Month: August 2019
Volcanic Eruptions
A volcanic eruptions are devastating events that cause mass destruction throughout our society. Volcanoes are made by lava and ash coming out of the ground and hardening. Then over time, it will create a volcano. Volcanoes kill 540 people each year(Fox News). Volcanoes can be caused by other natural disasters or pressure underneath earths surface but the destruction can be minimized by following the evacuation route.
To begin with, volcano eruptions can be caused by many different things. One way a volcano erupts is when it is located on a boundary line of tectonic plates. In the text, Why Do Volcanoes Erupt it notes When one plate pushes under the other, this forces molten rock, sediment and seawater down into the magma chamber. The rock gets melted to magma, and eventually overfill the chamber until it erupts. Another way the volcano can erupt is when there is a decrease in external pressure in the chamber. An article states A decrease in external pressure on the magma chamber may also allow for an eruption by minimising its ability to hold back increasing pressures from the inside(Why Do Volcanoes Erupt). Usually a natural disaster like typhoon will cause a huge decrease in external pressure in the volcano. Volcanoes also have a huge effect on climate change as well. For example, Mount Tambora's eruption was so big that it put a lot of particles in the air causing it to block the sun so the temperature dipped down. This caused many crops in that area to die. All in all, volcanoes have many ways that they can erupt which can cause major effects in the climate.
There has been many catastrophic volcanic eruptions that has caused mass destruction to our society. Two examples of volcano eruptions are Mount Tambora and Mount st. Helens. Mount Tambora erupted in 1815 at sumbawa, an island in Indonesia. An article notes that The death toll is probably about a million people(Little). That is more than a whole city filled with people. Another huge volcano is Mount st. Helens. This volcano erupted in washington on march 7, 1980. This terrible event killed 57 people and the ash went all the way to Minnesota. The eruption was caused by seismic activity in the state. The text states 4.2 magnitude tremor was recorded four days after the seismic activity(History.com Editors). To prevent any more destruction, many residents evacuated the area and the national guard put up road blocks to prevent people from going into that area. These are only two of the many big volcanic eruptions that can cause a lot of damage if not careful.
One of the most recent volcano eruptions was the volcano in Kilauea, one of the islands in Hawaii. It started in 1983 and has destroyed 35 structors. A website states The good new is that,so far, no fatalities or serious injuries have been reported by this eruption(Whitefield). To make sure there are no deaths, islanders are evacuating. The text states an eruption from Hawaii's Kilauea volcano forced more than a thousand island residents to evacuate their homes(Mexican volcanoes and how volcanoes are formed). All in all, this volcano eruption was a lot smaller than Mount Tambora and Mount st. Helens because of the death toll and other features of a volcano. This volcano is one of the most recent eruptions on this planet.
Finally, there are some safety tips to avoiding an injury during a fierce volcano eruption. In the text, it states Do not drive in heavy ash fall(Volcanoes). Ash is really dense so a certain amount of it can cause your car to cave in which would end up being a terrible car ride. Also, that ash can be really dangerous once it gets into the lungs. The text Volcanoes states Follow evacuation or shelter orders. If advised to evacuate, do so early. This could prevent from having to drive in the ash at all. These are some safety tips to how to survive a volcano eruption.
Volcanoes can be very beautiful but at the same time, they can have the ability to destroy a whole city. Imagine if a volcano just erupted. What safety precautions would be taken place? Would you evacuate the area or try to wait it out? But if volcanoes could be predicted, then it would allow everyone in the area to evacuate a couple days before the eruption begins. This would prevent any fatalilties or any extra damage that could be taken if not evacuating. Volcanoes have way more to them than what meets the eye.
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Stress and Play on the Brain
Introduction
Stress is a state of mind characterized by restlessness, anxiety, and worry (Greenberg, 2017). Stress has numerous effects on the human brain and the effects are both short and long term. The effects also depend on the magnitude and the type of the stress. On the other hand, play also represents an important role in the development of the human brain, as it involves muscle relaxation, and mood regulation. For this reason, this will attempt to explain the positive and negative effects of stress and play on the human brain from infancy to adulthood using existing psychological theories.
Stress
The study of the relationship between stress and brain development is a subject that captures the attention of many people. People such as Sigmund Freud have incisive literature that explains discursively the impact of stress on the brain (Greenberg, 2017). However, before going into the details, it is important to mention that the term stress is relative in the sense it could be mild or chronic depending on the impact on an individual. In addition, it is worth mentioning that stress affects both the brain and the physical body. In this paper I will try to illustrate the impact of stress on the brain and the physical body.
Sigmund Freud is among the first people to study the impact of stress of on the brain and human health. He examined Anna O, a woman who was suffering from hysterical signs that were related to the heinous sexual harassment scenes she had witnessed in her life (Contrada & Baum, 2012). The exposure to traumatic experiences in her childhood affected her brain and made her uneasy, more anxious, and restless most of the time. While examining her, Freud found out that she was suffering from the effects of traumatic stress because of her exposure to sexual harassment as a child.
Studies in human beings and animals show that stress has immense impact on the brain development especially during infancy. Children feel the strongest impact of stress in relation to adults. This explains the reason children show heightened sensitivity to the things that happen around them than adults do in life (Greenberg, 2017). The changes they show come from the fact that the stress they experience from their environment affects their brain and molds behavior. During infancy, children undergo immense changes in their body structures; as a result, they feel stress no matter how mild it is.
In human beings, adults, and children, stress functions by triggering the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. This leads to the production of glucocorticoids in the adrenals. The effect of the production of steroids in the brain is that expression of their receptors is even across the brain (Contrada & Baum, 2012). As a result, they always act as factors for transcription affecting the expression of genes and other biological factors in a child. Therefore, it is important to minimize a child's stress because too much stress does not only affect their brain development but it also affects gene expression, which is an important biological process in the development of humans. Therefore, when studying the effects of stress on brain development, the different stages, prenatal, infancy, puberty, adulthood, and old age are critical.
Prenatal Stress
In animal and human studies, early exposure to stress leads to the programming effect on the brain and (HPA) axis. This happens in many ways. The first method of causing stress at the prenatal stage is by exposing expectant mothers to stress. In such a case, more the body reacts by secreting more maternal glucocorticoid that pass through the placenta to the unborn child. This leads to the modification of the brain and increase HPA axis activity in the fetus. Scientific findings argue that Glucocorticoids are important components of the body that help in brain maturation (Contrada & Baum, 2012). However, exposing the fetus to the excess of glucocorticoids affects or impairs their normal brain development. This is the reason it is important to keep pregnant women free from stress for both their health and the development of the babies they carry in their wombs. The stress experienced by a pregnant woman infiltrates into the child though the placenta in the form of Glucocorticoids.
Glucocorticoids are vital for normal brain development and maturation in myriad ways. First, they help with remodeling dendrites and axons. Second, they are important because they help trigger terminal maturation. Third, glucocorticoids play a crucial role in cell survival. For example, when the supply glucocorticoids is insufficient or in excess, the brain cannot go through the developmental processes mentioned above (Levine & Munsch, 2011). It is important for the body to maintain an optimum supply of glucocorticoids to initiate normal brain development and maturation. Increased stress on expectant mother's produces glucocorticoids in excess, which leads to reduced glucocorticoid receptors and mineralocorticoid receptors in the hippocampus. This affects gene transcription and normal child development.
Postnatal Stress
Postnatal stress is evident among infants. Unlike in the prenatal stage, postnatal stress does not pass through the mother to the children; the infants experience it by themselves. Their bodies react to the stressors individually (Levine & Munsch, 2011). However, because the brains of the infant are still undergoing maturation and development, the impact can be adverse depending its magnitude. Studies indicate that children who spend most of their early days out of home because of a working mother have increased levels of glucocorticoids than those who spend their postnatal days with their biological parents (Levine & Munsch, 2011). Research also indicates that the levels of glucocorticoids are higher in infants who spend the full-day away-from-home day care than those in pre-school. Arguably, therefore, maternal separation among infants increases the levels of glucocorticoids, which affects the normal brain development of a child as discussed above.
The interaction between parents and children also play an important role and influence HPA axis activities. In the first years of a child's development, the state of HPA system is often labile, but sensitive parenting has the effects of increasing or sustaining it for prolonged spells (Levine & Munsch, 2011). Maternal depression, however, has the tendency of affecting the levels of HPA activity, thus leading to increased production of glucocorticoids which affect the normal development and growth of the brain among infants.
Stress in Adolescence
The adolescence stage is a critical level of human development. It serves as a transitional stage and takes one from childhood into adulthood. During this stage, the bodies of both boys and girls go through robust hormonal and physical changes. For this reason, the HPA axis activity and the levels of glucocorticoids are often higher compared to the childhood stages stated above (Broome & Llewelyn, 2015). As the body changes, the brain also changes among both boys and girls as they are initiated into adulthood. People in this stage are sensitive to stress and stressors. At this stage, the hippocampus is mature, but the amygdala and the frontal cortex are still developing. In human beings, the hippocampus matures by the time an individual is about two to three years old. A comparative study between the development of hippocampus between human beings and rodents indicate adolescents rats continue with the development of the hippocampus, which is not the case with humans (Broome & Llewelyn, 2015). Therefore, during adolescence, stress affects two main parts of the brain, the amygdala, and cortex, which are also vital organs. Studies shows that elevated levels of stress and increased production of glucocorticoids affects the normal development of the cortex and the amygdala.
During this stage people start to experience the longtime effects of early exposure to stress. For example, adolescents who grew up in stressful environments characterized by economic hardships, abusive parents, neglects, and other stressor have heightened baseline glucocorticoids (Broome & Llewelyn, 2015). On the other hand, adolescents who grew up in stress free homes with sufficient supply of basic needs, and caring parents, among other things have reduced levels of baseline glucocorticoids. For this reason, if one takes an adolescent who grew up in stressful environment for PTSD diagnosis, the likelihood that they will show reduced brain volume is often higher than in those who grew with minimal stress (Oxington, 2015). For this reason, one could argue that one of the long-term effects of stress on adolescents' is reducing the volume of their brain among other things. Other effects of stress on adolescent brains include alteration of the volume of the grey matter and reduction of size or volume of anterior cingulate cortex. For this reason, the most affected region of the brain because of stress during adolescence is often the frontal cortex because it continues to develop at this stage of life.
Stress in Adulthood
In adulthood, the effect of stress produces a U-shaped curve of the relationship between cognitive performance and glucocorticoids levels (Oxington, 2015). At this stage, effects of stress are more pronounced and evident through things such as reduced self-esteem and other things such as elevated basal glucocorticoid. Like in adolescence, adults who grew up in stressful environments begin to continue feeling the long-term impacts of early exposure. Stressed adults mostly test positive when diagnosed for PTSD. Other effects of stress on adults include things such as hyper-activity of HPA axis.
Stress and Physical Development
Other than the effects on the brain mentioned above, stress is also responsible for several physical changes that occur in the human body. The first impact of stress is obesity. Stressed people tend to eat a lot of food, a condition that is normally referred to as stressful overeating. This is because when one is anxious, the stomach reacts by producing more gastric and peptic acids that burn the walls of the stomach hence leading to increased hunger pangs even if one is not hungry (Oxington, 2015). For this reason, they tend to eat more calories that build up in the body leading to overweight and obese bodies. Depending on an individual, stress could also lead to malnutrition and starvation. Some people lack appetite for food when under chronic stress, deprives them essential vitamins and nutrients for healthy living.
Positive impact of Stress
Even though stress is not healthy for brain development, mild stress can push one towards achievement of goals and objectives (Oxington, 2015). For example, when a student is worried about the forthcoming exams, they read their notes and do research in preparation for the exams. Eventually, they find themselves passing the classes because of the anxiety that they had before the exam. People are also driven to success by stressors such as the need to pay bills, the responsibility to fend for the family, and fulfill other financial needs.
Stress Management
Stress management is the art of getting control of the stressors to ensure that it does not lead to chronic levels (Oxington, 2015). People with effective stress management skills come out of stressful situations without getting hurt. Effective stress management entails understanding and manipulating the stressors to one's own advantage. For example, one of the most effective ways dealing with stressors is avoidance, which refers to keeping away from anything that is likely to cause stress (Oxington, 2015). When one senses that the argument they are having is likely to escalate into a quarrel, they can avoid stress by leaving it. Alternatively, avoid any form of arguments in future life. This helps in ensuring that one protects themselves from fatal outcomes of stress. Another effective stress management skill is confrontation of the problem. This entails one facing and dealing with the stressor such as asking for forgiveness and seeking reconciliation after a fight. Dealing with the problem helps with stopping the recurrence of the stressor.
Play
Like stress, play also represents a crucial role in developing the brain of human beings. However, even though play is healthy for human brain development, too much of it can be destructive in many different ways (Frost, Wortham, & Reifel, 2012). Brain development in human beings depends largely on activities that people do. When children play, they are able to stimulate hormonal process that initiate growth, replication, and differentiation of brain cells hence bringing about important changes not only on the structure of the brain, but also the quality of its function. For this reason, parents should encourage their children to play more in their childhood to make brain development a smooth process.
In children, play is not always about having fun and enjoyment; it is a process that brings about key changes in their ability to relate with the environment, develop their brain, intellect, and body. Studies suggest the predominant method of learning among children through experiment (Hughes, 2010). Children experiment in many ways. During the early stages of life, they mostly rely of their senses of taste, touch, and hearing. For example, between 6 months and 2 years, most children will want to experience their world by touching almost everything that they come across, tasting, and listening to voices around them.
Between 3 and 9 months, the brain has neurons that are never used in a person's life. For this reason, it is always important that brain gets rid of such neurons to create enough room for the most useful ones (Hughes, 2010). One of the effects of play in the brain of a child between these ages is that it releases such neurons by generating ones that are more useful. Physical movements and excitement by children when playing have the effect of stimulating specific growth hormones in the brain, to release fresh neurons and get rid of useless ones.
At early stage, the brain cells for various sensory activities start developing as the child moves around interacting with different things in their environment. For example, between the first and the fourth month, playing with objects in the hands helps in the development of the sensory nerves and neurons for sight (Hughes, 2010). As these aspects develop in an infant, cells replicate allowing the brain to remove all the neurons that are not required. Constant interactions with an infant helps with the development of the childs memory, as they remember the experiences they have with the caregiver and the different objects of play.
Other than indoor play, a child also needs interactive activities with the outside world. Children learn more from the outside world that help with developing their hearing sensory nerves, motor skills, among other important things in their development. For instance, while playing outside, children are introduced to different sounds and voices. As they hear these voices and try to differentiate them, the brain triggers the development of neurons and nerves used for hearing (Hughes, 2010). In the process, the brain replaces useless neurons with important ones to reinforce the sense of hearing, which is one of the important senses in human life.
Outside play also plays an important role in developing the part of the brain responsible for smelling objects. While playing outside, children interact with different smells in the environment; some of the smells are bad while others are good (Stiles, 2008). This allows the child to differentiate the two smells, the good scents, and the odor. In the process of smelling different things from the outside, the brain develops neurons and nerves for developing a strong sense of smell in the infant. Therefore, it is important for the child to play outside for them to develop the sense of smell.
Between 10 months and 1 year, a child begins to experience different forms of stress and anxiety (Coch, 2010). As discussed in the earlier, stress has an effect of affecting the HPA axis activities, which depending on their levels can affect the brain development in an infant. During this stage, play helps deal with the different types of stress and anxiety, fear, and irritability. This helps in developing the brain structures of a child such as hippocampus, which only develop until when a child is about two to three years of age. Play is important in shaping the development of a child's brain as a whole.
Conclusion
Stress affects the development of the brain in all stages of life, while constructive play helps develop the brain of human beings starting from the early stages of life to adulthood. Play is not only important for children, but also for adults, and adolescents because it releases them of the negative impacts of stress such as anxiety, fear, and irritability, which have adverse impact on the development of the brain at all stages of human life.
References
Broome, A., & Llewelyn, S. P. (2015). Health psychology: Process and applications. London: Chapman & Hall.
Coch, D. (2010). Human behavior, learning, and the developing brain: Atypical development. New York: Guilford.
Contrada, R., & Baum, A. (2012). The Handbook of Stress Science: Biology, Psychology, and Health. New York: Springer Pub. Co.
Frost, J. L., Wortham, S. C., & Reifel, R. S. (2012). Play and child development. Boston: Pearson.
Greenberg, M. (2017). The stress-proof brain: Master your emotional response to stress using mindfulness and neuroplasticity.
Hughes, F. P. (2010). Children, play, and development. Los Angeles: Sage.
Levine, L. E., & Munsch, J. (2011). Child development: An active learning approach. Thousand Oaks, Calif: SAGE.
Oxington, K. V. (2015). Psychology of stress. New York: Nova Biomedical Books.
Stiles, J. (2008). The fundamentals of brain development: Integrating nature and nurture. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press.
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The Lottery: Summary
People of a small town come together in the square for the lottery. In other places, the lottery takes a long time, but there are approximately 300 people populated in this town, so the lottery takes only a few hours. Children, who have finished schooling for the summer, go to collect stones. They put the stones in their pockets and make a pile in the square. Men gather next, come next the women. Mr. Summers runs the lottery because he has a lot of free time. He arrives in the square with a old rusty black box. This black box isn't the normal box used for the lottery because the original was lost a long time ago. Mr. Summers always proposed that they make a new box because the new one is cheap, but no one wants to mess up the traditional way of doing things. Mr. Summers disagreed, however, convinced the villagers to replace the traditional wood chips with paper. Mr. Summers scrambles up the slips of paper in the box. Before the lottery can start, they make a list of all the families in the village. Some people reminisce that in the past there used to be a song, but it have been forgotten.
Tessie Hutchinson joins the crowd, discombobulated because she had forgotten that today was the lottery. She joins her husband and children at the front of the crowd, and people ridicule her about late arrival. Mr. Summers asks whether anyone is absent, and the crowd answers Dunbar isn't there. Mr. Summers asks who will draw for Dunbar, and Mrs. Dunbar says she will because she doesn't have a son who's old enough. Mr. Summers reminds everyone about the lottery's rules: he will read names, and the family heads come up and draw a slip of paper. No one should look at the paper until everyone has drawn. He calls all the names, greeting each person as they come up to draw a paper. Mr. Summers completes name calling and everyone opens their papers. Word spreads quickly that Bill Hutchinson has got it. Tessie reasures that it wasn't fair because Bill didn't have enough time to select a paper. Mr. Summers asks whether there are any other households in the Hutchinson family and Bill says no because his daughter is with her husband's family. Tessie argues that the lottery wasn't fair.
Many of the innocent details throughout The Lottery proceed to the violent ending. In the second paragraph, children put stones in their pockets and make piles of stones in the town square, which seems innocent until the stones true reason for use become clear at the end of the story. Tessie's late arrival at the lottery instantly isolates her apart from the crowd, and the cognition Mr. Summers makes, Thought we were going to have to get on without you,is merely predictive about Tessie's fate. When Mr. Summers asks whether the Watson boy will draw for him and his mother, no reason is given for why Mr. Watson wouldn't draw as all the other husbands and fathers do, which reveals that Mr. Watson may have been last year's victim. Jackson builds suspense in The Lottery by ferociously concealing an explanation and does not reveal the true nature of the lottery until the rock hits Tessie's head. We visualize how important the lottery is to the people of the town, specifically Old Man Warner.
The entire ritual plays out,things such as roll call and the people approach the box to select papers. But the meaning of the lottery is never revealed, neither is any prize or purpose. She begins to reveal that something is incorrect when the lottery begins and the crowd became nervous, and she greaters the feeling when Tessie agitatedly protests the winning selection. And she gives a clue when she says the villagers still remembered to use stones. But not until a stone hits Tessie does Jackson show her hand completely. By holding off information until the last second, the story's suspense builds and creates a powerful ending.
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A Character Analysis of Old Man Warner in Shirley Jackson’s “The Lottery”
The personality of Old Man Warner is constructed over the community's unwillingness to abandon traditions at all costs. Shirley Jackson portrays Old Man Warner as an individual who has traditions instilled in him to a fault. Throughout the story, Old Man Warner is constantly at odds with the younger community members who start questioning the point of such a lottery. Jackson reveals through Old Man Warner's personality that he is deeply traditional, resistant to change, and is at times illogical and/or delusional.
How Does Old Man Warner Feel About The Lottery
Jackson's description of the setting in The Lottery shows a town that relies heavily on the custom of having a yearly lottery. An example of reliance is how the black box now resting on the stool had been put into use even before Old Man Warner, the oldest man in town (Jackson 391). This shows that Old Man Warner has been raised into believing that the lottery has a significant role in society. The town still dons the same box it has and is reluctant to change the box for fear of upsetting anyone. A prime example of this is: Mr. Summers spoke frequently to the villagers about making a new box, but no one liked to upset even as much tradition as was represented by the black box (Jackson 391). This again shows how the past has affected the town's beliefs, consequently having a major impact on Old Man Warner's personality.
Another personality trait of Old Man Warner is that he is illogical and/or delusional at times. Jackson shows this with Old Man Warner's responses to the younger villagers wanting to abandon the lottery. A quote that demonstrates is when Mr. Adams said to Old Man Warner, who stood next to him, that over in the north village they're talking of giving up the lottery (Jackson 393). An equally important quote is also, Old Man Warner's response pack of crazy fools (Jackson 393). This shows his inability to function rationally and reveals how deeply rooted not only Old Man Warner is but the entire community. Another piece of strong evidence that suggests Old Man Warner was delusional is his full belief that the lottery had a direct effect on the villager's lives.
Additionally, Jackson shows how in-depth Old Man Warner's reliance on old deeply rooted traditions is to a fault. Jackson demonstrates this by displaying his fears of abandoning the lottery. Jackson shows extensively that Old Man Warner is afraid of change with his quotes. An excellent example of his fear of change is the quote: There has always been a lottery (Jackson 393). Another equally important example is his quote: The lottery in June, corn be heavy soon (Jackson 393). The author demonstrated by Old Man Warner that a community is so enthralled with traditions that they refuse to change regardless of outcomes.
Jackson with the setting of the story was able to demonstrate not only how Old Man Warner was, but how the older community in the village was. The village had a common theme of fear of change and a community stuck in the past. The quotes from Old Man Warner indicate that he is stuck in an illogical past where he is resistant to change regardless of the outcomes. Jackson demonstrated the personality of Old Man Warner in an exceptional way. The Lottery is an exciting work of literature overall, with deep undertones.
Work Cited
Jackson, Shirley. The Lottery. The Art of the Short Story, by Dana Gioia and R. S. Gwynn, Pearson Longman, 2006, pp. 390 396.
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The Side Effects of Casual Indifference a Critical Analysis of Shirley Jackson’s the Lottery
The Lottery
In her short story, The Lottery, Shirley Jackson demonstrates the hypocrisy of a person through the development of the character of Tessie Hutchinson. The publication of The Lottery in The New Yorker on June 26, 1948 resulted in many cancelled subscriptions due to its gruesome plot (Franklin par. 1). The short story follows a village of people participating in an annual tradition, the drawing of the lottery, which is later revealed to be a sacrifice to an unknown entity through death by stoning. It is suggested that the sacrifice will benefit the village. The village people mindlessly carry on the tradition knowing that they are putting their lives at risk by doing so. Tessie Hutchinson willfully participates in the annual tradition and does not speak against it until her and her family fall victim to the lottery. If Shirley Jackson's intent was to symbolize into complete mystification, and at the same time be gratuitously disagreeable, she certainly succeeded, Alfred L. Kroeber wrote, an anthropologist at the University of California, Berkeley (Franklin). Tessie Hutchinson illustrates casual indifference to acts of violence, self-centered nature, and one who does not question injustice until it directly affects them.
When Tessie Hutchinson is introduced in the story, right away her attitude is shown as indifferent. Mrs. Hutchinson came hurriedly along the path to the square, her sweater thrown over her shoulders, and slid into place in the back of the crowd. (Jackson par. 8). Tessie is late to the lottery because she had forgotten about it. She was so engaged in her daily responsibilities that she had not noticed the date until she noticed that her family was not at home. The village people are excused from their responsibilities to participate in the lottery, suggesting that this is an important tradition to uphold. Healthy and able villagers are required to participate in the tradition. If one falls ill or injured, a family member is ordered to draw in their place.
Although her tardiness is dismissed with a laugh, it is clear that this tradition has no true significance to Tessie herself. Like a student late for class, it is seen for the first time, Tessie Hutchinson probably regards the ceremony as routine and has got used to it, and it is no longer of much importance in her. (Fuyu Chen par. 9). Tessie feels unaffected whether the tradition happens or not. As it is Bill Hutchinson's turn to draw for his family, Tessie jokingly encourages him. Her casual indifference to the situation is alarming, but most of the other village people demonstrate the same attitude as they watch their husbands draw a slip of paper from the black box. Tessie is indifferent because she assumes that she or her family will never fall victims to the lottery. Her naivet© and complacency are not only a danger to herself, but a danger to the entire village as a whole.
Tessie's attitude shifts as her husband reveals that he has the slip of paper with the mark on it, stamping his entire family to draw from the black box in the second round. Tessie begins to feel panicked, her chances of becoming a sacrifice just increased greatly. Suddenly it is unfair to her and she views the tradition in a new light, or perhaps a new darkness. Even with the shift in attitude though, Tessie still appears indifferent. However, this time it is indifference towards the fate of her family members. She tries to include her daughter, Eva, who is married into a different family. 'Daughters draw with their husbands' families, Tessie,' Mr. Summers said gently. You know that as well as anyone else.' (Jackson par 51). Tessie tries to bend the rules to her advantage and does not care that this would risk her daughter being stoned to death, as long as it increased her own chances of survival. Before the second drawing, Shirley Jackson illustrates Tessie Hutchinson as a self-centered mother. Jackson wants the reader's view of Tessie to shift as Tessie's does, it is difficult to grasp a specific emotion as this tradition unfolds. Jackson wants the reader to feel conflicted about their feelings towards Tessie. She sets the reader up to feel empathy towards Tessie but to question it allowing frustration to follow. Empathy for the possibility that Tessie could be stoned to death, but frustration for the possibility that this could have been prevented.
It is frightening to remember that Tessie is a mother and is willfully volunteering her own children to take their chance at becoming the next sacrifice to increase her own chance at survival. The fact that the story seems to be such a transparent attack on blind obedience to tradition may be the reason that no further explanation is necessary. But it is not just an attack on mindless, cultural conformity; it is a suggestion of evil inherent in human nature, (Shields 412). Tessie fails to consider whether she holds any blame for what is to happen to her that she's essentially allowed to happen to other village people throughout the years.
It is not until Tessie realizes that her life is on the line that she speaks against the tradition. Earlier in the story, some of the village people spoke of the nearby villages abandoning the lottery and they spoke down on it:
Listening to the young folks, nothing's good enough for them. Next thing you know, they'll be wanting to go back to living in caves, nobody work any more, live that way for a while. Used to be a saying about Lottery in June, corn be heavy soon.' First thing you know, we'd all be eating stewed chickweed and acorns. There's always been a lottery, he added petulantly. Bad enough to see young Joe Summers up there joking with everybody.
Some places have already quit lotteries. Mrs. Adams said.
Nothing but trouble in that, Old Man Warner said stoutly. Pack of young fools. (Jackson par 33).
From what Jackson reveals about this specific village, no one has spoken out against the tradition or considered altering or abandoning it. Old Man Warner, the oldest man in the village, illustrates the older generations being resistant to change. He believes that if the lottery were abandoned that their vegetation and crops would be no more. When Tessie begins to protest, claiming that the tradition is not fair, she is demonstrating a very common occurrence of only speaking out about injustices when they become personal. She does not view the tradition as unfair and is incredibly indifferent towards it until she falls victim and becomes the next sacrifice. Tessie Hutchinson was in the center of a cleared space by now, and she held her hands out desperately as the villagers moved in on her, (Jackson par 79). Even though she is suddenly against the tradition for her own selfish reasons, it is too late to protest. Speaking out against the lottery in the moment that it becomes personal to herself does not allow enough time for any proper change to be made. Especially given the fact that the elders are so dedicated to upholding the tradition and are reluctant to abandoning or altering it in anyway. Opposition in panic is not enough to convince anyone to stop the final step of the tradition, death by stoning. 'It isn't fair, it isn't right,' Mrs. Hutchinson screamed, and then they were upon her, (Jackson par 80).
Tessie Hutchinson illustrates the hypocritical and self-centered nature of humans. The fate of Tessie lies in her behavior, she willfully participates in a tradition that she knows she could be killed in. Her casual indifference highlights that she is comfortable in the assumption that she would never become the sacrifice and shows no concern for it to happen to others. Addressing concerns and sparking the debate of altering or ending the lottery could have saved her life and the lives of many victims before her. Tessie's failure to speak out against casual acts of violence until she fell victim to it, ultimately cost her life.
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The Side Effects of Casual Indifference A Critical Analysis of Shirley Jackson's The Lottery. (2019, Aug 16).
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The Lottery: Fictional Story about a very Peculiar Village
The villagers have a lottery yearly in which one individual in the village is chosen to be stoned by the rest of the town including friends, family, and foe. Jackson portrays the lottery as a welcomed practice. Jackson uses a black box, Old Man Warner, and Tessie Hutchinson as a symbolic reference to blind humans following meaningless traditions.
In The Lottery there is a black box in which they draw a name out each time the lottery takes place. The box represents tradition of the lottery and the villagers loyalty to it. In the story it is mentioned that the box is shabby and worn out, but the villagers refuse to break tradition and get a new box. Mrs summers spoke frequently to the villagers about making a new box, but no one like to upset even as much tradition as was represented by the black box. (Jackson), There is no reason to keep the black box. It is a tradition of the villagers to use the black box, thus making it something they will always follow.
The lottery is a important tradition to the townspeople that they do every year. Jackson writes The rest of the year, the box was put away sometimes one place, sometimes another... If the lottery was such a important event to the villagers, why would they put the box in such strange places? This influences the reader to think that the other 364 days of the year the villagers are trying to forget the horrific savage thing they did to someone. The person that is elected could be your mom, brother, or even your best friend. Yet they choose to participate.
Old man Warner is seventy-seven years of age, which means he has participated for all those years, but he does not want to stop. He symbolizes the older generation who resist change. At the mention of other villagers not participating, Old Man Warner rambles off Pack of crazy fools... listening to the young folks, nothing is good enough for them. Next thing you know, they'll be wanting to go back to living in caves, nobody work any more, live hat way for a while. Used to be a saying about lottery in June, corn be heavy soon.' First thing you know, we'd all be eating stewed chickweed and acorns. There will always be a lottery... Bad enough to see young Joe Summers up there joking with everybody. The reader can assume that Old Man Warner is just resistant to change, and is just close minded about changing the way he does things and how he does not want to change tradition.
Tessie hutchinson is a symbol of the masses of people who never question injustices in todays society until it applies to them. Tessie was always a follower of the lottery up until one of her family members were chosen. Tesssie mentioned that she had almost forgot the lottery clean forgot what day it was... and I looked out the window and the kids were gone, and I remembered it was the twenty seventh and came running. Tessie had always participated in the lottery she never even imaged she could be chosen. it has become such a normal thing to her that she completely forgot about the day of the lottery. Once Tessie family was chosen she quietly says I think we ought to start over... I tell you it wasn't fair. Tessie seemed happy to participate in the lottery before she was the chosen one. This makes her a hypocrite. When Tessie is on her death bed about to be stoned, she keeps protesting its not fair. Tessies husband the says Shut up, Tessie So you can infer that Bill Hutchinson is embarrassed by Tessie's protest because it would break the tradition of the lottery.
The black box is a symbol of death. Tessie Hutchinson is a symbol of the people who blindly follow traditions, until it pertains to them. Old Man Warner is a symbol of the older generations resistance to change. Th point of Jacksons writing is to inform the reader about how what humans do just because it is what they know and are used too. Tradition was a perfect example because not only is there barbaric traditions like this on, but the people are continuing these traditions blindly.
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The Boston Tea Party: Political and Mercantile Protest
There were several different events that I considered discussing during the studied time frame, but the major historical event that most intrigued me the most is the Boston Tea Party. The Boston Tea Party was a political and mercantile protest led by the Sons of Liberty in Boston, Massachusetts on December 16, 1773. The Boston Tea Party was a result of the Tea Act that was put into place by the British Government. The Tea Act was granted by the British to help reduce their national debt therefore, placing a tax on the tea in Boston. As a show of protest against the British Parliament's new tax on their tea, the citizens in Boston dumped crates of tea in the harbor of Boston. Their chant of No taxation without representation became famous and influenced politics moving forward.
The Boston Tea Party happened as a result of Taxation without Representation, yet there are many more complex causes that led up to this Tea Party protest. However, when looking at the history of our great United States of America and the world of protesting that we live in today, this act is what makes this such a significant event and signifies one of the first massive rebellions and the beginning of several fundamental rights that our current democracy allows. The American Colonist believed that Britain was unfairly taxing them for their tea. One main reason they are taxing American Colonists is to help fund the French and Indian War. The colonist had never accepted the increased taxation or liked the constitution and the Tea Act rekindled their opposition to British government. Their resistance resulted in the Boston Tea Party on December 16, 1773, in which the colonists dressed as Native Americans, boarded East Indian Company ships and dumped all the tea on the ships overboard in the harbor. Furthermore, the belief that the Government was creating a monopoly on tea created a sense of both anger and fear amongst those living in The States. The American Colonist argued that a monopoly created with tea would allow for other businesses and their products to also be monopolized and would hurt the economy in which competitive pricing was beginning to be established
It takes just a few simple acts by government to create stir amongst groups that are considered the rebels prior to war. The Boston Tea Party, written by Samantha Gibson, explained how Samual Adams joined voices with the Sons of Liberty to begin the crucial steps towards the beginning of the Revolutionary War against England and eventually the creation of the United States of America. The British then became very furious at the actions of the colonists and felt a need to impose discipline for their rebellion. The act of discipline enforced by the British Government is written and explained by the authors of History.com, which became known as a key part of the Intolerable Acts. The American Colonist then became, highly upset about the punishment that the British enforced upon the colonists. How and why does this become so important? It seems very clear to me as I continued the research of the the event and the current state of uncertainty in our very own country. War does not look to be in our near future, but it is clear that the ability of a few to come together over a cause can create protest for their rights and has rooted itself in our country over the years, and is protected rights through the constitution. Over the last several months and years, it seems that the right to protest and express one's views has increased and thus supports the statement made by John Adams in his diary dated December 17, 1773 in which he states that The people should never rise, without doing something to be remembered/something notable and striking.
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The Boston Tea Party: Parliament’s Power and Revolution
The Boston Tea Party was a political protest that occured on December 16, 1773. At Griffin's Wharf in Boston Massachusetts. American colonist, frustrated and angry at britain for imposing “taxation without representation”. Dumped 342 chest of british tea into the harbor. This act was a major defiance to british rule over colonist. It showed great britain that americans wouldn't take taxation and tyranny sitting down, and rallied american patriots across the 13 colonies to fight for Independence.
British parliament granted the “East India Company Tea” access to put taxation on the american colonist tea sales. The tea on tax had existed since the passing of the 1767 townshend revenue act. Other things were taxed such as glass, lead, oil, paint , and paper. These things only were thought of because there were many protest going around and the parliament was fed up. The tea act wasn’t intended to anger colonist , it was to help the company get out of their dept. The east indian company was suffering with so much money it affected political and economic problems that occured in india.
After the passing of the Tea Act, seventeen million pounds of unsold tea the now British-East India Company were sold in the colonies in America. As soon as the tea was shipped out they were sold at a slow rate. ”American colonies undercut the business of colonial merchant. Prior to the Tea Act, colonial merchants purchased tea directly from British markets or smuggled from illegal markets. They then shipped it back to the colonies for resale. Outraged that American merchants were undercut, colonists initially in Philadelphia and New York refused the British East India Company tea to be offloaded and sent the ships back to England.”
Parliament's Power
Great britain put in place a Quartering act that was supposed to help soldiers rest. It was so whoever or whatever soldier can get the necessities they needed like a easy privilege. This “required colonial authorities to provide food, drink, quarters, fuel, and transportation to British forces stationed in their towns or villages. Resentment over this practice is reflected in the Third Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.” Many American colonist believed that this was a violation of the 1689 Bill of Rights. So the colonist retaliated until the “Quartering act” discontinued.
Sons of Liberty
The Sons of Liberty was a secret organization that was created in the Thirteen American Colonies to advance the rights of the European colonists and to fight taxation by the British government. The members of this group were Samuel Adams, Joseph Warren, Paul Revere, Benedict Arnold, Benjamin Edes, John Hancock, Patrick Henry, John Lamb, William Mackay, Alexander McDougall, James Otis, Benjamin Rush, Isaac Sears, Haym Solomon, James Swan, Charles Thomson, Thomas Young, Marinus Willett, and Oliver Wolcott. Further on the main leader was Samuel Adams, he called all the shots and was in charge of everything this rebelling group had done. Members were made of maem from all walks of colonial society but was notorious in recruiting tavern mongers, wharf rats, and other seedy characters looking to cause trouble. There were many followers that were conjoined in New York also to help with plans. The Boston part of the group (main part) had their meetings under the “liberty tree”. Their motto was, “No taxation without representation.”As the British Parliament began to put in place other laws and consequences into the colonies, the Sons of Liberty began react. Through the use of mob rule, tactics of fear, force, intimidation, and violence such as tar and feathering, and the stockpiling of arms, shot, and gunpowder, the Sons of Liberty effectively undermined British rule, paving the way to America's independence.
Spark of the revolution
As pressure in the bostian colonies began to increase the likelihood of revolution, stories and tales were told all over the 13 colonies also throughout New England. The sons of liberty influenced an effective resistance against the British rule in American colonies on the peak of revolution. Mainly towards the unfair taxation upon them. The Sons of Liberty as an organization disbanded at the close of the American Revolution and as a political entity was replaced early in the Revolution by the more formal and qualified Committees of Safety. On December 16, 1773 members of the sons of Liberty dressed up as Mohawk Indians and dumped crates of British tea into the Boston harbor as a final protest to get revenge on British parliament for “abusing their power”. the colonists had their reasons. Tea was a favorite drink among the British and the colonies. It also was a major source of income to the East India Trading company. Since the colonies were told they could only buy tea from this one company. They were also told they had to pay high taxes on the tea. The tea was the main prize for British to get their money and value back. So when the colonist destroyed it, it sparked a panic where Britain had to find a new way to make money.
Parliaments response
In response to the dumping of the tea the British parliament shit down the Boston harboruntil the all the chest of British East India tea was paid for. This was under the British port act . In addition to the Boston Port Act, the Intolerable Acts also implemented the Massachusetts Government Act, the Administration of Justice Act, the Quartering Act. Colonists protested and coordinated resistance by convening the First Continental Congress in September and October of 1774 to petition Britain to repeal the Intolerable Acts.
Revolution
The Boston Tea Party was the key-event for the Revolutionary War. With this act, the colonists started the violent part of the revolution. It was the first try of the colonists, to rebel with violence against their own government. The following events were created by the snowball effect. There, all the colonists realized the first time, which they were treated wrong by the British government. It was an important step towards the independence dream, which was resting in the head of each colonist. They all flew from their mother country to start a new life in a new world, but the British government didn't give them the possibility by controlling them. In the acts of the failed missions of the colonist , other colonist sent foot and other goods to help those in Boston. This created a militia , to protect themselves from the British army.
Conclusion
The Boston tea party was the main event that pushed Americans independence to what it is today. There was many other topics and events that helped colonist stand up for what they believe in. From non-violent protest to violet protest it was an act to be there own people. They didn’t want to be controlled by people who took their independence. As of this day we all can say if American colonist never protested there would be no America. It shaped America to how it is today. From the Declaration of Independence and the signing of the amendments. Colonist fought for what was theirs.
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Theodore Roosevelt’s Contributions to America
Theodore Roosevelt once said Do what you can, with what you have, where you are because he believed in using the resources he had at the time to make the best out of the country he was given. Roosevelt set many policies in effect during his presidency that he felt would make the country better. Initially, he focused on labor issues by implementing the Square Deal. The Coal Strike of 1902 also directed its focus on labor issues in the mining industry, which spoke to TR's interests. A second policy Roosevelt believed would improve America was the Big Stick policy which sought to expand US military force to further the United States' power in the world. During the Progressive Era overall, Roosevelt focused highly on preserving the nation's environment by implementing many conservation efforts. He also made improvements to and revolutionized US foreign affairs by adding the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine. Additionally, Roosevelt helped to revolutionize the way blacks were treated in the nation and strived to help improve their lives through including them in his Square Deal policies and ending discrimination in public schools. Theodore Roosevelt was one of the very few American presidents who genuinely offered the people he led hope for their future by living up to and promoting the promise of the American Dream as evidenced by the many policies he implemented while in office.
Teddy Roosevelt addressed the issue between the laboring class and property owners and attempted to fix the problems with his own policy known as the Square Deal. The Square Deal was his effort to address the people about the problems between the laboring class and the property owners (Evans). He wanted them both to abide by the same rules. Roosevelt felt that having these two classes on a level playing field would help close the gap between them (Evans). This gave people more hope in achieving success in America because neither class would be afforded any advantages over the other when it came to enforcing policy. This affected America because Roosevelt made the country a fair playing field no matter what class they belonged to by stating,""fair play among all men, capitalists or wage workers, whether they conduct their private business as individuals or as members of organizations"" (Evans). Roosevelt felt that no matter what social standing or business position was held, people would still be subject to the same laws and receive no special treatment based on status. He felt people should not be put on different pedestals, but all on equal pedestals.
In addition, one of his largely noted efforts in the course of the Square Deal was the Coal Strike of 1902. The Coal Strike of 1902 was a conflict between the anthracite coal miners' and the mine owners (Anthracite). The mine owners refused to negotiate with the mine operators for better working conditions and increased pay (Anthracite). The workers went on strike and as it continued Roosevelt was the first president to be called in to help find a resolution to this strike (Anthracite). Roosevelt Takes Command: 1902-1904 states milestones in American labor history (Jaycox). Strikes were treated as an ""uprising against property and public order"" and for the first time, they were treated differently and not associated as the enemy. Both the Square Deal and the Coal Strike of 1902 gave hope to the American people by offering opportunities for equality and a way to create a balance of power between corporations and their employees.
President Roosevelt found it necessary to build up the US military power to protect the nation. The Big Stick policy was issued to ensure that the US would have an active foreign policy to provide stability and order in the world (Bessemer). America's naval power expanded and so did its overall military power which increased their influence and authority around the world (Bessemer). A famous quote by Theodore Roosevelt once said ""speak softly and carry a big stick"" (Bessemer). What Roosevelt meant by this was that the United States would listen, calmly state its position and withhold any acts of aggression unless necessary, always prepared to rally back. For example, TR felt strongly about having a strong navy because it would be essential for the US if they wanted to make significant change in the world (Bessemer). Clearly, Roosevelt believed in compromise rather than conflict. This policy gave America hope because once the US navy had expanded only Great Britain exceeded our naval power which provided that the United States could be a world power.
Furthermore, by implementing the Big Stick Policy, Roosevelt planned to send a message to the world by showing off the expanding US military power. He did so by sailing around the world and participating in the Great White Fleet (Smith). The great white fleet included 16 battleships that embarked on a 45,000 mile world tour to show off the naval power in the US (Smith). By showing off the naval power in the Great White Fleet, Roosevelt gave the people of America a sense of nationalism--pride in their country and hope for a promising a future that they could depend on. He hoped that the show, rather than the use, of American seapower would demonstrate the intentions and interests America had in building a relationship with Asia (Smith). Roosevelt wanted to show that the United States was becoming an even larger world power but this display would not come with physical contact. This connects back to Roosevelt's famous quote speak softly and carry a big stick (Bessemer). The Great White Fleet and the Big Stick policy are both connected to Roosevelt's passive aggressive behaviors.
One of Roosevelt's most significantlegacies while in office was his conservation efforts to fix the way Americans treated the nation (Jaycox). Roosevelt takes Command: 1902-1904 explained that no president before him ever made an issue out of the nation's exploitation of its natural resources Roosevelt was the first president to make the exploitation of natural resources a national issue. Many historians believe that his establishment of a conservation policy for America is the most significant legacy of his administration (Jaycox). Roosevelt was one of the few presidents to promote change for the environment of the nation. He did so by overseeing the establishment of five national parks. (Jaycox). The first being Crater Lake National Park, Oregon, in 1902 (Jaycox). The following year he established a federal wild bird refuge on pelican Island, Indian River, Florida, the first of 51 bird and four wildlife sanctuaries he created before leaving office in 1908 (Jaycox). He also set aside many areas in the nation as national monuments, including the Grand Canyon (Jaycox). Roosevelt's policies mainly focused on the regulated use of resources in the nation (Jaycox). Roosevelt's conservation efforts promoted great change in America and gave people hope for a promising future.
While Roosevelt was in office, Congress passed the National Reclamation Act which established the Bureau of Reclamation in the Department of the Interior to provide for the sale of public land in 16 western and southwestern states and utilized those funds to pay for dams, canals, reservoirs and other federal water projects (Jaycox). This act promoted Roosevelt's commitment to preserving the environment by regulating the nation's resources. Roosevelt cared about the environment because he realized if something is not done now our world will truly never be the same. His conservation efforts gave people hope and promise for a better country in the future because before his presidency no one had cared about exploiting the nation's resources.
The Roosevelt Corollary added to the Monroe Doctrine was used to insure that the United States might become an international police power if necessary. Roosevelt proposed that the US might intervene in foreign affairs if threatened by a european power but only if necessary (Hastedt). This gave Americans hope because it assured them that their president wanted the US to stay an international power and not be overthrown by other countries. It gave Americans a sense of pride in their country. Additionally, America became an international police power in the western hemisphere and gained many countries trust during this time. Roosevelt Corollary stated ""chronic wrongdoing may ultimately require intervention by some civilized nation, and in the Western Hemisphere the adherence of the United States to the Monroe Doctrine may force the United States, however reluctantly, to the exercise of an international police power"" (Hastedt). If wrongdoings continue then the United States would express their power over other nations to provide stability in the Western Hemisphere. By doing so, Roosevelt sent a clear message: the United States of America is a new force not to be reckoned with.
Another issue on Roosevelt's agenda was to address the problem of segregation and disenfranchisement that was put on him. Roosevelt took a public stance that he needed to cautiously address what he and all other white Americans saw as a problem (Jaycox). Roosevelt made it a plan to include everyone in his policies during his presidency Roosevelt was not free of the racial prejudices of his day, but he nonetheless made a principled effort to include black Americans in his Square Deal on a number of occasions during his first term (Jaycox). Roosevelt did not segregate against blacks and promoted his policies to include all people, not just the whites. He was one of the few presidents that did not discriminate against anyone. In 1902 Roosevelt nominated Dr. William Crum, an African-American physician, to replace a white man as collector of customs in Charleston and the whites were outraged (Jaycox). Southern Democrats in Congress created a campaign to block his confirmation and Roosevelt responded in the newspaper stating he believed it to be ""fundamentally wrong"" that ""the door of hope, the door of opportunity is not to be shut upon any man, no matter how worthy, purely upon the grounds of race or color"" (Jaycox). Roosevelt didn't see a person's abilities by the color of their skin. He put people in positions that he saw fit for their abilities with the priority of improving the nation by doing what he could with what he had where he was . In 1905 Dr. Crum was confirmed for the position (Jaycox).
Roosevelt had a history of taking action to improve the racial divide in the country; for example, when he was governor in 1898 he took action to outlaw racial discrimination in the state's public schools in New York (Theodore). Theodore Roosevelt, African Americans and the South stated Roosevelt presidency would possibly herald more attention to the issue of black disenfranchisement in the South and some effort to appoint blacks to lower federal offices (Theodore). People felt that Roosevelt's presidency would finally be a turning point in how blacks were treated and the level of jobs they would receive. Such passion and action on behalf of the president gave an immense amount of hope to the people of his nation by promising a future that would include some much needed racial stability.
Although Teddy Roosevelt passed many great policies, these policies had their drawbacks, which did not affect America very positively. The Square Deal was essentially conservative in its ways of using Hamiltonian means to meet Jeffersonian ends. This essentially means asserting individual rights for a national political community that would be lead by a strong national government. Roosevelt never fully resolved the Coal Strike of 1902 because although the workers received a ten percent pay increase they were never recognized by the union. In order for the Big Stick policy to be recognized throughout the world, Panama had to be invaded which contradicted Roosevelt's plans for peace and prosperity. The Great White Fleet gave the world, specifically Japan, a giant target if they wanted to take out the United States navy. Roosevelt's plan for this fleet could have potentially cost the United States their entire navy. Roosevelt's conservation efforts were not established for preservation or protection of natural areas but more for the regulation of resources because he wanted to regulate them for the purpose of preservation and protection. The Roosevelt Corollary was an action plan that sought only to meet end results rather than fixing the problems that were at hand. Solutions to national debt were not solved quickly; they were rather taken slowly. Roosevelt's improvements to racial issues did not completely abolish them because discrimination and segregation continued and still continues throughout history. His plans may not have gone as smoothly and as magnificently as expected or projected; however his policies and actions were steps that aimed for greatness, steps that thwarted America on a journey toward becoming the superpower it is today.
Throughout the duration of his presidency, Theodore Roosevelt was a pillar of the people, for the people. His actions gave the American people hope for a future because those actions were seen as opportunities that opened the door for all Americans, not just the powerful, wealthy, or white. All Americans had access to the promise of living the American Dream because Theodore Roosevelt acted as a vigilante hero who sought justice for his people. Roosevelt set forth many policies and acts to promote his ideas about how to improve our nation in positive ways. The Square Deal gave the American people the mindset that America is a place where equality is set to a high standard and no one will be discriminated against. The Coal Strike of 1902 showed that the Square Deal was being taken seriously and union workers were finally being heard. The Big Stick policy showed that America is now a raising power that cannot be stopped and we will go to whatever lengths necessary to make our power known. Roosevelt's Great White Fleet showed the americans that the us was now not only a strong nation in an of itself but they were armed and ready to protect themselves being one of the largest navies in the world. Roosevelt's conservation efforts gave the nation promise to a preserved environment by implementing his many conservation acts. Roosevelt's addition to the Monroe Doctrine gave the american people hope that the US would now become a police force in the western hemisphere. Ensuring the safety of all americans. Roosevelt helped to ensure that the United States would be a place for all by improving racial issues and showing his views on race in society. Roosevelt offered Americans many opportunities for success and set a straight path for a bright future ahead.
Work Cited
Anthracite Coal Strike of 1902. Issues & Controversies in American History, Infobase, 2015. History, online.infobase.com/Auth/Index?aid=153349&itemid=WE52&articleId=1009407.
Bessemer, Glen. Big Stick Diplomacy. The Emergence of Modern America, Third Edition, Facts On File, 2017. History, online.infobase.com/Auth/Index?aid=153349&itemid=WE52&articleId=200086. Accessed 17 May 2018.
Evans, C. Wyatt. ""Square Deal."" Dictionary of American History, edited by Stanley I. Kutler, 3rd ed., vol. 7, Charles Scribner's Sons, 2003, pp. 513-514. U.S. History In Context, https://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CX3401804000/UHIC?u=mlin_w_ludlow&sid=UHIC&xid=69d56a5a. Accessed 17 May 2018.
Hastedt, Glenn. Roosevelt Corollary. Encyclopedia of American Foreign Policy, Second Edition, Facts On File, 2016. History, online.infobase.com/Auth/Index?aid=153349&itemid=WE52&articleId=166646. Accessed 17 May 2018.
Jaycox, Faith. Roosevelt Takes Command: 1902&Ndash;1904. Progressive Era, Facts On File, 2005. History, online.infobase.com/Auth/Index?aid=153349&itemid=WE52&articleId=210595. Accessed 17 May 2018.
Smith, David R. Great White Fleet. The Emergence of Modern America, Third Edition, Facts On File, 2017. History, online.infobase.com/Auth/Index?aid=153349&itemid=WE52&articleId=199703. Accessed 17 May 2018.
Theodore Roosevelt, African Americans and the South. A Companion to Theodore Roosevelt, Wiley-Blackwell, 2011. History, online.infobase.com/Auth/Index?aid=153349&itemid=WE52&articleId=369594.
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Theodore Roosevelt: History
Theodore Roosevelt acquired a domain really taking shape when he accepted office in 1901. After the Spanish-American War in 1898, Spain surrendered the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam to the United States. Furthermore, the United States built up a protectorate over Cuba and added Hawaii. Without precedent for its history, the United States had obtained an abroad domain. As President, Roosevelt needed to expand the impact and notoriety of the United States on the world stage and make the nation a worldwide power. He additionally trusted that the exportation of American qualities and standards would ennoblingly affect the world. Theodore Roosevelt's strategic proverb was to ""talk delicately and convey a major stick,"" and he kept up that a CEO must will utilize compel when fundamental while honing the craft of influence. He along these lines tried to collect an intense and dependable barrier for the United States to keep away from clashes with adversaries who may go after shortcoming. Roosevelt took after McKinley in completion the relative nonintervention that had ruled the nation since the mid-1800s, acting forcefully in remote undertakings, frequently without the help or assent of Congress.
Philippines
One of the circumstances that Roosevelt acquired after taking office was administration of the Philippines, an island country in Asia. Amid the Spanish-American War, the United States had taken control of the archipelago from Spain. At the point when Roosevelt named William Howard Taft as the primary non military personnel legislative leader of the islands in 1901, Taft prescribed the making of a common government with a chose authoritative get together. The Taft organization could consult with Congress for a bill that incorporated a senator general, an autonomous legal, and the administrative get together.
Panama Canal
The most awesome of Roosevelt's outside approach activities was the foundation of the Panama Canal. For a considerable length of time, U.S. maritime pioneers had longed for building an entry between the Atlantic and Pacific seas through Central America. Amid the war with Spain, American ships in the Pacific needed to steam around the tip of South America in two-month voyages to join the U.S. armada off the shoreline of Cuba. In 1901, the United States consulted with Britain for the help of an American-controlled waterway that would be developed either in Nicaragua or through a piece of landPanamapossessed by Colombia. In a twist of shut entryway moves, the Senate endorsed a course through Panama, dependent upon Colombian endorsement. At the point when Colombia shied away from the terms of the understanding, the United States bolstered a Panamanian transformation with cash and a maritime bar, the last of which kept Colombian troops from arriving in Panama. In 1903, the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty with Panama gave the United States unending control of the waterway at a cost of $10 million and a yearly installment of $250,000.
When he visited Panama in 1906 to watch the working of the waterway, Roosevelt turned into the principal U.S. President to leave the nation amid his term of office. He needed to see the exhibition, which ended up known as one of the world's most noteworthy designing accomplishments. Almost 30,000 specialists toiled ten-hour days for a long time to fabricate the $400-million channel, amid which time American authorities could check the scourge of Yellow Fever that had desolated expansive quantities of trench laborers. The Panama Canal was at long last finished in 1914; by 1925, in excess of 5,000 shipper ships had crossed the forty miles of locks every year. Once operational, it abbreviated the voyage from San Francisco to New York by in excess of 8,000 miles. The way toward building the trench created propels in U.S. innovation and designing abilities. This undertaking additionally changed over the Panama Canal Zone into a noteworthy arranging region for American military powers, making the United States the prevailing military power in Central America.
Roosevelt Corollary
Latin America expended a considerable lot of Roosevelt's opportunity and vitality amid his first term as President. Venezuela turned into a focal point of his consideration in 1902 when Germany and Britain sent boats to barricade that nation's coastline. The European countries had offered advances to Venezuela that the Venezuelan tyrant declined to reimburse. Albeit both Germany and Britain guaranteed the Americans that they didn't have any regional outlines on Venezuela, Roosevelt felt wronged by their activities and requested that they consent to mediation to determine the debate. Santo Domingo (now the Dominican Republic) additionally experienced issues with European nations. Once more, European financial specialists had spoke to their legislatures to gather cash from an obligation ridden country Latin American country. After the Dominican government spoke to the United States, Roosevelt requested an American gatherer to accept control of the traditions houses and gather obligations to maintain a strategic distance from conceivable European military activity.
Amid the Santo Domingo emergency, Roosevelt planned what ended up known as the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine. The Monroe Doctrine, issued in 1823, expressed that the United States would not acknowledge European intercession in the Americas. Roosevelt understood that if countries in the Western Hemisphere kept on having unending issues, for example, the powerlessness to reimburse remote obligation, they would move toward becoming focuses of European creation. To acquire such activity and to keep up local soundness, the President drafted his end product: the United States would intercede in any Latin American nation that showed genuine financial issues. The culmination declared that the United States would fill in as the ""policeman"" of the Western Hemisphere, a strategy which in the long run made much hatred in Latin America.
Peacemaker
In spite of the fact that regularly perceived for the forcefulness of his outside strategy, Roosevelt was likewise a peacemaker. His best exertion at conveying aggressive forces to the arranging table included an emergency that had broken out in East Asia. Battling had emitted amongst Russia and Japan in 1904, after Japan's assault on the Russian armada at Port Arthur. As the Russo-Japanese War seethed on with numerous Japanese triumphs, Roosevelt moved toward the two countries about intervening peace transactions. The President yearned for a world in which nations would swing to discretion rather than war to settle universal question, and he offered his administrations to this end. Despite the fact that Russia and Japan at first declined his offer, they in the end acknowledged his ""great workplaces"" to help arrange a peace, meeting with Roosevelt in 1905 in Portsmouth, New Hampshire. For his part as go between, Roosevelt won the Nobel Prize for Peace, the principal U.S. President to do as such. Roosevelt likewise refereed a debate amongst France and Germany over the division of Morocco. England had perceived French control over Morocco as an end-result of French acknowledgment of British control in Egypt. Germany felt prohibited by this assention and tested France's part in Morocco. Despite the fact that the French had a powerless claim to Morocco, the United States couldn't dismiss it without dismissing Britain's claim too. The settlement in 1906 came to at Algeciras, Spain, concealed any hint of failure look for Germany yet gave France undisputed control over Morocco; it likewise made ready for British control over Egypt. A few students of history believe that Roosevelt's intercession in these two problem areas deflected battling that may have overwhelmed all of Europe and Asia in a world war. Regardless, Roosevelt's activities enormously fortified Anglo-French ties with the United States.
Awesome White Fleet
Roosevelt trusted that an expansive and intense Navy was a basic segment of national barrier since it filled in as a solid impediment to America's adversaries. Amid his residency as President, he manufactured the U.S. Naval force into one of the biggest on the planet, by persuading Congress to add ships to the armada and expanding its number of enrolled men. In 1907, he proposed sending the armada out on a world visit. His reasons were many: to flaunt the ""Incomparable White Fleet"" and inspire different nations around the globe with U.S. maritime power; to enable the Navy to pick up the experience of overall travel; and to find residential help for his maritime program. In December 1907, an armada of sixteen war vessels left Hampton Roads, Virginia, and went the world over, returning home fourteen months after the fact in February 1909.
At the point when Roosevelt succeeded McKinley as president, he actualized a key procedure for building an American domain: the danger, as opposed to the through and through use, of military power. McKinley had connected with the U.S. military in a few effective engagements and afterward utilized the nation's better modern power than arrange advantageous remote exchange assentions. Roosevelt, with his ""huge stick"" approach, could keep the United States out of military clashes by utilizing the true blue danger of power. In any case, as arrangements with Japan represented, the support of a realm was full of multifaceted nature. Evolving unions, moving monetary needs, and power governmental issues all implied that the United States would need to tread painstakingly to keep up its status as a politically influential nation.
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Pablo Picasso Biography
Pablo Picasso was born on October 25, 1881 in Malaga, Spain. As the son of an art professor he was freely able to flourish into the one of the most influential and renowned artists of the twentieth century. His father quickly recognized his son's high aptitude for the arts and helped mentor him. At the age of thirteen his father believed Pablo had surpassed his own ability and enrolled his son to study art in Madrid and Barcelona. Picasso ability stretched over a wide spectrum of media including: painting, drawing, sculpting, ceramics, and even theatrical design. As a teenager, Pablo Picasso rebelled against his art teachings, spending most of his time in Madrid's Prado, a museum displaying works of El Greco and Francisco Goya. In his twenties, Picasso moved to France to endure the life of a starving artist, allowing his work grow and change as he did. His life's work has been categorized into periods which clearly depict his mentality and challenges he was met with at the time. Today, Pablo Picasso's work has led the path for realism and abstraction, Cubism, Neoclassicism, Surrealism, and Expressionism.
Picasso's Blue Period took place from 1901 until 1904. At this point in time the artist was living intermittently between Spain and France and was suffering from a dark clouded mental state. During this time Picasso was living in poverty and would often burn his own artwork to survive. His works often depicted the somber society in which he was immersed. The representation of malnutrition, poverty, prostitution, loneliness, and despair were often themes within his work. Throughout this period, Picasso's pallet consisted of mainly blues, and green-blues, that on occasion were warmed by other colors. One of his most famous pieces from this period was the painting, La Vie. This painting was inspired by the suicide of Picasso's dear friend, Carlos Casagemas, which depicted his internal torment amongst a past lover. During this phase Picasso's work was greatly influenced by El Greco, featuring elongated figures. When Picasso permanently rooted in France, his work focused on lighter topics. During his Rose Period, 1904-1906, it can be noted that the artist's mentality had begun to improve as he seemed to escape his deep depression. At this time, Picasso had gained popularity within society and had regular patrons of his work, Gertrude and Leo Stein. The artist would often paint cheerful scenes of circus clowns and harlequins that were created in beautiful oranges and pinks.
In addition, Picasso had taken bohemian artist, Fernande Olivier, as his lover and often used her as the muse of his work. One of Picasso's most famous pieces from the Rose Period, is a portrait done of Gertrude Stein. The portrait depicts the patron with a pale face in a cascading black robe and matching turban, its background contrasts her face with deep red and mauve tones. Ms. Stein posed for the portrait on eighty different occasions until Picasso decided to scrap the painting unfinished. Today this piece is one of Picasso's most famous portraits created through his career. Picasso's relationship with the Stein siblings paved the pathway into his African Influence Period, 1907-1909. The Stein siblings hosted weekly gatherings in their home, where great modern artists and thinkers were brought together and flourish. The guests in attendance were dubbed the School of Paris and often inspired each other. At these parties, Picasso and the other friends of the School of Paris, were first introduced to African style of primitivism, a style that was brought into light by Paul Cezanne. The death of artist Paul Cezanne, began the cascade of influence that would shape Picasso's life forever. Les Demoiselles d'Avignon was Picasso's first masterpiece in this new style. It depicts five women composed of flat dimensional shapes with facial features inspired by traditional African masks.
The painting shattered the art world and was thought to be the most innovating work of its time. Picasso finally felt that he had freed himself with this new way of expression. He no longer tied himself down to European influence and felt courage to create his own artist pathway. This work showed the process in which Picasso elevated himself from traditional European painting into the early stages of Cubism. Picasso's Cubist Period took place from 1909 until 1919. His influence from Cezanne and School of Paris friend, Henri Rousseau, fueled his fire of giving his figures more structure. With the help of his friend, Georges Braque, Picasso began to experiment with shapes and colors laying the foundation of cubism. This new style of art strayed from conventional technique of art that became popular during the Renaissance. Cubism allowed Picasso the ability to create three-dimensional objects come to life on a two-dimensional canvas. During this time, Picasso focused on using a more neutral palate than of those in his previous periods. He often found inspiration in taking apart objects and studying their organic and inorganic shapes. Later, as Picasso began Synthetic Cubism, he experimented with different textures in order to change perception and depth. Picasso was inspired by everything that surrounded him. He often collaged newspaper or tobacco leaves into his paintings which allowed admirers to question what was real and what was painted. He also achieved this by adding vibrant colors to his works, helping Picasso to modify the decorative features of each piece.
This way of art would forever change the world. After World War I, Picasso detoured away from cubism. He traveled to Italy for the first time and was inspired traditional Italian classism paintings. With his skills, he created mythological creaturesfawns, centaurs, and nymphswithin his own modern style. This tribute to classic Italian art style was referred to as Neoclassism. During this period, Picasso contributed his work to the beauty of motherhood. Inspired by the birth of his first child, he painted Woman in White. This neoclassic painting depicts a mother-to-be in a white, flowing gown. Her hair falls in romantic tousles around her face and shoulders as she stares calmly off into the distance. As the 1920's came to an end, Pablo found himself gravitating towards surrealist style art. This style consists of figures that are morphed and distorted. With new inspiration rising from a young lover, he found new liberty within his work. His piece, Reading at a Table, shows a woman with sloping features reading at a large table. Her body is small but full, this was meant by Picasso to show youth and innocence. At this time, the artist uses a spectrum of color for the painting's focal points and a deep purple background to contrast.
Picasso's optimism for life quickly waned as the Spanish Civil War took place in 1936. His despair was brought to life through his work as graphic images created in muted grey tones. In 1937, he created the large-scale anti-war mural, Guernica, for the Spanish Pavilion of the Exposition Universelle in Paris. This surrealist painting was created in dark black, blues and white to relay torment throughout society. One portion of the piece focuses on woman on her knees clinging onto the body of a lifeless child as she cries out to the sky. Another portion shows a body sprawled on the ground being trampled by animals in distress. This masterpiece was created to express Picasso's disgust toward bombings that took place in Basque town, Guernica. As his life progressed, Picasso enjoyed creating a wide variety of media. He experimented with size and color of his paintings and sculptures. At this time in his life, Picasso began to reminisce about artists that had influenced him at a young age. For this, he created pieces of art in each of the artist's unique styles.
Upon finding new love in the 1950's, Pablo returned to creating mythological figures. In his work, Fawn with Stars, he depicts in black and blue, himself as a fawn infatuated with a lovely young nymph who plays a woodland instrument. These works that were completed within his final years are referred to as Neo-Expressionism. Picasso held many art exhibits worldwide. In 1957, a retrospective exhibit held in New York, had 100,000 visitors within its first month of opening. The overwhelming number of admirers that came to appreciate his work confirmed the impact Pablo Picasso left on the world. Throughout his life, Pablo Picasso detoured from tradition and paved the way for modern art. His artistic spectrum and innovated genius allowed him to capture and entice his audience, securing himself as one of the most influential artists of the twentieth century.
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Critique of Pablo Picasso’s Girl before a Mirror
The painting, Girl Before a Mirror, by Pablo Picasso was created in March 1932. A woman is seen standing and she expands an arm across the image towards a mirror to touch her reflection. The woman and the mirror symmetrically oppress almost the entire canvas and centrally imposes as the vertical axis of the painting. Picasso literally connects the two sides together through the reaching motion to emphasize a bond between the woman and her mirror image. To stress this, Picasso includes red-stripes originating at the woman's chest and spreads to her fingertips in the center of the painting, promoting easy flow and unity. The piece is absorbed by a variety of shapes, which constructs the essence of the woman's body and her reflection. The shapes provide the woman with curves, particularly around the abdomen area. During this time, Picasso's paintings mostly revolved around his mistress, Marie Therese Walter, who may have become pregnant with his child, hence the roundness of the woman's figure. Otherwise, this painting was created during Picasso's Cubist period where he initiated a new practice by altering appearances of all subjects, objects and people, opposed to what was generally expected. He did so through the use of incorporating geometric shapes, significant patterns, and contrasting colors in his art unrealistically and whimsically. These shapes are even prominent in the background that is usually placed as a backdrop, but in this case it is used as a metaphor for Picasso himself and allows the background to assist the main subject and pop as a focal point.
Analysis
The compositional strategy is based on symmetrical balance, in which the woman is on the left and her mirror image is on the right. The symmetry essentially brings focus to the ways that the two sides are not alike. In fact, the girl's face shown in the mirror does not relate to the existing characteristics. Picasso also fulfills a balance of both warm and cool colors. Warm colors are primarily used on the woman, while cool colors are primarily used on her mirror image. He was mostly interested in captivating a human body and rendering it into a variety of colors, shapes, and patterns that implements a deeper meaning. The viewer begins by spotting familiar traits, such as a face or arm. The other features, such as hands or hair, that are recreated and constructed by simplified and geometric shapes, eventually become more present and the outline of a mirror is recognizable. The moment of detection is very stimulating when the viewer realizes that the woman is looking at herself in the mirror and the mirror is expressing something altered from reality. It could be that she is sad or upset, doesn't like what she sees, or that the mirror is presenting her true emotions. Executing a direct understanding of the artwork, leads to an interpretation of how you came to this conclusion.
Interpretation
When you look closely at the image, you can interpret many distinctive symbols that may represent different meanings throughout the artwork. The face is painted in a way that shows both the frontal and profile views of the woman. The woman's face is divided into two parts. The right side appears to be yellow and bright like the sun, representing beauty and daylight. The colors have been given to enhance the attraction of the woman, as her pink-flesh tone is smooth with a clear complexion. One may even describe her as dolled up with make-up. Knowing that she was Picasso's mistress, a viewer may also interpret the bright colors as the happy times the two spent together.
However, the woman's reflection represents the opposing version of how she views herself. The colors used here are much darker. On the right side of the reflection's face her complexion is now textured and imperfect, almost as if it is fading. When the woman takes off her concealment of make-up, she is left to be increasingly exposed or vulnerable. Her eyes are depressed as they no longer have pupils, but are featured only as brown and orange specs. On the left side of the reflection's face, the bright colors are removed, as well as the physical features of lips, an eyebrow, and other details. The subtraction of characteristics results in the feeling that there is a sense of hate or unhappiness, referencing to the night.
Judgment
The focus of the painting is contemplation on female pride and the fear of aging. In one instance, the painting communicates a contradiction between the perceptions of self-identity with the identity that others acknowledge. However, it could also be assumed that when the woman gazes at herself in the mirror, she visualizes herself as an old woman, as suggested by the discoloration of her forehead and the distortion of body parts. The woman is either in distress of losing her youth or is self-conscious about all the imperfections and weaknesses others do not recognize.
Possibly the identity we classify ourselves with differs from others, simply for the fact that identity is built through a multitude of surfaces. It is a rare occurrence that the inner surface constitutes the same as the outer surface. In other words, what we allow people to see is hardly a reflection of our true identity. Our inner character may be hiding some sort of secret or affliction from the world, because being vulnerable is often difficult. Just as the painting is depicting, the artificial exterior, such as forcing a smile or putting on make-up, is used to disguise a person's true contents. Due to the fact that other individuals cannot physically see beneath the outer surface, what meets the eye is the only basis for judgment. In conclusions, according to the representations in Pablo Picasso's Girl Before a Mirror, only the mirror knows all and traps the actualities of identification one decides to shield or hide from the public eye.
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Pablo Ruiz Picasso Life
Have you ever made collages? Out of newspaper articles or a magazine? Do you know who created that? Pablo Ruiz Picasso was born on October 25, 1881 in Malaga, Spain. His father worked as an artist, was also a professor at the School of Crafts and he also worked as a custodian for a museum in Malaga. Picasso indicated a passion and an ability to draw at a young age. At seven, Picasso was being trained in drawing figures and oil painting by his father. At fourteen, he was traumatized when his seven-year-old sister, Conchita, died of Diphtheria which is a bacterial infection that affects your mucous membranes. Later on, Picasso was sent to Madrid's Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando, a highly respected place but then stopped attending classes at sixteen because he didn't like how they taught.
1901 to 1904 was known as Picasso's Blue Period. Most of his paintings were in shades of blue and blue-green which was influenced by an emotional turmoil he was suffering as a lot of his loved ones passed away during this time. It started in 1901 when he met his closet friend Carlos Casagemas but their friendship ended suddenly when Casagemas committed suicide due to his significant other. It was thinking about Casagemas that got me started painting in blue (Artsy). La Vie (Life) is one of Picassos most respected painting in his Blue Period. Made in 1903, the painting shows Casagemas being clutched by a woman while the two are looking at a mother and child with two canvases in the background of people crouching. In opinion, the two canvases in the background shows grief. After the artist finished La Vie, he moved to Paris and unfolded from his Blue Period, into soft, joyful pinks.
Picasso went from themes of poverty, loneliness and despair in shades of blues to themes of happiness and cheerfulness in hues of red, orange, pink and earth tones. This was known as Picasso's Rose Period that started in fall 1904 when he met the artist Fernande Oliver, his mistress, who is known to be one of the reasons he changed his style of painting. Circus performers and clowns appear a lot in the Rose Period and the harlequin, a mute comedian typically dressed in checkered costumes, became a character for Picasso. Picasso's Rose Period ended in 1906.
Picasso became extremely influenced by African sculptures and traditional African masks because he liked the style. Picasso's African Period was from 1906 to 1909. In the early 20th century, African artworks were being transferred to Paris and when Picasso saw African art at a museum, it influenced his style of one of his painting called, Les Demoiselles d'Avignon.
Analytic cubism is a style of painting that Picasso created with French painter, Georges Braque. This period lasted from 1909 to 1912. Analytic cubism uses monochrome browns and neutral colors. In 1911 Picasso was arrested for the theft of Mona Lisa for having association with Gery Pieret, who was an artist and had a history of stealing artworks. He was later cleared out of any involvement with the painting's disappearance. That didn't stop him from painting though.
Synthetic Cubism lasted from 1912 to 1919. It was digging deeper into cubism with making collages out of wallpaper of cut out pieces of a newspaper article. During the outbreak of World War I in 1914, Picasso was living in Avignon, France. After having fame and money, he left Olivier for a woman named Marcelle Humbert, who he called Eva Gouel. Eva was featured in most of his Cubist works and he was shocked when she died from a bacterial infection called Tuberculosis in 1915. During summer of 1918, Picasso got married to a ballerina, Olga Khokhlova. After their honeymoon, Picasso met a French-Jewish art dealer named Paul Rosenberg and he got the couple an apartment in Paris while Khokhlova presented Picasso to high-class people and they had a son named Paulo Picasso. The couple ended up having constant arguments and in 1927, Picasso began a secret affair with Marie-Therese Walter. Picasso never divorced Khokhlova because he did not want her to have half of his wealth, as French law requires. They stayed married until Khokhlova's death in 1955. Picasso was still with Walter and had a daughter with her, named Maya. Walter hoping Picasso would marry her, hanged herself four years after he died.
His Neoclassicism and Surrealism Period lasted from 1917 to 1929. That was his first time traveling to Italy. This period was mostly in the style of visual arts, theatre and music. An example of his style during the period is Two Women Running on a Beach, or Large Bather.
During the 1930s, a Greek mythical creature named minotaur replaced harlequin as his theme in most of his work. The minotaur and Marie-Therese Walter were featured in his work, Vollard Suite. Picassos most known work from his time around was Guernica (1937), which was his perspective of the German bombing of Guernica during the Spanish Civil War. Asked to explain its symbolism, Picasso said, It isn't up to the painter to define the symbols' (Wikipedia).
During World War II, Picasso was in Paris and his style of painting didn't fit what the Nazis liked so he did not put his work out to the public. He got searched by the Gestapo, which is a secret police force of Nazi Germany, and they questioned him if that was his work and he continued to reject it. He produced work such as Still Life with Guitar and The Charnel House. Between 1935 and 1959, he began writing poetry and wrote over 300 poems! During that time, he also wrote two full-length plays called Desire Caught by the Tail and The Four Little Girls. In 1944, Picasso began a romantic relationship with a young artist named Francoise Gilot. After growing tire of his other mistress Dora Maar, he began to live with Gilot and they had children named Claude Picasso and Paloma Picasso. Gilot later revealed that Picasso was abusing her and she ended up leaving him, taking the children with her. Picasso ended up having many other affairs with young and old women including Genevieve Laporte and Jaqueline Roque.
Picasso final works were a mix between all his different painting styles. He died on April 8, 1973 in Mougins, France due to Pulmonary Edema and heart failure while at a dinner party with his wife, Jacqueline Roque. Due to depression after his death, Roque shot herself in 1986.
Pablo Picasso was one of the most influential artists in the 20th century. Whenever you are making a collage out of pieces from a newspaper think of who created that. Pablo Ruiz Picasso. Inspiration does exist, but it must find you working. - Pablo Picasso.
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Meditation is the Tactic
There you are, 8:30 am standing in the crowded subway platform, suddenly, it is announced that the next train will be extremely delayed because of malfunction. Immediately, you feel a sharp tension increase in your surroundings, people start breathing heavily, pacing unrestedly, you hear them cursing to themselves, tightening their jaws, calling their workplace to tell them in an agitated tone all sort of complains and excuses, however, you see someone that doesn't form part of the picture, someone who doesn't show any emotions, who is still, with its body relaxed, and calm sense, as a matter fact, it appears to be disconnected from this world, rather appears to be effortless floating in space. The goal of meditation isn't to control your thoughts, it's to stop letting them control you - Dan Millman.
Precisely, meditation is the tactic to a less stressful life. The discussion will have its ground based with the great efforts of John L. Jenessy, the president of Stanford University, and now the Chairman of the Board of Alphabet, The Journal of human reproductive sciences, journalist Courtney Shea, the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, James Hamblin, MD, Ronald Alexander Ph.D, the comprehension of Physical Education 103, and the experience of 250 meditation sessions. First, the growing practice, meditation, will be defined, followed by its tremendous beneficial discoveries, concluded with a down-to-earth perspective.
Meditation is where an individual uses a strategy, for example, mindfulness, or concentrating on an object, sensation, image, movement, feeling. To, overtime, accomplish a rationally clear and emotionally quiet and calm state. Meditation derived from the Latin, breaks down from the verb meditari, which is defined as "to think, contemplate, devise, ponder. In addition, Oxford, Cambridge, and Merriam-Webster dictionaries have further definition of the topic at hand; definitions mention "think deeply about, "the act of giving your attention to only one thing", and "to engage in mental exercise for the purpose of reaching a heightened level of spiritual awareness respectively. In other words, meditating is an exercise that connects the body and the mind. For its effectiveness, it requires meaningful attention spent on a belief, time, state, or experience. Meditation cultivates the calm consciousness state of the practitioner's state, and aims to make it more accessible and withstand it it for longer periods of time. There are some meditations that involve motion, such as walking, feeding, and drawing meditations. Some people are very drawn to these moved oriented meditations, while others choose quieter and still meditations. Nevertheless, experimentation is the best way to find a match. Either way, connecting your mind and body, and practicing mindfulness is a worthy experience.
This curios practice has been used for millennials, attracting many researcher to figure why. Old beliefs about meditation music are known to heal diseases while enhancing religious well-being. The old practice of reflection is followed till day. Music and reflection are known to produce a positive life influence in you that helps you reach the objectives better, said John L. Jenessy, the president of Stanford University, and now the Chairman of the Board of Alphabet. Some corporations even provide music for download which helps you reconnect with the spirituality. Nevertheless, this practice is having a exponential growth in the 21st Century, as benefits keep emerging.
The Journal of human reproductive sciences has presented a great advocacy toward the practice; Perceived day-to-day strains, that is, challenges that people see as taxing, or surpassing their power to deal, are linked with lesser levels of steroid luteinizing hormone (LH) and progesterone, consequently, leads to higher levels of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). This high perceived regular stress levels were also linked with increased rates of anovulation (the menstrual cycle where the egg is not issued) (2011). Nevertheless, meditation highly decreases stress, and consequently, this undesired physical effects. Furthermore, research on meditation revealed dramatic results. It showed meditation increases working memory, and for productivity, the bright benefit of reflection is improved emphasis and ability to keep point, from distracted thoughts back to attention on the task at hand by just taking some quick breaths. After five minutes, I opened my eyes and felt . nothing at first. But when I went back to work, my head was clearer.
I felt more alert and mentally dexterous; the task at hand had gone from mountain to molehill (Shea, 2018). Peaceful inner reflection that has seen increased popularity in these last few years, and for good reason. Only 15 minutes of contemplation has been shown to decrease tension and high blood pressure and better focus (Shea, 2018). The National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health said, it can help managing labor pain, headache, heart disease, high-blood pressure, insomnia, nightmares, pain, depression, anxiety, which all consequently affect the emergence of many illnesses (2016). Moreover, evidence for psychological health benefits of reflection continues to put up.
Research mentioned in the article by James Hambling, MD, showed that reflection helps in creativity, memory, learning, and thinking skills. Reflection has also been demonstrated to increase feeling as effectively as antidepressant medicine (certainly, with no side effects). Surprisingly, it was also mentioned that meditation makes parts of the mind thicker, just as exercise builds strength (2013). Meditation is also related to help in addiction. Daily meditating can take over into everything else you do. People see themselves magically stopping smoking, drinking less, struggling less and feeling less nervous after a couple of weeks of daily contemplation. It's not a miracle; it's only you making the brain some time to contemplate (Alexander , 2016). Although, highly refined studies and research are powerful, a down-to-earth examples might give another perspective.
Now, I started meditating when I was 16, hard to remember how my life happened to cross meditation, but since almost 250 meditation session completed, my life has had a inimaginable turn. Although the journey has been tough at times, in the vast majority of my days, I'm able to catch myself when negativity, overwhelm, and stress arises and separate from it, resulting in a sensation of a brain as fresh as mountain cold water. In spite of all the previous cases, meditation has proven itself a worthy practice.
Mediation, "to engage in mental exercise for the purpose of reaching a heightened level of spiritual awareness, combined with its dense scientific correlation to a range of health benefits, plus, the down-to-earth perspective, would make someone lose incredible benefits if he or she doesn't incorporate meditation.
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Center of Attention
If we look around our self there is a link or bond between living organisms. From tiny insect to a advance human, there are somehow relations between them. It may seem senseless but
if we take a close look to know how relation develops we found answer outstanding. Let us take example of Adam, first man on earth living normally but after few days He feels himself alone. Eve was sent as a companion of Him. They both began to live happily and enjoy pleasures of life together. The connection between both individuals made a strong relationship like they care for each other and showed their affection and attention.
This shows a relation or inter-dependence of two individuals is necessary even from early life, in other words from birth.
When a child is born he is center of attention of his parents. They look after him and do everything for his better growth. An infant is totally dependent on his parents and the relation between them is of deep love and care. It states that how a man being individual interdependence on other fellow beings. There are three phases of life childhood, youth and old age. In all these phases man needs support, care, affection and attention. These qualities are necessary for entire life and one cannot get it by his or her-self alone but only way to come with all these to make a sound relation with others. Presence of fellow man makes you feel comfortable and internally satisfying to make one realize that how they are important to us. This importance and realization is somehow developed by mutual affairs. According to me, being individual cannot survive for a long time without making interaction with society. My family is very important to me and every person of my family makes me strong by moral support.
My parents and sibling are everything to me because they are more than a family and more than friends. I learn from them a lot, their experiences and practical life values makes me to choose better in life. My success and career is based on interdependence of my family and without them I’ve never be able to seek knowledge.
When we meet people, make some gossip or exchange ideas, visions of life, experiences, practical values and so many other things. If we notice these matters in such a way that we are giving and taking those values to make our self well define in moral character, this is matter of inter-dependence. In this universe everything depends on each other. Like food famers plough fields and wait for ripening of crops, after this struggle we eat those crops.
Honey bees made honey from pollen which are part of flower and grown by gardeners or natural source. We take honey from bees for our nutrition fulfillment. But now a day we are more self conscious. We become selfish in some matter like property, politics etc. We harm and hurt other fellow beings for our means. Like nuclear or atomic blast, innocent people lost their live and become a puppet in politician’s hand. Politics is a dirty game and they do not get their benefits by playing such games. Selfishness always leads to snag.
Lewis Thomas an American physician, researcher and etymologist found how two different creatures make a symbiotic relationship. In The Medusa and the Snail he describes an experimental value of symbiotic relation of two organisms having dissimilarity in their characteristics and functions inhabiting in same habitat. He says in nature there are some organisms having specific qualities and some are same. Word ‘unique’ for every second creature has become so common now, that we are astonished by their behavior in nature with other organisms. Some are genetically modified and some are modified by gene exchange.
He gives example of Coral polyps known as biological self conscious, they do not accept other polyp of different genetic line but accept only of same line. Even a micro-organism is distinguished by its movement of flagella. This observation for Lewis is a discussion of notion about ‘self’ and ‘other’ by chemical recognition between discrete organisms. Medusa and Snail living in symbiotic relation and inter-dependence on each other they are also giving and taking beneficial properties for their survival, protection and nutrition. Medusa engulfs Snail in such a way that it becomes predator and snail as a prey. This predator prey relation in symbiotic habitat provides both food, growth but also showing their characteristics of individuality in each other.
When tiny snail grows mature and leaves body of jelly fish as a vestigial parasite, there is nothing left or harm to jelly fish. Now Medusa is successfully edited parasite. Lewis says how these creatures do not harm and take benefit from each other. This symbiotic relation is better than parasitism in which host is harmed.
If we conclude all these hence its proof that symbiotic and inter-dependence relation is essential part of life. There is no survival of individuality without such relations.
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Catch Ourselves Struggling
How many of us catch ourselves struggling through the day and not getting the proper amount of sleep that we require? Some of us do not get time to sleep or to even relax, especially students, who can barely get 6 hours of sleep. Sleep is an essential requirement of the body. According to a survey done by the National Sleep Foundation, college students should fall under the eight to nine hours range, although most of the students do not. Sleep deficiency could cause brain to operate improperly. How could students than finish their school work, study for exams, complete all the assignments, stay alert during lectures, eat healthy, exercise, while having a part-time job? Even though the adults have the same amount of stress as the students do, and that is a completely logical topic, and they too, need their sleep.
Staying on the topic of sleep, we can come into terms that affect our rest, such as: the use of electronic devices before going to sleep, studying, stress, tensions arising, sickness, etc. also, medical conditions and various physical and physiological factors affect the amount of sleep a person acquires. Busy schedules of students forbid them from having proper exercise, which is a reason of sleeplessness. Hence, there are a variety of reasons why we are losing sleep.
Sleep deprivation could cause many health issues. The lack of proper sleep is the reason for becoming cranky. Person becomes stressed. Extreme cases may cause obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases. Sleep deprivation is undoubtedly linked to less life expectancy. Considering such issues, proper sleep is necessary for proper life.
Every problem has a solution, so does sleep deprivation, that is meditation. Meditation is a modern practice with a long history. Meditation is a powerful tool in coping stress, psychological balance and helps in proper well-being of the body. It has been the best help people can provide and receive. Many researchers have shown the psychological benefits of meditation with a new name of "mindfulness meditation".
Meditation is not a fancy routine matter. It requires very simple elements to be practiced in daily life. The person needs to be calm inside -out, have comfortable posture and a mind clear of thoughts. Preaching a word, sitting silently helps maintain a positive aura around us.
"Sit down alone and in silence. Lower your head, shut your eyes, breathe out gently, and imagine yourself looking into your own heart... As you breathe out, say 'Lord Jesus Christ, have mercy on me.' . Try to put all other thoughts aside. Be calm, be patient, and repeat the process very frequently." This was said by Gregory of Sinai, a very famous monastic from the 14th century, who passed away in 1346.
Practicing mindfulness meditation helps improve health by many folds. It helps people cope up with stress and anxiety. It is a useful tool to combat sleep disorders like insomnia and sleep apnea. Meditation can even help overcome addictive behaviors like the cigarette usage, eating constantly and alcohol or drug abuse, which have severe effects over the health. Meditation is not a medical treatment but is a beneficial aspect to combat many health issues.
Meditation has a science behind it. It increases gyrification of brain which helps in better processing of the information. It helps control emotions and brings the mind and body to stabilize. Mindfulness meditation is helps prevent ageing effects on the brain, and hence, increases life expectancy. It is considered important to tackle pain. It activates certain regions of the brain to overcome pain and sufferings in life.
Daily mindfulness meditation for even 15 minutes is enough to improve any sort of stress arising. So, what is going on our mind as we practice mindfulness? Mindfulness has been studied by many people. Mindfulness strengthens our connections within different parts of the brain. The different regions are the ones that are affected, like how we can't focus our attention, process what we hear and see, and being aware, in general (Ives-Deliperi, 2011).
Meditation being a broader category has many sub divisions. One such division is called- yoga. It is an age old practice rooted in the Indian philosophy. Yoga is a good physical activity for physically active people. It helps prevent problems like back pain, cancer and diabetes. It should be practiced carefully and under supervision. It improves general well-being and helps prevent sleep disorders.
Observing the affects of meditation, there are lots of reasons why one should try this fantastic technique and stay healthy, relaxed, fresh and not feel they are congested in between problems of daily life. It is recommended by doctors, scientists and every psychologist that has ever studied meditation. Practicing meditation and specially yoga unfolds many aspects of the healthy life. Problems like sleep deprivation found a remedy in lap of such useful techniques. So it is recommended to life long and a happy life.
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Types of Meditation
A loved one's death, sudden unemployment, broken relationships -- these are just some of the painful situations people around the world go through. It's common to feel burdened or sad when these unfortunate events occur. But, some people have it worse.
Depression is a common mental illness worldwide. In fact, more than 300 million people are suffering from depression globally. Unlike short-term unfavorable response to life's difficulties, depression goes beyond mood changes and emotional breakdowns.
A review published in the JAMA Internal Medicine showed that meditation programs can help reduce depression, anxiety, and stress-related health problems. But how exactly can meditation affect one's mental health and spirituality?
This article will dive into the wonders of meditation, and its impact on people's mind and inner peace. You will also learn about the various types of meditation and how you can put them into practice.
Types of Meditation
Meditation takes various forms. You can choose from a wide array of meditation types, depending on your needs and preferences. Below are some of the best ways to meditate:
- Loving-Kindness Meditation
Also called the Metta meditation, the Loving-Kindness meditation aims to develop a loving and kind approach towards all things, even daily stressors or personal detractors. Through this practice, meditators allow their minds to receive love and kindness by repeating compassionate messages to himself or herself, and certain people.
This meditation practice anchors one's mindfulness on the heart, promoting feelings of love and compassion towards oneself and others. The Loving-Kindness or Metta meditation can benefit people who are frustrated, resentful, offended, and bitter, and those who are experiencing interpersonal conflict. This type of meditation, which has been associated with reduced anxiety, post-traumatic stress (PTSD), and depression can promote positive emotions and vibrations.
- Mindfulness Meditation
In Mindfulness Meditation, practitioners are invited to be present at the moment. Instead of being stuck in the past or worried about the future, mindfulness teaches the meditator to be aware of what surrounds him in present time. This type of meditation does away with judgement. A person simply observes his surroundings calmly without discrimination.
This practice is a common form of meditation, which anyone can perform almost anywhere. Because this meditation type is also commonly practiced, several studies were already conducted on its impact on one's mental health. Research showed that mindfulness meditation can improve one's focus and memory, reduce obsession with negative feelings and impulsive, irrational reactions. Studies also revealed that mindfulness can promote relationship gratification.
- Transcendental Meditation
Transcendental meditation, on the other hand, makes use of mantras that are repeated within 15 to 20 minutes, twice every day while the practitioner is seated with eyes closed. This practice allows the practitioner to be perfectly still and at rest, and achieve a total absence of mental limitations.
But compared with other types of meditation, the Transcendental Meditation (TM) involves an authorized teacher and a seven-step course. Following a lecture, an interview, and a personal instruction from a certified instructor, a unique mantra will be given to the meditator, which should be kept confidential. The instructor regularly meets with TM meditators to make sure that they are doing the technique correctly.
While meditation programs are said to help improve several mental health problems, other reports suggest that it can also worsen the condition of people suffering from certain psychiatric conditions. So, if you have a mental health condition, it is best to check with your physician first before you practice meditation techniques. Also, remember to discuss your condition (if there are any) to your instructor before proceeding with the TM method.
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Oedipus Throughout his Journey
The Greeks believed that man can be portrayed with exaggerated fables that can be taught to people of all ages. One of these stories tells a tale of a tragic hero known as King Oedipus, he is well known for saving Thebes from a powerful Sphinx. Sophocles gives the reader a twisted, but a well-bound story of a man trying to outrun his own destiny, as a reader we see what can happen when you test fate and disrespect the "Gods". Oedipus throughout his journey one thing is always repeated and it is his arrogance and the fact he is egoistic. Thus, the overall hamartia demonstrated by King Oedipus is his self-absorbent nature, in which Sophocles provides the reader with the theme that when one concerns excessively with oneself; seeking to take advantage of the well-being of others for self-gain will only lose everything that is precious to them. King Oedipus, first interacting with Teiresias, foreshadows that Oedipus cannot take the truth and often blames others for his action, which creates more harm than good. A prime example is when he accuses Creon and Teiresias of trying to plot against him to take control of a falling kingdom, Oedipus says I tell you I do believe you had a hand in plotting and all but daring this very act, (KO 38). Many things can be clarified from this quote, but one that can stick with many is when Oedipus imputes Creon and Tiresias for plotted against him.
Foe the reader this can signify him blaming others, which is reoccurring throughout the story. As an audience, the reader is introduced to Oedipus' stubbornness early in the book this also shows Oedipus' pride and ignorance toward the truth. When this is said this the congregation follows the mood that is set after proclaiming this. Throughout King Oedipus, his actions portray his distaste toward people looking down on him Oedipus says By no means. I would have you dead, not banished, (KO 43). With this passage the reader analyzes that Oedipus is serious and in trying to resolve the problem as quickly as he can. Examining this section, Creon and Teiresias can get a good idea of how disillusioned Oedipus is. After the confrontation with Creon, Jocasta must come in to break up the tension in the room which if this had not happened the story could have turned out differently, As Jocasta comes, she says What is the meaning of this loud argument, you quarrelsome men? I wonder you are not ashamed, in this time of distress to air your private troubles. Come in my husband; and Creon, you go home. You are making much of some unimportant grievance, (KO 43).
Thanks to this encounter the reader can conclude that the in the most depressing manner, all that was worst in a ruthless society. (Gale, Thomas Bernhard 137). is a quote which can convey this story if Creon and Teiresias were to really try to overthrow Oedipus they would have done so without him knowing, this also shows, that though a king, you still cannot jump to conclusions and when you find out the truth it will hit you the hardest. Oedipus lashes out at the people of Thebes, proclaiming that whoever is found to be poisoning Thebes will be exiled or killed, blinded by the fact he is accusing other rather than looking at himself or his past. With Oedipus, still residing in Thebes the corruption is spreading until it has wiped Thebes out of existence. Oedipus displayed his faulty character throughout the play by showing how he is filled with ill-temper and pride, but they knew Oedipus' action may lead to devastating effects by saying He comes to find the answer (to his cost) (KO 38). With this, the reader can interpret the events that lead to the fallout with his wife Queen Jocasta as the reader progresses through the book. As this characterizes King Oedipus as an insightful a self-sufficient King prone to getting himself into trouble.
One other instance of someone telling King Oedipus that he was too full of himself is when Jocasta, finally understanding the urgency and disgust in the truth, of Oedipus being her actual son tries to intervene and get Oedipus to give up his quest to find the truth of his birth. After trying her best to stop him, shamed from the sins she has committed blurts her final word before ending her life saying, Doomed man o never to learn the truth, this is my last words to you (KO 55). As these chilling last words sink into the audience, the reader can finally interpret King Oedipus as prejudiced, ignorant, biased, uninterested by show the reader these characteristics throughout the book. No matter, Jocasta was unsuccessful from stopping King Oedipus by ending her life devastated from the still body and pool of blood unable to hold back his guilt grabs his dead mother/wife golden brooches and repeatedly stabs his eyes. The Attendant witnessing this, informs the reader by saying, "Her dress was pinned with golden brooches, which the king snatched out and thrust, from full arm's length, into his eyes/Henceforth seeing nothing but night... to his wild tune he pierced his eyeballs time and time again, till bloody tears ran down his eyeballs (KO 61).
This action is when Oedipus has realized his mistake and finds what he has seeks only to find is mother/lover dead. Sometimes the truth is not worth searching. In retrospect, Oedipus' demonstrates his hamartia of self-driven ethic, for the duration of the anecdote. You can imply a greater tragedy than the one inflicting Thebes. As the assemblage we see Oedipus' hubris even with his first interactions with Teiresias. Only Oedipus' self-absorbent nature had brought the fall and corruption to Thebes. Oedipus being the arrogant king he is, fails to acknowledge that no one, not even himself, can escape the prophecy set by the gods. Blinded he soon comes to his senses and understand that his physical sight was only blinding him from himself and was he was impaired he finally understands what he was lacking for so long. This goes along with the theme that when one concerns excessively with oneself; seeking to take advantage of the well-being of others for self-gain will only lose everything that is precious to them.
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The Emancipation Proclamation and the Immediate Impact on Slavery
Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United States, is well known as one of the Great Emancipator in United States history and The Emancipation Proclamation is one of the most highly criticized and analyzed documents of his Presidency. On the surface the proclamation granted the freedom of every slave in the Confederate States of America, ending its longstanding peculiar institution of slavery. In fact President Lincoln's proclamation had more to do with garnering the continued support of the Republican congress and swiftly ending the Civil war than actually freeing the slaves. Additionally, President Lincoln was not legally capable of freeing any enslaved person of the Southern states without Southern contrition to the directive. It is important to focus on the events that led to the issuance of the Emancipation Proclamation, the immediate effects, and the legal enforceability.
Tensions between Northern and Southern states were already high as Abraham Lincoln was sworn into office in March of 1862; addressing the slave-owning states directly Lincoln told them he would not interfere with the legal rights of the states. Lincoln, however, was very much against the spread of slavery into the newly forming states of the Union. By this time, seven slave holding states had seceded from the Union forming the Confederate States of America. Lincolns' inaugural address was a plea for the secessionists to come back to the Union before all-out war began and to settle their issues in Congress with Constitutional laws. The Civil War begins with the Confederate attack on Union forces at Fort Sumner, South Carolina in April 1861. Almost immediately, Union commanders on the frontlines begin issuing their own proclamations that any local slave is property that can be confiscated from a rebellious faction under the laws of war. When Union Generals John C. Fremont and David Hunter proclaimed the slaves of Missouri and the Department of the South to be free; their orders were revoked by President Lincoln as being outside of the commander's legal authority of the First Confiscation Act as to confiscation of property, and the liberation of slaves, is purely political, and not within the range of military law or necessity."
Immediately, the President began to receive pressure from the Republican Party and the slave holding border states of the Union. The radical members of the Republican party wanted an immediate end to slavery. Meanwhile, the neutral states were holding to the guarantee of state's rights under the Constitution. It was not a secret that President Lincoln was against slavery, however, he was against the use of federal force to remove the institution of slavery from the United States. He was very mindful to the fact that Kentucky, Missouri, West Virginia, Maryland, and Delaware were neutral in the war. These states held ground along the major arteries of the country and driving them to the Confederacy would hand over those access routes to the South. He attempted to keep them from joining the Confederacy by not acting too rapidly on the Republican Party demands for abolition. Lincoln preferred to allow for the gradual abolishment of slavery by the states on their own terms. In Delaware he attempted to convince the state government to abolish slavery with federal compensation, his proposed bill did not pass the Delaware government. The border states began to see the writing on the wall that slavery was about to be the central focus of the Civil War. In Congress, the more radical members of the Republican Party began to show President Lincoln that they had the power to end funding and supplying the Northern war effort.
On September 17, 1862, the battle of Antietam provided the exact circumstance for Lincoln to issue the proclamation. The President believed the Northern victory there along with the Proclamation would be the steam the North needed to turn the war in the North's favor. On September 22, 1862 President Lincoln issued the Preliminary Proclamation of Emancipation, the immediate response was overwhelming support by the Republican Party. This version of the proclamation was little more than an act of appeasement and not an immediate announcement to abolish slavery. By doing so, President Lincoln ensured the continued support by Congress for the war effort while giving the South an opportunity to cease hostilities against the Union and settle their issues in Congress. Lincoln's deadline for the South to act was January 1, 1863. However, the Preliminary Proclamation had the opposite effect he had hoped for as it cemented the Confederacy's resolve to continue the war and protect its way of life. As the word of the Proclamation made its way the plantations, slave holders feared a slave revolt was in the works. Some states took drastic measures to end any slave revolution before it began:
Seventeen Negroes, most of them free, have been arrested on suspicion of being engaged in plotting an uprising of the entire Negro population. Copies of newspapers that printed President Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation were found in their possession. All the Negroes know that such a proclamation has been made, and this terrorizes the whites. The seventeen Negroes have been taken to Amesville and lynched.
As more slaves came to the Union lines in search of refuge, Union Commanders were forced to determine if they could in fact provide the refuge offered to them under the Proclamation and the Confiscation Acts. On January 1, 1863, President Lincoln signed the Emancipation Proclamation, issuing the order to his field commanders that any slaves within the Union controlled areas of the South were freed. As slaves continued to seek their freedom; fighting aged males were drafted into service of the Army or Navy, immediately re-enforcing the Union Army. The women, children, and elderly were lodged in camps trailing the Union Army and lived in very poor, if not worse conditions than they had left. At the same time that Lincoln was proclaiming all slaves of the South to be henceforth and forever free . He maintained the laws of the borders state's right to own slaves thus securing their loyalty to the Union. In fact, some areas deep in the heart of Confederate owned territory were allowed to maintain their right to own slaves. As soon as the Proclamation is made public, slavery became the central focus of the war. The Emancipation Proclamation was issued to give frontline commanders the legal authority to take in slaves that were either freeing themselves or being seized as property by the Union Army. The added effect was the destabilization of the Southern economy and demonization of the act of slavery in the Confederate controlled states
Years after the Emancipation Proclamation was issued, Lincoln's critics began to dissect the proclamation and examine it from a legal point of view. The Emancipation Proclamation has been called by some a political necessity with the effectiveness of a Bill of Lading. While others recognized the Proclamation for what it was: an order issued by the Commander in Chief of the Union Army under the International Law of War. Following the War of 1812, the issue of slaves freed by the British was arbitrated by the Czar of Russia. This arbitration of the Treaty of Ghent established that slaves freed under the International Law of War were to be returned to their former owners or the former owners were to be adequately compensated. So, in enacting the proclamation under the International Law of War, President Lincoln provided a temporary solution to the peculiar institution of slavery. At the end of the Civil War all of the slaves freed, enlisted in the military service to the Union, or relocated to the North would have to be returned to their former servitude.
However, during the Civil War, the Republican Party controlled the Federal government and the Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution was passed by December of 1864. Following the end of the Civil War in 1865, the former Southern states were required to ratify and swear allegiance to the U.S. Constitution and the Thirteenth Amendment. Lincoln required that as little as ten percent of the state's population agree to the amendment in order to bring a swifter resolution to the Civil War. Lincoln's decision to require such a small percentage of the population to accept the amendment was met with harsh criticism by his fellow Republicans. The Republican controlled Congress demanded a majority vote by the states that would ensure an undeniable acknowledgement of the new amendment. However, Lincoln held to his original requirements "restoration of the Union and the abandonment of slavery," and the Union was restored.
The Emancipation Proclamation was indeed an important moment in the history of the United States, it acknowledged a terrible wrong that was done to the African slaves and established another measure of control over the Confederate States of America. Lincoln was legally allowed to issue the proclamation under previously established precedence set throughout the previous wars of the United States. However, without the addition of the Thirteenth Amendment the proclamation would have had no lasting legal effect beyond the end of the Civil War. The proclamation was a necessary political move in order to bring about a quicker end to the Civil War.
Bibliography
- CARNAHAN, BURRUS M., Act of Justice: Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation and the Law of War, University Press of Kentucky, 2007/09/21. APSU Library Online
- CURRIE, DAVID P., The Civil War Congress, The University of Chicago Law Review, Vol. 73, No. 4 (Autumn, 2006), pp. 1131- 1226. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4495583?seq=
1&cid=pdf-reference#references_tab_contents - DUEHOLM, JAMES A. "A Bill of Lading Delivers the Goods: The Constitutionality and Effect of the Emancipation Proclamation." Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association 31, no. 1 (2010): 22-38. https://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.lib.apsu.edu/stable/25701807.
- HOLZER, HAROLD, EDNA GREENE MEDFORD, and FRANK J. WILLIAMS. 2006. The Emancipation Proclamation: Three Views. Conflicting Worlds. Baton Rouge: LSU Press. https://ezproxy.lib.apsu.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=588416&site=ehost-live&scope=site.
- KRUG, MARK M. "The Republican Party and the Emancipation Proclamation." The Journal of Negro History 48, no. 2 (1963): 98-114. doi:10.2307/2716087.
- MANNING, CHANDRA. "The Shifting Terrain of Attitudes Toward Abraham Lincoln and Emancipation." Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association 34, no. 1 (2013): 18-39. https://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.lib.apsu.edu/stable/23622072.
- WELLING, JAMES C. "The Emancipation Proclamation." The North American Review 130, no. 279 (1880): 163-85. https://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.lib.apsu.edu/stable/25100834.
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The Mistreatment of Women in Slavery before an Emancipation Proclamation
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Role of Artificial Intelligence in our Life
Artificial Intelligence is the concept and improvement of laptop systems capable of acting responsibilities that commonly require human intelligence inclusive of visual notion speech popularity choice making and translation among languages. synthetic intelligence has its advantages and downsides. A number of those benefits will be the few errors they might make; a number of the ones robots may be used to discover the space that is going to the moon or other planets additionally to find out the non-public oceans and mining. one in each of the largest blessings that you may want to apply this machinery might be that they do no longer want to sleep and do the entirety without any postpone or waste of time. Artificial Intelligence is probably decreased to the importance of robots and could not show any type of feeling in what refers to medical care in case the time comes or whilst people are modified by means of using robots this makes them enjoy vain and no longer looking to do some aspect else that they will stay and they they will not have artwork or to provide them the maximum easy this will bring about a war and total destruction. there are unique forms of synthetic intelligence which have been superior in brand new years.
History
Artificial Intelligence is a field in technology that has been around for many years with the contributions of Alan Turing. Turing is considered the father of Artificial Intelligence and one of the precursors of modern computing. He was a mathematician, theoretical computer scientist, cryptographer, an English philosopher. Turing believed that anything ever that humanity can compute could also be computed by his theoretical Turing Machine. After World War 2, Turing was asked to develop a machine, and he provided a detailed design but did not see it built because his partners believed it too difficult. Eventually, his machine would be built by the Royal Society Computing Machine Laboratory in 1948 which was influenced by his work (Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2018). This would be the beginning of AI research.
Today, AI is used in more and more areas. Hollywood and the technology companies use it for entertainment and to make apps. Other private sectors use it for "tax preparation, songwriting, and digital advertising" (Hurd and Kelly, 2018). Governments have also used it for things like medical treatment and to help solve crimes (2018). As AI use increases, it is important to see what the good and bad things are from it.
Positives
Artificial intelligence has gained great value in recent years. Modern systems have the ability to manage large amounts of data and simplify calculations very quickly. The inventors of artificial intelligence are looking to expand this technology further into the future. therefore, artificial intelligence will achieve greater growth in the coming years. In this way, the artificial intelligence system will surpass and achieve incomparable performance, so much so that it is managing to generalize to the basic tasks of humans.
The robots are manufactured in all sizes and are programmed to perform all kinds of functions. They exist from the most basic that perform simple tasks, to the most complex that achieve the same performance as a person with university degrees. Each day different types of machines are built, which perform simple or complex tasks faster than a person. This is leading to increased efficiency for businesses. In their study, Masayuki Morikawa surveyed more than 3000 Japanese businesses and found that they were positive on the increase of AI being used in their company. They also found that the use of AI complimented the skills of current employees with higher degrees, creating a demand for better workers (2016). The benefits and the opportunities with the use of artificial intelligence can help in many ways; Increasing the finances of a business, improving the security this technology could help to diminish the risk of viruses, or solve them and keep companies safe from cyber attacks. In other things for many people this can be a good start for their economy and to be able to maintain control over what they can buy or where it is much better to invest. "AI technology is increasingly providing us with new knowledge and information about our actions. Fueled by sensors, data digitization, and ever-increasing connectedness, AI filters, associates, prioritizes, classifies, measures, and predicts outcomes, allowing the federal government to make more informed, data-driven decisions" (Maughn 2018).
The data-driven decisions the federal government makes is already showing. The testimony of Douglas Maughan state that AI has assisted the Department of Homeland Security in preventing attacks against critical infrastructure like banks and 911 centers. He also spoke about the ability of AI to help with intelligence gathering. For example, Customs and Border Protection has used AI to try and identify travelers that could be a threat to the country (2018).
Negatives
In terms of employment for people, once AI becomes used more and more, there are concerns expressed by many. Adam Butler quotes that "the next 3 years will see half a million more jobs created" but also "more than half of today's jobs [will become] automated within the next 35 years" (2018). The robots are manufactured to work and act like normal equipment since this is seen every day. To the point of becoming so real in some countries already have robots taking over for people: Mexico occupies 30 with 33 robots for every 100 employees, Argentina occupies the 36 with 16 units and Brazil the number 38 with 11 units. The robots are more and more in the whole world and every time it becomes more real and more present than ever (Morikawa 2016).
Another issue with AI is the fact that despite not being 100% reliable, people still trust it more than a human. Wagner, Borenstein, and Howard give different examples of when people overtrust AI like a robot. In one study, the people were put in a fake emergency situation and instead of following evacuation signs, they listened to the robot even when they were told before that the robot was broken (2018).
This September, the Subcommittee on statistics and technology inside the U.S. house of Representatives launched a file on AI. whilst it did have positives for its use, it additionally spoke about terrible things. The malicious use of AI will trade the manner we construct and manipulate the digital infrastructure in addition to our AI device and this could require many answers and extra employees from distinctive enterprise. What bad results would the awful management of AI deliver us? and the way do we prevent this harm to society? The subcommittee listening to additionally highlighted the want to prepare for and guard against the malicious use of AI. "in advance this year, Open AI, a non-income AI studies employer that testified at one of the listening to, co-authored a document findings that accept good enough defenses are evolved, AI development, will result in cyber attacks which might be 'extra effective, extra finely centered, extra tough to characteristic, and more likely to take advantage of vulnerability in AI systems'" (Hurd and Kelly, 2018).
For the destiny, all of the writers agree on numerous matters. the first is that the research in artificial Intelligence need to preserve and increase. The federal authorities desires to stay the chief in studies so China cannot beat us (Hurd and Kelly 2018). It also wants to use it to boom use in fatherland security to protect the nation and the peoples within it (Maughan 2018). second is that personal companies need to use it to make better matters that value much less cash to make. Robert Atkinson writes that people should now not worry approximately their jobs being taken by means of robots due to the fact agencies will nonetheless want humans to repair the robots so that you can virtually create extra jobs. He additionally says that whenever in history while a new era comes and decreases jobs at the start, greater jobs come later and that is a advantage for anyone.
In end, the synthetic intelligence is reaching a extraordinary balance in everyday lifestyles. despite the fact that robots can replacement human beings in essential jobs which include workers or marketing they can not have their private creativity and no feelings. Conversely, we human beings have a huge range. increasing steps are being taken in phrases of equipment and use of those in distinct factors of each day life. artificial intelligence is a debate among society and people who assist the contribution made to help humanity with the troubles of hunger and above all poverty. in this process, the definition of the vital facts codecs and the corresponding mechanisms to defend security and privacy might be mainly essential.
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Ancient Greek Architects
In today's society, we take architecture for granted. It is everywhere today, but in ancient Greece, it was far rarer. Churches, cathedrals, temples, statues, and big hotels are all examples of modern architecture. Similarly, in ancient Greece there were temples, amphitheaters, and sports arenas; however, they weren't everywhere like they are today. Today there isn't one architectural element that every building has in common; though, there was in ancient Greece. Columns were a defining part of Greek architecture and used in the building of their temples, a central structure of their society.
Ancient Greek architects created three different orders of classical architecture, which are primarily recognized by the style of columns they used. An order is a combination of a specific style of column with its base and the entablature it supports. The first order created was the Doric order. It has fluted, tapered columns, with no base and a simple capital at the top. One example of the Doric order is the famous Parthenon, which housed the statue of Athena.
The second order the Greeks developed was the Ionic Order. These columns are slimmer and straighter with a base at the bottom and a capital that is decorated with scrolls. The Temple of Artemis, which has been named one of the seven wonders of the ancient world, is an example of the Ionic Order. The third and last order developed was the Corinthian Order. It was similar to the Ionic but had additional acanthus and fern leaves next to the scrolls on its capital. An impressive example of this is the Temple of Olympian Zeus. Columns are used frequently throughout Ancient Greek architecture but are most commonly seen in the structure of their temples.
Greek temples were the most important public structure in their society. They were not built for congregational worship but to honor and serve as a home to a specific Deity. In the article Greek Temples it states, It was the needs of the gods that were most important. They controlled the forces of nature the sun and rain, which nourished their crops, and the winds that drove their ships. Therefore, the temples were built with exactness and followed a specific architectural order. They were built using the finest materials -- at first using wood and mud but later changed to using stone and marble.
A statue representing the god or goddess was placed in the center of the temple. The priests were the only people allowed in the temple to perform sacred rituals on behalf of the community. Public participation was limited to taking part in religious festivals and processions. These culminated in lavish sacrifices of prime livestock at the god's altar which stood within the temenos but outside the temple proper (Greek Temples.) These festivals were an important part of the Greek community. Austin Cline expressed in the article Method of Sacrifice in Ancient Greece This was a communal affair - not only were all of the members of the community there, eating together and bonding socially, but it was believed that the gods were participating directly as well. The importance of the temple was central to the lives of the Ancient Greeks.
In Ancient Greek Architecture, columns were a key component to many of their structures. This is frequently seen in the building of their temples, which is a critical component to their community. The design of the columns used reflected the three different architectural orders developed by the Greeks. The temples themselves provided a way for them to house and honor their Gods and Goddess, as well as brought their community together. The influence of Ancient Greek architecture moves far beyond the ancients to modern society and is reflected in our government and public buildings today.
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History of Law in Ancient Greece
History of Law in Ancient Greece
8th century BC was the beginning of Greece's emergence from the Dark Ages into the Archaic period. For a majority of history, humanity has been ruled by either a monarchy, led by a single person, or an oligarchy, leadership through a select group of persons. And this was very much the case in Greece just slightly different. Following the fall of the Mycenaean civilization, which was the last phase of the Bronze Age in Ancient Greece, city-states across Greece overthrew their kings and set up constitutional governments. However, if some city-states kept a king, the power of the king was drastically reduced and was seen more in a context of religion or as a symbolic figurehead. Majority of nobility disagreed in the idea of taking a subservient role under a single person and thus coups were made to overthrow their monarchy and it's hardly surprising that Greek city-states adopted an oligarchy instead. The aristocratic families that made up the Greek oligarchy however could end up facing issues due to the competition between the families and possibly lead to civil war. In an effort to counter such possibilities, their constitutions allowed a temporary, absolute ruler also known as a tyrant and in times of crisis the tyrant would be called upon to lead the state until his end term or when whatever crisis passes. As is only natural in positions of power, many of the tyrants refused to give up their post.
Prior to the 6th and 7th century BC, Ancient Greece didn't have any official laws or punishments. Many conflicts were settled between families, if a murder were to happen members of the victim's family would go and kill said murderer thus resulting in many blood feuds. Around the middle of the 7th century BC came the emergence of established laws in Greece. Draco was an archon in Athens and was the first recorded legislator and made several reforms to the law. One of his most important established laws was making murder punishable by exile. Draco's laws, termed the Draconian constitution was thought to be very brutal and so the term draconian tends to be used in a context that means excessively harsh or severe. Prior to Draco's reformation of the code of law, law was oral and only known to the aristocratic class, with his introduction laws became written and thus any literate citizen would know the law and was in a sense equal. Aristotle was the main source of information about Draco and one of the rumors about the severity of Draco's laws was that his laws were written in blood rather than ink.
While Draco's laws were in general pretty fair due to the fact it could be applied to anyone regardless of status, the consequences were extremely strict. Many criminal offenses, according to the Greek biographer Plutarch, was punishable by death even the smallest one such as stealing produce. Additionally, small offenses could also turn a free citizen into someone's personal slave if they had wronged someone else. As mentioned before, homicide was punishable by exile, but if that's the case then why were much minor offenses punishable by death? Well one of the most recognizable traits of the Draconian laws was the distinguishing of murder and involuntary homicide. Where intentional murder would result in death as punishment, involuntary homicide resulted in exile.
In the 6th century BC, Athens moved into an economic, social, and political crisis. From the economic standpoint, the population of Athens had grown to such a large scale that feeding its citizens was a struggle. From the social side many citizens grew into debt and for one to obtain a loan the individual would have to put himself as well as his family as collateral which oftentimes ended up in debt slavery. From the political side, the competitiveness between the aristocratic families were driving the city of Athens into chaos. Athens held nine rulers called an archon which was the chief magistrate in many Greek cities whose term lasted one year, but as mentioned Athens had a council of nine. Many of the problems that were prevalent in Athens went unaddressed and so the city of Athens elected the lawmaker and statesman, Solon to rule as tyrant.
Solon was born in Athens around 635-640 BCE into a distinguished family but one of only moderate wealth. Following the war between Athens and Megara over control of Salamis, Solon gained more popularity and was made an archon in Athens. Additionally he worked as a trader in his early life. Aside from being a legislator and commander, Solon was also a poet of decent fame amongst the lower Athenians, many of his writings inspired the public that were suffering under the Draconian laws that were still in place. This is also partially why he was elected into the tyrant position. Once elected, Solon acted decisively. In an effort to solve the economic problems of Athens he encouraged the planting and export of only olive oil, any other exportation of other foods abroad were forbidden.
In an effort to solve the social problems of the citizens, Solon made away with debt slavery and declared it illegal for an Athenian to own another Athenian. Additionally, he went even further and wiped the slate clean for every citizen by abolishing all former debts owed.
Ancient writers suggest that, in a radical move, Solon proposed to cancel all debts. This plan was referred to as seisachtheia or 'shaking off of burdens'. In practice, it seems more likely that the hektemoroi still had to pay off some debts but were given the right to own the land they worked. To prevent poor workers slipping into slavery, Solon also forbade the use of one's person or family members as security on loans. Those hektemoroi who had become slaves through debt were freed from their bondage. (Cartwright).
It was Solon's political solutions that made the most impact in Athenian society however. To weaken the power of aristocratic families Solon changed the qualifications for political power from lineage to wealth. This didn't really affect the aristocratic families since they were already wealthy but this change extended political power to a much larger pool of people and ensured that the poor had a voice in politics as well. He allowed all citizens in the realm to vote thus electing their own rulers. The general assembly had the final decision in electing public officials and Solon also created a council of citizens to act as judges.
Through his reformation of the Athenian social system, he remade the class system in Athens by creating four classes whose hierarchy would be based off of agricultural production. The tier list was the pentakosiomedimnoi (the top class of citizens), the hippeus (the second highest), the zeugitai (the third highest), and the thetes (the lowest class). The pentakosiomedimnoi was the estate that could produce at least 500 medimnoi (a Greek unit of volume) per year and thus were eligible for the all of the top positions of government. They could serve as one of the nine archons, in the Council of Areopagus (ex-archons that elected the current archons), in the Council of 400 (ran the daily affairs of the city), and could serve as generals in the Athenian army.
The hippeus were knights and could also serve in a position of high political power. The zeugitai were craftsmen that could serve in a minor position and the thetes were the lowest class as laborers. Every single one of these classes, however, could serve in the Athenian general assembly and jury. Afterwards, Solon made away with many of Draco's laws and only kept the law regarding homicide. Having completed his reforms of the law Solon relinquished his position as tyrant and left the city of Athens. Soon after the Athenian aristocrats managed to undermine the system again. However, in time, his reforms' effects had such a deep impact on Athenian society that they continued to be felt even after the period of tyranny was over and eventually became the foundation for classical Athenian democracy. (Karasavvas).
After Solon relinquished his power, Athens fell under the tyranny of Peisistratos. Peisistratos was a distant relative of Solon and generally ruled fairly, shared wealth and power, and made an effort to protect the poor. Unfortunately his son Hippias was not as benevolent and began a reign of terror. With the help of Sparta, the aristocrat Cleisthenes drove Hippias out of power and took over. Cleisthenes' fame became more prominent when he was made an archon during the rule of Hippias and his political power rose. Eventually his family became less favorable amongst the Athenian officials and Cleisthenes was exiled. The Greeks were a religious people and thus took the word of the gods very seriously. During his time in exile, Cleisthenes supposedly garnered support from the oracle at Delphi and utilized this to convince the Spartan king Cleomenes I to help him and the Athenians overthrow the tyrannical Hippias. Similar to Solan, Cleisthenes was more interested in reforming the system of law than holding power. However, immediately after overthrowing Hippias, Sparta and Athens turned on each other, Cleomenes I installed Isagoras in the archon council as pro-Spartan.
Isagoras backed by other aristocrats drove Cleisthenes out of Athens and was thus unchallenged in power within the city. Isagoras ignored the reforms Solan put into place, abolished the general assembly and imposed a new and un-Athenian system of government in which a select few aristocratic families held absolute power.
With the abolishment of their general assembly the Athenians were furious, eager to prevent Athens from becoming Spartan ruled, Cleisthenes garnered the support of the lower class and a revolution took place and Isagoras was overthrown and Cleisthenes was called from exile and was given free reign to complete his reforms. With the Athenian population backing him, Cleisthenes created the first government of the people by the people for the people resulting in the first democracy, breaking the power of the Athenian aristocratic families and unified the regions of Attica. The most significant part of Cleisthenes' reform was his division of the Athenian population into tribes, the tribes spanned different regions and broke up traditional ties to powerful families, one's loyalty no longer belonged to a single lord but rather to the whole tribe.
In an effort to ensure no aristocrat could drive the running of the state into chaos again, Cleisthenes introduced the policy of ostracism. Once a year the Athenian general assembly could vote to exile a single citizen based on any factor such as being too powerful, too dangerous, or just simply not being popular. The exiled citizen's property was maintained however and he was allowed to return after a decade. As a result of the introduction of ostracism, if the people of Athens thought someone might set himself up to be a tyrant, they simply had to vote for him to leave and by law he was required to obey.
With his new democratic reform, Athens was sheltered from the aristocracy. Cleisthenes placed the running of the state within the hands of the general assembly. Every citizen, regardless of status, had a single vote. The positions of archon and the Council of Areopagus was still in place but their power was drastically reduced. Proposals of measures and election of archons was transferred over to the Athenian general assembly. The old councils of archons simply took a role of offering advice and overseeing trials for murder, treason, and religion criminals were punished by fines, their right to vote taken away, exile, or death. Imprisonment was generally not used a method of punishment. In context of religion The ancient Greeks believed the gods on Olympus watched over them and it was a crime to offend the gods. Offending the gods brought upon bad luck on himself, his family, his friends, and descendants. Additionally to this it brought upon shame and ill fortune upon his city. There are numerous mythological stories of offenses to the gods such as the story of Sisyphus, Tantalus, and Arachne. But the final verdict of the criminals still lay within the assembly.
This direct democracy was unprecedented in history, other city-states had incorporated some form of democratic aspects but these held little to no political power, simply acting as councils in which leaders could ignore, none of it was to the extent of Athens. The general assembly of Sparta was restricted to a small percentage of the population and only voted on issues presented to them by their Council of Elders whom served a life term. Athens was new and fresh and filled with excitement as it appealed to the independent nature of Greek culture, the other city-states assumed that this fresh experiment would drive Athens into ruin. The Spartans held their system of government together through brutal social programming and militarism yet this intense system was constantly under threat of revolution by slaves and could be undermined by outside influences, it was believed that if Sparta was barely keeping it together what hope did Athens have? Evidently Athens didn't combust. By giving every citizen a voice in the state the Athenians achieved unity and strength.
Athens flourished, accumulating wealth and power, emerged as the region's second superpower. While Solon was known as the father of western law and his reforms as being set for the foundation of Athenian democracy Cleisthenes was titled the father of democracy. Despite the immediate effects of his reforms being immediately apparent in ancient Athens, his greatest accomplishment will always consist the fact that democracy, since then, has evolved and expanded to most countries of the modern world, and is still considered by many today (2,500 years later) as the best system of government. (Karasavvas)
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Capital City of Greece is Athens
The capital city of Greece is Athens, which was founded in 508 B.C. and made the capital city later on. It is the home of the Parthenon, the temple dedicated to Athena. (Parthenon itself means the chamber of an unwedded virgin) Although not a wonder of the world, it is considered a world heritage site by UNESCO. The city and the temple were named after Athena after discovering that an olive tree was there, and that tree, according to Grecian myth, was a gift directly from Athena herself to humanity. The temple was made on an acropolis, which means high city. It was created after the Persians has destroyed the city that was there before Athens was created and named. The city of Athens owes most of its' success to Athena (and probably really good luck) and how devoted they were to her.
Originally, the residents were deciding on whether to name this new city after Poseidon or Athena. However, where they were deciding to make the temple dedicated to whichever god that was going to be chosen, there was an olive tree, that in a Grecian myth, was a gift from Athena to humanity, or the humans descended directly from the earth as the Greeks believed that they were. Before this, Poseidon had made water come from the earth, but because of how salty it was it would not be of use to humans.
Once that was decided, the powerful statesman of Athens: Pericles, had to get the architect to make the temple, and it had to be perfect in honor of Athena since only the best would be acceptable. Pericles was a very powerful and influential man during his time, so much so that a friend of his, Thucydides who was a historian, named him the first citizen of Athens As stated before, they held Athena in high esteem because of the gift that she had bestowed upon them, and everything needed to be of the utmost quality. Phidias was chosen to be the architect because he was a friend of Pericles and had also created the awe-inspiring statue of Zeus in Olympia. The Parthenon was made out of twenty-two thousand tons of marble and is seventy meters long by thirty meters wide, or two hundred and thirty feet long by one hundred feet wide for non-metric users, as well as not having any straight lines because the human eye is faulty and cannot detect all errors that are done.
The special thing about this temple was in how they would hold a special festival in honor of Athena every four years. Unlike the temple of Apollo in Delphi, which had an Oracle people would go to, to ask about their future, the Parthenon focused more on this festival that happened every four years. Well, actually it would hold a festival every year on Athena's birthday, but the really spectacular one was held every four years. The procession, the Panathenaia, that would happen every four years was carved into the Parthenon, depicting what would happen during this time, which to typical Greek tradition, were competitions.
There were chariots racers competing against one another, and whoever won that race would be given a jar full of olive oil, which was fitting because again, the olive tree that Athena had gifted them would be represented through the olive oil that was won. Along with the chariot racers, there were men that might have participated in beauty contests and could have been the winners of said contests, musicians playing their instruments, men with animals that were about to be sacrificed to Athena and held snacks in their hands.
In conclusion, the Parthenon and Athens were the most powerful city-state of Greece not only because of its influencers but because of the devotion the people of this city had to Athena. Without having that olive tree there, Athena might not have ever become the patron deity of the city, and the Parthenon would not have even been named the Parthenon. The question that remains is that had this city been named after Poseidon, as it had the possibility of such a thing happening, would this city have been as powerful or as successful as it was being named after Athena. There are so many what-ifs' or maybes to be had. However, that is all they will be because Athens continues to be called Athens to this day, and still remains the capital city of Greece even after all these years.
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Greece is Said to be the Birthplace
Greece is said to be the birthplace of many amazing discoveries. Three thousand years later we still use ancient Greek discoveries in math, philosophy, science, architecture, government, and art. What's even more astonishing is that ancient Greeks achieved so much without the use of technology or machinery. Many of ancient Greeks discoveries and inventions are still used today, even though some of them weren't popular, like the idea that the sun was the center of the solar system. That idea was ignored and then rediscovered much later. The advancements made by ancient Greece is obvious today because schools all over the world still teach many of the ancient Greek ideas and innovations. The impact ancient Greeks made in history is still noticeable in modern society.
Ancient Greeks are well known for their beautiful architecture. So it's no wonder they put so much thought and planning into their buildings. Ancient Greeks used a lot of different materials when building which include concrete. The Greeks were the first to start mixing clay with Limestone around 100 BC, however the Romans perfected it giving them more credit.
Think about how cold the winters would be without heat inside your house. The Greeks solved that problem because they invented a type of central heating. The ancient Greeks figured out to transfer heat from the fires under the floors through pipes to different rooms. The pipes under the floor heats the surface of the floor which then heats the room to a comfortable temperature. Slaves did the maintenance for the fires. This invention led to what we call today radiant floor heat.
The ancient Greeks had already designed irrigation systems for farming, so it was a natural next step to bring water into their homes to create extensive plumbing systems for baths and fountains. The greeks figured out that water was important for more than just drinking and bathing so they used stone and clay to make pipes or aqueducts to bring water from streams and rivers. The water from rivers, streams, and rainwater was collected in storage cisterns and some of this water was fed into street fountains which are still being used today. This indoor plumbing system was so brilliant that it made it possible for some houses to be equipped with closets or latrines that drained into the sewer pipes beneath the street. This is how the first 'flushing' toilet was made. The water in the cisterns helped flush the waste through the sewers, and terra-cotta pipe work blocked the odors from coming back up. This system was really advanced for their time.
Since the ancient Greeks had already created a plumbing system in their homes, this lead to the invention of the shower. Ancient Greeks liked feeling clean and they wanted to replicate the feeling of standing under a waterfall because they realized that running water poured over the body cleaned them more efficiently than to bathe in still water. Seeing that most ancient Greek cities had channels that moved water into and out of homes and public buildings, it made it a lot easier to bathe. The early Greek showers were found in public bathing facilities that everyone had access to and later on they were installed in private homes. Ancient Greek showers work just like showers today. The water gets pumped in, then comes out of a shower head high on the wall, and the dirty water gets flushed out through the drain pipe.
In addition to the invention of showers, the Greeks were the first to capture water in a bowl which became what we call today a sink. That idea of running water in a sink allowed them to clean both hands at the same time which was original. To wash themselves ancient greeks rubbed lumps of clay and olive oil over their body, had steamed baths, and then scraped it off which removed the dirt. Bathing was a very valued thing to do and a big part of ancient Greek lifestyle so much that bathing and showers where shown on ancient Greek pottery.
Many of the inventions ancient Greeks made or contributed to were related to building and construction. The Greeks had lots of machines and tools to build their monuments and temples. One example was the wheelbarrow which might seem like a simple tool, but it was one of the most important inventions in history. The wheelbarrow was a one wheeled device pushed by two handles used to transport light loads. It was easy to build and use, was efficient to push down rows of crops and rough, bumpy roads. The wheelbarrow also doubled what a man can carry with little effort. Ancient Greek wheelbarrows were more like a cart than a bucket that is common today and was also called the 'one wheeler'. Researchers thought that the wheelbarrow could have been used for farming before the Greeks, yet there is no evidence of this.
Another ancient Greek machine that was used to help construction was the crane. The invention of the crane was the result of the need to lift heavy stones to make huge temples to honor their gods. Before the invention of the crane people had to move large stones by rolling or pulling on sleds. The crane was a machine specially designed to lift and move heavy objects around. The crane was made by a long piece of wood attached to ropes perched over the edge of construction to hoist up the heavy objects easier and faster. There was no stone or steel involved in this, which was pretty impressive. Archaeologists found holes in the stones which they believed meant the blocks were lifted and moved around. The crane was powered by men and animals such as donkeys. The first cranes just used rope to lift the blocks but later they combined the design of pulleys, winches, clamps, and cogwheels. This crane was so simple but so ingenious that it resulted into one of the greatest construction achievements in history.
One other ancient Greek machine that was very influential to our modern day was called the Archimedes Screw named after the greek born mathematician, Archimedes. This simple machines main purpose was to pump out water. The Archimedes Screw is a tube looped around a rod, set at a angle with the bottom end in the water. It had a handle at the top and when rotated the entire device turns up and water is pulled up in the tube. This remarkable invention is what modern day irrigation systems use to get the water out of the ground. Also when the Archimedes screw was turned sideways under a boat, it then became a propellor which helped send big boats across the sea.
Another brilliant invention by Archimedes was the odometer. The word odometer is derived from the Greek word hodos (path) and metron (measure), therefore it is a device used to measure the distance, by traveling in a carriage. Before the invention of the odometer the ancient Greeks measured distance by how many steps it takes which was extremely inaccurate, so they designed a mechanical device that worked when the chariot wheel rotates a certain amount of times, a pebble falls into a box on the chariot. The distance traveled is determined by counting the number of pebbles in the box. This basic invention helped Greeks create roads, bridges for traveling and figuring out accurate distances between specific places. Thanks to this invention digital odometers are built in every car today.
Since the Ancient Greeks already had invented the odometer, it now became possible to make correct maps. Imagine trying to drive somewhere without knowing where to go or how many miles you've gone. Travel and navigation played an important part in ancient Greece, and that lead to cartography, the study and practice of making maps. Anaximander was a Greek philosopher who was the first to make maps with the concept of latitude and longitude and he was the first to make a map of the known world. For this reason he was considered to be the first map maker. Before this concept maps were vague and inaccurate, so therefore this invention was super helpful and made an important contribution to geography and astronomy. This led to modern day GPS and satellite use.
The Ancient Greeks made many more amazing inventions than these that were used in buildings, machines, and navigation and if it weren't for all their discoveries and their spectacular contributions to the world, then we wouldn't be where we are today. It's very interesting to wonder how these greek inventions spread across the world. Historians believe that Alexander the Great was responsible because when his army conquered so many different countries he took the greek ideas with him. After Alexander the Great died in 323 BC, the Romans carried the same greek discoveries even further to more countries, including ours.
Next time your in the hot, steamy shower with the water raining down on your head or you are following a GPS to get to a certain location, take a moment to wonder about how these inventions were created 3,500 years ago and thank the Ancient Greeks for it.
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According to Merriam Webster
According to Merriam Webster dictionary, a femme fatale is an attractive and seductive woman, especially one who will ultimately bring disaster to a man who becomes involved with her. This idea of vengeful women such has femme fatales has been shown in the arts, mainly in the theatre, for centuries even though this term was well identified in the twentieth century. Clytemnestra proves to be one of the first examples of a femme fatale by murdering her husband to seek revenge for the death of her daughter he sacrificed. As shown in the play Agamemnon, by Aeschylus, Clytemnestra is shown as self-sufficient, and clever. She uses her traits, combined with her seductive charm, to trick Agamemnon.
The audience is aware that the murder is obviously planned way before his arrival, showing us how rigid, conniving, and willing she is to go the extra mile to get what she wants. When Agamemnon finally returns to his home, Clytemnestra coaxes Agamemnon into believing he is safe at home by being both obedient and bashful. She had it all planned out to the tee, she did not aggressively attack him the second he arrived and did not scold him for bringing another woman into their house. She simply played the part of a well-behaved housewife until she reveals her plan. Clytemnestra is the example of a classic Femme Fatale.
Clytemnestra would be considered every man's worst nightmare. Now, to fully understand Clytemnestra as a femme fatale, one must understand how her character was written according to how the playwright visions the character. According to the backstory of the play, Clytemnestra was the wife of Agamemnon, who was the king of Mycenae, and sailed to Troy as the leader of the Greek army to help his brother Menelaus win back his wife Helen who had been taken by Paris of Troy. But, before he left Greece, Agamemnon had to sacrifice his daughter Iphigenia to the goddess Artemis, to please him and avoid confrontation with him. Artemis promised he'd allow the winds to blow in Agamemnon's favor for the war in Troy. While Agamemnon was fighting the war in Troy, Clytemnestra began plotting the murder of her husband with her new lover, Aegisthus.
When the king finally returns, the two lovers eventually over the cores of the play, attack him and cut his throat. Although she has been portrayed as a villain in this Greek tragedy, no one could blame her for wanting the revenge of her daughter's death. This plot allows the audience to paint a picture of a justified mother who is seeking revenge for her daughter's death and shows that Clytemnestra has been planning this revenge for years and years. Even the old men in the play are scared of Clytemnestra and grow concerned that she is plotting revenge against Agamemnon, but they do not understand to what extent her murder fantasies go to. In the last few lines of the introduction, the chorus states that they ...will know the future when it comes, which proves that they had no idea what was going on nor did they even want to.
Later in the play, Agamemnon returns to the city, where Clytemnestra greets him. She then delivers a long monologue about her love for him, how she was scared that he would not return home from war, and her reasons for sending their son, Orestes away. She even goes into detail about how she was worried that the men of the city would attack her while Agamemnon was away at war and kill Orestes in order to take over the throne. So not only did she gain sympathy for being all alone, she also explains why she chooses to send their son away cutting any suspicion down, though the real reason for him being sent away is so that he would not be able to impede on her plans for vengeance. Clytemnestra uses this to convince Agamemnon that she is still dedicated to their love. She plays the perfect obedient housewife to make sure he is calm and unsuspicious of her plans.
Something rather important that stands out too, is that Clytemnestra purposely avoids talking about any of their daughters and she does not bring up Iphigenia ever to Agamemnon, or her death because that would have most likely lead to a fight between the two of them. If that were to happen it could have shown how Clytemnestra's grief for her daughter has only grown stronger over the years. Something also worth noting is how Clytemnestra plays to Agamemnon's patriarchal value. This was common in ancient Greek society, to only have men in charge, therefore only sons would have been important in the continuation of the family name. Clytemnestra knew that Orestes would have been the next heir to the crown thus being the only child that Agamemnon would really care about. She was clever in doing this in front of everyone in the house to gain more empathy and look even less obvious when murdering her husband.
The plan officially begins once Clytemnestra gets Agamemnon to go into the house, but before he does Agamemnon introduces a woman named Cassandra, who is represented as the prize for winning the war. The audience sees the contrast in how cold Agamemnon treats Clytemnestra after her long monologue versus how sweet he treats Cassandra. It is understandable why Clytemnestra would feel anger towards him in this moment. After the murder takes place, Aeschylus has Clytemnestra confessing to the murders and giving a long monologue to the men of Argos.
In this monologue she talks about why she killed Agamemnon and Cassandra and explained that she did this for three different reasons. The first most important, and most prominent reason is seeking revenge for her daughter's death, then on to punishing Agamemnon for bringing Cassandra into their house, and lastly, to break the ancient curse on the house of Atreus. Aeschylus makes it very clear that he believes she is motivated by the loss of her daughter by having her advocate for her own actions, sacrificed his own child, our daughter, the agony I labored into love. She is obviously more than just a woman driven by the grief of her daughter; she is clever and determined to seek revenge on her husband.
Clytemnestra is one of the first representations of a what we now know is a femme fatale. Clytemnestra was undoubtably a strong woman and just as smart as any of the men of her time period. She used her charm and sexuality to seduce Aegisthus (her lover) into planning Agamemnon's murder with her along with ultimately take the throne. It is important to also note, that both murders were completed completely on her own showing her strength and willingness for revenge. Clytemnestra fits the mold of a femme fatale by spending her time and energy over the last ten years plotting and planning the murder of her husband and she follows through with this plan by using her womanly gifts. In Aeschylus's Agamemnon, Clytemnestra fits all the descriptions of a classic femme fatale even when the description had not yet been thought of during Ancient Greece.
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