortage and How It Will Impact Patient Care"", 2017).
So, what do we do about the problems that are leading up to a big gap in the number of nurses? I think that there are a few areas that we specifically need to look at to improve this problem. The first being with current healthcare employees, the second with nursing programs, and thirdly with potential nursing students.
Current demand for RNs is high with a limited supply, considering this fact it is noted that one half of RNs are not satisfied with their salaries. By paying more or offering bonuses to those individual who sign on can go a long way in helping to rectify this problem. Providing more training and educational opportunities already in the existing field allows for better growth and personal/professional development, which can create a sense of loyalty. Lastly considering the use of temporary nurses during surges in hospital admissions and common illness seasons.
In the article The Shocking Truth about the Nursing Shortage in the United States, in speaking about the nursing shortage it mentions that, fewer nurses means the ones who are employed experience a higher workload, and often have to cover shifts or work overtime to keep patients covered. The combination of high pressure situations and more hours worked can lead to staff burnout, both emotionally and physically. Compassion fatigue can affect caregivers who aren't able to take time for themselves or who are too stressed in their work environment. Minimal sleep from picking up extra shifts, combined with the emotional energy required to care for additional patients, can contribute to burnout and inadvertently cause the quality of patient care to decline. This can be frustrating if your schedules don't allow for adequate breaks and basic human needs like enough sleep. So, rather than asking nurses to do what feels impossible under these circumstances, employers need to accommodate their nurses' basic needs and listen to their feedback. (""The Shocking Truth about the Nursing Shortage in the United States"", 2018)
Hospitals in Buffalo, New York are partnering with international corporation and local headquarters to help pay for people to attend nursing school if they promise to work for the hospital after graduation. More and more hospitals around the United States are more desperate for nurses and are using sign-on bonuses of $1,500-$2000 and even as high as $8,000-$10,000 to help obtain nurses. But these sign on bonus are not enough to make a long term change. Furthermore, It's not about the bonus check; it's about respect, better working conditions, and job satisfaction. Hospitals have typically responded to past nursing shortages by offering bonuses to nurses who sign up to work there. Why aren't the sign-on bonuses effective at recruiting and retaining nurses in U.S. hospitals like previous years? According to the National Council of State Boards of Nursing, the current shortage is different from past shortages. This one is worse, and the traditional solutions aren't likely to work. Liz Jacobs, RN, spokeswoman for the California Nurses Association said, Nurses need the profession to return to a place where we can do the things that give us job satisfaction, like patient education and basically feeling like you're not jeopardizing patient care and your license every day. With the nursing shortage some places are taking more acting such as the Tallahassee Memorial Hospital. I think nurses want to be paid adequately and recognized for their performance, said Ann Evans, RN, senior vice president for nursing for Tallahassee Memorial Hospital. I think they want to work in a place with good outcomes. People want to work where they're respected. Tallahassee Memorial Hospital is also using a market-based pay strategy to remain competitive and regularly re-evaluate its wages. They are adjusting its pay strategies to better suit its employees' needs and has instituted a tuition reimbursement program as an incentive for its nurses to continue their education. The California Nurses Association's Jacobs suggests that mandatory nurse-to-patient ratios, which California recently announced, may also improve the work environment for nurses enough to draw more nurses back into hospitals. Jacob says, Nurses want to feel the importance of their work, nurses want to feel valued for their work, and nurses must feel they have a voice in decision-making that impacts their practice and work life. Nurses are the glue, the backbone of the healthcare system. (Larson, ""Creating Solutions to the Nursing Shortage"", 2016)
Nursing programs are a very important step in adding more RNs to the workforce and will require more in-depth approach then sign on bonus. Assistance in replacing nursing school faculty is of key importance so that nursing classes can continue to be staffed adequately. When it comes to nursing programs one-third of facilities that educate nurses described their salaries as uncompetitive. Higher salaries and additional incentives, monetary as well as non-monetary, can help retain existing talent and attract better teachers into the profession. Another way to make nursing financially attractive would be to facilitate faster and easier payment of nursing student loans. One in every four RNs owes a student loan, which can be a contributing factor to the industry's high turnover. (""The Nursing Shortage and How It Will Impact Patient Care"", 2017)
The third area that we need to take into consideration is the potential pool of nursing candidates. Grants, loans, and scholarships in order to attend nursing school would allow students who might not be able to afford nursing school attend. This can increase the number of nursing students and future number of nursing staff. (""Solutions for the Current Nursing Shortage"") The problem also lies in hopeful applicants. Many are turned away or waitlisted. Much like those who cannot afford to pay for initial schooling, the nurse's who further their education the costs add up. We invest years of time and money into certification, clinical hours, and so forth. Loan forgiveness and ways to help pay for the increased education would help nurse continue to further their education and improve their knowledge for patient care.
There are many theories as to the best strategies to address the shortage, but the strategies that focus on improving workplace have a greater potential. Many places are already struggling to provided enough nurses. Jan Rabbens, spokeswoman for the Minnesota Nurses Association says, Nursing needs money, social commitment, and efforts to improve working conditions, or patients will suffer the consequences. And nurses do not want to feel that they are compromising patient safety. Not just one solution will be enough to fix the problem; a solution will most likely require changes across the board. In order to keep a quality number of healthcare providers to meet the demand the US needs to come up with more nursing colleges or find ways to improve space and increase faculty numbers. If things to improve the shortage are not addressed, you might be the one on the short end of the stick when it comes to quality care received.
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A History of the Beatles
The Beatles were one of the most recognized and influential bands of all time. They influenced pop culture singlehandedly and were mostly responsible for the change of the rock genre throughout the sixties. Composed of John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison and Ringo Starr, each member had their own impact on the group and together they formed one of the greatest bands of all time. During a period of just seven years from 1963 to 1970, The Beatles recorded twelve studio albums, each of them having a major impact on rock and roll.
Starting from The Beatles early days, all members were born in Liverpool, England. John Lennon started the Beatles after being brought up in hardship. Lennon was born on October 9, 1940 during a German air raid on the U.K. soon after this Lennon's mother died, followed by his father, leaving his aunt to raise him. His aunt was the first to teach him about music by introducing him to the piano and the guitar. Lennon Struggled in high school and his only real talent was art and music. He went on to form a band called the Quarrymen, originally consisting of Lennon, Stuart Sutcliffe, Eric Griffiths and Collin Hatton. It wasn't until later that Paul McCartney would join the band after seeing them perform and audition. McCartneys early days were not unlike Lennons. He was born on June 18, 1942 and lost his mother at an early age due to complications from surgery. He was inspired to play musical instruments by his father which included the guitar and piano. After attending a church festival were he saw John Lennon and the Quarrymen play, he auditioned for a role in the band and easily got accepted.
Paul's friend George Harrison took a liking to the band and was already a fabulous guitarist despite being only fourteen at the time of his audition. George was born on February 25, 1943 and was not born into wealth. Like John, he was not a very good student, but had talents in music which led to him getting accepted in the band despite a young age. With the Quarrymen now mostly assembled, consisting of Paul, John, George, Stuart Sutcliffe and Pete Best, they took to touring around Germany, London and Hamburg. Soon after this, John decided to name the band the Beatles. Mainly doing performances in bars, the early Beatles struggled. However, during one of the performances, Brian Epstein took a liking to the band. Epstein wanted to manage the Beatles, and with the Beatles in desperate need of a manager, they took the offer. Stuart Sutcliffe would not be with the band much longer. He decided that he needed to pursue a career in arts rather than in music. After he left the band, he died of a brain hemorrhage in 1962. With the Beatles bassist gone, Paul McCartney assumed the role. Epstein then saw a weak link in the band. Pete Best was falling behind and not keeping up to the Beatles liking. Epstein brought in a session drummer named Richard Starkey, who went by the stage name Ringo Starr. Ringo's childhood was the worst of the Beatles. From a young age, Ringo was hospitalized frequently which left him falling behind in school. With all this time to do nothing in the hospital, Ringo took an interest in drumming. When he finally got released from the hospital, he was so far behind in school he just dropped out. With his drumming skills, Ringo joined a band called Rory Storm and the Hurricanes. He was very successful in this group and caught the interest of Brian Epstein. Epstein recruited him as a session drummer in the Beatles and soon was a full time member.
With The Beatles now fully formed, they needed to make a name for themselves. The next step was to hire a record manager. They went with George Martin, who would later be known as the fifth Beatle. They signed with the record company Parlophone and recorded their first hit Love Me Do' which hit number twenty in the UK music charts. Soon following, Please, Please Me was released and that too also hit number twenty on the UK charts. The Beatles released their first album in 1963 with the same name called Please, Please Me which did well in England. It consisted of Love Me Do, Twist and Shout and the rest being cover songs. With this album, Beatlemania was just starting in the UK and their popularity quickly rose. The album was introduced in America, but the title was changed to Introducing The Beatles. The album went on to flop in America, but popularity was growing in Europe. The Beatles went on to perform on the European tv show, Sunday Night at the London Palladium, the European equivalent of The Ed Sullivan Show. The Beatles next album, With The Beatles quickly rose to number one on the UK charts and remained there for twenty one weeks. With this album and the previous album, the two combined for fifty one weeks on the top of the UK charts. The Beatles single I Want to Hold Your Hand was released in the US and went to number one on the US charts, the first Beatles song to reach number one in the US. With this new success in the US, the Beatles decided to shift their focus there. Their next album was released in 1964 and titled Meet The Beatles and was directed towards and released in the US and was an instant hit. At this time, The Beatles are invited to play on the Ed Sullivan Show and at Carnegie Hall in New York. When The Beatles landed at JFK airport, they were swarmed with fans and Beatlemania officially began in the US. When The Beatles performed on the Ed Sullivan Show, 73 million people watched the show which set a new record of viewers. The Beatles then performed a few days after at Carnegie Hall which was a sellout performance. After this success in the US, The Beatles made their first movie, titled Hard Days Night which only took two months to film and produce. The movie was released which was soon followed by the soundtrack and album titled Hard Days Night. While the movie was popular, the album proved to be more successful as it went straight to number one on the UK charts and the US charts. The Beatles then went on a tour around the US and Canada which proved extremely successful.
At this time in late 1964, The Beatles now have 14 songs in the Billboard top 100. The Beatles took to recording another album titled Beatles for Sale. This album was mainly targeted towards the UK and reached number one as a result. After their tour, seeing their previous movie as a success, the Beatles took to filming another one titled Help!, with a 1.5 million dollar budget. Before the film was released, the queen of England gave each Beatle the title of Member of the British Empire, one of the highest awards a civilian can receive. The release of Help! proved successful once again, and like Hard Days Night, the soundtrack/album reached number one on both the UK and US charts. The album included some of the Beatles most recognizable songs including Help!, Ticket to Ride and Yesterday. These songs not only performed well on the charts, but became staples of the Beatles performance in concert. During the shooting of Help!, George Harrison was introduced to Middle Eastern instruments such as the sitar. The Beatles next album would be the start of the Beatles experimental phase.
After being introduced to weed by fellow musician Bob Dylan, the album Rubber Soul proved to be interesting. Rubber Soul was one of the first albums to only include songs written by one specific group, as previous albums by any group usually included a few original songs and the rest cover songs or songs written by other people. The new Beatles sound was introduced in the song Norwegian Wood in which Harrison plays the sitar. The middle eastern sound would be present in the next few Beatles albums. The Beatles new phase was also noticeable in the song Nowhere Man, the first Beatles song not to focus on romance. With the Beatles still on tour, the pressure of performing grew. With more and more fans attending their concerts, the sound of the crowds was so great that the band couldn't hear themselves play. In 1966, the Beatles decided that they would stop performing in concert and shift their focus on studio albums. Their last concert was in San Francisco on August 29, 1966.
Around this time, the Beatles went to India and learned more about experimental music styles. Here, they first met Ravi Shankar, who taught Harrison more about the sitar and was very influential in the Beatles new sound. It is also around this time that the Beatles first tried LSD, a drug that would influence their next albums. Now relieved of the pressure of performing their songs, the Beatles focused on new sounds that couldn't be performed live such as backwards tape loops and filler sounds. Revolver, their next studio album introduced this. Revolver was the official start to the Beatles experimental phase. Songs such as Yellow Submarine and Tomorrow Never Knows featuring sounds people had not heard before such as backwards guitar riffs, tape loops and slowed down voices. This type of music produced a new genre called Psychedelic Rock. 1966 wasn't a huge year for the Beatles, however 1967 introduced some of the most revolutionary music which didn't include just the Beatles. Other bands such as The Rolling Stones would introduce material in the Psychedelic Genre. The Beatles next album would be the Beatles most popular and revolutionary album. Taking over seven months to record, and with their new drug LSD, the Beatles released Sgt. Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band. Taking on a false alter ego, the Beatles recorded their album as if they were an imaginary band. Sgt. Peppers was also the first album intended to be listened to in order. The album was so popular at the time of its release that radio stations would play the whole album in order. However, soon after this, the Beatles manager, Brian Epstein died. Facing this hardship and now mismanagement, Paul and John started their own record label called Apple Records. In late 1967, the Beatles began to film another movie called Magical Mystery Tour. At the time of its release, the movie would flop, however, the soundtrack/album would be mildly successful.
Now in 1968, The Beatles went back to India, this time to learn about transcendental meditation by Mahesh Yogi. Coming back from this trip and in the studio, the Beatles were beginning to feel the stress of their own record label, and Johns girlfriend Yoko Ono is present in the studio more and more to the dismay of the rest of the band during the recording of The Continuing Story of Bungalow Bill, Yoko and John mainly worked on the recording and instrumentals and left the rest of the band out to the dismay of the rest of the group. Paul decided to follow suit by recording Why Don't We Do it in the Road? all by himself. Ringo seeing this rift in the band left for a few weeks, leaving no drummer forcing Paul to fill the spot.
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The Beatles’ Legacy
Beatlemania and the British invasion, two terms used to describe the profound way people from the United States and rest of the world felt about the Beatles. The Beatles, the greatest musicians of all time left a legacy that has been incomparable for around half a century. Prominent in the sixties, the popular rock band produced thirteen albums in less than ten years. The two hundred plus songs they created during this time period contained dozens of hit records, many of which can be heard traveling the radio waves to this day.
However, the Beatles were not always multi million dollar-worth superstars travelling the world. Paul McCartney, John Lennon, George Harrison, and Ringo Starr were all born in Liverpool England during a three year span from 1940-1943. Ringo Starr was actually born Richard Starkey but then changed his name to something more appealing. The name Ringo came from a large golden ring that he would always wear and Starr was a condensed play on his last name.
In the summer of 1956, at the young age of sixteen, John Lennon and a few of his classmates at Quarry Bank Grammar School in Liverpool decided to form a band. They named their band the Quarrymen and began to perform ar St. Peter's Woolton Parish Church in 1957. During this time, Lennon was introduced to a fellow musician named Paul McCartney. Paul was only fifteen, but immediately became friends with John and soon after was invited by John to join the Quarrymen.
The next year, as the band continued their performances and picked up a little steam, they expanded once again. George Harrison was recruited (also at the age of fifteen). Lennon, who had been attending the Liverpool College of Art convinced a classmate Stuart Sutcliffe to join the band in 1960. After he joined, the four artists decided to change their name from the Quarrymen to the Silver Beetles. However the name didn't stick long as it was promptly changed to the Silver Beatles (with an ea instead of an ee). In the summer, the Silver Beatles picked up their new drummer Pete Best. They also changed their name again as they shortened it to just the Beatles and kept on performing at different small venues and clubs, displaying their enthralling mix of folk rock music around England
The group of five musicians traveled to Hamburg Germany shortly after acquiring Best. In Hamburg, the Beatles performed at several different clubs including the Kiaserkeller and the Indra clubs. After their first trip, they went back four more times from 1960-1962. It is said that during these long mini tours, they discovered their collective musical identity and the sound that made them so unique.
After returning from their first trip to Hamburg, the Beatles staged a homecoming performance at Litherland Town Hall in Liverpool where they had fans waiting for them. This ecstatic show was the eighth of twenty shows they had at Litherland Town Hall and was one of the most memorable. They were also gaining popularity as they performed at clubs such as the Cavern Club and the Cassanova Club in Liverpool.
In 1961, Stuart Sutcliffe quit the band to pursue a career in art. Stuart never really wanted the career of a full time musician and was an extremely talented painter. Another factor that was involved with him quitting was his engagement to the German Astrid Kirchherr. Astrid Kirchherr met the Beatles during their Hamburg visits and was friends with all of them. Unfortunately, while living with Astrid in Hamburg, Sutcliffe died less than a year after leaving the Beatles of a brain hemorrhage.
Later, in November of 1961, the Beatles hired Brian Epstein to be their manager. A former student of the Royal Academy of the Arts, Epstein worked at a family run music store but became professionally involved with musicians around Liverpool. He met the Beatles at one of their shows and two months later he was hired. It is said that Epstein was the one who inspired many of the Beatles' outfits and their iconic mop-top, bowl cut, mullet style hairdos. In the beginning as a manager, he successfully helped mold their persona from an average startup boy band to the loveable, quartet that took the world by storm.
On January 1, 1962 the Beatles experienced their first real speed bump in their musical journey. Epstein took them to audition for a large record deal in London but took it roughly when they were turned down. Dick Rowe of Decca Records made one of the biggest investing blunders known to man when he snidely responded to the Beatles' manager saying, Guitar groups are on their way out Mr. Epstein. Mr. Rowe's misjudgment and inability to envision the fab fours' musical potential no doubt cost him millions.
Although the fallout with Decca Records was disappointing, the Beatles bounced back in May of the same year by hiring George Martin as their producer. Martin was the only producer who worked with the Beatles as a band and has been described by many, including Paul McCartney, as the fifth Beatle. He was able to land them a record deal with EMI, a well known record label. EMI has signed artists worldwide and many from the United Kingdom, some of which are Avicii, Pink Floyd, Queen, Iron Maiden, Coldplay, AC/DC, David Guetta, Snoop Dogg, Red Hot Chili Peppers, Duran Duran, Frank Sinatra, Spice Girls, Arctic Monkeys, David Bowie, Sex Pistols, J Balvin, Cher, Calvin Harris, and many more.
Right after Martin was hired, on August 16, Pete Best left the Beatles. There is still some controversy over whether Best left or was fired by Martin after their EMI audition. Martin apparently disliked Best and believed the rest of the group would be better off with a more skilled drummer. Pete Best also never really fit in with the rest of the Beatles as he was more introverted and preferred to spend his down time alone. He also refused to switch his ducktail haircut to the classic Beatle cut when the rest of the Beatles did.
After this, the Beatles were in desperate need of a new drummer. Ringo Starr joined fit the job description perfectly and joined the Beatles just two days after Best left (or was fired). Ringo was a close friend and had filled in as a drummer a few times on their Hamburg trips when Best wasn't available. His quirky but skillful drumming style and his fun loving personality helped him fit right in with the other three members of the Beatles who enthusiastically invited him to join the band. On September 11, of the same year, the Beatles recorded their first single, Love Me Do. It did well for the first single they produced and even reached number seventeen on the British top singles chart.
1963 was the year the Beatles really blew up and became prominent and recognized in the music community. On January 11, 1963 they released their second single, Please Please Me in the United Kingdom. In just a month, it reached number one on the British singles chart and stays there for two weeks. By February 11, they recorded their first whole album, also called Please Please Me. By this time, ten more songs were also recorded to add to Love Me Do. On March 22, their Please Please Me album is released in the United Kingdom and becomes an immediate hit, staying at number one for twenty-nine weeks. In July the same album that had gained so much popularity in the United Kingdom was released in America but had an unexpected result. The release was a flop. Although the Americans had not yet started to pick up on the Beatles' music, it was spreading like wildfire from the United Kingdom all throughout Europe. This quick increase of popularity outside of their home country was just the beginning of Beatlemania.
On October 13, roughly fifteen million people tune in to watch the Beatles perform on ITV's Sunday Night at the London Palladium, which is the British equivalent of The Ed Sullivan Show. Less than a month later they had a royal performance for Queen Elizabeth II, Lord Snowdon (the Queen's son in law), and Princess Margaret at a Royal Command Performance on November 4. Here John Lennon introduced a new song they had been working on with this cheeky statement, For our last number I'd like to ask your help. The people in the cheaper seats clap your hands. And the rest of you, if you'd just rattle your jewellery. We'd like to sing a song called Twist And Shout. The Beatles did not perform again at the Royal Variety Show even though they were asked to every year. They chose not to because it seemed too formal to them and they were all extremely nervous about playing and speaking in front of the Queen.
On November 22, then Beatles second album, With the Beatles, is released in the United Kingdom, clinching the number one spot on the British album chart for twenty-one weeks. With the Beatles dropped Please Please Me down to number two in the United Kingdom and the two albums together stayed on top of the charts for over fifty consecutive weeks. The fab four was on a hot streak and could not stop producing music. A week later, on November 29, the band released another single in the United Kingdom called I Want To Hold Your Hand which immediately went to the top of the charts. Less than a month later this song was released in the United States and jumped to number one, where it held that spot for seven weeks.
On January 20, 1964, Capitol Records released Meet the Beatles! in the United States. On February 7, the Beatles landed at JFK Airport in New York where they were mobbed by thousands of fans who were waiting for them. The fans followed them and surrounded the Plaza Hotel in New York where they were staying. This was the spark that lit the flame of the British invasion. Two days later the Beatles were invited on the Ed Sullivan show setting a televised record of 73 million viewers. Here the fab four performed I Want to Hold Your Hand, All My Loving, Till There Was You, She Loves You, and I Saw Her Standing There.
Two more days after their televised performance, the Beatles played at the Washington Coliseum in Washington D.C. This was their first live performance in America. The next day, on the 12th, they performed live at Carnegie Hall. Their short trip to the United States was a key factor is boosting their popularity in the Americas. After those three memorable performances, Meet the Beatles! reached the number one spot on the Billboard's hot album chart and had no competition for eleven straight weeks.
On March 2, George, Paul, John, and Ringo decided to try their hand in the film industry by starting their first film, A Hard Days Night. The musical comedy illustrated the everyday life of a Beatle and only took eight weeks to film. On March 32, 1964, the Beatles set a musical record having songs in the first five spots of the Billboard's singles chart. These five songs that so enthralled the American public were, from one to five, Can't Buy Me Love, Twist and Shout, She Loves You, I Want To Hold Your Hand, and Please Please Me. At this point they didn't think it could get any better but by April they had the privilege of having fourteen songs on the Billboard's Hot 100 singles chart.
In July, the Beatles release another movie with a sister album called A Hard Days Night. Both the movie and the soundtrack are consumed by the public worldwide and the album hits the top of the charts in both the United Kingdom and the United States. On August 19, 1964, the boy band begins their first tour of the United States and Canada. It started at the Cow Palace in San Francisco and lasted one month.
After their tour, they took a break for a while and produced their next album on December 4. Beatles For Sale once again has no competition and skyrocketed to the number one spot on music charts worldwide. In February of 1965, the Beatles started shooting their second movie Help! in the Bahamas. The hit film had a budget of $1.5 million and only took about six months to make. This movie was also a hit and its accompanying album was a success as well. In the summer, the Beatles returned to the United States where they held a concert at Shea Stadium in Queens. Here they set a record attendance of 55,600 people and roughly grossed about $304,000.
In December, another smash album, Rubber Soul, is released and of course rests atop the charts for over five weeks. The Beatles never returned to the incredible speed at which they produced music during 1964, but they were still steadily releasing albums at a rate much faster than most artist today. Their next album Revolver was released on August 5, 1966 and inevitably rose to the top of the charts where it stayed for six weeks.
On August 29, 1966, the iconic quartet ended touring for good. They performed on tour live one last time in San Francisco and decided to invest more time recording in the studio. They were sick of the emotionally and physically painful and stressful tour life and wanted to change it up temporarily. Revealed by Ringo Starr in an interview in the early 2000's, hey never intended to stop touring completely, but sadly they did. Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band is released on June 1, 1967 and stays at the top of British charts for twenty-seven consecutive weeks. On June 25, a two hour television program made by the Beatles titled Our World aired in twenty-four different countries via new satellite technology making it the first television show to air worldwide.
On August 27, 1967, tragedy struck the Beatles family as their manager died at the age of thirty-two. Brian Epstein, the man who was responsible for making the Beatles who they were passed away due to an accidental drug overdose in Sussex England. The Beatles were heartbroken, having lost the fifth Beatle, but they kept on, releasing the Magical Mystery Tour in November, which also hit the top of the charts. In Febuary of 1968, the Beatles became infatuated with the Hindu religion and especially transcendental meditation right at the time they claim to have dropped drug abuse. They journeyed to a seminar teaching this in Rishikesh, India led by Maharishi Mahesh Yogi along with sixty other people including a few other celebrities. They returned from the seminar in a few weeks and on May 14, Lennon and McCartney guest starred on the Tonight Show to announce the startup of their new company designed to help young upcoming artists, Apple Corps Ltd.
On November 22, they released another album The Beatles or The White Album and it reached number one once again. Less than two months later, Yellow Submarine was released and hits the top of the charts, falling second to The White Album. On January 30, 1969, the Beatles have what will be their last performance together ever at a rooftop party for Apple Corps Ltd. in London. This was mainly due to the fact that the band had been deteriorating basically ever since the death of Brian Epstein. Drug abuse was back and there was a lot of conflict and tension between the four members of the group. A large part of this was due to Yoko Ono, a Japanese woman John Lennon left his wife for.
He broke one of the imperative rules put in place by the four members of the band, not bringing wives or girlfriends into the studio, by inviting her into the studio. Feelings clashed even more when Lennon enthusiastically allowed her to bleed some of her artistic input and opinion into the music the fab four created. Lennon unofficially left the band sometime in September. However the Beatles' last studio recording was dropped on September 26 and of course found its way on top of the charts. Even with this album doing well, there was no coming back for the Beatles. The damage had been done and they were moving on towards their solo careers. Although they had a few minor hits individually, they could never be as great as they were collectively, together, and as the Beatles.
On December 8, 1980 John Lennon was murdered by an unhinged fan. Over twenty years later, George Harrison died of cancer on November 29, 2001. Ringo Starr and Sir Paul McCartney are still alive to this day. While the Beatles were incredible musicians and entertainers, they lived a life full of harmful drug abuse. A few of the drugs they regularly used at different points in their career include speed, cannabis, LSD, cocaine, and heroin and their self harming lifestyles were not exemplary or condonable. However the Beatles left a legacy of incredible music and unprecedented sound and which is still listened to by millions today.
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The Beatles' Legacy. (2019, Aug 16).
Retrieved November 4, 2025 , from
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The Roman Empire: why Societies Decline and Fall
Since the beginning of time, one has wondered why societies decline and fall. The Roman Empire was one of the greatest and most powerful societies that ever existed. They had power, wealth, and even a half of the world. They built one of the strongest and largest empire that world has ever seen. The Roman Empire lasted from 27 BC - 476 AD, a period exceeding 500 years. The decline of the Roman Empire complex and due to many reasons, including military, political, economic and social issues. It is hard to say that any one reason alone caused the downfall of the Roman Empire because they are all intertwined with each other.
Economic decline is a common reason for the fall of many societies. Rome went through as 200 year peaceful period which ended when Emperor Diocletian split the Empire into East and West in 285 CE. The capital was moved from Rome to Constantinople, in the East. This act solidified the downfall of the Western half of the empire. While the East continued to prosper, the West began to fall. Eventually the East overtook the West as its trade power grew and money flowed to Constantinople rather than Rome. This increased financial disintegration in the West. The west suffered a severe economic decline. The citizens of the west began to revolt against the empire.
The military of the Roman Empire was under constant warfare. The citizens revolted by not joining the army. In the past, citizens were lining up to serve the Empire. The military had to hire soldiers which was a heavy expense. Although these men were fierce fighters they had no loyalty towards the empire and thus they had no reservations in turning against their Roman superiors. Poor strategy joint with the declining quality of the soldiery opened the empire to increasing attacks. Overtime, these attacks overwhelmed the remaining small Roman military forces. Too make things worse, the Romans were spending an excessive amount of money on the military. The citizens felt this money could have been used to improve more demolished parts of Rome.
Socially, they was a decline in the interest of the citizens in public affairs. The citizens themselves had low confidence in the Empire. The decline of morals and values in Rome caused internal chaos and an increase in crime. The values, ideals, customs, and traditions of the Romans continuously declined. The basic principles, standards and judgments about what was valuable or important in one’s life declined as well.. The total disregard for human and animal life resulted in a lack of ethics. The Romans had a perverted view of what was right vs. wrong, good vs. bad, desirable vs. undesirable. Any conformity to acceptable rules or standards of human behavior were being lost.
Rome had been hurting politically. A line of ineffective emperors had reigned over the empire. Leadership within the senate was ineffective because of widespread corruption and incompetence. But most importantly, the emperor had lost control of the empire. He was unable to carry out his jurisdiction. Without a strong leader the empire waned as both the army and the Senate had no leader. The Praetorian Guard, the elite soldiers, who made up the bodyguard of the emperor, power grew to such an extent that this group of soldiers decided on whether an emperor should be disposed of and who should become the new emperor. At one point, the Praetorian Guard sold at auction the throne of the world to the highest bidder.
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The Roman Empire: Why Societies Decline and Fall. (2019, Aug 16).
Retrieved November 4, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2019/08/page/5/
