Month: August 2019
Organ Donation: the People Right or ought to the Government Make a Law?
According to organ donation information by this time the following day, 20 humans in america who're alive right now might be lifeless and 20 human beings will die due to the fact the organ transplant they need will not be viable. Organ donation is right, however human beings need to have the right to pick out if they need to donate their organs. Organ donation is the system of surgically removing organs from one man or woman and transplanting them into a person in need. In either case, tissue and organ donation is noticeably beneficial because it saves lives and facilitates further medical studies. If the donor is dead, however his or her organs may want to save people's life must the government determine to transplant the organ to the person who wished the organ or the parent.
Organ and tissue donation is beneficial is that it enables store lives. In line with the u.S. Department of health and human services, you may shop up to 8 lives thru organ donation and decorate many others via tissue donation (organ donation statistics). Organ donation allows sufferers who won't survive their illness, which affords them a 2nd chance at existence. The recognition of organ donation and the numbers of donations are developing unexpectedly in the united states. But, there may be still a enormous want for organ donation. In keeping with the u.S. Department of health and human offerings, 116,441 people are waiting for an organ, and 18 humans will die each day looking forward to an organ (organ donation facts). These facts should still be lessened. If we increased public consciousness, improved efficiency of the donation system, greater expectancies for transplantation, growth of the residing donor, and the development of standardized donor control device of rules governing affairs have caused exceptional prices of organ procurement and transplantation. In line with challenges of organ shortage for transplantation: solutions and opportunities bt r. F. Saidi and s. K. Hejazi kenari in latest years there was a growing interest in donors who have severe and irreversible brain accidents however do no longer meet the standards for brain demise. if the medical doctor and circle of relatives agree that the affected person has no chance of restoration to a meaningful lifestyles, life support can be discontinued and the patient can be allowed to development to circulatory arrest and then still donate organs. Growing usage of marginal organs has been encouraged to cope with the organ shortage.
Some other manner that organ and tissue donation is useful is due to the fact people can determine to have their body and organs donated to science. If one comes to a decision to donate his/her body to technology, it helps scientists and docs to have a look at the body and come up with new ways to help treatment sicknesses and improve lives. For instance, in step with must the government decide if you're an organ donor by using casey leins if our bodies or organs have been now not donated to technology experiments, then researchers might have a hard time finding therapies to sicknesses and increasing their understanding of the organs. organ donation helps medical researcher to enhance education, shop lives, and enhance the best of lifestyles. Not all organs are capable of be donated or transferred to another affected person easily, so through donating one's frame to analyze it may assist researchers discover new treatment options and treatments for illnesses. Donating your organs also can help in school settings where students in medical faculty are getting ready to become a physician. Organ and tissue donation is very beneficial to many when it's far donated to investigate and technology.
Organ and tissue donation is also beneficial in imparting people with clinical know-how human beings donate their our bodies for scientific studies and for humans to see what the human frame looks as if on a very new stage. The our bodies are preserved thru plastination, which allows visitors to see the interior of the human frame. In step with authors of the object human body well-knownshows: public opinion of younger individuals and present day bioethics, the well-knownshows of plastinated cadavers and organs have attracted tens of millions of visitors globally, even as elevating critical controversy about their content and reason of implementation (kordali et al. 433). The writer wants to train the general public about everyday and pathological anatomy if you want to amend their lifestyle. This may be affected by certified anatomy demonstrators in graduated steps in keeping with the cohort's age, training, career, and health reputation (kordali et al. 433). If people understand that there are ugly that they are able to take to assist prevent them from sure sicknesses, they may simply follow it. This show off helps make human beings greater aware about their frame.
In a end, tissue and organ donation is notably beneficial as it saves lives and allows in addition scientific studies. Likewise, one can be a postmortem donor, wherein case his or her organs or entire frame can be donated. Organ donation is ideal, but people need to have the proper to pick if they want to donate their organs. Those adjustments are coincident with extra organ call for. The transplant community and policy makers ought to bear in mind each option to expand the donor, keep away from organ discards, and encourage the practices to optimize usage of marginal organs.
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Cloning and Identity
Can you imagine another identical of you? Well considering that there is no law against it, scientist has done experiments relating to this issue, it's called cloning. Reasoning why scientist want to do cloning is because they want to save the endangered species. Some back-ground knowledge to know what cloning is, a clone is producing asexually, meaning it is the exact replica of the parent. Dolly the sheep was the first cloned mammal. And finally, the only endangered animals so far, they have cloned was cows, oxen, sheeps, and wolves. Two unfortunate things that occurred as a result in this experiment is there is no genetic diversity and the cloned animals may have health problems. However, knowing the back-ground knowledge there two types of cloning, therapeutic and reproductive.
Therapeutic cloning is the used of cloning for medical purposes, it is stem cells that can help cells generate new body parts. It can also supply to treat human diseases. And the last type of cloning is Reproductive cloning, is the use of one embryo into multiple identical people. That being said cloned animals can expressed different features during their development. It is also used to produced animals with desirable traits, including agriculture products, therapeutic agents and restoring endangered animals.
Two ethical reasoning that why people would want to clone is because it saves the extinction of the universe reasoning why people would want to argue this matter is because there is so many theories going around on how this earth is dying and their will be no future for humans. However, if they can solve this with sending clones to other planets that can still take the same requirements that we need to live, I believe that it is a saver for mankind. Second reasoning, cloning can treat or cure multiple diseases. Can you imagine those survivors that survived an excruciating event and was able to genetically regenerate their loss limbs? Or the diseases that younger and younger children are obtaining can be treated in an early age due to reproductive cloning.
Categorical imperative, an ethical theory that came from Kant. Which means to invite us to act as if golden rule of treating others as you wish to be treated. This ethical theory relates to the ethical standpoint of the pros of why people would want to clone because it tells you if you see someone mentally and physically damage you would want them to be treat the best possible way, just like if you were in the same predicament. The second ethical theory is Justice as Fairness by John Rawls. This theory stated that in order for something to be morally correct it had to a lot the most amount of justness in terms of being fair to all. In other words, being able to think as a whole, to care for more than just yourself and to not be ignorant. Everyone should have the right to have what other people has. This relates to the people who want cloning because it passes on the method of fairness, just because you have two arms and the other person has one. Shouldn't the other person have the same opportunity to function with two arms.
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Human Cloning Rough Draft
A Step In a New Direction
Ethicality, research, possibility. When the subject of human cloning is brought up most tend to think of the various sci-fi films involving numerous similar looking individuals with the same exact personality and memories. However, what isn't known is how human cloning can be viewed in a positive light because of its potential within both reproductive cloning that involves the creation of a new and regenerative medicine also known as therapeutic cloning. It involves cloning certain cells from a human body to be used in various fields of medicine. Human cloning should be funded by the government and given more freedom because of the benefits it can provide to society through enhanced human development, bypass the obstacle of infertility, provide faster physical recovery from serious injury, and possible treatment from serious diseases.
One of the possibilities that human cloning revolves around is the safety in the development of humans by ensuring that there are no issues involving genetic defects or possible disorders. Already nearly 7.9 million children are born with a serious birth defect of genetic or partially genetic origin yearly (John Harris). The amount of people currently holding some form of a genetic struggle are extremely high at 350 million. Thus action must be taken currently in order to cut down this staggering number as efficiently as possible.Through human cloning we may be able to unlock provide this immense and achievable potential. This number can be greatly reduced if only we pursue human cloning because of its immense potential. According to the Telegraph, there are currently legal ways of controlling fertility like genetic screening and pre-implanation diagnoses (PGD), that are currently accepted by the public and hold positive effects on the human genome instead of the opposite as some may have feared (John Harris). Therefore for the sake of our future descendents laws should be made and some removed in order to allow future researchers to be given more freedom into the field along with a slightly tight control by the government.
Now there is a slight possibility that it may be abused in some ways or even in one slight chance used as a weapon. Therefore, there would constantly be a need for there to be watchful eyes over what goes on in terms of research or tests especially by the government. So that any possible disastrous scenarios can be avoided.
Would you allow the chance for an infertile couple to have children? If so then cloning also holds the key for infertile couples to have children. Of course the child will be a genetic copy of the somatic cell donor that they are based from. The overall process isn't at all painful, but rather very simple. It involves the removal of the nucleus of an egg and instead replacing it with the diploid nucleus of a somatic cell(Kathi E. Hanna). Most would argue or ask the question Wouldn't the clone be exactly the same as their donor? the answer is no they are only similar in terms of DNA. The behavior and nature of the person would be entirely different and based on their environment just like any other child. People will also argue that clones of individuals are unethical because they share similar identities, however what about twins? They right now can be viewed as nature's version of clones and according to the Telegraph Media Group currently one in 270 births are twins, around 200,000 live in the UK alone(John Harris). In terms of technicality clones already walk among us everyday.
Human cloning may also hold viable solutions in terms of humans recovering quickly from various injuries through the usage of embryonic stem cells. This form of cloning is also given names such as regenerative medicine and stem cell therapy. A current form of stem cell therapy would be a bone marrow transplant that involves new blood making cells to prepare their body and later involving stem cells in an IV connected to their bloodstream. The stem cells used in this therapy can either originate from a separated umbilical cord after a baby is born or bone marrow from a donor. However, a bit recently approximately three years ago the UWIRE a few South Korean doctors stated that they were successful in being able to clone a human embryo and had even managed to extract stem cells from it in order to use it for future research(Eileen Arnold). There's been some disagreements regarding their usage due to how they are a fragile form of life because of their possibility of being turned into a human. While it is acknowledged stem cell research provides various benefits that can greatly improve life.The Biotechnology Innovation Organization states that embryonic stem cells can be transformed into any type of cell in the body(Jim Greenwood). This brings about various exciting possibilities of replacing various different damaged tissues and even recreating specific organs required for transplants without having to wait for a donor. Allowing everyone a higher chance of both survival and recovery.
Therapeutic cloning can also allow for treatments against diseases with the usage of stem cells. For instance The Guardian recently revealed that scientists have found out that a treatment using stem cells for Parkinson's disease may be suitable for humans just as it was suitable for mice( James Randerson). Furthermore, stem cells are being studied to be used against diseases such as Alzheimer's and diabetes. However, it is true that there have been a few situations in which stem cells inserted into the wrong areas have resulted in patients having seizures. In spite of this more research should at least be conducted in order to remove these ailments from affecting any more people.
Human cloning should be funded by the government and given more freedom because of the benefits it can provide to society through enhancing and protecting human development from disorders, bypassing the obstacle of infertility with the promises of new families,provide faster physical recovery from grievous injuries, and possible treatments from serious diseases. The future can be a brighter place through the various issues that can be solved and avoided with the immense help it can bring from things ranging from home life to the medical field.
WORK CITED
Harris, John. ""We have Nothing to Fear about Cloning Humans."" Telegraph.co.uk., 25 Jan. 2018, pp. n/a. SIRS Issues Researcher, https://sks.sirs.com. Accessed Nov 15, 2018
Arnold, Eileen. ""Cloning Embryos: Scientific Milestone Or Moral Offense?"" University Wire, 2015. SIRS Issues Researcher, https://sks.sirs.com. Accessed Nov 15, 2018
Hanna, Kathi E. Cloning/Embryonic Stem Cells. National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), Apr. 2006, www.genome.gov/10004765/cloningembryonic-stem-cells/. Accessed Nov 15, 2018
Ning and Human Dignity: An Ethical Inquiry. The President's Council on Bioethics, U.S Government, July 2002, Accessed Nov 16, 2018
Greenwood, Jim. The Value of Therapeutic Cloning for Patients. BIO, www.bio.org/articles/value-therapeutic-cloning-patients.
Randerson, James. Therapeutic Cloning Offers Hope of Treatment for Parkinson's. The Guardian, Guardian News and Media, 24 Mar. 2008, www.theguardian.com/science/2008/mar/24/neuroscience.genetics.
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Walt Whitman once Wrote
Walt Whitman once wrote,I exist as I am, that is enough(Whitman, Song of Myself) .Walt lived his life by this quote, many people questioned the themes of his writings and found them obscure and obscene but he continued his themes and didn't let anyone change his style. Walt was born into a non religious family that resided in the suburbs of New York City, New York. At a young age he was taken out of school and thrown into the workforce. He worked for many journalism organizations until starting his own writing. He has been referenced in many movies, books, and literary works. Walt Whitman was an American poet, author, journalist, nurse, novelist, and philosopher.
Walt Whitman was born on May 31, 1819 in West Hills, New York as the second son of Walter Whitman and Louisa Van Velsor. His family was relatively poor, as his dad was a house builder and his mother was a stay at home. His family jumped between multiple houses in the Brooklyn, New York and Long Island, New York. He was the 2nd of 9 children. He grew up next to his brothers, George Washington Whitman, Andrew Jackson Whitman, Jesse Whitman, Edward Whitman, and Thomas Jefferson Whitman. His sisters were Mary Elizabeth Whitman, and Hannah Louisa Whitman. He had one other sibling, that died as an infant.
Due to his family's low income, his father forced him out of school and into the workforce at the age of 11. His first job was as an office boy for a Brooklyn based attorney team and eventually found employment in the printing business. At the age of 12, he began to learn the printer's trade. Largely self-taught, he read voraciously, becoming acquainted with the works of Homer, Dante, Shakespeare, and the Bible. At 17, he became a teacher in Long Island, New York until he turned to journalism as his career. In 1838, he started a weekly called the Long Islander, that quickly folded. He then went back to teaching but found it boring while he loved journalism and writing.
As an adult Walt bounced around many jobs but never settled down at one specific job. He worked for the Tattler, Daily Plebeian, the Statesman, the Mirror, the Democrat, and the Sun and the Star. In 1845 Walt moved to New Orleans and was offered a job at the New Orleans Crescent but he soon resigned and moved back to Brooklyn. He then worked for the Brooklyn Weekly Freeman which advocated for the new states to join the Union and go against slavery. In 1850-54, Walt ran a printing office, stationery store, and does freelance writing and house building. In 1862, Walt read a list of injured soldiers and found his brother on the list. As a result of this Walt traveled south in search of his brother and found him in Fredericksburg, Virginia, hardly scaved. He then found a desire to help wounded soldiers and moved to Washington D.C.. He then found a job at Department of the Interior but soon got fired after his boss read Leaves of Grass. Through the end of his life Walt suffered many strokes debilitating most of his body.
It is obvious that Walt Whitman had great literary impact on today's generation of writers and readers and even the readers and writers of his generation. Although he did not get the recognition that he deserved until after his death. One of Whitman's best poems was Song of Myself. In the poem there are a lot of things happening. In the poem he invites his soul to hang out and stare at a blade of grass. He then explains how much he loves the world and especially nature stating everything fits together as it should and that nature has patterns that fit together like a well built house which Walt knows about well built houses as he built many houses along with his father.
His most well renowned poem O Captain! My Captain!, was written about a sailor singing a song that praises his captain for leading the ship and the crew to the harbor after a dangerous voyage. It is then that the poem speaks of people celebrating on land and the sailor finding the captain dead. This scene is what characterizes Walt's writing. Many people found scenes like this obscene and that is why they did not appreciate his work. Finally, there was Leaves of Grass which was a poetry collection written throughout Walt's life. Walt Whitman has been described as the great poet of America by Andrew Carnegie and America by Ezra Pound.
I found Walt Whitman to be a very interesting man. From what I read about him many people thought that he might be bisexual or homosexual. I also read that many people found his work very obscene. Walt did not care what other people thought and this was apparent in his writing as he wrote many strange poems. His childhood wasn't the best as he bounced from house to house and was taken out of school at the age of 11. Even through all of this he still managed to become one of the best poets of all time. Walt passed away at the age of 72, in Camden New Jersey. His cause of death were the many strokes that he had that paralyzed his body.
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Walt Whitman’s Political Force – Poetry
Walt Whitman’s Political Force - Poetry
The 19th century was an era of discovery and realization. Ideas like equality, and individuality were becoming more prevalent in society. One of the first and most famous people to introduce these ideas to the world was poet Walt Whitman. In August of 1856, Walt Whitman wrote a letter to his friend and colleague Ralph Waldo Emerson. In this letter, Whitman shares what he intends to achieve through writing poetry. Throughout the letter, there are ideas about the value of human life, the sanctity of the human body, and equality. These themes and elements are expressed in Whitman’s poetry.
In his letter to Emerson, Whitman states that “in poems, the young men of the States shall be represented, for they outrival the best of the rest of the earth.” It is evident that Whitman recognizes the value of human life, specifically the lives of young men, and he intends to present this value and importance to the rest of the world. Whitman achieves this idea in the poem “The Wound Dresser”. In this poem, Whitman refers to the blood of young men as “priceless”.
The use of the word priceless in this context allows the reader to catch a glimpse of just how important these young men are to Whitman. In his view, there is no battle worth the blood of young. In this poem, Whitman also says, “yet I think I could not refuse this moment to die for you, if that would save you.” He values the lives of these brave young men over his own. He cares deeply enough for them that he would lay down his life if it meant they could live. Whitman successfully achieves the idea that the young men of America are the “best of the rest of the earth” by giving the audience a look into his mind and emotions.
Another thing that Whitman intends to achieve through his poetry is the normalization of sex and the human body. In his letter, Whitman says, “by silence or obedience to the pens of savans [savants], poets, historians, biographers, and the rest, have long connived at the filthy law, and books enslaved to it, that what makes the manhood of a man, that sex, womanhood, maternity, desires, lusty animations, organs, acts, are unmentionable and to be ashamed of, to be driven skulk out of literature with whatever belongs to them.
This filthy law has to be repealed - it stands in the way of great reforms.” Whitman believes that sex and the human body are natural things that should be celebrated, not hidden away from society or declared as taboo. The poem “I Sing the Body Electric” perfectly encapsulates these ideas. Throughout this poem, Whitman catalogues different parts of the body to allow his audience to envision the human body in all its glory. With this visualization, comes normalcy. By declaring the human body and sex as sacred and beautiful, Whitman hopes that more people will create art and poetry about it, and eventually lead to a society where there is no shame in either.
Whitman also expresses how he hopes to inform his audience about equality. He states in his letter to Emerson that “of women just as much as men, it is the interest that there should not be infidelism about sex, but perfect faith. Women in These States approach the day of that organic equality among themselves.” Whitman believes that women should be concerned with the normalization of sexual expression in poems, and that they are an equal part in the conversation. In Whitman’s poem “I Sing the Body Electric” he focuses on discussing and celebrating the physical body, both male and female.
A passage in section two of “I Sing the Body Electric”, says, “that of the male is perfect, and that of the female is perfect,” in reference to the human body. Near the end of section five, Whitman praises women by saying, “Be not ashamed women, your privilege encloses the rest and is the exit of the rest, you are the gates of the body, and you are the gates of the soul.” Whitman is essentially celebrating women for their bodies and telling them that having a female body is a privilege and not something to be ashamed about. Saying something like this would have been considered inappropriate or even scandalous during Whitman’s time. This is because women were typically encouraged to stay covered and modest to conceal any expression of sexuality. By declaring the female body as beautiful and something that should be celebrated rather than hidden away, Whitman is achieving his goal of equality through poetry.
It is evident through his unique and personal poems that for Whitman, poetry wasn’t just a vehicle for expressing political beliefs, but a political force itself. He intended to change society’s view of sexuality, the human body, and equality through his poems. It is thanks to creative and determined people like him that modern day society has evolved into a more tolerant and free place.
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Representative Democracy in America
There are many forms of government, and even more variants of those forms. America is generally referred to as a representative democracy. This may be the case, but is there a more appropriate, or accurate, term to be calling the government of the United States of America? No there is not, as no definition for any common or even uncommon government fits with the structure of the U.S. Just because there is no better term for the United States government does not mean representative democracy is a perfect term either. While it fits for the bare-bones description of how the government functions, it is truly a mix of a couple different types of government.
The most prominent of these being a plutocratic republic, which is a plutocracy and democracy combined whose candidates for elections are chosen, financed, and promoted by plutocrats. If the elected official decides that they oppose plutocracy and its policy, the plutocrats who fund these candidates do their absolute most to make sure that said official is not elected again. This government form still has elections for their officials, but they are chosen by only the wealthy as opposed to the registered voters and/or government officials. That is comparable to the fact that candidates, especially presidential ones, need a sizable amount of money for advertising in their campaign, as it doesn't come cheap. The money normally comes from private funds or fundraisers, but can also come from sources like political action committees. Simply put, PACs are political groups that donate to parties and candidates that they support. However, money is not the most important factor when running for a position in the government, so while it is influential it's not so influential that the entire system revolves around third parties having to choose and fund candidates. A plutocratic republic also requires the government to be a plutocracy as well as democracy, which the U.S. is not. Representative democracy is citizens voting for representatives who in turn make decisions on behalf of the citizens. Average citizens of the United States who are registered to vote can vote for the state legislature. The state legislature can vote for who is in the electoral college.
Finally, every four years the electoral college votes for president. There are many other jobs in the government, but that is how the average citizen connects to the head of it. This structure means that the possibility of our government model being an oligarchy is nonexistent since it has nothing to do with class, but with who is voted for. It also takes out the option of it being anything that isn't a democracy variant. The government also has aspects of a direct democracy, which is shown but very limited. Examples of this are mayoral elections, law ballots, and town meetings. However, this does not happen often enough or on a large enough scale to be considered the government's structure. It matters to define the U.S. form of government because if there is no definition, then few people, if any, would know how it should be run according to its type. Each form is run differently, some differences much more drastic than others. More accurate defining will lead to more accurate understanding.
Most countries in the world are regarded as representative democracies, the United States of America being one of them. In addition to this basic one, influences of other forms of government are shown in business, voting, and lawmaking. This term is not quite perfectly aligned with every aspect of our government but appears to be the closest compared to any other option that is offered in the long list of them.
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Main Forms of Government
Every government has their own way of governing. Not all countries have an elected president like the United States. There are four types of governments. The four types are Monarchy, Oligarchy, Tyranny, and Democracy. Monarchy is a country thats ruled by a monarch meaning a king or queen. The king or queen rules the kingdom or empire. If its a constitutional monarchy the constitution limits the monarch's power. Otherwise if it's an absolute monarchy the monarch is going to have an unlimited amount of power.
The next form of government is an Oligarchy. Oligarchy is a word that comes from the greek to english that means intact. An Oligarchy is run by a privileged small amount of people. For example, it can be run by royalty people, people in high education, people of wealth, or people involved in the military. Next form of government is Tyranny. Tyranny is a form of government in which the ruler has absolute power and authority and is a single ruler. Sometimes a tyranny government can get out of hand because the ruler can be too powerful with all the unlimited amount of power they have and they can be greedy. The last form of government is Democracy. Democracy is a form of government where the people have the power and rule directly or through the elected representatives.
America itself is a democracy. The means that we elect which person we want to become president. Whomever is most voted for becomes president of the United States. After that most decisions are up to the president as long as the congress approves, but the citizens do have say and power too. I think Americans today look for a leader that represents our country in the best way, which includes intelligence, control of resources, full of respectful, trustworthy, responsibility, leadership. We want someone that is not only going to make logical decisions for our country but also someone who is a good person that cares about the country and citizens. Most people want a person that is actually going to represent us the right way, someone that is truly a good person and wants to show the rest of the world that americans are good people. Now days plenty of Americans are racist, sexist, and just judgemental. They choose someone out of judgement instead of what is really best for our country.
Currently in our society, many people choose not to vote. It would really benefit our country if people would actually vote, because sharing your personal opinion helps. In the future I will vote for what is truly best for our country. I can give my best advice and spread my word to other people on who would be the best person to vote for and why. Also I will stand up for what is right by spreading my best opinion. I will voice my opinion to others to create a bigger voice to change something for the better. I can do this by protesting, and gathering an audience who agrees with me.
Putting your country first benefits everyone. If all citizens work together to make our country great, we will never come upon strife in out life. Decades ago, our ancestors built up our great nation we live in today, and it would be awful if we tore down what took so long to build. Also just being a great citizen by making good decisions and doing what is right is always good for the country.
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Nuclear Energy and its Status in the US
Introduction
Nuclear energy is energy used in making of military weapons and generation of electricity. This form of energy is generated from either nuclear fission or fusion. Today, the United States is one of the industrialized countries with a highly developed nuclear energy sector. Initially, the country used nuclear energy to make military weapons. However, today, a significant proportion of electricity used in the country is generated from nuclear energy. Nevertheless, the kind of energy has its benefits and its disadvantages. As a source of electricity, nuclear energy provides sufficient base load energy for power grids. On the contrary the nuclear energy industry is filled with secrets that may pave a way for illegal trade that will compromise the safety of Americans. The primary aim of this essay is to evaluate the status, pros and cons of the nuclear energy in the United States.
Status of Nuclear Energy in the US
The increasing demand for electricity and fluctuating prices and coal and natural gas in the United States accounted for extensive use of nuclear energy as from the late 1950s. Between mid and late 1880s, the Americans embarked on exploiting technological developments to generate electricity for the increasing domestic and industrial customers. As electrification extended from major cities to other parts of the country, demand for electricity increased. As such, production depended on coal, hydropower resources, oil, and gas for peak-time generation (Stoker & Baker). As from the 1950s, increasing population and high rates of industrialization increased the demand for electricity significantly. On the contrary, the United States gas producers reverted to less demanding conventional reserves as the country's gas reserves were located in shale rocks that were hard to reach. With the falling production of natural gas, their prices became unstable and price of electricity increased. Additionally, increasing prices of coal increased the price of electricity; paving a way for the development and high use of nuclear power (Stoker & Baker).
The late 1950s marked the beginning of commercial production of electricity from nuclear energy in the United States. Early in the 1950s, the Atomic Energy Commission embarked on proving that nuclear energy was not only for making military weapons, but also other uses (Stoker & Baker). In 1953, the AEC introduced the civil nuclear power program that also enabled access to the country's nuclear fuels. Between 1957 and 1963, both the General Electric and Westinghouse adopted the use of light water reactor technology to generate electricity. With the increased competition between the two companies, General Electric developed the Boiled Water Reactor technology and used the resulting steam to turbines that generated electricity. As a result, AEC began to export nuclear reactors from France and Germany to continue with the production of electricity from nuclear energy (Stoker & Baker). Nuclear energy accounts for a significant proportion of electricity generated in the United States today. By the end of 2017, the number of nuclear reactors in the United States increased to 61 nuclear power plants that operated over 90 commercial nuclear reactors. Currently, nuclear developers use advanced technology to modify nuclear power reactors to maintain consistent power generation capacity. Today, the 99 operational nuclear reactors produce 20% of the country's annual electricity equivalent to the amount produced in 1990s, despite shutting six nuclear reactors since 2013. The government attributes this consistency to the shortened length of reactor offline time for refueling (US Energy Information Administration Paras. 1-2).
Pros
Nuclear energy is highly beneficial. First, nuclear power provides constant minimum power that a power grid requires to economically supply power that satisfies minimum demands. Typically, nuclear reactors are independent; hence natural factors, such as wind and extreme sunshine do not affect their activities. Furthermore, they operate throughout the 24 hours in a day and generate about 90% of the power required for industrial and domestic use in a country (Fox 104). Such a power capacity supersedes that of wind and solar, which experts approximate to be 33% and 25% respectively. With the high power capacity, nuclear reactors have long-term average power output. This means that during the time of operation, nuclear reactors generate sufficient power to sustain power demands at the time of reactor downtime (Fox 104). Moreover, unlike solar and wind energy, nuclear energy is highly predictable. Such is the case as experts schedule downtime ahead of time to change fuel used in nuclear reactors. Therefore, with the reactors ability to operate at 100% capacity, nuclear energy reduces dependency on coal and natural gas to provide base load energy for power grids (Fox 104).
Nuclear power reduces the amount of carbon dioxide emissions, which increases the volume of greenhouse gases circulating in the atmosphere. According to Michael Fox, coal produces about 960-1,300g/kWh of carbon dioxide. Production of nuclear power uses advanced technologies, which reduce carbon dioxide emission to two percent of the volume emitted from coal. The experts also predict that in future, new technologies will be used to improve nuclear processes that use uranium. Such a step will lower carbon dioxide emissions significantly from nuclear fuel cycles (Fox 105).
Nuclear power eradicates the need for new power transmission lines that are environmentally damaging. In the United States, nuclear reactors are located in highly populated eastern parts of the country. Such a location means easy supply of power to the people through the existing transmission lines (Fox 106). Furthermore, nuclear reactors use highly concentrated energy from splitting uranium to generate power. In this case, a nuclear plant uses less than half a square mile to generate multiple gigawatts of electricity. Such a small footprint supersedes 50 square miles of solar panels and almost 500 square miles of wind turbines that generate similar amount of power (Fox 106). Therefore, with the small footprint and without a need for new power transmission lines, nuclear power is suitable for urban areas to reduce negative impacts on the landscape and environment.
Nuclear reactors are cost-saving as they reduce the cost of replacing power generating equipment. According to Fox, the United States recognizes the lifetime of nuclear reactors as 40 years. However, after inspection, the Nuclear Energy Regulation can extend the lifetime to 60 years depending on the safety status of the reactors (Fox 106). On the contrary, solar panels have an average life of 20 years. Unlike the nuclear reactors, the power production efficiency of solar panels decreases by approximately one percent per year. This means that they will have lost 20% of the power output by the end of the 20 years. Additionally, wind turbines have a similar lifetime as solar panels (Fox 106). As such, a person investing in solar panels and wind turbines will incur the replacement cost twice compared to an investor in nuclear reactors, which do not need replacement in a period of 40 years.
Cons
Nuclear power plants attract high initial investment costs leading to a high cost of the generated electricity. According to Fox, each reactor requires about $6 billion to $8 billion to install. In 2005, the federal government enacted the Energy Policy Act that recognized the provision of construction loan guarantees for nuclear plants. However, the loans do not exceed 80% of a reactor's cost. Furthermore, a significant proportion of investors cannot afford remaining 20% required to complete a single nuclear power project. Additionally, the law requires nuclear power developers to fully pay the cost of loan guarantee and the cost of administering such loan programs. Consequently, the plan discourages private financiers from financing private projects, especially when the nuclear developers fail to meet the loan guarantee obligations and to complete their projects within a particular period and budget (Fox 109). With the high initial investment cost, nuclear developers will increase the price of power per unit; making it expensive, especially for domestic users. As a result, people will revert to other cheaper sources of power. Additionally, the federal government provides different incentives for investment in energy. However, of the total incentives, nine percent goes to research and development in nuclear power (Fox 110). This means that nuclear developers have to shoulder a high cost for the construction of nuclear reactors. Therefore, the market may not sustain nuclear power in the long-run due to its high initial investment.
Political leaders highly interfere with the operations of nuclear developers. Consequently, they make decisions that increase the risks and uncertainties of nuclear power. According to George Gonzales, majority of the leaders tailor their politics to suite interests of the local businesses. Failing to align their political interests to those of the nuclear developers creates uncertainties in the local economic climate. Such a move discourages new nuclear developers from investing in the locality. Furthermore, political interferences force nuclear developers to shut their operations in a state prior to the end of their projects' lifetime. For example, the state government of New York accuses the management of Oyster Creek nuclear plant of unwillingness to comply with the state's safety measures. Consequently, Oyster Creek's management has decided to shut the plant in 2019,10 years before the planned time (Gonzales 3). In such a case, it is likely that the nuclear developer will hurriedly cease operations without considering proper disposure of their waste products. Consequently, Gonzales points out that nuclear waste can be mined to make nuclear weapons (Gonzales 4). Therefore, it is clear that political decisions compromise proper handling of civilian nuclear technology; thus increasing the risk of nuclear weapons proliferation.
Monopolization of the nuclear power sector can compromise people's safety as the nuclear developers focus on maximizing output and profits. According to Gonzales, high initial investment attracts few investors. As a result, they dominate and monopolize the nuclear energy sector due to lack of high competition. In the United States, Westinghouse and General Electric are the dominant builders of nuclear reactors. With such monopoly, it is easy for investors to concentrate on increasing output to increase their earnings from nuclear power. As a result, they are likely to produce beyond their capacity and cause nuclear accidents, such as the Three Mile Island and Chernobyl reactor accidents of 1979 and 1986 respectively (Gonzales 3-4). Gerry Stoker and Keith Baker add that the nuclear industry in the United States is highly suspicious. Such is the case as the industry is secretive; creating a loophole for the investors to engage in secretive transactions that may compromise people's safety (Stoker & Baker Chapter 6).
Conclusion
Nuclear energy is of significant use in the United States. Initially, nuclear power was used for military purposes. With time, advanced technology was used to generate electricity from nuclear energy. Today, electricity from nuclear power accounts for about 20% of the United States' total electricity produced each year. Among its benefits, nuclear power eradicates the need for new power transmission lines that are environmentally damaging and reduces the amount of carbon dioxide emission. Conversely, monopolization of the nuclear power sector can compromise people's safety as the nuclear developers focus on maximizing output and profits. Moreover, nuclear power plants attract a high initial investment cost leading to a high cost of the generated electricity. Therefore, the federal government and private nuclear developers should invent ways of minimizing the cons, especially the safety concerns.
Works Cited
- Baker, Keith, and Stoker, Gerry. Nuclear Power and Energy Policy: The Limits to Governance. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015. Print.
- Fox, Michael, H. Why We Need Nuclear Power: The Environmental Case. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014. Print.
- Gonzalez, George, A. Energy and Empire: The Politics of Nuclear and Solar Power in the United States. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2012. Print.
- US Energy Information Administration. Nuclear explained: US nuclear industry. May 1, 2018. Retrieved from [Web] June 25, 2018. https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/index.php?page=nuclear_use
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Pros and Cons of Nuclear Power
Nuclear power is the energy produced by nuclear reactions, to generate heat or electricity. It is a highly effective form of energy production. However, it has many risks with it as well. I do not agree with the usage of nuclear power. The risks far outweigh the positives. Nuclear power is very efficient however, it's also extremely dangerous. Therefore I believe we should stop using nuclear power and use a less dangerous form of energy. Nuclear power is extremely effective for energy production. They produce a stable amount of energy, and they can be adjusted to work along with wind or solar energy. So if it's a windy day they can lower the resource usage of the power plant and let the wind do most of the work. Or they can crank it up whenever the demand for energy is high.
Unlike fossil fuels, Nuclear energy is very environmentally friendly. The plants provide us with a carbon-free source of electricity. Plus the nuclear power plants do not release Nitrogen Oxide, Sulfur Oxide, among other things that you would not like to have in your atmosphere. It is good that these substances are out of our air because Nitrogen Oxide can cause many undesirable health effects such as a decrease in respiratory functions, and respiratory illnesses would be much more common. Eventually, however, we will run low on fuel for the generators to function and then we'll have to find another way to create energy at the same rate as the generators have. Sadly these impressive generation machines are not flawless, in fact, they are also extremely dangerous when not handled correctly.
Nuclear generators not handled directly have led to many disasters. The most well-known ones are the Chernobyl Disaster and Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster. These disasters have made large regions of land uninhabitable for a massive amount of time. For example, the Chernobyl disaster has left a large amount of land uninhabitable for up to 20,000 years. People who were near the disaster were contaminated by the overwhelming amount of radioactive waste and will die from long-term radiation poisoning. Nowadays the city of Pripyat is now a shadow of its former self, a ghost town with nothing but abandoned buildings that are being retaken by nature. This radiation has also effected the wildlife that lives in this ghost town. Somehow nature has found a way to rebirth itself into this wasteland, and life has returned uninhibited by human activities.
Nuclear generators also make a huge amount of waste a single generator creates at least twenty metric tons of waste. Since there are about four hundred and fifty generators, that is a massive amount of waste. This waste is also extremely dangerous to anyone who dares to come near it. When enough waste gets close together it starts to heat up and the containment will eventually melt down and the waste will need to be transported somewhere else. But this will spread radiation as well so there isn't much you can do to keep it locked up without it bursting and causing this cycle again. The waste also takes an extremely long amount of time to be safe. Even the most minimal drops of radioactive waste take about one hundred years to become safe.
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Nuclear Energy: a Beneficial Solution for the Future
When I first hear the words Nuclear Energy or Nuclear Power I immediately think of bombs, weapons, radiation, and danger. I associate the word nuclear with a negative connotation and a sense of fear. In school, I had learned about the war and how the United States had used nuclear weapons to bomb other countries to prevail to victory. However, this was all I had learned regarding this vast, complex topic of nuclear power. I now realize that nuclear energy has the potential to really benefit the earth and has many positive factors to it that are commonly overlooked. The future of Nuclear Energy is bright and should be expanded and given more attention to because it has the potential to greatly impact climate change; an issue the earth is immensely struggling with today. Nuclear power should continue to be used and further researched/funded because it is beneficial to reducing carbon emission, overall it is very safe and non-destructive, and is not only the cleaner option but also the cheaper option. The future of nuclear power should include being used for purposes such as generating electricity and medical advancements not only in the United States, but all countries around the world.
Nuclear energy is beneficial to the environment because it releases little to no greenhouse gases. Greenhouse gases, such as carbon, are causing an increase in the average temperature of the earth's atmosphere, also known as global warming. Global warming attributes to climate change because it is causing glaciers and ice caps to melt which then leads to rising sea levels; all which are greatly hurting the earth and contributing to the large issue of climate change (Climate Change Primer par. 6). Nuclear energy can help reduce the amount of carbon emitted into the atmosphere. In 2014, it was recorded that 13% of the world's electricity comes from nuclear power plants that emit little to no greenhouse gases (Good par. 4). This percentage should be increased as years go on because we should be taking advantage of this clean energy that nuclear power provides and expanding its uses.
Nuclear power plants are crucial to the world becoming a more ecofriendly place. When power plants are closed down, we turn to carbon, coal, and other natural gases to replace the energy that was once produced by nuclear power. This switch from clean energy sources to harmful ones, leads to immense increases in carbon emission. The USC concluded that closing all of the nuclear power plants that are currently scheduled to be decommissioned or that are unprofitable would cause U.S. power sector emissions to rise by 4-6% (Piercy par. 2). The transfer from nuclear power to natural gases was seen first hand after the tragic event of Fukishima. After the nuclear power plant experienced a meltdown in Japan, the government decided to stop using nuclear energy altogether by shutting down already existing plants and cancelling the development of new ones. Prior to the accident in Fukishima, Japan had 54 nuclear reactors. Now they must rely on fossil fuels to produce the energy lost due to shutting down all these power plants, which is very damaging to the environment (The Nuclear Option, 00:07:26 - 00:07:50).
Another example of greenhouse gas emission rising due to a nuclear power plant closing was seen in California with the shutdown of the San Onofre Generating Station. Fossil fuels were used to replace the electricity that was once powered by the plant and data has shown a substantial increase in the amount of greenhouse gas emission following the shutdown of the plant. California has now ordered that the Diablo Nuclear Power Plant be shutdown in 2024, which has caused an uproar in environmentalists who fear this will lead to an increase in greenhouse gas emissions as seen in the past (Nikolewski par. 9). Nuclear power is a clean source of energy in California as it has accounted for 9.18% percent of the state's power mix, without producing greenhouse gases (Nikolewski par. 8). Furthermore, nuclear energy is a great way in helping improve our environment. Nuclear power is not only a clean source of energy but also a reliable one. By shutting down power plants, cities are turning to fossil fuels to make up for the energy that was originally powered with nuclear plants. The future of nuclear energy should be to expand the number of nuclear power plants across the country, thus leading to lower levels of greenhouse gases being emitted into the atmosphere.
Some environmentalists are against nuclear power because they argue that it is not a renewable source of energy and should not be relied on. Uranium is a key component in the process of creating nuclear energy. However, uranium is not a renewable resource and the quantity of known uranium reserves with ore grades richer than the critical level of 0.01% is very limited (Diesendorf 8). This means that uranium is not going to last forever and is not a reliable source to invest time, research, and money into. With the current status of nuclear energy accounting for 16 percent of the world's electricity production, the high-grade reserves would only last several decades (Diesendorf 8). Data shows that if we continue to advance nuclear power to the next level and try to use it for half of the world's electricity, the high-grade reserves would only last around 10 to 20 years (Diesendorf 8).
Nuclear energy needs to be further researched and developed to combat these issues. Nuclear power is a good investment for many reasons and more reserves of high-grade uranium ore will be discovered, leading to longer lasting uranium to fuel power plants (Diesendorf 9). Even though nuclear energy is not fully renewable, it is still a clean and reliable source of energy. Solar and wind energy cannot keep up with the high demand for electricity. What happens when the sun doesn't shine, or the wind doesn't blow? A professor from Harvard University named Michael Aziz explained how there is not enough storage for wind and solar energy, so even if these sources of power grow rapidly, it will be a long time before it has a big impact ("The Nuclear Option," 00:09:25 - 00:10:00).
Nuclear power is an overall very safe form of energy. People tend to stray away from nuclear power because they associate it with catastrophic events such as Chernobyl or Fukishima and fear the dreadful effects of radiation. Radiation was the cause of many deaths during the Chernobyl incident because firefighters were exposed to high levels of radiation due to them rushing in to help soon after the incident took place, with very little protective gear (Ritchie par. 1). This nuclear accident also took place in 1986, when nuclear energy was very new, and people did not know how to handle it properly. The meltdown at Fukishima occurred in 2011 and no one was killed due to radiation from the power plant. People took the proper precautions and survived even though it forced them to move out of their homes. A nuclear engineer named Nathan Myhrvold stated that Fukishima could have been avoided altogether with modern advancements regarding the structure of the power plant so that it could have withstood a meltdown (The Nuclear Option, 00:24:03 - 00:24:18). An engineer at Oregon State, named Jose Reyes, invented what he called the AP1000 which is a more safe and efficient way to build nuclear reactors. This innovation has an emergency water reservoir to help prevent a meltdown for 72 hours without the use of electricity. This modern technology could have prevented the disaster at Fukishima (The Nuclear Option, 00:27:16 - 00:27:51).
With modern advancements in nuclear power plants, fear of radiation should not be the reason we are not going all out with nuclear energy. There are so many rules and regulations when building power plants to ensure the safety of the communities surrounding them. If people are against nuclear power because they fear the effects of radiation, they should be more focused on banning cigarettes. A smoker's lungs receive more radiation every year than a US radiation worker! US radiation workers receive around 50,000 micro-sieverts per year while a smoker's lungs receive about 160,000 micro-sieverts worth of radiation every year (The Most Radioactive Places on Earth, 00:09:30 - 00:10:15). This is caused by the radioactive plutonium and radioactive lead in the tobacco that they are smoking. People are surrounded by radiation everyday and do not even realize it. Fears of the harmful effects of radiation should not be a reason people are against nuclear power. Radiation is a part of everyday life and people who run the power plants know how to ensure that no one is receiving more than the healthy amount.
Nuclear power plants appear to be unsafe and unpredictable because the news publicizes and focuses on major meltdowns. This only allows people to see the negative and rare aspects of nuclear energy, yet the damage is so intense that people are quick to turn against nuclear power altogether. When looking at the grand scheme of things, there have only been three major reactor accidents in the history of civil nuclear power (Safety of Nuclear Power Reactors, par.1). Two of these incidents did not kill anyone and new technologies have been invented to help ensure accidents like these do not happen again. These accidents are the only major incidents to have occurred in over 17,000 cumulative reactor-years of commercial nuclear power operation in 33 countries (Safety of Nuclear Power Reactors, par.1) yet this information is not made known to the public. Overall nuclear power is a very safe form of electricity as well as being a reliable source of energy. The risk of an accident occurring is low and declining due to the new advancements in technology regarding safer ways to generate nuclear power. This safe and reliable technology should be used in the future as our prime source of electricity and should be funded so that we may further research and develop all the possibilities nuclear has to offer.
People should not worry about their safety when it comes to nuclear power plants. The Nuclear Energy Institute (NEI) states that nuclear power plants maintain the highest standard for operational safety, security, cybersecurity and emergency preparedness (Safety, par. 1). So much attention and time is given to ensuring that nuclear power plants are safe for the people in and around them. Nuclear plants take pride in the fact that they not only meet the safety standards created by the government, but they exceed them (Operational Safety, par. 1). The NEI also wrote an article explaining how studies by the National Cancer Institute, the National Research Council's BEIR VII study group and several other nuclear power related organizations all show that U.S. nuclear power plants effectively protect the public's health and safety (Myths & Facts About Nuclear Energy, 7). This same article also compared people who worked in nuclear power plants to people who work at restaurants and concluded that nuclear power plants were the safe place to work due to all the rules and regulations in place (Myths & Facts About Nuclear Energy, 7)! Nuclear power is a very safe form of energy and its use should be increased as well as expanded in the future. The media needs to show the safe statistics about nuclear power because a main concern of people who argue against nuclear is that it is unsafe due to the major meltdowns that have been publicized.
Nuclear power is also a smart choice for the future not only because it is a clean form of energy, but it is also cost effective. Nuclear power plants are quite expensive to build, but once they are up and running, they are fairly cheap to run (Economics of Nuclear Power, par. 3). Although solar and wind energy are also affordable and renewable, they are not as reliable as nuclear, thus nuclear is the way to go and is the smart investment. Nuclear energy also produces the same amount of electricity for a cheaper price when compared to solar energy; nuclear plants can produce electricity for just four cents per kilowatt hour compared to solar energy's sixteen cents per kilowatt hour (Good par. 11). It is also less expensive to operate a nuclear power plant when compared to a fossil fuel power station. There is also less risk of operating cost inflation within the power plants. Nuclear power plants are also a good investment choice because they are intended to last for over 60 years (Economics of Nuclear Power, par. 4). The World Nuclear Association has also stated that the U.S. saves $12 billion dollars each year for energy costs because of nuclear power (Good par. 8). Furthermore, nuclear energy is not only a clean source of energy for improving climate change, but it is also cost effective and worth the investments so that we may further research and develop nuclear power in our near future.
Nuclear power is not only useful in generating electricity; it also has a lot of practical value such as being used in agriculture, fertilizers, medicine and therapy. We need to understand that radiation is not always a harmful thing to humans. In the medical field, radiation is used on a day to day basis to help diagnosis and treat diseases such as cancer. The World Nuclear Association stated that Diagnostic procedures using radioisotopes are now routine (Radioisotopes in Medicine, par. 1). Nuclear medicine is a crucial component to the medical field and uses advance technology such as radiation to provide diagnostic information about the functioning of a person's specific organs, or to treat them (Radioisotopes in Medicine, par. 1). Radiation/radioactivity are very useful when handled in the correct way. People tend to hear the term radiation and get worried or scared that this will hurt them because of all the news about people dying or being hurt due to radiation from the bombs, or nuclear meltdowns. When in reality we should be publicizing radiation or radioactivity as a good thing in today's society because it is used in about one third of all procedures in modern hospitals (Medical Applications, par. 1)! These procedures are among the best and most effective life-saving tools available, they are safe and painless and don't require anesthesia, and they are helpful to a broad span of medical specialties, from pediatrics to cardiology to psychiatry. (Medical Applications, par. 1). These are key reasons as to why nuclear power should definitely be seen in our future in order to make it safer and to advance medical technology/medicine even more than it is today. These amazing advancements/applications seen in the medicine field should be a key reason the United States as well as other countries are more than willing to further fund nuclear energy so that it may be seen as a big part of our future.
Nuclear power is also used in therapeutic ways. Many of the nuclear powered therapies are used to relive pain in patients, such as people battling against leukemia. Patients being treated for leukemia may be experiencing bone pain due to having been through a bone marrow transplant. A therapeutic procedure requiring strontium-89 and (increasingly) samarium-153 are used for the relief of cancer-induced bone pain which has been seen as very effective in patients (Radioisotopes in Medicine, par. 30). Another effective and very useful form of therapy is known as targeted alpha therapy (TAT) or alpha radioimmunotherapy. This type of therapy is used for the control of dispersed cancer cells. TAT has been seen most effective for treating pancreatic, ovarian, and melanoma cancers (Radioisotopes in Medicine, par. 32).
Surgical procedures can be a very tramatic and terrifying experiance for some people to go through. Nuclear science has made non-invasive procedures that are able to look over different parts of the body and diagnose all different kinds of conditions a reality. Examples of these non-invasive producers include x-rays, MRI scanners, CAT scans, and ultrasounds (Medical Applications, par. 5). Nuclear medicine has been developing and advancing over time and has been very successful in most developed countries (Medical Applications, par. 8). Thus, we must continue this trend and keep pursing nuclear power and all it has to offer.
Advancements in nuclear power have also been able to help fight against deadly viruses such as the Zika virus found in Brazil. Ionizing radiation has been used to sterilize male mosquitoes so that when they mate with females, they bear no fertile offspring. This results in a reduction of the mosquito population, thus an effective technique to reduce the number of disease-carrying mosquitoes (The Many Uses of Nuclear Technology, par. 43). Nuclear power has also been able to help prevent food-borne diseases as well as increase the shelf life of certain produce. A technique called food irradiation exposes foodstuffs to gamma rays to kill bacteria which results in the food not spoiling as quickly, controls for pests, and decreases the likelihood of food-borne diseases (The Many Uses of Nuclear Technology, par. 27). The future of nuclear power has the potential to eliminate deadly viruses and keep food fresher for a longer period of time; both advancements that would greatly impact third world countries which is why nuclear power should be a priority to keep around for future generations.
Overall, nuclear power is a very beneficial resource for numerous reasons. Nuclear power has the ability to make the world a cleaner place by producing electricity without emitting greenhouse gases such as carbon. Nuclear power is also a very safe form of electricity since there have been technological advancements in the way we build nuclear power plants so that they can withstand a meltdown. There is also many safety laws and regulations in place by the association known as OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration), so that the people who work in and live around nuclear power plants are ensured safety to the best of their abilities. Nuclear power also has many practical applications such as being used in agriculture, therapy, and most importantly medicine. Nuclear power is a crucial component in the medical field today along with helping the earth combat global warming and climate change; both main reasons why we must further fund, develop, and research Nuclear energy. The future of nuclear power should be seen all over the world and be funded/expanded in all countries to ensure that everyone is benefitting from all nuclear energy has to offer.
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Use of Nuclear Energy in Modern World
Nuclear energy is form energy produced when Uranium nucelli are combined or fused to form one large atom that when its split into smaller atoms, produces energy that when harnessed is used in multiple sectors. The process of splitting the Uranium atoms is known as fission or fusion, and in the process, heat produced is used to create steam that is used to generate electricity. However, radioisotopes in non-stationary power reactors have been used in different sectors such as industries, medicine and scientific research, transport, food and agriculture and consumer products. Due to high demand of energy to support everchanging global transformation, human beings have invested heavily in the production of nuclear energy to solve and meet demands in day to day life. The use of nuclear energy has come with its advantages and disadvantages.
First, the most popular use of nuclear energy is the generation of clean electricity which is now more preferred to other sources such as fossil fuel (coal and oil). Nuclear energy reactors produce energy that is harnessed to heat water to form steam that is used to run turbines to generate electricity. Fossil fuels are combusted to produce electricity and carbon dioxide and other gases that are major environmental pollutants (Petrescu, 2016).
Secondly, it generates a large amount of electric power compared to other sources such as hydroelectricity stations as it runs throughout the year and it is not affected by weather or climatic change. During dry weather seasons, hydroelectric production is affected by low water levels and only rises during the rainy or wet seasons when water levels are high. Therefore, comparative generation of electric power in a nuclear energy reactor plant is relatively higher than that of the hydroelectric plant.
Thirdly, nuclear energy has become a significant sector that has resulted in boosting most of the economies of the countries that uses nuclear power due to source energy. This boosts creativity, innovative and industrial capability of that particular state leading to high production of goods and services at lower cost, which in turn promotes the economy of a country. Energy independence reduces the cost of, therefore, favoring the economic growth of a nation (Kok,2017).
Finally, the Uranium core used in the reactors is not full burnt up in the process of generation energy meaning it is capable of being re-used as compared to fossil fuel, that when burnt or combusted only produces energy and they cannot be re-used. It makes it a renewable source of energy that does not only generates clean energy but also, it is environmentally friendly by the used of transition technology produces zero waste.
However, some disadvantages have come along with the use of nuclear energy that have adverse effects on mother nature and humans, because of the production uses radioactive elements. In case of a nuclear reactor accident, leakage of radioactive rays has devastating impact on the shrouding environment. For instance, cases of death have been reported in Chernobyl, Ukraine and Japan not mentioning disastrous environmental effects when a nuclear plant accident happened (Aoyama, 2016). The wasted produced are radioactive, and they are not environmentally friendly and may produces radiations that are harmful to life.
To put up a nuclear energy plant requires high initial capital cost making it not accessible to most economies which makes it a disadvantage to use nuclear energy. Generally, to establish a nuclear energy plant is one of the most expensive investments that an economy needs spend on the project (El-Emam,2015). This makes it not accessible to most of the countries and those who have been capable establish the reactors have experienced high cost of maintaining the nuclear plant reactor.
When materials, whether solid, gas or liquid are used for an extended period in a nuclear energy reactor plant, is considered as radioactive waste when changed. This wastes that come from the nuclear reactor plant need to be safely disposed of or stored safely and conveniently recognizing dangers they pose to the environment and human life due to the high rate of radiative element that they produce. Scientific research has proven that exposure to radioactive waste can result in many health hazards which include cancer, down syndrome, defective on unborn children among other defects.
Nuclear energy is a modern form of energy production that every state is thriving to achieve and establish a nuclear reactor plant to have a sustainable source of energy for its industrial and commercial uses. Many advantages come along with the use of nuclear power when it is properly harnessed and used property similarly; it is disastrous when it goes into the wrong way. Therefore, it is left at a state level to consider putting up a nuclear plant having analyzed its capability to establish and manage nuclear energy plant and cope up with dangers that come along with nuclear energy production
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Development of Nuclear Energy Industry
The demand for energy is ever increasing, as countries continue to develop and modernize, the need for power increases. Around the globe, the most common source of energy is mainly generated through the burning of fossil fuels such as coal and oil. A smaller percentage of this includes hydroelectric power from rivers and dams, and nuclear power. In the United States alone, 20% of electrical energy is being produced by nuclear reactors [1]. As of right now, the US has 98 nuclear power plants operating in 30 of its states and is the largest producer of electrical energy by nuclear power in the world [1]. The generation of electricity through nuclear power is the safest alternative and is beneficial for the United States to increase its reliance on it, as well as removing the stigma around nuclear power.
When the general public hears the words nuclear power it is not uncommon for the idea of war, destruction, and danger to come into mind. It should be known that nuclear power today is not only about the creation of atomic bombs but about the necessary production of electricity. Generating power through nuclear energy proves to be less detrimental to our environment that is growing more fragile and has become an important alternative to using up the world's natural resources. Fossil fuels are still our main source of energy but is extremely ...ecologically destructive through (1) mining, (2) air pollution, (3) greenhouse gas emissions, and (4) water pollution[2]. Each year, 23 billion tons of carbon dioxide is put into our atmosphere through the burning of fossil fuels [3]. To put in perspective the benefits of nuclear power on the reduction of carbon emission into the atmosphere, 2.5 billion tons of carbon dioxide emissions have already been reduced just from the nuclear power plants in operation today, instead of traditional fossil fuel power plants. That is 11% of the total carbon dioxide emissions [4]. All these harmful effects contribute to global warming and the changing climate of our planet. Nuclear power is a far more efficient and environmentally friendly source compared to fossil fuels due to the fact that it creates a larger amount of energy from uranium per gram than that of oil or coal and releases no greenhouse gases into the atmosphere [5].
A prime example of nuclear power's potential lies to the north of the United States, in Canada. In 50 years of using nuclear power, not a single incident have occurred that resulted in the fatality of an individual due to radiation exposure. This was achieved through the many safety systems that are in place at the nuclear power generation plants which addresses common problems of human error in the operation, maintenance, and response procedures of the plants. As well as other risks, such as equipment failure and natural disasters. Natural disasters are great threats to nuclear power plants, in the case of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster, waves generated from a high magnitude earthquake caused the shutdown of backup generator, which eventually let to malfunction of cooling systems and overheating of fuel rods (https://www.britannica.com/event/Fukushima-accident.) These incidents could be prevented with the proper safety protocols and building power plants that are able to respond to situations such as this one, as well as a well trained team that is ready to respond and adapt to different threats. Furthermore, nuclear power plants are designed to contain the radioactive emissions if an accident were to occur and prevent any radiation from leaking out of the facilities.
It is empirical that nuclear power is the safest form of power generation. More people have died from air pollution from coal and petroleum forms of power generation than nuclear power, at a rate of almost 30 deaths per TWh for coal, and 17 deaths per TWh for petroleum. Compared to nuclear power's 0 deaths per TWh. There were no fatalities from the largest nuclear accident in the US, which was Three Mile Island, as well as the most recent Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster. The most famous case of Chernobyl caused less than 50 deaths in the past 30 years. (https://www.forbes.com/sites/michaelshellenberger/2018/06/11/if-nuclear-power-is-so-safe-why-are-we-so-afraid-of-it/#42719a0a6385).
When these numbers are compared to fossil fuel air pollution fatalities, it is clear that nuclear power generation is the more viable, economical, and logical solution to our power generation demand. Moreover, nuclear power has the potential to grow tremendously as a field, which will be proven beneficial to the economy. Extracting energy from nuclear reactions is a very complex and sometimes dangerous job, meaning the employees working to extract nuclear energy must be highly skilled in order to meet these demands. Due to these reasons, nuclear energy is one of the most high-paying jobs in the world. According to The Nuclear Energy Institute, the starting salary for nuclear engineers is around $65,000 and can go over $100,000. The nuclear energy industry creates lasting, high-paying jobs for people from a wide range of fields and educational backgrounds, not just engineers. People are recruited to the nuclear energy industry from universities, community colleges, and the military, providing high-quality jobs to the whole community.
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An Analysis of Robert Frost
Robert Frost was an American poet, that often wrote about rural life in New England. It must be noted that he was honored frequently during his lifetime and nominated for the Nobel prize in Literature thirty-one times. Frost was both praised and criticized for his style of writing. During a time when poetry was moving toward modern poetry, he maintained his own style. He has also been recognized as a distinguished American poet of the twentieth century. This analysis will look at three poems by Frost, The Road Not Taken, Fire and Ice, and Mending Wall.
The Road Not Taken appears to be a simple poem, using a poetic rhythm and metaphors. The speaker in the poem reaches a point where a choice must be made as to the path he will take. The speaker cannot choose both so he examines each with the knowledge he can only choose one and can never go back and take the other. He then chooses the road less traveled. If one looks at the entire poem, it would appear that the speaker is referring to choosing one's path in life. When reaching a point where choices have to be made, one has to think about all variables and make a decision. By taking the less traveled road, the speaker decided it made the difference.
In an article written by Terry L. Andrews, he stated Nevertheless, for such a seemingly simple poem, it has been the subject to very different interpretations of how the speaker feels about his situation and how the reader is to view the reader (Andrews). In Robert Frost: A Biography by Lawrence Roger Thompson and R. H. Winnick, Robert Frost commented that The Road Not Taken is a tricky poem, very tricky (Andrews).
With the poem Fire and Ice, Frost seems to be talking about the end of the world, while agreeing either would be suitable. With the use of words like desire and hate, he is adding behavior into the poem, and one feels the breadth of human smallness, the pathetic girth of opinion (Wormser 416). As the poem ends with And would suffice one can see that Frost holds the largest situation in his sights and concedes nothing (Wormser 416). A person can also easily look further into the underlying meaning of the poem to include not only the literal comparison of fire to ice, but also to include the comparison of desire and hate. With this, Frosts' use of metaphors changes a seemingly simple poem into a thought-provoking poem.
The last poem is Mending Wall and while longer, it uses the same style as the others. On the surface, it appears to be a simple poem about a wall and two neighbors, but when one looks closely the poem changes to a philosophical discussion. Once a year, two neighbors meet and repair the wall between their properties. The speaker talks as if there is no need for the wall, however, he is clearly ambivalent about its presence, since he also initiates the repair (Ruby 230) and the neighbor, more adamant about the need for the wall, accepts the wall as a way of life using his father's words, Good fences make good neighbors. The poem uses the wall to describe the relationship between people, the boundaries set, and how you deal with those boundaries. Poetry for Students Vol. 5, edited by Mary Ruby discusses various themes include things like alienation, loneliness, tradition, imagination and order. All are reasonable and subject to the readers view of the poem. Using Robert Frost's Mending Wall to Teach Overcoming Barriers to Communication, agrees that There is a clear psychological barrier to communication in these lines (Sethi 47) using the poem to emphasize the relationship between peoples and the need to talk and understand the other.
The poems of Robert Frost are thought provoking. By the skillful use of metaphors and the simplicity of his writing, he challenges the reader to think about the poem and decide for themselves what the poem means to them. As a writer Robert Frost chose to use languages that stayed close and true to the experience in his verses and he was successful in bringing the realm of poetry closed to the harsh realities of life (Su 1372). These are a few examples of poems that Frost has used with a clear aim to give us as readers a deeper understanding of the contemplations of nature and humans through his eyes. The analysis of these three poems by Frost, The Road Not Taken, Fire and Ice, and Mending Wall use imagery that is capable for all readers to relate to, symbols that connect a reader to real life, and themes that create a realistic understanding of the issues discussed.
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Down Syndrome – Symptoms and Causes
Genetics
Genes play an important role in life reproduction. The inheritance of specific chromosomes can increase the likelihood for many problems or diseases. Health care has conducted enough research to estimate the probability of genetic mutations that can cause developmental disabilities. Genes serve as blueprints to influence body structure and composition (McCance & Huether, 2014). Any error in genetic imprinting can lead to a recognizable genetic disease (McCance & Huether, 2014). Gene make up has two perspectives such as phenotype is the outward appearance and genotype the genetic sequencing (McCance & Huether, 2014). There are many genetic illnesses that have been identified and categorized. Pediatric patients with genetic diseases compromise one-third of the total population (McCance & Huether, 2014). Down syndrome Discovering diseases related to genetics has become a priority for early treatment and reduced long-term risks. Genetic screening tests are now available to identify specific gene mutation diseases (McCance & Huether, 2014). Trisomy disorders can occur at any chromosome at time of conception (McCance & Huether, 2014).
The most common type of trisomy is of the twenty-first chromosome being the main cause for Down Syndrome (DS). Normal fetus development contains 46 chromosomes. Down Syndrome is defined by an extra pair of chromosome 21 (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2018). The extra copy causes an altered mutation on the brain and physical development that can lead to life challenges. Prevalence of the disease is seen in 1 of 800 births (McCance & Huether, 2014). The disease affects Intelligence Quotient (IQ) to lower scores between 25 and 70 (McCance & Huether, 2014). Physical appearance can be affected by causing altered nose bridge and low flat ears. There is a slower response due to muscle tone irregularities. Patients born with DS have a large risk of also having congenital heart defects; causing an increased risk for respiratory infections (McCance & Huether, 2014). Prevalence of Down Syndrome increases with the older age of the pregnant mother (McCance & Huether, 2014). Older pregnant mothers run a higher risk due to the age of maternal cells that were created at birth and waiting to be used for years Symptoms at an older than age 40 resemble patients with Alzheimer's Disease as it affects chromosome 21 (McCance & Huether, 2014). Spontaneous miscarriages and stillbirths are directly associated with genetic diseases such as DS (McCance & Huether, 2014). Infants that are born with DS have a 20% chance of death during the first 10 years of life; long-term life expectancy is age 60 (McCance & Huether, 2014).
Screening tests have been developed to detect the possibility of genetic mutations during pregnancy. An amniocentesis draws a small amount of amniotic fluid usually at 16 weeks when there is a high risk of chromosome abnormalities suspected (McCance & Huether, 2014). The test is recommended for women at an advanced maternal age or couples who have a previous risk for genetic disease. Routine prenatal screening blood tests help determine if there is a risk & ultrasound helps determine if there is extra fluid accumulation around the neck. There is a possibility for tests to be negative and still have a chance of DS ().
Communication Difficulties
Children born with DS can develop problems swallowing and communicating effectively (Meyer, Theodoros, & Hickson, 2017). Speech Language Pathology (SLP) specializes in disorders that affect the ability of patients to develop speech (Meyer, Theodoros, & Hickson, 2017). Due to the incidence of DS there is great need to increase SLP services to help with developmental disabilities children born with DS encounter. Communication ability of DS depends on the development stage of the patient. Other pathological conditions can greatly affect communication such as impaired hearing. There is also a possibility that children can develop an early onset of dementia. In the study Down Syndrome children were provided speech therapy during a course of a year to improve communication outcomes. The study found that most children diagnosed with DS greatly benefit from family involvement with speech therapy and should be a service immediately provided to assess the needs of the patient (Meyer, Theodoros, & Hickson, 2017).
Improving Physical and Function Mobility
Muscle development is greatly affected in patients with DS. Reduced physical fitness capacity, muscle strength and abnormal body composition decreases mobility function of children born with DS (Silva et al., 2017). The goal of the study was to improve physical functioning to reduce long term limitations associated with poor muscle coordination in patients who had been diagnosed with DS (Silva et al., 2017). A total of 27 adult patients diagnosed with DS were included in the study to participate in a Wii based exercise program to improve motor function during a 2-month course (Silva et al., 2017). Patients were conducted an assessment to evaluate physical functioning and develop a plan to improve coordination. After the 2-month evaluation participants greatly improved coordination levels with low impact exercises provided by coordinating technology with physical movement that also incorporates positive reinforcement (Silva et al., 2017). Visual interactive technology reduces the risk of harm from traditional exercise equipment and allows brain functioning to coordinate with patient physical movements (Silva et al., 2017).
Breathing and Cognitive Function
Sleep cycles affect children's cognitive development. Patients with DS are at risk for sleep disruption patterns that affect breathing (Joyce & Dimitriou, 2017). Sleep is vital for children brain development and cognitive functioning (Joyce & Dimitriou, 2017). An estimated 20-30% of children diagnosed with DS experience sleep disturbance (Joyce & Dimitriou). The study evaluates children who have sleep disorders related to DS. Sleep Disordered Breathing (SDB) includes a range of symptoms such as snoring, sleep apnea; fragmented sleep patterns with obstructed airways cause a decreased amount of oxygen available for circulation to tissues (Joyce & Dimitriou, 2017). Children who are born with abnormalities in airway have an increased risk for Upper Respiratory Infections (URI) (Joyce & Dimitriou, 2017). The study measured 22 preschoolers diagnosed with DS who were concurrently exhibiting sleep disturbance patterns. Cognitive function greatly declined during school hours for children with limited sleep. Children diagnosed with DS having sleep patterns greatly benefit from therapy to help improve and rule out pathology associated with lack of sleep (Joyce & Dimitriou, 2017). Sleep studies help providers create a treatment plan for possible sleep apnea to improve functioning. Down Syndrome can be a life-altering diagnosis for a newborn. Prenatal testing can estimate the probability of a child born with the genetic disease. Parents of children from families that carry a higher incidence are recommended to do additional screening. Children born with DS can function as adults and many treatment options are available to improve the quality of life. Many adults with DS can carry an independent lifestyle. Genetic science has opened many windows to identify specific gene mutations and diagnosed with developmental disabilities. Parents of children born with DS have a long journey ahead with learning to live with a child who requires additional health services and different learning capabilities.
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Struggles of Robert Frost
There have been many renowned American poets, but many critics say there is no one like Robert Frost. He has written numerous poems, most of which are famous all over the world. It is often said that behind success, there is some hidden disappointment or secret in person's lives. The same thing can be said from the life of this great American poet. I went over most of the poems of Robert Frost and came across a common point of depression and tragedy reflected in the poems of Frost. Even though Robert Frost had all the fame and prosperity one could achieve in his lifetime, the fact that he struggled in his life due to various reasons cannot be ignored. Through my research paper, I am going to highlight some of the tragedies and struggles Robert went over throughout his life and will point out various reasons for those depression and how he overcame those hurdles.
To achieve the point of my research paper, I have organized my paper into three main sections. In the first section, I talk about the early life of Robert frost and discuss the influence of people in his childhood. In second section, I talk about his turning point in the career and how he became giant name in the literary industry. In this section, I also talk about his family life and the potential reason for entering depression. The third section is comprised of various instances from poems which point us to the fact that there was darkness stored in his mind. I end my paper with my thoughts on the lifestyle of Robert Frost and conclusion on the research I did. So, let's dive into the life of Robert Frost and I hope this paper will be interesting to you as a reader.
Robert Frost (1874-1963) is widely regarded as one of the most decorated American poets of all time. He was an author who used New England as the base of his writings and used those settings to explore social and complicated subjects. Frost's subjects are extremely basic in the surface significance supplied with an effortlessly justifiable word usage with liberal style of composing. Yet, a careful study of his works reveals the misfortune and tragedy associated with his lifestyle.
Frost was born and spent his first 11 years of life in San Francisco, until his father who was journalist, passed away due to tuberculosis. Born to an alcoholic father and a discouraged mother, Frost was tormented every one of his years by the impacts of psychological instability on himself and those he cherished. After the demise of his father, Frost decided to move to Lawrence, MA with his mother and sister, Jeanie. Frost found the love of his life and his future wife, Elinor White, during the days of High school. Starting in 1897, Frost attended Harvard University but had to drop out only after two years because of health issues. He returned to Lawrence to unite with his wife, who at the time was pregnant with their second child. In 1900, Frost moved with his wife and children to a homestead in New Hampshire”property that Frost's grandfather had bought for them”and they lived there for the next 12 years.
Though it was a productive time for Frost's writing, it was very difficult period in his personal life. Frost's firstborn son, Elliot, passed due to cholera in 1900. After his death, Elinor gave birth to four more kids: son Carol (1902), who would commit suicide in 1940; Irma (1903), who later developed mental illness; Marjorie (1905), who died in her late 20s after giving birth; and Elinor (1907), who died just weeks after she was born. Additionally, during that time, Frost and Elinor endeavored few undertakings, including poultry cultivating, which were all unsuccessful. In spite of such difficulties, it was amid this time that Frost accustomed himself to rural life. In fact, he developed to represent it quite well, and started huge number of his poems in the countryside. But while two of these, ""The Tuft of Flowers"" and ""The Trial by Existence,"" would be distributed in 1906, he could not discover any publishers who were eager to sponsor his different poems. During his lifetime, Frost would receive more than 40 honorary degrees, and in 1924, he was awarded his first of four Pulitzer Prizes, for his book New Hampshire. He would subsequently win Pulitzers for Collected Poems (1931), A Further Range (1937) and A Witness Tree (1943).
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‘Out, Out-‘ by Robert Frost
In the poem Out, Out- by Robert Frost (1916) there are a plethora of themes addressed by the poet such as the vulnerability of children, fragility of life, the callous nature of society and the issue of child labour. The poet effectively cleverly uses literary techniques such as personification, onomatopoeia and many more to establish the setting, plot, imagery and characters, which in turn manifests the themes addressed in the poem. In short Out, Out- is a poem that describes a young child who has to face an untimely death due to an accident at his work place.
Some critics have suggested that the title of the poem is an allusion of Macbeth (a Shakespearean play). It's recognized to allude to Macbeths comments at the event of Lady Macbeth's death in which he says Out, out, brief candle! This is effective as the reference to the candle may be a comparison the boy's life that ends the same way a candle bows out. In my opinion this is an effective use of allusion as it forebodes the death of the boy the same way a candle goes off or the death of Lady Macbeth. (Shmoop, 2018)
One of the most important themes that Robert incorporates in his poem is the theme of child labour. There are two references to child labour that is mentioned in the poem. The first case happens to be a boy who is constantly referred to as a child in which he is cruelly gets dragged into an accident in which he looses his hand and later on passes away due to this. The poet effectively establishes this theme by the use of Since he was old enough to (Shmoop, 2018)fact that he is a young child that engages himself in labour that he shouldn't be engaged in. In addition to this Frost uses another less evident example of the sister who stood behind him in her apron again conveys that she is engaged in domestic tasks which she shouldn't be involved in during her age.
Another theme that is conveyed in the poem is the fragility of life. The poet effectively reinforces this by the use of Call it a day, I wish they might have said. This evidently suggests that if the boy was given a break the tragic accident may not have occurred. It stresses on the fact that a minor difference in the work routine could have saved something as precious as a life. Further conveying that it only takes something small to end a life. This is also linked to the vulnerability of children.
Furthermore the poet establishes a few subthemes, such as the callous nature of society. This is evident in And since they Were not the one dead, turned to their affairs. This line suggests that society doesn't really care about others. This attacks the self-centered nature of everyone apart of society. Its hostility is conveyed as even an unjust death of a small boy is completely disregarded by the members of the society. The indifference of the people is somewhat criticized by the poet, this is evident in the tone of the line quoted above, which appears to be very critical.
More over the theme that life continues or goes on is also suggested by the use of turned to their affairs suggests that despite the tragic even of loosing a life the people around still had to move and fend for their daily chores. Robert Frost incorporates the setting of the poem to criticize child labour.
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Analysis of Robert Frost’s “Meeting and Passing”
Robert Frost was born in San Francisco, California on March 26 in the year of 1874. His father was William Prescott Frost Jr. He was initially a teacher and later became an editor of the San Francisco Evening Bulletin newspaper, he was of English descent and his mother, Isabelle Moodie was that of a Scottish Descent.
Robert Frost spent his early childhood in San Francisco, however after the death of his father his mother and his only sister Jeanie, moved to a small town of Lawrence, Massachusetts. Frost attended Lawrence High School where he met his future co-valedictorian and his future wife, Elinor White.
At a very young age frost seemed to be interested in reading and writing poetry, it was during his years in high school that Frost got his first poem published in his school's magazine. After graduating, Frost went to Dartmouth long enough to get into the Theta Delta Chi fraternity. Frost cleared the entrance for Harvard, but chose to attend Dartmouth in 1892, because it was cheaper, but also because his grandfather blamed Harvard for the bad habits of William. Frost stayed at Dartmouth for less than a term, then left. This caused a conflict and distance with Elinor, she wanted him to finish college and wouldn't marry him until he graduated college. Frost went back to Massachusetts to teach and to work at a variety of jobs like delivering newspapers and factory labor. He hated these jobs without having any passion, it was only after struggling did his dream to become a poet come true. The famous poet, Ralph Waldo Emerson, had read many of his works. Robert Frost's first poem got published in The Independent, with the title My Butterfly: an Elegy. Frost proposed to Elinor, and she said no because she wanted him to first graduate from college and thus he attended Harvard University.
Robert Frost's writing style can best be described as a combination of the traditional nineteenth century writing style with the twentieth century contemporary styles. Frost was a modern poet who liked to use different form of metrics combined with New England vernacular. His written work style changed slowly after some time, ending up being more conceptual and abstract in his later years. Numerous specialists believe this was to a great extent because of his religious and political beliefs. Frost used numerous self-portraying subtle elements in his work; He often expresses ordinary points of the new life in New England. His critics justify his regionalism is mostly a result of his realistic approach and not his political beliefs. Frost is one of the most well-known poets of all time and received four Pulitzer Prizes many other awards for his works. Much of the poetry Frost wrote later in his life came from this perspective of being respected and well-known poet. Frost always wrote in his own style, never imitating the current writing style and trends. He used traditional techniques to describe the world as he sees it, often in simple and short detail. Robert Frost's first and second collections of poems were published while he was in England. A Boy's Will, published in 1915 is a short collection of poems, which show signs of the themes and techniques.
Frost later went on to develop further. His poetry was greatly influenced by the Victorian style. Frost was in the process to realize the conversational style that is visible in his later work. A Boy's Will had moderate reactions, and was reviewed positively by renowned reviewers and poets, including Ezra Pound. Frost's further works aided his growing reputation enabling him to secure more teaching work and hence putting him in a more stable financial position. Mountain Interval one of his most famous collections got published in 1916. The collection contains The Road Not Taken, a poem which has become one of the most popular and anthologized in American literature, although many critics complain that it is misunderstood. It is often taken to be a celebration of individuality, a poetic My Way when the more likely interpretation is that it is a regretful work, the speaker commiserating over the lost opportunities that accompany every choice made.
Over the next years, Frost published prolifically. He was awarded the Pulitzer Prize in 1931 for Collected Poems, again for A Further Range in 1937, and once more in 1943, for A Witness Tree. By the 1930s, Frost was a household name in the US. He was by now given the honor of being the symbol of American spirit. It was in the same year he was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. On his 75th birthday, the US Senate adopted a resolution honoring Frost, and in 1960, Congress passed a bill awarding him a gold medal.
Frost's poems highlight various themes that subtly tend to comfort the reader in many ways. This is visible as he places value on Nature in all his works. This is probably because of the time he spent in New England; examples can be seen in many of his works where he describes the pastoral scenes which are inspired by specific locations in New England. However, the reader does not witness any restrictions as frost does not limit himself to the stereotypical pastoral themes such as sheep and shepherds. Instead, his focus lies on the dramatic struggles that exist in the natural realm of the world, such as the conflict of the changing of seasons (as in After Apple-Picking) and that of the destructive side of nature (as in (Once by the Pacific). Frost's presentation of the natural world is one that inspires deep metaphysical thoughts in the individuals who are exposed to it (as in Birches and The Sound of Trees). For Frost, Nature is not simply a background for poetry, but is rather a central character in his works. This theme also influences a very important theme that frost covers in his works. The theme of rural life vs. Pastoral life is synced with Frost's interest in Nature and everyday life. Frost's childhood experiences in New England exposed him to a lifestyle that appeared to be hassle free and away from complications and yet had a value that was more meaningful than that of a life of city dweller. The farmers described by frost in his poetry hold a very unique opinion on the dealings of the world and also inculcate within them a sense of honour and duty in respect to their work and their community. Frost is not hesitant about exploring the theme of urban life in his poetry; in ""Acquainted with the Night,"" the narrator is showcased as someone who lives in an urban set up. However, this gives frost the chance to find a metaphysical meaning in everyday tasks and examine the bond between mankind and nature through glimpses of rural life and farming communities that he is seen expressing in his poetry. Urban life highlights what frost calls 'real' but requires the quality and clarity of life that is so particular to Frost in his work.
Further, Frost's works highlight his interest in the everyday activities of life, because it is this side of humanity that he associates reality with. Even the most basic task or action in a normal day can have various and immense hidden meanings that need only to be explored by a poetic mind. For instance, in the poem ""Mowing,"" the simple act of mowing hay with a scythe is transformed into an intense discussion of the moral value of hard work and the traditions of the New England countryside. As Frost argues in the poem, by focusing on ""reality,"" the real actions of real people, a poet can sift through the unnecessary elements of fantasy and discover ""Truth."" Moreover, Frost holds this belief in high regard that by emphasising on everyday life, he allows himself to better communicate with his readers and more clearly; they can empathize with the tedious struggles and tireless emotions that are expressed in his poems and hence they form a larger and more impactful understanding of ""Truth"" themselves.
In his works, Frost also deals with the importance of Duty. Duty is one of the major values in the rural communities of New England; hence it does not come as surprise that Frost employs it as one of the pivot themes of his poetry. Frost explains conflicts between desire and duty in manner that the two shall always be mutually exclusive; in order to provide for his family, a farmer must acknowledge his responsibilities rather than distract himself by indulge in his personal desires. The conflict is rather visible particularly clearly in Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening, when the narrator expresses his wish to stay in the woods and watch the snow continue to fall. However, is unable to refute his obligation to his family and his community; he cannot continue in the woods because of his promises to keep, and so he marches forward on his way. Similarly, in The Sound of Tree, Frost describes a character who is tempted to follow the advice of the trees and make the reckless decision to abandon his community. However by the end of the poem, the character chooses to stay because his sense of duty to those around him serves as the roots that keep him firmly grounded.
His theme of duty can also be associated with another theme that is common in his works. The theme of 'Rationality verses Imagination, the relation with duty stems when the hardworking people whom Frost describes in his poetry are faced with situations wherein they are forced to decide between rationality and imagination since the two cannot occur simultaneously. The adults in Frost's poetry are stereotypically to maintain their rationality as a load of duty, but there are certain instances when the hint of imagination is almost too seductive to tolerate. For example, in Birches, the narrator wishes that he could climb a birch tree as he did in his early youth and leaving the rational world behind, if only for a moment. This ability to escape rationality and indulge in the liberation of imagination is restricted to the years of childhood. After attaining adulthood, the traditions of New England life require strict code of conduct which demands rationality and a firm acceptance of responsibility. As a result of this conflict, Frost makes the poem Out, Out-- exaggeratingly tragic, describing a young boy who is forced to leave his childhood behind to work at a man's job and in the process becomes a victim of the severe social injustice and achieves death.
Something that is very fascinating about frost's work is his ability to connect with his audience. He does this by incorporating the theme of communication. His works often witness communication or the lack thereof, is in fact a significant theme in several of Frost's poems, as he explains it to be the lone escape from isolation and despair. Regrettably, frost also emphasises and makes it clear that communication is extremely complex to achieve. An example of such is, in Home Burial, Frost describes two terrible events: the death of a child and the destruction of a marriage. The death of the child is heartbreaking, but the inability of the husband and wife to communicate with each other and express their grief about the loss is what makes it more tragic and ultimately obliterates their marriage. Frost highlights their inability to communicate with one another by writing the poem in free verse dialogue; the speech of each character is presented clearly to the reader, but neither is able to understand the other. A similar theme is explored by him in Acquainted with the Night, in which the narrator is continuously failing to pull himself out of his depression because he is unable to bring himself to even make eye contact with those surrounding him. In each of the circumstances, the reader is does understand the knowledge that communication could have saved the characters from their devastated state of isolation. And, because of their lack of willingness to take the necessary actions to create a relationship with another being, the characters in their state are forever damned. The theme of communication further gives way to the theme of isolation of the individual. The mainstream characters in Frost's poems are isolated in some way or the other. Even the characters that do not show any sign of depression or loneliness, such as the narrators in The Sound of Trees or Fire and Ice, are still illustrated to be aloof from the rest of society, isolated because of their distinct perspective. In majority of the cases, isolation has a tendency to be a more destructive force. For example, in The Lockless Door, the narrator has continued in a cage of isolation for several years that he is petrified to answer the door when he hears a knock. This heightened seclusion keeps the character and in reality, humans from fulfilling their complete potential and eventually makes them a prisoner of their own making. Frost suggests, this isolation can be countered through continuous interactions with the society; if the character in The Lockless Door could have gathered himself to open the door and face an invasion of his isolation; he could have achieved a superior level of inner happiness.
The theme of communication is subtly visible in frost's poem meeting and passing. This poem by Robert frost deals with one of the many uncanny feelings that surface the human emotions and hence makes the poem more relatable to its audience. This poem illustrates the human tendency of attraction or infatuation towards one another which unfortunate as it may be is not always pursued. Not mentioned in the poem, however these feelings are not stretched forward due to situations such as the time not being right and one can argue due to lack communication and so on. Here a man and woman meet on a road and are mutually attracted. ""...our being less than two but more than one as yet... shows that even though they spoke that day there was no mingling of their identities. Although they were not completely separate due to their attraction towards each other, they were not together and therefore not one. The word decimal used here is indicative of their separateness. even though they both liked each other, they just moved on with their walk to opposite directions. The last line indicates that even though their sights are same their experience is different. Even though the man sees what the woman had passed earlier and vice versa the way both conceive what they see is different. Frost is maintaining their separateness. The poem seems to be a fond, simple memory of the poet and hence for this reason also lack's climax. In this interpretation, the tone is rather monotone, making it an event which is perhaps negative. It feels as if even though the two spoke, their memories seemed to fade with every step they took away from one another. On the other hand critiques also believe that this Elizabethan sonnet can also be interpreted as a limited meeting of a man and a woman who may be destined to be a couple, but one who has not been paired up yet. (We can tell that the speaker is a man because his feet leave bigger footprints, and we can tell that the person he meets is a woman because she's carrying a parasol.)
The bond between the two seems to be governed by a magnetic force. It can be said they are not just two completely separate strangers. But they're not yet one, the way a husband and wife are said to be one flesh. ""Your parasol/Pointed the decimal off is a joke about them being somewhere between one and two. They are one point something. The dot that her parasol makes in the dust is the decimal point. This view on the other hand generates a positive impact on the reader.
After their brief meeting by the gate, the man and woman continue on their separate ways. She goes in the direction that he came from, and he goes in the direction that she came from. Each of them passes through the space that the other one has just passed through. They don't exactly share the same experience as they will presumably share so much of life once they are a couple but each of them partakes of the other one's experience to a certain extent. Even though they're not yet fully connected, neither are they completely separate from each other.
The important themes that are magnificently illustrated in this poem include that of the beginning of new relationships. Through imagery which eloquently describes the warmth and comforting feeling of love, frost reminds his readers the freshness of a new relationship, the most suitable example being that of his representation of love which is represented by the lines turning, turned and saw her, they mingled in circles. This poem also displays the theme of opportunities not taken, this is because the two beings that crossed each other's path did not pursue or confess their attraction which leaves within them a feeling of regret. This is the favourite of the poet, as his poems have a tendency to leave the reader with a sentiment of self realisation. A very important theme that the poem also highlights is the relevance of time. In the first interpretation, it seems that the man and woman attracted to each other are not in the right place in time to take forward their courtship and the reader also comes to terms with reality that sometimes in life one might fall in love, but it is not necessary for them to be the one we spend our lives with. On the hand, the second interpretation views time in a good light, it shows urgency that the soon to be couple have to become one through the institution of marriage. Hence through the themes of this poem, frost gives to his readers an emotion that is at the very heart of everyday life.
The poem is a sonnet with a Petrarchan or Italian rhyme scheme. The octave (the first eight lines) and the sestet (the last six lines) of a Petrarchan sonnet are not usually referred to as stanzas. The rhyme scheme used is abbaabbacdc. The language used by Frost in this poem is his signatory colloquial style which is very well visible in the first three lines and sets up an exposition. Firstly, the ""I"" character is walking along a wall, and then he is leaning on the wall to get a better view. And, unexpectedly (to the scene, but expected by the reader), ""I first saw you."" Further, the use of caesura in the fourth stanza creates a fond tone. The poem at a larger scale uses imagery which sensitises the reader to some extent. As many argue this poem to be a sonnet indicative of attraction that is not always pursued, in the poem however this imagery has been explained through the second stanza where the parasol pointed and demanded unity that was rather not meant to be.
Meeting and passing like other works of Frost, deals with the human emotions that an individual experiences in his or her day to day lives. He charms the reader through his subtle ways in which he can empathize with the same. As a poet, frost makes his audience believe, that his poetry is rather a result of his personal experiences which tends to bring the reader closer to its poet. To conclude, it becomes evident as a reader that Robert frost's poem and his writing perfectly showcases the sensitive and important things that people forget in their hassle prone life, he does this by reminding the reader, that he has been a witness to the experience himself.
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Robert Frost – Life and Achievements
Throughout history, influential writers have been acknowledged and been credited for all of the works they have written. In American literature since the Civil War, writers such as E. E. Cummings, F. Scott Fitzgerald, William Faulkner, and Ernest Hemingway have all become well known for their inspiring works during this time. Each and every writer throughout this period offers important aspects of American literature that individuals can learn from. One individual that really struck me as important to today, as well as important in the past, is Robert Frost.
Credited author, Robert Frost, was a modernist who is known for his influential poems during the late 19th and early 20th century. Frost wrote poems in different and new ways that the public had never seen before. His poems, while they were set in the modern time frame, had somewhat of a traditional view. Frost used simple language that wasn't necessarily optimistic, which, in his mind, gives the readers a chance to organize their own thoughts about the poem. Unlike other modernist poets, Frost used traditional meter and rhyme. Because Frost lived in the countryside, natural images make up the majority of his writings. Frost kept traditional aspects of poetry in his poems, but most of the pieces were publicly viewed as modern. Frost was merely caught between two movements: the traditional movement and the modernist movement in poetry.
Robert Frost's The Road Not Taken and Fire and Ice are two prime examples of modernism with a simplistic view. These two poems have a deeper meaning into which the importance of the poem can be seen. Most of Frost's poems allow the reader to decide the meaning of the poem, but in his poem The Road Not Taken, Frost describes a man faced with a choice of two roads to travel. He doesn't know where either road might lead, but in order to continue on his journey, he can only pick one road. He looks at both roads for the possibilities of where they may take him in his travels. But regardless of his choice, he knows that he will miss the experiences he might have encountered on the road that he chooses not to take.
The Road Not Taken is a poem that allows the reader to learn important life lessons about the choices people make in this world. The drama of the poem is of the person making a choice between the two roads. As humans, we should be able to make choices, but the poem suggests that our choices are irrational and aesthetic. The poem offers an insight into just how cruel the world can be. It expresses the idea that choices in life are going to be hard, but in the end, making a choice is inevitable.
The poem Fire and Ice by Frost uses simplistic language in order to portray the significant meaning of hatred and desire. The poem says the world will end with fire and at the same time with ice. But in this poem, I think that ""Fire"" and ""Ice"" are symbols of two different sides of a human. With fire being the passionate side with ice as the rational side. Our ""passions"" help us define our human nature, and our reason helps makes us humans.
Frost's modernistic thoughts can be tied directly to the modernism that we cover towards the end of the semester. I think Frost's way of incorporating modernism into traditional views that society's already aware of, is interestingly smart.
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Scrooge’s Transformation: a Christmas Carol Character Analysis
Bah Humbug! Yes you got it I am talking about the one and only Ebenezer Scrooge. Which means that this book report must be about the revolutionary story The Christmas Carol. Well you are right my fine fellow very right you are. We have all heard of Ebenezer Scrooge before. Grumpy old man who has lost all of his christmas spirit. And cares about nothing and none else then his money. Ah yes I know I know does not sound very merry or jolly right? Well that's just it! How does this story lead up to the Christmas cheer we all expect and desire for that my fine fellow you will just have to keep your ears and eyes open and continue reading!
Oh goodie you have continued on this wondrous adventure with me! What better way to start off than with the very first chapter. The book starts off with a melancholy begging that is not expected from a story that has Christmas in the title. I am talking about death. The title of Stave 1 is “Marley’s Dead”. The first sentence was “Marley is dead: to begin with” “ There no doubt whatever about that” To describe Marley and his death Scrooge used the very popular term “Old Marley was as dead as a doornail”. Little did poor old Scrooge know that he was gone in the site of the living people. But that really he was roaming around the earth serving all his so called sins that he did while still in life but not being able to go back and fix them. And very little did he know that on that very night he would be paid a visit by Marley’s spirit in itself. Marley’s intention was on the one night he had to be seen by those living once again was to warn Scrooge. About how life after death has been for him on the path that Scrooge himself is on. And last but definitely not least telling Scrooge he still has time to change and escape the future that he was not able to. He also comes to warn him about the 3 Spirits that would come to pay him a visit. Which were the ghost of Christmas past,present, and future. During Stave 1 the ghost of Christmas past played Scrooge a visit. He took Scrooge back to christmas as a child. And one of the most important events took him back to when his sister came to get him from school. In which he realized how bad of an uncle he had been to his nephew Fred.
In stave two, Scrooge has already started to want to change his actions. He just has not done so yet. In stave 2 Scrooge is once again visited this time by the ghost of christmas present. The ghost would come to revile many thing of the christmas just a few days away. He was reviled to himself as always melancholy, anti social, and lonely. He also got to experience and see a part of the Cratchit Family he yet to know about. For example he had children. And not just one many. Then he got to meet the youngest of the Cratchits. Tiny Tim, Tiny Tim was the youngest in the family. And had a very serious illness. And was soon expected to die. He also got to see how his nephew’s Fred party would be without him. Once again he was starting to repeal from his prior actions. He got to once again see his family and how they would comment over “poor old Scrooge”. He also saw the charity worker he had formally rejected and what he was doing to help the people. He also got a chance to see the poor people he had earlier on wished death upon (“ then they should die and decrease the surplus population”) and how they were trying to be happy with the little that they had. “ But frankly hey rather die than live there” “ We haven't got much but with this it should do.” This shows how all people were just trying to make the best of what they had. And rappelling Scrooge’s actions therefore making him disappointed in himself and they had no idea about it what they were doing and how they were helping Scrooge in his change.
In stave three the ghost of Christmas present continue his mission. Which is to show Scrooge what Christmas will be like in a couple of days. And to make him feel guilty. He has laid eyes upon all the poor folk and ask the ghost if they will please be spared. And the ghost hit him back with a taste of his own medicine using what Scrooge himself had said in stave one. Which was “ then they should die and decrease the surplus population”. Those words hit Scrooge very strongly and changed his perspective of being and really made him feel bad about his prior statement. He now had wanted to apologize to all those poor folk who had been very insulted by his prior sayings he no longer knew what to do but hoped that when he once again opened his eyes and wake that he would be able to make up for all his wrong doings.
In stave 4 we have started to come to and end. Or starting to see the light at the end of the tunnel. Scrooge awakens once more. And for the last time wakes up to another ghost awaiting him. In this case it was the ghost of Christmas yet to come. The ghost was not really a man of words as the other 2 had certainly been. He just did what was asked of him. Cut to the point and did not mingle whatsoever. He started off by showing Scrooge a dead body that resembles with extreme detail his bedroom and bed. Although he had not wanted to believe the possibilities of that dead body being him. Then the ghost tried to give poor Scrooge another hint with a couple of men standing outside a big what sounded to be office like building saying “ well this funeral ought to be small for which I can't see anyone who would like to attend it”. He still did not want to catch on to the situation. The hint that really gave it away was his old maid stealing all his bed sheets, pillows, curtains etc. He really did not want to face the final straw that would make sure of it being him the body that now lay in the ground motionless. But cold hearted as always. He was brought his most unwanted place his tombstone! Which had said “ Ebenezer Scrooge, Birth date February 7th, Death date December 25”! “ NO NO this is not possible” he pleaded. He laid on his knees asking the ghost for mercy the ghost said nothing.
In stave 5 we draw the final slab of the story. Instantly he woke up in happiness and woke up determined to be a better Scrooge. He started doing so by buying the Cratchits a turkey. He donated a lot to Charity. Helped out the poor. And most importantly. Helped save Tiny Tim . To who in Mr.Dickens words “ Became like a second father.”
To wrap everything up, I will give my general opinion over the book, ratings and recommendations. My personal opinion is that is turned out to be very nice book with a fantastic moral. And inspiring ways of writing. My Rating for this book grade wise is 7th grade and up. So the students will really be able to understand the message the story is trying to bring to its fellow readers. For age 12+ because once again the students will understand the moral much clearer. Would I recommend this book of course! I would do so because I think in can teach children maral, begins, love, and most of all hope.
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Scrooge's Transformation: A Christmas Carol Character Analysis. (2019, Aug 08).
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Ebenezer Scrooge in “A Christmas Carol”
In the novella, A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens, the main character, Ebenezer Scrooge is a tight-fisted, crotchety pessimist who despises everything that is Christmas. He has little patience or understanding of those who value human connection and the spirit of giving, over idolizing money and financial status. With a permanent scowl on his face and a harsh biting tone, Scrooge chases away a young boy caroling outside his workplace and even chastises his demure employee Bob Cratchit, suggesting that he was scamming him out of money because Cratchit wants to spend Christmas with his family. Despite this miserly disposition, however, Scrooge rediscovers the value of love and human connection after enlightening visits from three ghosts of Christmas past, present and future.
Through hardships in his life, including being forgotten by his father at a boarding school during his youth, Scrooge has grown a hard-outer shell that appraises the worthiness of one's life based solely upon their financial security. This personal philosophy comes in direct conflict with the joy and good cheer of Christmas. After his young enthusiastic nephew, Fred, pays his uncle a visit at his counting house to extend an invitation to Christmas dinner, Scrooge is clearly annoyed by this exuberance. Every idiot who goes about with a 'Merry Christmas' on his lips, should be boiled with his own pudding, and buried with a stake of holly through his heart. He should. (1.4) The descriptive nature of Scrooge's words portray just how disengaged his thought processes are when surrounded by kindness and warmth. He shuts people out by lashing out with scathing words ending any further conversation on the matter. This demeanor is further exemplified when Scrooge is asked to give a donation to help the poor enjoy a nice Christmas meal. The destitute personify weakness and ineptitude to Scrooge. The solicitors are new to the area and clearly have no idea with whom they are speaking. First Scrooge suggests that the prison system and workhouses are fine institutions where the poor can find a meal. He followed this proclamation with the remark, If they would rather die, they had better do it, and decrease the surplus population.(1.6)
Through his journey with the ghost of Christmas past, Scrooge relives moments of his childhood. He fondly recalls his little sister Fran and the special bond the two shared. Although he mourns her untimely death, he is reminded that she lives on through her only child, Fred. And it is to Fred's home that the ghost then visits with Scrooge. Here they witness a group of friends dancing, laughing, and bonding with each other. Scrooge subtly taps his foot along to the music and even asks the ghosts to stay a bit longer. Yet it is at the home of Bob Cratchit where Scrooge makes a discovery that perpetuates his transformation. Although Cratchit has been employed for years by Marley and Scrooge, Scrooge realizes that he never knew that one of his children, Tim, was crippled. Scrooge seems to be sincerely concerned for the young Cratchit's wellbeing. Spirit, said Scrooge, with an interest he had never felt before, tell me if Tiny Tim will live.(3.29) This shows a level of care and empathy that Scrooge had not demonstrated thus far in the novella.
Nevertheless, after all three ghosts have paid their visit, Scrooge's desire to seek redemption is clear. He does not want to be bound in chains by his past regressions. He went to church, and walked about the streets, and watched the people. Hurrying to and fro, and patted children on the head, and questioned the beggars, and looked down into the kitchens of houses, and up to the windows and found that everything could yield him pleasure. He had never dreamed that any walk- that anything- could give him so much happiness. In the afternoon he turned his steps towards his nephew's house. (5.48) Now, Ebenezer Scrooge is actively trying to connect with those around him. He is patting the children on the head, not chasing them off with a ruler. Instead of being disgusted by, he is engaging, the beggars in conversation. Scrooge has morphed into a man who has a new lease on life and plans on doing good with what he has to offer.
The transformation of Ebenezer Scrooge evolves after he is visited by three ghosts who help him to remember his past, reflect on his present situation, and make restitution and change so as change his future. This story of redemption is a wonderful message to us all, not only at Christmas time but throughout the entire year. We can be hopeful that it is never too late to change and to value what is truly important in one's life, the people that we love.
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A Christmas Carol: Scrooge and Marley
Act 1 Can your past life affect your present life? In the film of 'A Christmas Carol' Scrooge visited his past life and it affected his present. The film has a written script called the play. There are many similarities between the movie and the play but also differences. Some similarities and differences between 'A Christmas Carol' are characters, setting, and strengths and limitations. One similarity and difference between the film and the play of 'A Christmas Carol' is the characters. Another similarity and difference of the film and play of 'A Christmas Carol' is the setting. The strengths and Limitations of the film and play of 'A Christmas Carol' had many pros and cons. One reason that the play and the film of 'A Christmas Carol' had similarities and differences is the characters. One similarity that the film and the play had was the attitude of Ebenezer Scrooge. The played told us Ebenezer Scrooge character traits as gloomy, miser, grumpy, etc. The film and the play showed that Scrooge was a miser and grumpy. This had an impact on the reader/listener because this shows that Scrooge wasn't the nicest person to talk to or the person you would hang out with. In both the film and the play Scrooge said things that made him a miser, grumpy, etc. For example, when the nephew invited Scrooge over for dinner, Scrooge replied, I'd rather see myself dead than see myself with you family! However, in the play it identified Scrooge as these things through Jacob Marley. In beginning of they play it started with a monologue with Jacob Marley defining Scrooge's character traits. One difference is in the film it does not start like that. You had to identify Scrooge attitude/character traits by watching the film. One way to identify Scrooge's character traits is that he didn't talk as much, he wore all black, etc. Another example, is how the play and the film described Jacob Marley. One similarity is that both, the film and the play, had Marley, a ghost, who had to wear a long chain because of his past life with Ebenezer.
One differences was that in the play it described Marley as Scrooge's partner that acted the same way as young Scrooge. It also described Marley as obsess with Scrooge. It shows this in scene 1 Marley said, Scrooge was my sole executor, my sole administrator, my sole assign In the film, Jacob acted like he was innocent and Scrooge made him the way he was. This proves that the character development is different in the play than in the film of the movie 'A Christmas Carol: Scrooge and Marley Act 1'. These similarities and differences described the main characters in the play and the film of 'A Christmas Carol'. Another analogy and opposition between the play and the film of 'A Christmas Carol' is the setting. In both the play and the film it started with a sadder feel. They both gives reasons that Scrooge is living a miserable life. In the play, it started at Scrooge's shop called 'Scrooge and Marley's'. Inside the shop it's Scrooge and his clerk Cratchit. The shop is cold because it's the winter and Scrooge doesn't turn on the heat.
When Cratchit tried to heat himself up, Scrooge told him this. What are you doing Cratchit? Acting cold, are you? and Scrooge continued with Well, save your breath, Cratchit! Unless you're prepared yourself to find employ elsewhere! This gives the reader an idea about Scrooge's attitude. For example, it can give the reader an idea that since the environment Scrooge be in, it can translate to his attitude. In the film, the setting started at Marley's funeral. This gives the reader/listener a feel and environment of the movie. Scrooge really didn't say much at the funeral. He wore all black, and he creeped people out because he didn't say anything. This shows that the setting is developed different in the play of the movie than in the film version of it. He developed different settings, but still gave off the same feel and mood of the story. The strengths and Limitations of the play and film of 'A Christmas Carol' is the pros and cons. The pros on the play was the stage directions, the monologue Jacob Marley gave about Scrooge, and dialogue. The stage directions helped the readers know what was going on in the play, was the characters did, etc. They helped on what the was going on in the play because they gave us details on the play. For example, ghostly music in auditorium.
A single spotlight on Jacob Marley This gives virtualization of the scene. The monologue really helped the scene too. It gave character traits and expectation of Scrooge. The cons of the play was that it really couldn't understand some characters. For example, it really didn't describe Jacob Marley. They never gave us details on him. Some details it could've gave us was how did he die, what kind of an impact did he have on Scrooge, etc. The pros of the film was that it virtualize Scrooge's mood, it had a great setting, etc. It virtualize Scrooge's mood by what he was saying and what he was doing to his face. Scrooge wasn't talking much. He only would talk if someone talked to him. He wore all black to the funeral that kinda creeped people out. He always frowned up his face that made him look mad all the time. It had a great setting because it started at the funeral. This gave questions like what happened at Marley's funeral? This setting really impact the mood of Scrooge.
The cons of the film was that it didn't include the relationship of Scrooge and Marley. This could've gave the watchers an idea of how close Scrooge and Marley was and what kind of an impact Marley's death had on Scrooge. In conclusion, even through the play and the film of 'A Christmas Carol' had many similarities and differences, they both was a from of entertainment. More people should check the book and the film version of 'A Christmas Carol' out because it is very entertaining to read/watch. One correlation and unlikeness was the characters. Another analogy and opposition was the setting. Some strengths and limitations of 'A Christmas Carol' was the pros and cons. More people should check the play and the film versions of it out because it's interesting to read/watch.
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What Can Reduce Damage after Earthquakes?
Earthquakes are super deadly especially if you are in the wrong place. Like if you in a house surrounded by furniture than you have a likelihood of dying. There are 12,000 to 14,000 earthquakes a year. A 7.0 earthquake can be 10 to 30 minutes long but they are still very dangerous.Indonesia, Sri Lanka, India, and Thailand were hardest Earthquakes. With a magnitude of between 9.1 and 9.3, it is the second largest earthquake ever recorded on a seismograph. This earthquake had the longest duration of faulting ever observed, between 8.3 and 10 minutes. So if we can??t stop earthquakes then we can prevent our lives and also our houses.
Even before you start designing a construction which will be earthquake resistant, the first thing to consider is the soil quality which will be able to withstand the pressure of the earthquake. The soil should have good flexibility and capability. Look for soils which have coarse components like argillaceous sands, sandy gravels and consolidated soils. These soils are usually exposed to compact, hard and natural experiments and are great for earthquake resistant structures. Refrain from soils which are soft, sandy, clayey, loose as these are not appropriate for construction. Also add plastic soils in this list as they tend to lose their mechanical capacity and strength and become deformed after receiving water. As a result, they are in no way suitable for construction. Also refrain from steep slopes, dispersive clays and soils with organic fillings.
There is a thing called seismic invisibility cloak.Yes, you read it right. Invisibility cloaking can save you from getting squished like a tomato during an earthquake. Here's how. Earthquake spreads on terrain as waves that create the side to side movement on the surface making buildings sway back and forth. To prevent this movement, some engineers place 100 plastic rings in the foundation of a building which the work as a cloak and make the waves invisible. Not as cool as you expected, right? This technology has been tested for the last few years by several structural engineers abroad and only a handful of building have succeeded.
If you didn't know most skyscrapers are prone to earthquakes. This method is Pendulums for skyscrapers.The technique is really simple all you need to do is suspend a large ball of huge mass with steel cables in a fixed structure at the top of the building. So when the building starts to sway during earthquakes, the ball acts like a pendulum.The ball will sway side to side keeping the building stabilized. These pendulums are also known as tuned mass dampers because the pendulums are tuned to match with the buildings frequency.
In conclusion that is three of the things that can reduce the injuries and damage after earthquakes If you live where earthquakes are common then I suggest you use at least one for the safety of your family and house because your safety is important.
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Frequent Earthquakes in Japan
Earthquakes in Japan has become more frequent these last couples of years. Japan is considered the eighteenth largest country in Asia with 145,914 square miles (377,915 sq km) (Briney 2018). Out of many Asian countries, Japan was one of the countries in Asia that had the worst earthquakes happened to. Why is Japan prone to earthquakes and why does it happen to them frequently? Japan dealt with such drastic damage that they are still in recovery from the damages. Many died from this earthquake and got severely injured. Japan's volcanic activities could be a lead factor for why Japan is frequent to earthquakes. Find out more about Japan's location, environment, and the history of the earthquakes how it still affects today.
On March 11, 2011, Japan experienced a magnitude-9 earthquake shook northeastern Japan, unleashing a devastating tsunami. The earthquake was so powerful that the effects were felt around the world from Norway's fjords to Antartica's ice sheet (Oskin 2017). The earthquake on March 11 started on a Friday at 2:46 p.m. local time (5:46 a.m. UTC). It was centered on the seafloor 45 miles (72 kilometers) east of Tohoku, at a depth of 15 miles (24km) below the service (Oskin 2017). The earthquake lasted approximately six minutes. People in Tokyo received a minute warning before the earthquake hit the city, thanks to Japan's earthquake early warning system. The country's seismic building codes and early warning system prevented many deaths from the earthquake, by stopping high-speed trains and factory assembly lines. Also, the people of Japan received text alerts of the earthquake and tsunami warning from their cellphones.
In Japan, residents are still recovering from this disaster. As of February 2017, there were still about 150,000 evacuees who lost their homes; 50,000 of them were still living in temporary housing, Japan's Reconstruction Agency said (Oskin 2017). More than 120,000 buildings were destroyed, 278,000 were half-destroyed and 726,000 were partially destroyed (Oskin 2017). The direct financial damage from the disaster is estimated to be about $199 billion dollars (about 16.9 trillion yen), according to the Japanese government. The total economic cost would reach up to $235 billion, the world bank estimated, making it the costliest natural disaster in world history (Oskin 2017). The number of confirmed deaths was 15,000+ and more than 2500 people were reported missing.
The earthquake shifted Earth on its axis by rotating and redistributing mass. The Japan trench forms part of the Ring of Fire. Japan lies along what is called the Pacific Ring of fire, it looks like a horseshoe shape zone that follows the rim of the Pacific Ocean, where most of the world's earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur. Most of Earth's volcanoes are located around the Pacific Ring of Fire because that the location of most of the Earths subduction zones, fitting what describe Japan's traits. Along the 2011 Tohoku earthquake hit offshore of Japan, a subduction zone where two Earth's tectonic plates collide. In a subduction zone, one plate slides beneath another into the mantle, the hotter layer is under the crust. The great plates are rough and they stick well together. According to Scientists they drilled into the subduction zone soon after the earthquake and discovered a thin, slippery clay layer lining the fault. Japan sits on or near the boundary of four tectonic plates, the Pacific, North American, Eurasian and Filipino plates. Because of these plates, the east coast can be hit by a tsunami as well. So Japan's location was able to receive tsunami because, after the 2011 tsunami less than thirty minutes after the earthquake, many tsunami waves hit Japan's coastline.
Japan's environment is quite clean and is among the world's least polluted country. Japan takes pride in having blue skies, mandatory recycling, and Prius taxis. Japan manages to clean up without having to spend money on growth by investing in pollution-control technologies. A city in northern Kyushu in the 1960s Kitakyushu heavy industries polluted chemicals contaminating local bay so badly it becomes known as the Sea of Death. Kawasaki has rebranded itself as an eco-city and building Japan's largest solar polar plant on landfill and turning recycling waste into a business. Japan's temperature is usually cool, due to a lot of rain in the capital. The hottest average temperature of 79 Fahrenheit temperature in August and coldest is January 41 Fahrenheit temperature. The wettest month in Japan is in June (Tomomi 2017). In February, it falls to 10-11 Celsius, during the daytime, and 35.6 Fahrenheit in the morning and at night. It tends to be dry since most days are sunny, and it is likely to rain or snow. Humidity in Japan stays around 30%.
After the 2011 earthquake that happened in Japan, tsunamis come in and deal serious damages to Japan. The tsunami waves that hit on March 11, 2011, reached up to 128 feet at Miyako city and traveled as far as 6 miles in Sendai (Oskin 2017). The waves overtopped and destroyed protective tsunami waves hit Japan's coastline. The tsunami waves overtopped and destroyed protective tsunami seawalls at several locations. The massive surge was able to destroy three-story buildings where people gathered for safety. The tsunami was strong enough to even generate a huge whirlpool offshore. The tsunami flooded approximately 217 square miles (561 square kilometers) in Japan. Many people assumed and underestimated their personal risk that the tsunami would be small as ones they had previously experienced. Scientists studied the tsunami deposits to better understand ancient sediment records of the deadly waves. Earthquake engineers checked for damages, looking for possibilities to build buildings more resistant to quakes and tsunamis. The research is still ongoing today.
Initial reports that people are still missing from the earthquake on March 11 to this day that shocked Japan residents. Reports state that after the massive hit, buildings have crumbled and destroyed the lives of the living. The cost of rebuilding Japan's economy was an upwards towards $235 billion and destroyed more than 120,000 buildings and 726,000 damaged. Direct financial damages were an upwards of $199 billion ($16.9. Trillion Yen). The cost of living was about 18,000 people. The number of death was 18,894 confirmed dead, and more than 2,500 people were still missing. Warning signs showed that the waves of the tsunami were as high as 128 feet (39meters) in Miyako city. Coming into shore approximately 6miles (10km) inland. Since water rushed in and so far inland it created a nuclear meltdown that causes the cooling system to fail at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant. Resulting in a level 7 nuclear meltdown and release of radioactive materials. The electrical Power and backup generators were overwhelmed by the tsunami and the power plant just lost its cooling capabilities. The tsunami's damage aftermath, Japan's meteorological agency was criticized for issuing a tsunami warning that underestimated the size of the wave. The country recently had to release a newly installed, and upgraded tsunami warning system. In some regions, like Fukushima and Miyagi only 58 percent of people headed for higher ground immediately after the earthquake. The surge of water carried an estimated 5 million tons of debris out to the sea. Japanese docks and ships and countless household items have arrived on U.S. and Canadian shores in the ensuing years. The U.S. military fired on and sank the derelict boat in 2012 in the Gulf of Alaska.
In conclusion, I feel sad for the residents of Japan, so many residents of Japan died from this tragic event. What happened to Japan was just big news all around the world, because it became one of the biggest natural disasters in the world records. The number of people who died and became missing was like a whole city population. Living in Japan climate seem to be really relaxing with a decent amount of rain and not very hot or cold temperature. The Pollution in Japan is awesome how they support going green driving Prius and not support chemical power plants affect the blue skies. Japan being declared the cleanest country in the world makes me want to go down and check it out. Learning Japan's earthquake and tsunami history taught me some internal lifestyle with living conditions and weather.
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Frequent Earthquakes in Japan. (2019, Aug 08).
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Can Trees be Precursors for Earthquake Prediction?
This project investigates trees, earthquakes, atmosphere and ionosphere as a coupled system to see if trees can be used as precursor for short term earthquake prediction alongside other long, intermediate and short term precursors.
History has shown animals can and have predicted earthquakes (Cao et al., 2018, Tong 1988), but the general tone of this topic has been negative (Geller 1997). Plants have been used to indicate natural disasters (Ha KM 2018) and warn each other of predictors (Babikova et al., 2013). Tree rings have been used as evidence for past earthquakes (Jacobyet al., 1988) and trees have been used to monitor climate change (Aubin et al., 2018).
However research into using trees to predict earthquakes is fragmented.
Trees communicate with each other by using an underground network of fungi.
Fungi provide tree roots with nutrients and help the tree root to uptake water via mycellia and trees provide the fungi food as carbohydrates and sugars.(Nature 2018 ,Fleming 2014,Wohlleben 2016)
I believe if this communication between fungi and tree is disturbed by some perpetuation (such as ground shacking pre or during earthquakes) the tree becomes deprived of these vital nutrients and water for its growth. The tree in response to this deprivation of nutrients tries harder to get and transport water and nutrient to other parts of the tree. As the nutrient resource decreases the tree tries harder and transports gas bubbles with the depleted nutrients. These gas bubbles restrict the flow of nutrients around the tree and cause the tree stress just like when trees are deprived of water during droughts (Nature 2018). The tree then gives of signals such as low frequency ultrasonic waves, sent poisonous gas (Nature 2018) and possibly gas/water emitted from leaves to atmosphere as the tree tries to remove the restricting gas from within. This may cause some kind of ionisation reaction in the form of flashing light phenomena in the atmosphere above the tree. This may add to the strange phenomena earthquake lights seen before/during/after earthquakes (Janski et al., 2018). These flashes of lights above the tree may also help indicate a warning sign for an earthquake. However, this requires further research.
So in summary, below the ground tree roots detect the ground shaking and send signals to other parts of the tree above the ground. Above the ground stressed trees emit warning signs in the form of low frequency ultrasonic waves due to transporting gas around the tree. Above the tree the leaves release the gas to the atmosphere to cause some kind of ionisation reaction in form of possible flashing lights
This coupled system of lithosphere-atmosphere-ionosphere requires further research.
More research is required into how trees communicate warning signals to life and the surrounding environment to see if they can be used as short term precursors for mitigating future earthquake alongside other precursors to help transform precise data into practical earthquake prediction, to save life and prevent infrastructure loss.
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Can Trees Be Precursors For Earthquake Prediction?. (2019, Aug 08).
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Catastrophic Mexico City Earthquakes
Specific purpose: inform my audience on the dangers of an earthquake and what to do in case of one.
Speech thesis: Due to the recent catastrophic events such as the Mexico City earthquakes, it is important to inform ourselves on what we can do in case of an earthquake.
Introduction:
On September 7, 2017 a earthquake with a magnitude of 8.1 was felt in Mexico city. Twelve days later, another major earthquake with magnitude of 7.1 hit Mexico, 75 miles southeast from Mexico's capitol near Puebla. A combined 300 people died from both incidents, including 21 children. Mexico City is no stranger to earthquakes, that is why they conduct drills, but not everyone is aware of such procedures. Due to the catastrophic events such as the Mexico City earthquakes, it is important to be informed on what to do in such scenarios. According to the institute of Geophysics in the University of Texas Earthquakes do occur in Texas. They urge Texans to learn about earthquakes and their hazards. That is what I want to talk to you about today, Earthquakes and what to do in case of one.
Body:
- According to Britannica encyclopedia an earthquake is the sudden and violent shaking of the ground, sometimes caused by the movement of the earth's crust.
- Plates have uneven edges that move past one another and sometimes they stick to each other.
- Plates are in constant movement and once they are forced apart, they release energy in the form of seismic waves than be felt kilometer away from the epicenter.
- FEMA gives different recommendations on what to do in case of an earthquake.
- Drop , cover, and Hold on
- Drop to you hands and knew
- Cover your head and neck with your arms
iii. Hold on to sturdy furniture
- If you are in a vehicle
- Stop vehicle
- Stay away from areas surrounded by trees, utility wires, and damaged buildings
- Do not run outside unless you have to.
- Be aware of falling debris
- If building is about to collapse, quickly exit building.
- After earthquake, aftershocks
- Be aware of aftershocks
- Smaller earthquakes that happen after the main earthquake
- Be aware of tsunamis
- If you live near a large body of water such a beach, move to higher ground.
Conclusion:
Practice the procedures indicated by FEMA. If you are traveling, it is important to do the research before going, to keep important information such as emergency information available, to have an emergency kit ready with items such as medicine, food, and water for at least a few days. In summary, be prepared, be informed, and be safe.
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Catastrophic Mexico City Earthquakes. (2019, Aug 08).
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Stretching the Limits of the Constitution by Thomas Jefferson
The Constitution was a document created in 1787 that is the supreme law of the United States. It was established to spell out the rights of the people, ensure their general welfare, and ensure checks and balances within the three branches of the government. The Constitution also explains specific limits in the power of the president. Thomas Jefferson, author of the declaration of independence, was president from 1801-1809. Andrew Jackson, president from 1829-1837, was known for his skills in warfare and his belief in westward expansion. Abraham Lincoln, president during the civil war, was known for his strong belief in the natural rights of all people and his desire to slowly get rid of slavery while also preserving the union of the north and the south. Throughout each of these presidencies, controversial decisions had to be made in order to determine how to best represent the needs of the people and the needs of the country as a whole. Thus, although Thomas Jefferson, Andrew Jackson and Abraham Lincoln were successful and transformative presidents, in order for them to carry out what they believed was better for the general will of the people and the country all three of them stretched the limits of the constitution.
Thomas Jefferson stretched the limits of the constitution by allowing the purchase of the Louisiana territory. When Louisiana went from the hands of Spain to the hands of Napoleon, the genius military leader of France, fear ran through the U.S. To subdue this fear, Thomas Jefferson sent two envoys to buy New Orleans and any other accessible land to the east for under 10 million. However, Napoleon, who they met there decided to sell all of Louisiana, not just New Orleans. Thomas Jefferson was known for his strict interpretation of the Constitution which meant that he followed the constitution by the exact words of what was said. Therefore he was quick to admit that, The constitution has made no provision for our holding foreign territory, still less for incorporating foreign nations into our Union. Although the Constitution states that the executive branch has the power to make treaties it does not state that the president can then use these treaties to purchase land from foreign nations. In addition, the Constitution is silent about adding a foreign nation to the union. Evidently, the president's ability without the joint effort of Congress, to decide matters of adding a vast expanse of foreign land, especially land that was already occupied by innumerable black, Indian and white inhabitants, was not constitutional. Despite his own questioning he completed the purchase and did not wait for a constitutional amendment to do so.
Additionally, Thomas Jefferson stretched the limits of the constitution by taking military action without the approval of congress. Thomas Jefferson armed troops in response to when the captain of a british ship, the HMS leopard, opened fire because Americans refused to let the British search their ship. This act was unconstitutional because a president is not allowed to take war action without the approval of congress. Although the constitution describes the president to be the commander and chief of the army and Navy of the United States, congress is the branch given the power to declare war. It is evident that a declaration of war includes engaging the military with arms, or sending out troops as it says, Congress shall have Power To . . . provide for the common Defence The use of the word provide signifies that it is congress who can provide arms for the common defence, and not the president.
Thomas Jefferson felt that he needed to stretch the limits of the constitution for reasons of expansion, wealth and to better represent what the people wanted. Jefferson did not wait for a constitutional amendment before completing the Louisiana Purchase because he knew if he were to wait Napoleon would have revoked the deal altogether. Thomas Jefferson explained that not gaining the Louisiana territory would be a huge loss for the country because the territory could serve as an important aids to our treasury, an ample provision for our posterity, and a wide-spread field for the blessings of freedom. With the benefits of expansion of territory, increased posterity for the nation, an increase in wealth and the now feasible possibility of an increasingly agrarian society, for Jefferson, the benefits seemed to outweigh the Constitution. In addition, Jefferson went through with this purchase in order to better carry out what the people wanted. In this case, there was overwhelming support for Jefferson to complete the deal immediately, so this is what Jefferson did. Second, Thomas Jefferson stretched constitutional limits for reasons of the protection and safety of the people. For example, although Jefferson armed his troops, a unconstitutional act, he did so because American citizens were being shot at and an immediate response was necessary. If Jefferson had waited for congress approval, there was a greater chance for even more casualties.
Andrew Jackson stretched the limits of the constitution by signing the Indian Removal Act. The Indian Removal Act gave the federal government the power to exchange valuable native-held land East of the Mississippi in exchange for land to the west. The reason Jackson argued that he had the power to engage in this policy was because he did not consider Indian tribes to be sovereign or separate from the United States. He reasoned that because they were not a sovereign nation, the treaties made between the United States and the Native Americans in the past, were not binding since a treaty has to be made between two sovereign nations. He believed that without a treaty proving that the Native Americans had claim to the land, the land then belonged to the United States. Jackson's reasoning and his signing of this act was unconstitutional, however, because in signing it, he was ignoring the supreme court ruling of The Worcester v. Georgia (1832) case. The case explained, that the Cherokee nation, one Native American tribe, was a sovereign nation as it was treated as such in multiple treaties made between the United States and the Native Americans in the past. According to the case, these treaties were then considered binding because when a treaty is made between two sovereign nations, treaties, like statutes, are considered to be the supreme law of the land. Building off this logic, this sovereign nation was not technically under the jurisdiction of the United States and thus the president had no claim to its land. It is evident that a president can not overrule a supreme court case because of the concept of judicial review which was established in Marbury vs Madison (1803). Judicial review was established by John Marshall who argued that acts made by congress and signed into law by the president are not considered law if they are in conflict with the constitution, and it is the supreme court that makes the final decision on whether an act is constitutional. With the power of judicial review, once the supreme court in the Worcester vs Georgia case ruled that claims to the land belonging to the Cherokees were invalid since the Cherokees were sovereign, the Indian Removal Act which was justified under the pretense that the Cherokees were not sovereign was in conflict with the Constitution.
Furthemore, Andrew Jackson stretched the limits of the constitution in his actions regarding the National Bank. When the president of the bank, Nicholas Biddle along with Henry Clay, created a new charter of the national bank in 1832, Jackson, to Biddle's surprise, vetoed the new charter. Although the president is permitted to veto a charter passed by congress, the constitution does not say that a president can overrule a supreme court decision. In this case, there was a supreme court case, Mcculloch vs Maryland (1819), in which, the national bank was ruled to be constitutional. Thus, Jackson's claim that the national bank was unconstitutional was void and was not a legitimate reason to use his presidential veto power. When Jackson later took further action to destroy the bank by removing all federal deposits from the federal bank without the approval of congress, the senate released a formal and public condemnation of his transgressions, known as a censure.
After ignoring both the Supreme Court and Congress it became clear that Jackson was abusing his executive power. He seemed to work independently from the other branches, much like a king. In the political cartoon, King Andrew the First, which directly responded to Jackson's veto of the national bank, Jackson was illustrated as a king holding the veto in his hand while simultaneously stepping upon the constitution. This image depicts Jackson reigning over the people, instead of the people being represented and having authority. In addition, it depicts that carrying out this veto and removing the federal deposits were all at the expense of the constitution which lay on the ground in tatters. Even more so, it is evident from this illustration that Jackson was not following the constitution because he is drawn as a monarch and the constitution was created, in partial, to prevent monarchy. Instead Jackson ignored the Supreme Court and Congress who are supposed to have checks on the executive branch.
Andrew Jackson's main reasons for stretching the limits of the constitution was to gain more wealth and property for the U.S, provide for the common man, and do what he claimed was in the best interest of the Native Americans. First, through his policies of expansion, he would be gaining the great deal of wealth beneath Cherokee, and other Native American tribes' land. (128 Driven west) The land was literally considered to be laden with gold along with valuable livestock and other goods (128-130). This new found wealth and great deal of cheap property now available could help the common man which was a primary goal of Jackson's. This would help the common man, the working middle class, because there was now more opportunity for them to gain the newly available land, without spending a fortune. In addition, Jackson claimed that the land the Native Americans would be granted through the Indian Removal Act was an expansive republic , with prosperous towns and agriculture. He further explained that it is often beneficial to leave the land of one's birth in order to have a better life just as Jackson's parents travelled far in search of a better life. The combination of the land for the working class and new opportunity for the Native Americans, to Jackson, seemed like a legitimate reason to stretch the constitution.
Abraham Lincoln stretched the limits of the constitution by suspending the right of Habeas Corpus. The writ of Habeas Corpus is the writ requiring a person under arrest to be brought before a judge or into court. This can be used for people that believe they are unlawfully detained, and want to have their arrest or detainment reevaluated. Abraham Lincoln defended his suspension of the Writ of Habeas Corpus because it was a time of war where public safety was at risk from various southern spies and suppliers. This was a legitimate defense because according to the constitution the writ of Habeas Corpus can be removed if public safety is threatened. What made this suspension unconstitutional, however, was that he enforced it through his own executive power without Congress. This is not permitted because this clause is in article one of the Constitution which deals with legislative powers, not executive powers. In other words, even if the argument could be made that this suspension was constitutional because he was doing so to protect the public safety, he should not have been enforcing this order, congress is the branch with that power.
Furthermore, Lincoln limited the rights of the people by censoring freedom of the press. Freedom of the press is granted in the bill of rights. In amendment 1 it states, Congress shall make no law . . prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; Abraham Lincoln seemed to ignore this when he ordered newspapers critical of him to stop publishing and ultimately to be shut down He accomplished this by sending representatives to New York to meet with James Gordon Bennett, an American newspaper editor. Lincoln then bribed Bennet by offering him the position of U.S minister to France so that the criticisms he wrote about Lincoln would disappear. Bennet did not even accept the position but the bribe was successful and the critiques were almost all removed. Although congress was the branch specified in not being permitted to make laws prohibiting freedom of the press, it is implied that the president who enforces these laws, can not act in a way that prohibits freedom of the press.
Moreover, Abraham Lincoln stretched the limits of the Constitution by issuing the Emancipation Proclamation. The Emancipation Proclamation held that all slaves held in the rebellious states (ones that threatened to secede from the union if slavery was abolished) were free. This was against the Constitution because the federal government was not allowed to eradicate slavery in states that it already existed. Lincoln's own advisors, Salmon Chase and Montgomery Blair, thought that emancipation exceeded the scope of a president's power. In fact, even the press criticized that Lincoln's actions regarding the proclamation ignored that slaves were considered property protected under the Constitution. The Press wrote, With a dash of a pen it had destroyed four thousand millions of our property. In addition, the fugitive slave clause holds that a person held to service or labor" who flees to another state must be returned to the owner in the state from which that person escaped. The fugitive slave clause in combination with the 5th amendment suggests that a slave, a person held to service or labor, is property and must be returned to its original owner because of its protection under the 5th amendment. Arguably, Lincoln's actions violated this clause as well as the 5th amendment because once slaves were emancipated, they would not be returned to their owners.
Abraham Lincoln stretched the limits of the Constitution because he felt it was necessary to protect the people, create a stronger government, and preserve the union. Lincoln explained that he did not wait for congress when issuing the suspension of Habeas Corpus and originally issued the writ himself because it was an urgent matter in which the safety of the people was at risk. He explained that it could not be possible that the constitution would encourage just letting the dancer run its course, when he as a president could immediately putting a stop to the danger or rebellion. Second, he issued the emancipation proclamation because in addition to it being considered right morally, it would make the South and North more unified. It would help preserve the union because the proclamation would decrease southern resistance since they would no longer have slaves forced to assist them and fight on their side. In addition, it strengthened the union because it encouraged newly freed slaves to join the war effort of the union army.
Although the Constitution provides numerous checks on the president's power Thomas Jefferson, Andrew Jackson and Abraham Lincoln stretched the constitution and exceeded the presidential powers allowed in the Constitution in order to carry out what they believed was best for the country as a whole in their respective circumstances. Thomas Jefferson is considered responsible for the huge purchase of Louisiana and his arming of troops on the Chesapeake. Andrew Jackson is responsible for the controversial Indian Removal Act and his destruction of the National Bank. Finally, Abraham Lincoln is responsible for the removal of the writ of Habeas Corpus, the removal of freedom the press, and the Emancipation Proclamation. Although these actions all required stretching the Constitution they were done with the president keeping in mind what was best for the country as a whole. These early presidents set the tone for future presidents, who continue to assert an expansive, malleable interpretation of the limited executive powers granted by the Constitution.
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Thomas Jefferson the Plagiarist
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Thomas Jefferson is a Great President
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What Can Happen Without Vaccination
According to an article written by Eleanor Goldberg for the Huffington Post, Vaccines avert between 2 and 3 million deaths each year. Compared to anti-vaccinators, they believe that vaccines are not the cause of averting deaths in children. They believe that the children getting the vaccines are causing them more harm than good. We are all affected by vaccines. We need certain vaccines to get into college and even public schools. For instance, in order to get into Maryville College students are required to have Measles, Mumps, Rubella, Chickenpox, Meningitis, and Hepatitis B vaccinations. With these vaccines being required, many people have a need to know what is inside the vaccines. Even though some of the vaccines are already inside our body. Vaccination clearly shows that they prevent many diseases that are still prevalent today. The vaccinations contain ingredients that are very safe for you. Also, the types of diseases that are being fought off have not disappeared nor have they completely gone away so, getting rid of vaccinations could be very disastrous.
Henceforth, the historical background of the two groups of pro-vaccination and anti-vaccinations needs to be explained. The controversy over vaccination became very popular when in the mid-1970s a group of children suffered neurological conditions following a set of vaccinations that were given to them.(The Historical Medical Library of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia) These children drew a huge public attention to the controversy of whether or not the vaccines caused the neurological conditions. This report of the children caught the eye of an advocacy group called The Association of Parents of Vaccine Damaged Children (APVDC). The Association of Parents of Vaccine Damaged Children worked with news networks to dynamically show what the effects of their children were to these certain types of vaccine. When APVDC worked with the news networks, a group called Joint Commission on Vaccination and Immunization (JCVI) tried tremendously to prove to people that vaccines were very safe and that there would be no harm done to their children. In response to the outpour of parents throughout the nation, JCVI responded by starting a study called National Childhood Encephalopathy Study (NCES). This study determined whether a child that was vaccinated was truly hospitalized for the vaccination or if it was another underlying cause. The results showed that the vaccinations had little to no effect on the children that were hospitalized.
When all of this research popped up on the news many parents essentially did not want to get their children vaccinated. However, when JCVI provided their information many parents started to get very confused about what was coming out in the news. With the parent's confusion and some other parents anger, the parents essentially divided into two known different groups. The two groups are considered in a technical term to be pro-vaccination and anti-vaccination. The pro-vaccination group was in principal founded in 1938. The anti-vaccination group was technically not founded until 1940. The anti-vaccination group was not founded until two years later because of the lack of the information that was being brought up and that no one wanted to really question what was actually going on with vaccines. Also, no one had the general knowledge of what was actually in the vaccine and what they actually did to your body.
The pro-vaccination group debate many aspects of vaccination for adolescents. The pro-vaccination group will give any information on the types of ingredients in the vaccines, the types of state laws that are for vaccines, and how different vaccines will affect an adolescents body. The pro-vaccination group generally give background and supporting evidence on the things that are being stated in the anti-vaccination group. Many of these topics are debated toward the public not strictly for people who worked within any type of the medical field. The anti-vaccination group will usually give information on the harmful ingredients in vaccines, the serious side effects from the vaccination, and how the vaccines are unnatural and the natural immunity in our body will protect us. The topics that the anti-vaccination group go over are usually presented to the public in a way of any type of media. The anti-vaccination group will usually be brought to attention in the news media. When the anti-vaccination group is brought on the news with some type of vaccine that is harmful, the public will usually go in a scare. When the public is going into a scare they start to rely on science. Many people rely on the fact that we need to understand what is going in order to feel safe. For instance, the CDC issued a report stating that children who received a vaccine against measles, mumps, and rubella had no connection to autism as stated by a group of anti-vaccinators(Reuters) According to Jesse Goodman, It's also the nature of science to seek and implement improvements which make for safer and more effective medical products. (Meadows) So the public usually will rely on what is being stated by actual facts or statistics because it is human nature.
Up to the present time, people usually want to know whether or not vaccines that are given to their children are safe. They usually want to know what types of ingredients are in the vaccinations, and if those ingredients are safe for our bodies. The ingredients are certainly safe in the amount they put in the vaccinations. Correspondingly, Vaccinations are made by the weakening of the disease itself. Any vaccine that is made is actually a disease that is extremely weakened. The vaccine then helps you to fight the actual infection when you come in contact with it. Next, one of the main concerns for vaccinations are the types of ingredients inside the vaccines. Two main ingredients found in commonly known vaccinations are thimerosal and aluminum. Thimerosal is an organic mercury compound found in some flu vaccines. Aluminum is found in Hepatitis B vaccines. Vaccines contain numerous active agents, such as live viruses, bacterial agents, preservatives, and toxic chemicals, including formaldehyde and mercury, as well as human, animal, and plant [genetic material],"(Koch) So most vaccines have some form of aluminum and mercury, but many people have the concern they could seriously harm your body. In reality, these ingredients could not cause much harm because they are given in smaller doses. This following statement shows that being exposed to aluminum can be efficient if you are exposed to it in small proportions. "Most experts believe the amount of aluminum contained in vaccines is safe, but studies in human infants haven't proven that," says Dr. Sears. "Spacing them out seems like the best way to limit overexposure."(Heyworth) When you are exposed to smaller doses when you are younger, they cannot cause you to much harm in the long run as anti-vaccinators are lead to believe.
The next topic that anti-vaccinators wildly debate is that natural immunity is better than vaccinations. Vaccinations are something that helps you fight certain diseases, not natural immunity. Natural immunity plays a part in the vaccinations flowing in our body through immunization. Furthermore, many people have no clue what the difference between immunization and vaccination are. According to this statement, immunizations are very similar to vaccines. You may acquire it naturally, by getting the disease at some stage.(Mukherjee) However, vaccinations are done in a safer and artificially way. Natural immunity will, in turn, no way protects you a second time from an infection. Others are very confused by what natural immunity is and how it could possibly help you. Natural immunity is where you are exposed to a certain disease and you get over the infection naturally. Your body then, in a sense, becomes immune to the disease and will possibly try to fight the infection within the body faster. In a sense, Natural immunity works with vaccines to boost your effectiveness from whatever disease or infection you face. Without vaccine protection, we can easily contract and transmit infectious diseases.(Meadows) When you don't vaccinate you can easily catch anything that is being exposed to you.
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What Can Happen Without Vaccination. (2019, Aug 08).
Retrieved November 5, 2025 , from
https://studydriver.com/2019/08/page/16/