Month: July 2019
My Love for Beethoven
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Ludwig Van Beethoven’s Fidelio
Ludwig Van Beethoven’s Fidelio was Beethoven’s only opera. It was composed over 10 years (1805-1814), and is known as a Rescue Opera and Romantic Opera. The opera tells a story, which is composed of two acts. The story takes place in Seville, Spain (16th Century). Florestan, in the opera, was a politician. He tries to expose the corruption that Pizarro had been involved in. However, Pizarro sends him to the dungeon for a false charge. Leonore, who is Florestan’s wife, attempts to get him out of the dungeon.
So, she becomes, “Fidelio”. She dresses as a man and becomes the jailer’s (Rocco’s) errand boy. She gains confidence from working for him for two years. However, Rocco’s daughter falls in love with Fidelio. Later in the Oprah, Pizarro wishes to kill Florestan secretly, because he finds out that the Minister of Justice (who inspects injustice) would inspect the jail. Pizarro then orders for a grave to be dug and as a result, Fidelio helps Rocco dig such grave. Fidelio, at her time at the prison, has been looking for an opportunity to actually save her husband and has also been looking for him. She finally discovers that the physically and emotionally worn out man in the dungeon was her husband.
Pizarro attempts to kill Florestan by stabbing him, however, he is disrupted by Fidelio who finally comes out to him about her true identity. Thankfully, the Minister of Justice arrives at the prison and is more than ecstatic that his dear friend, Florestan was alive and not dead. Upon hearing about what Pizarro had done to Florestan, the Minister had him arrested and freed Florestan. The couple was then blessed by the Minister.
Ludwig van Beethoven is one of the most widely recognized and admired composers in the history of Western music. He served as a bridge between two musical periods, the Classical and Baroque era styles. He also admired the Romantic style as his music would come to personify it. A virtuoso pianist, Beethoven impressed with his fierce individualism and determination in where patronage was still what everyone followed. Although Beethoven didn’t completely abandon patronage, he usually only wanted to like and please his own self. At a point in his life he became deaf, but still, keep performing and creating music. Instead of his deafness hurting his composition, his music style only sparked upon realizing he would become deaf. This would lead to some of his admired pieces, including his last three Piano Concertos and the immortal Fifth Symphony. This deafness made Beethoven take his Classical style and bring it to create a lot of emotional highs and lows, extending the symphony’s length, a different color palate, and new dynamic levels, he also involved trombones in his lasts works. By the end of Beethoven’s works, dying in 1827, he had become the “ultimate fusion composer,” taking the best of the classical and Baroque eras and sending it to as said before, a new dynamic, instrumental, and levels of emotional extremes that would define the Romantic era of music in the 19th Century.
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Locke’s Philosophies on Toleration and State of Nature
Before the American Revolution, preachers and philosophers like John Locke developed many ideas that would influence American colonists to question Britain's intentions. Born in 1632 in Wrighton, Somerset, Locke was born as a son of a lawyer. Later on, he was a student at Christ Church, Oxford from 1652- 1667. In 1666, Locke met Anthony Ashley Cooper, later known as the Earl of Shaftesbury. Shaftesbury, a minister to Charles II and founder of the opposing Whig party, worked alongside John Locke, in attempt to stop the Catholic duke of York, later known as James II, from succeeding the royal crown in the exclusion campaign of 1679. When that failed, Shaftesbury planned an armed resistance, forcing him to flee to Holland in 1682 for a year with John Locke. Locke would return back to England in result of the appointment of Protestant William III during the Glorious Revolution, where he would publish his most significant works. Over time, two of his ideas transpired into the ideologies of toleration and State of Nature.
On a religious perspective, Locke believed in toleration. Although he was a devout Christian, he believe that the use force was not the righteous way to convert people. Locke preached that the government should not be able to use oppression or intimidation to try to bring people to the true religion and that religious societies should not use power on members, or outsiders. Locke's support for this claim arose from ideologies by Jesus of Nazareth and the New Testament of the Bible, both not indicating the use of coercion to convert those of a different religion. The idea that true religion consists of genuine persuasion of the mind, supports the fact that force, especially government force, is incapable of true conversion.
Locke's idea of toleration influenced the structure and foundation of which the United States was built on, producing a free nation. In today's society, the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution ensures that the right to free expression of religion is protected. Us as individuals, are able to reside with any religion we prefer. In our day-to-day lives, we are morally obligated to treat each other with respect and dignity. Locke's ideas on toleration created a draft on which direction the United States should head into into the future.
Upon the limit of government in the perspective of religion, Locke also believed in a State of Nature. In this ideal fantasy, all forms of government would be absent, but mutual constraints would still exist. Additionally, all people would be obligated to the rights of life, liberty, and property. Locke's idea of natural rights' led to colonists realizing that Britain had become too authoritarian as a government. Later on, multiple taxes and duties would be enacted on the colonists by Britain, sparking outrage and riots within the colonies. However, Locke's central ideologies, along with prominent figures who further developed his ideas, would justify the need for the American Revolution.
The theory of State of Nature still affects philosophers today, posing the question if a good government can be legitimate, even if it does not have the actual consent of the people who live under it. In result, the development of a social contract system emerged, where people could replace the government if it did not abide by the people's guidelines. Consequently, the United States government implemented a checks and balances system between three branches of government and a re-election process of government officials. In order to satisfy citizens who live under a government, the relationship must be mutually beneficial. Without Locke's opinion on this subject, the United States foothold as a global superpower would have never been possible.
In conclusion, Locke's philosophies on toleration and State of Nature have impacted our everyday lives. As a predominant nation, the United States have adopted and evolved both ideas in order to form a successful government that both satisfies the people living under the system and keeps the country in order. In our First Amendment of the Constitution, toleration of different religions and opinions are respected in order to support being a free nation. Therefore, if a government does not respect, appeal to, or support their citizens, then they are obliged to replace those in authority. John Locke's influential ideas of toleration and State of Nature have left an everlasting mark on how our society runs today.
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About Amazon and Walmart
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Walmart’s Strategic Human Resource Management
Introduction of Walmart Sam Walton founded Wal-Mart in 1962 and opened its first discount store, Wal-Mart Discount store in Logers Village, Arkansas, about 10 miles east of Bentonville. At the time he was 44 years old and partnered with his brother Bud Walton. Wal-Mart is the world's leading distributor with more than 1.5 million people in 4,700 stores in 10 countries around the world. In 2002, it had a total turnover of $217.8 USD Billion, and in 2003, it was named the most respected company in the United States, ranking first for two consecutive years among the top Fortune 500 companies in America's leading business magazine. The exact name of the company is "Wall-Mart Stores" and currently operates four types of distributors around the world. The first is "Wal-Mart Stores," a discount store that sells clothing and accessories, and does not handle Non-fresh food. The second is "Wal-Mart Super Center," 35-40% of all products handled are fresh food, and the third is the "Sam's Club," a discount store in the form of a membership warehouse. Finally, there is "Walmart Naver Hood Market". Wal-Mart is the motto of the three major companies, Respect for the individual, Customer service and the Strike for the excellent. Wal-Mart's business philosophy is worthy of being called "consumer superpowers."
That is the spirit of America and identity. Walmart is an example of effective large-scale human resource management when considering Walmart has millions of employees worldwide. It is one of the largest companies in the world in terms of organization size, business value, and financial performance. The company supports human resources with satisfying business needs and expectations. Walmart considers how activities such as internal organizational processes support human resources. Human Resource Management Human resources management refers to a series of tasks to secure, develop, deploy, and assess human resources based on forecasts of future human resource demands to achieve the organization's goals. Members are utilized to suit the purpose of the organization with their capabilities, and HRM addresses issues of selection, development and utilization of members of the organization as well as their relationships with organization and their work efficiency by giving intrinsic and extrinsic rewards. Wal-Mart has a quite good reputation in human resource management and they were embarked on major management reorganization in 2004. They develop a plan to hire more than 300 human resources managers in work field instead of 100 executives in its headquarters and Wal-Mart also created a five-person team of human resources professionals with legal backgrounds who are available 24 hours a day seven days a week to handle supervisor’s concerns regarding employment matters. Furthermore, they offer various options for pay and benefits for employees.
For example, they divided benefits into four categories which are money, career, home and health so that employees have more options for their own pay, compensation, incentives, education and opportunities. Wal-Mart has many key elements in employee selection, training and development. Employ selection is one of the most important factor when they chose employees before they proceed training and development stages. The diversity is the first key element when they hire their staffs. Wall-mart says ‘they have a strong commitment to become a leader in diversity and they increase the ratio of women and minorities in their management ranks.’ In addition, they also look for young employment by hosting job fairs, college recruiting and internship to increase the diversity of candidate pool. The next stage is training and development. Wall-mart is using a combination of outside vendors and systems it has created on its own in the overhaul of training and development with their technology by using e training. Wal-Mart has a reputation of not treating their employee’s right and not being as up to date with technology as they could be. The Successful Human Resource Management case of Wal-Mart In the HRM case, the most successful example is the wall-mart. The Wal-Mart is famous not only in the U.S. but also all over the world.
So how can the company manage its employees to become such a successful company? There are many reasons for HRM, so I explain the three most typical reasons.
- Employment In Wal-Mart, they are never called “employee” or “worker” while it is called “associate” or “partner” since the founder believed that there is no boss and workers, and encourage managers to think of themselves as “servant leaders”. This is to encourage them to serve others while staying focused on achieving results.
- Career Development The human resource management goal is to ensure that every employee fits his job and the organization. Wal-Mart collects information from employees regarding their perceptions about the company. Such information represents employees’ point of view about the appropriateness of their jobs and Wal-Mart’s strategies. This method is typically applied per Wal-Mart store. One more goal of human resource management in Wal-Mart’s career development is that the human resource management objective is to ascertain what the employee is capable of doing. This information is used to support career development. Wal-Mart has comprehensive information based on recruitment documents and other records. In relation, the company uses the results of performance appraisals to assess employee potential. The human resource management objective in using performance appraisal results is to determine the employee’s current capabilities and performance level. With these criteria for assessment of employee potential.
- Compensation Wal-Mart offers compensation and incentives such as increasing minimum hourly wage, associate discounts, comprehensive health insurance plans, and associate stock purchase plan with company math for its workers. The company gives these opportunities to high-performance employees. Wal-Mart employees Wal-Mart employees can improve their performance and plan a long-term career to get these compensations. It seems like Wal-Mart is a company that shows the company run by employees not a boss. And also the boss is the first to think about employee management. These features make Wal-Mart recognize as a world famous company. Darkside of Walmart’s Human Resource Management For many years, Walmart enjoyed a reputation of effective management, superb logistic, and everyday low prices. Their main strategies has made them become a market leader through efficiency and processing.
But there is also a dark side of Walmart’s human resource management. Walmart has been always been criticized for low wages when they are one of the biggest retail stores that makes billions of profit yearly. In 2016, Walmart has a net income of $11 billion dollars yet it has not been able to solve some of the bad employment practices. As of 2017, Walmart has approximately over 5,000 lawsuits for their incompetent health care, wage law violations, anti-union retailer stance and also taking advantages of their workers such as making them work more than they should without paying them. One of the other problems of Walmart’s human resource management is also their lack of benefits for their employees, especially for part-time workers. A third of of the part-time workers that are not eligible for benefits are limited to work no more than 28 hours a week. While, workers who are qualified for the benefits often have to pay part of their health insurance and other benefits. The health care system provided by Walmart was not as affordable as compared to the other companies.
In year 1999, 36% of the health insurance were paid by the employees itself. Walmart has taken the cost-leadership strategy by reducing the cost of recruitment by not giving enough benefits, low wages and also encouraging working overtime. This leads to demotivation and discouraged workers to perform well. Suggestions According to the current situation of the human resources management of Walmart, the author renders the following four suggestions in this regard that may benefit the corporation to its largest extent. In the light of Walmart’s standardized recruitment procedure in which there are four successive steps: vacancy statistics, recruitment plan-making, recruitment information spreading, CV collecting and screening, written examination and interview and employment, it demonstrates that candidates’ fundamental professional skills, working quality, logical thinking, management ability, creativity, leadership, English ability and information competency are required to be tested. Examinations of comprehensive abilities are undoubtedly a necessary component in employment process. However, it is even more important for human resources managers to be clear of recruitment requirements, that is, to distinguish the priorities based on the responsibilities and features of different positions. That is to say that the core competence of the positions needs to be stressed, on the other hand, the requirements of the rest part should be weakened appropriately. The human resource department should also cooperate with other relevant departments to figure out the critical element of the positions and to test out candidates with emphasis.
As for new employees, induction training serves as an essential and relevant link. Training content should be adapted to local conditions. According to the market and customs of different regions, develop different training contents and build training courses with regional characteristics. The value of training can only be achieved if it is adapted to local conditions and seeks truth from facts. Although the training courses are different, the key factors such as the core values and systems of the company should be consistent. Secondly, reflect on and improve on training assessment. Wal-Mart should pay attention to self-evaluation of training effects. During the period after the training, it is necessary to conduct tracking. It is found that the trainees should analyze the reasons in time when they are unqualified, summarize the shortage of training, and improve the training program. Power distance also plays an important role in managing employees. Managers should be aware of different power distance that can differ depending on the employees’ culture and should approach each employee differently so that desired outcome can be achieved, and mistakes avoided.
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A Persona of John Locke
John Locke was an english philosopher born in August 29, 1632 in Wrington, United Kingdom. He was mostly regarded as one of the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers and commonly known as the "Father of Liberalism. John Locke was influenced by a lot of people such as, Hugo Grotius, Ren© Descartes, Robert Filmer ect. Some of John quotes are What master you, worries you., No man's knowledge here can go beyond his experience. Later John Locke passed away in October 28, 1704, High Laver, United Kingdom.
John Locke also made philosophical ideologies, such as Social Contract, State of nature ect. I will be talking about those 2 ideologies. Social Contract means an implicit agreement among the members of a society to cooperate for social benefits, for example by sacrificing some individual freedom for state protection. Theories of a social contract became popular in the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries among theorists such as Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, as a means of explaining the origin of government and the obligations of subjects. More about Social contract is the government fails to secure their natural rights (Locke) or satisfy the best interests of society (called the "general will" in Rousseau), citizens can withdraw their obligation to obey, or change the leadership through elections. the idea that the state exists only to serve the will of the people, who are the source of all political power enjoyed by the state. The people can choose to give or withhold this power. The idea of the social contract is one of the foundations of the American political system.
The state of nature is among the most compelling political logicians of the advanced period. In the Two Treatises of Government, he protected the case that men are ordinarily free and equivalent against cases that God had made all individuals normally subject to a ruler.
In conclusion John Locke was a great, smart, scholar philosopher. John Locke is important to our society in somewhat and he did very good things for our society.
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Abnormal Psychology about PTSD
Introduction
According to Abnormal Psychology ( 7th edition), PTSD is termed as an anxiety disorder in which fear and associated symptoms continue to be experienced long after the traumatic situation thus the term post-traumatic.' The book explains explicitly a vivid horror of what PTSD might be too for the old veterans. Two-thirds of the veterans interviewed describe the atrocities of war such as witnessing their colleagues wounded or dying during battlefield moments.
These flashbacks and memories create a feeling of self-blame and guilt which torments them for the better part of their lives. However, it is evident that women are more prone to PTSD symptoms compared to men (Corner, 2010).
Nonetheless, they can come forward and seek guidance, unlike men who are afraid to admit they are in need of support as it could be a sign of weakness. When people who have PTSD takes a long period before seeking counseling guidance, they are at more risk of experiencing chronic symptoms that are difficult to treat since the fear, anxiety, and guilt continues to build rapidly into them. However, there is a treatment of PTSD; diagnosis must be given. Debriefing is one of the most sorts out treatment strategy used to treat PTSD. It is a preventative strategy. The main aim of debriefing is counseling people (Corner, 2010).
What groups of people does PTSD affect?
Anybody can develop PTSD at any age. This incorporates war veterans and also overcomers of physical and rape, misuse, vehicle mishaps, calamities, dread assaults, or different genuine occasions. Not every person with PTSD has experienced a hazardous occasion. A few encounters, similar to the sudden or unforeseen passing of a cherished one, can likewise cause PTSD. As per the National Center for PTSD, around seven or eight of each 100 individuals will encounter PTSD sooner or later in their lives. Ladies are bound to develop PTSD than men. A few injuries may put a person at a higher hazard, and natural factors like qualities may make a few people bound to create PTSD than others.
What are the side effects of PTSD?
Indications more often than not start inside three months of the horrendous occurrence. However some of the time they start later. For indications to be viewed as PTSD, they should last more than a month and be sufficiently serious to meddle with working seeing someone or work. The course of the ailment fluctuates from individual to individual. A few people recoup inside a half year, while others have side effects that last any longer. In a few people, the condition winds up constant (progressing). A specialist who has experience in helping individuals with psychological sicknesses, for example, a specialist or analyst, can analyze PTSD.
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The Crusades: a War of Defensive Reasons
By 1080, Europeans had heard of the losses of cities and mass executions of pilgrims that caused fear and anger. It was now hard to ignore the creeping threat quickly approaching from Spain and Byzantium. It took Pope Urban almost a year to gather men and soldiers to join him in the Crusade. It was his hands-on approach which inspired more people, including Priests to believe in the crusade. This campaign further advanced the motivation of crusading for a sacred cause over that of penance for massacres and aggression. Pope Urban's primary motivation for the Crusades was to reclaim Jerusalem and help the Byzantines who had already lost more than half of their territory. While the church at the time considered the Byzantines to be heretics, Urban must have thought it was better to share a border with heretics rather than Muslim heathens.
In addressing the question of determining if the First Crusade is representative of a Christian Worldview, my response is inconclusive. On one hand to agree the Crusades is representative of a Christian Worldview would also be to also excuse the immoral and un-Christian acts committed by the Crusaders. One would have to admit that the slaughter of all of Jerusalem's inhabitants and forced conversions of Jews was a benefit to Christianity. On the other hand, the Crusaders included men and women who sacrificed their lives trying to stop the spread of unwarranted Muslim aggression. It also begs the question of is an eye for an eye always the best method. Conversely, coming to the opposite conclusion that the First Crusade does not represent a Christian Worldview ignores the bloodshed and suffering that took place in Europe and Byzantium.
My answer to this question lies somewhere in the middle. The First Crusade may have begun because of good intentions, but the persecutions, executions and massacres are difficult to overlook. When you measure scripture against the Crusades, there is justification for war in Mathew 24: 6, And you will hear of wars and threats of wars, but don't panic. Yes, these things must take place, but the end won't follow immediately . Even in Deuteronomy 20: 1, verse 4 states, For the Lord your God is going with you! He will fight for you against your enemies . Additionally, philosopher of the day, St. Augustine offered his theory on waging war and military practices with his Just War Theory. The argument gave moral standards for war many of which were not followed during the Crusades, including the seventh theory that the killing of innocent citizens is never justified.
There should be no shame among Christians when discussing the First Crusade, or any of the Crusades for that matter. Wrongs were committed by Crusaders and people today should not have to apologize for the actions of other people more than 900 years ago. It is interesting to note that, Most Christians today feel an acute sense of shame over the Crusades, finding it hard to understand how a succession of Popes could encourage so much violence and bloodshed Christ in order to win the Holy Land back from the control of Islam.
The Crusades was a war of defensive reasons which were to stop the spread of Islam and take back Jerusalem. Many Christians sacrificed their lives to halt the invasion of Islam. Perhaps these events should be a guide for us in understanding modern-day secularism and religious differences.
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Understanding about Ptsd
Each and every day, people wake up, live their lives, go to bed, then do it all over again. However, it is vital to stop and think about why you're able to (mostly) do what you want, when you want, where you want. This is all due to freedom. Freedom doesn't come free, but rather it is fought for. Blood, sweat, tears and psychological disturbances can all stem to the surface when being deployed into combat and following afterwards, as well. The main psychological illness that can result from being deployed into combat is known as Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, otherwise labeled, PTSD. A critical piece of information to understand is that PTSD is not only developed after deployment but can occur during deployment, as well (U.S Department of Veteran Affairs: What is PTSD, 2017).
To have a better understanding about PTSD resulting during and/or after combat, this paper will discover what PTSD is, what creates the label applied to combat veterans experiencing PTSD pertaining to different psychological perspectives, methods associated with these different psychological perspectives that can help treat PTSD, and how to improve the research regarding this topic as a whole. It is not the time that is the primary factor looked upon first, but rather it is if a veteran gets the treatment that they are in need of. This paper's investigation will help unfold the mystery of whether veterans who experience post-traumatic stress disorder during or after combat receive the most beneficial method of treatments from different psychological perspectives.
To apprehend the course of actions that occur to veterans suffering from PTSD recover, knowing what PTSD is and what contributes as a diagnostic criterion to be diagnosed as having this mental illness is valuable. PTSD is considered to be anxiety disorder that develops after witnessing or experiencing a life-threatening event, where symptoms may start occurring soon after the event takes place or not until months or years after, that do not go away on their own (U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs: What is PTSD, 2017). To be diagnosed with a mental illness, the book of importance for mental health clinicians is called, The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, or DSM, where self-reported checklists of symptoms associated with each disorder are presented and followed through with to help construct an overall diagnostic.
The latest DSM, which is the fifth edition, uses a checklist that is geared towards a specific event to evaluate the degree of PTSD being experienced. Before DSM-5 was published, DSM-IV provided three different checklists that could be used for rating PTSD symptoms; civilian, military, and specific. However, with the renovation into the next DSM, DSM-5, there has been no creation of military or civilian checklists that correspond with the checklists that were made prior (U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs: PTSD and DSM-5, 2017). This is an essential piece of information to account for due to the fact that in case studies conducted researching this topic, some studies have used the military checklists from DSM-IV, while others have used the checklist from the DSM-5, the specific checklist. Since there have been no corresponding checklist published with DSM-5 for the military and civilian checklists, the scoring of these checklists can be compared universally with the DSM-IV.
Considering a veteran has suspected PTSD, there are signs and symptoms that become present in the diagnosis of such. According to the U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs, which is the National Center for PTSD, reports that there are eight different criterion zones that become addressed while making a diagnosis; exposure, intrusion, avoidance, negative thoughts, alterations in arousal and activity, length of symptoms, cause of distress to oneself, and symptoms cannot be caused due to other factors, respectively (2017). For each criterion, certain things can shape the formation of the criteria being met.
For Criteria A, the exposure component, this can be checked as present through direct exposure of the traumatic event, witnessing the event or even learning about a loved-one being exposed to the event. For Criteria B, the intrusion component, can be presented in the most commonly known way of a flashback, where unwanted memories surface, nightmares are occurring, emotional distress and physical reactivity occurs after exposure from a reminder of the traumatic event. For Criteria C, the avoidance component, it is what it states; avoidance of traumatic provocations such as thoughts, feelings, and even places. For Criteria D, the negative thought component, this includes overly negative thoughts about themselves and the world around them, negative affect is present, feeling isolated, survivors' guilt is expressed, and inability to recall important aspects of the trauma occurs. For Criteria E, alterations in arousal and activity component, such as being irritable, have difficulty sleeping and concentrating, an increase of startle reaction, and hypervigilance can transpire. For Criteria F, length of the symptoms lasting longer than at least one month; Criteria G, cause of functional deficiency or distress to oneself; and Criteria H, symptoms cannot occur due to other illnesses, medications, or substance abuse; are all required to start the process to see if a diagnosis of PTSD is present (Weathers et al, 2013).
The scoring rubric for the checklist concerning PTSD according to the DSM-5 criteria, notes that any question, numbers one through twenty, scoring a two (2) or higher, is what would be considered noting as a symptom in the form of PTSD being presented. The severity of the PTSD symptoms can be obtained by summing the twenty questions scores; whereas, an overall score of a 33 out of 80 would be considered as needing some sort of psychometric intervention to treat PTSD (Weathers et al., 2013). A DSM-5 PTSD checklist that a clinician may use as a diagnostic tool is attached at the end of the paper (pg. __).
Epidemiology; the study of the causes and distribution of any given disease, or in this case a disorder, in a (certain) population (U.S Department of Veteran Affairs: Epidemiology, 2016). The proportion of people within a population that have any given disorder and any given time can be referred to as that disorder's prevalence rate. There are many different factors that are attributed to creating a disorder's prevalence rate, such as, demographic features (like age, gender, location), the duration of a disorder (if individuals are living longer with the disorder, the rate can then increase), as well as disorder occurrence (if another disorder arises, the rate can then increase). However, it is vital to also keep in mind that prevalence rates are active, meaning that they can change over time, people, and places. Assessing the prevalence of individual's involved in combat suffering from PTSD is important. In a study conducted with a total of one hundred and sixty-one veterans who had filled out a diagnostic checklist to screen for PTSD being present from World War II, Korea, and Vietnam, results showed the prevalence rate to be 24%, with most apparent psychiatric disturbances among Vietnam veterans (Dudley et al., 1990).
Another study conducted by the Department of Veteran Affairs, did an analysis pertaining to the utilization of the veteran affairs health care option available to veterans of Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) (which relates to Afghanistan), Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) (which relates to Iraq), and Operation New Dawn (OND) (which relates to Iraq as well). The data collected from this study was from the first quarter fiscal year of October 1st, 2001 through the fourth quarter fiscal year of September 30th, 2014. Results from this study showed that from a possible 572,569 veterans suffering from a mental disorder, 311,688 accounted for PTSD within the first quarter, from a possible 593,583 veterans suffering from a mental disorder, 324,204 accounted for PTSD within the second quarter, from a possible 615,922 veterans suffering from a mental disorder, 337,285 accounted for PTSD within the third quarter, and lastly from a possible 640,537 veterans suffering from a mental disorder, 351,422 accounted for PTSD within the fourth quarter (U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs, 2015). When looking back at the data that the Veteran Affairs has compiled, during any given quarter, one through four, results indicate that at least 54% of combat veterans are suffering from PTSD. As the quarters progressed, the percentage increased a tenth of a percent. This shows that the prevalence rate of combat veterans suffering from PTSD has increased over the years of combat and is something to focus upon for future research.
Unfortunately, sometimes there is an occurrence of two (or more) disorders present within an individual, labeling this as comorbidity. Pertaining to PTSD and combat veterans, the comorbidity that I would like to focus on is suicidal ideations and alcohol use disorder. In a previous research study that explored PTSD as a risk factor for suicidal ideations among veterans from the Iraq and Afghanistan wars, data that was gathered found that the veterans who screened positive for PTSD were more than four times more likely to encounter suicidal ideations in comparison to veterans who did not have PTSD (Jakupcak et al., 2009).
This research study also found that it was 5.7 times greater for the veterans who screened positive for PTSD to be a victim of comorbidity of two or more disorders (Jakupcak et al., 2009). Another research study analyzed the comorbidity of suicidal ideations among combat veterans. Within this survey, out of 272 OEF and OIF veterans that completed a survey concerning psychopathology, social support, and resilience, 34 participants that represented 12.5% of the participant pool reported that they had contemplated suicide within the two weeks prior to filling out the survey, indicating a positive association that suicide was contemplated more so by the veterans who screen positive for PTSD (Pietrzak, 2010). Generally speaking, one thing leads to another and so on and so forth. This is the case for combat veterans suffering from PTSD as well; with having PTSD, instead of focusing on suicidal ideations co-occurring, the comorbidity risk of alcohol use disorders, or otherwise labeled as AUD, exists too.
Seal et al (2011) found that, 9.9% received AUD diagnoses (pg. 95), which means of the 456,502 veterans in their study, roughly 10% have an alcohol use disorder. The commonality of the veterans returning from Iraqi and Afghanistan see the co-occurrence of the two disorders being experienced personally. It is unfortunate that comorbidity occurs, however findings as such indicate an identifying risk that suicidal ideations are among one of the many other disorders that can coincide with veterans suffering from PTSD. It is essential to keep this in mind and to not be blinded or limit yourself to thinking more than one disorder cannot be present; one may have more prominence over the over, however the co-occurrence can still exist.
When seeking out treatment for PTSD, there are multiple routes that one can take to lessen the severity of the symptoms being experienced, such as therapy and medications. A few different types of treatment that mental health clinicians recommend are categorized into two subsets: strongly recommended and conditionally recommended. The strongly recommended therapies are different variations of cognitive behavioral therapy, or CBT. Cognitive behavioral therapy is a technique that draws relationships between one's emotions, behaviors, and thoughts, and how they impact one another, resulting in a change of one of the three areas to another (PTSD Treatments, 2018). These different variations of CBT include: cognitive behavioral therapy with cognitive processing therapy, cognitive therapy, and prolonged exposure therapy.
These serve as specialized treatment forms regarding certain properties of CBT. For the conditionally recommended therapies, these are interventions that can be used, however, they don't provide much evidence giving credit that thy are as useful and helpful as the strongly recommended forms of therapy listed previously. The different therapies labeled conditionally recommended include: brief electric psychotherapy, eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy (EMDR), narrative exposure therapy, and four different medications. Regarding these different medications, the first three serve as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), and the last one serves as an antidepressant medication, respectively; Fluoxetine (commonly knowns as Prozac), Paroxetine (commonly known as Paxil), Sertraline (commonly known as Zoloft), and Venlafaxine (commonly known as Effexor) (PTSD Treatments, 2018).
Regarding the strongly recommended types of cognitive behavioral therapy, it is important to generate a basic understanding of what each therapy consists of. From the American Psychological Association, all four types are explained. The first type, CBT itself, is the focus on emotions, behaviors and thoughts, with the current problems and symptoms that are persisting are targeted in changing the focus and patterns of these different factors that lead to the difficulty in functioning to begin with; the second type, cognitive processing therapy, is a particular type of CBT that aids in assistance to patients with learning how to modify their beliefs related to the event, along with challenging these beliefs as to why they are incorrect; the third therapy type, cognitive-only therapy, which includes the method of changing the negative memories associated to the traumatic event, with the end goal achieved by interrupting these disturbing thought or behavior arrangements that interfere with the individuals life; lastly, with the fourth type, prolonged exposure therapy, that is again a particular type of CBT, where gradually approaching memories, situations, and thoughts that are triggered due to the traumatic event can be approached, with the result of facing what was avoided once and understanding that it is no longer holding any negative meaning that constitutes as being dangerous, which can be achieved through a subtype of therapy called virtual reality exposure therapy (PTSD Treatments, 2018).
These different forms of CBT are used throughout the studies integrated into this research paper, as well the medicinal approaches, as well. These different forms of treatments will be discussed further within this paper, categorized into their appropriate psychological perspective areas, along with the etiology of these perspective areas as well.
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Different Mental Disorders
There are many different mental disorders that are outlined within the book of importance to mental health clinicians, including PTSD. How individuals feel, think, and behave are what help drive different perspectives to derive. From researching combat veterans suffering from PTSD, I found similarities and differences between the different psychological perspectives that was focused upon. When comparing and contrasting the behavioral and cognition perspectives in terms of evaluating PTSD among combat veterans, they are more similar, while on the other hand, comparing the biological perspective to the other perspective there were hardly any similarities but more differences.
Between the psychological perspectives of cognition and behavior, I found the similarity that both used therapy as a treatment component and not a medicinal approach.
I think that this is important because instead of turning to medications to fix the problem, using exposure therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy, both help to work through the issue rather than pushing it aside and taking a pill. Also, therapy was found to be more effective than the medicinal approach and I think this is due to the fact that with medications, the efficacy and confidence was expressed in a negative manner due to the fact that side effects of a medication can occur and dependence upon it can accumulate.
When looking at the biological approach and trying to connect it to the cognitive approach and behavioral approach, it is not easy to do so. The biological approach focuses its attention on the endocrine system of the human body, expressing that the problem originates from out of balance hormone levels, when the cognitive approach focuses on thoughts within the find and the behavioral approach focusing on the actions elicited from the combat veteran.
When getting an education, it is learned that biological factors focus on genetics and hormones, which holds true here. On the other hand, the cognitive approach concentrates on the negative thoughts and acting upon them to realize they are just thoughts and don't need to be drawn out into actions. The cognitive perspective focuses more so on the psychological aspect, whereas the biological perspective focused more so on the physiological aspect.
I found no perspective better than another one, but rather found that different perspectives add more knowledge to understand the topic as a whole. There are different ways human thoughts and behaviors are elicited. New treatments and etiology may develop from the different types of psychological perspectives if research is continued onward regarding a topic with not much data like this one. The older name of posttraumatic stress disorder, shell shock, represents this type pertaining to combat veterans because it places a shell around them, to hide in, and not want to get help in. With the advancements in technology that continue each and every day, the research that is continued onward with this topic, and the more awareness that accumulates regarding PTSD among combat veterans, treatment for these victims is essential.
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North Korea’s Nuclear Arsenal
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Review of the One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest
One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest is seen through the eyes of the mute, supposedly deaf Chief Bromden. He witnesses the ongoing cruel activity that happens in the mental ward. As the newcomer, R.P. McMurphy was admitted, he plans to break the head nurse, Miss. Ratched, which leads the inmates to rebel and oppose the Big Nurse, who governs the asylum. In the novel, Ken Kesey identifies the development of the character and the dialogue.
One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest displays how many of the characters are evolving because of McMurphy's presence. On page 3, Bromden refers to the nurse's aides as the black boys. He mentions how nervous and daunted he is by them, Better if they don't see me they got special sensitive equipment detects my fears, Bromden exclaims. As he is hiding from the aides, he reminisces old memories to eliminate his fear. As soon as they found Bromden, they shaved his face and turned on the fog machine. Kesey demonstrates to his readers that he is weak and uses techniques to relieve his anxieties. When terrible incidents begin to occur, the fog appears and he does not remember a bit of what happens. The fog and Bromden's flashbacks symbolize the escape of his reality to help him cope with the situation he is in. We, readers illustrates that his mind keeps him from rebelling against Miss Ratched and her aides.
Another example is that Bromden views himself as not big, but some characters claim that he is. Even if he is big, he's scared of his own sh-sh-shadow. Billy Bibbit stated on page 23. Because of his self-appearance belief, McMurphy said he will help him gain his strength back. On page 211, I get you big as you used to be you not only get my special body-buildin' course for nothing McMurphy told the him. Chief Bromden is somewhat similar to The Wizard of Oz's cowardly lion because they are both afraid and do not believe in themselves. As soon as the lion takes the courage potion, he is fearless. Just like Bromden when McMurphy helps him regain his confidence. He begins to defy the nurse by avoiding taking his medication at night. Towards the end of the novel, the fog begins to clear up and he is able to resist the aides and the Big Nurse. While I was watching him go, the other one came out of the shower and a put a wrestling hold on me--arms up under mine from behind and head locked behind my neck The author turned his cowardly lion into the king of the jungle by the help of his friend. McMurphy's act of rebellion made the other inmates follow his path which Kesey showed the development of the character.
The theme of this novel is rebellion. The Big Nurse is described as, pleased and peaceful, on page 4. This is misleading because she is strict and controlling. Her aides were chatting and Bromden thought she would show anger towards them because they should be cleaning and not talking but Nurse Ratched calmly says, . . . and we have quite a number of appointments this morning, so perhaps, if your standing here in a group talking isn't too urgent If the patients do not do what they are told she gets frustrated that is why Bromden thought the aides would be punished. We see she is getting frustrated with McMurphy because he is manipulating them. McMurphy begins annoying her and calling her a name Good morning, Miss Rat-shed! Readers know that these little things are irritating the nurse because she is respected by all of her patients. Mcmurphy wants to annoying to get under her skin. Many of the patients were blindsided by the Nurse Ratched. She was controlling that the patients were fearful because they knew what would happen if they disrespected her.
The patients wanted to escape tyranny so it led to disobeying her. Nurse Ratched losing her control with her patients causing them to get shock therapy. He starts asking her if he can watch the world cup and in the afternoon he can clean and she said no and he disobeyed her. The inmates notified her what will happen if he on goes. He could get shock therapy for it. This results in the change of Big Nurse. She was always in charge but if any of them got to the point where they disobeyed her they will receive shock therapy or by chance have a lobotomy. In the beginning it is shown that she is calm but towards the end she is annoyed of McMurphy. Kesey wants the reader to know that Nurse Ratched is slowly losing her patience with McMurphy. He is not following the rules as he should like the other inmates. In the end McMurphy does get the lobotomy and is a vegetable.
The Big Nurse runs a mental institution. On page I'm afraid That is exactly what the new patient is planning: to take over. He is what we call a manipulator,' she exclaimed. She is being ironic because she says Mcmurphy is also being very controlling to the other inmates but she is also controlling them. The big nurse is basically saying he is ill because he is a manipulator which sounds like her. She wants to have him removed for his act which she should be removed to for her foolishness.
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One Flew over the Cuckoo S Neat Literally Analysis
Power and manipulation are common characteristics villains’ possess in literature. In Ken Kesey’s allegorical novel One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest, the depraved Nurse Ratched is destructive in her villainous schemes by controlling others to acquire more power. Through her despicable ways of hurting others, she gains power and manipulates her patients to get what she desires.
Big Nurse is known as a strong dictator who uses fear to control her patients. Power corrupts an individual, which is created by control in order to rule a society of their choosing. With all of her authority, she is able to strike fear into people’s minds and seize the powerless. At the mental institution, the narrator, Chief Bromden describes it as, “Like a cartoon world, where the figures are flat and outlined in black, jerking through some kind of goofy story that might be really funny if it weren’t for the cartoon figures being really cool guys...” (30). The hospital is characterized as a pretend world that the nurse created. She is the villain inside of the cartoon and her patients are her victims, where they cannot escape her totalitarianism rule at the institution. This demonstrates how Big Nurse is corrupt with her power and uses it to control other people’s lives.
Therefore, Nurse Ratched uses cruel punishments on her patients that rebel against her authority. "What worries me, Billy," she said - I could hear the change in her voice - "is how your mother is going to take this”… “Billy, I have to tell. I hate to believe you would behave like this, but, really, what else can I think? I find you alone, on a mattress, with this sort of woman." (264). When Big Nurse finds Billy Bibbit with a prostitute after McMurphy held a party from the night before, she then uses her manipulation on him to get what she wants, additional preponderance. Since she knows and is best friends with Billy’s mother, the nurse has special authority over him. Consequently, when the nurse mentions “is how your mother is going to take this,” this led to Billy committing suicide as a punishment because the nurse knows that his greatest weakness is fearing his mother since he is considered a mama’s boy. Nurse Ratched predominantly does this as a way to retaliate McMurphy in order to stop him from reaching his aspiration of liberating the patients from her isolation and corruption.
Hence the nature of evil, it is characterized as “whenever someone grows in strength by weakening someone else…” (Fosters 19). Nurse Ratched is selfish in her own matter of mortifying others in order to benefit herself for having more authority by using her foremost utensil of manipulation. One way is that she endears relinquishing people’s amour-propre such as forcing her patients to give up their confidential information and secrets they have during her mandatory group therapy sessions. The narrator describes her therapy sessions as “when twenty minutes had passed, she [Nurse Ratched] looked at her watch and said, "Am I to take it that there's not a man among you that has committed some act that he has never admitted?" She reached in the basket for the log book. "Must we go over past history?" (77). Eventually, with her evil intentional ways, “Her eyes clicked to the next man; each one jumped like a shooting gallery target. “I—one time—wanted to take my brother to bed." (78) as she forced the men to give up their personal secrets and linger until the patients snitch on one another. But not all of the commoners, since McMurphy is a foil persona to Nurse Ratched and is aware of her evil intentions.
For her vicious schemes, Nurse Ratched gains intimacy of gratification by hurting living souls. She is egotistical only in the matter of hurting individuals so that she can acquire additional jurisdiction over the institution. Through her despicable ways, she gains power and manipulates her patients to get what she desires.
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Is Use of Corporal Punishment Nessecary?
Is the use of corporal punishment against 3-year old children associated with future aggressiveness among them? This question brings about a controversial topic on whether it is ok to spank children because of the underlining negative effects it could have on child's behavior in the future. Many parents when disciplining their children use corporal punishment (CP), which includes spanking or slapping, to teach their children lessons, imprint values, and improve current or future behavior. Whether this form of discipline creates future aggressive behavior is the question The American Academy of Pediatrics asks as they conduct a study to see the effects CP has on 3-year old's future development of aggressive behavior. During this experiment, the American Academy of Pediatrics states that their goal is to be able to answer whether there is a link between a mother's use of corporal punishment on a 3 year old and the risk for that child to become more aggressive at age 5, even with the control of the child's initial level of aggression at age 3 and other important maternal parenting risk factors and demographic features (Taylor, Manganello, Lee, & Rice, 2010). Before the study is conducted, The American Association of Pediatrics creates a single hypothesis that states that dozens of studies have shown a significant statistical link between the use of CP with children and child aggression (Taylor, Manganello, Lee, & Rice, 2010). This includes studies that also controlled the child's initial aggression level. This proposed explanation creates the basis of what they already know on this subject and helps to build on this idea by adding other important maternal parenting risk factors and demographic features.
To conduct this study, they choose a sample from the Fragile Families and Wellbeing study (FFCWS). They then ran 2 interviews, one at the child's age of 3 and the other when the child reached age 5. The mothers were questioned from the 19 items from the Child Behavior Checklist version for age 3. This asked certain questions such as if their children at age 3 were defiant, disobedient, easily frustrated, screams a lot, hits others or gets in reoccurring fights, or had irritable tempers. This was measured to determine whether if the aggressive behavior stemmed directly from CP or other factors. At age 5 the children were assessed from the 12 items from the Child Behavior Checklist that included behaviors such as bulling or meanness to others, destructiveness of things belonging to family members or others, arguing a lot, and threats to others. This type of study incorporated more than one study design. The first study design that it incorporates is observational study this study is where conclusions, are drawn from a sample, in this case the Fragile Families and Wellbeing study, to a population where the independent variable is not under the control of the researcher because of ethical concerns or logistical constraints. This is used to keep the study ethical by observing rather than assigning manipulation. Another study design that was used was survey study. This design is used to gather information from large groups in order to have more accurate results. The manipulation of this study design is used in the way the study is conducted through questionnaires of the parents of the children at ages 3 and 5. The next study design that was implemented was longitudinal study. This type of study is conducted over a long period of time to see the development of an issue over a timespan. This design had to be used to measure the behavior between the ages from 3 to 5. The last study design that was used was retrospective study. This is where past behavior/data is viewed to study past vs. present. This is implemented by comparing the child's past behavior at age 3 with their future behavior at age 5. In order to conduct this study 2 groups must be involved, the experimental group and the control group. The experimental group is these studies were the children who did not receive corporal punishment and the control group were the children who received corporal punishment. It also must also include a independent or predictor variable and a dependent or outcome variable. The independent or predictor variable is the variable that is being manipulated to see its effect on the dependent variable or outcome variable. So therefore in this study corporal punishment is the independent variable and subsequent aggressive behavior in 3-year old's is the dependent or outcome variable. All 3 of these design studies contribute to the accuracy and correlation between variables.
Through this study we see that even with the control of the child's initial level of aggression at age 3 and the preceding potential confounding factors and key demographic features, Frequent use of corporal punishment, where the mother's use of spanking was more than twice in the previous month, is directly associated with increased subsequent aggressive behavior when the child reaches age 5(Taylor, Manganello, Lee, & Rice, 2010). From the results of this study we can also see the findings support a social learning approach to understanding the cycle of violence. This is where the child learns to be aggressive by being treated undeviatingly with aggression. From this study and its results, we can conclude that regardless of the American Academy of Pediatrics recommendation to not use corporal punishment, many parents will continue to use this form of discipline contrary to the behavioral effects children may face. It is even shown that minor forms of CP can increase risk of subsequent aggressive behavior. By using this modern information, we can single handedly stop the increase of violence in our future generation. Also, Mothers and future mothers can take this information in to account for when they raise their children and the methods of discipline they will choose in order to correctly imprint lessons and values without the risks of potentially negatively effecting the behavior of their child to be aggressive. The American Academy of pediatrics recommends the use of other effective and less risky discipline strategies instead of the use of CP.
While conducting this study the researchers did however encounter confounds and limitations to their data. These include the studies focus only on the mother's use of CP and not fathers or other caregivers and the design type that was choose for this study that relies on the honesty of the mother's self-report. Although this design type creates limitations to the study, it is what makes this study ethical. By using observational studies instead of experimental studies is what makes this study ethical and able to be performed and approved by the IRB. This is because unlike in experimental studies where you would have to manipulate and spank the child that could potentially harm the child and create long term effects to receive data, observational studies are used to observe behavior without manipulation. This study is also ethical because it follows the IRB regulation and laws by having the approval of the parents since children are considered to be in the sensitive group where extra protection is needed since the children are cognitively unable to give consent. Also, the information received from the mothers are self-reports, so they are voluntary and free from coercion. The American Academy of Pediatrics precisely conducts this study which is why so many people have cited this article and journal publisher the past couple of years with an impact factor of 5.515, which is the highest impact factor of the other 124 pediatric journals in the 2018 Citation Report.
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Should Corporal Punishment be Allowed?
The existence of corporal punishment has been traced back to the early beginnings of time, dating back to some of the first civilizations using it for military aspects and also parenting on children, according to the biblical verses dating back to the 6th century B.C. such as Proverbs 23:13-14, Do not withhold discipline from a child; if you strike him with a rod, he will not die. If you strike him with the rod, you will save his soul from Sheol, and Proverbs 13:24, Whoever spares the rod hates his son, but he who loves him is diligent to discipline him. Even since ancient times, corporal punishment or physical punishment towards children has been in place in various nationals society and culture, whether it be from parents, clergy members, or schoolteachers.
However more recently, many have argued that the use of corporal punishment merely uses fear and power to instill better behaviour by children, and that it has more negative aspects than positive. The question, Should corporal punishment be allowed in schools? still remains highly controversial. One proposed solution is to outlaw the use of corporal punishment in schools, through increasing legislation and repealing former laws that allowed it. Supporters of this solution may feel that the children are in an unsafe learning environment and will fear more about punishment than their education, and in turn will create a more difficult atmosphere for students to succeed. Those opposing this view will often argue that corporal punishment teaches children right from wrong and establishes a clear line not to cross. These contrasting views create the controversy surrounding schools as many parents will often have differing viewpoints while their children are attending the same school, and administrators attempt to find and implement the best system for students.
The negative effects of corporal punishment cited by critics are based off of research relating to prolonged and excessive use of the punishment. Studies have shown that occasional use for serious behavioral issues sets clear boundaries that will keep the student in line in the future, and will understand the accountability for their actions and decisions. Corporal punishment offers an alternative to traditional suspension, detention or another form of disciplinary action. The child's education is not interrupted and make-up work is not required for missed class instruction one of the most commonly used argument against corporal punishment is that it is unethical, however in 2014, 94% of parents with children three to four years old reported that they had spanked their child within the past year, and 76% of men and 65% of women agreed with the statement, "a child sometimes needs a good spanking."(Should). Just because someone's morals don't align with yours doesn't make them wrong or unethical, according to Child Trends.
Often when given the chice many students will choose corporal punishment over the traditional disciplinary action. Allison Collins, a high school senior at Robbinsville High School in North Carolina USA, stated she chose corporal punishment over in-school suspension when her phone rang in class. Robbinsville High School's policy allows students to request a paddling in place of in-school-suspension, or ISS. Last year, 22 students attending Robbinsville chose paddling over suspension, according their principal David Matheson. Many of the schools that do offer corporal punishment have very direct and strict guidelines to follow, such as Central Parish in Louisiana. Central Parish states that three swats with a paddle "approximately 20 inches long, 4 inches wide, and not exceeding ?? inch in thickness" is the appropriate punishment when being used. In the United States, the use of corporal punishment is not prohibited, as there are no federal bans or laws regulating it.
However it is not permitted in the head start program, a publicly funded pre-school often used in lower income areas. In 1977, the US Supreme Court decision in Ingraham v. Wright found that corporal punishment was not cruel and unusual punishment and therefore is allowed in schools. However there have been no recent court rulings on this topic, to coincide with a differently opinionated time with different values and research. Different countries have differing values, such as India compared to the United States. According to Paulo Pinheiro of the UN General Assembly, 2 out of 3 children in India receive corporal punishment in the classroom, with boys receiving punishment more often (73%) compared to the girls in the same grade (65%). Physical punishment is widely used and ingrained in both the government funded and private schools of India, many will attribute this to the large class sizes as the population is so great. Many will argue that this punishment is necessary to control a class of this size as students can quickly get out of hand. The use physical punishment provides a clear boundary they will know not to cross again and in turn will assure more self control for the students in the classroom, and thus create a better learning environment for the students.
Corporal punishment can inflict long-lasting physical and mental harm on students, as a study in 2016 found that children who were physically punished were in turn, more likely to have problems with aggression and attention, also studies have linked the frequent result of physical punishment to higher risks for anxiety, depression, substance abuse, stress, and other mental health concerns. Not only is mental health affected, but students or children that experience corporal punishment are more likely to relate violence with power, and in turn are more likely to have violent outbursts later in life, such as abusing a spouse. Certain studies have corporal punishment can create an unsafe environment for students preventing higher levels of education and thought,which is pushed for more and more in everyday society.However the opposing side argues that this form of physical punishment is beneficial to the student as it will develop a stronger value of morals, and deciding what is right and wrong, will increase the productivity of the classroom and may provide a higher authority for those teachers or professors in charge. In the United States, 29 states ban the use of corporal punishment while one recent study found that in states where corporal punishment is frequently used, schools have performed worse academically than those in states that prohibit corporal punishment. Internationally, 54 countries ban corporal punishment in all instances, including at home. Only nine countries do not bancorporal punishment in any instances: Botswana, Guyana, Malaysia, Mauritania, Nigeria, Palestine, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, and United Republic of Tanzania.
Multiple studies as of recent have shown a direct link between corporal punishment as a child and mental health issues, especially with aggression and attention. Children who experience corporal punishment are more likely to relate forms of violence with power, and are, therefore, more likely to be a bully or abuse a partner (Cuddy). Based off these studies, using corporal punishment does more harm to students than good. Rather than keeping the students in line, it is creating an unsafe and violent school environment, corporal punishment signals to the child that a way to settle personal conflicts is to use physical force and inflict pain. Such children may in turn resort to such behavior themselves (American). In the United States, at least 59% of the 185 public mass shootings that took place from 1900 through 2017 were carried out by people who had either been diagnosed with a mental disorder or demonstrated signs of serious mental illness prior to the attack (Actually), which only exemplifies that using violence in schools can develop into a larger problem.
Many argue that if corporal punishment is illegal in military training and prisons, in the U.S., then it should have no place in the classroom on minors. In the United States alone, corporal punishment has been banned in 29 states, whereas only 15 states legally permit it. Many use the argument that corporal punishment keeps students focused in their academics and in return will help them to succeed, however studies have shown that, Students who experience corporal punishment in kindergarten are more likely to have lower vocabulary scores in fourth grade and lower fifth grade math scores( Cuddy). Often corporal punishment is difficult to regulate as the pain inflicted can vary, and administrators or teachers administering the punishment can be subjective with the force in which they strike the student, or how they determine the amount of strikes for the offense committed. Corporal punishment is categorized into a four tier system, with the harshest punishments at the top in countries such as Saudi Arabia, as countries punishment becomes less severe they travel down the gradient. The United States, is in the third tier but appears to be approaching the second, containing countries such as Canada, Russia, Japan, China, South Africa and most of Europe including the United Kingdom.
There is often a direct link with more economically developed countries being lower on the tier system, possibly due to the more researched effects of this form of punishment. However even in a drop of just one tier literacy rates of the country improved by 26% (Nation). These statistics provide the evidence many use to validate their arguments that physical punishment doesn't work in the classroom but rather hurts the students overall performance, and sets up a vast range of problems in the future such as mental health. Mental health appears to be one of the largest problems with the not only the youth but across all age groups today, and the prevention of it could very well stem from this large contributor in the formative years of the person's life. After considering both sides of this issue, I feel that ban of corporal punishment in schools is the more optimal solution to the problem. The primary reasons for corporal punishment being in place now is to maintain students accountable by using authority and force to strike fear into them. Based on my research I have found that this sort of physical punishment to developing minds and can cause more harm than good, such as varying mental illnesses, and makes the students feel in such a way that when faced with a problem violence or aggression is the proper response.
Also with the series of school shootings taking place in the United states such as the Parkland shooting, students that faced physical violence in schools are more likely to retaliate at the place that harmed them. Although some students will not respond to regular disciplinary action, I feel the better solution is to remove them from the learning environment to keep from distracting fellow peers, or taking away from the teachers lesson while still giving them the opportunity to do the work assigned and return to class when it appears they have either calmed down or understand why they were being punished. I believe this is a viable solution, as it is relatively easy and inexpensive for the administration to enact and creates a more productive learning environment. Also grade school has proven to be one of the most insecure times for many people, and using fear and playing off of that by those that are viewed as figures of authority should have no place in schools. If I continued my research, I would learn more about the effects of violence on students in their formative years and how it affects the brain's ability to function, and the possible mental issues that could come with it. The problem of mental health is a worldwide issue, and if research was more heavily conducted in this field I believe it could possibly be a large factor contributing to mental health, violent crimes, and low levels of education.
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Most Fundamental Diversity
To gin with the most fundamental diversity, terrorism overwhelm affianced and handle disasters, as foil with Acts of the Apostles of God and incidental misfirings in tough systems of business, movement, and stinting organizations. Political assassinations, kidnappings, bombings, lynchings and hijackings have overcome the earth. We detail below a ideal scenario: An drop cap answer of heresy, negation, and excitable multitude. By compare, Machiavelli was a softie.
The presence of a combine of excessive emotive reactions, intercept apprehension, uneasiness, and consternation, as well as vehemence, crime, dole, and serious subjective disturbances in a diminutive share of the inclined population; some examination (Wolfenstein, 1957) designate that many of the greatest reactions happen among individuals already pain from subjective tumult. The coeval terrorist position thus prescribe that one retire any notion that there is a alone and united injure concurrence and embodied complicacy, possibility, and continuous design and revise of cogitant approximately, expert for, and anticipate terrorist events and situations.
As we now perceive it, terrorism entangle enormous variations along the successive, imbricated lines: Discrete represent of shield, terminate buildings, nutrition and extend contribute, electrical and other force systems, bearing systems, tip and intercommunication systems, diffusive earthborn populations (intercept bombings as well as synthetical and biologic venomous), circulation and fiscal systems, and controlling form. As we now accompany terrorism with primitive Islam, Europeans then accompanying it with “Russian nihility.” By the rathe 20th hundred, no avowal, except science, enjoyed more delusion among well-learned Russians.
Terrorism is not legally decide in all jurisdictions; the statutes that do be, however, comprehensively plowshare some general elements. The faithful revolutionist, agreeing to Nechaev, “has no concern, no affairs, no feelings, no dress, no possession, not even a name. The disclosure of a evident familiar unity, comprehend a struggle-together of the disposed frequency to answer to the crisis; unselfish and brave bearing; an enhance in deposit of other individuals, family, and r©gime; an increase animatioon of concurrence and commendable will; and the propagate of elated feelings as a good of reasoning neutralize to the indirect emotive responses. Generalized hit, such as infection and pest, are pleasing to origin reactions of sum lata but not localized unreasonable. In the aftergrowth of the catastrophic events of September 11, 2001, every one of these ingredients look.
It reëxamination the vary quality of terrorism in the 20th hundred, with respective emphasis on the 1960s to the personate, while underline the eliminant maneuver of the American polity answer. Conventionally, description describe a concise prehistory in the 1860s and auroral 1870s, then a “illustrious nonplus” from 1878 to 1881, and, after a hesitate, a limit when terrorism supposed bewilderment lot. A forest fire divulge of message, both actual and fictitious (principally notoriety) as a part of the projection of inclose and appoint intent to the events; much of this is by language-of-mow and drop a line (if likely), but over repetition the number media have taken over a final party in the construction of cognitive and emotive reactions.
Widespread alarm—a genera subjective of terrorist hit—is more similar to appear when hit are scattered, manifold, unpredictably frequent, and by doubtful or incognito agents. Research on hurricane disasters has shown that, even when admonish, households occasion their own assessments of exposure and nimbly determine whether or not to deprive, trust on such element as even of danger intuit, stab circumstances, moment for essential owndom, and class post (Dow et al., 1999; Dow and Cutter, 2000). Sergei Nechaev, who inhaled The Possessed, not only attached butchery but, more necessary, wrote the shameful Catechism of a Revolutionary, which cater a design for revolutionaries to appear. Terrorism appropriate is thus the orderly application of fierceness to conceive dreadfulness, and thereby to realize public goals, when express troops palm is not possibility.
Terrorism surround the employment or denunciation of fierceness and sick to produce apprehend, not equitable within the conduct victims but among a distant crowd. Yet restricted encourage can be taken from these observations and insights, inasmuch as the contemporaneous terrorist office, as it has develop, does not answer to “perpendicular” ill luck reactions. According to the motion’s pick biographer, Anna Geifman, terrorism attached honest helter-skelter everyone. Finally, the mix together of reactions will contend fare harmonious to whether humanistic casualties issue from the hit and whether the assail is quickly recognizable or is remark as goods Rosicrucian or uncharted extent. It was often a kindred profession occupy brothers and sisters production after stock. Whether censure are one-tense or repetitory, and if frequent, how eccentric or “haphazard” in example. Political assassinations, kidnappings, bombings, lynchings and hijackings have bewilder the the. Modern terrorism largely came into being after the Second World War with the climb of nationalist movements in the antique empires of the European powers.
Historians sometimes vestige recent terrorism to the Carbonari of timely-19th-hundred Italy, but it was Russia that gave it novel consequence. Whether hit are unmixed or manifold. In new decades, terrorism has wax an crescive threaten, peculiarly when it comes to vent go. inducement answer. Strategic Bombing Survey, 1947) and the courteous guard time of the 1950s and 1960s (e.g., Wallace, 1956) afford a secure supply of erudition around demeanor during and after calamity situations. The event of a blend of inferring manners reactions, such as extraordinary episodes of inferring unreasonable (Quarentelli, 1977), dalles motion of relations in an stimulate to command and relieve dear once, some derange conduct, and some “draw” behaviors, such as plunder and rape in the close of a flashing downfall of companionable management.
A slow repay to the round and the average, embrace the administration and abatement of strict affecting reactions by highway of adaptative prosecute relate to grieving; the return and leisure of humbled convival knot, a report to domestic whisper of activities, and the accomplishment of revival and reconstruction efforts. Bruce Hoffman, director of the Centre of Security Studies at Georgetown University compose that, "The efficiency of these body to militarise condolence and back external the close imprison of their certain “theaters of agency” thus taught a strong warning to likewise injured folks elsewhere, who now saying in terrorism an cause import of transmute befor territorial fight into international egress."2 This eduction surfaced the interval for international terrorism in the 1960s.
DISASTER-LIKE RESPONSES TO ATTACKS Behavioral and sociable art investigation contain out principally, but not exclusively, during World War II (U.S. The contemporaneous aspect of scapegoating reactions, addressed originally at individuals suppose to be trustworthy for endure the mischance to happen and for failures in answer to the crisis. Although in this region terrorism is not a unworn marvel, it is one that is development-and the anxiety of terrorism is increasing(prenominal) faster.
The scatter of 19th- and 20th-hundred Russian terrorism shy the spirit. One of the most national vulnerabilities of responses to injure is the precariousness of dismission and intercourse among distinct answer agencies (Tierney et al., 2001:47-54). As should be apparent from this list, the muddle up and multitude of responses in the faultless-model calamity concurrence is highly floating.
In 1866, Dmitri Karakozov, a clause of a unsparing regiment designate “Hell,” proved to quell the king and was cling. It is educational to annotation on the September 11 assail on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon in this firm. Whether the substitute of assail is understood, distrusted, indistinct, terræ filius, or unknowable. Widespread dread was not the most jumping shape of the close answer to the events. Everything in him is totally intent by a uncompounded, exclusive interest, a separate consideration, a individual frenzy—the whirl.” He must overwhelm all feelings of heart, delight, gratefulness, “even nobleness.” For him only one measure of serviceable and bad live: “Everything that elevate the round is behavior; everything that clog it is obscene.” Without vacillation the revolutionist uses other relations, end other revolutionaries, as Nechaev did.
These not late anti-provincial movements recognised the capacity of terrorism to both breed spotlight for the object and restraint broad wit. Degree to which aim are symbolically exhort (railing-way trail at one excessive, hallowed emblem such as the Statue of Liberty at the other). Although agreed sword waterfall always enlist in psychological WA against the foe, their heirloom signify of triumph is validity of arms. Localized assail, particularly if they entangle the closure of evade course, are more good-looking to use inferring unreasonable reactions. In recall decades, terrorism has fall an crescive lour, chiefly when it comes to melody parturition. A rusher to the view of a injure (“convergency performance”) of agencies characteristically appointed to reply to crisis situations (law, firefighters, and marines personnel, as well as deliver and help agencies), along with concrete and nest liberate activities; at the same opportunity, the event of failures of communica-
tion and coordination in these responses, as well as some contest and jurisdictive brawl among the agencies. Although in this rude terrorism is not a untried prodigy, it is one that is ontogeny-and the apprehend of terrorism is ontogeny faster. Terrorism in the 20th Century 1998 Jay Robert Nash Biography & Memoirs Throughout the vicenary hundred, innumerable thief block have earned dishonor by their outrageous Acts of the Apostles of terrorism. Similarly, guerrilla strength, which often confide on Acts of the Apostles of dread and other elegance of movement, object at infantry conquest and occasionally pursue (e.g., the Viet Cong in Vietnam and the Khmer Rouge in Cambodia). Rather, September 11 renew an ardent backlash of moralize atrocity against a forwardly identifiable and
Throughout the vigesimal hundred, uncountable thief bunch have earned indignity by their severe Acts of the Apostles of terrorism. This rudiments of circumspection, moreover, imply maximizing the hold, doubt, newness, and variety of descent, thus curb the virtue of separate efforts to foresee, provide for, and answer to honest token of terrorist invade. Degree of localization (e.g., blast) or dispersion (e.g., biologic taint) of invasion. Some of the more prevalent difficulties in approaching to condition with the character of recent terrorism and hindrance to reducing the object of international terrorism are recognized."
Russia was also the first rural where underdeveloped man and ladies, entreat to name their purposed race, might well Saw “terrorist.” Beginning in the 1870s, terrorism became an prestigious, if riskful, calling. It is more involved than these, title for a conformably increased complication in efforts to understand and reply to it. You cannot describe the past of czarist Russia in its last moiety-hundred without the story of terrorism. And convergent liberation and indemnification trading operations are qualitatively distinct for localized bombings than they are for undertaking to toxic or disgust populous numbers of community. This has led some communicative scientists to assign to to guerrilla war as the “sword of the low” and terrorism as the “dagger of the weakest.”
The interest of terrorism to further a politic reason has speeded up in recall yonks. The extent to which it build on venerate characterize terrorism from both agreed and guerrilla war. Read on your iOS and Android devices Get more info $14.40 Buy See System Requirements
"This dogma observe on some of the historic developments in the oddity of present-day international terrorism and the underdeveloped miracle of fin de siecle international terrorism and the development U.S."
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Detention of Suspected Terrorists
Border controls are measures taken by a country or multiple countries to monitor its borders in order to regulate the movement of people, animals and goods. With the UK having voted to leave the European Union in 2016, it means that in the near future the UK's border security will be much tighter and more difficult to access. As for the EU, its counter-terrorism strategy was adopted shortly after attacks in Madrid in 2004 and in London in 2005. The attacks in Paris in 2015 accelerated the development of new measures.
Almost 8,000 Europeans from over 20 different countries are believed to have travelled to areas in conflict in Syria and Iraq to join jihadist terrorist groups, according to Europol. Although there is a decrease in the amount of people travelling recently, the number of returning foreign fighters is expected to rise if Islamic State is defeated militarily or collapses.
Deportation/Detention of Suspected Terrorists
After the terrorist attacks in the USA on 11 September 2001, President George Bush declared a war on terror'. He argued that the need to counter terrorism and keep people safe overrode the obligation to respect human rights. Guant??namo Bay is a prison camp that was established by the United States in January 2002 as a place for the US authorities to hold people who were believed to be enemy combatants' in this war on terror. The first detainees were transferred to the prison camp on 11 January 2002.
In October 2012 Abu Hamza was deported from the UK after a lengthy 8 year legal battle and many appeals to maintain his British passport. Abu Hamza (born Mustafa Kamel Mustafa in Alexandria, Egypt, in 1958) came to the UK in 1979 with a student visa. In 1980 he became married to Valerie Fleming, a British citizen who had now allowed Hamza to gain full access to the UK. The couple eventually got divorced in 1983.
Hamza was infamously known for his radical hate speeches towards the west that he gave in London mosques including a speech he gave after the events on 11th September 2001, in which he praised the events and the plane hijacks. In February 2003 Hamza again caused outrage when he described the Colombia space shuttle, which contained Christians, Hindus and a Jewish person as a ''trinity of evil'' and said its destruction was a punishment from Allah.
Having been 6 years since Hamza was extradited to the USA, it is still feared that his hate speeches might have inspired other radical islamist individuals to either make their own public speeches, or worse, cause an attack on a public place.
Stop and Searches
Stop and searches are most common within airports worldwide and were mainly introduced along with other security measures after 11th September 2001 and are used in many other public places such as concert venues, theme parks and even on the streets. They are most often used for Police officers to check whether or not the person they are searching has something that could be potentially harmful towards themselves or anyone else in the area.
Many people believe that random searches can sometimes be racially discriminating towards minority groups as they feel they are often targeted to be searched rather than Caucasian individuals.
Despite all of the racial allegations that stop and searches cause, people would argue that they do help with catching terror suspects and can sometimes make people feel safer knowing that they're taking place.
Cyber Security/terrorism
Cyber terrorism is the use of the internet to conduct violent acts that result in or directly threaten the loss of life significant bodily harm in order to achieve either political or ideological gains using threats or intimidation. Methods in which cyber attacks occur most frequently include social media and private emails.
According to a report found within an online news source said that There were 638 million attempted ransomware cyber attacks in 2016. These attacks were examples of ransomware attacks, in which people's emails were frozen' and were not accessible and were held under ransom unless the owner paid up'. Cyber security groups have been said to be working on ways to prevent the attacks from even reaching people by using computer vaccines'.
Social media platforms also help to look out for suspicious activities and attitudes. These individuals and groups make pages on different social media platforms as a way to convince civilians that they are legitimate accounts/pages.
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Betrayal as a Providing Theme in Othello
Betrayal can be seen and done for many reasons, but often there is no real reason why someone would betray another human being. This proves to be the case in Shakespeare’s Othello, where one of Othello’s most trusted men, Iago betrayed him after being filled with rage and jealousy of not receiving the recognition he solely thought he deserved. Iago becomes both Othello’s friend and worst enemy throughout the whole play in order to destroy him and his reputation while ensuring the downfall of everyone so he can finally get what he wants.
In the beginning, Iago has found out that Othello has given the title of lieutenant to Cassio. This is when the jealousy and rage fill Iago as he feels he deserved that title. All this anger that was built inside Iago made him come up with a plan to betray Othello and ruin both his and lieutenant Cassio's reputation. Iago believes that just destroying Othello will not be enough to cause Othello significant pain. He intends to push Othello to his limits in order for him to commit an evil act that would be unforgivable which is what he means when he says, “ A jealousy so strong that judgment cannot cure.”(II.i.295-296). Iago intends to lie to Othello and tricking him into believing that his lieutenant Cassio has been having an affair with his wife Desdemona to start a spark of jealousy in Othello which will, later on, turn Othello mad resulting in horrific acts and Iago becoming the new lieutenant.
As the play goes on, Iago is able to manipulate both Cassio and Emilia into betraying one another so that his plan can go through with betraying Othello. For Instance, when Cassio is stripped from his title after getting into a brawl while being drunk, Iago informs him to get really close to Desdemona as she can be the one who can help him regain his title by taking his side when talking to Othello. It is Iago’s intention to use any opportunity he has to make Othello doubt his friends and wife to be able to trust Iago. For example, even though Othello knows deep down in his heart that Desdemona would not betray him, for she is the one who fell in love with him. Othello has been manipulated so much by Iago that all these thoughts soon abandon Othello’s mind. Although this is just Iago's plan to ruin and destroy Othello. Othello still considers Iago to be one of his closest friend. Iago soon uses this trust that was gained to turn Othello into a man that is nothing better than himself.
By the end of the play, all Characters have lost their loyalty to each other from what Iago has done to make them feel betrayed. Iago’s plan to ensure everyone's downfall has taken a wrong turn as Desdemona is killed by Othello and Iago is left to kill his wife Emilia as she reveals to Othello that Desdemona has been falsely accused. Othello can hardly believe what he has done and kills himself rather than living with the guilt of killing his innocent wife Desdemona. Iago decides to escape but is soon caught and turned in for judgment.
All in all, through his betrayal, Iago destroys the lives of innocent people in order to ruin Othello's reputation and better his own to be able to receive what he wants. Iago’s reign is short-lived as his selfishness causes his plan to take a toll on him causing Iago to captured. Betrayal should never be an option for revenge.
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Jolly Jazz
Psychosis is a mental disorder. It occurs when the mental disorder gets too severe in which emotions and thoughts are very impaired. This causes a person to lose contact with external reality. Doctor's refer psychosis as a symptom not an illness. It can also cause delusions and hallucinations and severe major mental illnesses. The causes of psychosis may be attributed to the following conditions: physical sickness, abuse of substance, severe stress of trauma or even mental illness. Psychosis is categorized in to two, namely: organic and functional psychosis. The abnormal brain functioning that is induced to a person due to physical abnormality. It is mainly caused by the organic diseases in the brain. While those that are characterized by hallucinations and delusions are brought about by psychiatric related disorders are known as functioning psychosis. The essay below will show how psychosis relates to crime. Could psychosis cause a person to commit crime? And if so to what extent is it analyzed and measured? Is it an acceptable defense for a person to commit crime?
According to a research carried out by the Clinical Psychological Science and the University of California shows that psychosis and crime are not strongly linked. They used secondary data from the MacArthur Risk Assessment Study. The MacArthur was a study that included over 1000 violent crime felons. It was carried out approximately 10 weeks after they had come from jail. The offenders were classified according to the level of violent crime they had committed.
Some of these crimes include causing physical injury to person, use of weapon, aggravated assault by use of weapon and sexual assault. It also considered the participants other personal disorders and traits, the behavioral pattern of a person and finally cognitive abilities that may be exhibited in their behavior. MacArthur data showed that ten percentages of the offenders committed fifty percent of the crimes reported. This first proved that crimes are committed by repeat offenders. Of the repeat offenders of these crimes half were diagnosed with symptoms of psychosis which included hallucinations and delusions. This report shows that the bond between the psychosis and crime committed was very weak.
The percentage of the repeat offenders that had experienced psychotic symptoms before committing the crime was eighty five percent whereas the percentage of those who had not experienced psychotic symptoms was fifteen. Those that had experienced psychotic symptoms were likely to have experienced schizophrenia and bipolar disorders accompanied by other mental disorders. Those that had not experienced psychotic symptoms often had antisocial tendencies, and low sense of verbal intelligence.
Historically psychosis was the alleged to be the main cause of crime. People are instilled with fear of psychotic people due to the relation of condition with violence and crime. One of the reasons that make the relation of psychosis to crime and violent behavior is because like most physical illness, psychosis causes inability to act aggressively or in any criminal way. It is only in few conditions that and a person is unable to act sanely.
These conditions include paranoid schizophrenia which causes persecution thoughts in these people. This condition is often caused by the side effects of drugs such as amphetamines and also alcohol. When alcohol is abused over time it may cause the person to be violent over time. Another condition is epilepsy but a rare kind. This form of epilepsy acts as an organic illness that may cause a person to harm others indiscriminately.
Those that may cause murderous and sadistic acts are the sexual deviant persons. But this condition is very rare. This kind of condition was linked back to the island of the South Pacific.
A person is judged by the following factors in order to estimate the potential of a violent crime. One is the previous acts of violence in the person's history through the person's records. It is prove that the more violent and frequent a person's past is the more likely it is for the person to be violent again. Defects in personality manifest themselves such as wanton destructiveness and cruelty and at some point may cause the person to willful injure others.
Secondly is the detection and analysis of menacing behavior. This is lack of impulse control resulting in the person striking at out anyone when aggravated. They may punch walls, break valuables such as furniture and even cause more destructive harm on property. These kinds of persons exhibit particular signs so as to be identified as potential crime offenders. These signs include threatening of others, losing control, shouting and quarreling a lot.
Thirdly is the trail of activities that involve engaging in places that crimes and violent encounters occur. Such places may include rioting mobs and bars. These places are characterized by violence and lack of respect of laws and rules. This may also be attributed to the person's family. For instance if the family is occasionally fighting and vices such as theft are tolerated. The treatment psychotic symptoms are not only based on drugs but on counseling. A therapist must be assigned to the offender in this case it might be a lawyer, parole officer or even a family member. The goal of this is to ensure that offender does not strike out emotions but verbally express them to the therapist. The person creates a bond with the therapist where they can openly discuss the patient's crime and violent activity. One of the main principles of handling someone is ensure that the person does not cause harm to self or to even other people. The law enforcement officers should also be keen and alert and stop these kinds of activities from happening. Crime and violent behavior should to be overlooked and should be handled in the right way by assessing and controlling.
The research on the relationship between crime and psychosis has not yet been saturated completely. The government and other institutions should offer support by resources allocation to researchers and institutes that aim to research more on the psychosis condition.
The government should also educate people on the psychosis topic and advice against discrimination of people experiencing psychosis symptoms not rather support them and help them. More institutions for supporting people with psychosis should be increased since the number is also getting bigger. Campaigns and charity should be encouraged in order to motivate those suffering privately to feel accepted and also free with people. People should be made aware that psychosis is not a condition rather but a symptom. People should also be advised against alcohol and drug abuse since it can cause one to be violent and commit crimes. Families especially the parents should be encouraged to teach good moral values to children and act as good role models to the children and being against all vices such as violence and theft.
Conclusion
It is clear that psychosis crimes relationship' has a very weak bond. People who often engage in crime are not mostly affected by psychosis. People with psychosis therefore should not be judged and discriminated on being violent and criminals. When a person commits a crime and use the psychosis excuse as a defense, experts in psychology should be incorporated in order to analyze and evaluate these persons.
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Importance of Jazz
In America music has a tremendous influence on culture. Many immigrants brought their culture to America with them. Jazz music has a direct correlation with African Americans and their culture from Africa and became intertwined with the Civil Rights Movement. During the Civil Rights Movement African Americans were being treated unfairly. Many African Americans joined movements such as the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and more to help fight injustice. Others started to perform Jazz. African Americans would start gathering to listen to these musicians perform. Through the music many of the performers would sing about what was happening around the Civil Rights Movement such as social injustice and racial equality. A famous couple that performed together were John and Alice Coltrane, who were known for bringing up what was happening around the world at the time. The white community has always been against the African Americans' music ever since they started playing music while working on the fields. That never stopped the African Americans from doing what they love. Being derived from the Blues, Jazz was performed in various settings and places. Jazz brought the black and white communities closer as they had something in common, their music. Jazz helped many African Americans during the Civil Rights Movement by motivating them and bringing them all together during performances with positivity. Jazz is an important part of the Civil Rights Movement, it impacted many African Americans, influenced white musicians, and helped African Americans in society.
African Americans had it hard with music from the moment they came to America. African slaves used drumming and singing as a type of communication to the gods. While working in the fields they began to drum and sing work songs which was then later banned. When they would sing the work songs, they sang to the gods to help the crops grow. They would usually sing in African languages, so their masters did not know what they were saying. In effect to them praying to the gods, References to the gods or religions of Africa were suppressed by the white masters as soon as they realized what these were. The whites soon learned that too constant evocation of the African gods could mean that those particular Africans were planning on leaving the plantation as soon as they could! (Jones 19). Whites saw African religion as barbarous. Soon after they banned the drumming because they saw it as a form of revolt. Although African Americans began drumming in different ways such as clapping the hands and tapping the feet a technique known as pattin' juba. Without African Americans there would be no African culture, the African Americans also brought the Blues which then transitioned into Jazz to America.
The Blues and Jazz have many similarities because Jazz derived from the Blues, although Jazz is harder to define because it is a broader genre than the Blues. Certain aspects of the Blues derived from slavery, which would soon form the path the blues would take. In fact, the freedom of slaves had a great positive impact on the African Americans through the Reconstruction Era. It was during this period that the overthrowing of African Americans rights as new citizens caused organizations like the Ku Klux Klan, Men of Justice, and Pale Faces started to appear and revolt. These organizations primarily consisted of disenfranchised poor white men, their ways eventually caused the more uneducated African Americans to accept the idea of segregation to be the last option for them to continue living in the white South. These events eventually lead to African Americans gaining more status in America, even at its worst according to LeRoi Jones this idea was taken to be too Negroid (Jones 58). This caused churches of color to start using more white church music as they could, while white churches housed more traditional music and the choir will sing Bach or Handel during certain holidays. Colored churches were known to house more soulful lyrics in their music. These soulful lyrics began the development of the Blues, a type of music which was the most impressive reminder for these people of slavery and of their less cultivated brothers (Jones 59). At the time, shouts, chants, or even hollers receiving the same treatment as if it were considered blues music. Instrumental blues, otherwise known as Jazz music has been hard to originate due to the fact it could not have existed without blues as the blues has become a way of playing Jazz although the times or origins were fairly spread apart.
Jazz is a type of music originated by African Americans in the late 19th century. Jazz has been symbolically linked to the Civil Rights Movement helping African Americans speak through it. It was a classical way for African Americans to perform in front of the white audience and explain what they are going through. For example, in What Did I Do to Be So Black and Blue? lyrics from a popular musical, include My only sin/ Is in my skin/ What did I do/ To be so Black and Blue. by Louis Armstrong. The lyrics, out of the context of the show and sung by a black performer in that period, were a risky and weighty commentary (Verity), because it brought the violence of racism to the forefront of society. This is significant because it shows the ideas of implementing various injustices, in the songs and lyrics to help inspire other artists. Explaining through the music to the white listeners the racial issues that were occurring during that time. Through Jazz it was a way that the performers were judged on their performance not on the color of their skin. Many of the African American Jazz performers were outspoken activist and they could speak through their music, not only directly to other African Americans but to the white community as well. Jazz to an African American listener is much more meaningful than Jazz to a white listener. When the musicians would perform about equality and injustice the African American listeners were living through the same issues.
Jazz and the Civil Rights Movement had a very similar upbringing. Although both the civil rights and Jazz were happening for a while they both hit their peak around the 1950s. The birth of the civil rights began with the death of slavery, while the birth of Jazz becoming as popular as it was being an effect of the civil rights. The pre-civil rights movement lead to the full-fledged Civil Rights Movement, whereas pre-jazz lead to the development of the Jazz genre. Because most of the musical influences on early Jazz age are old Negro spirituals and plantation folk song and dance music, the fact that the pre-jazz and early Jazz age coincided with the pre-civil rights movement becomes increasingly more sufficient. (Tyle). This was significant because it started the progression of African American art and presence in society. While both pre-jazz and pre-civil rights were created into full movements, the civil rights came to an end. The Civil Rights Movement came to an end with the end of segregation. Jazz never came to an end and is still commonly listened to and performed. The meanings from the performers during the Civil Rights Movement have much more value than the Jazz that is played today.
There were many performers of Jazz during the Civil Rights Movement. As mentioned above many were outspoken activists, but the known activists that were Jazz performers touched many more people. The Coltrane's were well known activists during the Civil Rights Movement and being musically inclined helped them touch a much wider range of people. John Coltrane was a very spiritual man, and he believed that his music was a way to message a much higher power. As Alice Coltrane said Of course John Coltrane is the one who inspires everybody, if you were fortunate enough to be in his presence in those days. He would always encourage you to fully express what you had (Berkmen 43). He not only was an inspiration to civil rights activist but also to other musicians. He was a strong believer in fighting for what you believe in. A well-known song that John Coltrane wrote in 1963 was Alabama this was his greatest contribution to the civil rights movement. The lyrics were inspired by Martin Luther King's funeral speech and left a lasting impression on Coltrane. He used this inspiration to highlight the racial issues and segregation through the words of his song. This is important because it shows how Jazz was used as a tool to create a greater understanding of temporary issues through music. Louis Armstrong, another African American Jazz musician, was the Uncle Tom of Jazz meaning his audience were mostly white folks. His lyrics were related to the Jim Crow Laws and how he was against them and the white would listen. African Americans were not the only people performing Jazz, white people began to perform too.
LeRoi Jones explains that the whites started picking up Jazz and how The Negro had created a music that offered such a profound reflection of America that it could attract white Americans to want to play it or listen to it. (Jones 149). White Americans began picking up Jazz and performing as well and were often referred to as White Jazz. This created a common cultural ground between the black and the white communities performing different styles of divergent cultures. Many white musicians from Chicago started performing Jazz in their own way calling it Chicago Jazz. According to Jones the entrance of the white man into Jazz at this level of sincerity and emotional legitimacy did at least bring him, by implication, much closer to the Negro. The musical debt to Negro music had to be understood (Jones 151), meaning that through playing Jazz it brought whites closer to blacks. Although the Jazz played by white people was not the same as the Jazz played by African Americans, white Jazz musicians did have the same cultural circumstances, making Jazz a learned art. The Blues had very little weight on white American culture which shows in the difference of Jazz performed between the whites and blacks. Being an important part of Jazz, they must have the attitude from the blues, which is consistent in the making of Jazz. The trumpets of Bix Beiderbecke, a white Jazz musician, and Louis Armstrong were very different. The white middle-class boy from Iowa was the product of a culture which could place Louis Armstrong but could never understand him (Jones 154). This means Bix could play Louis' songs in a different way because he was never able to understand the underlying rhythm of the Blues within the Jazz songs. Even though the Jazz of a white man and a black man were similar they were never the same. Black Jazz greatly impacted the society of many African American lives whereas whites just played it for fun.
During the Civil Rights Movement Jazz helped the African American society in many positive ways. Music is essential to the African American experience in the United States because that is their cultural background. Facing racial discrimination, racism, and segregation they always felt comfort in their music even when African Americans first arrived to America. The passion to change society came from many forms of anger and grief all being transformed into positive motivation for change. Most of the songs represented the struggles the African Americans faced and listening to the songs created a bond between the community. The music was an uplifting encouragement to the African Americans fight for freedom like, Alabama by John Coltrane. Many black Jazz musicians perform an improvisation of their music speaking straight from the soul, which was a unique style of African American Jazz. The history of Jazz proves that African Americans were the creators of Jazz which is a major accomplishment for blacks. According to Wheaten, being an inventor is a job not to entertain, but rather, to make the listener aware and to force the audience to confront often disturbing realities and hidden truths about themselves, their society and their world (Wheaten 143). Jazz created a sense of integration between blacks and whites within the industry. While discrimination and everything was still happening in the outside world within the Jazz community, musicians were considered as equal. Even though they created Jazz, commercial success of Jazz was only maintained by whites. Yet most white musicians did not have the ability to improvise Jazz and put their whole heart into it as the blacks did. Jazz and music in general was very important to the African Americans because it was a chance to escape from reality. Music brought families and friends together to have a goodtime during what was such an awful time.
Many people do not think of Jazz when talking about the Civil Rights Movement. Yet Jazz played such an important role in the lives of many African Americans. They had a huge musical background in Africa and this developed into their culture in America. while finding new ways to sing and dance after being banned, to creating an entire genre of music. Jazz was a way of fighting back through the lyrics, speaking out, and explaining what they were going through. The Blues were also an important part of the creation of Jazz, considering that is where Jazz originated. Many African American Jazz performers are influenced by the Blues. With Jazz becoming so popular, artist such as John Coltrane, began using famous speeches as inspiration. Many activists would listen to the music and be inspired to keep fighting for their freedom. This was the goal of many of the songs: to speak out and talk about what was happening. Some Jazz musicians performed primarily for white audience and spoke of racial inequality in their lyrics. White people then began picking up on Jazz and started to perform as well, even though their Jazz did not compare to black Jazz. Black Jazz performer spoke through their music, whereas it was just a learned talent for whites. Jazz helped many blacks in society in positive ways. Where they performed their music, they were judged on their musical talent and not their skin color. Even though the Civil Rights Movement is over, Jazz continues to be played every day and is now considered as a classic music genre around the world.
Works Cited
- Berkmen, Franya J. American Studies. Appropriating Universality: The Coltranes and 1960s Spirituality Vol. 48, No. 1 (Spring 2007), Pages 41-62.
- Gerard, C. (1998). Jazz in black and white: Race, culture, and identity in the jazz community.
- Jones, LeRoi. Blues People: Negro Music in White America. New York: William Morrow, 1963.
- Tyle, Chris. Jazz History: The Standards (1930s), www.jazzstandards.com/history/
- Verity, Michael. How Jazz Helped Fuel the Civil Rights Movement. Thoughtco., Thoughtco, www.thoughtco.com/jazz-and-the-civil-rights-movement-2039542.
- Wheaton, J. (1994). All that jazz! New York: Ardsley House
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Importance of Jazz. (2019, Jul 30).
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Jazz in Five Points
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Jazz in five points. (2019, Jul 30).
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The Jazz Movement
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The Jazz Movement. (2019, Jul 30).
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