Month: August 2019
The Adventures of Tom Sawyer Book Critique – Myles Fisher Period
The Adventures of Tom Sawyer by Mark Twain is most definitely centered around the growth and change of its main character, Tom Sawyer. Tom Sawyer, the focal point of the novel, lives in St. Petersburg, Missouri with his half-brother Sid, and his Aunt Polly. The general plot proceeds as follows: Tom goes to the graveyard with Huckleberry Finn, the son of a drunken townsman after everyone has gone to sleep, to try a supposed cure for warts. At the graveyard, they encounter the murdering of Dr. Robinson, the morally ambiguous town physician, by the Native-American Injun Joe. Fearfull, Tom and Huckleberry Finn flee and swear not to tell anyone what they saw. Injun Joe blames, Muff Potter, a naive drunk, for the murder and she is wrongfully jailed. Tom's friend Joe Harper, Huck, and Tom run away to an island and become pirates and they realize the town is searching the river for their bodies. Regretting the decision to run away, the boys fabricate an idea to appear at their funeral and surprise everyone. After the rejoice of the boys returning, Muff Potter's trial begins. Overcome by guilt, Tom testifies against Injun Joe and Potter gets acquitted, then Injun escapes through the courtroom window. During the summer, Tom and Huck decide to go search for buried treasure in a haunted house and see Injun Joe enter in disguise. Seeing that Injun Joe is in possession of stolen gold, he naturally stalks Injun every night. Meanwhile, during a school trip, Becky (a girl that Tom has had a mad crush on for some time) and Tom get lost in a cave. They run across Injun Joe in the cave and manage to escape secretly while Injun Joe gets locked inside, starving to death.
The main characters in The Adventures of Tom Sawyer are Tom himself, Huckleberry Finn, and Injun Joe. Tom is an imaginative and mischievous boy who constantly finds himself in and out of trouble. He serves as the novel's protagonist and matures into a leadership role, taking on more and more responsibility as the novel progresses. Huckleberry Finn is the son of a drunk and a social outcast shunned by the community but loved by the boys, who envy his freedom. Huck is, like Tom, very superstitious and mischievous, always ready for an adventure. Huckleberry Finn serves as one of the novel's supporting characters. Violent, villainous, and vengeful, Injun Joe is the novel's main antagonist committing crimes such as robbery, and murder. Injun Joe suffered exclusion based on his half Native-American half Caucasian ethnic background, giving him the motive to commit his crimes.
One major theme of the novel is how hypocritical society is. In The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, Twain criticizes the adult word where Tom is headed and exposes the childishness of social institutions such as church, school, and the law. Twain illustrates how the seemingly childish games the children play, are in fact quite conventional. Tom reads about pirates, Robin Hood, and circus clowns and therefore has a very conventional understanding of the classification of these types of people. He expresses this when he outlines the criteria that define fictional types of characters.
'I been to the circus three or four times lots of times. Church ain't shucks to a circus. There's things going on at a circus all the time. I'm going to be a clown in a circus when I grow up.'
In fact, some would say that Twain's characters, especially tom, convey an addiction to conventionality. This theme suggests that the adult world isn't very different from the childish games Tom, Huck and his friends play.
Another theme portrayed by The Adventures of Tom Sawyer is that to achieve true freedom, one must go through some form of social exclusion. Twain's biggest example of this theme is embodied by Huckleberry Finn. Huck is seen as lucky and adored by all the schoolboys because of the freedom his low social status affords him. Twain uses Huck to illlustrate the transcendentalist belief that material possessions never lead you down the path of happiness as Huck rarely has enough food to eat or a place to sleep, but can do all the things other boys dream of. Huck is an example of how the lack of material possessions allows you the freedom to do what makes you the happiest.
I often wish that, as a child, I could have been as cunning as the title character of Mark Twain's The
Adventures of Tom Sawyer. With his acumen, I could have avoided painting fences in the summer heat, could have romped with friends from dawn to dusk, and could have recurrently landed on my feet, so to speak, when in trouble.
As tempting as it is to do so, though, understanding Tom
Sawyer as nothing but a carefree, easygoing boy is far too simplistic to do when considering the complexities of Twain's well-known novel. Despite its veneer as a mere chronicling of childish antics, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer actually presents its young protagonist much like a colonial subject pinned in an oppressive adult society.
This is an excerpt from a criticism written by Banjamin David Batzer about the dynamic between childhood and adulthood. Further supporting the theme of society's hypocrisy.
He 'pears to know just how long he can torment me before I get my dander up, and he knows if he can make out to put me off for a minute or make me laugh, it's all down again and I can't hit him a lick. I ain't doing my duty by that boy, and that's the Lord's truth, goodness knows. Spare the rod and spile the child, as the Good Book says. I'm a laying up sin and suffering for us both, I know.
This quote expresses Tom's childishness at the beginning of the novel. Of all characters written in fiction over the years, Tom Sawyer is one of the most dynamic, changing from beginning to end. We follow a portion of Tom's life as he makes the transition from childhood to adulthood; from naive to mature. Represented by Tom's decision to testify against Injun Joe at the end of the novel, Tom's maturity grew tremendously from when he first encountered Injun Joe killing Dr. Robinson. When he first saw Injun Joe he was terrified and anxious and at the end, he finally gathers enough maturity to face his fear, stand up and testify.
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“The Adventures of Tom Sawyer” by Mark Twain
The novel begins with Tom being hollered at by his Aunt Polly. It is made clear from the very beginning that Tom is a boy who often finds himself in mischief, whether it's skipping his chores or making a commotion at church, he is always up to something. Tom lives with his Aunt Polly and his half-brother Sid. Tom quickly finds himself head-over heels for the new girl in town, Becky Thatcher, but his plans to make her his fiance fail and he turns to the town-drunk's son for some relief. Tom meets up with Huckleberry Finn in the graveyard to find a cure for warts, but the two young boys both witness something they weren't supposed to that night. They witness the murder of Dr. Robinson by Injun-Joe. After witnessing the murder, both Huckleberry and Tom make a blood oath to never speak of what they saw that night ever again. This was until the boys hear that the murder is being pinned on Muff Potter, and with his arrest the boys' guilt grows immensely.
They then decide to runaway to an island alongside their friend, Joe Harper, to become pirates. As the boys rejoice in their freedom, they discover that their community now believes they're dead. Tom sneaks back into town to check on what's going on and finds his family grieving over him. The boys decide to return home the day of their funeral and they're met with great rejoicement by the whole town. Things soon return to normal, this was until Potter's trial begins and Tom caves under his guilt and testifies on the behalf of Muff Potter. Potter is aquitted, but Injun Joe escapes from the court room out the window. Summertime is impending, and Tom and Huckleberry go treasure hunting in a haunted house, as they're upstairs they hear a noise from down below.
They peer downstairs to see Injun Joe in a disguise accompinied by an unkept man, they discuss burying the gold in the house and almost do-so until they see the tools left behind by Huckleberry and Tom. They quickly become suspicious and leave with the gold in their arms instead of burying it. Huckleberry Finn is now following the criminal pair every night, and he overhears the criminal duo's plan to attack the Widow Douglas. He quickly runs to tell authorities and becomes a hero. Meanwhile, Tom goes to a picnic with Becky and their other classmates at McDougal's Cave. While they're there Tom and Becky get lost in the cave, and no one notices they're gone until the next day.
The town is now searching for the two but find no luck. Tom and Becky are slowly growing weak as they run out of resources for survival. Tom finally decides as the situation escalates to look for a way out of the cave. It only gets worse when Tom runs into Injun Joe using the cave for a hideout. As the searchers are beginning to lose all hope Tom escapes from the cave. The whole town rejoices and Becky's father locks Injun Joe in the cave until he dies.
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The Adventures of Tom Sawyer Novel
The Adventure of Tom Sawyer by Mark Twain takes place in the fictional village of St. Petersburg, Missouri, around the mid 1800s. St. Petersburg is a typical village with a safe life and dull people. A mischievous boy named Tom Sawyer, who dream of being well known in the town of St. Petersburg and becoming wealthy, lives with his aunt polly and half brother Sid. It starts of with tom getting in trouble for starting a fight with a kid on the street because he was jealous of the way that boy dressed. Aunt polly grounds him and makes him wash the fence, but tom manages to convince the other kids on the street to do his work for him. One night out in the graveyard, tom and his friends encounter Injun Joe murdering, Dr. Robinson. In order to stay out of trouble, they swear to never speak of this again. But Injun Joe has blamed the murder of Dr. Robinson on Muff Potter. The guilt builds up inside Tom and he decides to testify against Injun Joe for false accusations of the murder.
During the trail Injun Joe escapes from the courtroom. During the summer Tom and Huckleberry Finn go hunting for gold in a haunted house and manage to spot Injun Joe with his accomplice. Huckleberry Finn starts to keep an eye on Joe and eavesdrop on his conversation. Huckleberry overhears Injun Joe in creating a plan to murder the widow next. The widow is a kind person to Tom and his friends. Meanwhile Tom and his girlfriend Becky are on a picnic in McDougal's cave and soon become lost in the cave. Huckleberry Finn goes off to find the widow to keep her out of harm's way. The towns fokes have noticed Tom and Becky disappearance but can't seem to find them.
Tom and Becky find a way out of the cave, but in doing so, they have bumped into Injun Joe who had been using the cave as an hideout. The people of St. Petersburg come to their rescue. They decide to seal of the cave with Injun in it as his punishment for the murder. Over time, Injun Joe dies of starvation. Tom and Huckleberry Finn remember that Injun Joe's treasure still lies within the dangerous cave. So they go back to retrieve it. The boys find the riches and become wealthy. And they're are well known in the town of St. Petersburg. This changes their lives drastically and Tom is live his dreams.
Is it our differences or similarities that matter? Well, I believe that are similarities matter more than out differences. Everyone argues over their differences whether it's over a favorite team, or a game, or their opinion on a common topic. We seem to be full of hatred and discriminate over everything and everyone. But deep down we are all humans; we have hands, lungs, feet, and hearts. It's just our exterior that's different and the way we perceive the world. So why not move past that? We can accept our differences and acknowledge that we are all the same. Why not celebrate our similarities and see perceive each other as equals. In the story of The adventures of Tom Sawyer, Tom was jealous of the other kid on the street and fought with them because he could not accept that he was different. And at the end of the novel everyone united putting their differences aside to stand up against Injun Joe. Everyone wanted one thing, to protect their loved ones and the only way to do that was to unite. This similarity brought everyone together.
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The Treaty of Versailles and a World War II
After a quick overview of World War I along it?s war ending accord, the Treaty of Versailles, the general assumption that this agreement set up the perfect scene for World War II to start came up for discussion, leaving no other option but to detailly study the Treaty to further understand how it could have caused the start of World War II. In order to have an accurate judgement on whether the peace treaty of Paris was really responsible for the start of World War II it was key to do an analysed research on the agreement. The result of this research was very clear leaving the final answer that the Treaty of Versailles was indeed the main case of the start of WWII due to the harsh sanctions put on Germany after the war, along with that the way that it put down all German morale leading Adolf Hitler the perfect opportunity to spread nationalistic ideas that promoted the start of the war.
The Treaty of Versailles was a treaty signed in Versailles, France, in June 1919, with the aim of ending a war that had devastated the entire world and never before seen in the history of mankind. Its purpose was to establish the guidelines of world peace and avoid future conflicts that would lead to a catastrophe similar to the one recently experienced.
The following research paper will try to explain how this treaty was signed by some of the world's greatest powers and, once explained, try to demonstrate at what level it can be considered one of the causes of the Second World War, emphasizing the points considered more conflictive and whose consequences could give reason to future international conflicts.
To carry out this work, I will rely especially on the Treaty of Versailles and its relationship, direct and indirect, with Germany, since in my opinion, this was the most affected country and was the nation where the terms of the treaty had the most repercussions, giving rise to subsequent reactions of great importance when it comes to establishing a why to the Second World War. In addition, it is in my opinion appropriate to make an attempt to represent the main interests of each of the nations involved, at the end of the First World War, which were reflected in the preparation of the treaty.
The Defeat of the Central Powers
The German spring offensive of 1918 was launched by Ludendorff in a last desperate attempt to win the war before too many American troops arrived and before the discontent in Germany unleashed a revolution. The attempt was about to succeed: by taking advantage of all the additional troops unoccupied in the east, the Germans made their way into the Somme and by the end of May they were only 65 kilometers from Paris; where the allies seemed to fall apart. However, under the general command of Marshal Marshal Foch managed to maintain themselves, while the German advance lost momentum and created a stifling congestion.
The Allies launched a counter-offensive near Amiens, with hundreds of tanks attacking on the basis of rapid attacks at many different points instead of attacking a narrow front, forcing the Germans to retreat on all fronts. Slowly but firmly, they were forced to retreat until by the end of September by that time Allies had crossed the Hindenburg line. Although Germany had not yet been invaded, Ludendorff was convinced that they would be defeated in the spring of 1919. He insisted had the German government call for an armistice to President Wilson , in the hope of obtain less severe conditions in accordance with Wilson's Fourteen Points. By calling for peace in 1918, Germany would be saved from being occupied and preserve the army's reputation. When the Allies began to advance in the summer of 1918, the contest continued for another 5 weeks, but in the end an armistice was signed on November 11. The Central Powers not only admitted the defeat, but collapsed and the revolutions were distributed, by the autumn of 1918, around all central and south-eastern Europe, as before in Russia .
Problems To Make a Peace Arrangement
At the beginning of the war, none of the participants had a precise idea about what they hoped to achieve, apart from the fact that Germany and Austria wanted to preserve the Habsburg Empire and considered it necessary to destroy Serbia. Germany had also begun years ago a "competition" with Britain for which of the two powers was better armed, and with France to see which of the two was more industrialized. The World War appeared as a perfect scenario to define these confrontations.
Considering that in the past practically none of the non-revolutionary and non-ideological wars had been waged as a fight to the death or even total exhaustion, why, then, did the major powers on both sides consider the First World War to be a conflict in the one who could only contemplate victory or total defeat? Eric Hobsbawm says "The reason is that, unlike other previous wars, driven by limited and concrete reasons, the First World War pursued unlimited goals."
Faced with the prolongation of the conflict, some of the governments involved, perhaps with a view to encouraging their troops by presenting them with some concrete objectives to fight for, began to enumerate their war objectives.
Although the main intention of the Treaty of Versailles was to restructure the map of Europe, both to weaken and control Germany and to fill the large empty spaces that had remained in Europe, when the peace conference met in January 1919, It soon became clear that it would be difficult to reach an agreement because of the different ideas of the Allies on how to deal with the vanquished powers. Wilson, for the United States, in spite of his main interest in his last point, had originally been in favor of a benign peace, but Wilson's attitude changed as the Germans did he ignored his Fourteen Points and imposed on Russia the harsh Treaty of Brest-Litovsk; now he thought that the Germans needed to be punished, and he agreed with the English and French demands regarding reparations, and German disarmament. Wilson was also in favor of self-determination. The French delegation, represented by Clemenceau, was interested above all in their security and to achieve it demanded a severe peace to ruin Germany economically and militarily. Italy, with Orlando at the head, struggled to be granted what had been promised in 1915 in exchange for his entry into the war to which in the points of Wilson was alluded only in a very ambiguous way. Great Britain, with its minister Lloyd George, was very little interested in the League of Nations, but first of all wanted to defend its colonial interests, improve its share of German reparations, and secure its former naval supremacy. Although England was in favor of a less strict arrangement that allowed Germany to recover quickly and reinsert itself in the economic scheme , George had just won an election campaign based on slogans such as "hang the Kaiser" and offers to obtain from Germany all "the juice that can be squeezed from a lemon and a little more", so the people wanted a severe fix.
It became clear how it is reflected that the United States wanted a "peace without victory" , while France and Great Britain wanted a "peace with victory" .
The Treaty of Versailles could thus be presented to Germany in May 1919 and was finally accepted by the German government on June 28. The Treaty reflected the purposes of each of the representatives of the Allies. The "Peace Agreement" obliged Germany to return Alsace and Lorraine to France, to surrender their colonies to Great Britain, France and South Africa under the formula of "mandates, to also give up part of their territories from the east to the new Poland and Schleswig to Denmark. The Saar region came under the administration of the League of Nations and French occupation until 1935; that of the Rhine was demilitarized and occupied by allied forces. In the east, Poland was effectively rebuilt. Danzig, a German majority city on Polish territory, was declared a Free City but a "Polish corridor" was drawn between Danzig and the German border to allow Poland access to the sea, thereby cutting East Prussia from the rest of Germany. At the other end of East Prussia, the port of Memel was delivered, under international control to Lithuania. The German army was reduced to 100,000 men. By clause 231, the treaty declared Germany guilty of the War and held him liable for the losses and damages caused, although the estimate of the amount to be paid for repairs was left to a commiss .Meanwhile, Germany was obliged to hand over to the Allies, in advance, its merchant and war fleets, certain quantities of coal and the properties of German citizens abroad. Finally, the possible unity of Germany with Austria was forbidden. The Treaty of Versailles invalidated that of Brest-Litovsk. In addition to Poland, also Finland, Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia were recognized as independent countries. Finally, on January 16, 1920, the League of Nations was established in Geneva, the body that, as a democratic assembly of sovereign nations, was to guarantee cooperation between them and the resolution through arbitration and open diplomacy of conflicts and international disputes. The League of Nations was also completed with the International Labor Organization, to extend labor legislation, and with the International Court of Justice, based in The Hague.
How can the Main Points of the Treaty of Versailles be Reflected in a Future War?
The main thing and the common reaction to all the points of the treaty was the discontent and the feeling of rage and revenge of the German people towards the Allies, which motivated them to do something. The level of tension of the population increased to the maximum and a future crisis was evident with consequences such as the Second World War.
That was an imposed Peace: "the Germans were not admitted to the Versailles conference, they were simply presented with the conditions and forced to sign." Although they were allowed to criticize them in writing, all their protests were discarded. " This led Hitler to base his political campaign against the Treaty of Versailles and against those who had signed it and thus come to power. Once in power he stated that since peace was equivalent to a diktat, it should not be considered morally binding. "Germany was imposed a peace with very harsh conditions, justified on the grounds that it was solely responsible for the war and all its consequences, in order to keep that country in a situation of permanent weakness . "
Many of the stipulations did not agree with the 14 points: The Germans felt cheated because they claimed that they had promised that the treaty would be based on the famous Fourteen Points, but in fact it had not been like that. Even the Germans were referring to the fact that the United States had not signed the Treaty of Versailles precisely for that reason. It must be emphasized once again that situations like this led to a rise in the level of tension of the German people.
Loss of territory in Europe and the world: As main references were the delivery of Alsace and Lorraine to France, the loss of Prussia and all African colonies. Germany lost two thirds of its industrialized territory and much of it was ceded to France to benefit it. In addition to these terms weakening Germany, the German people began to carry out strikes and riots such as those on the Rhine coast to show that they did not accept such conditions. These conflicts could become greater and end in major international conflicts.
The disarmament clauses caused deep resentment: The Germans objected that only 100,000 men were not enough to maintain calm and security in the town in times of political disturbances and national reorganization. Similarly, the displeasure of the Germans increased later when the other powers showed no interest in disarming and point 4 said "general disarmament." Thus disarmament was not carried out by any power. Added to the feeling of revenge and reaction that reigned in Germany, it was not the safe
The guilt clause of the war: The Germans claimed that they were not entirely to blame for what happened, but it was a further demonstration of the Allies' attempt to destroy Germany even though the war was over. Despite the fact that later studies may attribute blame for what happened to Germany, it is almost impossible that in the space of six weeks in 1919 the Special Commission on War Responsibility would do so.
The definitive humiliation: The reparations were established in an amount impossible to pay for Germany. This was recognized even by the economic adviser of the delegation of Great Britain, J.M. Keynes. Failure to pay brought a crisis because the Allies had the German money to pay their own war debts and did not receive it on time or in the amount fixed. Thus came the "Wall Street crisis of 1929" affecting the whole world. France even tried to force the Germans to pay, thus creating a new conflict that would trigger in some others until the amount to be paid was reduced by 2.2 billion lire. The greatest humiliation, however, was that the Treaty was signed at the Palace of Versailles, where the German Empire had been established some 50 years earlier.
All these reasons were exploited by Hitler to acquire power in Germany and gave birth to people a feeling very exploited by the fh??rer that were the main cause of the Second World War.
Conclusion
The Treaty of Versailles was, in fact, a treaty that attempted to end the war and establish world peace, but failed to do so, either because of the opposing and erroneous interests of the intervening powers as well as because of the ingenuity of Germany and the other affected powers to resuscitate and take advantage of the smallest conjuncture of the treaty.
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The Act of Surveillance
The Act also established a surveillance system for assessing 9 prevalence of pneumoconiosis among underground coal miners, but this surveillance does not extend to surface coal miners. A study by CDC suggests that surface coal mine operators should monitor worker exposures closely to ensure that both respirable dust and silica are below recommended levels to prevent CWP15 . Clinicians should be aware of the risk for advanced pneumoconiosis among surface coal miners, in addition to underground coal miners, to facilitate prompt disease identification and intervention15 . Additionally, NIOSH recommends that surface coal miners be included in periodic health surveillance that is similar to that conducted for underground miners15 .
To prevent CWP in surface miners, operations should use effective dust monitoring and control methods to reduce respiratory hazards and emphasize the risk for advanced pneumoconiosis in worker training. CDCs National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health recommends that surface coal miners be included in periodic health surveillance15 . Enforcement strategies are not yet clear from the available documents. The development of a Green Permit system by numerous states and best management practices based on credible environmental management systems are potential applications for the mining industry17 . The permitting process is an increasing burden and cost to mining companies. A surface coal mining permit issued under the authority of the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act (SMCRA) -OSM has granted the WVDEP primary authority to administer the surface mining regulatory program in the state. Three other permits (approvals) issued under the authority of the Clean Water Act (CWA): Section 402 National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit for discharges from sediment control ponds and other drainage structures; a Section401 water quality certification from the state, assuring that the federal permits will not cause a violation of the state's water quality standards; and Section 404 permit for discharge of fill material in streams. Four federal agencies and one state agency have primary responsibility for mountain top mining operations: the Fish and Wild life Service (FWS), Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Office of Surface Mining (OSM), US Army Corps of Engineers, and the West Virginia Division of Environmental Protection (WVDEP). Risk Communication Although the risks associated with coal dust is known and well documented, and policies are developed in response, it yet to be known if all these are well communicated through a suitable channel to those who need them the most. Without good communication, behavior change necessary to reduce exposure may be difficult.
In communicating the risk of coal mine dust, all stakeholders should be involved, not just the coal mine workers, but owners of mine companies, health service providers and even the communities too. This suggestion is similar to the conclusion of the CDC study15 which recommended that clinicians and miners should be aware of the risk for Coal Workers' Pneumoconiosis (CWP) and Progressive Massive Fibrosis (PMF) in surface coal mines as well as underground minesto facilitate prompt disease identification and preventive interventions.15 Inadequacies in the mandated coal mine dust regulations; failure to comply with or adequately enforce those regulations3 ; lack of disease 10 prevention innovations to accommodate changes in mining practices (e.g., thin-seam mining); and missed opportunities by miners to be screened for early disease and take action to reduce dust exposures3 . Further explanations, noted in other reports included longer hours being worked by today's coal miners3 ; excessive exposure to crystalline silica, perhaps associated with the mining of thinner seams of coal3 ; and lack of resources for dust control and miner/operator education, particularly in smaller mines3 are all management concerns in the control of CWP among miners in the Appalachia. Although coal mine workers are the focus of this write up, the community are also nervous that the increase on CWP cases may also mean an impending doom for their own health. The ensuing litigation and public controversy underlined the importance of communication between the coal industry and its primary stakeholders: employees and the community. Many of the comments at the public hearings conducted in connection with the Governor's task force and federal agency EIS indicated that the public did not feel included in the development of public policy regarding mountain top mining17 . Industry comments indicated that the public may have misperceived many of the engineering and economic constraints faced by the mining industry. Summary and conclusions: The current response to coal dust exposure limit is not sufficient. A tighter coal exposure limit has been proposed by MSHA but not yet effective. Added to this, there should be improved but feasible engineering controls which would create more effective barrier between miners and coal dust during mining process.
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Surveillance and Feminist Resistance in Pakistan
Much like any other form of knowledge production or documentation, the focus is always on elite history in Pakistan’s feminist movement, as it is usually urban upper class scholars documenting resistance practices. What is theorized and who is cited matters in the case of Pakistan’s feminist movement as well, which has been described as elitist and top down in its approach. Even when it comes to digital media, the limits of online approaches cannot be ignored. Ultimately, the prominent feminist movement is constantly criticized for mirroring the westerner through the very real inequalities that they fail to surmount.
Moreover, because of this, the prominent movement has the tendency to laud secular, progressive elements of the movement over conservative, ‘Islamic’ ones, such as with the debate on the purdah. This creates a binary that pretty much begins to define the popular movement, and this essentialism leads to further exclusions and gives a wrong portrayal of frictions within the movement (Kirmani and Khan, ). The lack of visible intersectionality in the struggle indicates that certain freedom practices are privileged over others. The work of the larger movement can be twisted to serve the same purposes that are currently being fought against, which would then lead to the disempowerment of other individuals and communities on the margins of Pakistani history.
The direction in which surveillance in Pakistan is headed will ultimately require its dissidents to explore how they can resist such practices in intersectional ways, in order to continue uncovering histories and realities that are deliberately overlooked in the postcolonial context. There is also a need to queer the movement and move past the “woman’s question”, and for that, there needs to be more knowledge production regarding the ways in which queer and transgender bodies subvert the violence and imposition of power that surveillance entails on a daily basis. The queer movement should not be separate and disenfranchised from the larger feminist movement, and figure its own struggles out in isolation. A feminist movement is incomplete if it only focuses on the ‘woman’ question and rarely engages with a ‘queer resistance politic’.
Perhaps the most trenchant critique of these feminist practices would be their failure to prioritize discourses that outline how surveillance differentiates among individuals on a racial and ethnic basis. Race in cases of surveillance and sexual violence is severely under-theorized, and is, again, existing research on such issues is conducted disparately. Racialized subjects constitute a threat to postcolonial Pakistan and are hence never properly heteronormative, which is why the state tries to domesticate religious and ethnic minorities through repressive government policy, and any form of dissent that emanates from them is perceived as a continuing political threat requiring ongoing military intervention. In Pakistan, especially since after Zia’s time, now that conservative religious groups have a larger presence in the country, the hegemonic ideal of the individual is that of a Sunni Muslim committed to protecting its geographical territory from the threatening “others”. This has included surveillance of Ahmedis through disowenership, misuse of the blasphemy law, targetted killing of Shias, enforced disappearances in Balochistan, etc.
In addition, racial minorities such as the Pashtun community are fundamentally “queered” nationwide to denote their barbiarianism and sexual perversity. Deemed “sodomites,” their sexual perversity justifies their oppression. The Pakistani state has replicated colonial methods through sexual regulation, such as sexual acts of terror (e.g. the mass rapes of Bengali women before West Pakistan became Bangladesh), as well as policies of normalization in which heteropatriarchy is instilled in communities through criminalization, among other contemporary forms of the surveillance and regulation of native peoples. Thus, surveillance strategies mirror colonialism in that they require the continual disappearance of the indigenous peoples on whose land the settler state is situated ( ). Consequently, these colonial heteropatriarchal logics continue, and so it is no surprise that decolonized states like Pakistan perpetuate the same surveillance strategies as their colonial masters, because “surveillance is structured into the logic of the state itself” ( ).
Some of the key resistance practices nowadays are emerging from movements that shun ethnic and racial profiling by the Pakistani establishment. The Pashtun Tahafuz Movement marks a denouncement of repressive state practices against an ethnic community that has suffered tremendously due to colonial laws such as the Frontier Crimes Regulation (FCR) and state sponsorship of terrorism. A Pashtun Member of Parliament and female activist have recently been put on the ECL by the Pakistani state, and their movement and protests have been heavily curtailed around Pakistan due to their growing popularity, to the point that despite their peaceful demands, they are not receiving any mainstream media coverage whatsoever. It must be kept in mind that the security policies that exist in the current day, such as the NAP and national security framework, might seem contemporary, but it is one of many trends that is inherited from the South Asian region’s colonial history. The regulatory and surveillance mechanisms in place to control subjects in the form of documentation, classification and criminalization of certain races and tribes was constitutive of the surveillance state at the time. The impact of surveillance was also differentiated, as the colonial apparatus targeted and controlled certain communities, while privileging others (as is the case of Punjab and its centralized status now).
A consideration of the fact that surveillance cannot be extricated from “interlocking oppressions” (Razack, 1998) that are key in shaping the structural inequalities that our culture stands on. Hence, feminist resistance needs to stop placing Islamic identities and its own specifically situated resistance against the Islamization of Pakistan at the centre of its engagement with history.
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Reform of Healthcare in China
Despite China’s rapid macroeconomic growth, the healthcare sector still faces the challenge of medical resources shortages and poor quality of services. As a result, it is difficult for citizens to approach the corresponding healthcare. Even among those who can get access, the probability of dissatisfaction is relatively high due to the excessive costs, poor infrastructure and ineffective services delivered . Thus, new reform with regard to the issues is urgently in need since the satisfaction of healthcare is considerably low.
Real-world issue
In response to increasing social pressures on public healthcare, China’s government has announced a new five-year blueprint for reform of healthcare sector to improve healthcare before 2020 . The guideline (2015-2020) is the first comprehensive five-year plan aiming to improv healthcare sector and establish a universal health system that can provide safe, effective, and low-cost healthcare for China’s more than 1.4 billion citizens, let alone the considerable amount of aging population.
One of the main concerns about this policy is the effectiveness regarding the public healthcare and how it is going to change individual’s life and benefit the whole country. I am going to elaborate this concern from two different economic perspectives: Happiness Economics and Institutional Economics.
Happiness Economics
The research into happiness economics differs in its methodology that happiness researchers ask people to rank their life satisfaction on a scale was first systematically applied to economic matters by Richard Easterlin . Economists use this measure of self-reported satisfaction as a proxy for utility to evaluate ideas from a new perspective, understand human behavior, formulate guidelines and policies, and develop a preference-based valuation method .
By evaluating the impact of healthcare reform on subjective well-being (SWB) , it is conceivable to anticipate whether the policy will expand the entire social well-being or not. The reform, which targets at infrastructure development, costs reduction and new areas of investment2, will have a substantial impact on individuals, state-owned organizations and private sectors. The government’s emphasis on the infrastructure development by combining public resources with private investors has alleviated burden on China’s finance, improved allocation of resources by introducing more efficient contenders and provided additional accessible facilities; Furthermore, medical costs reduction and comprehensive healthcare coverage offer a better protection for patients. Last but not least, new technological advances have made provision of healthcare supplementary accessible to broader citizens. With these developments, individuals could access and enjoy various professional medical resources effortlessly, economically and conveniently, hence, enhance their SWB in general; Thus, subjective well-being plays a nonnegligible and heuristic role in evaluating healthcare reform policy and can be used as a basis for testing the effects of reform to a certain extent.
Although happiness economics reflects a direct measure of utility, the subjective self-reported method has validity issues cannot be quantitatively and mathematically measured without bias when applied to policy making , which subjects to personality traits, one’s aspirations and influences of specific contexts. Thus, it is inadequate to offer us a convincing result regarding the effects on healthcare reform and not robust enough to guide policy-making. Paul Dolan concluded that ‘the existing evidence base for well-being is not quite as some people may have suggested… This, in addition to lack of clear evidence on causality, makes it difficult to make clear policy recommendations at this stage’. Therefore, it remains unclear how effective the reform will be in improving healthcare outcomes while difficult issues as reverse causality and dynamics need to be dealt with before policy-oriented application of SWB in practice. Another problem is that subjective behavior is enslaved to various objective conditions and cannot rely on the market to solve all problems; yet, the subjective behavior itself is flawed, decisions are impossible to be made according to the requirements of common interests by all parties.
Institutional Economics
Institutions play a vital role in molding performance of healthcare system. Though institutional economics originates from neoclassical economics , is a better approximation of reality by assuming that humans are bounded rational. Intricate healthcare issues make institutions better at dealing with irregularities. Research has shown that a universal healthcare coverage, is associated with better healthcare outcomes as well as with better healthcare systems and not only increase economic growth but also improve well-being. Concentrated power of institutions affects all resources allocation ,which enables the healthcare reform to be implemented in accordance with government’s macroscopic prospect. Furthermore, the healthcare reform constrains individuals’ behaviors, minimizes transaction costs due to specialization and division of resources when all hierarchal functions are aligned , coordinates cooperation and creates efficient operational conditions. Therefore, when individual’s behavior is constrained by institutions, it helps limit opportunistic behavior and maximize common interests.
However, while great on realism, institutional economics is short on treatment. Furubotn and Richter have argued that it is impossible to anticipate the emergence of an axiomatic institutional economics in an economic model. Though a set of practical tools are provided, few instructions about what is to be construct or how the tools are to be handled . Therefore, the effectiveness of the healthcare reform is yet unknown. We cannot be sure the extent to which the healthcare reform is more efficient than other alternative measures. Similarly, the causes and effects are conflated and too vague to predict the effectiveness of the reform.
Conclusion
To conclude, both of the economics are relatively complex disciplines but offer a new dimension of thinking when they are applied to analyze healthcare reform policy. Regarding the healthcare reform, institutional economics are much more useful to see how it is going to affect the individuals and the social welfare, taking into account all benefits and possible harms. Nevertheless, in my view, to improve the whole social welfare, the combination of different perspectives and theories will broaden our horizons and evaluating effectiveness through both of them would be better than only use one.
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Housing is a Basic Human Need
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Housing is a Basic Human Need. (2019, Aug 14).
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America’s Affordable Housing Crisis
America's affordable housing crisis has reached historic heights, most negatively impacting the most vulnerable among us. There are only 35 available and affordable units for every 100 extremely low-income renter households. This leaves most paying far more for their rent than they can afford, driving them even deeper into poverty. One in four renters – 11.4 million households – have extremely low incomes and cannot afford the rent.
The federal government already plays a significant role in addressing the problem, but it's not strong enough considering the magnitude of the problem. Federal policy solutions such as Housing Choice Vouchers, the National Housing Trust Fund, and Low Income Housing Tax Credits are effective, but are chronically underfunded and face unprecedented threats. Today, only 1 out of 4 eligible households receive the help they need. Contrary to the false stereotypes, only 6% of households receiving housing aid are work able but not employed. Wages are simply much too low to afford a decent rental home without financial help. In fact, there are only 12 counties in America where a full-time worker on minimum wage can afford a one-bedroom rental.
A safe, decent, affordable home is a foundation of opportunity, but is out of reach for far too many individuals and families. But this is not just a problem that impacts the housing sector alone. Rather, its consequences spill over into many other sectors. Educators know that students are more likely to succeed when they live in a stable, affordable home. Health care providers see strong links between patients' poor health and the perpetual stress, anxiety, and unstable and unhealthy living conditions created by the lack of an affordable home. Civil rights advocates understand that, to address racial and economic disparities, policies must promote affordable housing in inclusive neighborhoods, end residential segregation, and eliminate housing barriers and discrimination. Community leaders can better help marginalized working families climb up the income ladder and build wealth when high rents are no longer eating up most of their hard-earned paychecks. Housing is also essential to growing the economy, improving criminal justice outcomes, ensuring food security, meeting veterans' needs, ending homelessness, and more.
Stakeholders across sectors are increasingly recognizing that housing is inextricably linked to their own priorities and goals, and housing advocates are increasingly recognizing that they can't do this work alone. Going forward, a broad range of stakeholders from various sectors will be necessary to advance these beliefs as national and political priorities, and to work in a coordinated way to effectuate federal policies that protect and expand affordable housing.
That's why the under-signed organizations have come together to support the creation and launch of the Opportunity Starts at Home campaign and are committed to serving as members of the campaign's Steering Committee. We need a national, multi-sector campaign to meet the housing needs of the nation's struggling residents. We come from a wide range of sectors, each with our own perspectives and concerns. Yet we all understand the importance of housing within our respective fields, and we all believe that federal policies which protect and expand affordable housing will help us achieve our own respective goals.
Such policies would help bridge the growing gap between income and the rising cost of housing; provide aid to people experiencing job losses or other economic shocks to avert housing instability or homelessness; expand the affordable housing stock for low-income renters; and defend existing rental assistance and other targeted housing resources.
We are committed to promoting bold solutions wherever opportunities present themselves, and we will not hesitate to act against harmful cuts. America's low-income households should have access to safe, decent, and stable affordable housing in neighborhoods where everyone has equitable opportunities to thrive.
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The Hunger Games Review
Suzanne Collins’ book series ?The Hunger Games? takes place in a dystopian America, where there are twelve districts that live in full control of the Capitol. Each district works for a different field, and being born in a district forces you to go into the workforce in that field when you turn 18. Each district also lives in great poverty. Most of the materials, products and goods from every district go into the capitol, the only place without poverty. Each year, something similar to a draft called a Reaping happens in every district, and chooses a boy and a girl from the ages of 12 through 17 to go to the Hunger Games. The Hunger Games is organized by the Capitol, and is a fight to the death with only one winner. The books are told from the perspective of Katniss, a girl from district twelve who volunteered for the games when her sister got chosen. In this essay I will be focusing on Catching Fire, the second book in the series. In this essay, I will be writing about the theme in the second book of the series, The Hunger Games: Catching Fire. I think the theme of Catching Fire is that good things come in unexpected ways. First, after learning of the strike that the other districts are doing, Katniss meets some people from district 8 that escaped to try to get to district 13, which is believed to still be active despite the nuking that had happened when they tried to rebel against the capitol. When these people meet Katniss, they are immediately grateful, and explain the symbol of rebellion she is used as. Katniss has been thinking about rebelling against the Capitol, and finally has a better grasp of how much political power she has. The people she meets, Bonnie and Twill, only escaped their district because of the tragedy that had been occuring there.
It was not just by chance that they managed to meet Katniss, and describe what kind of impact she has on society. Another reason I think this is the theme is because of when she is brought into the games. It is announced that for the year 75 Quarter Quell, two victors from every district, one male and one female, will be brought back into the games. Katniss finds out and is devastated, as she is the only female victor in district twelve. While most would see this as a bad thing, they forget that this is what eventually leads her to escaping from Panem altogether. Every tribute has always had the goal of keeping Katniss alive and overthrowing the capitol. The head gamemaker himself, Plutarch Heavensbee, is part of a secret group within the capitol that believes in district rights. He designed the games in a way that Katniss would be able to escape to district 13, where she would continue to act as a model for hope within the districts. When Katniss first enters the games, she thinks that all hope is lost, but because she is able to escape, she is defying what she believed. This example is by far the most valid sample of this theme, because as she starts to think that all hope is doomed, she gets saved, and even finds out that almost every district has stopped functioning, as hoped for. Not only does Katniss survive and continue to act as a sort of spokesmodel for the rebellion, but we also find out that the rebellion itself is finally in full effect. Another example of this theme within the story is in the beginning, when Katniss and Peeta are visiting district 11 on their victory tour.
At the end, shortly after Katniss talks about her sincere thoughts about Thresh and Rue, an old man whistles the same tune that represents the end of a work day, and safety in the arena. After that, everyone present puts three fingers to their lips, and then raise them in the air as a sort of salute, more specifically a salute that is associated with rebellion against the capitol. After Katniss and Peeta are supposed to be leaving, Katniss realizes she forgot a bouquet of flowers that she got from the district. When she goes back for them, she sees some peacekeepers dragging him in front of the crowd, making him get on his knees, and then shooting him. It seems as if this may have no significance, but to me it does. For one, seeing what happens to people who rebel in very subtle ways inspired Katniss to continue the path of defiance she had been taking the entire time, while also playing all the right cards to stay alive in the process. Another reason this turned around in a good way is because as we find out later, every district goes on strike. The death of this man, while maybe common within 11, definitely added pressure to the tension within 11, that eventually caused it to corrupt entirely. Terrible things occur in the story, but they always manage to get turned around in a positive way. District 8 gets bombed, a man in district 11 gets brutally killed, and Katniss is forced into the games once again. As I have described in the paragraphs above, every one of these events has a good result. In conclusion, I believe that the theme of The Hunger Games: Catching Fire is that good things can happen in unexpected ways.
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Feminism and the Hunger Games
Feminism has always been dominated by white woman's issues, and often will leave out African American woman's struggles. Also in cinema, being black has often correlated to being problematic. In the movie, The Hunger Games we see two main female characters, Katniss a young white female and Rue a young black female. In this essay I will be using feminist film analysis techniques and concepts, in particular a critical race theory lens, and bell hooks concept of the oppositional gaze, to shed light on the on going issues of black representation in the cinema. Even though The Hunger Games is seen by many as a pro feminist film, depicting a young woman conquering death without the help of a man, it fails to properly represent African American woman, and instead follows many stereotypes of black woman in film. Since media products are tools that shape the mind of society and assist in forming opinions on cultural identities and concepts, it is important to analyze them.
Through this film analysis I hope to expose the underlying layer of societies ways of thinking, and see how this way of thinking shapes black and white female characters. Firstly, it is important to recognize the differences in the roles Katniss and Rue play. Katniss (the white female protagonist) is depicted as a strong, complex, independent female warrior, and is very critical to the story line. Rue ( the black female sidekick) is shown to be weak, timid, and is a far less developed character. Her role seems to be in place only to emphasize Katniss's character traits, and does not show her as female warrior, but instead as a helpless girl whom Katniss needs to protect. The relationship between Katniss and Rue is complex, and does steer away from the stereotype that white and black females cannot be friends, but instead be must be competition. Their relationship shows Katniss as somewhat of a surrogate older sister to Rue and they build an alliance while in the game arena. Even though their relationship is seen as a positive female alliance, it instills the message that white woman have the upper hand. The directors of this film had an opportunity to build on Rue's character as well as Katniss and Rue's bond, but instead chose to kill her off shortly after her character was introduced.
Even in Rue's death scene the audience's sympathy was not towards Rue, but instead focused on Katniss's emotional pain while losing a friend. Secondly, Bell Hooks writing on the oppositional gaze is a concept that I found prominent in this movie. Instead of the typical feminist film critique that the male roles in cinema hold a dominant gaze over woman, we now see a white female dominance over black woman. While Katniss is free from any gaze, Rue is still subjected to the white female gaze. In the entire Hunger Games movie Rue gets only a few shots, and majority of these shots are from Katniss's point of view. While these shots do provide background to Rue's character's, it doesn't allow the audience a chance to connect with her role, therefore they will continue to relate and sympathize with Katniss more. By choosing to film Rue from Katniss's POV for majority of the scenes, the movie follows the stereotype that black woman are in the position of other in a white dominated culture. Even when representations of black women were present in film, our bodies and being were there to serve, hooks argues. Rue's role in this film is consistent with Hook's claims that while black woman may be included in film, they're often playing roles that are only in place to serve meaning to more prominent white roles. Lastly, as a viewer it is vital to view movies through a critical race theory lens. Critical race theory , is the view that race, instead of being biologically grounded and natural, is socially constructed and that race, as a socially constructed concept, functions as a means to maintain the interests of the white population that constructed it (brittanica.com).
When viewing The Hunger Games through this C.R.T lens it could be assumed that African Americans were only included in this movie to fulfill a quota. Besides Rue, there were only two other speaking roles which black individuals played, and if taken out of the movie there would be no substantial differences to the story line. By including Katniss and Rue's relationship in the movie it allows a white viewer to feel satisfied with the inclusion of diversity, but doesn't make them give up their self imposed superior title, which places it in what I would like to call a racial comfort zone. In conclusion, I believe that The Hunger Games shows a lot of feminist film potential, but fails to properly represent black woman and their experiences. Through analysis of Rue and Katniss's roles we are able to see the differences in their character traits. While Katniss is a strong, active, and complex character, Rue is timid, relatively weak, and far less developed. Katniss is seen by the audience as a female warrior, and Rue is not. Rue mirrors the problems that white women were faced with in classical cinema, such as passivity in action, being the target of an oppositional gaze and never being the protagonist.
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The Best Selling Novel: the Hunger Games
The Hunger Games is one of the best selling novel which subsequently developed into one of the most viewed novel based movies. So what is the hunger games series? what makes the series so exceptional that it had the third highest grossing opening weekend in U.S history (Dubrofsky, and Ryalls, 2014) ? The film revolves around an annual event in which one male and one female each are selected from 12 districts surrounding the capitol via lottery. Whoever gets selected takes part in a mandatory televised game to death. Each participant is under 24-hour surveillance, calls to mind reality tv which was know as RTV (Dubrofsky, and Ryalls, 2014). The film hunger games is a work of fiction that revolves around the lives of people participating in the games. The whole story of hunger games revolves around one female character Katniss Everdeen, A female protagonist in the film with a performing not performing whiteness and femininity qualities. Katniss is positioned as the hero of the film. She is one of the most radicle female characters to appear in American movies (Dubrofsky, and Ryalls, 2014).
After reading the article The hunger games: performing not performing to authenticate femininity and whiteness, It can be concluded that there is a greater depth to the story if analyzed by a critical lens. I came to an understanding that the film hunger games is so much more informative, especially after reading the article by Dubrofsky and Emily ryalls' ''The Hunger games: Performance not-performing to authenticate femininity and whiteness''. The article critiques and compares the film with other films and how the protagonist of the film is female with a number of conventionally ''masculine'' qualities. In my essay, I will be including a variety of examples from the movie and the article about authenticity, ''centering whiteness, post-racism, exceptional whiteness and femininity (Dubrofsky, and Ryalls, 2014). It will explain and provide clarity and answers about the deepest ideas included in the book and how the world would be a different place if stereotypes and gender roles did not exist in our society. My interest in Katniss began to develop when I noticed in the beginning of the film , Katniss a white female who instantly gets attention when her 12-year-old sister prim gets selected for hunger games and instead Katniss decides to volunteer to participle and becomes an instant hero in the film hunger games (Dubrofsky, and Ryalls, 2014). After all the members from the district get selected, Katniss is seen travelling to her destination with her mentor. A white female later is seen with her mentor who is also a white citizen of capitol. Which is to be believed as being coincidental. Not only this but prior to the games, When Katniss gets there for her training, she meets the career tributes from the different districts who are also all white characters. So the question that arises here is whether the hunger games only focused on displaying whiteness in their film. According to the Dubrofsky and Ryalls article, RTV authenticates how heroism is linked with whiteness and played a big factor in Katniss performing not performing. RTV sets the standards in relations to the presence of whiteness in the hunger games (Dubrofsky, and Ryalls, 2014). It is a white person who is seen the most on RTV and, every other color participant has to behave authentically under surveillance(Dubrofsky, and Ryalls, 2014, p 50) .Katniss's appearance is seen to be setting the standards for exceptional whiteness in the story.
She was one of the exceptional white character with blemish free skin, naturally red lips, high cheekbones, shiny hair, and white and straight teeth. She never displayed any nervousness on her physical appearance and surprisingly while coming from a poor background she still does not display any signs of malnourishment in her. As we know Katniss is seen without her make-up for most of the story but still embraces natural white beauty, mostly through lighting(Dubrofsky, and Ryalls, 2014, p 51). According to Dyer (1997), Katniss was a naturally beautiful white women whose credit he gives to the characteristic glow of white women. (Dubrofsky, and Ryalls, 2014, p 51). There were a number of scenes in which Katniss's skin was glowing majorly because of the lighting and the frames used on her. The standard of whiteness set by the characteristics of Katniss not only contrast to black people but to the other white members in the film as well. The exceptional whiteness of Katniss could be compared with another while characters in the film. Effie for instance is another white female in the film who is not portrayed as heroic as Katniss. She on the other hand is displayed as a female with rough facial features. Effie's bumpy skin and ghostly white foundation on her face are highly noticeable throughout the hunger games. Sadly white exceptionalism is not the only problem seen in the film, the Author talks about the naturalizing of whiteness through the casting of the film. Notably, the physical characteristics of Katniss are very different in the novel as compared to the film. In the novel, Katniss is described as an olive colored female with grey eyes and black hair, leaving her racially open to many races, but the film portrays Katniss as white female (Dubrofsky, and Ryalls, 2014).Centering whiteness without paying attention to the fact is not a mistake rather is something that Projansky and Ono call strategic whiteness (Dubrofsky, and Ryalls, 2014). Dubrofsky and Ryalls challenge the myth of post-racism as they point out Katniss's whiteness highlighting the main story.
While black people were present for a significant amount of time in the film, They were still seen as secondary members in the hunger games. Cinna and rue for instance, two black members who are usually seen in typical fashion in the film, Their typical fashion is presented in a way which promotes the centering of white hero: Katniss. Surprisingly, these secondary members were usually seen in the fashion which is not different than something white people would wear. None of them were portrayed as a hero, but instead, through the film they sacrifice to make Katniss win the game. In the post-racial context, Rue, a secondary black character plays the most significant role as sacrificing himself, which enables Katniss to win the hunger games. Although, Post-racism can be seen in the scene where Katniss was centered for her caring action towards Rue as she stays with her while she dies. It is very rare occurrence, to see a person of color being highlighted in the film and unsurprisingly, the one single time a person of color gets highlighted in the film is when ''Thresh, a black masculine male who is physically strong and does not speak much, saves Katniss's life in the honor of Rue. (Dubrofsky, and Ryalls, 2014).This was the only time when a black characters takes the center stage. Thresh was being focused by RTV in the honor of rue. Naturally, A moment focused on a colored person on saving the heroic Katniss really questions post-racism in hunger games. However, after reading the hunger games article the portrayal of racial diversity in the film is both post-racial and racist in the sense that there is a significant number of colored people in the hunger games, but still not portrayed as the white people.
Although, It is confirmed that whiteness holds the standards of heroic racial identity in the film, Katniss also effortlessly sets the standard for heterosexual femininity displayed in the film. In the film, hunger games, Katniss's traits are not clear, there are many aspects of her appearance and performance that may display post-feminism and questions gender roles at the same time in the film. The character of Katniss displays the mixture of both masculine and feminine characteristics. Masculine because she is the protagonist in the film, she is someone who is not aware of her own beauty, she is a physically strong women who's brave, she is seen performing most of the action scenes in the film, and she does not express her emotions to connect with anyone else. These are the some of the examples that display Katniss's masculinity .Meanwhile, her overwhelming feminine characters like her role of caregiver in some situations, and family oriented personality, can be clearly observed in the film. In the whole film Katniss performing not performing manages to become attractive without making any efforts on her appearance , while on the other hand, ''Effie's appearance is marked by her efforts and the outfits that she wears. (Dubrofsky, and Ryalls, 2014). Authors talks about Katniss's characteristics as not those of a typical heroine who shows interest in the opposite sex, moreover, she shows the quality of being the perfect mother or wife.
The one example that I noticed is, despite having no interest in Peeta, a white male character, Katniss recalls her mother nurturing her sick parent and saves his life in the final hours of the game(Dubrofsky, and Ryalls, 2014). Lastly, Dubrofsky and Ryalls claim that Katniss appears in the American culture as a postfeminist, post racial role model but that, ideologically, The Hunger Games recreates familiar systems of oppression by portraying female goodness as deriving from maternal instincts and whiteness and, ultimately, affirms systems of sexism and racism (Dubrofsky, and Ryalls, 2014). however, after reading the analysis on the hunger games, I believe that there were efforts made by the film to portray Katniss as maternal . Maternal in the sense when Katniss ''lovingly pins a broach on prim, telling her the pin will protect her (Dubrofsky, and Ryalls, 2014, p 56). Thus, maternal nature does not contradict her heroic reputation because she only desires to win so she can go back and take care of her sister prim. In the light of this, I would like to conclude that Dubrofsky and Rayalls did a great job explaining the Hunger games: performing not performing to authenticate femininity and whiteness. It allowed me to gain insight into something that was not known to me. This essay has allowed me to analyze the hunger games through a critical lens. (Dubrofsky, and Ryalls, 2014).
The film hunger games breaks some serious stereotypes linked with females in the movie. The film portrays Katniss as a feminist not because she can fight other men but because she is capable of opening herself to the power which eventually helped her in winning the game. Typically a female is seen relying on a male hero and is presented as weak in the films however, In hunger games, Katniss is presented as an empowered female hero, who plays a key role in the authentication of whiteness and feminism. The whole story revolves around this white female with both masculine and feminine characteristics. She is the protagonist and seen performing most of the action scenes. Meanwhile, her caregiving nature is a clear sign of feminism. (Dubrofsky, and Ryalls, 2014). Her overlapping characteristics are what make the movie interesting. Katniss embodies post-feminism in the sense that she holds a powerful position with extraordinary athleticism, skills, and strength compared to heroines in other films.
Bibliography
- Dubrofsky, Rachel E., and Emily D. Ryalls. The Hunger Games: Performing Not-Performing to Authenticate Femininity and Whiteness. Critical Studies in Media Communication, vol. 31, no. 5, 2014, pp. 395–409., doi:10.1080/15295036.2013.874038.
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The Main Character of the Novel: the Secret Life of Bees
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Gone with the Wind: Racial Injustice
The Antebellum Era in the American South lasted roughly seventy-five years, beginning in the late eighteenth century and ending with the outbreak of the Civil War. During this time, Southern society was deeply divided by wealth. Only 0.1 percent of whites owned more than 100 slaves, while 76.1 percent owned none at all. Even so, Southern whites were unified by a deep belief in white supremacy. The poor saw slavery (and racism) as their only source of prestige. They were not ready to let it go (Corbett, et al).
By the mid-nineteenth century, the nation had become polarized over slavery. White Southerners ardently supported its preservation and expansion West. Conversely, every state north of the Mason-Dixon line had abolished it by 1804 (The Antebellum South). Abraham Lincoln's election to the presidency in 1860 made it clear that the schism between the North and South was irreparable. Over the next year, seven Southern states seceded from the Union and established the Confederate States of America. On April 12, 1861, Southerners fired the first shot of the Civil War at the government-controlled Fort Sumter in South Carolina. Four more states joined the Confederacy (Civil War).
Lincoln, desperate to preserve the Union, was initially hesitant to act against slavery. But in 1862, it was evident that black enlistment in the Yankee army was necessary (Fowler) and, the following year, Lincoln passed the preliminary Emancipation Proclamation to free over three million slaves in the South (Civil War; Reconstruction). This ultimately proved to be a successful military tactic: public opinion shifted to favor the North, the Confederacy lost much of its labor force and 186,000 black soldiers flocked to Union lines. On April 9, 1865, the Confederates surrendered to the Yankees. Seven days later, Abraham Lincoln was assassinated (Civil War).
Throughout the Civil War, Georgia was a significant aid to the South. The state seceded on January 19, 1861 and, by that time, 25,000 soldiers had already enlisted to fight in the Confederate army. In 1864, General William T. Sherman tore through Georgia on his famous March to the Sea. He disconnected the last railroad supplying Atlanta, leaving the Confederates with no choice but to abandon the city. This Union triumph secured Lincoln's victory in the Presidential election that year (Fowler).
The Civil War was the bloodiest war fought on American soil in history: 620,000 soldiers lost their lives. So much bloodshed and devastation made it difficult to repair the schism that divided the North and South (Civil War). In May 1865, Vice President Andrew Johnson assumed the Presidency and announced his plans for Presidential Reconstruction. Johnson was a firm believer in the Union and states' rights. He allowed the South to take restoration into its own hands as long as it respected the Thirteenth Amendment, which had abolished slavery throughout America that December. With such leniency, the South was able to restrict the freedom of former slaves through a set of laws known as the black codes. Outraged, many Northerners renounced their support for Presidential Reconstruction and instead endorsed a more progressive approach, termed Radical Reconstruction. This movement gave African-American men a voice in politics for the first time in the nation's history and, if somewhat temporarily, made great strides toward improving race relations (Reconstruction).
Part II - The Film
The film Gone with the Wind (1939) begins in 1861. The sun is setting on the cherished land of Cavaliers and Cotton Fields, and everywhere, white men eagerly anticipate the war that will silence their Northern adversaries.
Scarlett O'Hara, the film's protagonist, is a classic Southern belle. She is raised among the planter elite, tended to by the hundreds of slaves that work on her family's plantation. Her charm attracts many suitors, but Scarlett has set her sights on the dreamyand engagedAshley Wilkes. When she cannot convince him to leave his bride-to-be, Melanie Hamilton, Scarlett accepts a marriage proposal from Melanie's brother. Both he and Ashley leave to fight in the Confederate army shortly thereafter.
Scarlett is widowed as swiftly as she is wed: her husband dies of pneumonia soon after his departure. Ready for a change in scene, she goes to live with Melanie and her Aunt Pittypat in Atlanta. Thus begins her acquaintance with Captain Rhett Butler, a rich blockade runner with a deplorable reputation. He had previously witnessed Scarlett's love confession to Ashley and, observing her character, fallen in love with her.
Meanwhile, Union General Sherman blazes through Georgia, leaving the state in ruins. He lays siege on Atlanta, scattering the townsfolk and the forcing the Confederate army to desert. Rhett Butler helps Scarlett and a recently mothered Melanie escape. When the women return home, they find Ashley's plantation abandoned and burned to the ground. Tara, the O'Hara's plantation, is deserted: only two slaves and Scarlett's sickly family remain. There is no food to eat, nor money to spend. But Scarlett does not lose hope and sets everyone to work to recover what was lost.
The Confederacy surrenders. Thousands of soldiers trudge home through the broken South. Among them are the unwelcome Carpetbaggers and Yankees, intent on disrupting the long-standing social order of Georgia. The taxes on Tara skyrocket and a formerly destitute couple offers to buy it from Scarlett. Infuriated, Scarlett's father mounts a horse and chases after their carriage, jumping a fence and falling to his death. Still unable to pay the taxes, Scarlett convinces her sister's lover, Frank Kennedy, that her sister has forgotten him. They marry, and Frank pays the debts on Tara.
One day, Scarlett is attacked while driving her carriage. Frank goes after her assailants and is shot in the head. Rhett Butler seizes this opportunity to propose to Scarlett. She accepts, they move to Atlanta, and soon after, Scarlett gives birth to a baby girl named Bonnie.
Scarlett and Rhett have a rocky marriage. It is clear to both parties that Scarlett has not forgotten Ashley, and jealousy consumes her husband. When Scarlett and Ashley are discovered embracing, Rhett suggests divorce. He leaves for London with Bonnie, returning only when she begs for her mother. When they arrive, Scarlett tells Rhett that she is pregnant. During a heated argument, she hurls herself at him, falling down the steps and losing the baby.
A whirlwind of tragedy ensues. Scarlett recovers, but only just before Bonnie falls to her death in a horse jump and breaks the last bond between her and Rhett. Melanie Hamilton also dies in childbirth. It is then that Scarlett realizes how much she loves Rhett, but she is too late. He leaves her, saying frankly, my dear, I don't give a damn.
Part III - Comparison & Evaluation
The 1939 film Gone With the Wind is a rose-colored idealization of the Old South. It speaks more to the sentiments of 1930s Southerners than it does to actual events; the film can be regarded as no more than a glimpse into the Southern white's perspective.
Gone with the Wind is rife with inaccuracies, but the portrayal of African-Americans is perhaps the most distorted. 1930s cameras transformed systematic degradation into a mutually beneficial exchange between master and slave. The enslaved peoples are depicted as happy in their lifelong servitude; they have no desire to leave their masters--even after they are legally freed by the Union--and the runaways are portrayed as foolish victims of Yankees propaganda. Incompetent and unintelligent, slaves repeatedly turn to their astute masters for guidance (Portrayal of Race Relations: Gone with the Wind). Mitchell respins the Civil War to ennoble the Confederates, painting the Union as a brutish intruder out to dismantle Southern society. Mitchell's decidedly racist take on slavery was likely influenced by the political realities of her day. Slavery was dissolved in the mid-nineteenth century, but racism continued to plague the Nation long after abolition. The 1930s was marked by lynchings, segregation and stark prejudice against black people that bled into literature and cinema. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People boycotted the film after its release in 1939 (A History of Racial Injustice).
Scarlett O'Hara, the brilliant and beautiful protagonist, bears little resemblance to the traditional Southern wife--indeed, she weds three times, lusts after a married man and murders a Yankee soldier. But most importantly, Scarlett seizes control of her own finances to ensure the economic stability of her family, often at the expense of weaker men. Scarlett is a personification of the changing gender roles in the 1930s, when the Great Depression forced women into the workplace. This phenomenon, in conjunction with flappers and bold actresses, popularized a more modern view of women that influenced many literary and cinematic works of the era (Ebert).
Gone with the Wind, although decidedly flawed, had some historical factualisms. The high morale expressed by Southern gentlemen in the beginning of the film was documented repeatedly in history. The Confederates were fighting to preserve a way of life, not the abstraction of the Union, and therefore approached the war more passionately than did the North (Civil War). Atlanta was also accurately portrayed. Scarlett goes to the bustling city to live with Melanie and her Aunt Pittypat. There, she and Melanie nurse fallen soldiers in churches and other makeshift hospitals. As the Union General William T. Sherman approaches Atlanta, thousands flee the city. Scarlett and Melanie manage to escape only as it is going up in flames. Truly, the population of Atlanta did skyrocket during the war. Sherman's famous March to Sea caused an influx of refugees to pour in from demolished cities in Georgia; the Atlantan population reached almost 22,000 in 1864. As the population grew, so did its productivity: it became a hub for the manufacturing of weapons and clothing. There was not enough room in the hospitals for the wounded, so soldiers received care in municipal buildings (Davis). But the same daily cannon fire described in the film reduced the city to rubble in August, 1864. That month, Sherman cut the last rail line to Atlanta, forcing Confederate troops to abandon the city (Fowler).
Gone with the Wind (1939) is inherently flawed. It idealizes the Antebellum South, dehumanizes African-Americans and vilifies the Union. The film cannot be used to understand the true history of the time period. However, it provides insight into the emotions felt by the Confederacy. It is likely that they saw society the way it is depicted in the movie, and one cannot truly appreciate history without understanding all perspectives, no matter how warped. To this end, it could be used to educate students on viewpoints that are discussed less frequently in history class. It has other redeeming qualities, as well. Scarlett is, frankly, a more progressive female lead than those of modern-day Hollywood. The film is quite faithful to the book by Margaret Mitchell. And from an artistic standpoint, the cinematography is unmatched. The colors and backdrops were groundbreaking in the 1940s and are still dazzling by today's standards. It is difficult to overlook the blatant racism of Gone with the Wind, but it is undeniably a cinematic masterpiece.
Works Cited
A History of Racial Injustice. A History of Racial Injustice - Equal Justice Initiative, Equal Justice Initiative, racialinjustice.eji.org/timeline/1930s/.
Civil War. History.com, A&E Television Networks, 2009, www.history.com/topics/american-civil-war/american-civil-war-history.
Corbett, Scott P., et al. Wealth and Culture in the South. Lumen Learning, Open SUNY Textbooks, courses.lumenlearning.com/ushistory1os2xmaster/chapter/wealth-and-culture-in-the-south/.
Davis, Stephen. Civil War: Atlanta Home Front. New Georgia Encyclopedia, University of Georgia Press, www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/civil-war-atlanta-home-front.
Ebert, Roger. Gone With the Wind Movie Review (1939) | Roger Ebert. RogerEbert.com, Ebert Digital LLC, 21 June 1998, www.rogerebert.com/reviews/great-movie-gone-with-the-wind-1939.
Fowler, John D. Civil War in Georgia: Overview. New Georgia Encyclopedia, Georgia Humanities and the University of Georgia Press, www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/civil-war-georgia-overview.
Gone with the Wind Awards. IMDb, IMDb.com, Inc., www.imdb.com/title/tt0031381/awards.
Portrayal of Race Relations: Gone with the Wind. SparkNotes, SparkNotes, www.sparknotes.com/film/gonewiththewind/section4/.
Reconstruction. History.com, A&E Television Networks, 2009, www.history.com/topics/american-civil-war/reconstruction.
The Antebellum South. Lumen Learning, Open SUNY Textbooks, courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-ushistory/chapter/the-antebellum-south/.
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The Sun Also Rises – Analysis Essay
The Sun Also Rises focuses primarily on the dissolutions of the post-war generation and how they cannot find their place in life. In Hemingway's text, Jake Barnes is one of the lost men. Jake wastes his life on being alone and drinking the majority of the time. Within the first half of the book, Robert Cohn asks Jake, Don't you ever get the feeling that all your life is going by and you're not taking advantage of it? Do you realize you've lived nearly half the time you have to live already? To this, Jake answers, Yes, every once in a while. Jake is an example of the lost men, having the freedom to choose his place, but having chosen poorly.
The novel shows how characters learn how to leave as a result of something traumatic occurring. The main character, whom is searching for their path in life, is Jake. While in a carriage ride early on in the story, Jake refuses a kiss from Georgette. Jake tells the excuse that he is sick. Everybody's sick. I'm sick too, Georgette tells Jake. The motivation of using being sick as an excuse is shown during a conversation between Jake and the Count. The Count tells Jake that is the secret. You must get to know the values. In order to search for these values, you must however have the willingness to pay the price. First one must acquire them, and then one can live by them.
The characters had a each been harmed either mentally or physically from the war. From where they are now, it can all be traced back to the war. Jake, for one, had a physical war injury, leading to it being mental. Being emasculated, Jake's affair with Brett turned into a comical visual, which he admits. Jake's wound is a metaphor of the entire lost generation. While Jake's wound deprives him of the ability to perform sexually, the symbolic importance is that it does not rid him of the desire. The characters of the novel often desire fulfillment and purpose, but lack the ability to find it.
Visualized in the shoe box project, Jake shows his desire to be alone. Jake receives a guest while at home, Aren't you working? He said. No, Jake said. They went downstairs to the cafe. Jake had found the best way to get rid of friends. He had found that once you have a drink, all he needed to say was: Well, I've got to get back and get off some cables, and it was done. This showing that Jake predominantly felt happiest when he was along.
There was one occurrence of Jake feeling completely happy, which was when he and Bill went on a fishing trip. On this trip in Bayonne, there were no women, all that the men did was fish, drink wine, and talk. When they had returned to town, Jake met Brett at San Sebasti??n, his peacefulness is destroyed.
One of Jake's old friends, Montoya, owns a hotel. Montoya was a patron of bullfighting. He is one whom admires and accepts Jake for appreciating and understanding bullfighting. Montoya trusts Jake so much that he asks him for advice about how to handle Romero, who may well be the youngest and greatest bullfighter. Understanding the implications of his actions, Jake introduces Brett to Romero, which breaks Montoya's trust in Jake. Due to Romero's frustrated love for Brett, he is opened to Brett's bad influence. Once Jake realizes his own weaknesses, he finds that it had cost him his aficionado status.
The majority of Jake's actions lead to him being alone, which he seems to enjoy most. Even when he is on the fishing trip in Bayonne, Bill sings a song about pity and irony, which seems to be the overall tone of his character. There is pity when it comes personal suffering and endless searching. However, there is irony when it comes to separation of characters.
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Characters: Jake Barnes and Lady Brett Ashley in “The Sun Also Rises”
On the last page of The Sun Also Rises by Ernest Hemingway, lead characters Jake Barnes and Lady Brett Ashley come to a verbal understanding that they can never be together. As Jake is impotent and Brett someone who heavily values sex, a long-term physical relationship between the two will never realistically work. However, I find it striking that, despite the outward sentiment, Jake and Brett are, in fact, together. The many suitors that Brett had fallen in and out of love with throughout the story are nowhere to be found, and it is Jake who is by her side. While physical limitations may not allow for a traditional relationship between the two, it becomes clear here that Jake and Brett have developed a bond much greater than that. What is it that enables Jake – and no one else – to be by Brett's side by the end of the novel? I believe that it is Jake's possession of afici??n, or an enhanced masculinity, that grants him this togetherness with Brett. Where Jake begins the novel as an insecure man terrified to face his reality, he ends it self-assured enough to comfortably be with Brett without relentlessly chasing after her in a romantic sense. In this essay, I will further discuss the significance of afici??n and how Jake comes to realize it; he is the man with Brett by the end because of the reclamation process he undergoes throughout the novel to regain his masculinity.
Before the events of the novel take place, Jake had been rendered impotent due to an unfortunate accident that occurred during World War I. Though his friends don't necessarily seem to view him a negative light, he exists in this hyper-state of insecurity regarding a diminished view of his own masculinity. He attempts to behave in ways that a traditional male would – spending an evening with a prostitute, for example – in an attempt to prove to himself that, despite his condition, he is still a man. However, the traditional male persona that he tries to outwardly project does not help strengthen his relationship with Brett; as the novel progresses, though, Jake redefines what it means to be a man. The centered and self-assured person that Jake becomes is the only male character that Brett feels comfortable resting arm in arm with by the end of the novel. I would like to detail some of the ways in which Jake is able to make this transformation, and how his interactions with Brett develop as a result of it.
Jake's fishing trip with his friend Bill – an event described in extraordinary detail – is the first step in his transformation from a self-doubting man to one fully confident and aware of his afici??n. This scene is significant for a number of reasons – the first being a turning point in the novel in which Jake is revealed to be highly skilled at a traditionally masculine activity. As we have seen throughout the semester, Hemingway tends to describe sporting events – things that men should enjoy – with an intensity and passion that is not as noticeably found in other aspects of his stories, and he makes no exceptions with the way he describes Jake's performance as a fisherman. Jake's successful capture of the trout is depicted through careful and comprehensive detail, thereby portraying him as someone who understands the complexities of something that a man should understand. Even though he may have viewed himself as lesser, it becomes clear here that his physical deficiencies do not supersede his status as a man. This serves to foreshadow his position as an afici??n and someone capable of having bullfighting knowledge during the fiesta later in the novel. The larger impact of this scene, though, is how Jake is compared to Bill.
As I have mentioned earlier, it is Jake and no one else who ends up by Brett's side at the end of the novel. The fishing scene is one of the major indications throughout the text of why Jake is granted this status above anyone else. While fishing, Jake and Bill split up; as Bill goes to a calmer area downriver, Jake decides to test his skills at the strongest part of the waterfall. Despite this challenge, Jake actually catches double the amount of fish that Bill does. This is significant because it establishes Jake as a man who can remain composed and find success in uncontrollable environments. Once the story shifts to the fiesta, and things begin to devolve into madness, Jake's friends all lose themselves; as evidenced here through his skills as a fisherman, though, Jake is able to remain poised in the face of difficulty. This ability to maintain his focus amidst the harsh rapids plays directly into the fiesta in which Jake is the only male character able to stay calm and centered despite the chaos.
Upon arriving to Pamplona, Jake's masculinity becomes something recognizable to others. Montoya, the head of the hotel they stay at, singles out Jake from his friends, telling him that they're .not aficionado like you are (Hemingway 136). To Montoya, Jake's injuries do not matter; the only thing that is important is that he possesses afici??n. Hemingway describes the ways in which afici??n raises one's status at the fiesta:
Afici??n means passion. An aficionado is one who is passionate about the bull-fights. All the good bull-fighters stayed at Montoya's hotel; that is, those with afici??n stayed there.Photographs of bull-fighters who had been without afici??n Montoya kept in a drawer of his desk. They often had the most flattering inscriptions. But they did not mean anything. One day Montoya took them all out and dropped them in the waste-basket. (Hemingway 136)
At the fiesta, all of the aficionados stick together; their coalition is portrayed as a place for men to be amongst other men who share a similar passion for bullfighting. All other men present at the fiesta – that is, those who do not possess afici??n – are not as important; so, despite Jake's limitations as a man, he becomes the unquestioned leader of his group. Jake shares moments with Montoya, as well as with the bullfighter Romero, someone who Montoya also describes as being an aficionado. This links two men who, on the surface, could not be more different; just as Romero can keep his focus in the center of the arena, Jake is able to stay composed in the middle of the frenzied fiesta.
Jake's conversation with Romero is another key moment in the text. In it, Romero, an esteemed and popular bullfighter, actually defers to Jake's impression of the bulls before revealing his own opinions. It is almost as if Romero is afraid that his thoughts might differ from an aficionado like Jake. Through this conversation, it becomes clear that Jake is on the same level as someone who is considered the ultimate afici??n. This is a striking transformation for Jake to go from someone who turned away the advances of a prostitute due to his uncertainty about his own status as a man to someone embraced by a bullfighter who is portrayed as the most in touch with his masculinity. Jake's knowledge of bullfighting, then, enables him to reaffirm his own masculinity, regardless of traditional standards of what it means to be a man. The conversation with Romero allows Jake to reclaim the masculinity that he felt he had lost, and this subsequently gives him the ability to remain calm amidst the chaos of the fiesta. If tumultuous events such as getting knocked out by Cohn and watching Brett enter into a relationship with Romero had occurred earlier in the text, Jake may have been left feeling vulnerable and turbulent; now, however, he has found a way to navigate his way through these events with an ease that he did not previously have. This level-headedness is the reason why Jake and Brett can be together at the end of the novel. While their friends and the world around them crumbles, Jake is the only one able to maintain his poise amid the chaos of Pamplona.
In the early parts of the novel, on the surface, it appears that the reasons Jake and Brett cannot be together is solely due to the physical nature of Jake's wounds. Far more significant than that, though, it is Jake's diminished mindset of who he is as a man that keeps him apart from Brett. When they ride in the taxi together in Paris, they are like two strangers (Hemingway 35). It is as if Jake feels like a relationship between the two of them is impossible because of their inability to express love for one another physically. However, while fishing with Bill, and through conversations with Montoya and Romero, Jake comes to a clearer understanding of what it means to be a man. His possession of afici??n, a trait described as a higher form of masculinity, allows him to regain and heighten a sense of self that he had lost during the war. His connection with Brett does not require the traditional masculinity that his friends can provide, but something greater – this connection is most obviously established while sitting with Brett in the bullfighting arena. Here, they can be publicly intimate together in a way that none of his friends have any chance of achieving.
Early in the novel, Jake and Brett display an intense amount of affection for one another. Brett shares things with him that she does not share with anyone else, and Jake is always thrilled to listen; however, they are stuck at a crossroads where, despite this love, they cannot be intimate with one another. Unlike other male characters, though, Jake eventually finds a way to translate the private moments of togetherness he shares with Brett to a more public setting. Robert Cohn, for example, once the fiesta begins, serves the novel solely to follow Brett around like a love-sick puppy; he is unable to separate their intimacy in San Sebastian from the public and overwhelming fiesta, and ultimately becomes a distant memory rather than a friend. Jake, on the other hand, finds a way to bridge this gap. Nowhere is this more apparent than when he helps Brett understand the bullfights.
When the bulls are brought into the arena, Jake gives Brett some insight into one of the bull's movements: Look how he knows how to use his horns.He's got a left and right just like a boxer (Hemingway 144). Brett, as a result, expresses extreme excitement in the ensuing moments when she sees the bull demonstrate the movements that Jake said it would. As I have discussed earlier, Jake's passion for bullfighting is no small subject in the text; instead, it acts as his defining characteristic and a way for him to reclaim his masculinity. Therefore, it is significant that he is able to share his passion with Brett, and this ultimately allows them to communicate on a level that none of the others can. Though they cannot be physically intimate, this shared bond over something described with intense beauty and passion brings them together more than Brett's interactions with other men do. This emotional intimacy supersedes the physicality that they lack – and that originally acted as a barrier between them – enabling them to share something much more significant. Where Cohn is unable to become someone who Brett enjoys the company of, Jake is effectively able to find a way for he and Brett to be linked through a common understanding of the passion of bullfighting. Because of this, Jake is the only character that Brett can truly be with.
Toward the end of the novel, Jake vacations in San Sebastian while Brett and Romero are in a relationship together. Earlier, Jake was constantly keeping tabs on Brett and had an inherent desire to know everything about his personal life; here, though, after reclaiming his masculinity, he has gained a calmness that allows him to live a more confident and self-assured life. Romero, the ultimate afici??n, is sent away by Brett because even he does not have this type of masculinity that Jake possesses. Romero urges Brett to change everything about herself because she does not meet his standards of traditional feminine beauty; because Jake is not a traditional man, Brett's more subversive appearance and behavior – shorter hair, for example – does not matter to him in the slightest. Where Romero does not accept Brett for who she is, Jake, through his own transformative identity change, is able to understand Brett on a deeper level than any other male character can.
At the end of the novel, Brett tells Jake, We could have had such a damned good time together (Hemingway 250). If Brett's musings about what could have occurred between herself and Jake had happened earlier in the novel, it is likely that Jake would have projected his insecurity upon her and subsequently pushed her away. Instead, though, the balance in his life he discovered in Pamplona allows him to remain poised in the face of Brett's monumental declaration. The possession of afici??n that he had gained both through experiences fishing with Bill and discussions with Montoya and Romero in Pamplona gives him the ability to rise above others who do not hold this enhanced masculinity and self-assured calmness. Transitioning from two strangers in the Paris taxi to Brett resting her head upon Jake's shoulder in Madrid, the two are publicly intimate in a way that Jake was uncomfortable with before the events of his fiesta and his regained sense of self. Jake's last line, Isn't it pretty to think so? (Hemingway 250), does not serve to limit the idea of what might have been, but rather brings up the possibility of a potential future between the two of them outside of what constitutes a traditional relationship.
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Maternal Care in Asian-Indian Culture
India is multicultural country with predominant Hindu population. Although, western medicine is widely popular across the country, healthcare belief in India is highly influenced by traditional Indian medicine named Ayurveda which is based on the idea of balance in bodily systems. It uses concept of balanced diet, herbal treatment, and yogic breathing.
Prenatal care for most women are followed better in urban area than in remote areas. Despite of having access to healthcare facilities, many urban women don't visit doctors as frequently as recommended by World Health Organization. According to Singh, A., Kumar, A., & Pranjali, P. (2014) Low use of maternal healthcare services is one of the reasons why maternal mortality is still considerably high among adolescents mothers in India. Most women from rural areas never visit physician for prenatal care due to poverty, lack of education and travel distance to healthcare facilities. Therefore, there are about thirty percent population of women still deliver their baby at home. Another group of women who don't receive prenatal care are unmarried pregnant women. Asian Indians believe that childbirth must be confined within marriage. Getting pregnant before marriage becomes a big deal as it brings shame and social isolation to the pregnant women as well as to her family. These women are hesitant to leave their house due to worry of being hurt physically or tortured mentally.
Diet during pregnancy is based on traditional Indian medicine Ayurveda. It plays an important role in determining on what type of food women should be eating during prenatal and post-natal stage. According to Wells, Young-Oak, and Elaine Dietsch (2014) high protein, acidic and salty foods are considered 'hot', and sweet food, vegetable and fruits are considered 'cold'. Most of pregnancy is seen as a 'hot' state, so 'hot' food is to be avoided, but towards the end of pregnancy, 'hot' food is recommended to help with birthing. The postnatal and lactating mother is in a 'cold' state therefore 'hot' food is recommended.
Belief and behavior during pregnancy varies with different group of people with status of education and socioeconomic factor. Some cultures force women to deliver at home, others get assistance from health care. Most women normally move to their maternal home in the beginning of third Semester and stay up to a month post-partum. They believe that they receive better care at maternal home rather than at their own home where they may need to get engaged with lot of work. To relieve ache and pain during pregnancy, they are massaged daily by a family member particularly by her mother. Evidence support,
After delivery, baby is given a bath immediately. Bath is continued up to three months on daily basis. To strengthen baby's health and wellbeing, baby is massaged with warm mustard oil and baby is exposed in sun every morning. To ward off evil, Small black dot is applied on baby's forehead daily.
In Asian Indian culture, physical role of the father is very minimal during pregnancy but they endure all financial need of the family. Childbirth continues to be a women's affair where fathers are responsible for family's basic needs. Father are usually kept away from mother's room during delivery, in some cases, fathers are not even allowed to see the newborn till twelfth day when the naming ceremony takes place.
LVNs can play an important role while taking care of patients from this culture. LVNs should take advantage of patient's obstetrics visits as an important point of contact between HCP and pregnant women. Nurses can perform a cultural assessment that has details information about their cultural beliefs, values and practices so that their pre-natal and post-natal care can be culture-customized. LVNs can make a huge differences by teaching prenatal and postnatal care during doctor's visit.
Nurses face many challenges daily while taking care of wide diversity of people. With Asian Indians, commons challenges nurses face, are language barrier, not readily available female caregivers as they mostly prefer female caregivers. Large numbers of women are even unaware of availability of Indian food at Wester healthcare settings. Some women are not very open with health care providers about their reproductive issues.
It is important for nurses to arrange an interpreter to communicate with patients so that there is no communication gap between patients and nurses. McKinney's Maternal-Child Nursing (2018) outlines that cultural differences between healthcare workers and families may complicate the maternal care. Therefore, Nurses must be a culturally sensitive and they shouldn't be judgmental while taking care of these patients.
References:
Wells, Young-Oak, and Elaine Dietsch (2014).Childbearing Traditions of Indian Women at Home and Abroad: An Integrative Literature Review. Women and Birth, Retrieved from https://www.womenandbirth.org/article/S1871-5192(14)00086-9/pdf
McKinney, E. S. (2018). Maternal-child nursing 6th Edition
Patra, S., Arokiasamy, P., & Goli, S. (2016). Relevance of Health Knowledge in Reporting Maternal Health Complications and Use of Maternal Health Care in India. Health Care for Women International, 37(5), 531–549. https://doi.org/10.1080/07399332.2014.946509
Singh, A., Kumar, A., & Pranjali, P. (2014). Utilization of maternal healthcare among adolescent mothers in urban India: evidence from DLHS-3. PeerJ, 2, e592. doi:10.7717/peerj.592https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4226640/pdf/peerj-02-592.pdf
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The Missouri Compromise: Slavery in America
Thomas Jefferson had written in the Declaration of Independence that all men are created equal. The Patriots, from the original Thirteen Colonies, emphasized this idea of equality as they believed that they deserved their independence from Great Britain. During that period of time, no one would have ever predicted the damage the institution of slavery in America would create years later. Many would have never believed that slavery would be the conflict that would tear the country apart and bring them into the Civil War, the bloodiest war in American history. The issue was due to the lack of control of slavery within the country, as the ideas of the North and South often conflicted between one another. The division between the North and the South only increased as the acts passed to control and assist in abolishing slavery were only ignored by the people. However, once Missouri made a petition to enter the United States as a slave state, the issue of slavery could not have been disregarded, and a resolution was needed to solve this conflict.
Although the Missouri Compromise of 1820 was necessary to temporarily resolve the conflict of slavery, it was detrimental to the country's stability since it was a primary long- term cause of the Civil War as tensions between the Northern and Southern states increased.Before the Missouri Compromise and Civil War, the people of the United States were already divided due to the previous tensions regarding slavery between the North and the South. Since the South needed slaves in their plantations and for the growth of their economy, the people in the South believed that abolishing slavery would destroy their political, economic and social way of life in the South (Infobase 1). However, the people in the North had the desire to abolish slavery because the enslavement of African Americans betrays fundamental principles of human liberty upon which the U.S. was founded (Infobase 1). The North believed that the Federal Government can limit slavery due to what is stated in the Constitution, as well as Thomas Jefferson's repeated idea that all men are created equal. This displays the controversy present between the North and the South based on their views and their needs for the success of the economy, leading to tensions between the North and the South. Not only was the Missouri Compromise created to control the progression of slavery, but the Act of 1807 stated that by January 1, 1808, it would not be lawful to import or bring into the United States [...] any negro, mulatto, or person of colour, with intent to hold, sell, or dispose of such [person] as a slave, to be held to service or labour."" (Kugler 1). This act was meant to implement the stop to slave trade as a penalty of up to $20,000 would be the result of anyone who was building a ship or planning to use an existing ship for slave trade.
Moreover, any American citizen caught trading slaves after January 1, 1808 would have to pay a fine of $10,000 and serve five to ten years in prison. The Act of 1807 was included in the plan to end slavery, since ending international trade of slaves meant slaves would be limited in America, decreasing the number of slaves present in the United States. Despite the establishment of the Act of 1807, the South disregarded this act, and continued to trade slaves after January 1, 1808. This displayed the lack of control the Federal Government had regarding slaves in the United States, and caused numerous people to overlook the conflict of slavery in America.Although the issue of slavery was avoidable in the past, it became an issue that was inevitable once the territory of Missouri had a population of 60,000 people. This was mainly because Missouri had the minimum amount of people needed to allow representation in the United States government. Since the territory of Missouri can officially become a state, the people in this territory sent a petition to Congress to begin to recognize Missouri as a slave state since 10,000 people in Missouri were slaves. Slavery became an issue that was inescapable when Missouri sent a formal petition of statehood in 1819 because if it had been admitted as a slave state, Missouri would have tipped the balance in the Senate toward slave states. (EBSCOhost 1).
This presents the dilemma that the people in the United States were facing because the balance between the 11 slave states and 11 free states would be disrupted if Missouri were to enter the nation. Missouri was not able to be either a slave state nor a free state because the North or the South would have disagreed regarding the decision with which side receives the advantage of having an additional state. Even though there may have been controversy regarding this issue within the general population, the conflict mainly lied in the Senate. When a decision needs to be made through Congress, it must go through both the House of Representatives and the Senate. Since there was a larger population in the North, the North had the majority in the House of Representatives. However, the Senate was composed of an equal amount of members from each state. Since there were previously 11 slave states and 11 free states, there was no majority in the Senate and all bills regarding slavery were easily overlooked. On the contrary, if Missouri became a free state, the North would not only have the majority in the House of Representatives, but also have the majority in the Senate. This would mean that every bill would be decided based on the opinions and ideas of the free states and slavery could easily be abolished. The South disagreed with the decision to enable Missouri to become a free state for this particular reason. If Missouri were to become a slave state, the South would have the majority in the Senate and this could lead to the continuation of slavery which the North opposed.
The controversy only increased as opponents of slavery wanted Missouri to eliminate the institution prior to being admitted as a state; proponents thought that was a matter for Missouri alone to decide. (Infobase 1). Due to the controversy between the North and the South regarding Missouri's position in this nation, Speaker of the House, Henry Clay, solved the problem at least temporarily by admitting Missouri as a slave state and Maine (formerly part of Massachusetts) as a free state. (ABC-CLIO 1). Allowing Missouri to be a slave state will disrupt the balance, but breaking away Maine from Massachusetts and allowing Maine to be a free state will create the balance between the North and the South. These two additions would enable the nation to have a balance of 12 free states and 12 slave states, allowing a balance in the Senate as well. Furthermore, the Missouri Compromise also stated that people living in territory which lies north of thirty-six degrees and thirty minutes north latitude, (EBSCOhost 1) cannot own any slaves. If one were to be caught owning slaves in this territory, there will be punishment of crimes whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall be and is hereby forever prohibited, (EBSCOhost 1). This demonstrates that slavery is restricted above parallel 36 degree 30 degree latitude line, and this territory is considered as Northern territory. This compromise was able to temporarily resolve the conflict regarding Missouri's position in the country and solved the dispute between the North and South.
The Missouri Compromise solved the past conflict regarding the issue of slavery, but it only led to a greater issue in the nation. Some think that the Missouri Compromise made the north seem more aggressive in its anti-slavery views and contributed to southern resentment, which may have led to the Civil War occurring sooner (Infobase 1). Others believe that the Missouri Compromise postponed the internal conflict of slavery because there was talk of secession and civil war, but the crisis was averted by the 1820 Missouri Compromise, (ABC-CLIO 1). Although it is arguable if the Missouri Compromise passed in 1820 led to the Civil War, it is definite that repealing the Missouri Compromise was a long term cause of the Civil War because it contributed further to the division between the Northern and Southern states regarding the issue of slavery. Members in Congress believed that the localization of the question in the Territories, and leaving it to the people to decide for themselves was the best and surest way to settle it, (The New York Times 1). Although the Kansas- Nebraska Act allowed each territory to decide whether it will be a slave or free state by the idea of popular sovereignty, this particular act also repealed the Missouri Compromise.
Kansas should have been deemed a free state by the Missouri Compromise, since it was in Northern Territory and north of thirty-six degrees and thirty minutes north latitude. If, by popular sovereignty, Kansas decides to be a slave state, this would violate the Missouri Compromise, causing the long-standing compromise [...] to be repealed [...] Territory north of the sacred 36°30' line was now open to popular sovereignty (U.S. History 1). The North viewed the act of repealing the Missouri Compromise as an act in which Congress allowed the South to have more control in Congress even though there was no majority with the balanced number of free and slave states. Not only was the North and the South divided even further as the South was more aggressive in their pro- slavery sentiments (Infobase 1), but the Whig Party, one of the two major political parties during that era, was also divided. This was shown due to the fact that every northern Whig had opposed the bill; almost every southern Whig voted for it. With the emotional issue of slavery involved, there was no way a common ground could be found (U.S. History 1). The repeal of the Missouri Compromise led to the division of the Whig Party and the creation of two new parties. There was the Democratic Party which was comprised of the Southern Whigs, and the Republican Party which included the North with their anti-slavery views. The division between the North and the South, as well as Congress seeming to favor the South's views caused the North to feel inferior.
The people in the North felt that if the Compromise of 1820 was ignored, then there will only be inequality since their other compromises may be ignored as well. Thomas Jefferson, himself, even says that a much larger conflict will arise from this disagreement, as 'a geographical line, coinciding with a marked principle, moral and political, once conceived [...] will never be obliterated; and every new irritation will mark it deeper and deeper.' (Nettrekker 1). Although the Missouri Compromise temporarily resolved the conflict regarding the issue of Missouri's statehood, the repeal of this Compromise of 1820 only resulted in greater division between the North and the South. From the start of the new nation, there were already conflicts arising between the North and the South because of their differences in political and economic views. The South argued the slaves were essential to the growth of their economy as they needed people to work their plantations due to the need of tobacco and cotton for trade. On the other hand, the North believed that this institution was never built upon the growth of their new nation, and should be eliminated in this country. Many acts have been approved to assist in the abolition of slavery, including the Act of 1807, but these acts only showed how weak and uncontrolling the issue of slavery is because none were taken seriously and were often ignored.
It was not until Missouri's formal petition to Congress regarding their statehood which created an issue of slavery that was not able to be disregarded. This led to the establishment of the Missouri Compromise which enabled the country to live in peace for a couple decades as the balance of free states and slave states was restored. However, once the Kansas- Nebraska Act was established in the United States, it caused the Missouri Compromise to be repealed. The reason being that Kansas should have been a free state by the Compromise of 1820, but this decision was left to popular sovereignty and the people in Kansas instead. The repeal of the Missouri Compromise triggered the North as the people felt that Congress was allowing the South to uphold more power. They felt this way in particular after the Southern states disregarded the parallel latitude which separated Northern and Southern territory. The division of the Whig Party was also apparent, and the North and South were only in rage with one another. What was thought to be a solution to hold the country together was only a part of the formula that established the Civil War.
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The Missouri Compromise: the Balance of Political Power
One of the most significant conflicts our nation has experienced was the controversy regarding the justification and acceptance of slavery. From the time slavery was legalized in the mid-1600s by the New England colonists to the subsequent years after the Civil War had ended, the debate involving the morality of slavery remained hostile. While most Northerners advocated anti-slavery, many Southerners continued to support slavery as it was already an accepted and commonplace part of their lives. Thus, when Missouri applied for statehood in 1819 and threatened to upset the balance of political power between free states and slave states, colonists were furious (American History, 2018). The Missouri Compromise of 1820, a bill regarding the state's entrance into the Union, aimed to resolve the feud and suggest an agreement for the balance of political power (Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2018).
Although the bill fought to diffuse the argument between anti-slavery and pro-slavery supporters, it was ultimately unsuccessful and detrimental, further pushing America to entering the Civil War in the early 1860s. On one hand, most Southerners supported slavery and therefore the ratification of the Missouri Compromise. They believed the Constitution served as a guide to allow states to decide whether slaves were permitted or not. However, the mere admittance of Missouri as a slave state would disturb the equity of political power between free states and slave states so the federal government declared the compromise, temporarily removing the state's reserved power to permit slavery or not (Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2018). Evidently, Southerners continued to fight for the state to be admitted as a slave state and lean political power towards pro-slavery states in the Senate (American History, 2018). In response, Congress suggested to admit Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state in an attempt to maintain balance. However, despite Congress' efforts, Southerners expressed weak support for the proposal.
On the other hand, many Northerners, especially politicians, were against the bill. Many of them were abolitionists and believed slavery was immoral (New World Encyclopedia, 2014). Many of them fought to prevent the ratification of the bill because they sought to rid the nation of slavery altogether. However, some Northerners had different intentions. Politicians who had been involved in the Federalist party attempted to create a campaign revolving around the issue of slavery to restore their political power (Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2018). They claimed they wanted to fight against the Southerners who were mostly pro-slavery when in actuality, they looked to reestablish Federalist power by utilizing the notorious attention surrounding the conflict of the Missouri Compromise. Despite overstated arguments from both sides, neither the Southerners or Northerners expressed strong attention for the issue at hand.
The compromise advanced through multiple congressional decisions and became an authority on the issue regarding the elimination of slavery in admission of states. Representative John Tallmadge suggested an amendment to the compromise which stated that no more slaves could be transported over the border. He also asserted that all children of slaves born in Missouri after its admission would be free after they turned twenty-five years of age (New World Encyclopedia, 2014). However, this did not settle well with the Senate. Discussion of the bill continued into a second session where the decision to admit Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state was made and would secure the balance of political power. The amendment by Jesse B. Thomas of Illinois also outlined the boundaries of the Missouri territory which excluded slavery (New World Encyclopedia, 2014). The compromise continued to be met with opposition and now faced the issue regarding the constitutionality of including the admission of both Missouri and Maine in the same bill (New World Encyclopedia, 2014). Henry Clay, a Kentucky Senator, suggested a clause which would declare that blacks and mulattos were not legitimate citizens of the United States of America, dismissing the conflict regarding the legalization of slavery in Missouri. This amendment is also known as the Second Missouri Compromise (New World Encyclopedia, 2014).
The continued opposition met with the compromise led to future court cases such as the Dred-Scott decision of 1857 where it was proclaimed unconstitutional. The Missouri Compromise was ultimately unsuccessful and repealed by the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1857 which furthered the avenue for the Civil War (New World Encyclopedia, 2014). The act reignited the conflict of whether states can decide if they are admitted as a free state or a slave state. The Missouri Compromise essentially set a precedent for the elimination of slavery from the states' public territory and brought attention to the boundaries of federal and reserved powers. After many rounds of amending and debating, the Missouri Compromise became a foundation for the admittance of states, whether slave or free.
The Missouri Compromise was first proposed to resolve the balance of political power between free states and slave states when Missouri's admittance into the Union came to light. The efforts of many Congressman were involved as the federal government sought to eradicate conflict. Unfortunately, the compromise was both unsuccessful and detrimental as it led to the succeeding Kansas-Nebraska Act which repealed it entirely and deemed it forgotten in the myriad of other constitutional affairs. It was also harmful and detrimental to the state of the Union because it ultimately led to the start of the Civil War by furthering tension between the general sides of the North and the South. The strain on the nation remained strong and unresolved as the debate between abolitionists and pro-slavery supporters infected the country.
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The Cultural Impact of the Beatles
The Beatles was an English rock and pop band that was active during the 1960s and was recognized as the most commercially successful and critically acclaimed in the history of popular music. This band was formed since 1962 by John Lennon who was the rhythm guitarist and vocalist, Paul McCartney who played the bass and was a vocalist, George Harrison who was guitar soloist and vocalist and finally Ringo Starr who played the drums also the vocalist. The band worked with different musical genres such as pop ballads and psychedelic rock, but also integrating classical elements for an innovative way in their songs. His big popularity emerged mainly with progressive ideals as they extended their influence in the community and cultural revolutions of the 1960s.
In the first half of the decade of the 60, the name The Beatles would appear as the definitive name of the band. The traditional version was based on the initiative of Stuart Sutcliffe, roommate of John Lennon who in January 1960 had joined the group as a bassist. Lennon for his part according to the stories and the media, contributed a play on words, changing the syllable "beet", for "beat", which in English sounds the same, with reference to the beat movement that made up the band.
The Beatles influence in popular culture was and remains gigantic. The way people worked for the construction of popular music, No one will be more revolutionary, more creative and more distinctive as they were The Beatles written by the editor Robert Greenfield Since the 1920s, Based on their roots in rock and roll, they became an influential worldwide phenomenon and in the United States had the popular culture of entertainment through Hollywood movies, jazz, Broadway music and Tin Pan Alley and, later, the rock and roll that first emerged in Memphis, Tennessee.
The Beatles were the first to innovate music videos. The originality of their clothing and especially their hairstyles, became a rebellious brand, because it had a big impact on fashion and society in their commercial success, have inspired musicians from all over the world. Many artists have recognized them as influences in their productions. In the middle of the radio, the appearance of the four musicians marked the beginning of a new era in the music media.
The Beatles changed the way the people listened to popular music and experienced that role in their own lives. This band came to be perceived by its young fanatics as the representatives of the ideals associated with cultural transformation. As icons of the counterculture of the 1960s, they became activism in various social and political spheres and inspired movements such as women's liberation, gay liberation, and environmentalism.
All in all, The Beatles a group composed of artists who had a great influence in the cultural and musical in the society, treating the rights to the woman, environmentalism among others by means of the music generating great steps in the community. Also, winners of many recognitions at the universal level where their musical genre passed through all the generations with the same force from the beginning.
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Martin Luther and the Protestant Reformation
Martin Luther was born in Eisleben in November fourteen eighty three. He was born into a wealthy family. He was a German monk who began the Protestant Reformation in the sixteenth century, and became one of the most influential and controversial figures in Christian history. Luther questioned f the basic foundations of Roman Catholicism, and his followers split from the Roman Catholic Church to begin the Protestant Church.
Martin Luther's parents, Hans and Margarethe Luther, were peasants. However Hans had some success as a miner, and in fourteen-eighty four the family moved from Eisleben to nearby Mansfeld, where Hans had mines. Hans Luther knew that mining was a tough business and wanted his son to have better than he did: He wanted him to become a lawyer. At age seven, Martin Luther went to school in Mansfield. At fourteen Martin Luther went north to Magdeburg, where he continued going to school. In fourteen-ninety eight, he returned to Eisleben and enrolled in school. He was studying grammar, rhetoric and logic. He later compared this experience to purgatory and hell.
In fifteen-eighteen, Martin Luther entered the University of Erfurt, where he received a Master of Arts degree in grammar, logic, rhetoric and metaphysics. At this time, it seemed he was on his way to becoming a lawyer.
On October thirty-first in the year fifteen seventeen Martin Luther nailed his ninety five theses on the church of All Saints'. With this act he declared war upon the roman catholic church. He protested the pope, and the selling of indulgences. The Roman Catholic was furious and sought to silence the Reformers.
Luther's main problem with the catholic church was Indulgences, which would lessen the impact of, or pardon, a person from his or her sins. In theory, indulgences were given to persons by the church on the contingency that the recipient carried out some form of good work or other specified acts. In practice, indulgences could be bought. This practice was heavily abused by the church, when they began relying upon their sales of indulgences as a way of gaining money, especially to pay for expensive building projects.
When Martin Luther went to visit Italy, Pope Leo X posted new indulgences for the funding of the reconstruction of the Basilica of St. Peter in Rome. This enraged Luther that popes were so open in asking the public to literally pay for their sins in return for a clear conscience. I also disagree with indulgences. No one can be fully rid of their sin. Some religions believe that you have to repent to their God or gods to be forgiven and must turn away from this sin or sins. The soul is not under Caesar's power, he wrote. He can neither teach nor guide it, neither kill it nor make it alive.
This breakaway was monumental for new religious revolutions. With this other forms of religion began to sprout. Eventually, new churches rose from the Reformation, forming four major sects of Protestantism: Luther's followers started the Lutheran Church, Calvin's followers started the Reformed Church, John Knox's followers started the Presbyterian Church in Scotland using Calvinistic doctrine, and, later on, Reformers in England started the Anglican Church.
Luther's revolt inspired other religious leaders in cities outside of Germany; Strasbourg, Geneva, Basel, and Lucca. In Z??rich Huldrych Zwingli, a Swiss leader of the Reformation, persuaded the city council and a large part of the population to accept a full program for the strict observance of the Gospel. Priestly celibacy was done away with. Baptism and the Eucharist,the Christian ceremony commemorating the Last Supper, in which bread and wine are consecrated and consumed. were still celebrated as sacraments, but the belief that during the Mass the bread and wine actually turned into the body and blood of Christ was abandoned. In Zurich Huldrych Zwingli's view, the Eucharist became a symbolic ceremony in remembrance of Christ's sacrifice. Sacred music was prohibited, and paintings in churches were destroyed. An armada of preachers was chosen to go out into the city and foment this rebellious new way of teaching.
The Church eventually acted to stop the act of rebellion . In October fifteen-eighteen, at a meeting with Cardinal Thomas Cajetan in Augsburg, Martin Luther was ordered to recant his ninety-five theses by the authority of the pope. Luther said he would not recant unless scripture proved him wrong. He went on, stating he did not consider that the papacy had the authority to interpret scripture. The meeting ended in a screaming and his excommunication from the Church.
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Depiction of Self-Reliance Responses
- In the piece, Self-Reliance by Ralph Waldo Emerson, Emerson makes various references and descriptions of what genius is, stating ...what he has said or done otherwise...shall give him no peace.in the attempt, his genius deserts him. (Emerson 20). The implied meaning given to the reader by Emerson is that genius amongst men, rather than only having certain thoughts, is when a man, no matter his thoughts, is able to truly and fully believe that those thoughts are the truth, and the only truth for oneself.
- In the text, Emerson states that he believes that in every person's life, they come across the conviction that, envy is ignorance; that imitation is suicide, (Emerson 20). And in this statement, Emerson tackles the many ideas that he himself presents himself throughout his essay of self-reliance. The first of which being that individuals should stay individual, that is, that a person should forge onward through their own path in life, and as a result, will be much better off than someone who did not do so. With this in mind, the statement refers to Emerson's ideas of individualism, and an individual who breaks away from social conformity in our society, and for Emerson, the ignorance and social conformity hinted at in his statement is what he is against. The idea that an individual who has true knowledge is one who stick to his own sense of identity, and remaining an individual apart from the socially conforming herd that is society, and as a result, achieving happiness, rather than lying under the shadows of others where one then suffers a slow death of their identity.
- Throughout the text, Emerson makes notes various comparisons between nonconformists, and the rest of society, both of which he holds different values towards in respect to his own perspective. Regarding the values Emerson holds for nonconformists in society, Emerson values the fact that, in society, nonconformists are truly individuals, creators who carve out their own path and views, and from there, reach their own personal truth of what they believe is right. Likewise, from Emerson's values about nonconformists, the values he has of society are implicitly derived from those same values, that, ...For nonconformity the world whips you with its displeasure... (Emerson 24). Emerson values of society are asserted that in society as a whole, nonconformity is viewed as a threat to their lie of stability, that society lies quaking in fear towards the uncertainty of reality, and as such, must adopt traditional practices and customs that appear consistent to others, rather than relying on only one's self.
- In the text, Emerson asserts his own meaning of what consistency really is through his own values, that, A foolish consistency is the hobgoblin of little minds, adored by little statesmen and philosophers and divines. With consistency a great soul has simply nothing to do. (Emerson 24). When Emerson speaks of consistency, the way in which he describes consistency is presented in such a way that relates to his views towards conformity and nonconformity in society. Of course, as time passes, the world constantly changes, and in society as a whole, people would rather follow the course of tradition, where they refuse openness towards new ideas or ways of thinking in order to solve problems. From this, the assertion that Emerson makes of consistency, is that, consistency is to reject 'outside the box' thinking, because, to the conformity of society, to openly think is to risk the stable traditions of society with the prospect of dealing with new problems, but as a result, the only thing the individual truly achieves is mediocrity in the face of one's potential for greatness, a false claim of knowing, in a world of constant unknowing.
- In the text, Emerson mentions two groups of people who he views as different, the, little statesmen and philosophers [and the] misunderstood. (Emerson 24). Comparing the two groups that Emerson mentions, the people who he categorizes for the misunderstood are many notable, and historical figures known today, such as, but not limited to, Pythagoras, Socrates, Newton, and Jesus. For the group of little statesmen and philosophers, the people who Emerson categorizes as this encompass a broader spectrum of people with power, such as bureaucrats and politicians. Comparatively, in regards to the differences between these two groups of people, the misunderstood are people who follow their own path made by their own intuition, and whether or not that path is one of inconsistency, the misunderstandings that others' have about them in their time show the trust they have in their beliefs in a society that tries to force off one off their own beliefs. In contrast, the bureaucrats and statesmen of society are people who refuse to rise against the social norm, whether that be in the form of an 'intellectual-wannabe', someone who seems to be able to answer any question, but only with ideas that serve to appease the masses, or someone who is too fearful to even speak out in fear of being seen as out of the ordinary.
- In the text, Emerson makes a more obscure statement that has more implied meaning through his values, rather than the words themselves, stating, the divine idea which each of us represents (Emerson 20). Regarding the text, Emerson's words refer to his his strong promoting of individualism, that is, when Emerson declares that every individual is represented by a 'divine idea', Emerson is making reference back to the Transcendentalism movement itself. So, the description he presents to us for every individual in society, is that of having an innate potential for unlimited greatness in one's lifetime given to one by God.
- In the text, Emerson makes the claim that, To be great is to be misunderstood. (Emerson 25). And in this claim made by Emerson, part of the meaning lies in his previous assertion that consistency is an urge made by society as a means of conforming, and appearing to be just like everyone else. With this in mind, the greatness of the person that Emerson references to is something any individual should agree with because, their willingness to believe in their ideas as the truth, and be themselves in a world that tries to change who they are, regardless of society's misunderstandings of them, as well as many other individuals, ...Pythagoras...Newton.[and] Luther, who were also misunderstood, but nonetheless, held firm to their own truth, were shunned by society, but are great because of that.
- In the text, Emerson makes the statement that, God will not have His work made manifest by cowards (Emerson 20). And in this assertion from Emerson, part of the meaning of it comes from what he sees as genius among men, To believe your own thought, to believe what is true for you in your private heart is true for all men. (Emerson 19). Together with this, as well as the innate human potential for greatness given by God, derived from Transcendentalism, the implied meaning of Emerson's statement is one that I agree with, that is, truth is accepting one's own uniqueness, and one's self identity, however, some will never reach this truth, or realization because they are too afraid, and thus, they try to change the truth of one's self out of fear or even reject it, since they do not believe their 'self' is truly good enough.
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