Homophobia in Sports for Men and Women

Why is homophobia in women and men sports a state of paranoia that can still be found in any modern day sports? The effects of this homophobic paranoia have created a culture that can be attributed to the social construction of our past and current societies. Modern day sports have made some progress in acceptance of gay and lesbian athletes, however many still face intolerance both in and out of the public's eyes. Homophobia operates differently in both men's and women's sports, they both face expectations to different lengths. Yet share similar effects that hinder athletes professional and private life's, which can all be attributed to addressing the homophobia in sports.

During the 19th century athleticism was seen as a natural path for manhood or ""masculinity"". In case of football many young men found the sport to be a right passage to becoming a man in the eyes of society. This was evident in most media involving coming to age stories for males. This kind of thinking strongly represents the culture of a male dominated society. Where as the norm was to be able to play football naturally and be rough and tough. However, if a male were unwilling to play football and unable to dominate the sport, they were seen as weak and undesirable. While the taboo of a gay sexuality in football became associated with the undesirables as a result from the views that most males had on football in society. Many young men adopted these views and beliefs in order to fit in with gender and be more accepted by the ""dominate"" males. Many view our current times as being more progressive than the 19th century, even though research found that 18 to 24-year-olds are twice as likely to admit that they would be embarrassed if their favourite player came out as gay (""Homophobic views still prevalent in sport"", 2016). This kind of homophobia leaves many athletes afraid of coming out the closet from an young age and many remain this way through out there adult life. Many athletes are afraid of persecution, bullying and isolation despite their athleticism and success in sports. While playing sports has become a social construct in acting out male gender, it is quite the opposite for women who play sports.

Women in main media sports has become more popular in the last decade than the previous century alone. Unlike the men that play, Women are considered to be taboo and improper for the gender role of a female. While men are taught that some sports are a right of manhood, women on the other hand are shunned and considered outcasts for excelling in sports. Many men will consider women athletes to be different and associate their sexuality with being lesbian or a dyke. These athletes are looked down upon by a society who recognizes their athleticism and considers them to be unnatural and force them to feel isolated in their roles (Aulette & Wittner, 2015). Main sports media tends to shy away from female athletes and attempts to police sexaulity in sports .While a Department of Health and Human Services study found that 30% of suicides among young people are lesbian and gay youth who are so isolated and depressed that they kill themselves (""Why Coaches Need to Address Homophobia in Athletics"", 2018). The effects of homaponbia amongst men and women athletes are different but can accounted for in similar ways.

Homophobia in sports can take extreme forms, such as lesbian or gay youth being stigmatized or experience violence at the hands of their peers. The perpetrators of such violence are often high school-aged young men, acting in groups. High School men who were taught as young males growing up that as a male in our society it is only honorable to be brave and strong, in order to fit into the heterosexual gender role of a male in our culture. The speer pressure for male athletes to appear masculine, whether they are gay or not, can have a lasting impact on that male's personal and social development. For women, participation in sports is typically frowned upon because it is seen as the opposite to the expected societal norms created for women. Homophobia in sport tends to marginalize women and oddly create an opposite effect where unfeminine women are actually unwelcome in sports because they enforce the stereotype of the female athlete. Forcing women to hide their sexuality out of fear of being stereotyped, even though playing a sport as girl is already considered taboo, a kind of double sided effect for females. Tackling homophobia in sports improves the situation of lesbian and gay youth who are at greater risk of isolation and harmful behaviours. Dealing with homophobia removes barriers to participation in sports and makes sports a more welcoming place for females and males.

Works Cited

Homophobic views still prevalent in sport. (2016, September 21). Retrieved November 9, 2018, from https://www.stonewall.org.uk/media-centre/media-release/homophobic-views-sport

Why Coaches Need to Address Homophobia in Athletics. (2018). Retrieved November 9, 2018, from https://www.womenssportsfoundation.org/athletes/for-athletes/know-your-rights/coach-and-athletic-director-resources/coaches-need-address-homophobia-athletics/

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The Impacts of Homophobia

Contents

THE IMPACTS OF HOMOPHOBIA

Heterosexism and homophobia in the school environment. In the United States, the Gay, Lesbian, and Straight Education Network (GLSEN) publishes the results of the National School Climate Survey every two years on the school experiences of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) students. It shows that the manifestations of homophobia in schools are plural and take sometimes the appearance of a physical violence (jostling, blows, unwanted sexual touching), sometimes those of a less direct denigration (rumors, setting to the gap, cyberbullying). 40.1% of 7261 students surveyed in the 2009 school year reported having been physically abused because of their sexual orientation, and 27.2% because of gender non-compliance3 (Kosciw et al. , 2010). Respondents also report the popularity of insults and homosexual remarks in school to minimize an individual, a thing or an event (""that's so gay"").

Canadian studies at the local, provincial or national level confirm these findings. Non-heterosexual students in the greater Montreal area report living in a homophobic school environment that is intolerant of sexual diversity (?‰mond and Bastien-Charlebois, 2007). According to the BC Adolescent Health Survey, LGB adolescents are more likely than heterosexuals of the same age to report being victimized, excluded from school activities, or physically attacked at school in the year preceding the survey (Saewyc et al., 2007). The First National Climate Survey on Homophobia in Canadian Schools outlines the importance of the role that gender nonconformity can play in school-based discrimination. More than half of LGBTQ4 students (57%) and one-quarter (25.5%) of heterosexual students report having been verbally harassed at school because of their gender nonconformity. For example, a heterosexual adolescent may be subject to homophobic violence because his ""overly feminine"" appearance unites him in spite of sexual diversity (Taylor and Peter, 2011).

The construction of sexual norms and that of the masculine and feminine genres are closely related processes. Studies have shown that homophobic intolerance is also applicable to any individual whose characteristics or behavior diverge from models of masculinity and femininity, regardless of their sexual orientation (Chamberland et al., 2007 ). For several authors(Thiers-Vidal, 2010, Bastien-Charlebois, 2011, Calasanti, 2003), homophobia is a means of imposing hegemonic masculinity within the group of men.Hegemonic masculinity refers to the dominant type of masculinity in the cultural representations of a given society.Homophobia can also play a role in the construction of female identity. In fact, whether they target men or women, homophobic practices are rooted in the same socio-political system that produces the differentiated positions of men and women in the social relations of sex. Homophobia directed against men can be used to punish those who jeopardize what the privileged position of men and the subordinate position of women rest. According to Hamilton (2007), women who adopt homophobic behaviors against other women can do so to assert in their own eyes and those of others a female identity that receives the approval of men. Homophobic practices, which can be described as lesbophobic when directed towards women, are intended to reassign lesbians and women who adopt attitudes that do not conform to normative expectations related to their gender, the women's category (Chamberland and Lebreton, 2012).

THE IMPACTS OF HOMOPHOBIA

The documented impacts of episodes of homophobia are numerous and affect both academic achievement and the mental health of youth who are victims (Saewyc, 2011, Goodenow et al., 2006). According to a review of the effects of bullying, many of the immediate consequences of victimization (insomnia, isolation, nervousness, etc.) can have a major impact on the performance of victimized students and on their ability to continue their academic progress (or perseverance). (Warwick et al., 2004). For LGBTQ students, anxiety about negotiating their visibility or anticipating peer taunts would also have a negative impact on their sense of safety and belonging to the school (Taylor and Peter, 2011). According to GLSEN data, a significant proportion of these students report not feeling safe at school. Many would miss classes or absent for a full day for this reason (Kosciw et al., 2010). They are also more likely than their heterosexual peers not to want to finish high school or not to go to university. These data were collected from young people attending school and do not include those who have already left the ranks. School pathways are influenced by several psychosocial, family, institutional, socio-economic and cultural variables, the effects of which are twisted and grow over time. However, absenteeism, perceived insecurity, a low sense of belonging to the school and limited educational aspirations are all indicators of increased risk of dropping out of school, or of less academic perseverance (DeBlois and Lamothe , 2005).

The impacts of homophobia in schools differ little from those of other types of peer discrimination (Murdock & Bolch, 2005). However, we know little about the potential disparities in the effects of homophobia on school perseverance based on the self-identification of the students who are victims of homophobia, or the way in which these effects decline according to the frequency of victimization episodes. Three research questions will mark this article. How can homophobic violence reported in high school vary according to the profile of the students who are victimized (particularly with respect to sex and self-reported sexual orientation)? Are the impacts of homophobia on school perseverance the same for heterosexual or non-heterosexual students? Do these impacts worsen when victimization is more frequent?

Methodology

As part of the research ""The Impact of Homophobia and Homophobic Violence on Student Persistence and Success"" (Chamberland et al., 2010), 2,747 students in the 3rd and Secondary 56 of 30 public schools, spread across Quebec, completed a self-administered questionnaire between February and June 2009.7 Sampling was done in two stages: first by selecting institutions, taking into account their size, location and language of instruction (French or English), then by selecting classes where all students were invited to respond. The response rate obtained was high, considering that 90% of the number of questionnaires initially targeted were actually completed. Our survey is therefore representative of Quebec as a whole, which contributes to the durability and reliability of the data and facilitates more detailed statistical analyzes, while respecting the criteria for their application

Socio-demographic, 47.4% (n = 1301) of respondents are male and 52.6% (n = 1444) are female. Almost all of them are between the ages of 14 and 17 inclusive (95.7%, n = 2612) and for the entire sample, the average age is 15.8 years. Respondents come from schools spread geographically across Quebec. Finally92.0% (n = 2453) self-identified as heterosexual, while 8.0% of respondents (n = 213) identified themselves as gay or lesbian, bisexual, queer or questioning their sexual orientation (now LGBT).

Measures of homophobic victimization and school perseverance. The questionnaire focused on perceptions of school climate related to sexual diversity and homophobia, and the possible impacts of homophobic victimized heterosexuals, non-victimized LGBTs and victimized LGBTs. This variable was named ""Class of Students"". Finally, a ""Victimization Score"" was created by adding the victimized heterosexuals, non-victimized LGBQs and victimized LGBTs. This variable was values ‹‹obtained to estimate the frequency of victimization. So, a student who has never lived whoever would have all experienced them several times a week would get a score of 36 (9 X 4). whereas a student exclusion of non-victimized students after one or the other of the proposed types of incidents obtains a victimization score of 0,. This score whoever would have all experienced them several times a week would get a score of 36 (9 X 4). After measures the frequency of incidents, not their severity. So,weak OR WELL he or she got hustled, hit, kicked less than once, a score of 4 may mean that a student has been insulted, teasing badly many times by times a week and has been the subject of gossip in order to damage his reputation . School perseverance was measured using four variables. The first, absenteeism start of this school year, have you ever missed school days because you did not want to due to a feeling of insecurity in school? The second variable, having changed or wanted to change schools, start of this school year, have you ever missed school days because you did not feel well? Have you ever changed OR wanted to change high school because you not safe? The third, referring to achieve.ment. The responses were divided between the stated desire to pursue educational aspirations : What is the highest level of education that you expect to achieve? The fourth variable, Composed of sense of belonging to the school environment, was assessed through the Psychological Sense of 18 items, it helps determine how much the students feel personally School Membership (Goodenow, 1993), a standardized psychometric scale. Composed of accepted, respected, understood and supported by others (students, teachers) in their school. The 18 items, it helps determine how much the students feel personally The pupils were asked to indicate their level of agreement on a five-point Likert-type scale, ranging from accepted, respected, understood and supported by others (students, teachers) in their school. The 1 (Strongly disagree) to 5 (Totally agree). By adding the answers for each to indicate their level of agreement on a five-point Likert scale ation on school perseverance. To measure homophobic victimization, we asked the following question followed by a list of nine types of incidents: Since the beginning of the school year, how often have you personally experienced the following situations because you think that you are gay, lesbian or bisexual OR because you are gay, lesbian or bisexual? 9 A numerical value has been assigned to each answer: 0 = never; 1 = less than once a month; 2 = less than once a week; 3 = about once a week; 4 = several times a week. Subsequently, we divided our participants into four distinct groups based on sexual orientation and whether or not they had at least one homophobic incident: non-victimized heterosexuals.

Statistical analyzes

Our statistical analyzes are presented in two stages, starting with the data on the student identification (heterosexual versus LGBT) and gender. Then we meet the prevalence of victimization for the nine types of homophobic incidents, according to the each of our variables to assess school perseverance with the variables ""Category student identification (heterosexual versus LGBT) and gender. Then we meet students ""and"" Victimization Score "". The Chi-square statistical test allows us, in most each of our variables to assess school perseverance with the variables ""Category cases, to decide whether the differences observed are significant (maximum error risk retained: 5%). students ""and"" Victimization Score "".in cases where averages are involved, either for the sense of belonging to the middle modalities of the same variable, we compare their mean score using the ANOVA test. Eta is the association measure presented and the maximum unrealized risk which remains 5%.

Analyzing and discussing

Compared to our first objective of comparing the prevalence of homophobic incidents according to the student profile, our most interesting result is certainly the fact that students self-identifying as heterosexuals also report being victims of homophobia by their peers.Just over a third of them report having experienced such an incident at least once during the last 6 to 8 months. This can be explained by the fact that they may be the target, while as much as their LGBT peers, of violence penalizing gender nonconformity, or denigrating a person by associating it with the opposite sex. Frequent use of insults or referring expressions pejorative to homosexuality in school is probably not unrelated to this result. In any case, this tends to reinforce the idea that the derogation from the expectations standards assigned to each gender can be sanctioned by peers, for example boys who have a gesture or activities that are considered feminine (musical tastes, hobbies, style clothing) (Pascoe, 2007, Bastien-Charlebois, 2011).

These results corroborate those obtained by Taylor and Peter (2011), particularly in terms of verbal harassment. If studies on school climate and homophobia are leaning usually on the experiences of LGBT students, they would be better off including those of students heterosexuals. Non-compliance with dominant gender models seems to make young people all sexual orientations vulnerable to homophobic victimization. It is important to keep in mind that proportionally speaking, LGBT students are almost twice as likely to live homophobic incidents (69.0%) than those identifying as heterosexual (35.4%)

With regard to sex differences, in general, among young people heterosexual, boys are more often victims than girls of verbal abuse (insults, taunts) and physical (shoving, threats). This difference is not observed statistically at LGBT youth. Girls of all sexual orientations undergo more sexual advances insistent and unwanted touching. Among young heterosexuals, girls report more serious sexual incidents than boys, while this gap is fading among LGBs. These observations raise the question of the nature of peer pressure for sanctions for breaches of sexual and gender norms, depending on whether they are by boys or girls and, more broadly, the gendered nature of the processes inculcation of these standards (Hamilton, 2007). Finally, girls in general are more often victims cyberbullying, a finding that joins the results of a survey of education in Quebec (Allaire, 2011). These results are to be interpreted with caution given limited enrollment on the LGBT youth side.

As for the impact of homophobia on school perseverance, we wondered if varied by sexual orientation of students, both victimized and non-victimized, and increased with the frequency of homophobic incidents. We can say that LGBT students victims, proportionally, are the most likely to have been absent from school because of insecurity, followed by victimized heterosexuals and non-victimized LGBQs. These results suggest that school absenteeism due to perceived insecurity would not be so much a function of sexual orientation as of victimization homophobic. Moreover, as much for LGBT students as for heterosexual students, indicates a significant increase in absenteeism as victimization frequency.

We can also confirm that homophobia is associated with having already changed or wanted to change school. Nearly half of victimized LGBT respondents said that this is / has already been the case because of the bullying and harassment experienced. The proportions are similar for victimized heterosexuals and non-victimized LGBTs, about 20%. This last data can indicate a perceived discomfort with the LGBT school environment, even in the absence of victimization, or to refer to older victimization experiences, the wording of the question does not specify a temporal reference. Anyway, the higher the victimization Homophobic is common, the proportion of students who have changed or wished to change schools is high. This is true for victimized heterosexual students, and even more so for students

LGBT victimized.

LGBT students, victimized or not, more likely to report academic aspirations limited to secondary level. In addition, regardless of student self-identification, obtaining a high score of victimization clearly has an impact on educational aspirations. Finally, by the sense of belonging to the school community, victimized LGBTs show the lowest score on the Goodenow scale, while non-victimized heterosexual students display the highest score. Victimized heterosexual students and non-victimized LGBT students get a similar average score. Again, students who experience very frequent victimization (especially LGBTs) have the lowest score on the membership scale. In sum, the consequences of homophobia are more marked among LGBQ students than among students heterosexuals. Moreover, there is a worsening of these consequences as the Homophobic victimization is more common.

Compared to differences by sex, the only ones observed are absenteeism more marked in heterosexual girls victimized, as well as expressed or realized desire to change school, more common among victimized girls of all sexual orientations. In students non-victimized heterosexuals - but not in other groups, girls show stronger sense of belonging to the school and are proportionally more numerous than boys to aspire to higher education. These data refer to the differences already observed between boys and girls in terms of perseverance in high school, notwithstanding any victimization. Tracks explanations for such differences relate, on the one hand, to social and family background, on the other hand to the relationship between academic achievement and adherence to gender stereotypes, including girls would be more free, hence their better academic performance and an increase in their aspirations (MELS 2005, Bouchard and St-Amant 1996). Our results indicate that victimization seems to have the effect of nullifying this benefit, which benefits girls and calls for more the complex relationship to school culture that takes into account gender, class social orientation, sexual orientation and victimization experiences.

Conclusion

Homophobia episodes at school target self-identifying students LGBT, but also those who claim to be heterosexual, suggesting that it is not the homosexual or bisexual orientation that these episodes punish, but the derogation any one of the implicit norms of masculinity or femininity. Moreover, it seems that equal victimization, the effects on school perseverance are more pronounced among students LGBT only among their heterosexual peers. It can be concluded that LGBT youth more likely to internalize the negative perceptions of homosexuality conveyed by their peers and less able to distance themselves cognitively. Also, we can assume that they are less likely than victimized heterosexuals to be able to rely on the support of their friends or family members, to the extent that denouncing homophobia could bring them to disclose their orientation in spite of themselves.

These results inform several lines of intervention to counter homophobia in schools and to minimize the impact on the perseverance of young people who are victims. Firstly, they raise the need to put an end to the trivialization of certain forms of homophobia to encourage a global concerted and coherent intervention led by all the actors in the field school. These actions should be based on an explicit policy against.

Homophobia in school. In addition, our results support the importance for schools of set up parallel support measures for LGBT students who are victims of homophobia school.

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Agoraphobia Research

Agoraphobia is a situation where fear characterized with anxiety is believed to enter into certain locations or at vacuum. Phobic in our understanding can be said to be an order that is marked by persisting an irrational fear of any type of object or any situation that cannot pose or bring forth any danger that can be realistic in nature. Today this has taken another direction where it is seen as a disorder that is brought about by fear thus presently known to be a panic disorder. these disorders can be characterized by the ongoing attacks by which they are overwhelmingly causing anxiety that cannot be recognized as it takes on without consent of the culprit thus becoming an emergency action. Written (1998) Research that have been conducted, in its evidence it gives clear support that much exposure therapy can pose a threat which is the major component of agoraphobia. Ignorance by minority of the patients usually does not respond to this in time and may experience tough situations. Therefore, patients are expected to note that their symptoms which come hand in hand with this situation. The symptoms may change throughout the situation. This therefore brings the necessity to examine the different processes possibly through psychological and also self-assessment. (Carpenter, Wyckoff, Trull, 2016)

To overcome these challenges, the variability of the data may seem to be so high and may fail to analyze the problem of the research well. Therefore, in order to address the situation well there is a reason to come up with an approach that will correlate with the variable structural. By this clear response which will supplement to the findings of this disorder related symptoms. Many people do fails to manage their symptoms which bring a big change in what they live their normal life, how they plan their activities and how they will relate with others. Despite much effort they always find themselves in these problems. There are risks that come up with this situation of agoraphobia. But on the other hand their male counter parts, psychologically it can be determined that they are suffering and are they are said to be looked carefully. According to the report given by researchers, the data analyzed does suggest that there is likelihood of getting somebody shall once in his or her lifetime be diagnosis with this situation. The DSM-IV-TR (APA, 2000) gives a report that the panic disorders rates are up to 3.6% of the population that research was conducted on to (Katon, Richardson, Lozano, & McCauley, 2004). The method which was used to get this information was qualitative research which was conducted in order to get the concrete and very reliable information regarding agoraphobia.

Information obtained was all about one man experience.. This work followed the general guidelines which are followed when conducting qualitative research. (Creswel, 2006) in undertakings the main actual work, a group of male adults who had already been diagnosed with this situation were interviewed. Some of the interview questions which were used required their own understanding which consisted questions on how they relate with other people in terms of relationships, how were they or they supported in copping up with their current situation or past experience and lastly the inner self questions which were relying on the diagnostic situations and time. How they came to know they have the symptoms of agoraphobia. The interview conducted was not oral, therefore use of open-ended questions method took effect on this study. With the help and supervision of a clinical officer and also psychologist who had much experience helped in structuring the questions. Permission was also granted to use a number of students who were undertaking their course on the qualitative course on research work. They help to edit the questions in order to remove the possible bias in the question which could trigger the panic disorder of the respondent, the male adult. Therefore the expected feedback from the students took place inside the lecture hall. The questions were clearly designed and were validly accepted. The questions that were put into considerations to be used by the respondent can be outlined as follows:

At which period of your life did you know about panic disorder?
Can you be able to explain about agoraphobia?
Were you ok with diagnosis?
In your relationship with others, what challenges you more?
Do you get emotional support from other people?
Are you ready to offer advice to someone diagnosed today?
How is your relationship with those suffering like you?
Is the therapy offered helpful to you?
Any lesson learnt about agoraphobia? From which source?
Do you have anything else to share on this platform about your experience with panic disorder?

In getting forth promising feedback, the participants were also drawn from mental complication hospitals with the help from the clinicians. Reliable internet sources were also used where the questions were posted online and any willing person could answer them. This helped in reaching out people from different locations. In order to ensure that all the participants were or at one time went through panic disorder, a subtest of the structured clinical interview (SCID) was effected through telephone screening (cacciola, Alterman,Rutherford,Mckay,&May,1999) In the research and question administration no one opted to withdraw from this study also going deeper was prohibited to prevent arousing the effects of agoraphobia. The results that came forth from the research work had mixed reactions. Internet usage brought the most reliable results thus was the best mode to conduct research. This is believed to be as a result of privacy as no one was likely willing to expose himself. Therefore it concluded that panic disorder persons avoided to be known .only 5 males met the phone screen after responding to the advertisement. Their age mean was recorded as 42.15 and had a range of 21 to 62.some incentives were offered in order to motivate the respondent and give clear information without bias.

The forms were answered well and time for evaluation was set. After conducting the study and analyzing the data that was collected, the information that was given back was recorded as the research finding on the matters regarding agoraphobia consideration. Out of this different themes were found and identified after analyzing the data. First, a theme of masculine came out: the respondents showed that they were born to be masculine and they were not supposed to rely on any other person. This is because the research was conducted to male only. And those being people who were too relied in the society and by their families; they opted to deal with their panic disorder alone. Some could not even seek psychologist for counseling sessions. They were totally in conflict with their symptoms as they could not reveal themselves. Secondly, there was a theme of trust: participants considered others as not trustworthy and could not ensure them of their privacy. They drew them as betrayers possibly the friends, their romantic lovers and also the acquaintances. In matters on relation to revealing their privacy and disclosing about their symptoms could pose a threat to them. Also what would the other people about them, how will they judge them was a vital point here.

Thirdly, physical symptoms as a theme came out as a result of the study: not only emotionally but also physical, the patient suffered on. Their symptoms kept on reminding all these men of their suffering from the panic disorders .mostly when their heart starts to panic. This also brought out that most men were suffering stomach ulcers due to frequent panicking and release of digestive juice in an empty stomach lining. Fourth, a theme of isolation was encountered with: the participants described the feeling of being isolated. Also they went through the physical isolation and they just required to move by all themselves. Fifth, the theme of support appeared where two types of support were identified when the interview was going on. This would help the patients to feel wanted back in the society regardless of their fateful situation of agoraphobia. One we have social support which should be rendered through to an agoraphobic person. This is the support from others. Others lacked it while others were over “supported. Other would find it difficult to live and socialize with people suffering in agoraphobia. Also there was a problem on ways of relating with others. There was also the medical support, which was the biggest pillar to lean on.

The participants' totally relied on therapist for their support also from the psychologists. Coping up skills were highly valued and appreciated for. Relaxing also with it technique was also accorded. Control as the sixth theme was also analyzed: control was the idea with major expectations. the participants extended this to different domains which included how to control oneself. With this in place the participants were expected to control themselves and accept the help from other stakeholders in order to cope up with agoraphobia. In conclusion, the study has brought forth much information about agoraphobia and different experiences that have been seen. The results will be of much helpful to other people in knowing and also accepting their condition. Also we have seen that male are the most affected with panic disorders.

Reference:

Fava, G. A., Grandi, S., & Canestrari, R. (1988). Prodromal symptoms in panic disorder with agoraphobia.The American journal of psychiatry,145(12), 1564. Capps, L., & Ochs, E. (1995).

Constructing panic. Harvard University Press. Brehony, K. A., Geller, E. S., Benson, B., & Solomon, L. J. (1980). Epidemiological data about agoraphobia: An American sample.

Unpublished manuscript, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. Amering, M., Katschnig, H., Berger, P., Windhaber, J., Baischer, W., & Dantendorfer, K. (1997). Embarrassment about the first panic attack predicts agoraphobia in panic disorder patients.Behaviour Research and Therapy,35(6), 517-521.

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What Agoraphobia is and how it Affects Many Lives?

Agoraphobia is a very common disorder, yet it is still very misunderstood among many people. According to the Merriam-Webster dictionary, the definition of the wo?rd agoraphobia is An abnormal fear of being helpless in a situation from which escape may be difficult or embarrassing that is characterized initially often by panic or anticipatory anxiety and finally by the avoidance of open or public places. This is basically a social anxiety disorder that can be caused by a number of situations. This essay will include a number of topics surrounding agoraphobia. These topics include the origin of the word agoraphobia, what causes agoraphobia, symptoms of agoraphobia, how can agoraphobia be treated, and the similarities and differences between agoraphobia and social anxiety.

Agoraphobia comes from two Greek words. These words are agora and 'phobia. As defined by Merriam-Webster dictionary, a phobia is an exaggerated usually inexplicable and illogical fear of a particular object, class of objects, or situation. The final part of this definition applies to agoraphobia as it is a fear of a certain situation. However, many already know what a phobia is because it is a casually used term in our day-to-day lives. We still need to figure out the origin of the word agora. Agora was originally known as the center of town where anyone could give announcements or hold political rallies (Sakoulas, 2015). However, it's meaning changed as people started to use this public gathering space to sell goods. The agora of the city essentially turned into a market place. This term is still used in modern day Greece meaning market or gathering. The vendors were that worked at the market were looked down upon. This is because they were benefiting from the labors of another man's work. These vendors sold everything from commodities such as baskets and pots to luxuries such as fine material and garments. However, there was commonly a separate market selling items for women such as Jewelry and pastries. These markets were often very crowded and often only have a few exits (Mark, 2009). This is why they are used in the word agoraphobia.

What really is agoraphobia? As previously stated, it is a fear of how you will react when in an uncomfortable situation. It is not the situation that is feared, however, it is how you will react to the situation (Smith). For example, let's say James went to a crowded movie theater. James went with some friends, but they were forced to sit separately. He is now already in an uncomfortable situation. Because of this, he has some sort of negative reaction. This reaction could be anything from sweating profusely, an anxiety attack, or even vomiting. As a result, James could now develop agoraphobia and attempt to avoid any situations similar the this one for fear of having the same reaction. This is why agoraphobia is the fear of how one will react to a situation and not the situation itself.

What is the cause of agoraphobia? Is it passed down by parents to their children? Is it a learned disorder that can result from a traumatic experience? Well, the cause of agoraphobia isn't completely clear. One biological factor thought to be a cause of agoraphobia is the fear network. This theory states that some people experience the fear emotion much stronger that others and this causes a panic attack among other things. Another biological factor is the incorrect response of the fight-or-flight reflex which causes a panic attack. However, other psychological factors are also believed to have a hand in agoraphobia. One of these beliefs is that agoraphobia results from having a negative experience while in a specific situation. This situation is usually in a crowded place without a clear exit path. Other situations or events could be the death of a loved one, childhood abuse, and divorce. Furthermore, abuse of alcohol, among other drugs, can lead to agoraphobia (NHS, 2016). Other mental disorders or illnesses can also cause agoraphobia. These illnesses can cause a change in the way the brain works and causes certain emotions to occur more. Even though the true causes of agoraphobia are still not absolutely sure, these causes are believed to have a positive correlation with agoraphobia.

What are the symptoms of agoraphobia. Well, the symptoms can vary widely from person to person. The standard symptoms are trying to avoid situations that may lead the victim feeling frightened, trapped, lonely, and even embarrassed. Because of this, those who suffer from agoraphobia often tend to lead a life of seclusion from others and become very introverted.

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Ancient Rome and Greece

Contents

What importance did the Battles of Marathon and Salamis, and the Punic Wars have for Ancient Greece and Rome?

What importance did the Battles of Marathon and Salamis, and the Punic Wars have for Ancient Greece and Rome?

Ancient Greece:

The battle of Marathon took place in 490 BC during the first Persian invasion on Greece. Citizens of Athens and citizens of Plataea revolted against the Persian army. The battle was a very big victory for the Greeks. From this victory, they gained confidence in their defense system and a new battle tactic called phalanx. The phalanx tactic is when a group of people comes closer together in a line formation. In this battle, the Greeks were armored with shields and were able to make a wall to protect themselves using the phalanx tactic.

In 480 BC, the Persian Army took their second attempt on invading Greece. In order to defeat the Persians, the Greek city-states came together to fight as one. Because of the Greeks success, they brought an end to the Persian wars and saved Greece from being invaded by the Persians. Their victory supports and shows that their defense and strategies surpass the Persians defenses. The Greeks had gained a position of power, success, recognition, and respect. Because of all of this, the battle of marathon and salamis is still known today as one of the greatest wars in history. After the Persians were defeated, Greece was left alone for good. This led to the assemblage of Athens and the start of the golden age and the Delian League.

Ancient Rome:

The Punic wars occurred between 264 BC and 146 BC. The three wars were fought by Rome and Carthage and Rome won all three. The first battle was fought over the control of the islands Sicily and Corsica and ended with Rome taking control over both islands. Sicily became Rome's first overseas province, which made it easier for them to travel to and from other cities and countries when trading. This increased their empire and trading routes. When fighting in the first war Rome had an army with very little experience but was able to prove how strong they were, which gave them power. Because of their little experience, the Roman navy benefited from all the wars in gaining combat experience on sea and skills on training. After the Punic wars, the Romans were supplied with wealth because Carthage was forced to pay a large war debt to Rome in silver. Their wealth led to increasing and continuation of their empire. After Rome defeated Carthage, they became the dominant power in the Mediterranean Region. When Carthage lost, they were put to an end, leaving Rome to have control over Spain. The main reason the three wars were fought was for the control over sea trade and when Rome defeated the Carthage, they gained control over it.

2. What were the major contributions of Ancient Greece and Rome to modern Western society? Please be specific and organize your response into the following categories:

Government ( Greece ):

Direct democracy was first introduced in Greece. Direct democracy is a form of government in which citizens rule and not representatives. This democracy started in Athens and is now a Athens legacy. The modern trial by jury was originally started in Ancient Athens. The jurors were all Athenian citizens and had to be over 30 years of age. In the United States, we have narrowed down the number of jurors to just 12 on the court. Today, in the united states we use a democratic system called representative democracy, which is when citizens vote on who make the decisions in a country. Democracy in Greece was successful because of the things Pericles did. He increased the amount of public officials who were paid, which meant anyone could serve if they were elected by the lot. Although the United States uses a different kind of democracy than what Greece used, the idea of democracy all started in Greece and spread out into the western civilizations as time passed by to become what it is today. The reason why that was able to happen was because their democracy was successful.

Military ( Greece ):

The Ancient Greece army was a very strong army. One of the major contributions from the Greek military was technology. With Greek being the first to use technology during warfare and combat, they are the reason why we have advanced technology in military's today. One of the technologies invented was the catapults and giant siege engines. Today, our military's have been inspired and advanced these technologies to the ones used today. The Greek military also contributed their tactics and formations. Alexander the Great was the king of the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon and the one to invent the first formations during a battle. One of these tactics includes the phalanx formation. Because of this tactic Greece gained victory over Anatolia and Gaugamela, which ended the Persia's power In the battles Greek and Roman armies wore similar armor. Greek soldiers wore square breastplate on their torso. Romans only wore one greave on their left leg, Greeks wore greaves on both legs. Greaves are metal armor worn to protect the legs. As with technology, armor has also been advanced to protect soldiers from greater threats such as bombs. Greaves have been improved to protect the legs from explosive devices.

Culture/religion ( Greece ):

The culture in the main Greek city of egypt was a cultural blend of Egyptian, Persian, and Indian influences. This was known as the Hellenistic culture. People throughout the city states communicated with the popular language that was spoken called Koine.Their religion was called Hellenic polytheists. Greeks worshipped their Greek Gods and goddesses. Part of their culture that was big was recognizing and dedicating their greek goddesses. Citizens of Alexandria built museums, temples, and sculptures that were dedicated to their greek goddesses to show their honor. Philosophy was also a big part in their culture. The first lighthouse in the world was invented in the Greek city state of Alexandria. In Alexandria, there were many scholars that contributed to the scientific knowledge in the west. Aristarchus was an astronomer who he estimated the size of the sun. Eratosthenes was an astronomer, mathematician, a poet, and a historian. What he achieved was estimating the size of the earth using geometry. Both of them were scholars from Alexandria and answered many peoples beliefs about the world. Euclid was a mathematician that wrote about geometry propositions and proofs, which has influenced us a lot because it is what we are taught in school. Archimedes was also a mathematician, but he estimated the value of pi. With all of these people in their civilization, the citizens from Alexandria were able to conquer inventing many things and influenced many things to the western civilizations. Lastly, the Greeks invented drama and it was a big part in their culture. They performed two styles called comedy and drama. They contributed theatre, costumes, and masks as entertainment to the western civilizations.

Government (Rome):

Since the first century Rome had always had a balanced government. Their government was once government by nobles, the people, or a king. The government in the U.S today consists of democracy, which shows that the Romans government tactics influenced us today and still is. After the last king of Rome,Tarquin the Proud was driven from power in 509 B.C, the Romans wanted to never be ruled by a king again, so they established a republic. A republic is the form of government in which citizens have the right to vote on their leaders. This influenced western civilizations because it showed that government being runned by a king doesn't work out. In the Rome government, there are two officials called consuls. Consuls directed government, were elected for one year, and could veto other decisions. In civilizations today, those people are known as the president. When in crisis, there usually was a dictator that was chosen by the consul and elected by the senate. In western civilization there have been dictators in the past, because of the Rome empire. Another part of Rome's government was the senate's. Senates have legislative and administrative functions in the republic. This is something we also use in today's government structure. One of their greatest contributions to the western civilization is the law. When the Roman empire started to grow, Romans started to believe that laws should be fair and equal to everyone. Judges soon started to recognize and learn the principles of justice. Examples of laws that were originally from Rome are, believing that a person is innocent until proven guilty and any law that is proved to be unfair can be taken down. Ancient Rome also formed the law code much like the one used in the present time in many countries. The Roman empire installed many legal systems in european countries and have now influenced other countries like the united states.

Military ( Rome ):

During the battles, the roman army separated into legions, which are now called troops or regiments. Separating wasn't a thing soldiers would do because they believed they could be defeated when their army wasn't all in one area, but this is why the Romans rose to such success. By conquering central Italy, the Etruscans, Greek city states, and defeating the carthage in the punic wars, they influenced western civilizations on seperating into legions. The romans had organizational ability and a strong knowledge of construction that they were known for. They were acknowledged for taking other civilizations ideas, especially Greeks and modifying and transmitting them throughout the west. Without the Roman army's help, the Greeks inventions wouldn't have made it to the west and inspired other countries or us today.

Economy ( Rome ):

Ancient Rome was a agrian and slave based economy. Enslaved people took up one third of the Roman empire's population. Children who were born into slaves were considered slaves and because of the law slaves were property to their owner. This part of their economy contributed a lot to the U.S civilization in a horrific way from the 1619s to 1865 because slavery also played a big part in the U.S economy back then. Agriculture and trade played a big part in their economic wealth. In Rome there was a system that helped farmers out with taxes and gave the government a great amount of free crops that was enough to feed the soldiers. They did this because they needed to increase productivity. The reason why increasing productivity was so important in Rome was because, it helped them increase their empire. Egypt, Sicily and Tunisia in North Africa were the main grain trading points for Rome. Later on the production and transportation of foods influenced the trading industry and led to many more tradings between other countries as well. Another big part of their industry was mining, which provided stones for the big building projects and metals for tools used in wars. Because of trading and Rome's control over the mediterranean sea, they were able to make trading easier and more successful for them. Their trade roots went from regions to regions and even went deeper into africa and asia. They were able to trade for silver, gold, metal, iron, lead, and many more. These resources helped them make mint coins, tools, weapons, armor, jewelry, and art. The Romans trading routes offered a layout on how trading could fuel diplomacy between nearby regions. Which is an economic principle at play thats apart of the North Atlantic Trade Organization or NATO. All of this influenced western civilizations in developing trading routes that are still in use today and trading with other countries for resources. Which is why we have most of the resources we use today. As the Roman empire grew, expanding their boundaries caused many problems. There was a gap between rich and poor and many enslaved people were working in estates. This made it hard for small farmer to compete and led to them selling their land and losing their jobs and homes. Tiberius and Gaius were brothers who tried to help the poor, but ended up dying because of the enemies who disagreed with them. This was something that did not work for the Romans.

During the third A.D, Rome became very weak. Tribes outside the empire and pirates on the Mediterranean Sea disrupted trade, which decreased their resources in new sources. The economy then fell. They faced inflation, had problems in agriculture as well, and faced a deadly diseases that made their population decrease. WIth all of this happening, the military also becomes weak. This is an example of why expanding your empire is going to come with consequences., especially if it's ruled by one man. This is something west civilizations try to avoid happening to them because it obviously didn't work out well for Rome at this period. In A.D. 284, Diocletian rose to power and became the new emperor. He restored and brought power back to the empire. He split the empire into the west and East, took East as his, and gave the West to a coworker. He then became ill and civil war broke out again. Once again, this did not influence the western civilizations.

Julius Caesar and Octavian

This is when Julius Caesar rose to power and was elected to be consul. Caesar fought alongside his soldiers, which is why he had their loyalty. Because of his success many people were happy about caesar and his actions, but a man named Pompey feared him and his goal. Caesar then defeated Pompey and his army and became dictator for life. Caesar granted Roman citizenship to many people, expanded the senate, and built buildings to give the poor a home. Many senators didn't agree with his beliefs so, he was murdered by a group of senators. After his murder, The roman empire fell apart. This is another example on what did not work for the Romans. After many violence and battles, Octavian became ruler of Rome and brought the Pax Romana to the Roman empire. Octavian accomplished working on public buildings, creating a system of government, tax collections, and much more. After he died, Rome was able to stay stable because of the government he structured. Octavion contributed to many western civilizations because of these things.

The Romans were known for building strong and big structures, buildings, and more. They invented concrete, which is really huge in construction today. They used bricks and glass to build beautiful structures that are still popular till this day. Romans also invented aqueducts and sewers. Both of these things are used in western civilizations and are a necessary part of our civilizations. Therefore the Romans contributed structures that is used for water delivery and drainage of sewer. In the 18th century, the United States had a Roman revival, which is why many of our buildings have Roman features built into them. Lastly, Romans also built very strong roads throughout their empire that were connected. They built their roads with stone, concrete, and sand. This contributed transportation and safety to western civilizations. Roads are a huge thing in our modern society and plays a very big part in our everyday life.

Culture/religion ( Rome ):

In Rome, they believed in gods and goddesses. They gave names to powerful gods and goddesses and would honor them through rituals. I don't think this contributed much to western civilizations, but i do believe it contributed to our learning because greek mythology is something we learn in school.

In Rome, their language was Latin. The roman alphabet was based on the greek alphabet. Romans studied literature in Greek and when their empire started to grow, the latin language spread out throughout the west. As time passed, their latin evolved into the Romance Languages. The latin language became the main language in the west and this is why many countries started off speaking latin. Because of countries in the west speaking it informally, they all ended up being different languages that originated all from one place. In the U.S, we don't speak latin, but there are many latin words developed into our vocabulary and that is because the Romans influenced western civilizations, even non romance languages. Although Romans have influenced the civilizations in many ways, they couldn't have done it without the Greeks.

As the Roman empire started to grow, so did a new religion called christianity. Jesus first followers were jews, but after he died, they created the new religion christianity that slowly spread through Roman Empire. By the late A.D century there were millions of christians in the Roman Empire. Many people were attracted to this religion because it embraced all people, gave hope to the powerless, offered a relationship with a loving god, and promised an eternal life after death. The first Pope in Roman empire was a man named Peter. The Romans religion contributes to us because christianity has massively spread out into other western civilizations and is still the world's greatest and popular religion. We also get our calendar from the Romans because they invented it because of jesus's birth. The Romans called their holidays Holy Days, which is where we get the word Holiday from.

In the second century B.C, Romans conquered Greek and they inhabited their ways of architecture, literature, and philosophy. The culture of Greek, Hellenistic, and Roman created a new culture called Greco-Roman culture. The Romans took in the greeks ways and created their own things such as mosaics, bas-relief, and paintings. This influenced western civilizations because it showed others how to do different kinds of art, which could also be used for trading.

Although, The Romans were very inspired by the Greeks on many things, they created their own things as well. Both of these empires did great contributions to western civilizations. The world would be very different and we wouldn't have things we have now if it weren't for Ancient Rome and Greece.

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Ancient Rome: Education and its Evolution Although Ancient

Although Ancient Rome had a foundation for which the civilization based its educational system on, and it worked to the extent that it favored the elite, or the privileged, and fought against the advancement of the less fortunate. Using sources Education in Greek and Roman Antiquity by Anthony Corbeill, Readings in Late Antiquity by Michael Maas, and As the Romans Did: A Sourcebook in Roman Social History by Jo-Ann Shelton, this paper will attempt to suggest that the educational structure that ancient Rome used was not intended to better those less fortunate or of the lower class and was intended to advance those of the elite class. While relying heavily on the populace to fund the educational system, and to use said system to implant the morals, traditions, and beliefs of Roman culture, and to teach how to be a citizen of the Republic rather than to better the populace with knowledge. These obstacles contributed to the faulty structure through the unreliable funding and the lack of social and intellectual growth of the lower class.

The Roman education system was not funded or required by the government so the education was deferred to privately funded organizations, or it was the responsibility and choice of the parents to institute a form of education. The beginning or early segment of Rome's education was casual and unofficial (261 Corbeill, 100 Shelton). The lower class gained their knowledge of the inner political workings of Rome by the attendance at public spectacles such as theater and oratory (262 Corbeill). The beginning of the youths' education started when the children were very young and included the fundamental knowledge on how to function as a Roman citizen and what would be required to thrive as one (100, Shelton). The use of the education to embed the foundations of Roman culture began in the home with the parents' teachings. The knowledge given to the children by the parents was used to further their understanding of business interactions and the appreciation of Roman traditions (100 Shelton). Cato the Elder was quoted on his views on the importance of the father teaching his child the fundamentals of being a Roman citizen and upholding the values that comes with it.

Therefore Cato himself was his reader teacher, his law professor, his athletic coach. He taught his son not only to hurl a javelin, to fight in armor, and to ride a horse, but also to box, to endure both heat and cold, and to swim strongly through the eddies and undercurrent of a river. He also says that he wrote his book (the one titled History) in large letters and his own handwriting so that his son might have the opportunity at home to become familiar with his society's ancient customs and traditions. (101 Shelton)

The education of Rome's youth relied solely on the teachings of the parents or their ability to afford tutors. It was not just the moral and virtuous lessons that the father or mother had to install in their children, but the knowledge of physical labor that was needed to thrive in their society.

The practice of parents teaching Roman traditions continued through the evolution of education even when formal instruction was introduced. The schooling given by the parents was to facilitate the children into becoming model citizens while teaching them how to integrate into society (266 Corbeill). The education system continued to evolve for the higher class by having the means to afford teachers for other than the learning of Roman traditions. This began the imbalance of education throughout the Roman youth. While the higher class was given the opportunity to continue their education after learning the fundamentals, the rest of the young population ended their education because of lack of funding to afford the small public teachers fee, or they did not have access to the teacher on account of location (111, Shelton). The number of young elite students who would go on to further their knowledge was significantly smaller than that of the lower class, which may have been the cause to why the progress of education stayed stagnant in nature (269, 275 Corbeill). If only the socially elite were the ones to show intellectual progress while the rest of the populations' intellectual growth continued to be stationary, then they would not evolve as a whole causing an imbalance in the education system (275 Corbeill).

The Romans utilized the imbalance to divide the populace into a structure that separated the society into divisions of the educational elite and illiterate (282 Corbeill). It is clear that the Roman culture valued practical education but did not value it to the point to where the government would insure everyone received the same amount of introduction, thus creating the divide (103 Shelton). But lack of the formal system of education at the level of the state does not mean estate does not control education. For to democratize the population, but to replicate or reproduce the already existing social system. (262 Corbeill) The quote shown demonstrates the system to which the foundation of social structure of Roman society and its citizens. The lack of funding contributed to the divide in relation to the shortage of resources, which in turn left the teachers to work with virtually no pay other than what the parents gave them (103 Shelton).

Ancient Roman history documents that the teachers who did not tutor the children of the elite were severely underpaid which left them with very little funds (103 Shelton).

For a long time he lived as a teacher and his hometown, but then in his fiftieth year (the year of Cicero's consulship) he moved to Rome and talk there. However, he earns more fame and money. In one of his books, written when he was an old man, he complains that he is a pauper, living in an attic. He also published a book called My Trials and Tribulations in which he complains about the insults and injuries done to him by negligent or ambitious parents. (103 Shelton)

The passage shown above contains a quote from Orbulius, a schoolteacher from Ancient Rome, who shines light on the hardships that he personally faced during his teaching career. The passage above may also be taken in account and used as evidence on how underfunded the teachers of the public were, and how the law did nothing in support of the education system. The teachers solely relied on the payment of the students' parents to live and rent classrooms, which usually left the teachers to find creative ways to cut their budget. This included them to teach on the street during the early morning (104-105 Shelton). As a result of the teachers having class on the street and at dawn, documented texts display that the citizens disliked like the teachers for disrupting their daily lives (104 Shelton). What do you have against us, spiteful schoolteacher? ... Before the crested rooster has even crowed, you shatter the silence with your harsh voice and with lashes of your whip., the quote mentioned may be used as evidence towards the negative emotions the citizens had towards the teachers of the public (105 Shelton). The lack of positive emotions steered towards the teachers may be one of the several reasons why they were so underpaid, which leads back into the cycle of the teachers having to teach on the streets.

Other than the difficult location the teachers had to use, their workload was a continuation of the teachings given by the parents on Roman tradition through the literature by using works that had a moralizing tone (109 Shelton), and to further the youths knowledge on the useful applications of math and rhetoric that would advance their knowledge on how to be a functional citizen. I didn't learn geometry and literacy criticism and useless nonsense like that. I learned how to read the letters on public inscriptions. I learned how to divide things into hundreds and work out percentages, and I know weighs, measures, and currency. (111 Shelton) The quote shown above is a prime example of how and why the education system was set up and what its purpose was. In addition to the lack of furthering the advancement of their level of knowledge and funding the teachers, the lower class youths usually followed the same career choice as their parents. This feeds into the social structure that is set up for the progress of the poor citizens to reduce their opportunity of improvement intellectually and socially (111 Shelton).

The youth usually did not make the decision on their job selection as a result of that was the parents' choice, and it was easier and more cost efficient to have the children apprentice the parents (111- 112 Shelton). The virtual inevitability of having the same job as your father or his father before him limited the possibility of social advancement. A child might be trained for work by his father or might be sent to be an apprentice to a craftsman. (112 Shelton). This quote demonstrates the use of apprenticeship to impede the progress of the lower class society. The lack of furthering the education of the poor encourages the division between the two classes and induces a halt on the intellectual evolution of the Roman people. History does not document a change or advancement in the educational system until the introduction of Christianity (Maas).

The introduction of Christianity changed the foundation of the belief system of Rome and the education that was taught including the traditional values. The introduction of Christianity into the Roman society disrupted the literature that the citizens could teach and learn. A report has reached us, which we cannot mention without shame, that you are lecturing on profane literature to certain friends. This fills me with such grief and vehement disgust that my former opinion of you has been turned to mourning and sorrow. For the same mouth cannot sing the praises of Jupiter and the praises of Christ. (71 Maas) The quote shown is a representation of how the turn in tradition changed the foundation to teaching the word of Christ to represent the traditions on beliefs of Roman society.

All scripture is inspired by God and is useful Now the prophets teach one thing, historians another, the law something else, and the form of advice found in the proverbs something different still. But, the Book of Psalms has taken over what is profitable from all. It foretells coming events; it recalls history; it frames laws for life; it suggests what must be done; (73-74 Maas)

The quote above displays the change of education and tradition and the switch from preparing the youths into citizens through education to how to interpret the meanings of the Bible. This may not be seen as advancement for Roman society but it is an evolutionary step for their culture. To push the changes of religion into Roman the education system, the schoolteachers who continued to teach the about the pagan beliefs, pay was severely cut (73 Maas).

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By Limiting the Number of Lifeboats

April 14th, 1912, a day that will be remembered throughout history, the day The Titanic sank. The appalling event that led to the fatal deaths of thousands of people is still a triggering occurrence that still effects society today. Although this event attracted a lot of controversy within several theories about who is at fault for it sinking, there is one obvious answer. That answer is Bruce Ismay, head of the company who owned The Titanic. Ismay caused this tragedy by three impactful decisions.

By limiting the number of lifeboats, rushing travel, and using poor engineering, all effected the deaths of many people. Who is Bruce Ismay you may ask, and why is he the cause of the well-known tragedy, The Titanic? Bruce Ismay was the owner of the company, White Star Line who later became chairman for fourteen years. As a creator of other ships including the Olympic, The Titanic would have been his crowning achievement. He and his company spent over two years creating the ship. The first dreadful decision that Ismay made while creating the ship was limiting the number of lifeboats.

It was first discovered by the chief designer of the Titanic that Ismay made the decision to regulate how many lifeboats could be permitted on the ship. This ship could fit at least forty-eight lifeboats in the deck. While knowing this, Ismay still insisted on having only sixteen on the boat. This amount was enough to save about one-third of the crew and passengers who were on board of the ship. That is thirty-two less lifeboats that were not on the ship the could have saved dozens and dozens of more people. The ship was first made to have about thirty-two boats, but because they thought that the deck of the boat would be extremely filled, the number was condensed. The argument that Ismay revealed was, Why litter the deck, when the ship is herself a lifeboat.

He believed that when a disaster strikes, the boat would save them, but little did he know, that would not be the case. If there were a more amount of the sixteen lifeboats given, then how many less people could have died? Crew and passengers included there was 2229 people, 1503 of that total, died that night. Most of the lifeboats that left the Titanic that night carried only twenty-eight people, when they could have held sixty-four people. Although there were enough life jackets for everyone, that was not enough to save all those people from dying. During the horrible events that occurred, on the last lifeboat, Ismay not only took the last seat but he went ahead of all the other passengers. Women and children were the first priority to be on the lifeboats but even though Ismay knew this, he took advantage of the situation. It was also discovered that the crew were least priority to enter the lifeboats it was the passengers who were supposed to go first. So, most of the ships men and crew were left to die that night because there were not enough boats on the ship to save them. Sir Alfred Chalmers expressed, If the Titanic had carried fewer lifeboats, more people might have been saved, since the existing boats would have been filled to capacity instead of partially empty when the ship sank.

The question that is left with people today is, if Bruce Ismay allowed more lifeboats on the ship, how many people would have still been alive? It was not just Ismay's decision about how many lifeboats would be on the ship, but it was the rushed travel that caused the fatal crash. On June 1914, not only was Ismay questioned about the amount of lifeboats, but also the speed of the Titanic. Two surviving passengers from the ship, Elizabeth Lines and Emily Ryerson negated Ismay's statement on trial from what the heard on the ship. On Saturday, April 13th, Ms. Lines caught a two-hour conversation between Bruce Ismay and Captain E.J. Smith. Ismay caught her attention when she heard him say, We made better today than we did yesterday, and we will make a better run tomorrow than we did today. By saying this, he meant that they would arrive one day earlier then they initially arranged.

Every day, Ismay wanted the captain to continue a faster speed then the day before. Not only did she witness him saying that, but she also heard him say, We will beat Olympic and get in to New York on Tuesday. He stated that by arriving earlier, they would have beaten another ship, the Olympic that was on the same route. Ms. Ryerson remembered seeing Ismay with a message in his hand later the following day. The message that he had stated, We are in among icebergs. Regardless of knowing that they were near dangerous icebergs, he still continued going at a faster speed. He told her that in order to surprise everyone that night with a quicker arrival, he would be placing additional boilers to go faster. No matter hearing anything about icebergs nearby, he wanted to keep going. His reason behind for continuing a rapid speed, was fame. If this White Star Line's chairman, Bruce Ismay, arrived at their destination earlier then they had planned and at a fast speed, he would have been well known everywhere.

He wanted to prove that his company, White Star Line could sail all the way across the Atlantic in just six days. By doing so, he hassled Captain Smith to now slow down but go faster as they passed through the ice fields. A book was published about the Titanic that stated the rivalry that White Star line had with other competing companies, especially Cunard Line. The ship was all about success and fame for Ismay, not about safety for others.

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Controversy between Pro-Vaxxers and Anti-Vaxxers

In a world of medicines and mommy bloggers, there is a controversy between pro-vaxxers and anti-vaxxers. The vaccination controversy cause an uproar for many people, understandably, it's very polarized- you strongly believe in them or you strongly do not. For me, at the age of 15, I strongly believe in the Pro-Vaccine movement and I have data that can back me up. For starters, you may wonder ?what is a vaccine' or ?how to do they work'. For a general explanation, a vaccine is an introduction of a virus or part of a virus that allows your body to see it, to get used to it, to build up its defense, and to be protected if the real thing does come along. For a more in depth medical explanation, vaccines are replicating our body, naturally. If you are exposed to an antigen that you have never seen before, your body has to generate antibodies to fight this antigen- preparing its defense cell in its primary response- it's preparing memory T-cell and B-cell. Therefore, when the antigen is presented again, the second immune response is much faster, and inside of greater magnitude, therefore it's not going to have the same power that it would if you were in primary immune response made by giving ourselves a weaker form of the strain of antigen. We're preparing our body for that more powerful pathogen that could potentially infect us and kill us by not vaccinating. You can put the people around you in danger, if you choose not to vaccinate. Every contagious disease has a herd immunization threshold, which is a percentage of the population that must get vaccinated to protect the population from an outbreak. If this threshold is not being under controlled, it can result in a mass public health issue.

Why are there anti-vaxxers? Anti-Vaxxers are known for their disagreement towards vaccinating their child. They believe that the Polio vaccine cause Polio and the Flu shot causes the Flu. They consider that the preservatives in vaccinations are toxic and it may lead to autism. However, the preservatives in vaccinations are there to prevent microbes and bacteria from forming in these vaccinations. There are many celebrities who are leading this controversy: Donald Trump, Alicia Silverstone, Kat Von D, and Jenny McCarthy. Alicia Silverstone, known for her role in the iconic movie- Clueless, explained her anti-vaccination stance in her 2014 book. In her book she stated, While there has not been a conclusive study of the negative effects of such a rigorous one-size-fits-all, shoot'em-up schedule, there is increasing anecdotal evidence from doctors who have gotten distressed phone calls from parents claiming their child was ?never the same' after receiving a vaccine. However, parents advisor Ari Brown, M.D., a pediatrician in Austin, Texas, and author of Baby 411, told parents.com, Parents often have a hard time reasonably assessing the risks involved because they've never had any experience with many of the diseases that vaccines prevent. But I've seen children with serious cases of measles, mumps, and whooping cough, and I have seen a child die from chicken pox. I promise you that these are diseases you don't want your child to get. Jenny McCarthy has been extremely vocal about the stance, her son Evan was diagnosed with autism in 2005, she blamed her son's condition on the MMR shot received as a baby, among other vaccines.

Our 45th President- Donald Trump, recently tweeted, Healthy young child goes to doctor, gets pumped with massive shot of many vaccines, doesn't feel good and changes- AUSTISM. Many such cases!. This theory has been widely disproven, according to the CDC, Dr. Offit said, According to the CDC, there is absolutely no link between vaccines and autism. Experts believe that the association between the MMR shot and autism is almost certainly coincidental. Children get their first dose of the MMR vaccine at 12 to 15 months, the age at which autism symptoms typically become noticeable. I believe that mommy bloggers and our 45th president should rethink their thoughts, because the realm of vaccine research has expanded and there's no hard-core evidence.

How has the media presented this topic? The media focused on the Whakfield study in 1998, conducting the study was Dr. Wheatfield, he did it on twelve kids and found that there was an increased risk of getting autism if they got vaccines, more specifically- MMR vaccine. With a small sample to conduct ONLY twelve children, not a thousand or a hundred, popped us a red flag. His study shows that children had pervasive developmental disorder, affecting their GI tract, with a strong conclusion; some new type of autism, new phenotype of autism that manifested with GI symptoms and developmental regression, inferring that it has to do with the MMR vaccine. All of this set up the controversy, that autism has to do with vaccine. Wheatfield was paid $500,000 to create this link, because of a law company that wanted to make lawsuits, he claim that he found there was an increased rate, and his research was published. However, on that research paper 10 out of the 13 authors came out and retracted their statements, that there is a causation between autism and vaccines. Making the situation more suspicious, Wheatfield's medical license was taken away.

As a pro-vaxxer- myself, the realm research for vaccines has expanded. People are looking into the preservatives like thimerosal, and how that affects certain diseases and disorders. There is no direct evidence that vaccines cause autism and that is a fact. Plus, the public wouldn't allow vaccines to continue if there is evidence that vaccines causes autism, you have to have epidemiological studies, clinical trails and studies, and in-vitro replication web. Thimerosal a preservative in a lot of vaccines to prevent them from growing bacteria and etc. However, if it gets exceeded it's not safe for children but there is no data that shows that the Thimerosal levels today cause any sort of central nervous system disorder. Before 1960, the amount of people that got measles was around 4 million and in 2005, there was 40 people, with no doubt- vaccines work or we would have polio and so many more diseases. There's a shortage of vaccines throughout the world, unicef says that about one child dies every 20 seconds from a disease preventable by vaccines. I say, anti-vaxxers think again.

In conclusion, I would rather see my child with autism than dead. I find it incredibly selfish for those who decided not to vaccinate their kids, because first you're putting your child in danger and secondly, you're putting other people's children in danger. Throughout medical researchers and doctors, we can conclude that there's always a risk in everything. Just like putting on your seat belts, 1%-99% anything could happen, maybe it's your own seat that kills you when you're in a car crash. But, putting on your seatbelt could save you from many damages, and a ticket. Right now, the information presented to you, shows that vaccines are good, they have higher benefits than risk, and they protect us. Mommy bloggers and celebrities does not have a degree like doctors. With no doubt vaccinate yourself and kids.

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An Issue of Polio Vaccine

Polio is a disease caused by a virus that is spread from person-to-person contact or by consuming food or drinks that are contaminated with the feces of an infected person (CDC, 2018). Fortunately, there is a vaccination that can prevent children and adults from polio, a virus that causes paralysis and sometimes death (Kaufman, 2018). Still, people decide to not vaccinate their kids or themselves, ultimately affecting their kids and others. That is why learning the benefits and risks of the polio vaccination is imperative.

The benefits to public health officials, the community and to other children getting the polio vaccine means the prevention from the polio infection, however, it doesn't cure it. Getting the vaccine prevents people from developing permanent paralysis of the arms or legs, and sometimes death can occur by paralyzing the muscles used for breathing (CDC, 2018). Polio has been eliminated from the USA but anyone that isn't vaccinated who is coming from another country can bring the disease and infect themselves and others around them, that is why getting vaccinated is a benefit for everyone (CDC, 2018). Yet, although there aren't very serious side effects to polio vaccine besides sore spot were the shot was given, other problems that could happen is fainting, longer-lasting shoulder pain other than soreness, and a 1 in a million doses of chance to get an allergic reaction (CDC, 2018). Although the side effects of polio, when they do occur, it's usually mild and the benefits are better than the risks, still parents decide to not vaccinate their kids.

Some parents and health care professionals question the CDS's recommendations and decide to not vaccinate their children, and ultimately causing serious lifelong issues to their kids and other kids. Since polio is spread from person-to-person, deciding to not vaccinate means risking your child and other kids from a lifelong paralysis that can lead to death. Even if someone seems to fully recover from polio, the disease can still 15 to 40 years later develop new muscle pain, weakness, or paralysis (CDC, 2018). Others choose to vaccinate their children along an alternative schedule affecting both their own kid and others around them, particularly those with weakened immune systems (Kaufman, 2018). Similarly, whether the government should have the right to compel vaccination or parents have the right to refuse it is an ethical dilemma. Goodness (or rightness) is one of The Basic Principles for Common Moral when thinking of the government having the right to compel vaccination. Forcing parents to vaccinate will follow the principle ?to do no harm' (Cottrell, 2017). Preventing kids from affecting one another and others from harm is a common goal everyone should follow to ?provide for the greater good of the community' (Cottrell, 2017). When it comes to parents having the right to refuse vaccination, it's a dilemma because a parent or anyone should have the right to deny vaccinations to their children because it's their right, but when it comes to harming their kids and others, it isn't fair for the parents to have a say who gets to be sick or die.

Vaccines are different from other types of personal health decisions in that they are seen as a social norm rather than a decision. Vaccines are also different in that they have larger consequences if parents decide to not vaccinate their children than personal health decisions. Doctors should be the first ones to have a say who should receive a specific vaccine. After all, they did go to school for years to know more than a parent's health decision. The government should then step in and decide the vaccinations that children should receive if the parents still decided not to vaccinate even after the doctors explain the benefits of the vaccines and the consequences of not vaccinating their kids

Although the United States has been polio-free for more than 30 years, the disease is still around in other parts of the world (CDC,2018). Those who are not vaccinated can bring the virus over and cause lifelong paralysis consequences to their kids, themselves, and others because they refused or didn't vaccinate. Its beneficial to vaccinate for polio because it prevents permanent disability that can cause death, usually by paralyzing the muscles used for breathing. Ultimately, one should have the right to decide for their child but when it involves harming their kid in the future or others, those rights should be taken away.

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Vaccines and the Health of the Public

Vaccines have been used all across America since the formation of the U.S. Vaccine Agency in 1812. Unlike medicines, vaccinations are used as an attempt to prevent health problems rather than treat or cure them. Because of their influence, many deadly diseases today are not as widespread. When a child is injected with a vaccine, they are actually being injected with a very weak version of a disease. This allows their immune system to become stronger against it as the child gets older, fighting against stronger versions of the virus in order to prevent being affected by them. However, some people still choose to not get vaccinated. This can potentially be harmful to those that have had their shots, due to the unvaccinated child or adult increasing the risk of disease. It is because of this great risk that vaccinations should be mandatory, in order to protect the general public.

Despite knowing that vaccines do not always work 100% already, anti-vaxxers argue that they do not work at all. This is untrue, and had been proven wrong many times. One source says that, [...] in the 2007 Journal of the American Medical Association, [a study] concluded that [vaccines] have dramatically lowered the incidence of many severe illnesses [...]. Rubella [...] infected roughly 48,000 people a year in the mid-20th century; today, that number is less than two dozen (Mandatory Vaccination). Other infections and viruses have almost been completely eliminated. While the fact that vaccines are not 100% effective still stands, it does not mean that they do not offer any protection at all. Some people can not be vaccinated due to health issues, so they rely on others to be vaccinated in order to kill off diseases. This is known as herd immunity. If someone is not vaccinated and does not have a health issue that will go against it, they contribute against the percentage. They have a chance of causing an outbreak of viruses.

Not only should children be vaccinated, but adults should visit with their doctors regularly to see if they should be vaccinated as well. Each year, around 40,000 Americans die of diseases that could have been prevented by routine vaccine checkups (Missed shots: adult vaccines). Many adults are uninformed about getting vaccinations. The main cause of this is that people are more focused on only child vaccinations, rather than getting all people vaccinated. Not only is this a problem in America, but in other countries as well. One multi-country survey found that 60% of adults say they have not received government-provided information on the importance of adult vaccinations (Survey finds). A doctor named Harold C. Neu explains how easy it is to get deadly diseases without vaccines (Barnhill). For example, a person could get tetanus from just cutting themselves with rusty metal. The risk of this is greatly decreased with vaccines: statistics from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention show that a little less than half of Americans aged 60 and older do not even have the antibodies to defend against tetanus without vaccination (Frick).

The laws in the U.S. have also contributed in endangering the public from these diseases. Today, all 50 U.S. states have laws requiring parents to get their children vaccinated. However, there are exemptions to these laws. As of 2016, 47 out of 50 states have religious exemptions to these laws and 17 have philosophical exemptions (Vaccination Rumors). Essentially, the country has people that are not being vaccinated due to non-medical reasons. In some states, all that a child needs to be exempted from these vaccinations is a parent's signature (Mandatory Vaccination). One person's choice should not be able to affect the lives of many others.

There are many arguments that people against mandatory vaccines have. Some people believe that vaccines can be harmful, due to a study from The Lancet in 1998 that claimed that vaccinations may cause autism and other mental or physical problems (Mandatory Vaccination). Despite this being dubbed as a discredited source, some parents still do not vaccinate their children out of fear, thus increasing the risk of easily preventable diseases to affect their children. Other people believe that simply eating more healthily can make up for not getting vaccinations. While eating healthy is good, it can not prevent bacteria from entering your body or defend against them. Many of these arguments have a huge lack of evidence to defend them.

In conclusion, vaccines are not meant to harm people, but rather protect them. Misinformation is what affects the public's opinion so strongly, not science. Without vaccinations, we would not have nearly eradicated diseases like polio and diphtheria. State governments are here to serve the people, and they can not do that without protecting them. By making vaccines mandatory for all people, without health issues, they would be able to prevent deadly diseases from killing large populations of citizens.

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Necessity of Vaccines

Being a parent is never an easy job. It is not unusual for a parent to question if they are making the right decision for their child or not. Today, many parents often struggle with the decision to vaccinate their child. Many parents are concerned with the rare side effects that come with vaccinations, which is why they may be hesitant to choose to vaccinate their child. Anti-vaccination may be rational to parents who choose to put their child over the public good, but it is not a reasonable choice. Vaccinations are the key to keeping the United States population safe from outbreaks of infectious diseases. According to the American Association of Pediatrics, vaccinations are 90% to 99% effective in the ability to prevent diseases with properly distributed. Not only are the extremely effective, they also save approximately 2.5 million children from disease each year. However, not everyone in the United States receives these recommended vaccinations. As a result of unvaccinated people, the population as a whole is at risk. To resolve this problem, a new law should be put into place that does not allow people to choose not to vaccinate their children. This new law is crucial to the people of the United States as it is the easiest, safest, and most cost-efficient way to put an end to easily preventable disease outbreaks

The urgent need for this new policy adoption in the United States stems from outbreaks that often occur in schools, which may cause students to miss several days of educational instruction. For instance, an elementary school in Denver, Colorado recently experienced a chickenpox outbreak that stemmed from unvaccinated children who attended the school. The school allows its children to not receive the proper and recommended vaccines if the parents of the child chooses to do so. In the school, there was a report that two unvaccinated children in attendance were experiencing symptoms of chickenpox (Kovaleski). In response to this, the school and its health officials told the parents of the other fourteen unvaccinated children who also attended the school that it was recommended that their children did not attend school. This was done to protect the unvaccinated children from the disease in school, since the risk of getting the disease was much higher for them. The vaccinated children at school were able to continue going to class due to their parents giving them the proper vaccines needed. However, because the parents of the unvaccinated children chose to be against vaccines, mainly due to religious reasoning in this case, these unvaccinated children were not able to attend approximately twenty-one days of school the amount of days in which the chickenpox virus could be dormant.

The chickenpox vaccine, varicella, is 99% e?¬?ective at preventing the chickenpox infection in children (Kovaleski), which is information that these parents knew, but disregarded. However, if the vaccination requirement law is put into place, chickenpox outbreaks would be easily avoided because all the unvaccinated children would not be attending a school where they could put their fellow classmates in harm's way. Due to the fact that unvaccinated children not only put themselves at risk, but other children as well, proves just how crucial this law adoption is for schools. With the new law requiring all children to receive vaccines, rather than outbreaks occurring in schools, there will be herd immunity. Herd immunity refers to when a large group of vaccinated people come into contact with an infectious person; however, due to the fact that the majority of the people in the group are protected from the disease, the infected person will have Adi cult time passing the disease along (Loving). A perfect example of herd immunity occurred in Richardson, Texas. In January of 2016, an Legislature and signed by Governor Jerry Brown in June of 2015, which proves that although it will be difficult to make this new policy nationwide, it is possible ("California State Vaccine Requirements). The California bill does not allow any sort of exemption to vaccinations. If a parent wants their child to go to school, that child must be vaccinated”the religion and beliefs of the parents will no longer provide any sort of exemption. If a parent still chooses to not vaccinate their children, their only options are to homeschool their children, or move to another state. This restriction of the first amendment is not only ethical, but necessary because deciding not to get vaccinated does not solely a?¬?ect said individual, butthe population around the individual. The premise of the bill is to make it entirely illegal to send unvaccinated children to schools, which is exactly what the new law will do but nationwide.

The benefits of vaccinations include potentially saving a child's life in a safe and e?¬?ective manner so requiring all people who attend schools to be vaccinated is clearly beneficial to all. According to the article Immunize for Good by Colorado Children's Immunization Coalition, a website that delves into the benefits and risks of vaccines, vaccines are beneficial because they not only protect the person vaccinated, but the people in the surrounding area, as well. Vaccines are also the most cost efficient way to prevent infectious diseases because it is significantly less expensive to prevent a disease in comparison to how much money it costs to treat an infected group of people ("Health and Medicine Division"). It is concluded that there is no evidence proving that the proper vaccine schedule recommended for children is dangerous, and vaccines are the most cost efficient way to prevent diseases, so it is in the public's best intentions to receive vaccines (Immunize for Good).

Despite all evidence pointing to the safety and benefits of vaccines, there are two main reasons that people are against vaccinations: religion and the false rumors of vaccinations causing autism in children. One of the main reasons parents choose not to vaccinate their children is because they believe that vaccinations are against their religion. In the present day, there is religious exemption to vaccinations, which allows people to not get vaccines because they believe it is against their religion. However, religious exemption is something that will no longer be available according to the new policy. There is some controversy over whether religious exemption is justicable or not for the sake of vaccines. For instance, many of the religions that are stereotypically known to be against vaccines actually state morals that show they are for and support the use of vaccines. For example, it is commonly known that some Catholics do not believe in the safety in vaccines; however, the Catholic Church actually states there would seem to be no proper grounds for refusing immunization against dangerous contagious diseases ("Religion and Vaccinationsa Quick Review).

This statement proves that the Catholic Church is not against vaccines, but it actually states that to not vaccinate would be immoral. Another example of a typically anti-vaccine religion is Hinduism. Those who practice Hinduism live their lives in a manner as to respect life, so, they ultimately believe in any technology, such as vaccines, that would help them live healthier lives. The four major divisions of Hinduism have not once mentioned a problem with vaccinations (Grabenstein). Judaism, another quite popular religion, also supports vaccines for similar reasons to Hinduism, they believe that anything that will help enhance life is something to be supported. Also, Judaism support and focuses on the community rather than just one person when it comes to the prevention of disease, which is quite similar to the purpose of vaccines to protect the community. Along with the religions mentioned, there are many

Hulk 8 more such as the Amish, and Islam (Grabenstein), who do in fact support vaccines mainly because the religions understand that vaccines help people live longer and healthier.The second reason that some people are against vaccines is the cause of the false rumor created by Andrew Wakefield. Wakefield claimed to have found scientific evidence that proved that vaccines led to autism in children. It was later concluded that Wakefield found no evidence, rather, he lied and created false information to make it seem as though autism stemmed from vaccines (Vaccines Don't Cause Autism). Although the scientific consensus is against Wakefield's research on vaccines, and he had his medical license taken away, people still believe that vaccines can cause autism. These people are victims of the psychological term, conformation bias. The confirmation bias means that the people want so badly to believe that vaccines are not safe, that any mention of their negative side effects, even if these side effects are proven to be incorrect, still stick in their minds. (Vaccines Do Not Cause Autism). Fortunately, many studies prove that autism does not come from vaccines. For example, one study measured the number of antigens, which are ingredients in vaccines that make the people's immune system create disease-fighting antibodies, from vaccines.

Then, they looked at the results after the vaccines had been used, which proved that the total amount of antigen after receiving vaccines was the exact same for children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and the children without the disorder ("Study Linking Vaccine to Autism Is Called Fraud). Another claim is that the ingredient in earlier vaccines, thimerosal, a mercury-based preservative, causes autism. However, no current vaccines contain thimerosal”not because it causes autism, because it did not”but solely as a precaution ("Study Linking Vaccine to Autism Is Called Fraud"). Therefore, all rumors and incorrect information claiming vaccines give children autism have been refuted, meaning there is no reason to not vaccinate children in fear of autism.

As for the drawbacks of the policy plan, realistically speaking it is going to be difficult to induce such a big change in the United States because the people know they have freedom of choice. However, they need to realize that they do have a choice with this new law: either get their children vaccinated or have their children be homeschooled. The religious exemptions and the belief in autism exemptions have both been proven to be incorrect, so the people of the United States need to understand and realize that the only truly safe decision to make is to vaccinate children. As a conclusion, vaccines are safe, cost-efficient, and the easiest way to avoid disease outbreak. This new law that requires all students who wish to attend school be vaccinated is not only realistic, but a necessity to all of America. The outbreaks of infectious diseases that occur in schools every single year will decrease significantly with the implementation of the new law. With the enforcement of a new policy that requires all students to have vaccines, lives will be saved. In order to protect the people of the United States, vaccines are an absolute necessity.

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Radiation Exposure and Tohoku Earthquake in Japan

On March 11, 2001, an earthquake with a magnitude of 9.0 on the Richter scale hit Tohoku, Japan, the biggest earthquake in the history of the country. Along with over 15,000 deaths, the earthquake and the subsequent tsunami caused significant damage to the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear plants (Oskin, 2017). The radiation leaks from the damaged plants led to the immediate evacuation of residents within 20 km of the area and those within 20-30 km were highly suggested to stay inside or evacuate as soon as possible (Zare & Afrouz, 2012).

It was also thought that there was substantial radioactive deposits in the Pacific Ocean. This accident was classified as a Level 7 in the International Nuclear Event Scale, which is defined by a significant release of radioactivity and widespread negative health outcomes for the people in the surrounding area. The only other event that has been classified as a Level 7 is the Chernobyl Power Plant explosion in 1986, demonstrating the devastating magnitude of this accident (Mahr, 2011). The biggest hazard from this nuclear accident was radiation exposure, specifically iodine being the most prevalent. Increased exposure to radioactive iodine is particularly dangerous because it is in known to increase the risk of thyroid cancer (Drew, Swirsky, & Tarrago, 2002). The biggest stakeholders from this accident were the residents that were in the surrounding area. The people who were closest to the power plants had the most amount of radiation exposure, especially the young children. Furthermore, the accident had an effect on the whole Japanese population due to the risk that sources of food were contaminated from the radioactive meltdown. The Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO), the owner of the Daiichi nuclear plants, was responsible for minimizing the spread of radioactivity from the power plants.

The source of the radioactivity leak resulted from the tsunami's pressure disabling the cooling devices of the nuclear reactors. The generators were then unable to cool down, leading to nuclear meltdowns and a substantial amount of being radioactivity released (Mimura, Yasuhara, Kawagoe, Yokoki, & Kazama, 2011). The most common way people were exposed to the radioactive particles was through inhalation. The amount of radioactive iodine inhalation was dependent on how long the residents in the surrounding area were exposed to outside air and the intensity of the activities they were performing outside (Akiba, 2012). The other major pathway for the radioactive iodine is through ingestion. Ingestion of food from an area with high levels of radioactivity can be a major route of exposure. Specifically, looking at milk and dairy intake is crucial because that is the primary source of thyroid ingestion, especially for children (Steinhauser, Ch?- vez-Ortega, & Vahlbruch, 2017). Other sources of ingestion can include drinking tap water and consuming fish, such as contaminated tuna (Fisher et al., 2013). This contamination could potentially affect the whole Japanese population because fish is such a crucial component of their diet.

The populations that were most vulnerable to the exposure were the residents living closest to the nuclear plant and children. The people closest to the powerplant would naturally have the highest dose of exposure through inhalation. Even though the people within 20km did evacuate, they were still initially exposed to the nuclear meltdown. Children are also more vulnerable than adults because they have a lower body weight, so the proportion of exposure in their body is higher. When measured, newborns had 16 times higher dose of iodine in their body than adults even when they were exposed to the same amount of radioactive iodine (Drew, Swirsky, & Tarrago, 2002). Children are also more vulnerable because their body and brain are still developing.

According to the International Commission on Radiological Protection, the reference level of radiation exposure is 500-1000 mSv for those who were working at the site of the nuclear power plant meltdown without it having detrimental effects (Hasegawa et al., 2015). Specifically for thyroid radiation, there is increased risk of thyroid cancer at exposure doses above 100 mSv (Yamashita, Suzuki, Suzuki, Shimura, & Saenko, 2018). Sievert (Sv) is the SI unit for the equivalent radiation dose that equals 1 J/kg (Baes, n.d.). Another commonly used unit is Gray (Gy) which is the SI unit for radiation dose that equals absorbed energy/tissue mass (Baes, n.d.). Besides killing the cells, the radiation can also create mutations that cause the cells to start diving uncontrollably, making them carcinogenic. Iodine is normally absorbed by the thyroid gland to make thyroxine hormone. Because of this, radioactive iodine is likely to accumulate in the thyroid increasing the risk for thyroid cancer (Hasegawa et al., 2015).

The source of understanding the potential effects of the Fukushima radiation mainly come from epidemiological studies based on the Chernobyl accident in 1986. Due to an extreme power surge, the nuclear reactors in Chernobyl exploded, causing them to burn for 10 days straight and led to more than 115,000 people being evacuated (Chernobyl Accident and Its Consequences, n.d.). Through longitudinal cohort studies of this population, they were able to determine that children affected by the radiation had a higher incidence of thyroid cancer (Cardis et al., 2006). The odds of getting cancer among children who had high radiation exposure (more than 1Gy) was 5 times greater than the odds of getting cancer among children who had low radiation exposure (less than 0.3Gy) (Cardis & Hatch, 2011). Another longitudinal cohort study determined that even after two decades, there was a clear linear dose-response relationship of 1.91 Excess Relative Risk/Gy, demonstrating for every gray of radioactive iodine absorbed, one had 1.91 times higher risk of developing thyroid cancer (Brenner et al., 2011). These sources demonstrate the adverse risk of cancer associated with increased radioactive iodine exposure. I did not find sufficient animal studies to support this data, but believe it is because there is already a vast amount of strong epidemiological data from the Chernobyl accident, as well as from the Nagasaki and Hiroshima bombings to demonstrate the relationship between radioactive iodine and the incidence of thyroid cancer.

The primary types of studies that were done and are still being done after the Fukushima nuclear plant accident are longitudinal cohort studies similar to those done after the Chernobyl accident with their exposure of interest being radioactive iodine and their outcome of interest being the incidence of thyroid cancer. Their population of interest is the residents that were living in the Fukushima prefecture at the time of the earthquake and nuclear accident. I think that this type of study is appropriate because it is important to note the changes in the radiation levels in their body as time goes on. Furthermore, health effects from the radiation, such as incidence of cancer, cannot be detected right away; it could take years to decades as they saw from the Chernobyl incident. This brings up the downsides to longitudinal cohort studies. Studying a set population for many years is very expensive, especially when ensuring a low dropout rate. Furthermore, it was very difficult to measure the thyroid radiation levels for many people using the thyroid monitor because of the flooding and evacuation (Hasegawa et al., 2015).

As I mentioned above, the populations that were most affected by this nuclear accident were the residents, especially the children, that were near the site of the nuclear plant. TEPCO workers were also affected because they had to go back to the nuclear plants to prevent further radiation damage. Furthermore, firefighters and rescue teams that went into the areas of highest exposure to help residents evacuate may have had an increased amount of radiation exposure.

Initial studies have shown that the exposure doses of radioactive iodine among the Fukushima population has been less than a few mSv, and has certainly been lower than the exposure dose of those affected by the Chernobyl accident (Yamashita, Suzuki, Suzuki, Shimura, & Saenko, 2018). Further longitudinal studies have not seen a detectable increase in the incidence of thyroid cancer among the populations that lived closest to the nuclear plant (Yamashita, Suzuki, Suzuki, Shimura, & Saenko, 2018). However, it is still crucial to continue the studies, especially in children who were exposed because they are the most vulnerable and can still develop late onset thyroid cancer (Harada et al., 2014). Also, it is equally important to think about the mental health effects due to this accident. There is a lot of speculation with the residents that the Japanese government is not telling them the full scope of the effects of the radiation, which creates excess stress on top of many of their houses being destroyed and families being separated by the earthquake and nuclear plant (Akiba, 2012). This accident was definitely unexpected. It was the largest earthquake ever recorded in Japan and the subsequent tsunami caused additional damage. Since it was mostly an unavoidable situation, I believe the best way to carry on is to ensure that the risk for the people who were exposed are minimized. Sometimes iodine tablets are recommended. However, the Japanese have a higher intake of iodine consumption than most populations due to their high intake of seaweed. This should replace the radioactive iodine found in their thyroid (Hasegawa et al., 2015).

To further minimize the spread of the radiation, there was a restriction of food distribution from areas that were affected by the radiation. Throughout the nation, there was a daily radiation check on school lunches to ensure they were not contaminated (Hasegawa et al., 2015). There has been continued radiation monitoring and surveys being done in the affected areas to get a comprehensive understanding of the possible health effects (Yamashita, Suzuki, Suzuki, Shimura, & Saenko, 2018). Even in 2018, there is still a big push to continue donations to help with the rebuilding of communities affected by the earthquake and radiation exposure. The government is also trying to get the public more informed by starting radiation education in Japanese high schools (Tsubokura, Kitamura, & Yoshida, 2018).

Some policies have been revised since this accident, including Japan's Basic Energy Plan. Last updated in 2018, this plan is trying to get Japan to move towards renewable energy sources, hopefully decreasing the number of nuclear plants available so that an accident of this magnitude cannot happen again (Japanese Cabinet approves new basic energy plan - World Nuclear News, 2018). The plan from the Convention of Nuclear Safety was updated in 2014 to include consequences of the Fukushima accident to make sure that other countries can also prevent nuclear accidents in the future (Convention on Nuclear Safety, 2017) . However, nuclear power is still the top energy source in Japan to this day making up 20-22% of the generation of electricity (Japanese Cabinet approves new basic energy plan - World Nuclear News, 2018). This demonstrates that there is still a long way to go to push policy so that nuclear power plants can be replaced with safer energy sources, so an accident like this will not happen again.

Although the epidemiological studies done in Fukushima so far has not found a direct effect of radioactive iodine exposure to thyroid cancer, I still believe that the continuous check on the citizens on their radiation dose and health effects will be beneficial to have a more thorough understanding of the potential adverse effects of different amounts of radiation dosage (Yamashita, Suzuki, Suzuki, Shimura, & Saenko, 2018). Incidence of thyroid cancer, the main health concern for increased radioactive iodine exposure, is not something that appears the next day. As they saw in Chernobyl, it can take years to decades to see the effects and even still they do not know if the full scope of the consequences has been captured. Food monitoring done in public schools is a great way to mitigate the risks, especially since children are the most vulnerable population. I believe that educating the children about the radiation exposure is also critical as well. Hopefully with a population more educated on the adverse effects of radiation, more policy can be implemented to transition the country away from nuclear power sources. I think there also needs to be a push towards providing the residents with mental health help. From my experience in Japan, I know that mental health is not a very open topic for discussion and I'm sure many people have had trouble reaching out for help. I think that there should definitely be more opportunities within the communities for those seeking mental health advice. I also believe the Japanese government need to be more transparent about the situation with the affected population. The Fukushima residents are the ones that have to live with the repercussions of the accident, so the government should inform them and provide aid in any way possible.

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Miss Havisham’s House

A person's position in the social class hierarchy often has far-reaching effects on their health, family life, education and even on how they view themselves. In Great Expectations, Pip feels those effects to the fullest. Throughout the novel, he is being constantly reminded of how his low social status marks him as incompetent to those who belong to the higher ranks of society. Coming from a lower class background inspired Pip to go on a journey of self improvement that consequently caused him to stray from his family in order to fit in with the higher class.

When Pip was invited to Miss Havisham's house to play with her daughter Estella, he was exposed to the stark differences in social class. Estella was undeniably rude, calling Pip common and ridiculing him for having coarse hands and run down clothing. In that moment, Pip began to feel aware of his social status and was ashamed of it. He was so ashamed, mainly because he wanted to impress the beautiful Estella and knew that he could not do so properly due to his class. It was then that Pip set the great expectation for himself of becoming the proper gentleman he thought he needed to be in order to fit in with the members of high society and finally manage to win Estella and Miss Havisham over.

When Pip was a child, he lost both his parents and was left in the care of his older sister, Mrs. Joe. Pip cared for her since she was his only family but on the other hand, he was fearful of her and often felt like he was stuck in that family. However, he still established a great reputation with her and the neighbors because she had brought me [pip] up by hand(Dickens 11). Pip also felt empathy towards his brother in law Joe as he felt that they were both trapped in a similar kind of situation by Mrs. Joe. This is why he thought so highly of Joe. Pip always treated him as a larger species of child and as no more than my equal(Dickens 13).

He appreciated Joe and was very fond of him. He longed to grow up and one day work alongside Joe in his workshop. He was proud of Joe and his trade. Like any other child, Pip was innocent and good. He tried his best to follow the rules and stay out of trouble. Pips story began to take a turn for the worst when he encountered a convict when visiting his parents grave. He was forced to comply with the convicts demands which required him to steal food and a file from his sister.

This was the first crack in Pips innocence as he was forced to both lie and steal from his family. He didn't care that they were poor and belonged to a low social class. In fact, he never truly realized what his social class was nor its importance until he was invited to Miss Havisham's house to play with her daughter Estella. From that moment on, Pip's life was changed. He was so taken aback from Estella's beauty that he longed to conquer her. He was willing to do anything it took to win her heart. He quickly realized that his social class was one of the biggest obstacles in his way as there was absolutely no way that Miss.

Havisham would approve of their relationship if Pip wasn't a gentleman. Pip begins to grow apart from his family, confiding in Biddy instead of Joe. Pip's obsession with climbing the social ladder and his sudden inheritance of a fortune makes him arrogant and rude, especially to the people in his childhood. He is suddenly ashamed of Joe, the person who showed him compassion and love from the beginning. He is embarrassed of his trade, something that he so desperately wanted to learn when he was younger. He believed that any sort of tie to Joe or his past would soil the persona of a suave gentleman that he was so desperately trying to build in order to woo Estella and gain Miss Havisham's approval. He was so caught up in this that he didn't see how much he had changed for the worst.

The themes of ambition and social advancement are one of the most central aspects in Great Expectations. In his novel, Dickens struggles to fully express to what extent a person is capable of deciding their own fate. Dickens represents this struggle through Pip, who is searching for his own identity and where he fit in the social hierarchy. Pip's determination to embark on his self-improvement journey is spurred by his treatment by Miss Havisham and Estella. He so desperately wants both of them to accept him that he is willing to do anything, which is dangerous. He attempts to take his destiny into his own hands.

He no longer wants to be an apprentice in Joe's workshop as was expected. Instead, he set out to become a gentleman. Pip's obsession with social ambition causes him to lose his innocence and he becomes detached from his natural, sympathetic, kind nature. He strays further and further from the scared, innocent little boy he was in the beginning of the novel. He morphs into an arrogant adolescent, driven almost insanely by the desire to be more than he was made out to be, to one day beat society's expectations of him and fulfill his own great expectations for what he wants to be. Pip is in a way controlled by this obsession in an external manner. Therefore, has more power to think independently and form his own new identity of being a gentleman. This is what allowed him to redeem himself at the end, once he was able to separate his fantasy from reality.

Pip, throughout his life was enraged by the behavior of Mrs. Joe, by snobbishness of Estella which ultimately came to his realization to reform himself into a stronger man. He realized that the position he was in being in his sister's family, he will never be able to marry Estella, so he had great expectations to change himself and be a part of the upper class family and finally marry Estella. Waters further states Pip is desperately laying claim to a position within the discourse of middle class domesticity and assumptions in forming his representations of the family and female nature are one of the means by which he established to seek his identity.(waters154). He dreamt of living a wealthy life, dreamt of getting education abroad and most significantly thus marrying Estella, for that reason he forced himself to come out from his low class family and reforming his own self.

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Communism as a Form of Government

In this paper I will be explaining the type of government called Communism. Communism has several different interpretations. I will explain the basics of Communism. I will also explain some of the complex areas of it. I will explain how it was formed and where it is put into practice.

Karl Marx was German. He was an economist, philosopher, sociologist, and socialist revolutionary. He is the father and know for introducing communism to Germany. He introduced the writing called the Communist Manifesto. He introduced it to Germany in 1848.

The Communist Manifesto that Marx wrote was kind of like a set of rules saying what you could and could not do. There are four sections in the Communist Manifesto. The preamble, Bourgeois and Proletarians, Proletarians and Communists, Socialist and Communist Literature. Through these four sections you get the laws for Communism. It is practiced in several countries including China, North Korea, Vietnam, Loas and Cuba. One early way it was started was with religion. Some believe that Christians practiced a form of Communism, with having no worldly possessions.

Karl Marx's goal of Communism was to get rid of all private property. He believed through Communism that no one should own anything and belong to the government. He was trying to produce a classless society in which there was no rank and all people worked for nothing but only to support the government. In a sense that would be the perfect type of government for a country to have.

Communism wasn't introduced until the 1840's. It comes from the Latin word communis, which means to share or common opinion. The works of a government that may be considered communist appeared about the time of the 4th century. The governing class of leaders works to serving the concerns of the entire country. Private ownership of things would encourage selfishness on the owners of the products. The people must live as one large family that shares ownership on everything, not only of material goods but also of spouses and children.

One issue that came from the communist government was the creation of the black market as a response to having no free market. The black market was created as an underground trade system in which citizens could buy and trade things illegally. In a comparison, a free market is an economic system where prices are determined by the competition between privately owned businesses. In a communist government, only the leaders of the government can decide these factors. The trading in the black market has led to a community of crimes such as smuggling, bribery, and stealing.

The government of Communism has several different ways of electing officials to be in charge. The most common way is self appointed through politics. The second most common way is through force. Vladimir in Russia and Mao Zedong in China were both forced into the position by the citizens of their own country.

A concern for Communism was that information wasn't really getting between government leaders and the citizens of the country. Some of the issues were, limiting outside media, closely watching educational programs, and making threats and intimidation tactics as a way to regulate people's everyday lifestyles. Lastly, the communist government is typically ruled by one person that is either self-appointed or came to power from political revolutions. Karl Marx created a government that would encourage a proud sense of nationalism that would encourage the common good. Today, communism is an economic system that has changed more into a political system that has little similarities to Marx's original ideas for Communism.

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Augustus and the Use of Propaganda

It is often said that history is written by the victors, and the quote could not be more appropriate than for Augustus. He is often called the ?restorer of the Republic' by contemporary and ancient time historians. Being a major influence on his life, Augustus was inspired by Caesar practices and propaganda works. He took those propaganda lessons and perfected them. The unprecedented age of peace and stability that Augustus brought, known as the Pax Romana or Roman Peace, did not occur naturally. He was able to maintain control of not only the common people but of the government and other political rivals. The written word was perhaps the most useful tool at his disposal and he used it to manipulate events to tell the story from his perspective and ensured that this perspective would be considered historical fact. When studying propaganda in the age of Augustus, it is crucial to mention Augustus' own literary works, The Deeds of the Divine Augustus. The document was written by Augustus himself and meant to be seen and read by as many people as possible. The document t summarizes Augustus' image and deeds to the people of Rome. He never tells any outright lies, but does manipulate the light in which certain historical events are presented. The document was written shortly before Augustus' death, meaning that it had no immediate impact in his life.

Nonetheless, it is still important in how it shaped his legacy and still serves as evidence for his political propaganda machine. One of the less discussed aspects of Augustus' propaganda is in the name ?Augustus' itself, that is not a name, but rather a title. Augustus included the moment he was bestowed the title in his own literary work The Deeds of the Divine Augustus: In my sixth and seventh consulates, after putting out the civil war I handed over the state from my power to the dominion of the senate and Roman people. And for this merit of mine, by a senate decree, I was called Augustus

After that time, I exceeded all in influence, but I had no greater power than the others who were colleagues with me in each magistracy. When analyzing Augustus' words, it is clear that he understood the significance of what had just occurred. This single verse simultaneously displays Augustus' power and authority while also carefully ?clarifying' that Augustus was no more powerful than any other magistrate. Even though this was not the reality, it served its purpose. It portrayed the image that Augustus wished to present to the people. The nuanced propaganda depicted the inaccurate idea that the Republic still existed and that the power ultimately rested with the people. Augustus says he had no greater power than the others [senators and statesmen] who were colleagues with him, which was simply not true. Augustus had learned from Julius Caesar's the importance of propaganda, but also not to commit the same mistake as Caesar did. He knew he could not allow himself to be declared sole ruler of the Republic as Caesar did prior to his assassination. F Furthermore, another telling example of the image he wishes to portray is in the first verse, A copy below of the deeds of the divine Augustus, by which he subjected the whole wide earth to the rule of the Roman people, and of the money which he spent for the state and Roman people From the very beginning we see reference to his public image, Augustus' the Divine. The Res Gestae is filled with many other indications of his legality and importance to Rome.

In the first paragraph, Augustus states: on my own initiative and at my own expense, I raised an army with which I set free the state, which was oppressed by the domination of a faction. Here we see that it was Augustus that saved Rome from those who would bring her to ruin. Augustus also shows his dominance in military affairs as well. Throughout the document there are numerous mentions of Augustus conquests, I drove the men who slaughtered my father into exile with a legal order, punishing their crime, and afterwards, when they waged war on the state, I conquered them in two battles. Here, Augustus simultaneously establishes the criminal nature of Caesar's assassins while also establishing his military superiority when he claims he won the battle against them twice. Importantly, in the 5th paragraph, Augustus establishes and emphasizes that he had no desire for dictatorship when he says, When the dictatorship was offered to me, both in my presence and my absence, by the people and SenateI did not accept itWhen the annual and perpetual consulate was then again offered to me, I did not accept it. Augustus is telling the people of Rome that he declined an offer of dictatorship twice, both publicly privately.

As mentioned above, he knew the dangers of calling himself the only ruler and used all his skills to remove the idea from the people of the Republic. Augustus devotion to propaganda is visible also in Suetonius writings, in his writing The life of Augustus he mentions that From early youth, he devoted himself eagerly and with utmost diligence to oratory and liberal studies In fact, he never afterwards spoke in the Senate, or to the people or the soldiers, except in a studied and written address, although he did not lack the gift of speaking offhand without preparation. Augustus' dedication to written words, in a period when not many could read, is a testament of his grand vision of control of the then present and future historical record. In Suetonius writing we also read,

Moreover, to avoid the danger of forgetting what he was to sayhe adopted the practice of reading everything from a manuscript. Even his conversations with individuals and the more important of those with his own wife Livia, he always wrote out and read from a note-book, for fear of saying too much or too little if he spoke offhand. The desire to control all aspects of his image stretched into his intimate relationship with close friends and his own wife. Furthermore, being aware of the fact that not many could read his writing, he used the ones that could as magnifiers that would spread his word, as Suetonius writes, He wrote numerous works of various kinds in prose, some of which he read to a group of his intimate friends, as others did in a lecture-room; for example, his "Reply to Brutus on Cato. Although these encounters were considered informal and intimate, they served their purpose in the propaganda machine that Augustus' bulletproofed. Augustus' dedicated a lot of time to writing, especially during his later years, most of it was about his life but he also tried to write a tragedy. In Suetonius Life of Augustus he writes that He also wrote "Exhortations to Philosophy" and some volumes of an Autobiography, giving an account of his life in thirteen books up to the time of the Cantabrian war, but no farther. Thirteen books dedicated to his life show, written during his later years show that Augustus' wan not only interested in the control that the propaganda provided. He wanted to be immortalized in the image of his choice.

In conclusion, Augustus is remembered as arguably the greatest leader in Rome's history. His accomplishments as a leader are well known amongst contemporary Romans and historians alike. Bringing his writing into historical context and facts, it is clear that some of his deeds and character may be exaggerated. But, Augustus did bring an unprecedented era of peace to the Mediterranean world that helped ensure the longevity of the Roman empire. Nonetheless, when studying such an important figure it is important not to fall prey to Augustus' propaganda itself.

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In Dickens’s Novel

One of the most important and common tools that authors use to demonstrate the themes of their stories is a character that undergoes several major changes throughout the story. In Great Expectations, Charles Dickens introduces the reader to many compelling and distinguished characters, including the peculiar recluse, Miss Havisham, the shrewd and careful lawyer, Mr. Jaggers, and the altruistic convict, Abel Magwitch. However, Great Expectations is the story of Pip and his initial dreams. The significant changes that Pip's character goes through are very important to the novel's many themes. Dickens uses Pip's deterioration from an innocent boy into an arrogant gentleman and his redemption as a good-natured person to illustrate the idea that unrealistic hopes and expectations can lead to undesirable traits.

In Dickens's novel, Jaggers has his office in a dismal area near Newgate Prison in London. For, much like a prison cell, the room is dark, lit only by a patched skylight. The walls are greasy from the many prisoner/clients who have stood against it as they are faced by Mr. Jaggers. When they are sent out abruptly, they must sidle along the wall to reach the doorway, as the office is so narrow. Mr. Jaggers holds the same relations to many people, but having worked so long with the low, criminal element of London, Jaggers himself is much like an emotionally disconnected jailer who has the ability to abruptly dispose of people. His office definitely reflects his personality, in that there’s no warmth, or attachment to humanity or the outside world. (write more about what his office is like)

Lawyers are often thought to be aggressive and rude. In Great Expectations, by Charles Dickens, Mr. Jaggers is no different. From the first time we meet him, Jaggers comes across as self-important, wealthy and too busy for sensitivity. Jaggers arrange for a carriage to take Pip from his hometown to London. Pip is supposed to meet Jaggers at his law office.

When he arrives at Jaggers' office there are many people waiting outside to speak with Jaggers about their cases or about the cases of their relatives. Mr. Jaggers is of hand to all of them. At one point, a man starts a sentence by telling Mr. Jaggers ''We thought...'' Jaggers immediately responded by saying ''You thought! I think for you; that's enough for you.'' He is similarly rude to two women in the crowd, and completely ignores a man who is hopping up and down in desperation to get Jaggers' attention. This scene gives us a good idea of Jaggers' self-importance. The desperation of the people around him and the way that they almost worship him reveals why Mr. Jaggers thinks so highly of himself.

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How we Survived Communism and Even Laughed

The book How we Survived Communism and Even Laughed is written by Slavenkia Drakulic. Based in 1990, Drakulic shares her journey about traveling to various Eastern European countries to converse with women about their lives in their communist countries. This essay will be discussing and exploring the hardships men and women had to face under their communist countries, specifically the lack of goods/products, the challenges/burdens women faced, and the authors reasoning on why she believed communism failed. The book discusses the author's personal experiences she has endured in a communist country, but primarily focuses on the stories of other women's personal journeys, feelings, opinions, and hardships they had to face.

Throughout the book Drakulic maintains a huge dislike for her communist country. A huge problem that people had to face was the lack of goods and products they could obtain. A considerably important product Drakulic discusses in her book is the shortage of toilet paper. In the United States, we see toilet paper as a necessity, a day to day product used by the whole nation. However, the citizens of these communist countries are denied to this necessity and our forced to accommodate with what they have. In these European countries toilet paper is considered a luxury item, and if that is the case we know there is a huge problem. Drakulic states Progress in communism was marked by better and better quality toilet paper. (Drakulic 72) People were forced to use other items such as newspaper in replace of toilet paper thus revealing the way these people had to survive and be resourceful. Aside from this dire necessity women where denied the basic products they should be provided, and therefore humiliated. Tampons and sanitary were luxury items and many did not have access to them. Ultimately leading women to a state of humiliation and feeling degraded.

Alongside the lack of these necessities came along with the undesirable living situations. Drakulic goes into detail about how families were forced to live in cramped apartments with their family members and sometimes people they didn't know. Families who were lucky where the ones who had grandparents/parents whom already obtained an apartment. The outrageous price of the apartments and the lack of them made it difficult for families to move on with their new families or out of their parents' home. Again, showing how limited and impossible it was for people of communist counties to explore the possibly of freedom and life on their own.

The lack of privacy was another huge disadvantage for the people of communist countries. Everywhere people went, their lives were monitored from their phone calls to eating out at a restaurant. They were always being watched. Their only escape was at home. And although they wanted their own freedom, the citizens did not desire such thing because of the principles placed upon them. Overall, the lack of children's toys, privacy, food, and apartments to the lack toilet paper, men, women, and children were denied important, normal, and crucial items and products they needed to live a healthy/normal life.

It appears that in a communist country, all are said to be equal both men and women.

However, though they semi- accomplished this by making it hard for women to access cosmetics and create their own sense of style, women were often degraded, humiliated and treated as less than. Cosmetics were luxury products to women and an ideal way to separate your looks from

the rest. Women had a huge desire to create an identity for themselves. Women not being able to feel different led to low self-esteem and depression. Drakulic states Without a choice of cosmetics and clothes ..it wasn't at all hard to create the special kind of uniformity that comes out of an equal distribution of poverty and the neglect of people's real needs. There was no chance for individualism ” for women or men (Drakulic 23).

Sexism was huge problem in communist countries, because though the government tried to create equality between the two there was question about who would do what type of work ex. house work, office work. Drakulic states What is one supposed to call hand-washing of laundry, scrubbing floors, or ironing? The answer is: just women's work (Drakulic 46). This quote shows that although equality was the goal, their standards would never be met because of deep-rooted sexism towards women. Overall women were faced with many challenges and burdens. They were denied the ability of individualism, were treated as less then, and denied the necessities a woman needs.

Lastly Darkulic discusses why she believes communism has failed. A variety of reasons were believed to have caused such failure. One being the lack of consideration and support for the people. Darkulic states it failed because of distrust, because of a fear for the future. True people did collect out of povertya poverty in which the whole country is deprived, everybody is poora state of life that hardly changes...because deep down nobody believed in a system that was continuously unable to provide for its citizens basic needs.( Drakulic 189)

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America’s Involvement in the Korean War

America has a long background throughout history of imperialism and interfering in conflicts across the globe; from the Spanish American War in the Philippines to the Vietnam War, America constantly finds itself in conflict. The US finds itself in conflict for many different reasons, those reasons include encouraging the spread of democracy and other American ideals and to stop the spread of communism, which the US saw as a threat. The US's effort in the war was somewhat of a success yet had many failures. On one hand, the US stopped the spread of communism but on the other hand, the US didn't completely remove communism from Korea. Those are some of the reasons for US intervention in foreign conflicts and how it was a success and failure in the Korean War.

From its conception, the US has wanted to impose its philosophies on anyone who doesn't agree with it, it is no different in the case of Korea. Initially, South Korea was under the control of communist Japan. America at this point has had a bad past with communism and believed that Korea would be better with a democratic government. So, in 1945 America deployed a group of Marines and captured South Korea in order to institute their Democratic style. Under a Democratic government, South Korea flourished and was more prosperous. This was great for the US because it showed the superiority of Democracy to communism to the world. That is how the US's desire to spread Democracy influenced American intervention in Korea.

During the '40s and '50s, the US had an event known as the Red Scare take place. It was caused by escalating tensions due to the spread of communism worldwide and in the US and was named accordingly. This fear of the spread of communism is one of the most influencing reasons for the US's involvement in the Korean War. The US recognized the importance of stopping communists from invading South Korea and knew what it would signify if it was taken over. Because of that, the US began to intervene and support South Korea by sending troops and supplies. That is how the fear of the spread of communism affected US involvement in the Korean War.

Whether or not the US involvement in the Korean War was a success depends on the interpreted goal of the intervention. The US mainly wanted to stop the spread of communism into South Korea and the peninsula which it did accomplish, although the US did not completely eliminate communism from Asia, Russia, and Korea. This could be seen as a failure as communism could still spread in places other than Korea and even into America. This failure to completely destroy communism led to the Red Scare which makes the involvement in the Korean War seem like even more of a failure. That is how American involvement was seen as both a success and a failure.

The US has many different reasons to be involved in foreign conflicts, those reasons include encouraging the spread of democracy and to stop the spread of communism. The US's effort in the Korean War was somewhat of a success yet had many failures. On one hand, the US stopped the spread of communism but on the other hand, the US didn't completely remove communism from Korea. That is some of the reasons for US involvement and how America's involvement was a success and failure at the same time.

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Why the Korean War Still Matters

The Korean War was the first first proxy war that followed World War II in 1950. It contributed to the Cold War and occurred between 1950 to 1953, ending with 5 million casualties and a ceasefire, making it an unfinished war to this day. Americans had little knowledge of Korea until the Cairo Conference in November of 1943 where America, Great Britain, Soviet Union, and China agreed on working to free the Koreans from Japanese occupation. In February 1945, at the Yalta Conference, President Roosevelt proposed a trusteeship involving the United States, China, and the Soviet Union which could last twenty to thirty years. In response to this, Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin responded that the "shorter the period the better." At the Moscow Conference in December 1945, the United States, Soviet Union and Great Britain proposed trusteeship of Korea and created the Joint Soviet-American Commission, which worked on establishing a provisional Korean democratic government. When attempts to establish Korean independence failed, the United States made another proposal, but the Soviets rejected it, bringing the U.S. to discuss this issue with the United Nations on September 14, 1947. President Truman, who took control of the operation after Roosevelt's death, began to worry about communist power spreading so he turned to the United Nations which created the United Nations Temporary Commission on Korea. This commission met in Seoul on January 12, 1948 to enforce elections but again, the Soviets refused to let it cross the parallel to hold elections in the north. The United States supervised free elections in South Korea, in which they were in favor of democracy and formed the Republic of Korea under Dr. Syngman Rhee. Little did they know of the extent that North Korea and Soviet Union were planning for the invasion on the South. This sets the stage for the following actions that would occur during the course of the Korean war. The war became a war for another nation, being more brutal than any nation could imagine.

Kim Il-Sung, North Korean dictator, wanted to reunify Korea and believed that the only way was through military defeat of the South. In 1949, the Chinese communists won the civil war in China, which pushed Kim Il-Sung to persuade Stalin to help support the reunification of Korea by military force. Stalin gave his approval, and began working on defeating the United States, United Nation troops, and those who were fighting for the South. On June 25, 1950, the North Korean Army crossed the 38th parallel and attacked to unify the peninsula. President Truman, who was completely surprised of the action, immediately sent the unprepared U.S. Forces to defend South Korea. For the first time, the United Nations authorized the establishment of a multinational force; the U.S. being the primary fighter of the war and twenty other countries contributing to the war effort. The U.N. Security Council called for immediate cessation of hostilities and withdrawal of all North Korean forces to the 38th parallel. Proposed by Great Britain, the United Nations asked the United States to lead the Unified Command to end North Korean aggression, in which the U.S. accepted and Truman appointed General Douglas MacArthur as commanding general.

On November 25th,1950, General MacArthur grew weary and launched a major offensive with intentions to defeat the North Korean forces and end the war in its entirety. [they had problems Though the advance appeared to make headway, American and allied units failed to maintain cohesive lines and often lost contact with one another.] Shortly after midnight on November 25th, the Chinese began their counter-attack. Mao Tse-Tung, Chinese communist revolutionary and founding father of People's Republic of China, ordered a massive intervention of Chinese communist forces. This action completely changed the course of the war, and it was no longer a fight between the North Korean and Soviet communists, but between the Chinese. Roughly 300,000 men entered North Korea with violent attacks against the American and United Nation forces, stampeding (?) General MacArthur and fellow troops were completely caught off guard and did not believe that China would openly enter the war. Factors such as the sub-zero weather and overwhelming number of Chinese soldiers, forced the U.N soldiers to withdraw to a line well south of Seoul. On November 28th, MacArthur sent a message to Washington and stated, We face an entirely new war. The Chinese appeared in great and ever-increasing strength. MacArthur wanted the troops to use American air power to attack the Chinese communists, but Truman rejected his plan fearing that the attack would be projected on the Americans and would therefore bring the Soviet Union into the picture of this upcoming war. MacArthur criticized Truman's decision, (quote?) and in response Truman declared MacArthur insubordinate (quote?) and relieved him of his authority as commanding general. In March 1951, the U.N. fought their way back to the 38th parallel under (who is commanding general). In April and May, the Chinese forces launched successive major offensives against U.N. troops.

Other conflicts came into play. The conflict turned into a Stalemate that lasted two and half more years. During the two years, fighting was still occurring and the major hold up to the peace negotiations was "Prisoners of War (POW)". Article 118 read prisoners of war shall be released and repatriated without delay after the cessation of hostilities. However, the communists did not abide by Geneva Convention and refused to submit the list of prisoners held in their captivity and denied access to visit POW camps or even locations of such camps. Both sides had were charged for atrocities against POWs. The U.S. charged that American and U.N. POWs had been starved, subjected to political brainwashing sessions, and randomly executed. U.S. military sources estimated that roughly 38 percent of all U.S. POWs died in captivity. The UN had 150,000 prisoners, more than were on the other side; if it were for an all for all exchanged, the UN feared that the enemies would come back with a massive attack. Sources also claim that Chinese and North Korean soldiers were caught by South Korean forces and were shot or tortured. They were then pushed into cramped living quarters and fed irregularly with inadequate food. In the UN camp on Koje-do Island, the camp commander was taken prisoner by the POWs and demanded that he issue a public statement about the inhumane treatment of the prisoners. To put an end to the issue of the POWs who refused to make amends, North Korea agreed to a system of UN camps that would keep detainees for three months before the POWs made a decision.

Finally, on July 27, 1953, representatives for the United States and North Korea signed the Military Armistice Agreement which would "ensure a complete cessation of hostilities and of all acts of armed force in Korea until a final peaceful settlement is achieved." The government of South Korea refused to sign the agreement because a they were outraged that the cease-fire had come without the unification of Korea, but in general agreed to abide by the terms of the agreement which stated that both sides withdrew two kilometers from the border, creating the Demilitarized Zone.

By the end of summer 1953, Stalin was dead, MacArthur was relieved of his position, and Truman was no longer president. Losses were immense: 1,000,000 chinese troops, 33,700 U.S. troops, and the total U.N. military deaths that included Americans were 170,000. Nearly 3 million Koreans, mostly civilians and an estimated 5 million refugees were also killed. Despite this, the Korean War is often forgotten, often overshadowed by World War II and the Vietnam War.

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Consequences of the Korean War

The Cold War was about how North Korea's leader Kim Il Sung desired to have communist while the South Korean's were against it. This horrific atrocity happened to take place in Korea on June 25th 1950. While the war had begun North Korea received plentiful help from China's leader Mao Zedong and while the US and the Soviet Union's took interest in helping the South Korean's who were all opposed to communism. During the Korean war 178,000 Americans were killed and 400,000 Chinese troops were also killed while fighting. During the war 373 k South Korean's were found to be killed and 1,550,000 North Korean's were also said to be killed.

A large amount of soldiers who were both fighting from each side died after catching frostbites due to the cold, freezing weather. The Cold War began after having the North Korea invade South Korea. Since North Korea was more stronger and had more troops on their side Kim Il Sung decided to invade into South Korea and try to gain control of the Korean's peninsula. The Korean War (1950-1953) began when the North Korean Communist army crossed the 38th Parallel and invaded non-Communist South Korea.

On June 25, 1950, the Korean War began when some 75,000 soldiers from the North Korean People's Army poured across the 38th parallel. Kim Il Sung wanted to dominate the other half of the Korean peninsula. So in order to do that he first invaded South Korea and used Soviet tanks to be able to steal the supplies from South Korea. Mac Arthur decides to drop bombs across the Yalu river in order to stop the Chinese from sending supplies to North Korea. So when Mac Arthur did go as according to his plan it was successful. The U.S. dropped more bombs in Korea (635,000 tons, as well as 32,557 tons.) Since this happened it made the Korean War last longer which was three years later from then. Within three months of North Korea Within three months of North Korea's June 25, 1950 attack on South Korea, Kim Il-Sung's army had driven the southern forces and their U.N. allies down to a last-ditch defensive line on the southern coast of the peninsula, called the Pusan Perimeter. which is when Kim Il Sung and his army comes across something called the Pusan perimeter and which is where they meet the South Korean's and also the US eye to eye. MacArthur thought of an idea of sending his army all the way to Inchon which is located in South Korea. On September 15, MacArthur sent his army to land on Inchon in order to gain control of supplies. Afterwards of when Mac Arthur and his army landed at Inchon he then desired to retake Seoul at the very instant chance he got. Then later on, North Korea decide to cross the 38th parallel and onto South Korea. During the Cold war between both the South and North Korea there were also set boundaries about the Korean peninsula and the 38th parallel where the line was created before the Cold War had first began. So afterwards the Pusan perimeter was also supposedly located in Pusan city heading towards South Korea. Inside the Pusan perimeter is where both South and North Korea met and were cornered. Since this incident occurred during the Korean War, the Soviets leader Mac Arthur took control of over it and instead of heading towards Kim Il Sung and his army, Mac Arthur took the longer way which was around the Pusan perimeter in order to avoid the North Korean's due to themselves of having less people and unfit soldiers for service. Mac Arthur decides to both take Seoul and Pyongyang which was located in North Korea. So after what happened with North Korea Mac Arthur decides to take things into his own hands and while he was trying to do that it went well according to however his plan was.

While this atrocity was happening in October 19 Pyongyang was also then being captured by South Korean's and the US and also the Soviet Union's. Afterwards of having to land onto Inchon and retaking Seoul and also stealing Pyongyang from North Korea. Mao's government was not willing to have the U.N. forces on his border, however, so when the southern troops reached the Yalu River, China intervened on Kim Il-Sung's side. Despite of that the South Korean's didn't care and headed across the Yalu river in order to face the North Korean's one on one and take away their properties. South Korea and UN troops mass along Yalu River, the North Korea/China border. South Korean's decide to go across the 38th parallel and across the Yalu River and on to North Korea where their enemies lie at. From now on South Korea may have seemed to have more power than North Korea and their plans seemed to be going good as they thought it would be. Since this atrocity already happened South Korea seemed to gain more control over the entire Korean peninsula and seemed to be reaching their goal by eliminating communism. It was a war to liberate the North from the communists. So the Soviet Union's leader Mac Arthur didn't want communism so which was why he also desired to help the South Korean's who were also against it too. After having North Korea invade into South Korea the South koreans were angry with North Korea and which was also the reason of having the US drop bombs into Korea. Due to this matter happening during the Cold War the South koreans had both Pyongyang and Seoul but the North koreans were more better at preparing for the war and had better supplies and weapons. During this war there were weapons that were being used both by the South and North Korea. Such as enfield #2, Ceska Zbrojovka vz. 26, and also M1 (Bazooka), rifle guns and grenades and artillery systems, etc which were used as weapons in order to defeat one another during the Cold War. Artillery systems during the war were used to fire from far away which can aim quite quickly, accurately. While the grenades were being used with bombs to destroy Korea during the time.

Also the soldiers from each of the side had weapons that they carried such as rifle guns and the M1 Bazooka and etc. During the war was happening like I said the weather changed from hot to freezing cold and the soldiers were dying from getting frostbites because of the weather being below 0 celcius. Also there were a large amount of Americans and Chinese and Russian and Koreans from both North and South that were being killed and wounded or injured due to the matter of this war. While the South Korean's and the Soviet Union's and the US were trying to cross the Yalu River and on to North Korea and so they couldn't this time. Mao Zedong wouldn't allow them to cross his border which is the Yalu River so he notifies them to go back to their territory which is South Korea. Which is when both Mao Zedong and Kim Il Sung have a chance to recapture Seoul again from the South Korean's and the Soviet Union's which took place during March 14 1951 which happened to be one year later from when the war first began. Later on when it's 1953 the year of when the Cold War ended, both South and North Korea decided to put a pause to their fighting. After the Korean war and fighting against each other they both came across the 38th parallel which was the line that was made before the war even began. So then both parties decided to put a stop to the war but it also didn't mean that they were going to be allies then and now. Both sides were really determined to stop fighting and wanted to put the fighting to a complete end. During the year of 1951-1953 many soldiers had died and were injured and also lost limbs from each nation in order to protect their territory and leaders. Due to this pointless war happening many people died and there were lots of hate and disagreement.

While the war continued but was about to end which was during 1953. After both the South and North Korea were fighting they both came to a stop which was declared at the 38th parallel which is then and still located at the same spot which is the border between South and North Korea which meets the line across the 38th parallel. From 1951-1953 which the Cold war had lasted for 3 years. After the three years of fighting against each other North Korea was able to take Pyongyang and South Korea had the chance to take Seoul and make it into South Korea's own city. Both parties were able to take back what was supposedly theirs. During the end of the battle in 1953 which was three years later. Since this horrific atrocity once happened between the South and North Korea they finally both came to a conclusion where they were determined to put an end to the fighting and the Cold War. So by putting an end to the three painful, devastating, and horrible years of the terrible atrocity which is then and still called the Korean War. Both South and North Korea desired to sign an armistice which was at the time of 1953. After the war had started the two parties ended at the same spot which is called the 38th parallel which then and still is the border that crosses both South and North Korea. The war dragged on until July of 1953, when it ended in a stalemate with the peninsula divided once more along the 38th Parallel. So in 1953 the Korean War had finally stopped and Korea was then to be divided into two separate nations. There was a demilitarized zone that was being created in order for both nations to have peace. North Korea faces South Korea across a demilitarized zone(DMZ) 2.5 miles (4 km) wide that was established by the terms of the 1953 armistice that ended fighting in the Korean War (1950“53).

The demilitarized zone crosses the 38th parallel and which is where the border remains at. Both countries would remain independent and the border would remain at the 38th parallel. The armistice was supposedly a treaty which was to end the Cold War. This armistice took place in 1953 where both nations were declared that they had signed it and which supposedly ended the War. After the Cold War had finally ended there was a new border which was made to give peace and space for each nation. This new border that was created gave both the nations their own territory which had concluded to providing peace for one another. Lastly, at the end Korea was supposedly divided into 2 independent nations.

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Steve Jobs is the Man

Steve Jobs is the man who changed the style of personal computers from traditional computers to modern computers by using new devices and tools. In addition, Steve Jobs is the co-founder of Apple company and one of the main creators of Macintosh. This essay will discuss different areas in Jobs' history like his birth, childhood, education, as well as the first job he got after dropping out of college, how he created Apple, and finally health issues and death.

Isaacson (2011, P1-3) states that Steve Jobs was born on the 24th February, 1955 in San Francisco. The biological parents of Jobs are Abdullfattah Jandali and Joanne Shieble (Isaacson, 2011). his parents met each other when they were studying at Wisconsin university. Additionally, the father is from Syria and the mother is from Germany (Isaacson, 2011). They fell in love, and they made a relationship. As a young couple, despite the fact that they were not married, and they were only 20 something, getting a child was difficult for them. Also, it is shameful for her to be a single mother.

She did not want her family to know about her pregnancy. Moreover, her father did not want her to get married to Jandali. For these reasons, she decided to travel to San Francisco in order to offer her child for adoption. Furthermore, she wanted her kid to be adopted by a Catholic and educated family. Unfortunately, her child was adopted by another family which was Paul Jobs and his wife Clara. Jobs' family neither of them was a college graduate. Joanne refused to sign the documents for the adoption, but the jobs' family promised her to educate her son and to send him to a great university. After that, she accepted the agreement and she signed the adoption paper. Jobs family named their adopted kid Steve Paul Jobs (Isaacson, 2011).

Isaacson (2011, P11-31) states that Steve started learning in an early age when he was around 2 years old. Clara taught him how to read and write before he started his first school. Also, he learned about mechanism from his father. His father taught him the difference between some tools and how to use them. Moreover, Steve sometimes helped his father when he wanted to build fence; his age was around 10 years old (Wikipedia, 2018).

He became a friend with some engineers in electronics who were not the same age as his (Wikipedia, 2018). However, his behaviours changed a little bit at school when he met some bad friends who he tried to follow their steps. Fortunately, his teacher in the 4th grade tried to keep him learning. Steve said ?'she bribed me into learning. She would say I really want you to finish this workbook I will give you 5 bucks if you finish it''. From this situation Steve learned a lot of things because it helped him to jump to other grads. However, his family did not want him to do that (Biography, 2014).

Jobs spent around 2 years at university. He did not find it interesting as he thought. Steve was interested only in electronic things. He found university the opposite to his dreams, and he knew that university would not help him in his future (Dodds, 2018). He decided to stop going to university and to find a job. In contrast, his family had been saving money for many years in order to make their son continue his studies and occupy a good place at university. Additionally, they had been promising his biological mother to send her son to university. When they sent him to university, they tried after that to visit him at the campus, but he refused to meet them and to talk to them because he did not want to be sent to university in the first place (Isaacson, 2011). At university, Steve Jobs was attending courses about calligraphy, where he was studying how to design things, before he finally dropped out of school.

In 1973, (Wikipedia, 2018) states that, after the university, Jobs turned back to his family in San Francisco in order to get a job. Fortunately, Steve Jobs found that Steve Wozniak had designed a video game, and Steve Jobs took the design and sold it to Atari. From that design, he got a job as a technician at Atari. After that, he travelled to India for a short time and tuned back to start with Wozniak in designing machines and sales them to Atari (Isaacson, 2011) (Wikipedia, 2018).

Although Steve got a job, he faced many drawbacks at the company; one of his obstacles was because the company did not want ungraduated student. Second, he was a genius and that caused many problems with the workers at Atari. Finally, he decided with his friend to open a new business in order to be free and separated from any company.

In 1976 they designed Apple computers, and the technological revolution, that happened at the end of 19s in Europe, forced both Steve Jobs and Wozniak to create and design new devices instead of old devices (Vital, 2014). They used Jobs' garage as an office for their new company. In 1985, Jobs left Appel company and began his own company called NEXT, Inc. Then he sold it to Apple and returned to his previous company Appel in 1997 as the CEO. Jobs was known as genius and hard worker. Appel company was advanced by Jobs to reach the highest rank among hundreds companies (Biography, 2014).

In 2003, the medical analyses showed that Jobs had a pancreatic cancer, but he chose to hide it in order to avoid making troubles to his company (Biography, 2014). After a year, he did a successful surgery and removed the disease. In 2009, the press started talking about Jobs' health. Later on, Jobs took a vacation and began doing his job by just emailing the employees, but in reality it was not just a vacation it was a medical leave (Biography, 2014) (Wikipedia, 2018). Steve got some advice by doctors about some medicaments but he refused to use them that why the level of cancer increased (Swaine, 2011). When he knew that his health decreased, he regretted and sent messages to his fans telling them about his situation. Although he could not continue his job as a CEO at Apple, he loved the company and stuff. However, the Vice President was appointed instead of Steve Jobs to lead the company (Swaine, 2011) (Wikipedia, 2018) (Biography, 2014).

Steve spent 8 years fighting his cancer. Additionally, he tried at the beginning to cure himself with juice fruit and some medicaments that he found on the Internet. Steve died in his house in California in 2011 (Swaine, 2011) (Wikipedia, 2018). That was the end of Apple's CEO and one of the Apple's co-founders. The Apple company spent six days closing the company as respect to his death.

As a summary, Steve Jobs had a massive history started with his adoption, childhood, education, his life after college, the way he started his first job and stablished the Apple company, and finally, his death. Despite the fact that he left the college earlier, he achieved many goals in his life. Moreover, he helped in the advancement of the world from the old style to the modernity by using efficient devices and functional smart phones. Steve Jobs died leaving after him a legacy that would never disappear.

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Steve Jobs was Born on February

Steve Jobs was born on February 24th, 1955 in the city of San Francisco, California. His parents put him up for adoption because his biological mothers parents did not accept the relationship she had with Steve's biological father. Soon after he was born he was adopted by Paul and Clara Jobs.He had their last name since they raised him since birth. At a very young age, Steve and his family moved from San Francisco to reside in the city of Mountain View, California where he spent his childhood. Steve was always the type of kid to be to himself and be alone, he didn't have many friends.

Steve had one other adopted sibling, which was his sister, Patti. Steve lived in an average middle class family, his father Paul was a mechanic and his mother Clara was an accountant. Steve attended elementary school at Monta being so smart that the teachers and staff suggested that he skip two whole grades. This was too big of a jump his parents believed so he only skipped one. At age 11, Steve started attending Crittenden Middle School. After attending the school for a couple of months Steve left due to being bullied to the point he wasn't happy anymore. His parents made the decision of moving to reside in the city of Los Altos, California, attending Cupertino Junior High. Steve wasn't really the athletic type, the only sport he participated in was competitive swimming for a couple years. He was more into electronics and school clubs, joining the Hewlett-Packard Explorer Club, ever since then Steve Jobs has a life full of electronic success.

Steve Jobs became a multi-billionaire in the long run but it didn't start off as an easy path. His highest level of schooling was high school, graduating from Homestead High School in Cupertino, California. He dropped out of Reed College, a private college in Portland, Oregon. He only attended for less than 6 months before giving up on the college lifestyle and dove straight into his fascination with electronics. Steve was not that good of a student in his words it was just too much for him and he didn't like the idea of college in the long run when he knew what he wanted to do, failing the only classes he even attempted in college.

Steve Jobs created his own company in the year of 1976 at the age of 21. By the time 1978 came around, Apple was banking around 2 million dollars per year off of Apple II. The company went public in the year of 1980, and changed the world forever. Steve Jobs used his electronic development skills to team up with Steve Wozniak who was a genius when it came to visionary work. Tiger where the two couldn't be stopped in the world of business. After taking a little break from Apple, Steve brought the company back in the year. Steve Jobs and Apple received a 150$ million dollar loan from Bill Gates, the richest man in the world in present day, and owner of Microsoft. Jobs first big hit was the IPod in 2001.

Steve Jobs changed the world forever, almost everybody in the world has an Apple product whether it's a watch, IPad or IPhone. Steve Jobs passed away on October 5th, 2011. Even after his death he has impacted the world of electronics forever with his brand, Apple.

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Psychiatric Sisorder: Bipolar Disorder

Contents

Bipolar Disorder
Symptoms of Bipolar Disorder
Diagnosed of Bipolar Disorder
Treatments for Bipolar Disorder
Carbamazepine
Doses of Carbamazepine
Conclusion
References

Bipolar Disorder is one of the most common psychiatric disorder that an individual can be diagnosed with. Bipolar disorder is a consider as a mental illness (2013). Bipolar disorder is a disorder where you can have repeated of low depression to high manic episodes. They are many symptoms that you can experience if you are diagnosed with bipolar disorder. There are many medications, you can take to help control your episodes such as Anticonvulsant (2005). However, when you are taking any kind of Bipolar medication you must make sure you are taking the right doses of medication, so it can help you control your symptoms of manic episodes.

Bipolar Disorder

Bipolar disorder is a disorder with recurrent episodes of mood swings that can range from low depression to high manic episodes. Many people know that Bipolar disorder is one of the most challenging psychiatric disorder to be diagnosed with. Bipolar disorder is widely known as manic depression. The global lifetime occurrence rate of bipolar disorder is roughly 1% (Harrison & Keating, 2005). I know that Bipolar disorder can have a negative impact on your life. In many cases, Bipolar disorder can lead to suicide attempts and actual suicide. Anderson et all (2013) stated that deliberate self-harm-particularly associated with depressive and mixed episodes, psychosis and substance misuse occurs in 30-40% of patients. The completed suicide rates large 7.8% of men and 4.8% in women. There are two types of Bipolar disorder. Bipolar I and Bipolar II. Bipolar I is referred to elevated mood swings that are severe and sustained this called Mania episode. Bipolar II is associated with less severe depressive and hypomanic episodes. (Anderson et all 2013). I know men are more likely to be diagnosed with Bipolar disorder I then women and Bipolar II are more common in women than men. The most common age that someone can be diagnosed with bipolar disorder is roughly around the ages of 24. However, there are many cases with children have been diagnosed with Bipolar disorders. I know that children and adult are diagnosed with bipolar disorder, it is a consider as a mental illness. It will become a lifetime illness, but with the help of medications an individual who is suffering from bipolar disorder can live happy and normal life.

Symptoms of Bipolar Disorder

Bipolar symptoms can range from mild to severe. Starting with adults who has symptoms of Bipolar disorder. Their symptoms of bipolar disorder can include unexpected mood swings such as feeling tired, hopeless, problems with sleeping, not interested in daily activities, not interact with family members, increased speech, distractibility, and racing thoughts. Anderson et all (2013). Symptoms in children are a little harder to detect than adults because in children you are expecting children to act out and have different mood swings for their age. Children who are experiencing bipolar symptoms can become angry easily. Many children will start to act silly or become extremely happy is also a symptom of bipolar disorder. Another symptom to look for is to see is the child is staying focusing in school or even during daily activities.

Diagnosed of Bipolar Disorder

According to (Anderson et al,. 2013), there is a key to diagnosis of patients who are suffering from Bipolar disorder. One of the main factors to look into is to see if the patients have a presence or history of hypomania or mania. Hypomania can last for a short period of time such as having episodes that last for a few days. However, mania episodes are slightly different than hypomania. Mania episodes are blown out mania episodes which last for several days or even months. I know it some cases, individuals who have manic episodes sometimes must be hospitalized. I know that the sooner you diagnosed a person the better outcome you will have. When it comes to diagnosis, patient with bipolar disorder, it sometime can get confused with other mental illness such as Schizophrenia. Schizophrenia patients can have the same symptoms as a patient who experiencing bipolar disorder. They are many diagnosed cases where someone can be overdiagnosis. Anderson stated that to avoid overdiagnosis of bipolar disorder requires the presence of mania with euphoria and not just irritability and an episodic course. This statement was in place to avoid any possible overdiagnosis for any patient. I know it is very important to document everything you do with patients who has bipolar disorder. (Pfennig et al,.2013) stated that individual course of bipolar disorder should be documented, with reference to the attainment of defined treatment goals. This can be achieved with the assistance of established external evaluation instruments or by the patient keeping an ideal daily record of his/her moods. There is a couple professional who can treat, and diagnosis bipolar disorder and they are Psychiatrist, a Primary care provider and a Clinical psychologist.

Treatments for Bipolar Disorder

According to Pfennig (2013), the goal of treatment for bipolar disorder is to achieve as high possible level of psychosocial function and health related quality of life. Treatments for bipolar disorder can range from a therapy session to medications to supportive care. Personally, I know there are many therapy sessions to help deal with bipolar disorder. The first therapy session that I know is a support group. A support group is a group of people who shared the same condition as you this type of therapy is more like a counseling setting where you talk about your problem and feelings. The second type of therapy session that I know that can help for bipolar patients is psychoeducation. Psychoeducation is a type of session where you can get educated about your mental illness or your conditions. The third therapy session that I know is Cognitive behavioral therapy. Cognitive behavior therapy is when you are in a talkative therapy that you focused on negative behaviors and feeling you having. The fourth therapy session that I know that is good for bipolar patients and their family is Family therapy. Family Therapy is in place for the family of the patients to come together and talk about their problems. The last therapy session that I know for bipolar patients is Psychotherapy. Psychotherapy is a form of therapy where you can talk through your mental illness. Another Bipolar disorder treatment that can benefit bipolar disorder patients are supportive care. I know that in supportive care patients must stay in a hospital setting. In most cases, patients who stay in a supportive care setting can take medication that is not offered outside of the hospital. Therefore, they need to be closely monitored to watch for different side effect that might occur. They are many medications, you can take to help control bipolar disorder individuals. Some different medication can include Antipsychotic, Anticonvulsant and Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor also known as SSRI. I know one of the most effective medication or drugs to treat Bipolar disorder is Carbamazepine. According to the (Harrison & Keating., 2005) they conduct a study of extended-release formation of carbamazepine. This study includes a 3-week trials and a 6 month long extended study. They find out that the most treatment-emergent events were observed in the study of extended-release of carbamazepine were from mild to moderate severity. During the 3-week trails of extended-release of carbamazepine they find out that there was a greater reduction in the white blood cell count. During this stage they only find one confirmed case of leukopenia and it was considered to be serious.

Carbamazepine

According to Harrison & Keating, (2005) Carbamazepine was the first preparation to be approved in the United States for the treatment of Bipolar disorder. However, before carbamazepine was first preparation for a treatment of bipolar disorder it was used to treat patients who suffered from epilepsy, trigeminal neuralgia. Trigeminal neuralgia is a continuous pain that affects the trigeminal nerve in the face. Harrison & Keating, (2005) stated that carbamazepine was recommended as a second-line agent that was a treatment for acute manic or mixed episodes that was linked with bipolar I disorder it shown the effectiveness in Bipolar mania episodes. The pharmacodynamic of Carbamazepine develop at the cellular receptors which can affect benzodiazepine receptors and adenosine and GABAb receptors. This means that the drug carbamazepine will binds the calcium channels and inhibits the sodium channels at the receptor site. Harrison & Keating (2005). Personally, I know that Carbamazepine also has many trade drugs names such as Tegretol and Carbatrol. During my research, I find out that carbamazepine can have an impact on your liver and Carbamazepine can cause liver damage.

Doses of Carbamazepine

(Harrison & Keating, 2005) stated that the extended-release of carbamazepine were created into a capsule formulation and the drug was admitted through two-doses. The two doses were 800-1600 mg per day. However, the single doses of carbamazepine were a little over 200 to 800 mg dose range. The absorption of the extended-release of carbamazepine reported to be a slow absorption. Absorption of carbamazepine will last only about 6 hours, and this will be followed into multiples of doses. Extended-release carbamazepine is suited to because 40% of a dose is contained in extended release beads that dissolve over 8“12 hours this form of absorption is taking place along the gastrointestinal tract, and 35% of a dose is contained in the enteric released beads that will dissolve in the intestines. Harrison & Keating (2005) stated that carbamazepine is a variable because of the autoinduction from it owns metabolism by the CYP3A4 enzyme. So, this means it can interact with additional drugs that are inhibitors Harrison & Keating (2005). I know that a lot medication that we are prescribe that we do not have to take anything with such as food however, in this case you must take food with carbamazepine.

Conclusion

Many people know that Bipolar disorder is one of the most challenging psychiatric disorder to be diagnosed in adults and children. Bipolar disorder is most known as manic depression. However, bipolar disorder is a disorder where recurrent episodes of mood swings can take place and the mood swing range from low depression to high main episodes. There are roughly 1 % of people will be diagnosed with Bipolar disorder. Bipolar disorder symptoms can include unexpected mood swings such as feeling tired, hopeless, problems with sleeping, not interested in daily activities, not interact with family members, increased speech, distractibility, and racing thoughts. (Anderson, Haddad, & Scott, 2013). When it comes to diagnosis patients with bipolar disorder the first thing you should look at is to see if the patients had any prior history of hypomania or mania episodes. Their many effective treatments for patients who suffering from bipolar disorder. Many treatments can range from medication to therapy session. There are many effective bipolar disorder medications and one those medications are called Carbamazepine. Carbamazepine is a drug that belongs in the benzodiazepine classification and this drug is used as an anticonvulsant drug to help treat bipolar disorder. Carbamazepine doses range from 200 to 800 milligram to 800 milligrams to 1200 per day. Bipolar disorder is one of the most psychiatric disorder in our society today, but if you take your medication daily and in the right way you can live a happy and stable life.

References

Pfennig, A., Bschor, T., Falkai, P., & Bauer, M. (2013). The diagnosis and treatment of bipolar disorder. . Deutsches ?„rzteblatt International, https://huie.hsu.edu:2048/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=2013-06217-001&site=ehost-live.

Anderson, I. M., Haddad, P. M., & Scott, J. (2013). Bipolar disorder. BMJ: British Medical Journal, 27-32. Retrieved from Retrieved from https://huie.hsu.edu:2080/stable/23493486

Harrison, T. S., & Keating, M. G. (2005). Extended-release carbamazepine capsules: In bipolar I disorder. CNS Drugs, 709“716. Retrieved from https://doi-org.ezproxy.hsu.edu/10.2165/00023210-200519080-00006

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Bipolar Disorder in Children

Contents

Bipolar Disorder
Physical Aspects
Neurological Aspects
Emotional Aspects
Spiritual/Religious Aspects
Conclusion
References

Bipolar Disorder

Mental illness is a widespread and multicultural issue that ranges from childhood into adulthood. Many of these illnesses are either not reported, nor diagnosed, but also are not treated. Triggers such as depression, prolonged stress, environment, substance abuse, and home life can have lasting effects on those that have underline issues. Some mental disorders can be observed and are easier to pin point, where others may take more time to manifest and have no outward physical indicators. Extremes on the continuum in behaviors can help professionals narrow down symptoms in order to diagnose a patient. Bipolar Disorder is one that many professionals wait until symptoms have not only manifested, but have also become stable. Bipolar disorder can also mimic many symptoms that a person with Autism or other mental illnesses might deal with and vice versa. To understand Bipolar Disorder more, this paper will describe the physical aspects, neurological and emotional aspects, as well as spiritual and religious aspects of someone living with Bipolar Disorder.

Physical Aspects

Patients living with Bipolar Disorder do not necessarily show outward physical symptoms on its own. The majority of the physical symptoms are typically a result of emotional or mental disturbances as well as treatment side effects such as drowsiness, rapid heartbeat, and weight gain. Patient outcomes are further exacerbated by poor physical health, as the presence of medical comorbidities is significantly negatively associated with functioning, treatment response, and course of bipolar illness, including more frequent and persistent episodes (Journal of Affective Disorders, 2016, para. 7). Many patients that believe they have poor health, report less physical activities in their daily lives as well as low occupational functioning. Among these issues were more bodily pain, depression and manic or hypomanic symptoms. Some chronic conditions that have been linked to those suffering from Bipolar Disorder are hypertension, obesity, and diabetes, previous head injuries, migraines, epilepsy, multiple sclerosis and asthma. (Journal of Affective Disorders, 2016). These are just a few to mention. Childhood trauma can be a risk factor for developing Bipolar illness and can present more clinical symptoms over time. Substance abuse and suicide attempts are increased concerns as the trauma from childhood can lead to alterations of affect regulation, impulse control, and cognitive functioning that might decrease the ability to cope with later stressors (International Journal of Bipolar Disorder, 2016, para. 1). Children that have experienced childhood trauma may also experience chronic inflammation and sleep disturbances as well as conditions mentioned above. Patients with unstable moods can become more irritable and have unpredictable behavior and poor judgment as well as increased reckless activities, all of which can have negative consequences to their physical and mental wellbeing.

Neurological Aspects

Bipolar Disorder can be broken up into four subgroups; Bipolar I Disorder, Bipolar II Disorder, Cyclothymic Disorder (Cyclothymia), and Bipolar Disorder other specified and unspecified. Bipolar I Disorder is an illness in which people experience both mania and depression and have had at least one or more manic episodes lasting a specific time period or has had to be hospitalized. Bipolar II Disorder is characterized by depressive episodes that fluctuate over time, but never form into full mania. Those with Cyclothymic Disorder have little if no periods of normal moods. They have chronic unstable moods that combine depression and hypomania for two years or more. People that have been diagnosed with unspecified or other specified Bipolar Disorder typically do not meet the typical standards for I or II, but have periods of clinically significant elevations of abnormal moods. Most often professionals will distinguish between the two major Bipolar Disorders (I and II) before reaching a conclusion of the alternatives. Full mania causes severe functional impairment, can include symptoms of psychosis, and often requires hospitalization; hypomania, by contrast, is not severe enough to cause marked impairment in social or occupational functioning, or to necessitate hospitalization (American Health and Drug Benefits, 2014, para. 7). Bipolar I and II have similar brain structures that are effected. Though there have been many discussions and questions related to the neurological aspects of those with Bipolar illness, it is thought that it is a multifactorial disease resulting from a combination of gene abnormalities, chronic stressors, traumatic experiences and environmental influences. One report states, Many researchers believe that BPD arises from modulation of synaptic and neural plasticity in critical circuits mediating affective and cognitive function (Journal of Clinical Investigation, 2009, para. 5). Other research articles conclude that, Childhood trauma interacts with several genes belonging to several different biological pathways such as Hypothalamic-pituitary“adrenal (HPA) axis, serotonergic transmission, neuroplasticity, immunity, calcium signaling, and circadian rhythms (International Journal of Bipolar Disorder, 2016, para.1). Yet, another article gives details of brain imaging to support roles for alterations of serotonergic neurotransmission in major depressive episodes. Their studies have reported decreases in radioligand binding to the serotonin transporter in platelets and in the midbrain as well as decreases in hydroxytryptamine receptor binding in the hippocampus and amygdala, increasing cortisol secretion (Official Journal of the World Psychiatric Association, 2003, para. 8). Note that the amygdala is important for regulating fear and emotions and changes in emotional or affect regulation may be seen in the limbic system. There is no concrete evidence of one specific factor resulting in BPD however it is argued that it may be a result of the altered synapses and circuits rather than imbalances in specific neurotransmitters. The research on Bipolar Disorder is ongoing and with the help of fMRI brain imaging, professionals have begun narrowing down many areas of interest that have been helpful in determining different treatment options.

Emotional Aspects

Due to the concern of long term and fluctuations of moods, depressive episodes, and trauma, the emotional aspects of those suffering from Bipolar Disorder are detrimental. Research indicates that childhood trauma can elevate risk for alcohol/drug dependency as well as suicide attempts. It is stated that females are more likely to report sexual abuse where males typically will report physical abuse if present. patients with a history of emotional abuse have higher severity scores on all symptoms, including depression, hopelessness, suicidal ideation, anxiety, and impulsivity. These data may suggest emotional abuse as a specific risk factor for certain psychiatric disorders possibly with anxious, depressive, and emotional core features (International Journal of Bipolar Disorders, 2016, para. 11). The core features that are important to be aware of with a patient having suffered trauma are as follows: emotional neglect, emotional abuse, physical neglect, physical abuse, and sexual abuse. Patients suffering these types of trauma tend to show deficits in cognitive functioning, working memory, attention and processing speed, and executive functioning. In adults, high levels of stress can predict recurring depressive episodes. Adults are also less likely to have social support and secure attachments which can lead to increased vulnerability to long term negative effects (International Journal of Bipolar Disorders, 2016, para. 19). Those suffering Bipolar I tend to have more severe symptoms of anxiety, irritability, and agitation and experience extremes of mania and depression as well as mixed states. Patients dealing with mixed states are harder to treat because they are more dissatisfied with the treatments and are more likely to have at least one suicide attempt during their life (International Journal of Bipolar Disorders, 2017, para. 7 & 8). Research indicates that Bipolar I is the fifth leading cause of medical disability among people ages 15-44. Bipolar I is most concerning in the fact that they have low well being and quality of life due to increased interpersonal conflicts and high unemployment rates, even for those in remission (Journal of Affective Disorders, 2013, para. 1). This article also states deficits in social cognitive functioning such as ability to encode, store and retrieve, as well as apply social information with social context, ability to recognize and respond to emotions of others and self (para. 3). For those living with Bipolar illness, the overwhelming instability of emotions can be triggered with even the slightest stressors. Adolescents in school, especially during times of maturation and puberty, are prone to bouts of insecurities and peer pressures. With a good support system in place and the right treatments, these children can deal with negative stress in a positive way. As adults, the challenge comes with their willingness to seek or sustain treatments available and are more likely to refuse medicine and/or treatment if the side effects seem to outweigh their needs.

Spiritual/Religious Aspects

In any type of scenario, there is bound to be consequences for our behaviors. Whether the consequences are rewarding or they are the result of a negative event, as humans, we want to share our experiences with others. Having a support system, relationships with others, and a social life, is important for most people. However, there are still many people that choose to go through life on their own, dealing with their storms internally. Spirituality is about emotions and connecting socially. It enhances our outlook and helps a person to build and expand their thoughts in a more positive way. Hymns and Psalms in the Bible are focused on trusting the Lords guidance, made for inspiration and worship. Scriptures can enhance positive emotions and give a person a sense of peace, as well as taking the focus off of their problems. George Vaillant states, When I use the term spirituality, I am suggesting that spirituality is all about positive emotions. These emotions includelove, hope, joy, forgiveness, compassion, trust, gratitudeandawe. Of enormous importance is the fact that none of the eight are all about me. They epitomize what Charles Darwin called social emotions; they all help us to break out of the ego cage of I and mine (Mens Sann Monographs, 2008, para. 7). Many times when a person is dealing with uncertainty, when the future looks dim, and they feel alone, it is easy to withdraw and lean on bad habits that negatively effect not only our relationships, but also our well being. Being able to find purpose in life is one of human being's main objectives. Whether through a spiritual connection in nature or through a religious connection with our Creator, the individual has a higher chance of recovery, sustained well being, a positive outlook on life and a desire to persevere.

Conclusion

In conclusion, Bipolar is a disorder that causes dramatic shifts in moods, can drain a person's energy and can create unclear thinking. Mental illness effects 1 in 5 people in a given year. Bipolar Disorder is among the mental illnesses reported. For those living with this disorder, it can wreak havoc on their ability to hold down a job, maintain social supports and can lead to erratic and dangerous behaviors. Depression is one of the leading symptoms in BP and can cause a person to feel insecure and isolated. Unfortunately, there have been reports of thoughts or attempted suicides relating to this disorder. With the right treatments, counseling, and a spiritual or a religious connection, a person can live a full and happy life. Those with family support or social support, have an increased desire to have positive outcomes as well. Bipolar Disorder does not have to be considered a death sentence. Instead, it can be seen as a daily challenge with many opportunities of survival.

References

Aas, M., Henry, C., Andreassen, O., Bellivier, F., Melle, I., Etain, B. (2016) The role of childhood trauma in bipolar disorders. International Journal of Bipolar Disorders.

Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40345-015-0042-0

Bernstein, E., Rabideau, D., Gigler, M., Nierenberg, A., Deckersbach, T., Sylvia, L. (2015)

Patient perceptions of physical health and bipolar symptoms: The intersection of mental and physical health. Journal of Affective Disorders, 189, 203-6. Doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.09.052

Cerullo, M., Eliassen, J., Smith, C., Fleck, D., Nelson, E., Strawn, J., Lamy, M., DelBello, M., Adler, C., Strakowski, S. (2014) Bipolar I disorder and major depressive disorder show similar brain activation during depression. Bipolar Disorders. 16(7), 703-12.

Doi:10.1111/bdi.12225 Fulford, D., Peckham, A., Johnson, K., Johnson, S. (2013) Emotion perception and quality of life in bipolar I disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders. 152-154, 491-7.

Doi:10.1016/j.ad.2013.08.034

Jann, M. (2014) Diagnosis and treatment of bipolar disorders in adults: a review of the evidence on pharmacologic treatments. American health and drug benefits. 7(9), 489-99.

Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmc4299286

Manji, H., Quiroz, J., Payne, J., Singh, J., Lopes, B., Viegas, J., Zarate, C. (2003) The underlying

Neurobiology of bipolar disorder. World Psychiatry: Official Journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA), 2(3), 136-46. Retrieved from:

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmc1525098/

Martinowich, K., Schloesser, R., Manji, H. (2009) Bipolar disorder: from genes to behavior

Pathways. The Journal of Clinical Investigation. Doi:10.1172/JC137703

Suppes, T., Eberhard, J., Lemming, O., Young, A., McIntyre, R. (2017) Anxiety, irritability, and agitation as indicators of bipolar mania with depressive symptoms: a post hoc analysis of two clinical trials. International Journal of Bipolar Disorders. Retrieved from:

https://doi.org/10.1186/s40345-017-0103-7

Vaillant, G. (2008) Positive emotions, spirituality and the practice of psychiatry. Mens Sann Monographs. Retrieved from:

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmc3190563

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Political Party Assignment

Two major parties, Democrat and Republican, are leading our country. We are facing a lot challenges which two parties in the U.S. are putting a lot of precautions to get those jobs done well. Specifically, our state, Texas, we are also concerning and coping with a lot of problems in our State. Two parties are working hard to provide a desired platform and bring it into effective action. Both platform of two parties have some points identical, however, there are a lot things in both platform are much different.

Both platforms of Republican and Democrat are believed which are increasing our Texas on a lot of faces and possibly dealing with and even solving our problems. First of all, both parties, Democrat and Republican, mention the problem that many people are worrying recently, education, both parties support for every child in Texas should be provided opportunity to succeed. That means free public for children from pre-K to high school. However, there are something different in two platforms, which means Republican tend to charge student tuitions for their college level while Democrat provide free-college tuition for all students. Additionally, Republican give the right to all parents that they have rights for school options, all parents should be empowered to select public school, or private school, or homeschool options for their children. Furthermore, Republican are tending to send more police officers and security with guns in school to protect students. Conversely, Democrats suppose that, school choice is a deceptive marketing frame that purports to advocate something that already existsschool choicebut whose true purpose is to divert public school funds to vouchers on tax credit systems supporting private and sectarian schools, they do not support for school option because Democrats believe that is the way for evading the taxation or probably using that money granting illegally for private schools. Also, Democrats will likely to prohibit guns at school because they suppose that school is the right place for carrying guns in.

Another problem is recently debating aggressively on Texas senate race and Texas Governor race, immigration. Both parties have same concept that Texas have to defend and secure our southern border. Both parties also support for equal housing opportunity and job opportunity for all immigrants. Both parties strengthen the fair treatment for all immigration regardless their race, gender, national origin, and other characteristic. Nevertheless, both parties have really much different in their view of immigration. As for Republican, they are willing to build the wall which means technology, concrete infrastructure, tall, and boost deeply in the ground to stop illegal immigrants from the south countries. Also, they will deport more than eleven million people who are identified undocumented people back to their country. Republican support firmly Senate Bill 4show me your paper lawfor local enforcement agencies to stop anyone and request their legal driver license. In contrary, Democrat will likely to citizenship for illegal immigrants. They not only oppose Republican concepts above but also support for the passage of a clean Dreamer Act. Democrats believe that American economic are contributing and developing strongly by being relied strongly to immigrants who are working for top jobs which Americans refuse to get those jobs like construction, or public service. Democrats believe that building the wall and deport illegal immigrants will cost over a hundred millions dollar which are granted form a lot of people in Texas, which means moneyconsuming of State Government.

I believe both party platforms are driving our Texas to the new era in which more democracy. Moreover, both platforms are not perfect. As for Democrat platform, grating citizenship for illegal immigrations will be strongly opposed by Republican because that is unfair for people who have come here legally, which means they had wait in their line, they had followed the American rules. Republican can rely for granting citizenship for illegal immigrants about bringing drug, cocaine, heroin, and marijuana to Texas which will impact negatively to human being. Those can make people lazier, less creative for American, negative impact to young people, and possibly cause overdose to death . Also, Republican will attack Democrat about Taxes overhaul which Democrat will propose high taxes and high regulation to reduce or end a lot of small businesses which are really important to develop Texas' economy to hire more people in Government. Also, Medicare for all people will impact negatively and seriously to Democrats. They will have supports from illegal immigrants and most of elderly immigrants but for all Texans, Democrats will not get votes for people who are paying taxes and count it for Medicare when they retire in their future. That will bankrupt Medicare in Texas. But Republican platforms also have many things that Democrat can take advantages to get more people against Republican. Firstly, deportation of illegal immigrants and building the wall on the southern border will cost a lot of money. Gun ownership or we usually call NRA organization, will be oppose by a lot of Texans because it will break the safety in Texas, some people when they lost their temper or more importantly, students possibly hide the gun of their parents and bring it to school, it will be dangerous for school. What did happen in Santa Fe high school that was terrible and chaotic for the students. People do not want it happening again. Texans will consider carefully about NRA and gun ownership that will oppose Texas Republican.

In my conclusion, I believe both platforms of Republican and Democrat are overall good for Texas. Both parties built up their platforms on the same concepts but their manners in which they pick to achieve their purposes are much distinguished. The vast majority of differences which exist between the Democrat and Republican platforms surround their fundamental beliefs. The 2018 Republican platform is targeting to mostly white people, Christian families with JudeoChristian belief. Minority rights are seem second to the party's theological belief. The Democrat platform is more open to minorities and offer concession to them which will benefit them, especially immigrants and homosexual. However, as for Republican, they will struggle with some questions about the consideration for all Americans, safety in Texas, or gun ownership and NRA. However, Democrat will be easy to be attacked by those question for their moral value. They break too much from tradition and regulations and grant reward for people who would break or fail our Constitution and laws.

Work cited:

Democrat Political Party Platform. Texas Democrat, 23 June. 2018, https://www.txdemocrats.org/our-party/texas-democratic-party-platform/

Republican Political Party Platform. Texas Republican, 21, June. 2018, https://www.texasgop.org/platform/

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The Utilization of Quetiapine in the Treatment of Bipolar Disorder

Quetiapine, also known for the trade name Seroquel and chemical name 2-[2-(4-dibenzo [b,f] [1,4]thiazepin-11-yl-1-piperazinyl)ethoxy]-ethanol fumarate, is an atypical antipsychotic, currently prescribed as a form of treatment for schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and depression. Quetiapine originally became available for treatment in 1997 in the United States and is still presently used as a form of first-line treatment (Riedel, Muller, Strassnig, Spellman, Severus, & Moller, 2007).

For patients of bipolar disorder, Quetiapine has established efficacy in the treatment of acute mania and depression. Specifically, Quetiapine has been utilized as both a monotherapy and an adjunctive therapy for adults and adolescents with bipolar disorder (Dando & Keating, 2005). While the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder is quite ambiguous, the disorder is known for strong heritability, which has led to large bodies of research surrounding the genetic profile of the disorder. Specifically, the monoamine hypothesis and the hypothesis of low serotonergic function are cited as potential causes of depressive and manic episodes (Newberg, Catapano, Zarate, & Manji, 2008). The hypothesis states that abnormalities of the noradrenergic, dopaminergic, and serotonergic systems are present in bipolar disorder. In the pharmacological treatment of bipolar disorder, the dopamine D2 receptor is commonly blocked, in order to regulate dopaminergic systems. (Newberg et al., 2008). There is additional evidence of low levels of plasma in the GABAergic system and elevated levels in the Glutamatergic system. The pathophysiology of bipolar disorder is also evidently connected to intracellular cascades, and specifically, reductions of volume in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and low glial cell density (Newberg et al., 2008).

Quetiapine, in the treatment of bipolar disorder, is an antagonist of serotonin, dopamine, histamine, and norepinephrine. While the precise mechanism of action of quetiapine is unknown, the drug inhibits 5HT1A, 5HT2A, D1, D2, alpha 1, and alpha 2 receptors (Dando &Keating, 2005). Quetiapine is taken orally, and is mainly metabolized in the liver. The drug reaches steady-state plasma levels within two days of dosage, and the half-life is close to 6 hours. The drug is usually administered twice daily with an effective dosage of 400 to 800 milligrams per day (Dando & Keating, 2005). Quetiapine is well tolerated, however, patients may experience side effects such as weight gain, dry mouth, dizziness, sedation, constipation, vomiting, or headache. Quetiapine is highly efficacious in the reduction of manic and depressive symptoms in patients of Bipolar Disorder (Dando & Keating, 2005).

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Political Parties and Interest Groups

United States of America has a two-party system. They are democratic party and a republican's party. Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton were the one to give birth to the countries first political parties in the United States. Hamilton led the federalist party and Jefferson led the democratic -republican party which was later shorten to democratic party. The federalist party did not last long and just disappeared. In order to challenge the democrats party, Whigs party came and later it faded away. Finally, a republican party were formed to challenge the democrats party. Since, then these two parties have managed to rule challenging each other in a different way.

Political parties are the group of organization where their member is elected to hold the power in the government. Each of the candidate is chosen from their own political parties for the presidential election and whoever has the highest number of votes wins the election and runs for the president. Democratic and the Republican party are the only parties two win the presidential election from long time. They have lasted so long because of their remarkable abilities to change in the different periods of time. Particularly, during the crisis, both parties come along with reinventing new sources of support, new politics and new ideologies. These periods of party changes are described as party realignments. It is long lasting and produces fundamental changes in the parties affecting for years to come, their coalition, their governing philosophies and their chances of electoral success. In general, the aim of the political party is to elect their representative and carry out their party's policies in the long run.

Interest groups are also known as pressure groups or lobbying groups. These are the groups where the members share a same goal and try to influence the government policy and their decision. The interest groups use various methods to achieve their desired common goal. One of the most important type is lobbying where different people, organization, private corporation, government officials and individuals engage themselves in influencing the government's plans and policies by sharing their interest as one. The interest groups also can support the candidates in an election by giving money, but it has to go through the PAC which stands for Political Action Committee. The maximum amount the PAC's can contribute is $10,000 directly to the candidate. Resources and the incentives are the most important factors in creating an interest group. In general, there are two types of interest groups. They are Economic Group and a Noneconomic Group. Economic groups have built in resources and have greater access to the financial resources whereas Non-economic group are less organized and has a money problem.

The United States has the greatest number of interest groups in the American politics. It is due to main structure of the United States political system. The largest type of interest groups represents the business firms like U.S. Chamber of Commerce which spends billions of dollars when it comes to lobbying. According to study.com, The interest's groups do not want to operate the government and they do not put forward political candidates even though they support candidates who will promote their interest if elected or reelected. Interest groups are not like political parties who want to run and operate the government rather they want to influence the government by promoting a position on a specific area chosen by those individuals, organization, associations, officials. The area could be regarding the agriculture, gun control, business interest, environmental interest and so on. These interest groups have mainly two characteristics. They are pursuit of policy and the organized membership.

In my point of view, political party has a greater influence on government policy. The main goal of the political party is to win the election and gain the control over the government by winning the election. They always have a duty to represent the people by providing different services health care, education, benefits and so on. The political parties in the United States are effectively well-organized. They fight for the benefit of the nation as a whole in a different way. These are the people who understand the issue of the nation and try to make the societies better and better every day by overcoming the problem that arises. These parties do not discriminate the citizens based on their religion, class, ages and so on. In fact, every individuals of the nation are united together and given equal opportunities to make the better government by electing the right candidate for the country through casting a vote.

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The History of Bipolar Disorder

While Bipolar disorder most likely dates back as far as when our ancestors first came into existence, the earliest documentation we have on bipolar disorder goes back to 300- 400 BC the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle had thanked melancholia for the gifts of artists, poets, and writers, the creative minds of his time. Whereas Greek physician Hippocrates believed that the state of depression (melancholy, melancholia) resulted from an excess of black bile in the body. The ancient physicians practiced medicine and diagnosis based on the four temperaments as part of the ancient medical concept of humorism, that four bodily fluids ( blood, yellow bile, black bile, and green phlegm) affect human personality traits. Moods, emotions, and behaviors. (This appears to be the earliest documented discovery of bipolar disorder.) In ancient times, it was documented that bipolar sufferers were treated inhumanely and sometimes sent to their premature deaths due to extreme treatments/punishments.In the earliest days of documentation, these people were viewed as 'crazy,' possessed by the devil or demons, Dr. Gardenswartz says.

The people ought to know that the brain is the sole origin of pleasures and joys, laughter and jests, sadness and worry as well as dysphoria, and differentiate between feeling ashamed, good, bad, happy Through the brain we become insane, enraged, we develop anxiety and fears, which can come in the night or during the day, we suffer from sleeplessness, we make mistakes and have unfounded worries, we lose the ability to recognize reality, we become apathetic and we cannot participate in social life We suffer all those mentioned above through the brain when it is ill Hippocrates (460-337 BC)

Centuries would come and no new research or advances on bipolar disorder or mental illness would be conducted. It wasn't until the 18th and 19th century when developments in science and medicine were fast underway. Studies conducted allowed researchers, physicians, and early psychiatrist the opportunity to truly learn and grow an understanding of the disorder. It is at this time in 1854 when two French Psychiatrists Jean-Pierre Falret and Jules Baillarger began their individual research on bipolar disorder. Both men presented their research and reports on the disorder to the Academy of Medicine in Paris. Baillarger called his diagnosis to the disorder dual-form insanity and Falret called the disorder circular insanity, this is believed to be the first recorded diagnosis of bipolar disorder. Falfret was the first to identify that bipolar disorder is genetically linked. In his research, he followed 6 individual with bipolar symptoms and their families. He found that other family members showed symptoms as well.

In 1902 a German psychiatrist by the name of Emil Kraepelin, who is considered the founder of the field of pharmacopsychology what is known today as psychopharmacology. Kraepelin is best recognized for his work in classifying mental disorders and for bringing together and analyzing the influence of biology on mental disorders, including bipolar disorder. Up until this time, most psychiatrists classified the symptoms of bipolar illness as a diagnosis for schizophrenia. It was through Dr. Kraepelin's studies and diagnosis that a new term for the disorder was established Manic-depressive Psychosis. along with Manic-depression the term Kraepelin used to describe mental illnesses centered in emotional or mood problems.

By the 1950s, German psychiatrist Karl Leonhard and his colleagues developed the classification system that led to the term bipolar, differentiating between unipolar and bipolar depression. According to Robert L. Spitzer, MD, professor of psychiatry at Columbia University. The term bipolar logically emphasizes the two poles, Specifically, it is known that people with unipolar depression experience drops in mood, and people with bipolar depression usually experience both depressed and elevated moods in a cyclical manner.

By 1952 the DSM American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) for classifying mental illnesses was available and was a big help in diagnosing many mental illnesses. The breakthroughs would come in the late 1970's and early 1980's when a lot more funding became available for research and studies into behavioral health. It was during this time in 1980 when Dr. Spitzer and his team wrote the third version and a major revision to the DSM. The 3rd version is considered a bible and a scientific instrument of enormous power by specialists and others in the professions, having done away with a one-size-fits-all classification system. Since then a fourth revision has been published in 2000 and a fifth in 2013. Along with the DSM, another relevant major system of classification is the International Classification of Diseases (10th revision, ICD-10, and the revised 11th revision, ICD-11) published by the World Health Organization. Both manuals have deliberately merged their diagnoses to some extent, but there are some differences. An example is that ICD-10 does not include narcissistic personality disorder as a distinct category, while DSM-5 does not include enduring personality change after a tragic or stressful experience or after a psychiatric illness.

While times have changed as did the names of mental disorders. so did the range of medical treatments for those with bipolar disorder. A new revision to the DSM is in the talks as of 2014 the revision would include removing a current concept of childhood bipolar disorder to the bipolar field and create a new disorder category called: Temper Dysregulation Disorder with Dysphoria (TDD).

During the 1940's strong sedatives and barbiturates were prescribed especially to the grief-struck war veterans coming back from the war. prior to the 1950s and into the late 1950's; patients who showed signs of mental illness, delay or bipolar disorder were also institutionalized to separate them from others. Hot baths were used in the ancient times and continued to be used through the ages, presumed to calm the person down. Bleeding a patient was also a treatment used, thought to help cleanse the body of toxins and useful for balancing the patient's system with the hopes the patient mind find mental relief. Electroconvulsive shock therapy and prefrontal lobotomies emerged as two more radical treatment options until new methods evolved and were accepted. Psychotropic medicine was developed and in its early stages, it was prescribed to young children as old 2 years old who seemed to fit a mood disorder like bipolar disorder. Dangerous consequences permanent irreversible damage and death came along with these treatments and were found to be inhumane and have since been banned for medical practice. Since the discovery and arrival lithium, the choices in medications (including antipsychotics, mood stabilizers, and antidepressants) combined with supportive, cognitive behavioral and insight-oriented counseling and care, have provided new tools to confront and manage bipolar disorder. We have come along way and Our understanding of bipolar disorder has certainly evolved since ancient times. Great advances in education and treatment have been and are being made in just the past century alone. In the next several decades, Dr's believe we will see an increased differentiation of symptoms and of treatments, and possibly, the ability to prevent and detect the onset of the disorder. Still, there's a lot of work to be done because many people today aren't getting the treatment they need to lead better quality lives. Thankfully, continuous research is ongoing to help us better understand even more about this confusing chronic condition. The more we learn about bipolar disorder, the more people may be able to receive the care they need.

Research:

https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/bipolar-disorder/index.shtml

From Mania to Bipolar DisorderBipolar DisorderClinical and Neurobiological Foundations

https://davidhealy.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/2010-Healy-Mania-ch1.pdf

A Short History of Bipolar DisorderPsychology Today

https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/hide-and-seek/201206/short-history-bipolar-disorder

Demily C, Jacquet P, Marie-Cardine M. How to differentiate schizophrenia from bipolar disorder using cognitive assessment? Encephale. 2009;35:139“45.

Vitiello B. Psychopharmacology for young children: clinical needs and research opportunities. Pediatrics. 2001;108(4):983“89. [PubMed]

American Psychiatric Association (2013). ""Personality Disorders"". Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fifth ed.). pp. 645“84. doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.156852. ISBN 978-0-89042-555-8. PMC 4471981.

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The History of Bipolar Disorder. (2019, Jul 29). Retrieved November 4, 2025 , from
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Bipolar Moods and Symptoms

To be diagnosed with bipolar disorder you have to have had a manic episode. The manic episode could have been led by and maybe followed by hypomanic or major depressive episodes. A manic episode is a distinct period of unusual and persistently elevated, expansive or irritable mood and increased goal-directed activity or energy. Lasting at least one week and present most of the day.

When mood disturbance is severe enough to cause problems in social or occupational functioning this could mean a manic episode is happening. Some of the warning signs to look out for during a manic episode are any noticeable change from normal behavior, some of the symptoms that happen are increased self-esteem, decreased need for sleep, being more talkative than usual, distractibility, increase in goal-directed activity, excessive involvement in activities that could have painful consequences. Some examples of these painful consequences could be shopping sprees, sexual indiscretions, or foolish business investments. You have to have three or more of these symptoms during a manic episode. Sometimes hospitalization is necessary in order to prevent harm to self or others.

During a major depressive episode if you have five or more of the following symptoms during the same two week period and represent a change from normal activity. Depressed mood most of the day, pretty much every day, feeling sad, empty, or hopeless. Diminished interest or pleasure in all, or most activities. Weight loss when not trying to lose weight or significant weight gain (a change in at least 5% of body weight in a month). Insomnia or hypersomnia every day or almost every day. Psychomotor agitation or retardation almost every day which is observable by others and is not just simply feelings of restlessness or being slowed down. Fatigue or loss of energy most days. Feelings of worthlessness or guilt. Lack of ability to concentrate or being indecisive. And thoughts of death, recurrent suicidal thoughts without a specific plan, or a suicide attempt or a having a specific plan to commit suicide. At least one of the symptoms has to be either depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure. These symptoms will cause clinically large distress in social, occupational, or other important areas of life.

Mood during a manic episode can be described as euphoric and excessively cheerful. In some cases the mood is so extreme that it is easily recognized as excessive and may be categorized by unlimited enthusiasm for social, sexual, and work relationships. Often the mood is irritable instead of elevated. Especially when the individual's wishes are denied or they have been abusing any substances. Rapid changes in mood over short periods of time can occur and are referred to as lability (the alternation between euphoria, dysphoria, and irritability).

During a manic episode the individual does not know they are ill or in need of treatment. And they will heatedly resist treatment. The wide mood swings, excessive optimism, lavishness, and poor judgment usually lead to reckless involvement in things like shopping sprees, giving away possessions, reckless driving, foolish business investments, and sexual promiscuity. The sexual behavior can include infidelity or casual sexual encounters with strangers. The individual will often not care about the risk of sexually transmitted diseases or risk of pregnancy. The manic episode has to result in impairment in social or occupational functioning or require hospitalization to prevent them from harming themselves or others.

Individuals may change their appearance to a more sexual and flashy style. Some observe that they have a sharper sense of smell, vision, or hearing. Gambling and anti-social behavior can also be part of a manic episode. Sometimes an individual can become hostile and violent when delusional and may because physically aggressive or suicidal. This happens because the individual has poor judgement, loss of insight, and hyperactivity. Mood can shift very quickly from anger to depression. The suicide risk for an individual with bipolar disorder is at least fifteen times higher than the average person. Bipolar disorder accounts for a quarter of all completed suicides.

A common feature of bipolar disorder is increased impulsivity, which adds to the suicide attempts and substance use disorders. There may also be increased creativity in some individuals with a bipolar disorder. But the individuals attachment to heightened creativity during hypomanic episodes may contribute to hesitation about seeking treatment or undermine devotion to treatment.

Bipolar disorder is one of the world's 10 most disabling conditions, taking away years of healthy functioning from individuals who have the illness. With no predilection for nation, race, or socioeconomic status, classic manic-depressive illness has a prevalence of approximately 1% across all populations. However, the personal and societal costs of bipolar disorders are not limited to the more traditional bipolar I subtype, which includes episodes of full-blown mania and major depression. Bipolar II disorder, involving episodes of less severe hypomania and major depression, and bipolar spectrum subtypes, which probably bring the prevalence of all bipolar disorders to more than 3% of US individuals, can also be devastating conditions. All bipolar disorders are chronically recurring illnesses associated with substantial morbidity and mortality.

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Narrative Written by Geoffrey Chaucer

The Canterbury Tales are a narrative written by Geoffrey Chaucer; Chaucer typically uses parody, satire, and romances in his collection of poems. While using past tense he managed to tell a story about how each of the characters appeared to him and told each of their tales in the third person narrative style. Chaucer used social commentary by using rhetorical means to provide his commentary on society. He often informed people about a problem and wanted them to appeal to their sense of justice.

In The Pardoners Tale Geoffrey wanted to get the point across to society that money is the root of all evil. During his story (poem) the pardoner admits that he speaks or preaches the way he does to get money. Preaching was his way to get back at anyone who offended him or his Brethren. He shows how deep his into his sins by stealing anything he could get his hands on just so he didn't have to spend his own money. The pardoner attempted to sell his relics and pardons, but when he was asked to come forth and unbuckle his bag he hesitated and was called out by the host for not being a real man. In the end, the knight steps forward to make amends between them.

The Wife of Bath's Tale is a story about how a knight came across a young maiden; he became overcome by lust and raped her. The court was horrified by his wrongdoing and thought he should be put to death by being decapitated. The ladies of the court intercede on his behalf and give him a chance to redeem himself. His punishment is to discover what women want most in the world and to report it to the court within a year. If he does not complete the challenge he will be decapitated. As his time is running out he meets an ugly old woman, she promises she will save him if he helps her in return.

So they return to the court together and the king tells the queen the answer of the knight Women most desire to be in charge of their husbands and lovers. The old women requested that the night marry her, but he was in horror and begged for her to choose a different request but she refuses. As a married couple, the old women asked the knight if he would rather have an old and ugly wife that is loyal and good or a young and fair but also coquettish and unfaithful. The night replied with I would rather trust your judgment he then asked her to choose what was best for her. She then becomes both beautiful and good and they live a happy married life.

The Canterbury Tales is a narrative that typically uses parody, satire, and romances in the collection of poems. In the story, Chaucer uses his preaching skills to inform his audience about realism in life. He goes through many journeys to prove multiple points, for example in the pardoner's tale he stole things and was greedy to prove the point that money is the root of all evil. I believe he told the tales the way he did to let people know that the things they are doing is wrong and there are consequences.

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Homophobia in Sports for Men and Women

Works Cited

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The Impacts of Homophobia

THE IMPACTS OF HOMOPHOBIA

Methodology

Statistical analyzes

Analyzing and discussing

LGBT victimized.

Conclusion

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Agoraphobia Research

Reference:

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What Agoraphobia is and how it Affects Many Lives?

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Ancient Rome and Greece

What importance did the Battles of Marathon and Salamis, and the Punic Wars have for Ancient Greece and Rome?

Ancient Greece:

Ancient Rome:

Government ( Greece ):

Military ( Greece ):

Culture/religion ( Greece ):

Government (Rome):

Military ( Rome ):

Economy ( Rome ):

Julius Caesar and Octavian

Culture/religion ( Rome ):

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Ancient Rome: Education and its Evolution Although Ancient

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By Limiting the Number of Lifeboats

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Controversy between Pro-Vaxxers and Anti-Vaxxers

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An Issue of Polio Vaccine

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Vaccines and the Health of the Public

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Necessity of Vaccines

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Radiation Exposure and Tohoku Earthquake in Japan

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Miss Havisham’s House

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Communism as a Form of Government

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Augustus and the Use of Propaganda

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In Dickens’s Novel

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How we Survived Communism and Even Laughed

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America’s Involvement in the Korean War

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Why the Korean War Still Matters

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Consequences of the Korean War

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Steve Jobs is the Man

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Steve Jobs was Born on February

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Psychiatric Sisorder: Bipolar Disorder

Bipolar Disorder

Symptoms of Bipolar Disorder

Diagnosed of Bipolar Disorder

Treatments for Bipolar Disorder

Carbamazepine

Doses of Carbamazepine

Conclusion

References

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Bipolar Disorder in Children

Bipolar Disorder

Physical Aspects

Neurological Aspects

Emotional Aspects

Spiritual/Religious Aspects

Conclusion